diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'old/69706-0.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69706-0.txt | 20650 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 20650 deletions
diff --git a/old/69706-0.txt b/old/69706-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index c40a4dd..0000000 --- a/old/69706-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,20650 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Proceedings fourth National -Conservation Congress, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Proceedings fourth National Conservation Congress - Indianapolis, October 1-4, 1912 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: January 4, 2023 [eBook #69706] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Bob Taylor, Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed - Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was - produced from scanned images of public domain material from - the Google Books project.) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PROCEEDINGS FOURTH NATIONAL -CONSERVATION CONGRESS *** - - - - - - Transcriber’s Note - - Italic text displayed as: _text_ - - - - -[Illustration: WOODROW WILSON - -PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES] - - - - - PROCEEDINGS - - Fourth - National Conservation Congress - - Indianapolis - - OCTOBER 1–4, INCLUSIVE, 1912 - - - “Let us conserve the foundations of our prosperity” - - (Declaration of the Governors, 1908) - - INDIANAPOLIS - NATIONAL CONSERVATION CONGRESS - 1912 - - - - - WM. B. BURFORD PRESS - INDIANAPOLIS,—IND. - - - - -CONTENTS. - - - PAGE - - Officers and Committees, 1912 9 - - Standing Committees, 1912 10 - - Officers and Committees, 1913 11 - - Constitution 13–17 - - Resolutions 18–23 - - OPENING SESSION— - - Invocation—Rev. F. S. C. Wicks 24 - - Address of Welcome for the State of Indiana, Hon. - Charles Warren Fairbanks 24–31 - - Address for the City of Indianapolis, Mr. Richard Lieber 31–33 - - Address on Behalf of the Local Business Organizations, - Mr. Winfield Miller 33–37 - - President’s Address, Hon. J. B. White 37–40 - - Message from the President of the United States 41 - - Address, Hon. Henry L. Stimson, Secretary of War, Personal - Representative of the President of the United States 41–46 - - Announcements 47 - - SECOND SESSION— - - Invocation, Rev. Dr. A. B. Storms 47 - - Address, “What the States are Doing,” Dr. George E. Condra 48–61 - - Address, “Conservation Redefined,” Mr. E. T. Allen 61–66 - - Report, Dr. C. E. Bessey, Chairman, Committee on Education 66–71 - - Illustrated Address, “Bird Slaughter and the Cost of Living,” - Dr. T. Gilbert Pearson. 71 - - Address and Illustrated Lecture, “Federal Protection of - Migratory Birds,” Dr. W. T. Hornaday 72–73 - - THIRD SESSION— - - Invocation, Rev. Dr. Allan B. Philputt 74 - - Communication from Mr. Gifford Pinchot 74 - - Address, “The Conservation of Man.” Dr. Harvey W. Wiley 75–91 - - FOURTH SESSION— - - Invocation, Rev. Harry G. Hill 91 - - Address, “Human Life as a National Asset,” Mr. E. E. - Rittenhouse 92–102 - - Address, “Public Health Movement,” Prof. Irving Fisher 103–111 - - Announcement by the President 111 - - Committee on Resolutions 111 - - Address, “Authority in Health Control,” Dr. L. E. Cofer 111–122 - - Address, “Land Frauds,” Dr. George E. Condra 123–130 - - Address, “Conservation of Land and the Man,” Mrs. Haviland - H. Lund 131–132 - - Address, “Farmers’ Union,” Mr. Charles S. Barrett 132–134 - - FIFTH SESSION— - - Address, “A Plea for More Educational Opportunities,” - Prof. E. T. Fairchild 134–139 - - Address, “Hygiene in Relation to Public Health,” Dr. - Oscar Dowling 139–144 - - Address, “The Duty of the Employer,” Dr. Edward Rumely 144–147 - - Letter from Mr. Charles A. Doremus, of New York 147 - - Address, “Conservation of the Human Race,” Dr. - J. N. Hurty 148–154 - - Address, “The Rescue of the Fit,” Mr. Harrington Emerson 154–160 - - SIXTH SESSION— - - Address, “Human Efficiency,” Dr. Henry Wallace 161–170 - - Address, “Is the Child Worth Conserving?” Judge Ben B. - Lindsey 170–181 - - Remarks, Miss Adeline Denny 181 - - SEVENTH SESSION— - - Reading of Telegrams 182 - - Report from Col. M. H. Crump 182–183 - - Address, “The Lumberman’s Viewpoint,” Major E. G. Griggs 183–195 - - Nominating Committee 196 - - Report, Mrs. Orville T. Bright 196–200 - - Address, “Saving Miners’ Lives,” Dr. Joseph A. Holmes 200–205 - - Address, “The Prevention of Railroad Accidents,” Mr. - Thomas H. Johnson 205–214 - - Address, “Vital Statistics and the Conservation of Human - Life, a National Concern,” Mr. A. B. Farquhar 214–223 - - Address, “The Prevention of Elevator Accidents,” Mr. - Reginald Pelham Bolton 223–230 - - Resolution, Mr. R. P. Bolton 231 - - Resolution, Mr. Frederick Kelsey 231 - - EIGHTH SESSION— - - Address, Honorable Woodrow Wilson 232–240 - - NINTH SESSION— - - Remarks, Mrs. Philip N. Moore 241 - - Address, Miss Julia Clifford Lathrop 242–249 - - Address, Mrs. Matthew T. Scott 250–254 - - Address, Mrs. John R. Walker 255–258 - - Address, Mrs. Marion A. Crocker 258–262 - - Paper, Mrs. Elmer Black (See Supplementary Proceedings) 262 - - Remarks, Colonel John I. Martin, Sergeant-at-Arms 262–263 - - TENTH SESSION— - - Address, “The Problem of Tuberculosis,” Dr. Livingston - Farrand 264–271 - - Address, “The Conservation of Navigable Streams,” Mr. - Jacob P. Dunn (See Supplementary Proceedings) 271 - - Address, “Social, Industrial and Civic Progress,” Mr. - Ralph M. Easley 272–281 - - Address, “Disposition of Sewage,” Dr. Burton J. Ashley 281–286 - - Remarks, Mr. J. B. Baumgartner 286 - - Report, Executive Committee, Presented by Mr. E. - Lee Worsham, Chairman 286–287 - - Remarks, Mr. E. Lee Worsham 287 - - Report, Committee on Nominations 288 - - Remarks, Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack 289 - - Address, “The Investigations of Flood Commission of - Pittsburgh,” Mr. George M. Lehman 289–296 - - ELEVENTH SESSION— - - Remarks, Hon. J. B. White 296 - - Address, “The Story of the Soil,” Mr. H. H. Gross 297–302 - - Address, “The Story of the Air,” Prof. Willis L. Moore 303–305 - - Report, Committee on Resolutions 306 - - Resolution, Mr. John B. Hammond 306 - - Presentation of Invitations from Cities Desiring the Next - Congress 306 - - Address, Mr. Don Carlos Ellis 307–310 - - SUPPLEMENTARY PROCEEDINGS 312 - - FORESTRY SECTION 312 - - Remarks, Mr. D. Page Simons 312 - - Remarks, Mr. T. B. Wyman 312 - - Remarks, Maj. E. G. Griggs 313 - - Remarks, Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack 313 - - Remarks, Mr. I. C. Williams 313 - - Remarks, Dr. Henry S. Drinker 313 - - Remarks, Mr. E. A. Sterling 313 - - Remarks, Hon. John M. Woods 313 - - Remarks, Mr. Henry E. Hardtner 313 - - Remarks, Prof. F. W. Rane 313 - - Remarks, Col. W. R. Brown 313–314 - - Remarks, Mr. F. A. Elliott 314 - - Remarks, Mr. Hugh P. Baker 314 - - Remarks, Mr. P. S. Ridsdale 314 - - Appointment of Committees on Resolutions 314 - - Co-operation with other agencies, permanent organizations - and resolutions. - - THIRD SESSION— - - Remarks, Mr. H. E. Hardtner 314 - - Remarks, Mr. T. B. Wyman 314 - - Remarks, Col. W. R. Brown 314 - - Remarks, Mr. F. A. Elliott 315 - - Remarks, Mr. N. P. Wheeler 315 - - Remarks, Mr. D. Page Simons 315 - - Report, Committee on Resolutions 315 - - FOURTH SESSION— - - Committee on Permanent Organizations— - - Report, Mr. E. T. Allen 315–316 - - Remarks, Mr. Z. D. Scott 316 - - Remarks, Mr. F. A. Elliott 316 - - Remarks, Mr. H. D. Langille 316 - - Remarks, Mr. W. H. Shippen 316 - - Register, Forestry Section 317 - - Address, “The Present Situation of Forestry,” Prof. - Henry S. Graves, United States Forester 318–325 - - FOOD SECTION 326–327 - - Address, “Food Conservation by Cold Storage,” Mr. - F. G. Urner 327–334 - - National Association of Conservation Commissioners 334–335 - - Accident Prevention Section 335 - - Review of Progress in the Conservation of Waters 335 - - Report, Standing Committee on Waters, by Mr. W. C. - Mendenhall 335–344 - - WILD LIFE PROTECTION 344 - - Report, Standing Committee on Wild Life Protection, by Dr. - W. T. Hornaday 344–347 - - Address, “The Vital Resources of the Nation,” Dr. Henry - Sturgis Drinker 347 - - Paper, “Conservation of the Soil,” Hon. James J. Hill 349–352 - - Paper, “War is the Policy of Waste—Peace, the Policy of - Conservation,” Mrs. Elmer Black 352–356 - - Address, “The Conservation of Navigable Streams,” Mr. - Jacob P. Dunn 357–362 - - Report from the National Fertilizer Association, presented - by Mr. John D. Toll and Mr. Charles S. Rauh 363–365 - - Dr. W. J. McGee: An Appreciation of His Services for - Conservation, Mr. W. C. Mendenhall 365–367 - - - - -OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES, 1912. - - -_President_, - -JOHN B. WHITE, Kansas City, Mo. - - -_Executive Secretary_, - -THOMAS R. SHIPP, Washington, D. C. - - -_Treasurer_, - -D. AUSTIN LATCHAW, Kansas City, Mo. - - -_Recording Secretary_, - -JAMES C. GIPE, Indianapolis, Ind. - - -_Executive Committee._ - - E. LEE WORSHAM, Atlanta, Ga., _Chairman_. - J. LEWIS THOMPSON, Houston, Texas. - W. A. FLEMING JONES, Las Cruces, N.M. - WALTER H. PAGE, New York. - GEORGE C. PARDEE, Oakland, Cal. - DR. H. E. BARNARD, Indianapolis, Ind. - MRS. PHILIP N. MOORE, St. Louis, Mo. - BERNARD N. BAKER, Baltimore, Md. - HENRY C. WALLACE, Des Moines, Iowa. - GIFFORD PINCHOT, Washington, D. C. - - -_Local Board of Managers, Indianapolis._ - - RICHARD LIEBER, _Chairman_. - JOSEPH C. SCHAF, _Vice-Chairman_. - JAMES W. LILLY, _Treasurer_. - L. H. LEWIS, _Secretary_. - FREDERIC M. AYRES. - GEORGE L. DENNY. - EDGAR H. EVANS. - CARL G. FISHER. - C. G. HANCH. - O. D. HASKETT. - ALBERT E. METZGER. - WILLIAM J. MOONEY. - W. H. O’BRIEN. - - -_Vice-Presidents._ - - Arkansas—E. N. PLANK, Decatur. - California—FRANCIS CUTTLE, Riverside. - Colorado—I. S. T. GREGG, Golden. - Connecticut—PROF. J. W. TOUMEY, Hartford. - District of Columbia—DR. HARVEY W. WILEY, Washington. - Florida—T. J. CAMPBELL, Palm Beach. - Georgia—L. R. AKIN. - Illinois—BALLARD DUNN, Chicago. - Iowa—PROF. P. G. HOLDEN, Ames. - Louisiana—HENRY E. HARDTNER, Urania. - Massachusetts—PROF. F. W. RANE, Boston. - Missouri—HERMAN VON SCHRENK, St. Louis. - Nebraska—PROF. E. A. BURNETT, Lincoln. - New Jersey—E. A. STEVENS, Hoboken. - New York—DR. W. T. HORNADAY, New York City. - Ohio—J. C. RODGERS, Mechanicsburg. - Oklahoma—T. C. HARRICE, Wagoner. - South Carolina—PROF. M. W. TWITCHELL, Columbia. - South Dakota—GOV. R. S. VESSEY, Pierre. - Texas—W. GOODRICH JONES, Temple. - Washington—A. L. FLEWELLING, Spokane. - Wisconsin—HERBERT QUICK, Madison. - - -STANDING COMMITTEES, 1912. - -_Forests_—H. S. Graves, Washington, D. C., Chairman; E. T. Allen, -Portland, Ore.; Major E. G. Griggs, Tacoma, Wash.; William Irvine, -Chippewa Falls, Wis.; George K. Smith, St. Louis. - -_Minerals_—Dr. Joseph A. Holmes, Washington, D. C., Chairman; Dr. -Charles R. Van Hise, Madison, Wis.; Dr. I. C. White, Morgantown, W. -Va.; C. W. Brunton, Denver, Col.; John Mitchell, New York City. - -_Lands and Agriculture_—Prof. L. H. Bailey, Cornell University, -Chairman; Prof. George E. Condra, Nebraska; Prof. J. L. Snyder, -Lansing, Mich.; F. D. Coburn, Kansas; Charles S. Barrett, Union City, -Ga. - -_Education_—Dr. C. E. Bessey, Lincoln, Neb., Chairman; Dr. David -Starr Jordan, Leland Stanford University, Oakland, Cal.; Dr. -Edward E. Alderman, University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Dr. -E. C. Craighead, Tulane University, New Orleans, La.; Prof. E. T. -Fairchild, Topeka, Kas. - -_Vital Resources_—Dr. William H. Welch, Johns Hopkins University, -Baltimore, Md., Chairman; Prof. Irving Fisher, Yale University, -New Haven, Conn.; Dr. J. N. Hurty, Indianapolis, Ind.; Hon. A. B. -Farquhar, York, Pa.; Dr. Oscar Dowling, Shreveport, La. - -_Homes_—Mrs. Matthew T. Scott, Washington, Chairman; Mrs. Harriet -Wallace-Ashby, Des Moines, Iowa; Mrs. J. E. Rhodes, St. Paul, Minn.; -Mrs. Sarah S. Platt-Decker,[1] Denver, Col.; Mrs. Amos F. Draper, -Washington, D. C. - -_Child Life_—Hon. Ben B. Lindsay, Denver, Col., Chairman; Dr. Samuel -M. Lindsay, New York City; Judge Henry L. McCune, Kansas City, -Mo.; Mrs. Carl Vrooman, Bloomington, Ill.; Dr. Anna Louise Strong, -Seattle, Wash. - -_Food_—Dr. Harvey W. Wiley, Washington, D. C., Chairman; F. G. Urner, -New York; Prof. F. Spencer Baldwin, Boston, Mass.; J. F. Nickerson, -Chicago, Ill.; Lucius P. Brown, Nashville, Tenn.; E. H. Jenkins, New -Haven, Conn.; M. A. Scovelle, Lexington, Ky.; Prof. Geo. A. Loveland, -Lincoln, Neb. - -_Civics_—Ralph Easley, New York, Chairman; Albert Hall Whitfield, -Jackson, Miss.; B. A. Fowler, Phœnix, Ariz.; H. M. Beardsley, Kansas -City, Mo.; Francis J. Heney, San Francisco, Cal. - -_General (including Domesticated Animals and Wild Life)_—Dr. W. T. -Hornaday, New York, Chairman; Dr. L. O. Howard, Washington, D. C.; -Mrs. Minnie Maddern Fiske, New York City; Dr. John Muir, Martinez, -Cal.; D. Austin Latchaw, Kansas City, Mo.; Prof. Geo. A. Loveland, -Lincoln, Neb. - -_Waters_—Hon. J. N. Teal, Portland, Ore., Chairman; Hon. Joseph E. -Ransdell, Lake Providence, La.; Walter S. Dickey, Kansas City, Mo.; -Hon. Herbert Knox Smith, Washington, D. C.; W. K. Kavanaugh, St. -Louis, Mo.; Dr. W. J. McGee, Washington, D. C.; Prof. Geo. F. Swain, -Harvard University. - -_National Parks (including Mammoth Cave, Ky., and Adjacent -Lands)_—Dr. W. J. McGee,[1] Washington, D. C.; Dr. Henry F. Drinker, -South Bethlehem, Pa.; Hon. William P. Borland, Kansas City, Mo.; Hon. -Gifford Pinchot, Washington, D. C.; M. H. Crump, Bowling Green, Ky. - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[1] Deceased. - - - - -OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES, 1913. - - -_President_, - -CHARLES LATHROP PACK, Lakewood, N. J. - - -_Vice-President_, - -MRS. PHILIP N. MOORE, St. Louis, Mo. - - -_Executive Secretary_, - -THOMAS B. SHIPP, Indianapolis, Ind. - - -_Treasurer_, - -D. A. LATCHAW, Kansas City, Mo. - - -_Recording Secretary_, - -JAMES C. GIPE, Indianapolis, Ind. - - -_Executive Committee_, - - E. LEE WORSHAM, Atlanta, Ga., _Chairman_. - WALTER H. PAGE, New York City. - J. B. WHITE, Kansas City, Missouri. - B. N. BAKER, Baltimore, Maryland. - DR. HENRY S. DRINKER, S. Bethlehem, Pa. - GEORGE E. CONDRA, Lincoln, Neb. - JOSEPH N. TEAL, Portland, Oregon. - DR. HENRY WALLACE, Des Moines, Iowa. - DR. GEORGE C. PARDEE, Oakland, Cal. - THOMAS NELSON PAGE, Washington, D. C. - GIFFORD PINCHOT, Washington, D. C. - MRS. EMMONS CROCKER, Fitchburg, Mass. - -[2]_Standing Committees._ - -_Forestry_—HENRY S. GRAVES, Chairman, Forest Service, Washington, D. -C.; E. T. ALLEN, Yeon Portland, Ore.; J. B. WHITE, Long Building, -Kansas City, Mo.; W. R. BROWN, Berlin, New Hampshire; E. A. STERLING, -Secretary, Real Estate Building, Philadelphia, Pa. - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[2] At the time the Proceedings went to press the other standing -committees had not been appointed. - - - - -CONSTITUTION - -OF THE - -NATIONAL CONSERVATION CONGRESS - -_As Amended by the Fourth Congress._ - - -ARTICLE 1—NAME. - -This organization shall be known as the National Conservation -Congress. - - -ARTICLE 2—OBJECT. - -The object of the National Conservation Congress shall be: (1) to -provide a forum for discussion of the resources of the United States -as the foundation for the prosperity of the people, (2) to furnish -definite information concerning the resources and their utilization, -and (3) to afford an agency through which the people of the country -may frame policies and principles affecting the wise and practical -development, conservation and utilization of the resources to be put -into effect by their representatives in State and Federal Governments. - - -ARTICLE 3—MEETINGS. - -Section 1. Regular annual meetings shall be held at such time and -place as may be determined by the Executive Committee. - -Section 2. Special meetings of the Congress, or its officers, -committees or boards, may be held subject to the call of the -President of the Congress or the Chairman of the Executive Committee. - -Section 3. After a call of the Executive Committee by the Chairman, -and after all members of the Committee have been notified of the -meeting in sufficient time to be present, three members shall -constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. - - -ARTICLE 4—OFFICERS. - -Section 1. The officers of the Congress shall consist of a President, -to be elected by the Congress; a Vice-President to be elected by the -Congress; a Vice-President from each State, to be chosen by the -respective State delegations; one from the National Conservation -Association and one from the National Association of Conservation -Commissioners; an Executive Secretary, a Recording Secretary, and a -Treasurer, all to be elected by the Congress. - -Section 2. The duties of these officers may at any time be prescribed -by formal action of the Congress or Executive Committee. In the -absence of such action their duties shall be those implied by their -designations and established by custom. In addition, it shall be the -duty of the Vice-Presidents to receive from the State Conservation -Commissions, and other organizations concerned in Conservation, -suggestions and recommendations and report them to the Executive -Committee of the Congress. - -Section 3. The officers shall serve for one year, or until their -successors are elected and qualify. - - -ARTICLE 5—COMMITTEES AND BOARDS. - -Section 1. An Executive Committee of seven, in addition to which the -President of the National Conservation Association, the President -of the National Association of State Conservation Commissioners, -and all ex-Presidents of the Congress shall be members, ex officio, -shall be appointed by the President to act for the ensuing year; -its membership shall be drawn from different States, and not more -than one of the appointed members shall be from any one State. The -Executive Committee shall act for the Congress and shall be empowered -to initiate action and meet emergencies. It shall report to each -regular annual session. - -Section 2. A Board of Managers shall be created in each city in which -the next ensuing session of the Congress is to be held, preferably -by leading organizations of citizens. The Board of Managers shall -have power to raise and expend funds, to incur obligations of its -own responsibility, to appoint subordinate boards and committees, -all with the approval of the Executive Committee of the Congress. -It shall report to the Executive Committee at least two days before -the opening of the ensuing session, and at such other times as the -Congress or the Executive Committee may direct. - -Section 3. An Advisory Board, consisting of one person from each -national organization having a conservation committee, shall be -created to serve during that Congress and during the interval -before the next succeeding Congress. The board shall report to and -co-operate with the Executive Committee. - -Section 4. The President shall appoint a Finance Committee of five, -three from the members of the Executive Committee and two from the -Advisory Board, whose duty it shall be to plan ways and means of -increasing the revenue of the Congress, and to prepare a budget -of expenditures. The Chairman shall be a member of the Executive -Committee. - -Section 5. The Executive Committee shall appoint, in consultation -with the Vice-President from the State, a State Secretary whose -duty shall be to work with the State organizations for the special -interests of the Congress. Such Secretary shall report progress to -the Executive Committee. - -Section 6. A Committee on Credentials shall be appointed, consisting -of five (5) members, by the President of the Congress not later than -on the second day of each session of the Congress. It shall determine -all questions raised by delegates as to representation, and shall -report to the Congress from time to time as required by the President -of the Congress. - -Section 7. A Committee on Resolutions shall be created for each -annual meeting of the Congress. A Chairman shall be appointed by the -President. One member of the committee shall be selected by each -State represented in the Congress. The committee shall report to the -Congress not later than the morning of the last day of each annual -meeting. - -Section 8. Permanent committees, consisting of five members each, -on each of the following five divisions of Conservation: Forests, -waters, lands, minerals and vital resources, shall be appointed by -the President of the Congress. The Committee on Vital Resources is -to consist of six subordinate committees as follows: Food, homes, -child life, education, civics, and general (including wild life, -domesticated animals, and cultivated plants). These committees shall, -during the intervals between the annual meetings of the Congress, -inquire into these respective subjects and prepare reports to be -submitted on the request of the Executive Committee, and render such -other assistance to the Congress as the Executive Committee may -direct. - -Section 9. By direction of the Congress, standing and special -committees may be appointed by the President. - -Section 10. The President shall be a member, ex officio, of every -committee of the Congress. - - -ARTICLE 6—ARRANGEMENTS FOR SESSIONS. - -Section 1. The program for the session of each annual meeting of the -Congress, including a list of speakers, shall be arranged by the -Executive Committee. The entire program, including allotments of time -to speakers and hours for daily sessions and all other arrangements -concerning the program, shall be made by the Executive Committee. - -Section 2. Unless otherwise ordered, the rules adopted for the -guidance of the preceding Congress shall continue in force. - - -ARTICLE 7—MEMBERSHIP. - -Section 1. The personnel of the National Conservation Congress shall -be as follows: - - -_Officers and Delegates._ - -Officers of the National Conservation Congress. - -Fifteen delegates appointed by the Governor of each State and -Territory. - -Five delegates appointed by the mayor of each city with a population -of 25,000 or more. - -Two delegates appointed by the mayor of each city with a population -of less than 25,000. - -Two delegates appointed by each board of county commissioners. - -Five delegates appointed by each national organization concerned in -the work of Conservation. - -Five delegates appointed by each State or interstate organization -concerned in the work of Conservation. - -Three delegates appointed by each chamber of commerce, board of -trade, commercial club, or other local organization concerned in the -work of Conservation. - -Two delegates appointed by each State, or other university, or -college, and by each agricultural college, or experiment station. - - -_Honorary Members._ - -The President of the United States. - -The Vice-President of the United States. - -The Speaker of the House of Representatives. - -The Cabinet. - -The United States Senate and House of Representatives. - -The Supreme Court of the United States. - -The representatives of foreign countries. - -The Governors of the States and Territories. - -The Lieutenant-Governors of the States and Territories. - -The Speakers of State Houses of Representatives. - -The State officers. - -The mayors of cities. - -The county commissioners. - -The presidents of State and other universities and colleges. - -The officers and members of the National Conservation Association. - -The officers and members of the National Conservation Commission. - -The officers and members of the State Conservation Commissions and -associations. - -Section 2. Membership in the National Conservation Congress shall be -as follows: - -[Illustration: _J. B. White_(signature) - -OF KANSAS CITY, MO., - -PRESIDENT, FOURTH NATIONAL CONSERVATION CONGRESS] - -Individual membership: One dollar a year, entitling the member to -a copy of the Proceedings and an invitation to the next year’s -Congress, without further appointment from any organization. - -Individual permanent, or life membership: Twenty-five dollars, -entitling the member to a certificate of membership and a copy of the -Proceedings and invitations to all succeeding annual Congresses. - -Individual supporting membership: One hundred dollars, or more, -entitling the member to a certificate of membership, a copy of the -Proceedings, and an invitation to all succeeding Congresses. - -Organization membership: Twenty-five dollars, entitling its delegates -to the Proceedings, and an invitation to the organization to appoint -delegates to the next Congress. - -Organization supporting membership: One hundred dollars, or more, -entitling the organization to appoint one delegate from each State, -each of whom shall receive a copy of the Proceedings. - - -ARTICLE 8—DELEGATIONS AND STATE OFFICERS. - -Section 1. The several delegates from each State in attendance at -any Congress shall assemble at the earliest practicable time and -organize by choosing a Chairman and a Secretary. These delegates, -when approved by the Committee on Credentials, shall constitute the -delegation from that State. - - -ARTICLE 9—VOTING. - -Section 1. Each member of the Congress shall be entitled to one vote -on all actions taken _viva voce_. - -Section 2. A division or call of States may be demanded on any -action, by a State delegation. On division, each delegate shall be -entitled to one vote; provided (1) that no State shall have more than -twenty votes; and provided (2) that when a State is represented by -less than ten delegates, said delegates may cast ten votes for each -State. - -Section 3. The term “State” as used herein is to be construed to mean -either State, Territory, or insular possession. - - -ARTICLE 10—AMENDMENTS. - -This Constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the Congress -during any regular session, provided notice of the proposed amendment -has been given from the Chair not less than one day or more than two -days preceding; or by unanimous vote without such notice. - - - - -RESOLUTIONS. - -FOURTH NATIONAL CONSERVATION CONGRESS. - - -The Fourth National Conservation Congress, made up of delegates from -all sections and from thirty-five States of the Union, met in the -City of Indianapolis, do hereby make the following declarations: - -Recognizing the natural resources of the country as the prime basis -of property and opportunity, we reaffirm the declaration of the -preceding Congress, that the rights of the people in these resources -are natural, inherent, and inalienable; and we insist that these -resources shall be developed, used and conserved in ways consistent -both with the current and future welfare of our people. - -We put chief emphasis on vital resources and the health of the -people; and since health and brains are the first and most important -factors of efficient life, we urge the adoption of all rational and -scientific methods which will lead to their building-up. - -To be well born is the primal requirement, and the first step to make -sure that children shall be well born is to stop the multiplication -of those bearing hereditary defects of body and mind. We believe that -science is capable of solving the problem satisfactorily and that -improvement is possible under existing conditions. We earnestly urge -its consideration by the public. - -We believe that every State should have wisely ordered health -laws, with officers empowered to enforce them, and also that a -National Department of Health should be created, comporting with the -dignity and importance of the cause. This department should work -effectively for the promotion of the physical and hence the moral and -intellectual health of the people. - -The accurate registration of births and deaths, which has been -called the ‘Bookkeeping of Humanity,’ is a fundamental necessity for -a study and knowledge of disease, and for all public health work. -Therefore, we affirm our belief in the importance of vital statistics -registration, and recommend that all States now without proper -vital statistics adopt as early as possible the model bill for the -registration of vital statistics indorsed by the United States Bureau -of the Census, and by many prominent professional and scientific -bodies. - -We urge the strengthening of laws safeguarding the health and the -lives of workers in industrial establishments; and we commend -to the employers of labor all practicable safety devices and -proved preventive measures against illness and injury and physical -inefficiency; and we urge upon the other States the investigation of -accidents by elevators and the enactment of laws similar to those on -the statute books of Pennsylvania and Rhode Island. - -We commend the activity of all individuals and organizations and -governmental agencies to put an end to such work by children and -women as impairs the health of the race. Childhood is our greatest -resource, and its right to protection in growing to a normal maturity -is inalienable. We deplore the ignorant use of medicines; and we -call upon all humane and educational agencies to teach the waste and -danger of any drug-habit. - -We earnestly advocate the employment by communities and manufacturing -concerns of such methods of sewage disposal as will render their -waste products harmless to health and utilize them in the restoration -of soil fertility; and we urge the enactment by States of laws -prohibiting stream pollution and by the Federal Government of such -legislation as will prevent the pollution of interstate and coastal -waters. - -Uniform State legislation regulating the refrigeration of perishable -food stuffs is advisable, therefore this Congress recommends that -its Food Committee be requested to study the questions involved in -the production, collection, sanitary preparation, transportation, -preservation and marketing of perishable foods and to report -its findings to the succeeding Congress as a basis for uniform -legislation. - -In view of the enormous losses annually sustained by the agricultural -interests of the United States on account of the ravages of injurious -insects, which might be kept more under control by an increase of -insect-eating birds, we urge the passage of Federal laws for the -protection of all migratory birds; and the passage of State laws for -the prohibition of spring shooting and of the sale of game. - -We reaffirm the great importance of our fishery resources, which are -threatened with serious diminution. We urge upon Congress and the -States to provide more liberally for the propagation and preservation -of food fishes. - - -LANDS. - -We keenly recognize the need of the people of the country for more -complete and accurate knowledge of their land and its conditions than -is now available, in order to promote their economic, social and -intellectual well-being and to conserve scattered individual energy; - -We recognize that such data should be collected by a general series -of State and National surveys arranged in the order in which they -will be most accurate and effective and that many of these are -already in progress; - -This Congress earnestly points out the following kinds of data of -which the people have need and the approximate order in which it -should be collected, namely: - - 1. A thorough geographical survey of public boundaries and cultural - features. - - 2. Of the form or topography of the earth’s surface. - - 3. Of the geology, including the structure and economic deposits of - the earth’s crust. - - 4. Of the kinds and distribution of soils in their relation to - agricultural operations. - - 5. Of the climate in its local variations and relation to crops and - industry. - - 6. Of the surface and underground water supply of the country in its - local and regional relation, including flood and storage problems. - - 7. Of various biological, crop and forestry conditions and relations. - - 8. And of many other surveys of a more specialized character and - local application which may be adequately carried forward on the - basis outlined above. - -We urge the several States and the Federal Government to examine -their existing agencies to determine whether they are completely and -effectively fulfilling these functions. - -Further, we reaffirm the action of the last Conservation Congress in -approving the withdrawal of the public lands pending classification, -and the separation of surface rights from mineral, forest and water -rights, including water-power sites, and we recommend legislation for -the classification and leasing for grazing purposes all unreserved -lands suitable chiefly for this purpose, subject to the rights of -homesteaders and settlers, on the acquisition thereof under the land -laws of the United States; and we hold that arid and non-irrigable -public grazing lands should be administered by the Government in the -interest of small stockmen and home-seekers until they have passed -into the possession of actual settlers. - - -FORESTS. - -Believing that the necessity of preserving our forests and forest -industries is so generally realized that it calls only for -constructive support along specific lines— - -We commend the work of the Federal Forest Service, and urge our -constituent bodies and all citizens to insist upon more adequate -appropriations for this work and to combat any attempt to break down -the integrity of the national forest system by reductions in area, or -transfer to State authority. - -Since Federal co-operation under the Weeks law is stimulating better -forest protection by the States, and since the appropriation for -such co-operative work is nearly exhausted, we urge appropriation by -Congress for its continuance. - -We recommend that the Federal troops be made systematically available -for controlling forest fires. - -Deploring the lack of uniform State activity in forest work, we -emphatically urge the crystallization of effort in the lagging States -toward securing the creation of forest departments with definite and -ample appropriations, in no case of less than ten thousand dollars -per annum, to enable the organization of forest fire work, publicity -propaganda, surveys of forest resources and general investigations -upon which to base the earliest possible development of perfected and -liberally financed forest policies. - -We recommend in all States more liberal appropriation for forest fire -prevention, especially for patrol to obviate expenditure for fighting -neglected fires, and the expenditure of such effort in the closest -possible co-operation with Federal and private protective agencies; -and also urge such special legislation and appropriation as may be -necessary to stamp out insect and fungus attacks which threaten to -spread to other States. We cite for emulation the expenditure by -Pennsylvania of $275,000 to combat the chestnut blight, and the large -appropriation by Massachusetts to control insect depredation, and -urge greater Congressional appropriation for similar work by the -Bureau of Entomology. - -Holding that conservative forest management and reforestation by -private owners are very generally discouraged or prevented by our -methods of forest taxation, we recommend State legislation to secure -the most moderate taxation of forest land consistent with justice and -the taxation of the forest crop upon such land only when the crop is -harvested and returns revenue wherewith to pay the tax. - -We appreciate the increasing support by lumbermen of forestry reforms -and suggest particularly to forest owners the study and emulation of -the many co-operative patrol associations which are doing extensive -and efficient forest fire work and also securing closer relations -between private, State and Federal forest agencies. Believing that -lumbermen and the public have a common object in perpetuating the -use of forests, we indorse every means of bringing them together in -mutual aid and confidence to this end. - - -MINERALS. - -We reaffirm the opinion of the last Conservation Congress that -mineral deposits underlying public lands should be transferred to -private ownership only by long-time leases with revaluation at stated -periods, such leases to be in such amounts and subject to such -regulations as to prevent monopoly and needless waste; and that in -case of doubt as to availability of such mineral deposits, or while -they are waiting exploration, surface rights to the land should -be transferred by lease only under such conditions as to promote -development and protect the public interest. Natural and manufactured -fertilizing materials should be limited and regulated by law. - -Since present conditions in the mining industry result in heavy and -unnecessary loss of life and great waste of natural gas, coal and -other mineral resources, we call to public attention the need of -specific and uniform laws for the betterment of these conditions—laws -as rigid and comprehensive as we enact for the protection of life and -for the right use of property in any other fundamental industry. - - -WATER POWER. - -We reaffirm the previously expressed belief of the Conservation -Congress than all parts of every drainage basin are related and -inter-dependent, and that each stream should be regarded and treated -as a unit from its source to its mouth. - -Recognizing the vast economic benefits to the people of water power -derived largely from interstate and navigable rivers, we favor public -control of their water power development; and we demand that the use -of their water rights be permitted only for limited periods, with -just compensation in the interests of the people. - - -COUNTRY LIFE. - -We applaud the betterment of conditions affecting country life, such -as good roads, and organizations for co-operative buying and selling; -and we urge the study of rural credit systems whereby the farmer may -more easily borrow capital at a reasonable rate of interest. - -We applaud the work of making rural schools fit rural needs. - - -DR. W. J. McGEE. - -We here place on record our sense of the deep loss by the country -through the untimely death of Dr. W. J. McGee, a member of a -Committee of this Congress, a scientific man of broad attainment, and -of the widest human sympathy, whose helpfulness in these Congresses -and many similar meetings will be sadly missed. - - -THE EXHIBIT. - -We mention with appreciation the work of the Committee on Exhibits, -Mrs. Philip N. Moore, Chairman, which made the instructive health -exhibit under the management of Dr. Winthrop Talbot. - -We record our grateful appreciation of the hospitality and -helpfulness of the State Government of Indiana, and of the City -Government of Indianapolis; and of the Local Board of Managers, Mr. -Richard Lieber, Chairman; of the Reception Committee, Mr. Albert E. -Metzger, Chairman; of the Commercial and Industrial organizations -which, through the Commercial Club, made the Congress here possible; -of the State Board of Agriculture, and of the Claypool Hotel, for -their helpful courtesies and generous co-operation; and we thank the -newspapers of Indianapolis for their unusually generous and accurate -reports. - -We wish to assure the retiring President, Captain White, of the -heartiest appreciation of the Congress and of the country for his -generous and efficient administration of the complicated business -of the Congress; and Mr. Thomas R. Shipp, the Executive Secretary, -for his zealous labor and good judgment and skilful management; -and Mr. James C. Gipe, the Recording Secretary, for his energy and -efficiency; and Colonel John I. Martin, the Sergeant-at-arms, must -add one more vote of thanks to his ever-lengthening collection. - - - - -FOURTH NATIONAL CONSERVATION CONGRESS. - -_OPENING SESSION._ - - -The Congress convened in the Murat Theater, Indianapolis, Indiana, on -the morning of October 1, 1912, President J. B. White in the chair. - - -President WHITE—The Fourth National Conservation Congress will now -come to order, and the audience will please rise while the Rev. Dr. -F. S. C. Wicks invokes Divine blessing. - - -INVOCATION. - -_Infinite and Eternal One, we would open our Congress with an -acknowledgment of Thee as the Giver of every good and perfect gift. -Thou hast placed us in a rich and fertile land, teeming with the -things needful for Thy children, and Thou hast laid upon us the great -responsibility of conserving these resources so that these blessings -will extend to our children’s children and to all generations -forevermore. To Thee be all the praise and the glory. Amen._ - - -ADDRESSES OF WELCOME. - -President WHITE—On behalf of the State of Indiana, your fellow -citizen, the Honorable Charles Warren Fairbanks, will address the -Congress in words of welcome. (Applause.) - - -Mr. FAIRBANKS—Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: Indiana has -frequently been honored by the presence of conventions of national -importance. Our countrymen, engaged in various and vast pursuits and -in the consideration of a large variety of questions, religious, -social, fraternal, economic and political in their character, have -assembled here from time to time to take counsel together with -respect to the subjects engaging their particular attention, and to -the advancement of our common welfare. - -Our State has a hospitality for all who are engaged in promoting the -moral, material and political well-being of our rapidly multiplying -millions. I will not be misunderstood, I know, when I say that we -have never more heartily welcomed to our midst any body of men than -we now welcome the Fourth National Conservation Congress. (Applause.) - -We recognize in this great assembly one of the most beneficent -agencies for good which has taken on the form of systematic -organization, national in its scope. It is not sectional, but is as -comprehensive in its purpose as the ample limits of the Republic. -It takes thought, not of the few, but embraces within its generous -purpose one hundred millions of people of all conditions and without -suggestion or partiality for white or black, native or alien born. -How vast and how vital the field of its activities! - -How full of promise such an assembly as this is! It is, Mr. Chairman, -a complete answer to the pessimist. No thought of commercial gain -has brought you here; a spirit of altruism, love of country and of -mankind has been the impelling motive which has caused you, at your -own expense, to leave the comforts of your homes and firesides and -your daily vocations to come here and deliberate upon great themes of -larger interest to the great community of which you are a part than -to yourselves. - -You hold no commission from the government, yet your service is of -profound importance to it. You are not public servants in a narrow -sense, but in a broad sense you freely serve the public in the best -possible way. - -The lesson of men voluntarily devoting themselves to the betterment -of their fellows without the thought of sordid gain is a fine one and -must impress itself in a very vivid and beneficial way upon the minds -of others and tend to elevate the entire mass. What tends to impress -us with our interdependence and to stimulate a feeling of homogeneity -among us as this movement does is of incalculable benefit. It is a -splendid thing for people to fellowship together in this manner, to -take counsel of each other with reference to questions concerning the -common good. It shows that we are interested more in what concerns -the great body of the community than in what concerns ourselves. - -General Harrison, gifted statesman and our fellow citizen, once very -happily expressed the fact of the strength of confederated numbers -in a good cause. He told of an engagement during the great Civil -War when he was colonel of an Indiana regiment that was fighting in -the midst of a woods and thicket. The enemy was pressing hard in -front and fighting every inch of ground with a desperation that was -unsurpassed. The Indiana regiment was feeling the shock of war in -an extreme degree, and was almost on the point of discouragement. -They felt they were fighting the battle alone. But in the course of -time, as they emerged into a savannah, they saw a New York regiment, -with its battle flags flying to the breeze; and over there another -regiment from Kansas, and a shout of victory went up all along the -line, for they found they were not a mere detachment, but part of a -great army fighting for a common cause. - -So it is a fine thing to feel that we are part of a great army -fighting for a common cause—for home and country, rather than -detached units fighting for ourselves. (Applause.) - -Conservation is comparatively new in the vocabulary of our modern -domestic economy, but it is a great word. It has come to be one of -the greatest words of the human language from a practical standpoint. -It is a continent-wide word in America. Conservation in some aspect -of the subject touches every community, every city, every State and -every individual. In other words, in a vital degree, it touches the -welfare of one hundred millions of American citizens. Its importance -is just beginning to be appreciated. Great today, but greater -tomorrow in the progress of affairs. (Applause.) - -A good Providence endowed us so abundantly with the prime necessities -of our being that we have not fully realized the fact that there was -either a possibility or danger of dissipating them. We were wont -to boast of our inexhaustible resources. Nature has been prodigal, -and we have been prodigal in the use and abuse of what she had so -generously placed at our hands. - -The forests—how vast and how majestic! We were obliged to fell them -for the plow and the harvest, and for homes and cities. We came to -look upon them as in our way—obstructions to our progress, as in a -certain sense they were, but in a large way they were not. And we -carried the work of demolition to the danger point before we realized -our mistake. What nature had been centuries creating for us we -frequently recklessly destroyed in a day. - -The soil, the primary source of human life and strength, was rich -beyond compare. In the laboratory of nature the chemical elements -had been so nicely compounded that, to use a familiar simile, the -farmer had only to tickle the land with a hoe and it laughed with -the harvest. In time, Mother Earth began to resent neglect and -abuse, and the crop yield diminished; but that mattered little to -the unthinking, for there were still vast areas of virgin soil and -the food supply was adequate to our needs. In the course of time, -however, there were no unoccupied lands to be pre-empted, no fresh -soil for the asking. - - -MILLIONS COME TO OUR SHORES. - -Millions of men and women flocked to our shores every ten years -from every land beyond the seas, seeking home and opportunity; -millions every decade were added to our population at home by natural -increase. Students of statistics came to realize that in the face -of an increasing demand for food supply at home, regardless of -the millions in the Old World dependent upon our granaries, soil -exhaustion was a subject of very vital importance, a crime, if you -please, not by the statute, but by moral law; and this may be said -with respect to the reckless or ignorant dissipation of all our -natural resources. - -We are in a very real sense trustees of the fields and forests, mines -and other sources of wealth, not to use and abuse at our will, but -rather to use for our own reasonable necessities and then to transmit -them unimpaired, so far as possible, and if possible increased in -life-sustaining power, to our children. (Applause.) - -By no other method can our civilization be perpetually maintained -upon the highest level and the Republic kept in the forefront of the -nations of the world. The man who owns and tills the soil, who owns -and fells the forest, who owns and mines the coal, has no moral right -to abuse his ownership; no one has a moral right to waste patrimony -which must support not only the owner but the man who is not the -owner, and whose continued comfort and existence must depend upon the -wisdom with which the owner of the soil and forest and mine uses them. - -The importance of Conservation derives emphasis from the rapidity -with which our population grows. Our cities will not only multiply in -number, but their inhabitants will increase, population will become -congested everywhere, and the demand upon our natural resources will -be greatly increased. We have added nearly ninety millions to our -population in one hundred years. One hundred years ago we were small -in numbers compared with the older countries. We have outstripped -all but the older empires and republics of Continental Europe. -Take Russia, with her 172,000,000; take India, with 325,000,000, -and China, where they are building a republic upon the ruins of an -empire, with her 400,000,000, and the United States stands fourth -in magnitude of population among the nations of the world, having -outstripped all but these, and with the present ratio of increase, -in one hundred and fifty or two hundred years we will stand not the -last of these great populous countries. And what does this signify? -It signifies that the great subject of Conservation that you are -taking hold of with such intelligent, patriotic interest, will be the -overmastering question then as it is today. (Applause.) - -Who can put a practical limitation upon a definition of Conservation? -Conservation of our natural resources does not go far enough. The -public health falls within the subject of Conservation in the fullest -and best sense, and that is susceptible of many subdivisions. -Conservation of the minds and morals, Conservation of our political -institutions—all of these and many more subjects of but little less -importance engage the attention of such men as are assembled here. - -I understand, Mr. Chairman, that the human side of Conservation is -to receive particular emphasis in this Congress. I am glad it is -so. We have been so long concerned with the physical resources that -we have failed to give proper credit to really a larger aspect of -Conservation. As important as is the conservation of our natural -resources, far more important is the question of conserving the -health, conserving the intellect, conserving the morality of the one -hundred millions of people we have. (Applause.) I have known men who -were more solicitous regarding the health of a fine horse or dog -than the health of the family. I have sometimes seen (but not in any -of the States from which any of you come) ladies that had a more -affectionate solicitude for a fine cat or a fine poodle than for the -members of her household. (Laughter.) We are getting beyond that. -We are coming to appreciate that that greatest assets in the United -States today are men and women, and we must know how to conserve them. - -There is manifest and gratifying awakening upon this subject -throughout the country. We have not begun to appreciate the -possibilities in this field. Men of science, the microscope, the -laboratory and carefully gathered and well-digested statistics have -opened up a new world to our vision. Physicians and surgeons have -been exploring the mysteries of the physical man and familiarizing -themselves with the perils of his environment and learning how to -arrest the work of his destroyer. - -They have learned how to locate his worst enemies by the use of the -searching eye of the microscope, enemies who destroy more thousands -than those enemies who come with fleets and armies and flaunting -banners. It was not the Chagres river and Culebra cut which defeated -the French Company in the construction of the Panama Canal, but the -mosquito. - -An American physician opened up the way to the completion of this -work of world-wide moment by destroying the insect which had -successfully defeated the French. The white plague, which takes such -tremendous toll annually, is now under siege from every quarter, and -science will in due time win a new victory in removing this scourge. -Better sanitation in cities, villages, schoolhouses, workshops, -homes, on farms and in cities, guarding our water supply against -pollution, insuring pure food and pure drugs and their better -preparation, are a few of the imperative requirements of the day. -And when I speak of pure food and drugs, Dr. Wiley comes to my mind. -(Applause.) He has to do with an aspect of practical Conservation -that will entitle him and his associates to perpetual remembrance in -the United States. (Applause.) - -These are all practical questions, the importance of which cannot -be over-emphasized. They concern the health and happiness of many -millions of people and the destiny of the Republic itself. - - -INDIANA NOT INDIFFERENT. - -Indiana has not been indifferent to this great movement. It has taken -up the work of Conservation with full appreciation of its magnitude -and its direct bearing upon the present and future of the State. -Our interests are so diversified that our conservationists in all -branches of the movement find full opportunity for the exercise of -their activities. - -We have an agricultural college which is doing much to advance -agriculture, horticulture, stock raising and the like along advanced -lines. Farmers are being interested in the necessity of cultivation -of the soil and the importance of seed selection, drainage and the -like. We have farmers’ short courses instituted by the college which -are proving of immense value. We are conserving the health of the -livestock upon the farms. Sanitation has played an important part in -this branch of work, as it has upon the human side. - -We have a board of forestry supported by the State, and a Forestry -Association organized by the people; also a commission to protect the -food supply of our lakes and streams. These are only a few of the -evidences of our progress in Conservation. - -We are conserving with particular care the health of our school -children with admirable results. We have learned, somewhat slowly -perhaps, that sound bodies and sound minds should and can go -together, and that to educate the mind and allow the body to -become diseased is false economy on the part of the State and is -nothing short of a crime, committed through either our ignorance or -indifference. - -We have sought to guard against and cure occupational diseases which -impair and disqualify so many wage earners. We have more and more -sought to throw around them such safeguards as well protect them -against injury and death, and then to provide an adequate measure of -compensation in case of accident as one of the legitimate burdens -upon industry of the community which ultimately rests upon the public. - - -HAVE REDUCED ACCIDENTS. - -During the last fifteen years we have made much advance in the -conservation of the health of our people. By rigid factory inspection -we have reduced accidents to our workmen from machinery and by -improved sanitation we have protected their health. We have also -rigidly inspected our mines with like results. - -In fifteen years diphtheria has decreased sixty per cent., -consumption has decreased in this same period six to eight per -cent.; deaths from typhoid fever have fallen in the last two years -from almost two thousand to 936 in 1911. Education, better living, -improved sanitation, and an efficient State Board of Health, with -its excellent organization of health officers in every locality, the -co-operation of the press in the education of the people and support -of our health officers, have accomplished a great work in increasing -in a very considerable degree the health, vigor and happiness of our -people. - -The net result of it all is told in the vital statistics of the -State. In the last fifteen years the duration of life has been -increased from 38.7 years to 44.6 years. - -We are advocating the creation of a State Conservation Board with -supervisory power over all subjects of Conservation now committed -to separate and independent boards or commissions, so as to more -effectively co-ordinate their efforts in a scientific manner, -avoiding duplication and intensifying the work. It is suggested that -a building be erected by the State for the proper accommodation of -the entire Conservation service. - -We regard this as a matter of great importance, and there is no doubt -whatever that the State will liberally respond to the prevailing -sentiment in favor of broadening the work of Conservation. It never -pursues any parsimonious policy in supporting whatever concerns the -education, health, moral safety and welfare of our people, so far as -this may be appropriately accomplished under the law. - -It is not inappropriate in this presence to observe that the -Conservation of our political fabric must not be left out of -consideration. This is a matter we must always hold uppermost in our -minds, lest we allow harm to come to our priceless heritage. - -Partisan utterance would, of course, contravene good taste, and I -shall not offend against it; but I may suggest with propriety that -we should hold fast to the fundamental principles of republican -government, which have been our guaranty of liberty and human rights -and of orderly progress for a century and a quarter. - -The political wisdom of our forefathers has been abundantly -vindicated in our experience. Older countries in continental Europe -and in the Orient are turning toward us more and more and fashioning -their political institutions after ours. - -We need not be quick to surrender the present well-tried guaranties -we have of justice and the rights of men for theories which neither -upon good reason nor upon experience are commended to our best -judgement. - -The program which lies before you is full of the promise of -entertainment and instruction. Men of wide experience, students of -our economic and social needs, will lay before you the rich fruit -gathered by them in the fields of their activities. Specialists in -many branches of the great work of Conservation will make you their -debtors. I shall not, of course, attempt to anticipate the subjects -upon which they will enlighten you. - -Custom, my friends, alone has led me to make the observations in -which I have indulged in extending you welcome on behalf of the -State of Indiana. It is quite unnecessary to occupy your time in -discharge of this pleasant duty, which but for his enforced absence -would have been performed by the distinguished Governor of the State. - -You would understand me, I know, if I merely said “Welcome.” You -would know that it was no perfunctory utterance, but that it came -from the bottom of the Hoosier heart. In a sense we do not look -upon you as our guests; we prefer to regard you as members of our -household. (Applause.) - - -President WHITE—The thanks of the delegates, the thanks of the -visitors, and the thanks of the people of the United States are due -and will be given to the Hon. Charles W. Fairbanks for this most -intelligent address, this statement of the principles that lie at -the heart of every true conservationist. (Applause.) He has taken a -forward step, he has led in the great movement in his own State, and -he is now president of the Indiana Forestry Association. - -I want to say that it is very fortunate for the people of the country -that this address, and others that will follow, will be published -and sent broadcast over this great land. We are going to teach the -principles of conservation in every home. - -It is now fitting that the next speaker should be also a -conservationist—a conservationist of a different type, but no less -a true conservationist, for at his hands, through his work, has -come to the City of Indianapolis a reduction in fire loss from -$600,000 to $300,000 annually. He is President of the Merchants’ and -Manufacturers’ Insurance Bureau, and has practiced conservation in -a most practical manner by reducing the fire loss and saving money -to the people. We who have investigated that subject in Germany and -other countries know how necessary it is that it should be brought -home to us here in our cities and our homes. I now have the pleasure -of introducing to you the Chairman of the Local Board of Managers, -Mr. Richard Lieber. (Applause.) - - -Mr. LIEBER—Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: It is a very great -pleasure and a distinguished honor to welcome you to our city upon -this auspicious occasion. The City of Indianapolis deeply appreciates -your coming and knows that through participation in your assemblages -and deliberations it will materially profit in those matters which -are of such vast and comprehensive benefit to its citizens. From -here, through your able and learned speakers, potential knowledge -will be disseminated throughout the length and breadth of our beloved -country, which, in its application, will increase the happiness, -contentment and usefulness of our people. - -You have come here to consider most serious problems regarding the -conservation of national wealth, more particularly that of vital -resources, and above all, the conservation of human life. - -For that reason, coupled with our welcome, is our expression of -thanks for your coming, for “your worth is warrant of your welcome.” - -The thought of conservation is comparatively new. It marks a new era -in the development of the country, and nowhere are its lessons more -intensely needed than in a country like ours, vast in its expanse, -relatively sparsely populated and apparently inexhaustible in its -natural riches. - -But are these riches inexhaustible? Can we go on in the manner of -our fathers and forefathers, who frequently had to destroy in self -defense? - -Not since the days of the migration of nations, not even since the -legendary days of the fall of Troy has the world witnessed anything -like this stupendous conquest of a virgin continent. It is an -intensified Iliad of modern days. No comparison with former ages can -suffice. What are even the wondrous tales of Moses’ messengers of the -great land where “floweth milk and honey” compared with the gigantic -proportions and abounding riches of this modern promised land? - -That the pioneer, coming to this land was destructive before he could -be constructive is a matter of historical truth. It could not have -been otherwise. He fought civilization’s battle, that civilization -may enjoy peace and prosperity. But some of these destructive habits -of the settler have taken root in our being and destruction has -continued where construction was needed. What have the American -people not wasted! Land and water, fish and game, coal, natural gas -and too many other riches. Above all, how many useful and dear lives -are drawn into the surging maelstrom of our national waste through -indifference, carelessness and greed! - -We find ourselves confronted here with the anamorphosis of -civilization. - -Human sacrifice belongs to a dark and unenlightened day, but the -human sacrifice in mills and mines, in railroads and sweatshops in -our time is a dark blot upon our civilization. (Applause.) - -In this mad chase after things material at any cost, we must pause, -for a nation will become unbalanced in its natural progress if its -spiritual and intellectual advance be retarded. - -Conservation wishes to bring about a more harmonious blending of -these national needs. It teaches a wholesome regard for created -values, it preaches the sanctity of a child’s life and the economic -value of our boys’ and girls’ health, and aside from general -consideration where is an application of conservation ideals and -principles more needed than in our cities. We must learn that a good -man’s or woman’s example in the community is more beneficial and of -greater force than a mere ordinance. Virtue, righteousness and high -principle spring from the seen of teaching that has fallen in mind -and heart; they are inculcated but cannot be legislated. (Applause.) - -[Illustration: CHARLES LATHROP PACK - -PRESIDENT, FIFTH NATIONAL CONSERVATION CONGRESS] - -Would it not in this connection be braver for us fathers and mothers -to speak openly to our boys and girls concerning the dangers that -beset them in their course of life end thus turn the energies of -their lives into the board avenues of light, strength and usefulness -than to let them be drawn into the abysmal chasm of a veritable -hell of human waste. Would it not be better to save, to lessen the -inflow, than to clog the mouth of this human sewer by police orders -after prudery, hypocrisy and cowardice have filled it? (Applause.) We -are everlastingly treating symptoms instead of diseases, attacking -effects instead of causes, and we persistently thereby aggravate the -malady. - -Let us have more light of thought, more air of true freedom and a -deeper and more sympathetic understanding of our own needs and those -of our fellow man that we may be enabled to show the folly of vice, -the contentment of virtue; that we may alleviate pain and want, and -that the warmth of human sympathy may send hope to the hopeless, -courage to the faltering and faith to the despondent. - -With these fervent wishes the City of Indianapolis welcomes the -Fourth National Conservation Congress. (Applause.) - - -President WHITE—These words of welcome, coming from a different point -of view, are felt deeply by us all. We feel the spur of duty still -greater. - -It is very fitting that another side of conservation should be heard -from. The business men, the local business organizations of a city -have done a good work for conservation. Human efficiency is one of -the greatest forces that move the world, and systematic organization -is one of the greatest powers towards efficient conservation of life -and of all material progress. A business man knows that his success -depends upon perfect organization, and that perfect organization is -just as necessary to the conservation of every natural resource. - -I have the pleasure of introducing to you Mr. Winfield Miller, -of Indianapolis, who speaks on behalf of the local business -organizations. (Applause.) - - -Mr. MILLER—Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: When I was honored -by the commercial organizations of Indianapolis with the invitation -to extend for them a few words of greeting and welcome to this -National Conservation Congress, I looked into the biggest book, the -Dictionary, for a definition of the word “Conservation.” I found -the word concisely defined to mean “the art of preserving from -decay, loss or injury.” While the definition is not extended, it is -comprehensive and can be readily amplified to cover every phase of -the question. - -I then turned to the greatest book, the Bible, and read that early -edict which still holds good, “In the sweat of thy face shalt thou -eat bread.” Over this ancient decree and its cause, there have been -volumes of theological commiseration, but in the light of subsequent -history, it is now generally agreed that man has been a greater force -in the garden of the world that if he had remained in the Garden of -Eden. - -The thought occurs, however, that resting under the edict of -life-long toil man would, from an early period, have practiced -conservation in all things. But he soon discovered that “the earth -and the fulness thereof” were his, and, as ever, has been injuriously -careless of results. - -Again, he was not left without hope. The same great authority, in -language and grandeur of thought unsurpassed, gives a promise of -perpetual inspiration, in this, that “While the earth remaineth, -seed time and harvest, and cold and heat, and summer and winter, and -day and night shall not cease.” This promise, according to accepted -chronology, has the confirmation of forty centuries of time and gives -man the assurance of a continued field in which to do his work. The -earth, the air, the waters are his environment; they are immutable, -unchangeable. The animal, vegetable and mineral kingdoms furnish him -food, clothing, shelter, life. Their best use should be his first and -highest consideration. - -Nature has been prodigal in her gifts to man. Her kingdoms have been -his to rightfully exploit. But too long and too often has selfish and -neglectful exploitation been his purpose and practice. - -There is abundance for all if nature’s forces are properly conserved -and her products fairly distributed. But some men, in their greed -and haste, have grabbed a thousand-fold more than their necessities -or happiness required. They eat their bread in the sweat of the -other man’s face. On the other hand, the many have been ignorantly -neglectful of the opportunities of their environments—so that life -presses hard, too hard. Avarice, ignorance, waste, have linked arms -to the detriment of civilization. - -We must strive for the necessities of food, clothing and shelter. -These sustain animal life, which is worth while; but animal life, -endowed with the highest moral and mental strength, is the goal to be -reached, for the summit of man’s ambitions should shine with human -comfort and happiness. Conservation is the road to that summit and -this National Congress has convened to further blaze the path and -light the road. (Applause.) - -Inventions of the last century, mostly within the half century, have -injected into the field of travel and communication means that excite -profound admiration; chemical analysis of the air and soil have shown -that the food supply of the world, if nature’s forces are properly -conserved, is without limit; while the mighty strides made in the -better understanding of the physical needs of man himself insure the -race at large improved health and longer life. - -May I briefly indulge in a few common illustrations? The telegraph, -the telephone, the automobile, steam and electric power save time -and shorten distance. In that part of commerce relating to traffic -we have caught the spirit of conservation. The railroad builder no -longer takes the route of the least resistance in construction, but -applies the geometric proposition that the straightest line is the -shortest distance between two given points, works to that end, meets -the difficulties of engineering, reduces gradients, and practically -builds his road along the line of least resistance, conserves time, -saves energy, increases efficiency and lessens rates. - -The school books tell us of the “Seven Wonders” of the ancient -world—the Pyramids, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, and so on; all to -gratify the vanity of kings and queens; not one for the advancement -of civilization. - -In a little more than two years the dream of four centuries will be -realized—the Panama Canal will be completed. The distance from the -Occident to the Orient will be shortened seven thousand miles—the -truly modern wonder in advancing civilization and practical -conservation. (Applause.) - -While the physical aspects of this mighty work, as they relate to -the traffic and commerce of the world, stand out in bold relief, but -little less, if any, in achievement, is the practical demonstration -that scientific sanitary methods can clean the plague spots of the -world and make them healthy and habitable for man. - -Who can compute the saving of time and energy this mighty work will -bestow on the generations to come. Long after the passions of this -generation have ceased, history will record the names of the strong -men who have brought to full consummation this great waterway, as -true benefactors of mankind. - -At this time, our public press is ecstatic over the great harvests -of 1912 that promise such abounding prosperity. Some writers are so -extravagant as to say that the bountiful yields from our soil make -an epoch in history. To speak of one crop only, the corn, or Indian -maize crop, spreads over 108,000,000 acres, and is estimated to be -3,000,000,000 bushels. How enormous! At fifty cents a bushel, its -money value would be $1,500,000,000, or $16.00 to every man, woman -and child in the United States. Measured in bread, there would be -enough to give to each of our 93,000,000 of people a five-cent loaf -for more than 320 days, or nearly one full year. As gratifying as -this is, the average yield is only twenty-seven bushels per acre; -while it is shown that, by proper selection of seed, cultivation and -fertilization of the soil, easily twice the yield could be produced, -which would double the benefits enumerated. - -How often do we pass a barren field, the soil too impoverished to -grow wire grass, nettles, or thistles. The every-day farmer will tell -you that a crop or two of clover will restore the necessary plant -life to the soil of that field, and again make it blossom like the -rose. He knows from practical observation and experience the cure, if -he cannot scientifically trace the cause of the transformation. - -Truly truth is stranger than fiction. Back of the restoration of -a thousand barren fields restored to productiveness in the simply -way named, lies one of the world’s greatest romances in patient -scientific investigation that will continue to bring untold benefits -to mankind. You know the story of Professor Nobbe, of Forest Academy, -Germany. He also knew that clover and other legumens of the plant -family would restore fertility to the soil. But why? After long and -exhaustive study, labor and experiment, he found that the clover -family were nature’s chemist of the soil; that by an invisible, -intangible cord of attraction they drew from the inexhaustible -reservoir of the air nitrogen so necessary to plant and animal life. - -We are told that “nitrogen is what makes the muscles and brain of -man; that it is the essential element of all elements in the growth -of animals and plants, and, significantly enough, it is also the -chief constituent of the gunpowder and other explosives with which -the wars of the world are waged. The single discharge of a 13-inch -gun liberates enough nitrogen to produce scores of bushels of wheat.” - -Some day, through this agency, man may turn his attention entirely -from war to the production of food, and in that hour true -conservation of life will have reached its triumph. - -We are further told that four-fifths of the air we breath is -nitrogen, and that four-fifths of the atmosphere around us is -nitrogen, so that if mankind dies of nitrogen starvation, it will die -with food everywhere in and about it. - -So that, while the human race may be but from three to six months -behind abject starvation, the fact begins to appear that through -science “mankind has just begun to sound the world’s capacity for -food production and that it is practically limitless.” - -The proper conservation of the soil by the application of the -research of scientific discovery means increased yields of all plant -crops, with but little greater expenditure of energy. This would -enable the producer of food and clothing to sell more pounds, bushels -and yards at less cost, and still reap as great reward for his labor -as at present. This would forestall the Malthusian doctrine that -population increases faster than the means of subsistence and, still -better, would help to solve the high cost of living that presses -so sorely upon the millions throughout the world today. Man is a -productive machine; so the more machines of the highest type the -world possesses the better for the world. - -This conservation movement that is so strongly taking hold of -the minds of thinking men and women, is so big, so broad and so -comprehensive that it covers every phase of human thought and -activity in what is best and highest for the individual as well as -organized society. It is education in the broadest sense. - -The Golden Rule is not only a statement but a living principle. To -teach that a just distribution of nature’s gifts to each individual -who is willing to earn and conserve his share is a recognition of -that principle. - -The City of Indianapolis esteems it a high honor to have this -Congress with us. To all of its members, and especially to the -distinguished men from other lands who have come to give us their -best thought upon the various questions affecting this great -movement, we extend our most cordial welcome and greeting, and our -deep appreciation of your presence. - -Our commercial organizations also cordially join in holding the -door of welcome and hospitality open to you, and bespeak for your -deliberations their kindest sympathy and deepest interest. - - -President WHITE—This is a proud day for the officers of this -Congress, for its delegates from the different States, and for the -friends of Conservation everywhere, to be welcomed so hospitably, -not only for ourselves who are strangers within your gates, but -generously because of your sympathy in the great cause for which we -stand. The citizens of your great city are noted for their public -spirit, for their broad culture, and as being always found in the van -with the army of those of progressive ideas. It is very fitting that -the State of Indiana should have this Congress within its borders -because of the immense interest shown and all the valuable help -given by its citizens in the conservation of all natural resources, -especially of human life and soil fertility. - -To become the best, to do the best for all in a community, we must -each develop the best within us, and must find our greatest reward in -something far beyond the mere accumulation of dollars. Our community -of interests recognizes a reciprocity of duty each to and for the -other. Our title to the regard of our fellow men must come from our -devotion to them and our love of humanity and its highest ideals, -and not from selfish zeal in accumulating monetary wealth, which -only represents the toil, the waste, and the necessities of human -lives. This has been and is the age of commercialism. The measure of -success has been gauged by the amount of money accumulated. In the -language of Goldsmith, our country was in danger of descending to a -condition “where wealth accumulates and men decay.” But I believe a -turning point has been reached; and that we are entering upon a new -era, a more glorious conception of higher duties for mankind; so -that it shall not be asked: “What hath he taken from others in the -competitive struggle for existence,” but rather: “What hath he given -to others of himself for their advancement and development?” He who -lives only for himself and does not plant for those that are to come -after him, lives in vain. I believe the time is near at hand when -a man shall be regarded with pity and as very poor indeed, who has -nothing but money selfishly gained for selfish use. - -The Conservation Congress of the United States has a great field to -occupy. Its labors are for the betterment of its citizens in every -way. Its work is to seek for the best methods to do the greatest good -to all for this and for future generations. And in this there is no -partisan politics; but it is such good national politics, that each -party will strive only in seeking for the best methods for the common -good. - -Human life, with its possible attainments, is far beyond valuation -in money. We should reverse the tables; and instead of human life -being estimated in dollars, the dollar should be valued only for what -it can do for greater humanity. Dr. Holmes, Director of the United -States Bureau of Mines, in illustrating waste of material resources, -says that in producing one half billion tons of coal, we waste or -leave underground one quarter of a billion tons. And then only eleven -per cent of the energy in coal is utilized; nearly ninety per cent is -lost through inefficiency of boilers, engines and dynamos. How great -a per cent. are we wasting of human life and human efficiency? We -will have abundance of all the necessaries of life, and even of life -itself, if we wisely save, wisely develop and protect, and wisely -use. Human life is our greatest asset, and its waste is a permanent -loss. The wealth of the nation is in its men, thrifty, honest, -capable and patriotic men—in their moral and physical health, the -foundation of their highest efficiency. The milestones of a nation’s -progress are recorded in the history of every generation. In India, -the average duration of life is twenty-five years; in Sweden more -than fifty years; in the State of Massachusetts (the State where -most careful records have been taken) it is over forty-five years. -Wherever sanitary and highest medical science has been applied, it -has been found possible to increase the span of life. In Europe it -is said to have doubled in three and a half centuries. The report -from Massachusetts shows an increase of fourteen years in the past -century. So this humanitarian cause is surely a most economic, worthy -and profitable one. In figuring from the standpoint of capital, -Prof. Mayo Smith estimates that men and women between fifteen and -forty-five years of age are worth an average of one thousand dollars. -But figuring from a human standpoint, they are worth all that there -is, money being only one of the tools to work with in effecting -exchange of commodities, and the products of brawn and brain. We want -to increase the ratio of the value of man to the soil, of man to all -and any of his products, of man to money, and to put man first all -the time. (Applause.) - -We will increase the fertility and productiveness of the soil and -we will enlarge the scope and increase the efficiency of the man. -We waste in production as well as in consumption. In agriculture we -will say that we will make the soil produce so many bushels per acre -per man. The man will be first in his wise application of labor and -methods and of means to an end. The “limits of subsistence” under -what political economists used to call their “law of diminishing -returns” has no fear for the conservationist. The developing of human -intelligence is enlarging the production of the soil. Irrigation, -where possible, and where impossible the science of what is called -dry farming brings increasing results. Old farms in Europe produce -more than they did 300 years ago, and this will prove true with -us, and there will be no starvation for the human race because of -increasing population. - -And so will it be with all other industries, occupations and -professions. He will be greatest who accomplishes most for man. For -the brotherhood of man was the world made and the fullness thereof. -Such freedom as may benefit any individual and does not in any way -work to the injury of others is natural justice to all. Competition -shall be robbed of the “red tooth and the bloody claw,” and -co-operation and development for the good of all shall be the supreme -object of all our efforts. - -We will protect our watersheds by growing forests, and learn to -control our floods, prevent soil erosion, and store the water, and -convert its power into electricity, and from electricity produce -light, heat and power in undiminishing quantity forever. In nearly -every State there is daily flowing to waste power enough, if -arrested and utilized on its way to the sea, to turn every wheel of -industry and to move the traffic of commerce, and furnish light and -heat for every city. It is said that the wheel does not turn with -water that is past, but other wheels farther down the stream do, -and the power is used again and again and finally pumped back by -the sun to the mountains and plains to forever repeat the process -of service to mankind. New discoveries are being made, and the use -for by-products is being multiplied so that they are often found to -be of greater use than the product from which they are derived. We -must protect our forests by preventing forest fires. Government and -State appropriations must be made sufficient for this purpose. In -the report of the Conservation Commission to the President, it is -stated that fifty million acres are burned over annually, and since -1870 there has been lost each year an average of fifty lives and -fifty million dollars’ worth of timber. The lumbermen’s interests -are to prevent fires and to stop waste; and they are anxious to -co-operate with the State and with associations for this purpose, and -are already doing so in many places. The true, saving features of -forestry are becoming better understood, and better applied; and we -will save our forests, and will grow trees, wherever necessary and -profitable, the same as any other crop; and there will be no timber -famine in the near or distant future. Our foresters are studying -the experience of France, Austria, Italy, and Switzerland, coupled -with our own experience, and we are making successful progress. -In Kansas five years ago, according to President Waters of the -State Agricultural College, there was only one school that taught -agriculture. Now nearly five hundred high schools and more than six -thousand rural schools are teaching the principles of agriculture, -forestry and domestic science. - -The Commissioner of Internal Revenue reports that for the official -year 1912 ending June 30, the people of the United States drank -more whisky and rum and smoked more cigarettes than ever before in -its history. The smoking of over 11,221,000,000 cigarettes exceeded -the record of 1911 by nearly two billions. Does this make for or -against human efficiency? In this huge traffic is it the man or -the dollar that stands first in importance? Popular education will -be the source of protection, that all may have a fair chance for a -useful life. There are other great factors of vice and crime leading -to national decay. Also there is the enormous waste of human life -by our railroads, mills, mines and factories amounting to tens of -thousands annually, and those permanently injured and made a burden -to themselves and to society to tens of thousands more. In no -civilized country in the world is this loss anywhere near as great in -proportion to work accomplished as in the United States. The greatest -part of this immense loss can be prevented. (Applause.) - -Here is thought and work for those in the department of vital -statistics and those in charge of our health departments, who are -laboring for the conservation of human life. Surely there is a -great moral and economic need for this national organization. May -this Congress, which now begins the work of its program, prove to -be another step in advance of its predecessors in the labor of love -and of progressive activities. The work in this vineyard is for both -men and women; for him with one talent as well as for him with ten -talents. Conservation should be taught in our schools and preached in -our churches. It is a call of and for all the people. - -In the language of the official call of this Congress, the objects -of this Congress are “to provide for discussion of the resources of -the United States as the foundation for the prosperity of the people; -to furnish definite information concerning the resources and their -development, use and preservation, and to afford an agency through -which the people of the country may frame policies and principles -affecting the conservation and utilization of their resources and -to be put into effect by their representatives in State and Federal -governments.” (Applause.) - - -President WHITE—The preliminary organization has now been completed. -It was expected that the President of the United States would be -present to honor this occasion, at the opening of this Congress, or -it was at least hoped that it would be possible for him to do so, but -before he knew that he would send a personal representative he wrote -a letter of greeting to the Congress, which I will now read: - - -MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT. - - Beverly, Mass., September 7, 1912. - - Hon. J. B. White, President National Conservation Congress, Bemus - Point, N. Y.: - -My Dear Mr. White: Inasmuch as I have had to deny myself the pleasure -of being present at the opening of the National Conservation Congress -on October 1st, I want to take this means of conveying to the -officers and delegates my very cordial greetings and good wishes for -a most enthusiastic and instructive session. - -You who know of my very real interest in the conservation of our -national resources need no assurance of my hope that your meeting in -every way may be a success, and I only want to say that that interest -has not diminished in the slightest. - -May your deliberations be productive of great good in promoting -the cause of Conservation and in enlisting public interest in the -solution of the problems which must be met in giving the people of -the present day the benefit of the nation’s resources, while at the -same time insuring to posterity its full heritage. - - Sincerely yours, - WILLIAM H. TAFT. - -It was afterwards found possible for the President to be represented -personally, and he has sent the Honorable Henry L. Stimson, Secretary -of War, to represent him here at this Congress. I now take pleasure -in introducing to you Secretary Stimson. (Applause.) - - -ADDRESS BY THE SECRETARY OF WAR. - -(Representing the President of the United States.) - -Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen of the National Conservation -Congress: I unite very sincerely in the congratulations which the -former speakers have tendered to you on your assembling here in such -an important and such a noble cause. - -I am very happy to be here as the representative of President -Taft—happy, both because of the interest which I know he feels in -the great movement for Conservation, and also because of my own -personal association with and enthusiasm for that movement. Four days -ago, when I was busily engaged in inspecting one of the army posts -of northern Wyoming, in the far away Rocky Mountains, I received an -urgent telegraphic request from the President, that I should come -here today and attend your meeting on his behalf. And the 1,600 miles -or more which separate Fort Yellowstone from Indianapolis, may serve -at the same time as a measure of the President’s interest in your -meeting, and a measure of the depth of my own unpreparedness to speak -to you today. I know, therefore, that you will understand and pardon -me if I talk to you rather informally, merely as one friend to others -interested in a great common cause, and confine the brief remarks -which I shall make to one of the phases of Conservation with which I -have become familiar through the work of the War Department. - -Parenthetically, I might say that inasmuch as the Department of War -is not usually considered as a particularly appropriate agency for -the conservation of life, I will have to hark back to the material -side of Conservation in some of its aspects which have been presented -at your former meetings. - -Of course, the main work which the Federal Government performs -in regard to Conservation is done through the Department of the -Interior. Incidentally, the truest of all indications of the interest -with which the President regards the conservation of the natural -resources of this country lies in the character and attainments of -the man whom he has placed at the head of that Department in order -to conserve them—Walter L. Fisher. (Applause.) You will all of you -remember how his thorough investigation and clear-cut decision -of the famous Cunningham claims, has settled and disposed of, in -the interest of the people, one of the most bitter controversies -of our cause. You are also undoubtedly familiar with the careful -investigation which he made last year into the very complicated -and serious problems of conservation which confront our Nation in -Alaska; and with the luminous address with which he reported his -conclusions and pointed out a solution of these questions. Though the -work of his Department in investigating and conserving in the public -interest, the water power sites which remain on our public lands, and -our remaining beds of coal and phosphate, has not attracted so much -attention as his work in these former more controverted matters; yet -there is, I think, a very general and well founded feeling throughout -the country that in all these matters the interests of the people of -the United States are being thoroughly protected by the Secretary of -the Interior in accordance with the most intelligent and thorough -views of Conservation. (Applause.) - -I allude to his method of thorough investigation because I think it -is characteristic of the attitude of the President himself toward -this whole subject. In order that progress should be real, it must be -based upon carefully ascertained facts. In dealing with the problems -of Conservation, we are dealing with problems which are new to our -Nation. As the honorable speaker who first addressed you pointed -out, we have only recently passed from an era of exploitation into -an era of Conservation. We are surrounded by thousands of our fellow -countrymen who have been brought up to honestly believe that the -only method of developing the country is to turn its resources as -rapidly as possible over into private hands. In putting into effect, -therefore, the new policy to which the Nation has now come, there -must be care taken lest false steps, or the injustice which may come -from hasty action, may not produce a reaction which will delay or -imperil the reform. As a former District Attorney, representing the -people in the enforcement of the law, I have long had it impressed -upon me how essential it was that no hasty, or harsh, or intolerant -action, taken in the heat and controversy of a jury trial, should -thereafter imperil the entire work and by producing injustice, and -a subsequent reversal in the higher courts, bring some great reform -into disrepute or temporary delay. Patience, thoroughness, and -courage, mark the only pathway towards permanent progress and reform. -(Applause.) - -Now, the subject which I am going to call to your attention briefly -this morning is one of those few matters where my own Department, -instead of the Department of the Interior, touches upon the problems -of national Conservation. It is also a subject the history of which, -I think, exemplifies clearly the importance of the methods to which -I have just alluded. I wish to point out to you the attitude of the -administration as to the Federal regulation of water power in our -navigable rivers. - -It is needless to remind such a body as yours of the importance -of that sphere of Conservation. All our other present sources of -power—such as coal, wood, oil, and the like—are limited, and will be -eventually exhausted. Water power alone is permanent. And just as we -are coming to learn more and more the value of that permanence, we -are simultaneously, through the development of electricity, learning -to transmit its energy to greater and greater distances. No other -subject occupied more keenly the attention of the past session of -Congress, or was more vigorously debated upon the floors of that body. - -For many years our national policy, or rather lack of national -policy, towards our waterways and our water power, has presented a -singular inconsistency. On the other hand, we have been spending -hundreds of millions of the taxpayers’ money on the improvement of -the navigation of our great inland waterways. On the other, we have -been granting away permits for the construction of dams on these same -rivers and waterways, which will create water power of incalculable -and increasing value; and we have been doing this without exacting -_for_ the taxpayers any return or compensation whatever. - -I believe it was not until the administration of President Roosevelt -that any effort was made to obtain for the public any compensation -for the water power which was thus granted away. Mr. Roosevelt -demanded in his veto of the James River bill, and in several other -messages, that no permits for dams in navigable rivers should be -granted without a reservation of proper compensation to the public -for the grant thus made. His action was courageous and right. But -there were not as yet in the hands of the public sufficient carefully -ascertained facts upon which the constitutional power of the Federal -Government to take such action could be confidently based. And there -was therefore great ground for misapprehension in the public mind of -any action attempting to take such a position. A bitter controversy -at once arose with those advocates of States’ rights, who contended -that the Federal Government had no rights whatever in connection with -water power, that under the Constitution its powers were limited -solely to navigation, and that water power was an entirely separate -and distinct sphere, falling wholly within the jurisdiction of -the several States. Such advocates contended that for the Federal -Government to exact compensation for a water power right, simply -because it was in a position to withhold the permit altogether -if it wanted to, was little better than legalized blackmail; and -the progress of the reform was stubbornly and for a long time -successfully contested. - -Even as late as 1906, the General Dam Act, passed by Congress and -approved by the President, conveys to the Executive no clear right -to exact compensation for these grants. It has remained for Mr. -Taft’s administration, following the method of patient investigation -and research which I have above mentioned, to collect the facts -necessary to solve the problem, and to show from these facts that -the jurisdiction of the Federal Government over navigation must -necessarily include jurisdiction over water power as an incident of -the navigation. - -Most of the rivers of this country are long and comparatively -shallow. In order to make them commercially navigable, there has -become prevalent among engineers a method of improvement known as -the “slack water” method or the method of “canalization.” The method -consists in building throughout the length of these rivers, a series -of dams and locks, by which the river is converted into a succession -of deep pools, adequate for commerce of a far more important -character than could use the river in its unimproved condition. In -fact, many rivers which are not capable in their natural state of -being used at all commercially, can by this method be made useful and -available for important commerce. - -Now, most of the dams thus constructed in a “slack water” -improvement, particularly in the rapid portions of the streams, will -create water power of commercial value. It is also manifest that if -the commercial value of the water power thus created can be realized -by the Government and turned into further river improvement, the -improvement of navigation on our rivers can be greatly expedited, -and the expense to the general taxpayer very much lessened. And, on -the contrary, unless this is done, the complete improvement of the -river will be just so much delayed and postponed. The water power -developed is thus shown to be intimately connected with navigation. -It is a by-product of the improvement which can be turned into -further improvement. And from the standpoint of constitutional law, -it makes no difference whether the dam in question is to be erected -by the Federal Government or by a private corporation. If it is a dam -which is to assist the navigation of the river as well as to create -water power, the power of the Government will be complete. What the -Federal Government can constitutionally do itself it can do through -an agent. - -The corps of army engineers to whom are referred all proposed bills -in Congress granting permits for dams for water power have been -accordingly, under Mr. Taft’s administration, directed to investigate -and answer specifically four questions in every report. They are -directed to ascertain in regard to every such bill: - -First, is the river on which the dam is to be created a navigable -stream subject to being improved, either now or in the future of the -country, at the expense of the general taxpayer? - -In the second place, they are asked whether the dam which is sought -to be constructed will form an essential part of any such improvement. - -Thirdly, whether the dam will create water power of commercial value. - -Fourthly, whether the value of that water power will tend to increase -with the growth and development of the Nation. - -You can see for yourself the pertinence of such questions. Once -answered in the affirmative, there is a case presented upon which the -jurisdiction of the Government’s power can rest. - -Trial has now shown that the answers to these questions are nearly -always in the affirmative. And as a result of the information thus -obtained we are in a position now, unlike our position six years ago, -where we can take a step forward, and hold permanently the ground -thus gained. - -There is now laid before Congress a sure foundation upon which -we can rest our national right to exact the fair value of these -grants. Investigation has regularly brought out the fact that each -one of these dams is essentially connected with navigation, and -that a failure to preserve the right to regulate them and to exact -compensation for the power created is throwing away a valuable -national asset. - -The issue has been sharply drawn by President Taft, and his position -clearly stated in his message, submitted on the 24th of last August, -vetoing the bill which proposed to grant authority to build a dam in -the Coosa River. The Coosa River is in Alabama. The bill in question -sought to authorize the Alabama Power Company to build a dam suitable -for the development of navigation in that river, and at the same time -to create water power for the exclusive benefit of the corporation. -It contained no provision permitting the Federal Government to exact -any compensation for the rights of water power thus granted. The bill -was strongly urged by powerful leaders of both houses of Congress. -It was also vigorously opposed by the leaders of the conservation -movement of Congress. But it ultimately passed. The President vetoed -it in a message which asserts in unqualified language the duty of the -Federal Government to reserve to itself the right to exact proper -compensation. (Applause.) The President says on this point: - - “I think this is a fatal defect in the bill, and that it is just as - improvident to grant this permit _without_ such a reservation as it - would be to throw away any other asset of the Government. To make - such a reservation is not depriving the States of anything that - belongs to them. On the contrary, in the report of the Secretary of - War it is recommended that all compensation for similar privileges - should be applied strictly to the improvement of navigation in - the respective streams—a strictly Federal function. The Federal - Government by availing itself of this right may in time greatly - reduce the swollen expenditures for river improvements which now - fall wholly upon the general taxpayer. I deem it highly important - that the nation should adopt a consistent and harmonious policy of - treatment of these water power projects which will preserve for this - purpose their value to the Government whose right it is to grant the - permit.” - -There are few subjects of equal importance with the proper -improvement of our great river systems. We are behind many of the -nations of Europe in our appreciation of this importance. The -development of our rivers is not only vitally important for the -commerce that they will thus carry, but even more for the regulative -effect which they should and can have upon the freight rates of -the railroads with which they compete. If Mr. Taft’s position is -sustained, it means that all the potential value of these streams can -be turned toward the improvement of their navigation. As he says, it -offers one of the possible solutions for our swollen river and harbor -appropriations. On the other hand, it also means that the hand of the -nation is to be kept on this great national asset of our water power; -and that this great subject of water power regulation will be handled -comprehensively, consistently, and with due regard for the wants of -the Nation as a whole. - -If, however, the view of the opponents of the President prevails, -it means that this necessary improvement of our rivers will be -greatly postponed, and that all the expense of such improvement will -have to be borne by the general taxpayers of the Nation. And it -further means that the closely related subject of our water powers -on these navigable rivers, instead of being treated nationally and -broadly, will be subject to the piecemeal policies of forty-eight -different States. Seldom is there presented an opportunity to apply -the principles of conservation simultaneously to two such important -subjects as river transportation and water power regulation. -(Applause.) - -President WHITE—I am sure we all appreciate the address that has just -been delivered by our distinguished representative of the President. -It has left upon our minds the significance of the importance of -protecting those natural resources that are permanent and which -should not be given away to private individuals, or corporations. - -We will now hear some announcements. - - -Mr. THOMAS R. SHIPP (Executive Secretary)—The section of which Dr. -Wiley is chairman, the section on “Food”, will meet this afternoon -at four instead of tomorrow morning. The meeting will be held in the -Palm Room, Claypool Hotel, and will be open to the public. The fact -that Dr. Wiley is at the head of this section and will preside and -speak will make it of great interest to delegates. In addition to -Dr. Wiley, there are other gentlemen of national reputation on this -question who will speak. An invitation is extended to all delegates -to attend this meeting this afternoon at 4:00 o’clock. - - -President WHITE—If there are no further announcements we will adjourn -until this afternoon at 2:00 o’clock. - - - - -_SECOND SESSION._ - - -The Congress was called to order by President White at 2:00 o’clock -p. m. - - -President WHITE—Gentlemen, we are a little late in getting together -this afternoon, owing to the late adjournment of the morning session. - -We have a program for four days, a most entertaining one. Those that -do not get here will miss something, while those of us who are here -are going to gain something. - -The audience will please rise while the Rev. Dr. A. B. Storms invokes -the Divine blessing. - - -INVOCATION—_Our Heavenly Father, we wait for a moment, asking for the -blessings of Thy grace upon us. We need Divine guidance in all our -counsels; may we be guided by Heaven. We return Thee thanks for Thy -great kindness, for the bountiful harvest, for the resources with -which Thou hast stored the earth. We thank Thee for the revelation -of Thy love, for the redemption that speaks of the worth of Thy -children. We thank Thee for all the impulses Thou hast set in motion -for bringing good out of evil, for bringing men to their best. We -pray for the guidance of the divine spirit that in all these councils -which have for their purpose the good of our kind, we may have such -guidance and be sustained by such grace that permanent good shall -come. - -May Thy blessing rest upon this Congress, upon all it represents, -upon our people and Nation. May this be a people whose God is the -Lord, we ask in the Redeemer’s name. Amen._ - - -President WHITE—The first thing on this afternoon’s program is a -report from Dr. George E. Condra on “What the States are Doing.” -He is President of the National Association of Conservation -Commissioners. We are very much interested to know how far the spirit -of Conservation is being taken up and applied in the different -States. We will now hear Dr. Condra. - - -Dr. CONDRA—Mr. President and Delegates: This report, prepared at the -request of the Executive Committee of the Congress, is based on data -received from several Governors, and the conservation organizations -of various States. It can not be given in detail, for that would -require too much of your time. Neither do we deem it advisable to -treat the subject State by State, for it would call for needless -repetition. Consequently the data are reviewed subject by subject -corresponding to the leading departments of Conservation, and the -States are mentioned only in connection with the progress they have -attained in each department. It is assumed that: 1. You are in full -sympathy with State Conservation and its co-operation with Federal -agencies. 2. You do not expect to hear overdrawn statements. 3. You -wish a review of such conservation facts as are really worth while -in development. 4. You know how natural resources control industrial -development. 5. You agree that the leading resources in the United -States are mineral fuels, iron, water, soil, plant and animal life, -the varying importance in the distribution of which determines to -a considerable extent the locations of industrial and commercial -centers, and that these resources are not distributed according to -state lines, but that development is influenced to some extent by -State laws. - - -COAL. - -The importance of coal in our country is much greater than most -people suppose. It is well distributed. The amount of power derived -from it is many times that of all our man power working every -hour of the day. The annual production of our coal leads that of -Great Britain by a wide margin. The ranking States in output are -Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Illinois, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, -Alabama, Colorado, Iowa, Wyoming, Tennessee and Maryland. Wyoming -is thought to contain even larger natural stores of coal than -Pennsylvania. Mr. Edward W. Parker, head of the coal division of the -United States Geological Survey, reports over two trillion tons of -unmined coal west of the 100th meridian, lying principally in the -Great Plains and Rocky Mountain provinces, and in smaller districts -farther west. - -[Illustration: - - MRS. PHILIP N. MOORE - OF ST. LOUIS, MO., - VICE-PRESIDENT, FIFTH NATIONAL CONSERVATION CONGRESS] - -It is evident that there is much more coal for future consumption -than most conservationists have claimed. This is a pleasing fact, -for it indicates that industry should not be seriously hampered by -lack of this source of power for many years to come. The argument -that there is enough coal and to spare is used, however, to further -selfish ends. It causes bad management of coal lands at many places. -Notwithstanding the fact that the United States is so favorably -endowed with coal it is coming to be known that some of the better -bituminous and anthracite grades most favorably located are doomed to -early exhaustion. The rapid increase in the use of these is causing -some of the eastern States to show deep interest in conservation. - -During the year the conservation of coal was directed mainly towards -larger recovery from the mines, to the study and prevention of mine -accidents, especially those caused by explosions, to improving the -methods of use whereby more power is derived, and to the saving of -by-products in coke making. The National Bureau of Mines lead in -most of these investigations. Several States, mostly in the eastern -province, studied the same problems, as for example, Pennsylvania, -West Virginia, Tennessee, Virginia and Alabama. Illinois was equally -active in the interior province. Practically all coal mines are now -inspected by delegated authority. - -The bee-hive coke oven produced relatively less coke during the year -than the by-product oven in which is recovered coal tar and other -useful products of considerable value. Investigations definitely -proved that the most economic way to use certain soft coals is in -the manufacture of producer gas. The culm heaps in the Scranton and -Wilkesbarre districts were drawn upon more than formerly for the -production of the smaller sizes of washed coal. This is an important -utilization of what formerly was waste. - -It would seem that every one in this Congress should be deeply -interested in the conservation of coal whether his State produces it -or not, for the permanence of this resource has a power relation, -one that affects the industrial and social development of the whole -country. - - -PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS. - -These are uncertain resources as to their occurrence and permanence -of development. The amount of production, however, is very large, -coming from several States, and having increased from about -63,000,000 barrels in 1900 to over 200,000,000 barrels in 1911. New -pools were developed in each province, though the annual production -fell off at places. The largest developments were in California and -Oklahoma, yet Illinois, West Virginia, Ohio, Texas, Pennsylvania, -Louisiana and Indiana were important producers, as they have been for -several years. No new conservation movements were inaugurated except -that California took more definite steps to prevent waste at the -wells. Adequate tankage, together with a high degree of attainment -in refining, are the two leading factors in the conservation of -petroleum. This industry is a splendid example of conservation for -special interests, yet the public is supplied with many useful -commodities, such as kerosene, gasoline, waxes, paraffine, oils, etc. -Kerosene has a close commercial relation to the gas engine and the -automobile industry. The price of gasoline, for reasons not fully -understood by the speaker, made a marked advance. Just how this may -affect the future building of gas engines is not known. - -The production of natural gas is even more erratic than petroleum. It -is readily used in the manufacture of brick, tile, glass and cement. -A lack of permanence gives to the gas-using industries a migratory -character, a movement to and from gas regions. For several years -such plants have operated up to their full market capacity in Kansas -and Oklahoma. The financial depressions of 1907 and of the past -year checked some of factory building in and near the gas regions. -For about two years certain companies have been diligent in selling -equipment for making gasoline from natural gas. - -The conservation movement is partly responsible for the decrease -in waste of natural gas. Formerly the unused wells of Oklahoma and -Louisiana, especially, were allowed to cast their millions of feet -of fuel into the air without even a remonstrance from the States. -Flambeaux burned night and day in the streets of small towns and -many persons between Indiana and Texas were then heard to say that -gas is cheaper than matches. The States stand indicted. This wrong -to nature and to present and future industry cannot be repaired. The -deed is done, and our only hope is that we may escape without having -to suffer for such an offense. - - -IRON ORE. - -This is the basis of iron and steel manufacture. It supplies the -materials used in harnessing the power of fuel and water and has -importance in mining, transportation, smelting and milling. The -industries connected with iron and steel making in the United -States are conducted in a much larger way than in Great Britain and -Germany next in rank. The increasing use of steel by railroads, -in highway construction, ship-building, the making of engines and -farm machinery, and for large building is causing many persons to -wonder how long this progress can continue unhampered. Is there no -limit to our high grade ore and to the development of the gigantic -enterprises dependent upon coal, iron and steel? What appears to be -the correct answer to this question has been made by good authority. -It is that the supply of high grade ore, like that now used, is not -permanent—that it will not last many years. If this is true, the -time will be when it will become necessary to mine less desirable -ore, grading lower and lower as production continues. This, without -doubt, will have an unfavorable effect upon our whole industrial -organization. - -The history of iron in the United States is most interesting. It -shows that one by one many of the small districts were abandoned -for the richer fields of the Lake Superior region, the Birmingham -and Guernsey districts. The States that lost out in this change -now realize that production may again return to their borders when -the richer and larger deposits are exhausted. In consequence of -this several States are beginning investigations looking to the -future utilizing of low grade ores. At the smelters more than -usual thought is given to the quality of output, making it more -durable or otherwise better suited to the use for which it is -intended. Experiments are under way for the purpose of testing out -hydro-electric smelting in parts of California and other western -States where the ore is distant from coal. - -Much of the iron and steel conservation is directed by corporate -interests in whom the ownership of ore and the development based -thereon are definitely established. - - -WATER RESOURCES. - -Dr. W. J. McGee, whose death we mourn, once said that “water is -the prime necessity of life.” He also discussed its importance for -drinking, in navigation, for power, and in the production from the -soil of such materials as food and clothing. - -The drinking water of the country and small towns is obtained -principally from underground through wells and springs. A few States -are trying to improve their domestic water supply by making sanitary -surveys, noting the relation of the wells to drainage from lots, -privies and other dangerous sources. Typhoid epidemics, due to sewage -entering the water system, occurred in several towns. More than usual -activity was manifest in making careful studies of streams in their -relation to floods, drainage, power, sewage, water supplies and -navigation. The Lakes and Rivers Commission of Illinois has gathered -and published more data than other States in this line. The subject, -“Navigation of Inland Waterways,” with special reference to the -Mississippi and its “Lakes to the Gulf Route,” received new impetus -principally because of its relation to the Panama Route. The Gulf -States are now supported by Illinois especially in a campaign for -larger attainments in this development. - -Irrigation had a good year, especially so in the Rocky Mountain and -Great Plains regions. The irrigation development is an important -contributor to the larger industrial life of the whole country. - - -LAND AND SOIL. - -The United States has vast areas of land of many kinds. The soil of -this land is our greatest physical resource. Its fertility feeds -the crops and is therefore of fundamental importance in agriculture -and industrial development based thereon. Nevertheless, it is true -that many disregard this great fact in their farm management. They -conserve their own selfish interests and not the state. Just how to -develop the State’s view point in land management is not known. The -southern States, in co-operation with the United States Department of -Agriculture, are making progress in the solution of this problem. In -many places there, the farmers are showing rapid improvement in crop -rotation and methods of cultivation. - -In Texas and Florida, much of the wet alluvial land is being improved -by drainage. The Levee and Drainage Board of Texas surveyed over -300,000 acres last year and constructed 100 miles of levees. Land -valued at twenty dollars an acre became worth seventy-five dollars to -one hundred dollars at a cost of thirty dollars per acre. Deep floods -of the Mississippi River did great damage in Louisiana, Mississippi, -Arkansas and Kentucky, causing the Delta region to put forth a plea -for National aid in draining the wet lands of the South. It does seem -that their plea for support should not go unheeded when such a vast, -fertile area lies unreclaimed. - -Nearly every State is studying soil erosion, the tenant system and -land taxation. Dr. E. N. Lowe, State Geologist of Mississippi, -reports that his survey endeavored to secure the enactment of a -law that would tend to check the great losses in the northern part -of the State caused by soil erosion. The bill was opposed by a -prominent senator on the ground that it would interfere with the -personal rights of land owners. The bill did not pass, but Dr. Lowe -is to conduct a campaign of education before the next Legislature is -convened. The difference in viewpoint here shown, is the difference -between the meaning of “legal” and “right.” Does any one have the -right to ruin the land? - -Co-operative soil surveys were carried on during the year in the -various States with complete success. Every State now sees the need -of reliable study and mapping of its soils, to serve as a basis for -farm management, taxation, and real estate. At a recent meeting of -the National Tax Association, held in Des Moines, Iowa, the relation -of land surveys and taxation was discussed with considerable detail. -It was the conclusion that land value maps should be prepared by soil -surveys to serve as a physical basis of taxation. - - -FOREST RESOURCES. - -Though originally endowed with vast areas of forest on public domain, -some having great value, our Federal Government was slow to develop -effective measures for its protection, utilization and future -growth. One generation stripped the forest from the agricultural -lands of the central west; and their posterity turned the trick -with interest in the west. No wonder many persons took advantage of -such an occasion as was presented in the Rocky Mountain and Pacific -regions to help themselves where the public treasury was free for -the asking, not having been carefully surveyed and evaluated. The -large timber owners are not alone to blame for this history, which in -considerable part is not what it might have been. It is time, then, -to close the chapter and to turn our attention to present day events -in so far as they are related to forest conservation. Now the State -foresters and Federal forces closely co-operate with the large lumber -producers along several lines. The Weeks Law, recently enacted, -furthers co-operative effort in the prevention of forest fires. One -of the first States to take advantage of this law was Wisconsin. -Then came applications from New Hampshire, Montana and most other -forest States. New York appears to lead in perfecting State patrol. -Most States in the Appalachian province have perfected their patrol -systems. Oregon appears to lead in the Pacific region. - -Colorado of the Rocky Mountain province is fighting the Forestry -Commission, the Conservation Commission and Federal agencies, under -the guise of State Rights. Here the National Government has large -reserves and is meeting the expense of fire protection. Certain State -men are diligently spreading the doctrine of State Rights, claiming -that the Federal Government should cede its domain to the State. Such -a sentiment is echoed, but not so forcefully, in a few other western -States. The opponents of this doctrine claim that the States do not -have the means to patrol the forest, and that the State Rights people -are making the campaign for selfish reasons—to secure ownership of -the forest. - -During the year, many cities and States added to the area of -their parks and forest reserves. The Maryland Legislature voted -$50,000 for this purpose. The Appalachian bill passed the last -Congress, providing funds for use in establishing reserves in the -Appalachian province. A start in this development has been made at -several places. It is reported, however, that land speculators are -interfering with the project by securing options on land that is -wanted for the reserves. - -The work in general tree planting and forestation progressed about -as usual. Promoters handle eucalyptus propositions in California -with varying degrees of success. Many States, especially in the -middle west, are planting catalpa for the production of posts. One -of the largest problems in several States, as in Oregon, Washington, -Wisconsin and Michigan, is that of utilizing the cut-over land. Some -of this is suitable for farming, but much of it is classed as forest -land. The problem then is one of reforestation, which cannot be done -economically on most of the land because of high tax. The tax problem -is closely related to and by many thought to be the controlling -feature in the reforestation of land in private ownership. The -Wisconsin and the Oregon Conservation Commissions are studying -the problem. Louisiana has passed laws intended to promote timber -planting on large holdings. - -A few States published helpful literature on economic species of -trees suitable for forestation, shade and decorative purposes. A -little volume by the New Jersey Forest Commission, title “Planting -and Care of Shade Trees,” is a model that other States may well -follow. - -Following in line with the recommendations of this Congress, and in -harmony with the policies of state foresters and the Federal Bureau, -considerable progress was made during the year in forest surveys -and forest studies. Fully half of the States are doing this work -under the direction of their geological surveys, forest bureaus, or -Conservation Commissions. Maryland and Rhode Island have completed -such surveys. - -Several large lumber producers report improvements in the way of -saving practically all of the timber. When one wants to cite an -example of extreme waste in lumbering, he usually refers to the -Pacific region, perhaps not realizing that the method of utilization -may be determined by commercial limitations. Be that as it may, it -is pleasing to know that some companies in the West, as for example, -the Smith Lumber & Manufacturing Company, are installing by-product -plants. The company above named is building a fiber plant to utilize -the waste mill products by the sulphate process, and to extract the -turpentine from the red fir. - - -VITAL RESOURCES. - -More than usual progress has been made in recent years in learning -that living things, whether forest, forage, cereal crops, game, fish, -farm animals or man, are natural resources subject to development. - -Perhaps the greatest result of the Conservation movement is found -in its helpfulness in improving the life and lot of people. Such a -stimulus is needed, for it certainly is time society should conserve -its men and women not only in working efficiency but in fitness to be -fathers and mothers as well. - -Most States have departments to promote good seed, fish and game -resources, and the breed and health of animals. Some of the -publications issued by these departments are most attractive and -valuable as, for example, the reports on birds by the North Caroline -Geologist-Natural History Survey. - -More than usual State activity is now put forth in improving the -stock, health, life and working efficiency of people. To further this -end there is inspection of water, milk, food, drugs, and factories. -Several States are making preliminary sanitary surveys; others -conduct investigations under the head of “conservation of people.” It -has been learned that the public health can be markedly improved by -observing a few simple safeguards that prevent sickness and disease. -This calls for education, and perhaps for organized inspection -of both the home and the school. State medical colleges begin to -realize their duty in preventive medicine, and in some cases show -a willingness to co-operate with health organizations in extension -work in the conservation of public health. A number of the Southern -States have taken important steps to rid their sections of typhoid, -tuberculosis and the hook worm disease. Mississippi reports marked -progress in this line. The Louisiana Health Train is known to all. -The exhibits at this Congress indicate the great progress attained by -Dr. Hurty and others in their fields. In closing the discussion in -this department it should be noted that practically all parts of the -country show a deep interest in the work of Dr. Wiley and the fight -he has made for pure food. It is further evident that there is a -strong demand for a Federal health department to work in co-operation -with the state departments. - - -CONSERVATION ORGANIZATION. - -Several State departments are related to Conservation work, as for -example, the Geological Survey, Soil Survey, Natural History Survey, -Forest Commission, Public Service Commission, Pure Food Department, -Health Department, and Experiment Stations. So, since most of these -have been in existence for several years, we should know that -conservation work is not a new thing. The various forces were united -into a definite movement, however, in 1908, following the Governors’ -conference at Washington. Immediately after the adjournment of that -meeting the Governors appointed State conservation commissions to -serve their respective States. Unfortunately, many commissioners -were selected mainly because of their political affiliations. In -some cases the selections were made wholly on the basis of ability -to serve. Such Commissioners were chosen from among public spirited -citizens, and the State and university departments closely connected -with industrial development. - -Practically all commissioners chosen because of political affiliation -did very little work. Most of them were not reappointed after -changes in State administrations. The non-political commissions -did better work as a rule, and soon received financial support and -statutory authority from the State for a wider range of activity. -The commissioners with this authority are now appointed by the -Governor, or they become commissioners by virtue of their connection -with certain university and State departments named in the State -laws. The tendency is to make the commissions entirely non-political -and to give them full charge of certain natural resource surveys -and the State supervision of development, at least to some extent. -A resolution passed by the Trans-Mississippi Commercial Congress -of this year is of interest in this connection. It reads thus: “We -favor the selection of Conservation Commissioners from among those -who are actively engaged in State surveys, in the investigation of -conservation problems, or in the development of public welfare.” -It further urges that the work of such commissioners be done along -non-political lines and in co-operation with Federal Conservation -efforts. Most States have conservation commissions. - -The best organized work is in New York, Rhode Island, Oregon, -Nebraska, Wisconsin, Kansas, Utah, West Virginia and New Mexico. The -New York Commission has three commissioners, a secretary, assistant -secretary, deputy commissioners and several engineers, all well -paid. The Commission has full authority to investigate and supervise -the development of water, forest, fish and game resources. Rhode -Island stands next to New York in organization, duties, and results -attained. Its commission has full charge of the natural history -survey, supervises the development of natural resources, and conducts -an educational campaign. Nebraska’s commission is non-political, -composed principally of heads of departments in the University, -who also direct the various State surveys. The duties of the -commission are largely in supervision and education. A Conservation -Survey unites the efforts of the University and State departments -in systematic surveys of the water, soil and forest and in making -careful field studies of the leading economic problems. Nebraska -holds a Conservation Congress each year with a large attendance. -This Congress has great value in unifying State development. It -is under the guidance of the Commission, Conservation Survey and -public spirited citizens and is an open forum for the discussion -of development problems. The duties of other State Commissions are -similar to those of the States above described. Utah is directing its -effort mainly in the line of making non-political maps. - -The Conservation Commissioners together with other persons directing -State development have an organization called the National -Association of Conservation Commissioners. It meets each year as -a department of this Congress. The object of the association is -co-operation, in which each State is able to learn of the progress -attained in other States. - -That the conservation activities in the various States are benefited -by the different sessions of the National Conservation Congress -is very evident. The influence also of the National Conservation -Association is helpful. - -In concluding this division of my report, I wish to emphasize the -facts that the State conservation commission is coming into a broad -field of work, that it must stand for the best interests of the State -as a whole, that an important part of its activity is to unite the -efforts of departments now existing in a co-operative work that has -practical value to the State. Such commission must be composed of -broad-minded men, preferably those who have a thorough acquaintance -with the departments represented. The commissioners should be free -from political entanglements, and refrain from using their position -for selfish ends. They should stand for the greatest good of their -States first, last and all the time. - -Does your State have a commission of this kind? - - -SURVEY BASIS OF DEVELOPMENT. - -The survey idea is now popular. In fact it may be abused in some -cases, especially where the work is done with a lack of scientific -spirit and undue rapidity. Such effort has no place in the -conservation survey which seeks to determine useful facts, those -really worth while in development. - -In harmony with the spirit of the year which calls for -the fundamentals, we have the following resolution by the -Trans-Mississippi Congress, passed in its last session: - - “Recognizing the natural resources as the physical basis of - development, we urge the States of the Trans-Mississippi region to - make surveys of their leading resources under competent direction, - and to publish reliable reports upon the same. We favor such - reorganization of the State conservation commissions as will qualify - them to make inventories of natural resources, to study industrial - problems, and promote the proper development of the respective - States.” - -This demands that Conservation be placed on a survey basis. Just -that thing is the order in many States under the leadership of -conservation activity and through the co-operation of State and -Federal agencies. During the past year, progress was made in -co-operating the work of the different surveys, making them of -greater value to the people and State. It is now understood and -agreed that the following lines of information should be determined -and made available for use in the development of each State as soon -as possible consistent with good work and reliable results and in -about the order herein named. The points considered in the complete -survey are: - -A. Topography. By topography is meant the surface features of the -land. Topographic maps have many uses in development. Maryland, New -York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Oklahoma, and a few other States are -now mapped. - -B. Structure. By this we mean the underground make-up of a region, -the kind and arrangement of the materials of the land. Structure is -directly related to mineral resources, topography, water supply, and -soils. - -C. Surface Water and Drainage. This refers to the amount of run-off, -to such as streams, lakes, marshes, and has importance in irrigation, -navigation, fish culture, city water supplies, etc. Illinois is -leading in this survey. - -D. Ground Water. This is water in the land. It is the source of crop -water and the largest source for domestic and town supplies. The -amount of water held by the soil is even more important than the -quantity of rainfall. The depth to the water table, and the quantity, -and quality of well water are of great importance in agricultural -regions. - -E. Climate. The elements—temperature, sunshine, wind, humidity, and -rainfall—are recognized as having importance and should be known for -every part of our country. The latest movement is for facts in local -climate, even that of the farm or certain parts of it, and of the -soil. - -F. Soils. The relation of soil to industry is generally known. -The soil survey classifies and describes the soils as to origin -and properties, and maps them accurately so that the farmer may -know definitely the kinds and their distribution on his farm. Farm -management demands intelligent comprehension of soil characteristics. - -G. Native Life. The native plants and animals of a country represent -the natural selection of the fittest for the conditions encountered. -The life of a region reflects the topography, soil, and climate under -which it lives. In new territory the native plant life reveals to -the keen student much concerning the soil and climatic conditions. -In older communities undisturbed patches of vegetation tell the same -story. By studying such life the qualities needed in cultivated crops -may be fairly well determined and the losses incident to haphazard -experimenting avoided. Native life then needs to be considered in -a rural survey because: (1) It gives a summary history of soil -and climatic influences; (2) it may lead to economic production -of certain native types of plants and animals; (3) it presents -concretely the problem of utilization of waste lands; (4) it will -give emphasis to the need of utilizing our lakes and streams as a -source of food supply. - -H. Social and Industrial Conditions. If a move into new territory -is contemplated, the questions of vital interest are not only of -the natural and industrial conditions but also in regard to social -conditions. By this is meant the classes of people as to race and -culture, and the opportunities offered for advance in social and -intellectual lines. These characteristics of people are closely -associated with their occupations. The pursuits of the people are -largely dominated by the physical basis of industry. Hence the -social survey must recognize this influence if it is to correctly -interpret conditions as they exist. Data of most vital interest in -the social rural survey pertain to the following lines: (a) History -of settlement. (b) Condition of agriculture. (c) Education. (d) -Religion. (e) Recreation. (f) Sanitation. The industrial conditions -of a region are practically determined by its physical features. The -development is further related to the biological and social life. -Hence the industrial survey must be based on these fundamentals if it -is to be comprehensive. - -In closing this review of the fundamentals in surveys it should -be understood that: 1. The physical and biological surveys should -come first, since they are necessary for accurate work in other -investigations. 2. The special surveys of industries, rural and urban -life should be made from the common basis of physical and biological -conditions and extended into their respective fields. - -It should be recognized that the broad controls affecting industry -are structure, topography, drainage, climate, soils and native life, -but that they do not have equal importance in any and every locality. -Any one of them may be the controlling feature with the rest of minor -importance. - -It is not a pleasing fact to know that most States have not yet -accurately mapped their lands, waters and forests. The departments -responsible for this work should receive adequate financial support -and the people in turn should demand results. - -What progress has your State made in these lines? - - -RELATION OF EDUCATION TO CONSERVATION. - -The State universities of the Middle West especially are meeting -their obligation to the people by training students for real work—for -efficient service. Such institutions, by their instruction, surveys -and extension departments further the development of practically -every line of industrial activity in the State. From these centers -are directed geological, soil, water, sanitary, social, farm -management and other surveys. Consequently the professors and -advanced students get a good work-out and the citizens are caused -to look to the institution for assistance in practically every -development problem that arises. The State universities that are -giving the largest service in this line appear to be Wisconsin, -Minnesota, Cornell Agricultural College, Illinois, and Nebraska. It -is my great privilege to be connected with one of these. - -Unmistakably, the present tendency is to associate the public service -State departments and conservation activities more with higher -education, taking them from the field of politics. This noticeable -feature in the rearrangement of conservation activities of the past -year is worthy of consideration by all States. - - -CONSERVATION OF BUSINESS. - -The different lines of business are conserved in many ways. This -applies to practical developments in improving the process involved -in handling commodities all the way from manufacture to sale; to -trade, in the direction of economy in buying, transportation and -sales; to farming in improving methods of cultivation, the better -care of stock, and in less buying on time; to more economic use of -school and church buildings; to the building and maintenance of good -roads and clean streets, and to the improvement of public service -generally. So there is room for practical conservation in many lines. -It prevents waste, increases efficiency, and thereby decreases the -cost of commodities. A very general movement for good business is -the feature of the year. It is promoting real business by demanding -that it be done on the square and free from fraud. This is working a -public good. - -At another time, I will discuss the subject, “Land Frauds or -Get-Rich-Quick Schemes,” with special reference to their effect upon -real business. - - -CONCLUSIONS. - -As a summary conclusion, you will permit me to enumerate the things -that stand out in the progress of the year. - -1. The prominence of Conservation on many State and National programs. - -2. The tendency to place State development on a survey and fact basis. - -3. Development of co-operation between State and Federal agencies. - -4. Demand by the public for reliable land classifications, soil, -sanitary and agricultural surveys. - -5. Interest in soil fertility as a basis for agricultural development. - -6. The affiliation of Conservation organizations with educational -departments and removal from politics. - -7. Discussion of Lakes-to-the-Gulf Route and success attained in -presenting the cause of drainage in the Mississippi delta region. - -8. Modernizing of State universities, making them of greater value to -the State. - -9. The determined demand for vocational training in the public -schools. - -10. A demand for less extravagance in public service. - -11. Taxation of cut-over lands. - -12. Perfection of forest control. - -13. The very general recognition that people are the most important -natural resource subject to development. - -14. Increased regard for sanitation throughout the country. - -15. Massachusetts minimum wage law for women. - -16. A determined and widespread movement on the part of social -workers to eliminate the social evil. - -17. Widespread movement against fraud and the assistance given to the -movement by the Postoffice and National Reclamation departments. - -18. More than usual discussion of co-operative enterprises and -methods of distribution. - -19. Rapid progress in the building and maintenance of good roads. - -20. A growing tendency for the citizens in every part of the country -to outgrow provincialism; to come into respect and appreciation for -the people and institutions of every State; to recognize the fact -that the home State is but a part of the Union and larger world in -which people live not to themselves alone but in helpful relationship -with all others. - - -President WHITE—This was a very interesting address, which we allowed -to extend beyond the time, because it is a summary of Conservation -work during the past year in all the States. Heretofore, we have had -a report from a representative of each State, but it was thought -advisable this year to have these reports condensed into one paper, a -work which Dr. Condra has done most admirably. - -The next address, which is of the greatest interest, is on the -subject of “Human Life, Our Greatest Resource,” and the name of the -gentleman who is to deliver it will be a sufficient guaranty that it -will be replete with interest, and will be useful to every one of us -who listens. I now introduce Dr. William A. Evans, of Chicago. - - -(Dr. Evans failed to return his manuscript for insertion in the -Proceedings.) - - -President WHITE—We must hasten on, for we have some other addresses -that will be very interesting to the children. There are a great many -present that have come no doubt to see the wild life pictures. So we -shall have to hasten in order to reach them. - -Dr. Bessey, who was to have been next on our program, will be here at -3:30 o’clock. - -We shall now call on Mr. E. T. Allen, of Portland, Oregon, whose -subject is “Conservation Redefined.” - - -Mr. ALLEN—On a hot afternoon, a bare-footed boy, on his way home -from school, in western Washington, eager as any school boy for the -swimming hole, or whatever waiting attraction had kept his eye on the -clock since about 2:00 o’clock, stopped, hesitated, then clambered -down a steep, brushy slope to the stream at its foot, filled his hat -with water, climbed up the hill again laboriously so as not to spill -his burden, and put it on a camp-fire some voting citizen had left -burning by the roadside. It still smoked, so he went back twice, -three times. About then, the man who told me this story came along -and asked the boy why he made it his business to put out that fire. - -“Why, it told in a little book I got at school,” was the reply, “why -every one should try to stop forest fires. It told what grown-up -people can do by being careful and passing laws and such, but it said -a boy may do as much as anybody by putting out some little fire with -water or dirt before it gets big.” - -Now, the action of that school boy, and of the teacher who handed -him the booklet, and of the State authorities who instructed her to -do so, and of the man who wrote the booklet and enlisted the State’s -co-operation in its distribution to a hundred thousand children, and -of the timber owners through whose protective association that man -was hired and the cost of printing and distributing that booklet -was paid, was Conservation. It was forest Conservation, definitely -conceived, definitely executed, and with an exceedingly definite -result. - -About a month ago I was talking to an extremely intelligent man, a -scientific man whose life is devoted to bettering humanity. He said, -“Allen, do you believe in Conservation?” - -Rather astonished, I replied, “It’s my trade, isn’t it?” - -“Oh, I don’t mean forest protection, like putting out fires and -making trees grow, but forest Conservation—Pinchotism, tying up -everything for future generations.” - -Now that man’s conception was the result of Conservation activity, -certainly. Without our agitation there would have been no counter -agitation. No doubt he has read of these congresses every fall and -of countless other forms of our work. But, apparently, only one -interpretation, and that a mistaken one, had ever reached him in a -form definite enough to make an impression. How else can you account -for getting effort and sacrifice from the irresponsible barefoot -school boy, but no realization by a citizen of the highest type that -Conservation wants his help in some way that he can give it? - -To what extent these remarks apply to your work along other -Conservation lines, I am not competent to say. In forestry, there has -been, I will not say too much debate, but certainly too little other -use of our Conservation machinery in presenting clear-cut principles -of forest economics in the specific local forms and with the specific -local needs that are necessary to engage and direct accomplishment. -This is true of what we do at these meetings and more true of what we -do when we go home. - -What our forests need most is more patrolmen, more trails and -telephones for them to use, more funds and organization to marshal -fire-fighting crews when required, better fire laws and courts that -will enforce them, public appreciation that forest fire departments -are as necessary as city fire departments, more consideration -for life and property by the fool that is careless with match and -spark, realization by more lumbermen that it pays in more ways than -one to do their part, State officials who will handle State lands -intelligently, tax laws that will permit good private management, -consumers who will take closely-utilized products, and a few other -things that demand specific study and specific action. Very few will -follow automatically after any amount of agitation under the general -term of forest Conservation. Do you suppose this would have sent the -boy down the hill after water? No more will it write a good forest -code and drive it through the devious channels of legislation. No -more will it organize a hundred busy lumbermen and install a trained -co-operative patrol. No more will it supply the necessary systematic -campaigning to teach the people of your State and mine in just what -ways their homes and pocketbooks are touched by every injury to -forests or forest industry and exactly what they, as individuals, -must do to prevent such injury. - -Without decrying their sentimental aspects, these are business -problems. They call for all the exact facts, all the systematic -planning, all the decisive action, all the appeal to human motives, -selfish and otherwise, that are essential to any business. We have -a commodity to offer. By whatever name we call it, fire prevention, -reforestation, or more vague yet, forest Conservation, we are really -offering prosperity insurance. It must be paid for by the community -in currency of individual and collective effort, by individual care -with the forest and by public policies enforced at public expense. To -make the community pay for this commodity requires the same methods -that make it buy life insurance; the same devising of a sound, -attractive policy that the buyer can see and understand, the same -skilful advertising, the same personal persuasion by its agents. -I believe that if this were a congress of life insurance agents -they would be talking mostly of just these things, particularly of -improved methods to close with procrastinating “prospects,” with a -view to putting these methods into the most definite kind of practice -the day after they got home. We do not need argument on the merit of -Conservation any more than they would on the merit of life insurance. -We are converted, or we would not be here. But we need a whole lot of -instruction in salesmanship, and I believe we fail to make this the -feature of these congresses that it might be. - -Let us look ahead, we agents of prosperity insurance, to see what is -to be done after _we_ get home. - -The Government needs little but our moral support. The Federal -Forest Service is our highest authority in technique, the national -forests are our most conspicuous examples of practice. But the task -of the Forest Service is stupendous, not only in protecting these -vast forest areas and the lives within them, but also in replanting -denuded areas and managing great timber sales, so new growth will -follow. Congress does not appropriate anything like enough for this -work. The forest rangers out West are working for you and me, not -for Congress. We want more of them, and better facilities for their -work, and it is up to us to say so at the right time, to the right -men, and so emphatically that there will be no misunderstanding. -Petty politics and “retrenchment” would not be practiced so much more -vigorously when dealing with the lives and resources of the people -than when dealing with the “pork barrel” if we Conservationists -were half as free with telegrams as we are with resolutions. Yes, -this means you. So long as you stand for having the appropriations -for preserving the Nation’s forests from three to twenty times less -per acre than the lumberman is spending on his contiguous holdings, -or for any congressional attack upon the integrity of the national -forest system, your Conservation preachments are going to the wrong -address or are not properly spelled in words that look like votes. - -There is even greater need of definitions that apply to the situation -of our States. Many have done nothing. Others have ill-balanced laws -passed by some one agency without due consideration of the needs -of others or of the greater need of bringing all into harmonious -co-operation. In few is there a far-seeing comprehensive policy -financed and executed. Here, of all places, forest Conservation must -narrow itself to specific issues. Scattered ideas do not pass good -laws or prevent the passage of bad ones. Propaganda work must be as -forcible and carefully directed as blows with an ax, to cut out one -by one the local foundation of every obstacle. In presenting our -remedy we must prove our knowledge of the principles and technical -frame-work which will insure freedom from politics, just distribution -of cost, effective organization, strict and enforceable fire laws, -systems of patrol and fire-fighting, facilities for educating lumber -men and public management of State-owned lands, fair taxation, -and, above all, co-operation with and stimulation of endeavor by -private owners. Without such knowledge, and skilful publicity and -campaigning, your very success in general agitation may result in -legislation worse than none. - -All this involves considerable knowledge of the problems of the -private owner. After all, he controls most of our forest area. His -use of it, our use of it, and the effect of our relations on our -joint use of it, largely determine our forest destinies. And there is -entirely too much forgetting that forests are useless unless used; -that not forests, but forest industry, is what we really seek to -perpetuate. Except from their protection of stream-flow and game, -the community has little to gain from forest preservation unless it -also preserves, on a profitable and permanent footing, the industry -that makes forests usable and worth preserving, that employs labor, -affords market for crops and services, pays taxes, and manufacturers -and distribute an indispensable commodity. Forest wealth is -community wealth, but not without forest industry to coin it. - -[Illustration: - - E. LEE WORSHAM - OF ATLANTA, GA., - CHAIRMAN EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, FOURTH NATIONAL CONSERVATION CONGRESS] - -The lumberman as a class, because he is honest and useful as a class, -should be accorded the same encouragement as a captain of desirable -industry that is accorded the leader in agriculture or irrigation -who develops possibilities of utilizing our resources and supplying -our needs. And as a class, because whatever may be true of the past -he now sees his livelihood dependent upon forest preservation, he -is a stauncher supporter of forest reform than any other class. -He will utilize the present crop closely, and grow a new one, -whenever these are business possibilities. The most efficient and -liberally supported fire organizations in America are the lumbermen’s -co-operative patrols inaugurated in the Pacific Northwest and now -spreading eastward. Most of our best State forest legislation has -been promoted by lumbermen. Where this is not true, we can make it -true quickest, as Judge Lindsay has found with his boys, not by -censure and compulsion that make them sullen or antagonistic, but by -learning their troubles and working with them hand in hand toward the -ends which in the very nature of things must in the long run be of -mutual advantage. And this means that we must talk a common language; -that here, too, forest Conservation must be expressed in practical -terms of fire prevention, just taxation, and business encouragement. - -What I have said of propaganda for State and private action applies -to our appeal to the ordinary citizen, with this difference that -because his number is greater, and his interests are more varied, we -must add to the list of our specific personal arguments and to the -list of our publicity mediums for carrying these arguments. Every -vocation, every trait of character, every selfish and unselfish -motive, has its best avenue of approach. - -Immediate tangible results come most surely from immediate injury. -Even good laws are of small use unless the public of today is -sufficiently warned to insist on their enforcement. Do not think me -lacking in ideals when I say that our greatest need is vigor and -skill in appealing to human selfishness. The altruist comes to us -unsought. But to reach the hand with the torch, the vote withheld, -the word unspoken; we must find the man, make him listen, and show -the cost of forest destruction to his particular home and pocketbook. -We will not have forest Conservation till we have done this, and we -will not do it until we master and apply the technical knowledge -of mediums and psychological appeal that go into any successful -advertising campaign. - -The definitions of Conservation I have outlined are those used by the -Western Forestry and Conservation Association. Its field is the five -Pacific forest States—the Nation’s woodlot—containing over half the -country’s standing timber and capable, by reason of rapid growth, of -growing an adequate supply forever. In this field we practice what we -preach. Our constituent local patrol associations spend from $300,000 -to three quarters of a million a year, all paid by lumbermen, but -protecting your resources and mine. - -Our booklet reached that school boy and three hundred thousand more. -Through every modern avenue of publicity—newspapers, circulars, -posters, railroad folders, telephone directories and a dozen -others—we carry the lessons of forest economics to every citizen in -terms he can best understand and apply. Although you had not made -that scientific man style himself a conservationist, we had secured -his help in passing a model fire law. We wrote that law. Under -it State, Government and lumbermen work hand in hand to protect -practically every forest acre, sharing the cost, and the lumbermen in -that one State contribute $150,000 a year. - -But, best of all, we provide a common meeting ground for all four -agencies in our entire territory, each having the hearty support and -confidence of the others, and we talk only of our joint business of -actual, practical, constructive work. We talk not needs, but methods, -and find means to apply the methods. - -We believe in this National Congress of Conservationists. We think -it will enter a permanent future of still higher usefulness when it -develops a more sectional organization, giving the real workers in -every branch opportunity to get the very most out of meeting their -own colleagues, and this not only in the technique of application -but also in the lagging art of promoting the prosperity insurance -of Conservation in terms and policies the public can understand and -cannot evade. - - -President WHITE—It will now be necessary to drop a curtain in order -to arrange a screen for the illustrated lectures that are going to -follow, so everyone will retain their seats. We shall not be detained -long. While the curtain is dropped, Secretary Shipp will make some -announcements. - - -The announcements were made by the Secretary. - - -President WHITE—Dr. C. E. Bessey, of the University of Nebraska, -having now arrived, will read his valuable report for the Standing -Committee on Education: - - -Dr. BESSEY—Your committee recognizing that in the field of education -we must for a time provide for a propaganda of suggestion and -information, to be followed ultimately, when the public mind has been -adequately wakened, with plans for a campaign of aggressive activity, -now presents the following as a preliminary report. And while we feel -confident that even at this stage something may be done more than the -inauguration of a campaign of agitation, it is certain, nevertheless, -that it is agitation more than anything else that we can best -promote at the present time. And we must not belittle the importance -of this stage of our work, for in every great movement there is -first the period of agitation during which the “seers of visions and -the dreamers of dreams” talk, and urge, and plead, with increasing -vehemence and increasing confidence. - -It is our privilege now to promote such a work of agitation. -Accordingly our suggestions are all made with reference to this -preliminary phase of our work. - -There are three principal lines along which this preliminary work may -be developed—namely, in the communities, in the schools, and in our -law-making bodies. - - -I. WORK IN THE COMMUNITY. - -Here we have to change the feeling of apathy, and carelessness, and -irresponsibility, to one of active, conscientious responsibility. In -this task we have to deal with the men and women and children who -constitute the community. We must influence all of them. We must -reach them in such a way that there will grow up in the community a -better feeling with regard to the world we live in, and a clearer -appreciation of our relation to it in every way. They must be led to -see that the world is to be used, not destroyed. Just as the child -has to be taught that his toy is to be enjoyed, and played with, -but not wantonly destroyed, so we must bring the men and women in -the community to see that preservation, and not destruction, is the -higher duty. That citizen is the better one who leaves to the next -generation a better world than he found; whose use of Nature’s soil, -and water, and plants, and animals, leaves Nature still the rich -storehouse in which others after him may find these unimpaired, and -in abundance. - -How shall such a high sense of responsibility be developed in the -community? How may we awaken this larger and deeper altruism? How can -we bring the men and women of this generation to see that they are -stewards of their Master’s estate? - -Your committee commends three agencies as rendering effective service: - -(a) _Public Lectures._ For these we may rely upon public spirited -men who are primarily interested in Conservation, as well as many -whose affiliations to different branches of natural science have -prepared them to appreciate the purposes of this propaganda. To these -we may add the great number of ministers of the gospel who nearly -to a man may be depended upon to favor the movement, and to speak -for it as occasion offers. Last of all we may confidently enumerate -the teachers in the public schools and the higher educational -institutions, and from them we may certainly secure many regularly -prepared addresses and many more less formal short helpful talks. -The influence of all of these presentations can scarcely be measured -beforehand, but we confidently predict that in a few years we shall -find that there has been a decided change in the general attitude of -the community from one of ignorant indifference to a more or less -intelligent interest. - -(b) _Articles in the Public Press._ We believe in the power of the -public press as a molder of the opinions of the community, and feel -that we must enlist the interest and co-operation of the newspapers -throughout the country. To do this generally will require carefully -considered, nation-wide plans; but a great deal may be done in -every locality by the printing of the addresses referred to above. -Where this is not possible abstracts may always be published, as -well as summaries of shorter talks and discussions. Now and then a -short, pointed article should be prepared and printed in the local -paper. Here we feel the need of admonishing writers to be brief. No -communication should attempt to be exhaustive. Better far to say a -little at a time, and to come back to the subject again and again, -than to say it all at once. Short, suggestive articles are generally -read, while long ones usually become so dry that few read them. - -(c) _Books and Pamphlets._ For certain classes of people the appeal -through the more permanent form of publication is far more effective, -and therefore there is in our work a need of the book writer, and the -writer of pamphlets. Here, quite naturally the writer must possess to -a marked degree the ability to present the matter in such a sustained -way that his book or pamphlet will be read throughout. Probably the -most effective writing of this class is that which appears in our -illustrated magazines where by the aid of half-tone reproductions of -striking photographs the interest of the reader is held much more -certainly. Such articles collected into small books or pamphlets -would go far towards stimulating a proper state of mind in regard to -the conservation of our natural resources. - -It occurs to us also to suggest that now and then our state -experiment stations might quite legitimately devote a bulletin to -Conservation. - - -II. WORK IN THE SCHOOLS. - -While the community as a whole is receiving such suggestions as -are possible through the agencies mentioned—lectures, addresses, -newspaper articles, books and pamphlets—there is a vastly more -effective means at our disposal in the public schools, dealing as -they do with no less than twenty millions of children. We suggest -that teachers everywhere be urged to include in all the studies -that pertain to nature something in regard to the preservation of -natural objects. This need not be much in amount, and it should be -brought in with care and wisdom. We are reminded that once a very -good cause was much discredited in the schools by the rash unwisdom -of its advocates who insisted upon such an overdose of advice and -admonishment that acute nausea resulted. So we would suggest that in -the following studies care should be taken on the one hand to suggest -conservation while on the other hand still greater care should be -taken not to overdo the matter. - -(a) _Nature Study._ Along with an appreciation of Nature there should -be inculcated the feeling that others after us should have the -opportunity of enjoying the same beauties that we have. - -(b) _Geography._ As now generally presented this deals more with -the earth and what it contains, than with its political divisions. -Thus the soil, the forest cover, the streams, the water supply, all -fall within this rejuvenated science, and here most readily can be -inculcated the principles of conservation, as applied to the soil, -the forests, the streams, and the underground waters. - -(c) _Botany._ When the pupil’s attention is more specifically drawn -to the plant covering of the earth, in the study of botany, it is not -at all difficult to impress upon him the desirability of preserving -the vegetation of the present day for the generations that are to -come after us. No lover of plants can contemplate with pleasure the -thought that for the botanists of the twenty-first century certain -curious orchids, some rare trees, and possibly some Golden Rods, -may be as completely extinct as are the Paleozoic Calamites and -Lepidodendrids. The latter perished from the face of the earth, and -we know of them now only by the fragments that have been preserved in -the fossils which we dig up from the old rocks. Extinction has been -the fate of many a plant, and extinction of plants now living is by -no means improbable. The botanical teacher should preach the doctrine -of preservation, the preservation of the plants of the present for -the people who come after us. - -(d) _Zoölogy._ So, too, the teacher of zoölogy should improve his -opportunity to help create a feeling favorable to the conservation -of the present animal life. Especially do we need a propaganda of -conservation in relation to the birds of the country. And here we -remark that there are methods of presenting this part of zoölogy -which emphasize rather the living bird in the tree than the dead -bird in the cabinet. And these methods are happily displacing those -that suggested if not required the death of every bird studied. We -are well aware of the fact that it is not so much the killing of -birds for study that threatens the extinction of some species, as the -wanton killing for the sake of killing, and as in the case of birds -of fine plumage, the killing for the money value of the dead birds. -Yet we realize that the place to begin is to educate the children -of the schools not to kill birds for any purpose. When they have -regard for the life of a bird they may be trusted not to kill one -needlessly. - -(e) _Geology._ In this the pupil comes to see the foundations of -the earth, fortunately little of which man may injure or deface. -And yet how thankful we are that on the hills of New England there -have been preserved in their original ruggedness the great masses -of granite that have withstood the elements for millions of years. -And who is not gratified that the great wall of the Palisades on the -Hudson River has been saved for all time? These cliffs were valuable -for crushing into gravel for road-making, and for the quarrying of -building stone, but certain men of finer sensibilities felt that the -Palisades had a far higher value for their grandeur and beauty. And -so the Palisades were saved. - -We need more of this fine sense of the value of rocks, and lakes, -and waterfalls, and cliffs, and mountains, and of the need of their -preservation. - -(f) _Conservation Clubs._ Aside from much that may be done in school -classes to foster a spirit of conservation something further may be -accomplished by taking advantage of the club forming instinct of -children. Conservation clubs, Conservation leagues, Conservation -guilds, pacts, societies, or what-not, may be suggested by the wise -teacher, who can discreetly keep himself in the background while the -youngsters do the work. If a nauseating namby-pambyism can be avoided -such clubs may be joined by even the most vigorous of boys, the very -class in whom it is desirable to develop the spirit of conservation. - - -III. WORK THROUGH LEGISLATION. - -What has been already outlined is probably enough for the present, -but the American people are not satisfied unless something is done -in the way of enacting our ideas into laws. In the present condition -of society we act as though we thought it quite impossible to do -anything on a large scale without having the sanction of a direct -law in regard to it. We are only very slowly learning that some of -the best of human activities have been developed independently of -legislation, and no doubt the time will come when we shall not be so -anxious to have our plans formulated into laws found in our statute -books. But for the present we may suggest the following legislation -as helpful. We purposely avoid suggesting the passage of laws dealing -with details. They must come later, when the conservation sense of -the public has been adequately aroused. Here we may consider state -and national laws. - -(a) _State Laws._ These may well include those intended to preserve -rare birds, and in some places certain rare plants which are in -danger of extermination. To these may also be added provisions -for the preservation of important natural features, as forests, -waterfalls or massive rocks that lend interest or beauty to the -general landscape. - -(b) _National Laws._ These may deal with larger problems, as the -preservation of certain widely distributed birds. Naturally, too, it -is the National Government that must take the initiative in regard to -the conservation of the great forests, waterways, waterfalls, and the -features in the national parks and reserves. - -Carefully drawn laws, both State and National, covering the foregoing -will no doubt aid the cause of Conservation. Too much must not be -attempted. More good will result from a constant vigilance with -regard to the passage of bad laws which give away the heritage of the -community, than from attempts now to formulate a general conservation -code. - - Respectfully submitted, - - CHARLES E. BESSEY (Chairman), - DAVID STARR JORDAN, - EDWIN A. ALDERMAN, - E. T. FAIRCHILD, - EDWIN B. CRAIGHEAD, - - Committee. - - -President WHITE—We have all been very much interested in this -valuable contribution to Conservation, coming from such distinguished -contributors as were on this committee, and I desire, for the -officers of the Conservation Congress, to thank the committee for its -admirable report. I feel that every delegate here would like to join -in an expression of thanks for such an interesting and such a helpful -paper, which will go forth to all sections of the country. All those -who desire to so express thanks please rise to their feet. (The -entire audience rose to its feet.) - -This is a very grateful and pleasant expression of thanks. I thank -you. - -We will now be entertained by an illustrated address by Dr. T. -Gilbert Pearson, of New York City, Secretary of the National -Association of Audubon Societies. The subject is “Bird Slaughter and -the Cost of Living.” - - -(Dr. Pearson’s address, which, unfortunately, was not recorded by -the official reporter, was heard with keenest interest by a large -audience and was interrupted by frequent applause. The speaker -prefaced his illustrated lecture with a vivid statement of wild life -conditions, which was heard with closest attention.) - - -President WHITE—I am sure you have been entertained by the very -excellent address we have just heard. And there is another -interesting address to follow. I want every one of you to know we are -having a very interesting Congress and a very large attendance. This -afternoon there have been three section meetings going on: one, I -understand, with about one thousand people in attendance. All belong -to the Conservation Congress. - -We will now listen to a discussion of “Federal Protection of -Migratory Birds,” by Dr. W. T. Hornaday, Director of the New York -Zoölogical Park. - - -Dr. HORNADAY—Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: The subject -presented to this Congress by the Committee on Conservation of Wild -Life is one of the most practical subjects that you could possibly -imagine. It touches the market basket and the dinner pail, and I know -of nothing that can come much closer home to a family than that. -Within the last three months, in the City of New York, we have had -riots in our streets on account of the high cost of certain articles -of food. - -Whenever I have an opportunity to stand before an audience and speak -in behalf of wild life, “I would that my tongue could utter the -thoughts that arise in me.” - -We have reached the period now when it is absolutely necessary for -us to adjust our ideas according to new conditions. I am trying to -place before you conditions as they exist throughout the United -States today, and I think when that has been done the facts will -suggest to you the logical conclusion. The trouble is that our system -of protecting wild life is nine-tenths absolutely wrong. We are -confronted today by a slaughter of wild life throughout the whole -United States, throughout the whole continent of North America, and -throughout the world, that is absolutely appalling. - -Now, in the City of New York there are several national organizations -which make it their business to keep in touch with the conditions of -wild life throughout the world. Unless a person takes pains to keep -in touch with those conditions, as those national organizations do, -you lose sight of the things that are actually going on and which -ought to be of common knowledge. But our lives are so busy, there is -so much to do, the days are so short, and we are so pressed for time -that we grasp only the things that come close to us. - -Now, take the slaughter of bird life, it is not like the cutting -down of a forest. When a forest is cut down the stumps are left to -be constant reminders of the destruction for days, for weeks and for -years. When your bird life is destroyed, it simply fades from view. -It fails to return in the spring and you go about your day’s business -and you see the beauties of the forest and field, but you forget to -what extent the birds have disappeared. It is a difficult thing to -obtain an accurate estimate of the decrease in the general volume of -wild bird life throughout a given year, but it is possible to obtain -such estimates. Now, there is in the United States a tremendous -force at work destroying wild life. The force that is preserving wild -life is not nearly so large and not nearly so active. I will show -you presently a picture especially designed to bring this home to -you. Dr. Pearson has set before you many beautiful pictures showing -bird life in protected areas. That points an important moral which -I do not wish to forget. It means that if we are diligent, if we -reform our system and our laws we can to a very large extent bring -back the vanished bird life. There is hope for the future. Today we -are confronted by the prospect of a country gameless and birdless -everywhere except in the protected areas. We all know how important -the game preserves and the protected bird areas are. We cannot have -too many of them; they cannot be too large. But there is a vast -volume of bird life that cannot be protected in the preserves, the -migratory phase of bird life, which we cannot control except for -short periods of the year. - -I believe that the subject we are now bringing before you is one in -which it is possible for the members of this Conservation Congress -to achieve a practical result of the greatest magnitude and in the -shortest possible time and with the least effort of any subject that -will be presented to this Congress. I know that is a large order, -but I think that before I conclude you will agree with me that my -proposition is not exaggerated. - -When I was assured that I could have the honor and the privilege of -speaking to this Congress on the subject of wild life, the first -thought that occurred to me was to endeavor to place before you some -ocular proof of the slaughter of wild life that is now going on at -so terrific a rate. I gathered from my side table a collection of -pictures that had dropped into my hands from various portions of the -United States and outside, and those pictures I wish you to see now. -They will tell a story of their own with very few words from me, and -after that we will come to the logical conclusion. - - -Dr. Hornaday here gave an illustrated lecture which was thoroughly -enjoyed. - - -President WHITE—The Congress will now stand adjourned until 8:15 -o’clock this evening, when Dr. Harvey W. Wiley will speak, at -Tomlinson Hall. - - * * * * * - -A large reception was given by the officers of the Congress and the -Local Board of Managers to the speakers, delegates and visitors, at -7:30 o’clock, Claypool Hotel. - - - - -_THIRD SESSION._ - - -The Congress was called to order by President White, in Tomlinson -Hall, at 8:30 o’clock p. m. - -President WHITE—We are a little late opening this meeting, because -we are trying to do so much in different places, and we do not all -get in one place at the same time. But I am glad to see such an -enthusiastic meeting here tonight. The audience will rise while the -Rev. Dr. Allan B. Philputt, of the Central Christian Church of this -city, invokes the Divine blessing. - - -INVOCATION. - -_Lord, our God, we ask that Thy blessing may rest upon us in what -we believe is work well-pleasing to Thee and for the upbuilding and -welfare of our common humanity. We pray Thee, bless Thy servants who -have gathered here to instruct and lead us on with the mighty host -of those who are willing to follow in the good ways that shall be -pointed out for the preservation, not only of our material resources, -but for our moral, intellectual and spiritual well-being. We pray -that strength may be given those who lead, and guidance and light, -and the heartiest co-operation on the part of all our citizenship. -May we be interested in these things which will add to our happiness, -and wealth, and peace and plenty, and by which we may also come to -a better knowledge of Thee and Thy laws. May Thy blessing rest upon -all the sessions of this great Congress, especially upon those who -have sacrificed time and means to come here and give themselves -unreservedly to this great cause. May Thy favor rest upon those -present, may Thy blessing be upon those who are strangers within our -city, and may hospitality be unbounded, may sympathy and cordiality -flow from heart to heart until we feel the strong ties that bind us, -not only in one State, but with every State in our great Republic. -This we ask through Jesus Christ, our Lord. Amen._ - - -President WHITE—I have a communication to read to this audience from -an old, well-known and well-loved conservationist, one of the great -leaders in conservation work. I do not think there is any politics in -this. I will read it. - - “Omaha, Neb., September 30, 1912. - - Capt. J. B. White, National Conservation Congress, Indianapolis: - - Please tell the Congress I am keenly sorry to be away. I should be - with you, except that I believe I can do the cause of Conservation - more good where I am. We are working to make this continent a better - home for a better race. It is a great task. I wish you the best of - meetings and complete success. - - GIFFORD PINCHOT.” - -The speaker of this evening is well known to us all. He has impressed -himself and his subject upon the people of this great country in the -past few years, and he needs no introduction from me. I have long -wanted to know how old people managed to grow old and keep looking -young. I do not mean to infer that the speaker of this evening is -getting old, as I understand he has a boy only about a year old -(applause); but I have found out his age, by persistent and tactful -undertaking, and, being in pursuit of some way of living to a good -old age myself, I inquired as to his habits. I will not give them to -you now, except to say that he told me, briefly and epigrammatically, -that he doesn’t smoke, he doesn’t drink (applause), he doesn’t chew, -and he says he doesn’t swear (applause)—only occasionally. (Laughter.) - -I now take great pleasure in introducing to you Dr. Harvey W. Wiley, -who will speak on the subject “The Conservation of Man.” (Applause.) - - -Dr. WILEY—The National Conservation Congress has at its previous -meetings discussed in a most illuminating and helpful way the great -problems of Conservation as applied to the soil, to the forests, to -the mines, and to the running streams. - -I do not suppose it is proper, with an audience of this kind, to -refer to earlier papers, but I do believe I am the first person -who ever made a public address in this country upon the subject of -Conservation, and I am certain, as far as I know, that I am the last -one that is making such an address. But as long ago as 1893 and being -a very old man, as you have heard, I can remember that far back—I -made an address on the conservation of the soil, so I am really the -father of the conservation movement in this country as well as of a -very fine boy. (Applause.) I miss my dear friend, Gifford Pinchot, -whom I love as a brother, but who has fallen into the patent medicine -habit and is giving us “absent treatment.” I am not at all sure that -he is doing a better work out there than he would be here. In the -words of the Scotch poet, “I hae ma doots.” But still we were glad -to hear from him and know he has not lost interest because of the -strenuous political life he is now compelled to lead. - -With this great work, from its inception, I have been in deepest -sympathy and have collaborated in such a manner as I could to further -it. The work accomplished has produced benefits which are difficult -to measure by any standard which can be properly appreciated. -The American people have come to believe in the application of a -single standard of value and this is a scientific principle with -which, as a rule, I would have no quarrel, but unfortunately the -single standard which Americans have been taught to value is that -which pertains to the almighty dollar. The Conservation Congress, -however, has not been blind to the fact that the standards of ethics, -health, morality and happiness are of even far greater value than -that of money. Nevertheless, in order to present the subject in a -manner easily grasped by the American people, attempts have been -made to measure the value of health and life by a money standard. -As a justification of this, we have the procedures of the courts, -based upon statutory enactments, which fix a money value upon life, -although in many cases, after mature deliberation, it has been found -that the life for which compensation has been asked, was of small -value. In like manner, in the treatises which have been written on -the public health and its value as a national asset, it has been -attempted to portray in dollars the most precious of all human -possessions, namely, life. And, in point of fact, it is not wholly -unscientific, though undoubtedly unsentimental, to thus value human -existence. All useful members of a community render services of some -kind, for which payment is made in the coin of the realm. Following -one of the established customs of great financial operations, it has -been customary to capitalize the human life on its earning capacity, -either active or prospective. The infant and the child, measured upon -an actual earning capacity, would have practically no value, but -this would be an unscientific method of determining worth, because -of the fact that the infant and the child represent the necessary -preparatory stages of earning capacity. Based upon this fact they -both have a real monetary value. - -I shall not take up the time of this address with any effort to -ascertain the actual values which may safely be assigned to the -infant, the child, and the grown-up person. This has been carefully -and sufficiently accomplished by other investigators. Abraham Lincoln -said that in so far as efficiency is concerned the human race may be -divided into three classes, namely, one, those who work effectively; -two, those who work to no purpose, and three, those who do not work -at all. Judging by rigid standards which have been set up by students -of efficiency, class one is probably the least numerous of the -three. Class two is composed of well-meaning people who do work, are -willing to work, and anxious to work, but who do not know how, and -therefore waste their energies. Class three is made up of the idle -rich, the idle poor, and that considerable portion of our population -incapacitated by disease or otherwise exempt from taking part in any -useful employment. - - -FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CONSERVATION OF MAN. - -Primarily, in the study of the conservation of human efficiency, -that is of man, man himself and knowledge of what he is, and what -he has been, within the years in which man has been studied, in a -scientific way, is of the utmost importance. Unfortunately, we have -not access to a universal system of demography, inasmuch as only a -few countries have adopted scientific demography in its entirety. -The world descriptions of human life, health, and efficiency are, -therefore, exceedingly fragmentary. We are too apt to base our ideas -upon personal acquaintance and knowledge of the efficiency of man, -than upon a scientific study thereof, and yet, in order to have a -proper view of the subject of the conservation of man, the actual -state of his health and his capacity for useful labor must engage our -attention. - -The Division of Vital Statistics of the Census Bureau has done -much to furnish the student of humanity with fundamental data, and -first of all let us consider what is the expectation of life in the -various countries according to the latest authorities which can be -secured. The Division of Vital Statistics has prepared the following -table, which is to be accepted as the most authoritative which is -accessible. No claim is made, of course, for entire accuracy, but it -is sufficient to show what the condition was in this country twelve -years ago. It is reasonable to suppose that conditions have improved -somewhat in the twelve years which have passed since the compilation -of the data submitted. - - -EXPECTATION OF LIFE IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES ACCORDING TO LATEST LIFE -TABLES. - - (The “expectation of life” is sometimes known as the “mean - after-life time,” “average after-life time,” “mean duration - of life,” and “average duration of life.” Data are from the - international tables in _Statistik des deutschen Reichs_, Bd. 299, - _Siechetafeln_; the French _Statistique internationale_; the English - Registrar-General’s Report; Supplement, 1891–1900, and Census - Bulletin No. 15, Twelfth Census, Tables for the United States, or - rather for that part of it having fairly complete registration of - deaths, will be published in connection with the Reports for 1910, - now in preparation.) - - -EXPECTATION OF LIFE IN YEARS. - - Males. Females. - ——————————————————— ———————————————————— - At One Ten At One Ten - COUNTRY OR STATE. Years. Birth. Year. Years. Birth. Year. Years. - - England and Wales 1891–1900 44.13 52.22 49.63 47.77 54.53 51.97 - Healthy Districts 1891–1900 52.87 59.13 54.16 55.71 60.53 54.46 - France 1901 45.31 53.10 49.25 48.69 55.34 51.53 - Italy 1899–1902 42.83 50.67 51.25 43.17 50.08 51.00 - Austria 1900–1901 37.77 49.17 48.22 39.87 49.31 48.54 - Belgium 1891–1900 45.39 53.51 50.32 48.84 55.88 52.78 - The Netherlands 1890–1899 46.2 54.8 51.7 49.0 56.2 53.0 - Sweden 1891–1900 50.94 56.25 52.79 53.63 58.04 54.61 - Massachusetts 1893–1897 44.09 52.18 49.33 46.61 53.58 50.70 - German Empire 1891–1900 40.56 51.85 49.66 43.97 53.78 51.71 - New South Wales 1891 49.60 —— 50.89 52.90 —— 53.39 - India 1901 23.63 —— 34.73 23.96 —— 33.86 - District of - Columbia (white) 1900 41.64 49.30 46.37 45.77 52.89 49.90 - Massachusetts - (white) 1900 44.29 53.13 50.15 47.80 54.96 51.70 - New Jersey (white) 1900 44.06 52.05 49.27 48.27 54.45 51.59 - -One of the most remarkable facts presented by the above table is -in the marked increase in the expectation of life after the age -of one year. In other words, the terrible infant mortality, which -prevails in all countries, is so great that the expectation of life -at birth is a number of years less than at the age of one year. In -England and Wales, the infant mortality decreases the expectation -of life at birth, in round numbers by eight years; in France and -Italy about the same; in Austria, by eleven years; in Sweden, by six -years; in the German Empire, by eleven years; in Massachusetts, by -nine years. In the report, of the Bureau of the Census on Mortality -Statistics, printed in 1909, and referring to the calendar year 1908, -data are collected from seventeen States, the District of Columbia, -and seventy-four registration cities, comprising a total of 51.8 -per cent. of the total estimated population of the country. The -total number of deaths registered in this area in 1908 is 691,574, -corresponding to a death rate of 15.4 per 1,000 of population, which -is said to indicate a remarkably favorable condition of the public -health. - -In the mortality statistics for 1910, two years later, the -registration area, which included in 1910 an estimated midyear -population of 58.3 per cent. of the total population of continental -United States, the deaths reported were 805,412, representing a death -rate of 15 per 1,000 population. The death rate for 1909 was only -14.4 per 1,000. While these variations are marked, the work has not -been carried on for a sufficient length of time to do more than to -warrant an expression of opinion that the death rate in this country -is generally receding. It varies as shown, on both sides, having -decreased very considerably from 1907 to 1909, but increased to a -very marked degree in 1910 over 1909. The registration area covers -the following States in toto, and some of the principal cities in -the other States: California, Colorado, Connecticut, Indiana, Maine, -Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, -New Jersey, New York, North Carolina (municipalities of 1,000 -population and over in 1900), Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Utah, -Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin. - -The extension of the system of registration to a larger area and -number of population and the improvement in the efficiency of -securing data are all to be considered in comparisons of very small -periods of time. For one hundred million of population a death rate -of 15 per 1,000 indicates a total of 1,500,000 deaths per annum. -This figure may be accepted as being sufficiently accurate for all -practical purposes at the present time as representing the death rate -of today in the United States. - -Comparing the United States with other countries and giving the -expectation of life at birth as the basis of comparison, we may -safely assume that the average expectation of life for the United -States is in round numbers 44 years. Comparing this with the other -countries we find that Sweden, Holland and New South Wales have a -lower death rate than the United States. England, France, Belgium -and Holland have almost the same death rate. The German Empire and -Austria have a higher death rate. India is the banner country for -shortness of life, the expectation of life in India being a little -over half that in the United States. - - -WHAT ARE THE DISEASES WHICH ARE MOST ACTIVE IN CAUSING THE DEATH OF -OUR PEOPLE? - -In the registration area of 1910, 154,373 infants under one year of -age died, in round numbers one-fifth of all the deaths. Assuming the -total deaths to be 1,500,000, the number of children dying in the -United States every year under the age of one year is 300,000. A -striking illustration of the danger of the hot months for children -under 2 years of age is shown by the fact that the number of deaths -from diarrhœa and enteritis for July and August was 12,535 and 12,565 -respectively, while in February the deaths from the same causes were -1,373. From these data it is evident that during the hot two months -nearly 1,000 infants under the age of one year die every day in the -United States. - -The report of the Division of Vital Statistics shows that beginning -with the second month of life diarrhœa is the most serious cause of -infant mortality. While infantile diarrhœa and its allied disease, -enteritis, is the most frequent cause of death among infants, the -greatest destroyer of the human race, without respect to age, is -tuberculosis, which caused 10.7 per cent. of the deaths from all -causes in 1910. Next in importance in destructiveness is found -organic disease of the heart, causing 9.5 per cent. of all the -deaths. For all ages diarrhœa and enteritis come third in fatality -with 7.8 per cent. Close after this comes pneumonia with 6.7 per -cent. Kidney disease causes a mortality of 6.6 per cent. - -The number of deaths from tuberculosis during the year 1910 was -160.3 per 100,000, or for 100,000,000 people 160,300. The death rate -from tuberculosis from 1900 to 1909, inclusive, was 183 per 100,000. -Apparently the death rate for tuberculosis is decreasing. - -The number of deaths from cancer in 1910 was 76.2 per 100,000, or a -total of 76,200; the highest death rate ever recorded from cancer. -Evidently the deaths from career are increasing in proportion to the -population. - -I wish sometimes that every house in this country could be burned to -the ground, if the people could escape. Why? Because tuberculosis and -cancer are house diseases, and if every house were burned, we would -not have them any more—at least until we built new houses. But we can -purify our houses, we can live out doors, we can sleep out doors most -of the year, and by the teaching and practicing of the principles -of hygiene and sanitation we need not burn our houses at all. But -people do not know, and worse than that, they do not care. They -take no interest in such things. If you were discussing the tariff -tonight, the house would not hold the people; if you were discussing -trusts, there would be no standing room; but when you discuss this -tariff on human life—they are not interested. - -Organic disease of the heart: The number of deaths in 1910 was -141.5 per 100,000, which is a very large increase over that of the -preceding year of 129.7 per 100,000. The total number of deaths from -heart disease was 141,500. - -Pneumonia: The death rate from pneumonia for 1910 was 147.7 per -100,000, making a total of 147,700 deaths from this disease. The -death rate from this disease increased considerably over that of the -preceding year. - -Kidney disease: The total number of deaths from kidney disease in -1910 was 99 per 100,000, making a total of 99,000 for an estimated -population of 100,000,000. This includes all forms of kidney trouble, -nephritis and Bright’s disease. - -Typhoid fever: The death rate from typhoid fever was 23.5 per -100,000, a total of 23,500 for the estimated population of -100,000,000. - -You older men like me who were in the war know that war is hell—not -because you are shot—that is glory; but because you die of disease; -and if you will read the military history of the Civil War, so-called -(I do not know why, for it was not so very “civil”) you will see that -while one man died of wounds, four died of disease, because we did -not understand the principles of serum prophylaxis. We are not going -to have in the next war four men die of fever where one is killed in -battle. - -One of the curious features in connection with typhoid fever is that -some of the most sparsely settled States show the highest rates of -fatality, for instance the number of people dying in Colorado of -typhoid fever is 41.9; in Montana, 39.9, and Utah, 37 per 100,000. -Only one of the thickly populated States equals this—Maryland, 40.7 -per 100,000. Some of the lowest death rates for typhoid fever were -found in New Hampshire, 10.7; Massachusetts, 12.4; Rhode Island, -13.6; Vermont, 14; New Jersey, 14.5, and Connecticut, 14.7. Of cities -of 100,000 population or over in 1910, Omaha, Nebraska, showed the -highest rate, namely, 86.7; Minneapolis, Minn., 58.7; Kansas City, -Mo., 54.4; Atlanta, Ga., 50.1; Birmingham, Ala., 49.5; Nashville, -Tenn., 48.9; Milwaukee, Wis., 45.7; Spokane, Wash., 45.4, and -Baltimore, Md., 42. The lowest rates shown for some of the large -cities were those of Bridgeport, Conn., 4.9; Paterson, N. J., 7.1; -Cincinnati, O., 8.8, and Cambridge, Mass., 9.5 per 100,000. These -cities seemingly are as well protected against typhoid fever as some -of the cities of Europe, where death rates are as follows: London, -4; Edinburgh, 2; Dublin, 10; Paris, 7; Brussels, 19; Amsterdam, 7; -Copenhagen, 3; Stockholm, 4; Christiania, 2; Berlin, 4, and Vienna, -4 per 100,000. Thus, evidently in such cities as Cincinnati, Berlin -and London, death from typhoid fever is no longer a terror. - -Measles, which is supposed to be almost a harmless disease, causes -a large number of deaths, the death rate for 1910 being 12.3 -per 100,000 population, or a total of 12,300 for the estimated -population. In some cities the number of deaths by measles was almost -as high as that by typhoid fever, notably in Pittsburgh, Pa., 33.1; -Providence, R. I., 31.9; Kansas City, Mo., 28.4; Lowell, Mass., 28.1; -Albany, N. Y., 23.9; Columbus, O., 23.6; Buffalo, N. Y., 22.1, and -Richmond, Va., 21.1 per 100,000. Scarlet fever is not so deadly a -disease as measles, since the fatalities per 100,000 for 1910 was -11.6. Death rates from this disease were high in the following cities -of 100,000 population or over: Buffalo, N. Y., 53.6; Lowell, Mass., -41.2; St. Paul, Minn., 30.2; St. Louis, Mo., 27.1; Kansas City, Mo., -23.2; Milwaukee, Wis., 22.3; Pittsburgh, Pa., 22.2; Rochester, N. Y., -21.4, and New York, N. Y., 20 per 100,000. - -Whooping cough produced as many deaths as measles and scarlet fever, -the death rate for 1910 being 11.4 per 100,000 population. Diphtheria -and croup produced a death rate of 21.4 per 100,000 population, or a -total of 21,400 for the estimated population. - -Influenza, or “la grippe,” caused a death rate of 14.4 per 100,000 -population for 1910. This disease is less prevalent than for the -preceding ten years. The above data are sufficient to show the -principal causes of death, old age, unfortunately, being so small a -factor as to be almost negligible in the compilation. - -It might be interesting to extend these vital statistics to a greater -length, but a sufficient number of data have been given to establish -some of the fundamental principles which should guide physicians and -the sanitarians of the future in their work. - - -THE MEANS OF AVOIDING AVOIDABLE DEATH. - -The question which is now presented for discussion at this Congress -is, How can avoidable death be successfully avoided? I have not -included in the discussion of this question the deaths by accident, -which are lamentably all too frequent in this country. The motor car, -the aeroplane, the railway, and the steamboat, still continue their -deadly work in increasing violence as our population grows denser. It -is easy to understand how the State could do much toward preventing -these unfortunate accidents. No doubt concerted action on the part of -the States will soon be perfected to prevent so many of the horrible -catastrophes, whose descriptions form the principal reading matter, -after murder and suicide, in the morning journals. And this leads us -to say that murder as a means of ending human life is more prevalent -in this country than in any other country of the world, and in -consideration of the features which relate to the conservation of -man the prevention of murder should receive particular attention. - -A study of the above data reviewed in connection with the known -etiology of disease, shows clearly where the work of the conservation -of man, especially by the prevention of disease, should begin and -on what line it should be prosecuted. To this end it is sufficient -to call attention to the fact that diseases are naturally divided -into two classes: those which are communicated and those which are -produced by the conditions of the personal environment. Physicians -are pretty well agreed at the present time that disease is rarely -inherited, therefore, most of the causes which produce death are -those which come from without, or those which are developed from -within by improper habits of life. But one may inherit deficient -vitality and thus fall an easy victim to an infectious disease. The -point for us to consider most particularly in this connection, is to -what extent we can prevent these diseases, that is, those which are -contracted from without. - - -EDUCATION OF FUNDAMENTAL IMPORTANCE. - -It would be well to classify the efforts which we are making for -the prevention of disease in some systematic order. I will begin, -therefore, with the one which is the most important of all, and that -is education. - -In order to secure proper protection for the citizen, he must be made -to understand that he needs it. Further than this, it must be made -plain that the protection of the individual from communicable disease -is not by any means wholly within his own power. Unless the State -acts, the individual in many cases is powerless; hence education -beginning in the family, continued in the public school, and -illustrated in practical adult life, is the most important feature of -prophylaxis. Into the details of education I cannot go, but one thing -I do with to insist upon, namely, that the child should be taught -early, frequently and constantly, that most of the disease he has to -fear are like enemies in the dark. I need not refer again by detail -to the statistics of mortality, but simply would say that if the -diseases which produce some of the most deadly inroads into humanity, -such as tuberculosis, measles, whooping cough, scarlet fever, -diphtheria, croup and typhoid fever, are solely communicated to the -individual from without, they are the diseases which the State must -help the individual to avoid. On the other hand, organic diseases of -the heart, nephritis and Bright’s disease, are apparently more of -a personal character, due either to inherited weak qualities or to -errors of diet or faults of metabolism. These are diseases which we -should be taught to avoid by strict attention to personal hygiene. -They are not, so far as known, communicable, and therefore the State -can do little, aside from educational work, towards their prevention. -Another disease which may be partly communicated and partly the -result of improper nutrition, is enteritis, and especially infantile -diarrhœa, diseases which by proper education might be almost wholly -avoided. - - -DISEASES OF UNKNOWN GENESIS. - -There remain two great causes of human death, namely, cancer and -pneumonia, which are still practically beyond control, because of our -ignorance of their etiology or our powerlessness to prevent their -progress. These diseases are considered communicable, that is, they -are induced by specific infection, but the methods and the exact -nature of the infecting germs are still subjects of investigation. It -is true that we are told of the organism which produces pneumonia, -and it is said to be constantly in the mouth of even healthy people, -and we read almost monthly of the discovery of the real cause of -cancer, but in spite of all this, these diseases remain as a rule -unknown in character and are gigantic and terrible enemies which -we have to fight in the dark. To one point attention should be -called in regard to the increase in such diseases as those of the -kidneys and the heart, that are essentially diseases of old age, -just as tuberculosis and typhoid fever are diseases of early life. -In proportion as we save people from tuberculosis and typhoid fever, -just in that proportion will we save men and women who subsequently -become victims of old age diseases. Therefore the increase in -the number of deaths due to these causes may be an index to the -increasing longevity of the people, instead of the opposite. - -It is of course a question, which unfortunately we are unable -to decide for ourselves, as to whether we should be saved from -tuberculosis and typhoid fever for the express purpose of being -killed by cancer, kidney lesions and diseases of the heart. Upon -the whole I think, however, that terrible as these diseases are, -especially cancer, most people would rather die of cancer at 70 than -to succumb to tuberculosis at 30. But in the great problem of the -conservation of human life we must not lose sight of the fact that -many experienced and competent investigators are devoting their -whole time to revealing the secret of these dread diseases, which -still baffle the skill of the physician. We may hope in the near -future that at least pneumonia and cancer may be put upon the same -footing as typhoid and tuberculosis, that their actual genesis will -be disclosed, and thus the road made clear toward their prevention. -It is along these lines that education must go, because we cannot -develop a public sentiment for the protection of life and health -except by the desire of the people to live and be well, and the -education of the youth and the adult is the best method of securing -that result. When the people are educated, then we can successfully -introduce the other methods of saving human life. - - -PREVENTION OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. - -It is a self-evident fact, granting a disease to be of communicable -origin by a specific germ, that the disease may be prevented if its -victim be protected from infection. In other words, such diseases -as tuberculosis, typhoid fever and others of the same character, -which are undoubtedly communicated from individual to individual, -could be wholly exterminated if the opportunities for communication -were destroyed. We may assume, therefore, that all specific diseases -due to a specific organism are capable of elimination by the simple -exclusion of the organism. - -Based on this are the great factors of prevention, namely, quarantine -and segregation, which are practically one and the same. It stands to -reason that an infected center should be removed or so isolated as -to be no longer dangerous. For the same reason the infected center -should not be allowed to enter a new community. Based upon this -principle our systems of quarantine and segregation should be greatly -strengthened. It is not a question of the wishes of the individual -in this case; if it were, no ship would be detained and quarantined, -and few people would go to a smallpox hospital or tuberculosis -sanitarium. The principle of the welfare of the race as superior to -the interests of the individual is dominant in these particulars. -Tennyson, who foresaw many of the great truths of science, has -beautifully presented this principle in his well-known stanza: - - “Are God and nature then at strife, - That nature sends such fearful dreams? - So careful of the type she seems, - So careless of the single life.” - -In the protection of the public health it will become as much the -duty of each State and Nation to provide sanitary detention camps for -infectious diseases and rigidly enforce residence therein, as it is -to watch the border and establish strict quarantine. - - -IMMUNITY. - -It is evident, however, that it will take a long course of education -and almost revolution in the sentiment of the people, to establish -a system of segregation and quarantine as rigid and as perfect as -that which is outlined. What then is the next best resort? I answer -immunization. If we cannot keep the infectious organism from contact -with the human body, we should endeavor to make the body immune from -its ravages. There are two methods which might be adopted; the one -which could be most generally practiced is that of good nutrition, -proper housing, fresh air, pure water and pure foods. The child that -sleeps in the open and eats an abundance of pure, wholesome foods and -takes a proper amount of exercise, will escape most of the diseases -of infancy and grow into manhood with a body immune to almost every -infectious germ. I need not go into detail in regard to the actual -mechanism of immunity to prove the fact that a well-nourished body, -sustained by blood of high nutritious power and bearing its untold -millions of organisms, armed cap-a-pie to destroy intruders, is a -sufficient illustration of immunity. The physiologists will describe -to you the nature of the phagocytose opsins, and the hormones by -means of which this immunity is secured. - -For the above reason the campaign for pure and wholesome food lies at -the very foundation of the protection of the public health. It is a -mistaken idea that a food is not to be condemned unless it produces -diseases. A food is to be condemned which is in any way so debased -as to undermine nutrition and impoverish the blood, and thus open -the door of the body to the invitation of every germ that may be -coming along the road. Thus the addition to foods of bodies which in -themselves are not poisonous or harmful, but which debase the product -and make it less palatable or less nutritious, is a crime of the same -magnitude as that of adding to the foods poisonous and deleterious -ingredients or of suffering it to fall into advanced stages of -decomposition. - -What a sorry spectacle, in the light of these facts, was presented -at the Fifteenth International Congress of Hygiene and Demography -at Washington last week, when Professor Long, member of the Remsen -Board, which has validated the use of some of these poisons, -attempted to justify the addition of an active drug to the food -supply of the nation! Such an act was so foreign to the purposes -of the Congress as to constitute an unpardonable anachronism. Dr. -Long was one of the most enthusiastic protagonists of benzoate of -soda in the Federal Court in Indianapolis when those who secured the -appointment of the Referee Board in defiance of law sought to force -the people of Indiana to eat their adulterated products. The people -ask for bread and Dr. Long and his assistants give them a stone in -the form of the moribund benzoate. - -Of a similar pernicious and mercenary character was the paper -presented by Professor Sedgewick, of Boston, in which he urged the -use of infected oysters and diseased meats as human foods. Professor -Sedgewick was one of the principal witnesses in the celebrated egg -case in New Jersey, where he testified that eggs so decomposed as -to produce death when injected into guinea pigs were wholly fit for -human food if sufficiently disguised in taste and smell by baking! -Oysters, according to Sedgewick, should be classified into good, to -be eaten raw by the rich, and bad, to be cooked and eaten by the -poor. Meats of diseased animals should also be eaten by the poor, -unless so badly diseased as to be physically seen to be unsound. - -This is the doctrine of modern hygiene according to its prophets -Long and Sedgewick. I cannot subscribe to these doctrines. There is -plenty of clean food for both rich and poor. To excuse processes -of growing food animals, and manufacturing foods which permit and -condone unsanitary methods and introduce active drugs into the -finished products, stimulates and encourages reprehensible practices, -which all interested in the public health should condemn. Happily the -Federal courts, both in New Jersey and Indiana, were unconvinced by -such specious arguments, and condemned the very processes which were -praised and defended before the world’s congress of sanitarians. - -The workers for the conservation of man do not yet fully realize the -great importance of the food supply of the country as a means of -producing immunity of disease. The well-nourished body is clad in -armor and bears an impenetrable shield which enables one to march -into the midst of dangers and for the most part escape unscathed. -All power and ethical spirit, therefore, to the men who are chosen -to administer the food laws, in order that they may realize the -importance of their office to the health of the people, and the life -and efficiency of our citizens. Let them learn to put a heart and a -soul into science. - - -IMMUNITY OF HEREDITY. - -We are all familiar with the common phrase, the foundation principle -of eugenics, “He inherited a good constitution.” It is undoubtedly -true that we come into the world with widely different vitalities. -The true principles of scientific immunity to disease therefore lie -imbedded in the human life principles of long past aeons. The ideals -of eugenics, as formulated by Francis Galton and elaborated by his -nephew, the son of the immortal Darwin, are but irridescent dreams. If -man is to be bred scientifically, there must be many selected mothers -and a very few high grade fathers. The human race is not yet ready to -face the problem in the true light of science and contemplate a race -of males of which 75 per cent. are eunuchs. This is kako- instead of -eu-genics. As long as the heart is whole, men and women with only -one lung will fall in love. For untold centuries to come we must be -resigned to human race composed principally of scrubs. But there -is one principle of eugenics which can be and ought to be put into -practice. It has been done partially in some States, especially in -Indiana. It should be generally adopted. The degenerate, the vicious -and the imbecile should not be allowed to propagate. These are -classes of society that have no right to multiply. Before proceeding -further in restricting parenthood let us see that individuals of both -sexes, criminally vicious or imbecile, are segregated or rendered -impotent. And even here only the typically bad cases are to be -treated. It would be too nice a question for the jury if there was -a doubt of any kind, even inconsiderable. Among those of average -intelligence, education should do the rest. Teach those who are -physically diseased the duty of celibacy. Persuade and not force -them. - - -INDUCED IMMUNITY. - -Another method of securing immunity in the human organism is by -the development of some morbid condition of a nature similar to or -identical with the disease to be combatted, so as to produce in the -system anti-bodies, specifically adapted to fight the particular -disease which has generated them. The principle of immunization -by this method rests upon the successful experiments, or rather -observations, respecting a given virus. Jenner’s observations in -regard to smallpox were purely empirical, and it remained for Pasteur -to develop a scientific basis of induced immunization. Serum-therapy -is by no means half so important as serum-prophylaxis, and here -again comes the importance of education, because there is still -a very large and respectable body of our citizens who resent any -interference on the part of the State with their rights as regards -medical relations. It looks almost like tyranny to force a citizen -to subject himself to inoculation of any kind when his own belief in -the efficacy of the process is hostile and where he resists enforced -immunization. But here again the right of the people asserts itself -and thus justifies compulsory vaccination. While education can do -much to remove this prejudice, we must expect to always have with us -those who conscientiously resent inoculation, and condemn all efforts -to prevent disease. - -Since, because of lack of care and proper supervision, grave -disorders and disease and sometimes death result from the practice -of inoculation, the State owes a special duty to its citizens in -seeing that all forms of inoculation materials, no matter what their -nature may be, are of the purest and best. Of course, the thought -presents itself that induced immunization is only a confession of -inability to protect the health by isolation of the invading virus. -It is something like the pasteurization of milk, which is a mute -tribute to insanitary conditions, uncleanly cows, and long keeping; -but here it seems that there is no choice left. The impossibility of -complete isolation, at least for many years to come, is apparent, and -hence the desirability of general immunization becomes obvious. The -successful inoculation which has lately been accomplished against -typhoid fever is another promise of what the future may bring in -the way of immunization by induction. Meanwhile it is the part of -wisdom for those who seek the public welfare by the conservation of -life to urge both prophylaxis and immunization, in the hope that -the infecting centers will become so few and so remote that good -nutrition, and all that it implies in a sanitary way, will eventually -become a sufficient protection against communicable diseases. - - -THE SUPERVISION OF DRUGS. - -Hand in hand with the supervision of our food supply, we should not -forget the control of drugs. I am far from believing that drugs are -an efficient remedy for all human ills; in fact, I am convinced that -they are not. They are at best only adjuncts, except in those cases -where specifics have been discovered, as in the case of quinine and -malaria, and the arsenic compounds, which have proven so useful in -combating syphilis. But without discussing the efficiency of drugs, I -think we will all admit that as long as they are articles of commerce -they should be pure and of constant strength. To this end we should -support, with all our enthusiasm and ability, the efforts which are -made to perfect the pharmacopœia, and to standardize and purify the -drugs of commerce. - - -THE CONSTANT THREAT OF PROPRIETARY MEDICINES. - -In this connection I cannot refrain from alluding to one of the -greatest dangers of drugs, and that is, their indiscriminate use -by the laity. The fakers that pretend to find sovereign remedies -for every disease, through the medium of the newspaper and the -periodical, of the postal card and the circular, inflame the minds -of the people and induct them into indiscriminate drugging. One can -generally, by taking up a paper in any locality and scanning its -columns even carelessly, see the wonderful vogue of these fakes -and crimes. Such falsely praised substances as Peruna, Kilmer’s -Swamp Root, Duffy’s Malt Whiskey, and the whole brood of wretched -specifics, serve to illustrate the great danger to which we are -subjected. But the worst of it all is that through the carelessness -of physicians, and sometimes through their criminal pretentions, -habits are formed for certain drugs, such as cocaine, opium and its -products, chloral and alcohol, which enslave their victims, weaken -their vitality, and invite disease. I think I do not exaggerate it -when I say that the drug habit, no matter how induced, is a menace -to the American people. No matter how slight the ailment or how -easily controlled, the first advice and the first act is to “take -something,” no matter what, or whoever may recommend it, for every -imaginable ailment. The effect of this continual drugging upon the -human body is more easily imagined than described. The nerves and -stomachs of our people are gradually succumbing to the bombardment -of pills, pellets and powders. For the sake of gain every possible -influence is brought to bear upon the American people to increase the -consumption of drugs. The danger is so imminent and so acute that it -is hoped that through the means of education a public sentiment may -yet be awakened in this country which will protect our people against -all these nefarious concoctions. I would not for a moment in any way -curtail the right of citizens to consult accredited physicians, no -matter to what so-called school they might belong; but it is the duty -of the State, as an additional safeguard, to the health and life of -our people, to see to it that no one sets himself up as a physician -unless he has qualified himself in the fundamental principles of -anatomy, hygiene and physiology, to understand the human body and -its operations. We are too prone to tolerate physicians who tell -you that the blood which supplies the brain passes into the cranium -altogether through the canal of the spinal cord. Charlatanry, -quackery, and ignorance in the practice of medicine should be rigidly -suppressed. The people of the nation who have freedom of choice -should not be left helpless victims of avarice and ignorance. - - -DANGERS OF STIMULANTS. - -In addition to drugs, as commonly considered, the people of our -country are also subjected to imminent dangers in the use of stimuli, -which have no food value and which induce activities that are beyond -the power of the system to sustain. I refer especially to such -beverages as tea, coffee, and alcoholic drinks and the manufactured -articles containing their active principles, such as coca cola and -all the great army of “olas,” and to tobacco, as an illustration of -additional dangers to which we are likely to succumb. In spite of the -fragrance of the coffee, and the aroma of the tea, and the flavor of -the rum, and the dreams of the pipe, I am inclined to the belief that -it was a sad day for humanity when these things were first brought -to the attention of man. In so far as intellectual development is -concerned, I find the nations of antiquity, and especially the -powerful nations of Greece and Rome, developed to be leaders in -architecture, masters of painting and sculpture, and geniuses in -poetry and expression, without the aid of any of the stimuli which -the artist, the poet and the writer are supposed to depend upon today. - -It would indeed be a happy day for the community if all of these -stimuli, as appetizing as some of them are, could be relegated to -the scrap heap, and the art of their use forever lost. (Applause.) -Meanwhile, we all understand that this Utopian condition is at -present impossible, and hence we must content ourselves with -education and with legal control to prevent the abuse of these bodies -and to eliminate the injury which they have done. Temperance may -always be practiced, even where prohibition fails. It is therefore -the duty of every one concerned with the public health to urge -the extremest moderation in the use of tea, coffee, tobacco, and -alcoholic beverages, in the hope that the injuries which have already -been wrought may be avoided in the future, and temperate indulgence -take the place of unbridled consumption until the day of final -elimination arrives. - - -SUMPTUARY LAWS. - -In the interest, therefore, of the public health and the lengthening -of life and increasing the efficiency of man, we must bring ourselves -to the point of acknowledging that the State should control -things which in themselves are injurious and unnecessary must be -established. In other words, the individual’s rights, so dear to -every lover of freedom, the cardinal principle of democracy, must -give way to the public good. No one has any right to practice any -habit, or induce others to do so, which in itself is likely to prove -injurious to humanity. I would leave to the individual the largest -freedom in everything that is good, and restrict his activities to -the lowest minimum in everything that is bad. I would not make of man -a machine, nor would I desire that he should live in an environment -which in any way would tend to affect his evolution and progress -injuriously, and so I preach what seems to me the only solution of -all these evils—education, temperance, legal restriction of abuse, -and leave the rest to the manly part of humanity. - -If I can in my life just put one nail in the coffin of quackery and -false medicine, I will not have lived in vain; if by my voice I can -get one man or woman interested in a healthy way of living, my work -will not be in vain; if I can save one infant from premature death, -my life will be well spent. - -I believe when you conserve a man physically you conserve him -mentally and morally, and then sin and sorrow and suffering will -pass. There are only two learned professions in the world that are -necessary—one is agriculture and the other is teaching. If you feed -men right and teach them right, there will be no law breaking, and -hence we will need no lawyers; there will be no sickness, so we will -need no physicians; and when you have a country that is so happy as -to have no law breakers or sick people, you will not need anybody’s -help to get you into heaven, so we can do away with the ministers. -(Laughter.) - - -THE PROLONGATION OF LIFE. - -What is in sight in the way of prolonging human life? I have briefly -laid down what seems to be the fundamental principles of the -conservation of man and the prevention of disease. If this plan can -be carried out, is there any hope to be offered to man of greater -freedom from disease and a longer life? I answer unhesitatingly in -the affirmative. Why should we be content with an average life of -44 years? There is historical evidence to show that man’s greatest -activities are developed with experience and that the age between -60 and 70 is more productive for one who has lived in accordance -with nature. It is shown from statistics that we die sixteen years -before we reach the maximum usefulness of man. I would like to see -more old age. I would like to see more men and women with gray hair -and more wrinkled faces than I can see today. To all this, objection -may be made that a place must be made for the young man and young -woman; that the old man and woman keep the young from development and -usefulness. But to this I reply, that there is infinite opportunity -for good work offered to all. If we can secure a race free from -disease, endowed with all those qualities of mind and body which make -for human efficiency, we need not ask that every one become eminent -and wealthy, but each can perform the duties which come to him in a -way to develop a uniform excellence of the human race. We have room -in the country for millions of people. We welcome the infant and the -child, but let us keep the man and woman. There is room for all. - -This is my message to you tonight—the conservation of man—not only -his health, but his life, the most precious possession man has. -(Applause.) - - -Col. JOHN I. MARTIN—I move that the fullest acknowledgment and thanks -of this gathering be and are hereby tendered to Dr. Wiley for his -very interesting and splendid address. - -The motion was seconded by many delegates and carried unanimously. - -After announcement by the Secretary, the Congress adjourned until -9:30 o’clock Wednesday morning. - - - - -_FOURTH SESSION._ - - -The Congress convened in the Murat Theater, Indianapolis, on the -morning of October 2, 1912, and was called to order by President -White. - - -President WHITE—I want to take this occasion to state that there is -a child’s welfare exhibit richly worth seeing. It is an education in -itself and is installed at the Capitol building. Every one should -embrace the opportunity of seeing it. - -The audience will now arise while the Rev. Dr. Harry G. Hill, of -Irvington, invokes Divine guidance. - - -INVOCATION. - -_Father of us all and maker of all that is good, source of all light -and life and love, early upon this morning, the second day of this -Congress, we bring our respects to Thee and bow before Thee as the -One worthy of worship, and invoke Thy blessing and benediction upon -all who meet with us. We thank Thee that Thou hast so bountifully -blessed us, and would have Thee, through these ministrations, at this -time impress upon our minds that we are stewards of a great wealth, -and we ask Thee to help us that we may so minister that there may be -an equal distribution to all Thy people of the great goods with which -Thou hast endowed us. May we hold above everything else the wealth -of human life, and may we look to our work as that of making a better -world, a better place for men._ - -_May Thy blessing rest upon the deliberations of this hour, on all -those who are participating in this Congress, and may it go on and do -much good in the years that are to come, that Thy knowledge shall be -in the hearts and minds of men, and they shall serve Thee and make -this is a great opportunity to increase Thy rule and kingdom through -Christ, our Lord and King. Amen._ - - -President WHITE—In the study of Conservation in this Congress we are -getting around to the fundamental basis of all vital conservation. -We are getting to the point where Conservation should have first -begun—the study of human life as a national asset. It was Pope who -said “The proper study of mankind is man.” - -I take please in introducing to you, as the first speaker of this -morning session, one who has had a great deal to do in the actual -figures, the actual statistics, the actual knowledge of why human -life is a national asset and why it should be conserved. I take -pleasure in introducing to you Mr. E. E. Rittenhouse, of New York -City, Conservation Commissioner of the Equitable Life Assurance -Society of the United States, whose subject is “Human Life as a -National Asset.” (Applause.) - - -Mr. RITTENHOUSE—The National Conservation Congress has been engaged -in the noble task of guarding posterity against the waste of our -natural resources by the present generation. It has had a most -far-reaching influence, for its purposes are in tune with public -sentiment, and with the spirit of the age. It has now given another -and still more commanding reason for its existence by joining -earnestly in the campaign for the conservation of our “human assets.” -This is a field of usefulness that will endure for all time. However -important the protection of our natural material resources may be, -our greatest obligation to posterity is to preserve the health, -virility and morality of our race. - -The first and most important item in humanity’s Bill of Rights is -_the right to live_. - -The primary purpose and function of organized society is to guard the -lives of its members from needless destruction. Liberty, education, -wealth and other earthly blessings are important—but we must be alive -to enjoy them. - -The nation with the keenest sense of justice and the highest standard -of intelligence and morals—virtues which some of us modestly claim -for our people—is the one which should place the highest value upon -human life and surround it with the greatest protection. - -How would our civilization rank by this method of measurement? What -have we already accomplished in preventing life waste? What is our -present loss? How can it be reduced? - -We may well rejoice over the achievements of the patient heroes of -the laboratory and of the unselfish and devoted men of medicine who -have provided, disseminated and applied the knowledge of prevention -so far as it has gone. To them, to the press, the clergy, and the -other good men and women who have helped spread the gospel of disease -prevention belong the chief credit for the reduction of the death -rate by nearly 25 per cent. in the past thirty years. - -To these benefactors of our race is also due the honor of initiating -and developing the widespread interest which now prevails throughout -our country in the conservation of health and life. They have -demonstrated that morbidity and mortality can be reduced—that human -life can be prolonged by spreading and applying our present knowledge -of the science of disease prevention. At the close of last year -we had to the credit of these life savers over 400,000 lives that -would have been lost that year if the death rate of 1880 had still -prevailed. - -If the present thirst for knowledge of health and life conservation -continues to increase, it is not only possible, it is reasonably -certain that during the next thirty years the present death rate of -15 per 1,000 population in the registered area will be reduced to 10. - -While we have every reason to felicitate ourselves upon this -wonderful result of the spread of life-saving intelligence, we must -not overlook these facts: - -1. That this great life-saving movement is still in its infancy. - -2. That it has been directed almost wholly against preventable -contagious diseases, and that the waste of life from these maladies -has only been reduced—the loss is still excessive. - -3. That while we have reduced the mortality from these diseases -common to infancy and early adult life, the degeneration diseases of -middle life and old age, against which we have waged no war, have -been steadily increasing. - -4. That we have increased the average length of human life only -by increasing the proportion of people living in the younger age -periods, while the average duration of life of those who pass into -middle life and old age has been constantly shortened. - -In other words, we are still furiously burning the candle at both -ends—slower at one but faster at the other. - -It is important that this point should be clearly understood. It is -natural to conclude at first glance that if we are saving these lives -of the younger age period that naturally there are more older people -to die, but that does not follow. In the first place, we are dealing -with a death rate, the death rate for 1,000 population not in the -bulk, and while it is true that the passing of these lives over -into the older age period does affect that rate, it only affects it -slightly. It has been asserted also that the lives saved from these -communicable diseases have been weakened and that they die early -after passing into middle life. It is also true that that does not -explain the extraordinary increase in the death rate in the older -age period. In England and Wales they have the same reduction in the -death rate of communicable diseases common to the earlier age period, -but not any increase above forty. - -With all its blessings modern civilization has introduced hazards, -habits and conditions of life which may not only invite, but which -have increased in many ways, physical, mental and moral degeneracy. - -What excuse have we Americans to offer for the excessive waste -of human efficiency and human life from which the Nation is now -suffering? - -Surely we can not plead ignorance nor poverty, for we have both the -knowledge and the money wherewith to stop this annual sacrifice. - -How can we explain our growing contempt for the value and sacredness -of human life? There is no other civilized country where this -greatest of all assets—the most precious gift of the Almighty,—is -held so cheaply as in this glorious land of ours. - -And why do we continue to view with indifference the constantly -multiplying evidences of the mental and physical degeneracy of our -race? - -We may agree that in the long run the trend of humanity is ever -upward, and that this is but a temporary reaction, but can we -afford to rest wholly upon the hope that race deterioration will -automatically cease when our people have had time to adjust -themselves to modern conditions? Wise men doubt it. This problem will -not solve itself; this adverse tendency will be checked only when our -people are made to see conditions as they actually exist, and are -aroused to the need of correcting them. - -This is our task. Let us briefly survey it. - -In order to measure the effectiveness of the Nation’s life -Conservation work, and the magnitude of the task remaining undone, -we must now compare our efforts not with those of the past, nor with -those of other communities or countries, but with our present loss -from preventable and postponable sickness and mortality. - -What are the principal items of life waste? - -What evidence have we of degenerate tendencies? Here are some of -them—the estimates are from competent sources and are based upon -official records. - - -AN INDICTMENT. - -Our birth rate is steadily declining, and at the same time the span -of life is steadily shortening. - -Twenty-seven per cent. of our annual deaths are of babies under age -5; 200,000 of them die from preventable disease; about 150,000 of -these are under age 1. - -To offset this waste of life, large families are demanded. Would -it not be well to stop this needless destruction of infants before -asking for an increase in the supply? - -Of the 20,000,000 school children in this country not less than 75 -per cent. need attention for physical defects which are prejudicial -to health. - -Insanity and idiocy are increasing. - -Diseases of vice, the most insidious enemy of this and future -generations, are spreading rapidly according to medical men. So far -we have lacked the moral courage to openly recognize and fight this -scourge. - -The alcohol and drug habits are constantly adding new victims to the -degenerate list and to the death roll. - -Suicides are increasing and now reach the enormous total of about -15,000 annually. - -Lynchings and burnings-at-the-stake continue, and are common only to -our country. - -Attempts upon human life by individuals and mobs under trifling -provocation, or none at all, are obviously increasing. - -Over 9,000 murders are committed every year, and it is estimated that -but an average of 116 murderers are executed for these crimes. We -have the appalling estimated homicide record of over 100 per million -population as against 7 in Canada, 9 in Great Britain and 15 in Italy. - -In the United States the death rate above age 40 has increased -steadily for years (about 27 per cent. since 1880), while it has -remained virtually stationary in England and Wales. - -The important organs of the body are wearing out too soon—the -diseases of old age are reaching down into the younger age periods. - -The death rate from the degenerate diseases of the heart, blood -vessels and kidneys, including apoplexy, has increased over 100 per -cent. since 1880. These diseases claim over 350,000 lives annually. - -The doctors tell us that fully 60 per cent. of these deaths are -preventable or postponable if the disease is discovered in time. - -Periodical health examinations would detect these chronic diseases -in time to check or cure them, but aside from the efforts of the -Equitable Life Assurance Society and another smaller company, no -public campaign to educate our people to this vital need is being -carried on. - -All of our money, all of our energy, seem to be directed against -diseases that can be communicated. Is not a life lost from Bright’s -disease as valuable as one lost by typhoid fever? - -The annual loss from pneumonia aggregates 135,000 lives, a large -portion of which is due to weakened bodily resistance resulting from -these degenerative affections. - -Cancer, a baffling disease to which our people in their present -physical condition are highly susceptible, claims 75,000 lives -annually and is increasing very fast. Deaths from external cancer -alone have increased 52 per cent. in ten years. - -Pellagra, a deadly plague new to this country, is increasing rapidly -in some of our Southern States, and it excites but slight public -concern. - -Over 150,000 Americans are destroyed annually by tuberculosis. We -know how to prevent it, but our taxpayers object to the expense and -leave the battle almost wholly to charity. - -Nearly a million afflicted people are spreading the poison of -tuberculosis to the well, with virtually no official restraint or -supervision because of the expense. - -Over 25,000 Americans are still sacrificed annually to the -preventable filth disease—typhoid fever. About 300,000 suffer from it -and are more or less impaired by it. - -Other germ diseases are wasting more lives than typhoid and -tuberculosis combined. We are warring against them, but compared to -the lives still being lost our efforts are feeble and only partially -effective. - -Over 90,000 Americans are killed annually by accidents and various -forms of violence. Our efforts to prevent the steady increase of this -waste have failed. - -The annual economic loss due to preventable disease and death is -conservatively estimated at $1,500,000,000, and our life loss at -about $250,000,000. - -To prevent fire waste our cities spend through the public service -approximately $1.65 per capita, and to prevent life waste, 33 cents -per capita. - -It is estimated that 1,500,000 of our people are constantly suffering -from preventable disease, and that during the next ten years American -lives equaling the population of the Pacific Coast and Rocky Mountain -States (about 6,000,000) will be needlessly destroyed if the present -estimated mortality from preventable and postponable disease -continues. - - -_These are the conditions we are asking our people to correct. Is -there anything unreasonable in the request?_ - -The money loss is stupendous, but if this does not impress our -people, surely they should be stirred to action when they reflect -upon the immeasurable sum of sorrow, suffering, poverty, immorality, -crime and the hereditary degeneracy which results from this wholesale -wrecking and destruction of human life from preventable cause. - - -RACE SUICIDE. - -We are not only reducing the fertility of our race and also -shortening the span of life, but we are permitting at least 650,000 -lives to be destroyed annually which we could save by the application -of simple and well-known precautions. - -This is the real race suicide problem. - -If we would save these lives, they together with their natural -offspring would solve the problem of maintaining an adequate surplus -of births over deaths. What we need is not necessarily larger -families, but _more_ families. A larger number of small families is -surely preferable to a smaller number of large families. - - -THE DOLLAR AND THE DEATH RATE. - -The primary duty of conserving our human assets resting with the -State, it is obvious that the State must lead in the national -movement. It is, therefore, the first duty of every individual and -of every unofficial organization interested in this efficiency and -life-saving campaign to rally to the support of the public health -service. - -We must not only teach the individual how to guard his life against -preventable disease and accident, we must educate our communities to -the need of an effective public health service to enforce sanitary -regulations and otherwise guard the health and lives of their members. - -But it takes money to carry on a great educational movement, and it -takes money to conduct the public health service. - -The war against preventable disease and death is therefore in the -final analysis, a struggle between the dollar and the death rate. - -So far the dollar is ahead. The body politic seems still to prefer a -high death rate to a slight and temporary increase in the tax rate. - -“How much,” says the American taxpayer, “will it cost to reduce this -annoying death rate to the lowest possible limit?” - -“About $1.50 per capita at first, much less later on,” answers the -health officer, “and you will gain immeasurably by the increase in -the wealth and happiness of the community.” - -“Very well,” says the taxpayer, “here is 25 cents; we will save two -bits’ worth of these lives. The rest will have to die. We have much -more important places for our money; we must improve the streets -and roads, beautify our cities with much needed parks and public -structures. We must improve our harbors and rivers, build canals, and -encourage commerce generally. Besides, we are absolutely obliged to -use about two and a half billion dollars this year for automobiles, -jewelry, candy, alcoholic drinks, tobacco, diamonds and other similar -urgent needs of life. What is the loss of a few hundred thousand -lives compared to these vital necessities?” - -And so the health officer plods along with his two-bit appropriation -and naturally runs a two-bit health service. His own fitness and -efficiency may be 100 per cent., but the effectiveness of his -department only 15 per cent. because of the 25-cent limit. - - -TRIFLING WITH A SOLEMN DUTY. - -_National Government._—Of all the money provided by the people for -the expenses of the National Government only about 1.3 per cent. is -used for the conservation of health and life. - -Our national health corps has an international reputation for -efficiency and achievement. Although the service is under-manned and -its personnel underpaid, the patriotism and high sense of duty of -these able and energetic men have spurred them to the performance of -the very highest service to their country and to humanity. They have -not only jeopardized their lives, but numbers of them have sacrificed -health and life in the performance of duty. - -Through their discoveries in the science of prevention, they have -been the means of saving thousands of lives, not only for one year -but for all years to come. They have won the admiration of the -American people and deserve their most hearty support. - -And yet, when it is proposed to co-ordinate the various public health -activities of the Government in order to increase the efficiency -and usefulness of this splendid body of men, the interest of our -countrymen in this service seems to end with admiration. For -notwithstanding our confidence and appreciation we have permitted a -small but active body of people who are more concerned in treating -disease than in preventing it to block the consummation of this -thoroughly sensible and business-like consolidation of the various -bureaus under one responsible head. - -We have many educational agencies at work throughout the country -which are directly or indirectly arousing public interest in health -conservation, but this experience emphasizes the need for a permanent -central organization to stimulate interested people to back up their -judgment with action, and no organization is better fitted to render -this invaluable service than this National Conservation Congress. - -At the last session of this Congress Dr. Harvey Wiley told you -something about the dangers of impure food, drink and drugs, and what -was being done to guard the public against them. Your individual -interest was excited. How long did it continue? Were any of you -inspired to give actual support and assistance in the enforcement of -the pure food laws or to any other official public health activity? -To be interested and to agree is not enough—again, we must act, -individually as well as collectively, and stimulate others to act. - -_States._—The same lack of practical support of the public -life-saving service exists in most of the States. The appropriations -for the public health work of our State departments can only be -characterized as trifling. The exception is Pennsylvania, which is -paving the way for a fully adequate health service, as was explained -to you at the third session of this Congress in the able paper of Mr. -A. B. Farquhar. - -The appropriation for the Pennsylvania State Health Department is -about 48 cents per capita. Arkansas makes none at all, the State of -New York spends about 1.7 cents; Massachusetts, 4.2; Florida, 10; -Indiana, 1.8; Kansas, 2.7; Virginia, 1.9, and so on. - -_Municipalities._—We have many cities with active and efficient -health officers, but there is not a city in this country with an -adequately equipped and financed health department. Not one of them -has sufficient financial support to successfully perform its task, -which must be measured by the preventable sick and death list in -each community. And we must not confine this list to contagious -affections. It must include an educational campaign against all -preventable diseases. - -The duty of the State to teach our people, through the health -departments, how to avoid preventable disease of all kinds that they -may live healthful and productive lives, is just as imperative as -is the duty of teaching them, through our schools, how to avoid -illiteracy and how to live intelligent and useful lives. - -While health appropriations have increased over former years, all of -our cities place the value of property far above that of human life -in applying measures to prevent waste. Here are a few examples: - -In 1911, fifty of our important American cities, with an annual -preventable death list of 117,724 people (which means an economic -loss of at least $200,000,000) spent through their public service to -prevent life waste, an average of 30 cents per capita, and through -their fire departments to prevent fire waste, $1.63 per capita. - -Here are a few examples: Providence, R. I., spent for health -conservation, 11 cents; for fire prevention, $1.99 per capita; -Portland, Ore., health, 13 cents; fire, $1.91; Minneapolis, health, -14 cents; fire, $1.67; Louisville, health, 12 cents; fire, $1.36. - -In 1910, 184 American cities could spare but two per cent. of their -total public appropriations for the public health service. The -average for all expenses was $16.54 per capita. Of this but 33 cents -was for the public health. Seventy-one of these 184 cities spent -less than 15 cents per capita for the public health, and among these -are such cities as Quincy, Ill., 2 cents; Lansing, Mich., 5 cents; -Rockford, Ill., 6 cents; Scranton, Pa., 7 cents; Bridgeport, Conn., -9 cents; Portland, Ore., 10 cents; Harrisburg, Pa., 12 cents; Jersey -City, N. J., 13 cents; Springfield, Ill., 14 cents. - -There are many of our largest cities that are well below the average -of 33 cents per capita. Among them: Toledo, 15 cents; St. Paul, 17 -cents; Minneapolis, 18 cents; Indianapolis, 20 cents; Kansas City, -Mo., 20 cents; Milwaukee, 20 cents; Cincinnati, 21 cents; Chicago, 22 -cents; St. Louis, Mo., 26 cents; Buffalo, 27 cents; San Francisco, 28 -cents. - -The natural result of this sort of economy is that the health laws we -have are not properly enforced. - -How can we benefit from the pure food laws, for example, while we -refuse to provide the means of enforcing them? - -The great city of New York has an ably administered health -department, but it has only thirty inspectors to supervise over -27,000 food dispensing establishments. The request of the health -officer for an inspection force of 209 men has been steadily ignored -for years. - -How do you suppose the meat ordinances of Philadelphia are enforced -where the people allow the health department but seven inspectors to -watch over 8,000 meat shops and slaughter houses? - -How can the eight pure food inspectors in Kansas be expected to -enforce the pure food laws in the drug and grocery stores, the meat -shops, bakeries, etc., in 800 towns? These inspections must be made -frequently to be of any value. - -These are not exceptions, they are examples. - -Could anything be more absurd from a business point of view than this -record of “economy” in providing for the public life-saving service? - - -HOW SOME COMMUNITIES SAVE MONEY. - -Some prosperous American communities hold human life so cheaply that -they maintain no public health service at all. Others—and there are -many of them—have a mere skeleton service. The citizens imagine that -if they appoint a health board consisting of doctors, all will be -well with them. The suggestion that the board be provided with money -to carry on its functions would be regarded as wanton extravagance. - -There are scores of cities and towns which select a doctor to head -the health department and expect him to earn his living by practicing -his profession among the very people over whom he is supposed to -exercise police authority in enforcing sanitary and other health -regulations. - -There are cities of from 5,000 to 100,000 population that hire a -doctor on the “part time” plan as chief health officer, and pay him a -trifling salary. Whether he is a competent sanitarian or in any way -skilled in the prevention of disease is a matter of little concern -to them. The fact that they are saving a few dollars in his salary -fills them with joy and indifference as to the consequences to the -community. - -I know of a thriving, wealthy young city in the South of 130,000 -population with a substantial preventable death rate which saves as -much as $800 annually in this way. - -I know of a prosperous New England city of 40,000 population with but -three people in its health department—two of them are “part time” -employes. It is a six cents per capita department _and 50 per cent. -of the annual deaths in that city are of children under five years of -age_. - -In theory, we must all stand ready to serve the State when called -upon, even at personal loss. But does it not seem the height of -absurdity to expect a competent professional man to leave his -practice to take charge of these under-manned and under-financed -health departments at the small salaries which our States and cities -offer them? If he does his duty, he is sure to make enemies during -his term of service, and if he is an able man he will certainly lose -money by leaving his practice. - -Surely we offer our health officers every inducement to follow the -line of least resistance. - - -A SAMPLE GROUP OF CITIES. - -An investigation was recently made of forty-four Illinois cities -averaging in population about 16,000; fifteen of them had over 20,000 -population, and three had over 50,000. - - The average salaries paid the chief health officer amounted to the - magnificent sum of $300 annually. - - Twelve of these cities paid nothing for health protection—and - this included three cities of 22,000 population and one of 30,000 - population. - - One city of 26,000 population employed a layman as a health officer. - - In one of 22,000 the police matron served as “health officer” when - she was not otherwise engaged. - - Twenty-nine of these cities made no pretense of supervising their - milk supply. - - Only nine of them had isolation hospitals for contagious diseases. - - Thirty-one of them kept no mortuary records whatever. - -These conditions exist in a prosperous agricultural and manufacturing -State—and they can doubtless be found to exist in almost any State in -the Union. - - -AGENCIES THAT CAN HELP. - -These are unpleasant facts, but they give us an idea of the way we -are performing the primary function of government—the guarding of -human life against avoidable destruction. - -We have now briefly considered the extent of the waste of the most -vital asset of the nation, and how we are conserving it, or rather -how we are not conserving it. - -Now let us rejoice over the fact that we not only know how to reduce -this waste, but that thanks to those who have aroused the life -conservation sentiment in this country, a general improvement in the -public health service is taking place in many States and cities. The -experiment has been successful. We now know what we can do. We have -the wealth and knowledge, and the machinery is organized throughout -the country to rapidly correct our appalling record of life waste. -Our work is to induce our people to use it. - -Every business and social organization should do its full share of -this work. - -The life insurance institutions of this country have a constituency -of 25,000,000 policyholders. These policyholders are directly -interested in the promotion of longevity, not only from the -humanitarian but from the financial viewpoint; for the lower the -mortality among policyholders, the greater will be the saving and the -larger the dividends to policyholders, which means a reduction in the -cost of their life insurance. It is estimated that about $50,000,000 -is lost annually by postponable mortality among the insured. - -The Equitable Life Assurance Society, with which I have the honor to -be connected, is endeavoring to do its part not only in conserving -the lives of its policyholders, but in stimulating community -action. The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company of New York is also -rendering a valuable public service in Conservation along somewhat -different lines. Two or three of the small companies, and perhaps -the same number of fraternal insurance societies, have also given -it attention. Let us hope that the time is near at hand when the -other two hundred-odd life insurance companies, and the fraternal -societies as well, will also increase their usefulness to their -policyholders and the public by joining in this great work. - - -SOME SUGGESTIONS. - -This Congress will be asked to do and to advocate many things, for -there are a multitude of independent activities connected directly or -indirectly with this general subject. Among others I sincerely trust -the following suggestions will be duly considered: - - 1. To encourage business institutions, civic, social and religious - organizations which have influence over any considerable number - of people to join in at least some of the many phases of the life - conservation campaign. - - 2. To encourage the education of the individual to adopt healthful - habits of life—to avoid the intemperate life, which means excess in - eating, drinking, working, playing—and unhealthful indulgence in - indolence as well. - - 3. To encourage communities to establish and maintain ample public - health organizations consistent with the magnitude of the work in - hand. - - 4. To advocate the organization of local health leagues as a - stimulus to public interest and to give aid and support to the - public health service. - - 5. To encourage the slowly growing sentiment for a rigid supervision - (and isolation if necessary) of tubercular victims, which is the - only way in which this devastating plague can be stamped out. - - 6. To advocate the employment of civic nurses in the health service, - who may also act as health inspectors and aid in educational work. - - 7. To advocate the issuance and distribution by the States or - municipalities of an official prevention manual to teach the public - how to avoid preventable disease. - - 8. To urge every individual to go to his or her doctor for - periodical health inspections to detect disease in time to arrest or - cure it. - - 9. To urge employers of labor to give their employes these - examinations free as a part of their efficiency and welfare program. - - 10. To encourage philanthropy, now so generously contributing for - the care of the sick, to also enter the field of disease prevention - which it has so far quite generally neglected. - -Human life is our paramount asset. Its conservation should be your -paramount issue. - - -President WHITE—The audience is certainly indebted for this great and -interesting paper. It is hard to get over stubborn facts and figures, -especially where figures are facts. - -A great doctor once shocked the people of the country by saying that -everybody should be chloroformed when they arrived at the age of -sixty. From this paper it would seem we ought at least to reach the -age of sixty, the age of being chloroformed, and, better still, we -had better so conduct the board of health and so support liberally -the board of health in our city that people may just begin to live -when they get to be sixty. - -I now have the pleasure of introducing Prof. Irving Fisher, of -Yale University, who has given this subject many years of study -and research and will now speak to you upon the “Public Health -Movement.” (Applause.) - - -Prof. FISHER—The Conservation movement is a movement to prevent -waste. When the Conservation Commission was appointed, four years -ago, emphasis was placed on the wastes of our natural resources, -but by the time the Commission made its report, it had come to -the conclusion that by far the most serious as well as the most -preventable wastes are the wastes of human life. - -A generation ago it was a common impression that the average human -lifetime was fixed as by a decree of fate. When I was in college one -of our reverend instructors showed us a mortality table and said -with great impressiveness: “There is no law more hard and fast than -the law of mortality.” I believed it, and even yet many people are -under this delusion. Pasteur did much to introduce a more optimistic -view. He stated his belief in these immortal words, “It is within -the power of man to rid himself of every parasitic disease.” He -staked this opinion on his own wonderful laboratory revelations as -to germ life. Today we can confirm his words by absolute statistics. -And now his successor, Metchnikoff, has surpassed even Pasteur in -optimism. Metchnikoff is devoting himself to the question of the -prolongation of human life and already gives us a vision of the time -when centenarians will be regarded merely as in the prime of life and -when the normal span of a century and a quarter will be a frequent -occurrence. - -The growing consciousness that human life is not a fixed allotment, -which we must accept as our doom, but a variable, which is within our -power to control, has recently led to extraordinary exertions all -over the world to save human life. This impulse has gained strength -also from the great and almost universal decline in the birth -rate. Old countries like France, and new countries like Australia, -are confronted with the specter of depopulation. Consequently, -as human life becomes scarce, it becomes precious—like any other -commodity! These two facts, the consciousness that much mortality -is preventable, or at any rate postponable and the fact that -increasingly fewer babies are being born in the world, are together -operating to produce a great health movement throughout the world. -Nothing will stop it until the whole world is convinced of the -paramount importance of this problem of human Conservation. - -This world-wide movement for the conservation of human life has -expressed itself in many ways—in medical research; in societies -for preventing tuberculosis, infant mortality, social diseases, -alcoholism, and vice; in the growth of sanatoria, dispensaries, -hospitals and other institutions; in an immense output of hygienic -literature, not only technical books and journals, but also popular -articles in the magazines and daily news papers; in the constant -agitation and legislation for purer foods, milk supply, meat supply -and water supply; in the movement to limit the labor of women and -children and to improve factory sanitation; in the establishment of -social insurance in Germany, England, Denmark and other countries; -in the improvement of departments of health; in the spread of -gymnastics, physical training and school hygiene; in the revival of -the Olympic games and the effort to revive the old Greek ideals of -physical perfection and beauty, and last, and most important, in the -sudden development of the science of eugenics. - -In the summer of 1911 was held in Dresden a unique world’s fair, -devoted exclusively to health—the International Hygiene Exhibition. -In this were shown the fruits of the whole movement in all -lands—except, alas, our own; for to our shame it must be said that -we, as yet, are among the backward nations in this movement for the -conservation of human life. Our Congress was asked to appropriate -$60,000 to erect a building and supply an exhibit to show what we -have done for our part in this movement, but Congress thought it -could not afford so large an expenditure for so small (!) an object, -and the result was that from the millions of people who visited this -exhibition one constantly heard the question asked: “Where is the -United States?” - -And those few Americans who did go to visit the exhibition found that -other nations had far outstripped us in this movement for national -sanitation and health. Some of the achievements already attained by -other nations should be recorded among the wonders of the world. One -is the striking decline of the death rate in the city of London. -Within two decades, London’s death rate has virtually been cut in -two and is now only thirteen per thousand, or less than that of most -cities one-fiftieth its size. - -Probably, however, the greatest achievement of any country is that -of Sweden, where the duration of life is the longest, the mortality -the least and the improvements the most general. There alone can it -be said that the chances of life have been improved for all ages of -life. Infancy, middle age and old age today show a lower mortality -in Sweden than in times past, while in other countries, including -the United States, although we can boast of some reduction in infant -mortality, the mortality after middle age is growing worse and the -innate vitality of the people is, in all probability, deteriorating. -The reason why Sweden of all countries has succeeded in improving -the vitality of middle age and old age, while other nations have -failed, is, I believe, to be found in the fact that Sweden, of all -nations, has seen the problem of human hygiene as a whole instead -of partially. In most other lands, and particularly in the United -States, public health has been regarded almost exclusively as a -matter of protection against germs; but protection against germs, -while effective in defending us from plague and other epidemics of -acute diseases, is almost powerless to prevent the chronic diseases -of middle and late life. These maladies—Bright’s disease, heart -disease, nervous breakdowns—are due primarily to unhygienic personal -habits. Medical inspection and instruction in schools, as well as -Swedish gymnastics, have aided greatly in the muscular development of -the citizens of Sweden. Swedish hard bread has preserved their teeth. -The Gothenburg system is gradually weaning them from alcohol. There -has even been a strong movement against the use of tobacco. Other -countries are tardily following in the path which Sweden has trod so -successfully. - -The significant fact is that Sweden has not hesitated to attack the -problems of personal habits. I believe we must have a revolution -in the habits of living in the community if we are going really to -realize the promise of Metchnikoff and others as to the prolongation -of human life. Health officers in this country have not regarded it -as a part of their duty either to live personally a clean, hygienic -life, or to teach others to do so, or even to investigate what those -conditions of well-being are which make for personal vitality. - -I can remember, thirteen years ago, talking with a doctor in Colorado -as to the habits of living of his patients. I said to him, “You tell -me that tuberculosis is a house disease, and that the reason it -exists is because people do not open their windows. Why, then, do -you not tell your patients they must open their windows, or sleep -out of doors?” He said, “I wouldn’t dare to do that; I would lose -my practice. They would think I was a crank and meddling in their -personal affairs.” Today that battle has been largely won. Today, not -only in Colorado and California, and in the places where there is -perpetual sunshine, sleeping out of doors is common and not confined -to invalids, but indulged in by the community generally. Even in New -England and throughout the country you will find sleeping balconies -going up all over. The change has even affected in some degree the -architecture of the country, and while as yet only a minority of the -people sleep out of doors, yet I believe it is true that the majority -of the people in the United States have far more air in their -sleeping and living rooms today than ten years ago. The fact which -the doctor in Colorado did not dare tell his patients thirteen years -ago, has in some way been told to the people of the United States. - -But there are many other things that need to be told, after we are -sure that they are true. When we have, through our National, State -or municipal officers made thorough investigation and have been -able to discover the actual truth as regards eating and drinking, -hours of work, recreation and play—all those facts that go into -what may be called personal habits, then we may gradually overturn -existing unhygienic habits of living. John Burns attributes a large -part of the great reduction in London mortality to the improved -personal habits of working men, particularly in regard to alcohol. -In this country, Dr. Evans, both as health officer of Chicago and -later as health editor of a Chicago newspaper, has shown how public -instruction in personal habits can be made effective, and it will be -largely through affecting personal habits that the life insurance -companies will improve the longevity of their policy holders. - -Scientific men today have reached substantial agreement that alcohol -is a poison. When everybody understands this, the days of alcohol -as a beverage will be numbered. Sweden in the thirties was called -drunken Sweden, but today the antialcohol movement there has -converted Sweden into one of the soberest of countries. - -But the use of tobacco, tea and coffee ought also to be investigated, -so that we may know how far they are deleterious, and to spread this -knowledge among the people. - -Fashions are in their essence changeable and the time will come when -the world will not be built on fashion but on reason. Japan has made -more rapid progress in civilization than any other nation, because -the late Mikado resolved and publicly stated that the institutions -of Japan must not be tied by tradition but must be based on reason. -When we have replaced tradition by reason, we shall have gotten a -solid basis for civilization, and this must apply to ancient customs -and habits of every kind. I am firmly convinced that we are looking -at only one-half of this public health movement as long as we confine -ourselves to the acute or infectious diseases. We shall not get more -than half the results obtainable until we realize that there must be -a revolution in the personal habits of the people. - -Yet the United States, in spite of its shortcomings, has some special -triumphs to record. We have, through hygiene under Colonel Gorgas, -made it possible to dig the Panama Canal. We have virtually abolished -yellow fever on our shores and in Cuba. We have nearly eliminated -hook worm disease in Porto Rico and are gradually doing the same in -the Southern States. We have found a cure for spinal meningitis. We -have, in New York, made an object lesson in the last year of reducing -the summer death rate of infants in a striking manner. We have, by -individual milk stations in Boston and other cities and in individual -sanatoria, dispensaries and other institutions, demonstrated that the -death rate from specific diseases can often be cut in two. - -Yet we have depended altogether too much on private initiative. In -New York the summer death rate of infants was reduced chiefly through -the work of the milk committee and individuals like Nathan Straus. -The elimination of hook worm disease and the discovery of the cure -of spinal meningitis came through the gifts of Mr. Rockefeller. It -is well that individuals should apply themselves to these problems -and without such personal interest they could never be solved. -Nevertheless, progress will be many times as rapid when the problems -for the nation are managed in a national way. There are three great -agencies to which we must look for the saving of human life in the -future and it has been the object of the Committee of One Hundred on -National Health, of which I am President, to help stir these three -agencies into activity in this country. They are the public press, -the insurance companies and the Government. - -To a limited extent, all of these agencies have increased their -health activities in recent years. A few years ago, popular articles -on public health were seldom seen because the public and the press -thought the subject of disease uninteresting and repulsive. Today, on -the other hand, one can scarcely pick up a popular magazine without -finding not only one but several articles dealing with questions -of public health; and it has been found possible not only to make -these articles interesting, but, by emphasizing the positive, or -health side, instead of the negative, or disease side, to render -them attractive and beautiful. And yet, as Dr. Wiley has said, the -newspapers in spite of all the good they are doing with their right -hands are, with their left hands, in their advertising columns trying -to undo that good by advertising the fraudulent part of the “healing” -profession who are trying to line their own pockets at the expense of -the lives of the public. - -The second great agency from which I believe we may expect wonderful -results in the future is life insurance. As our committee pointed out -to the Association of Life Insurance Presidents several years ago, -life insurance companies can save money by preventing deaths just -as fire insurance companies have saved money by preventing fires, -and steam boiler insurance companies have saved money by preventing -explosions. Since this suggestion was made, a number of progressive -life insurance companies have tried the experiment. The Metropolitan -and the Equitable have established departments of human conservation -and a number of other and smaller companies have undertaken similar -enterprises. The Postal Life Insurance Company has recently published -the statistical results of their experience, worked out in a most -careful manner, and have demonstrated absolutely that it pays life -insurance companies to save human life. This being the case, we may -expect life insurance companies in the future to become active in -life conservation. Already there are probably fifteen million policy -holders in the United States insured in companies which are trying -to do something for their health—through medical examinations, -instruction in hygiene, utilization of visiting nurses, participation -in civic health movements and otherwise. To save human life merely -to save money is sordid enough, but it is well to harness commercial -motives, when possible, in the service of humanity. - -The third, and most important, agency is the government. State -and National health offices are becoming yearly stronger and more -efficient; and yet much remains to be done, particularly by the -National Government. We need a National Department of Health or -a Department of Labor which shall include in its operations the -conservation of human life. We have already passed the phosphorus -match bill to prevent one of the worst industrial diseases—phossy -jaw. We have passed effective legislation in regard to interstate -commerce in prostitution. We have established a Children’s Bureau and -a Bureau of Mines to prevent industrial accidents in mining. We have -enacted suitable legislation in regard to cocaine and habit-forming -drugs. We have a Pure Food Law and laws for the inspection of meats. -Yet, as Dr. Wiley, Mrs. Crane and others who have watched the -operation of these laws at close range well know, they need to be -executed with a stronger hand. - -The truth is that as yet we have only made a feeble beginning in -public health work, especially in this country. We need first of all -to do what Sweden has done for a hundred and fifty years—namely, to -keep proper vital statistics. Vital statistics are the bookkeeping of -health, and we cannot economize health any more successfully than we -can economize money unless we keep books. At present only a little -over half of the population of the United States has statistics of -its deaths, while the statistics of the births are as yet nowhere -sufficiently accurate to be called real statistics. - -Our National Statistician, Dr. Wilbur, illustrates by a story how -much better we keep our commercial books than our books of vital -statistics. In a Western State a girl was entitled to a fortune when -she became twenty-one. Reaching, as she supposed, her twenty-first -birthday, she laid claim to the fortune. Much to her surprise, her -father said, “But you are only nineteen;” and then the two tried to -look up the records. They had no family Bible, they had no public -record office to go to, and they were at sea as to how to discover -exactly the date when she was born. However it suddenly occurred to -her father, who was a farmer, that the very day his daughter was -born a calf was born on his farm and the birth of the calf had been -recorded. In that way he established the date of the birth of his -daughter. - -In view of the great slack of our vital statistics, therefore, -we cannot measure even the death rate, much less the number of -preventable deaths in the United States. All that we can do is to -study carefully the registration area and on this basis to work out -certain minimum figures. - -Four years ago, as a member of President Roosevelt’s Conservation -Commission, I endeavored to do this and to report on the condition -of our “National Vitality.” I found, after getting together all -the statistics available and taking account of the degree of -preventability of different diseases as estimated by experts that, -out of some 1,500,000 deaths annually in the United States, at least -630,000 are preventable. Of these preventable deaths, the greater -number are from seven causes. These seven causes include three great -diseases of infancy, then typhoid fever, which usually makes its -attack in the twenties, then tuberculosis, accidents in industry, and -pneumonia which come in the thirties. - -Now 630,000 unnecessary deaths per year mean over 1,700 unnecessary -deaths per day or more than the lives lost on the Titanic disaster. -The nation cannot continue indifferent to hygiene as it gradually -dawns on the public that for lack of hygiene we suffer a Titanic -disaster every day of the year. The popular imagination was deeply -stirred by the image of 1,600 helpless human beings suddenly engulfed -in mid-ocean. That was a vivid dramatic picture which the blindest -of men could see and understand. It led to immediate official action -on both sides of the Atlantic to safeguard human life at sea. Yet -on land we lose three hundred and sixty-five times as many lives -as this every year and never stop to add it up. They are scattered -and diffused throughout the land—a Wilbur Wright lost from typhoid, -a handful of miners in an explosion, some railway employes in an -accident, some victims of lead poisoning, a little army of infants, -here a few and there a few. Yet these deaths are just as real and -mean an infinitely more serious loss than were the deaths from the -Titanic disaster. Moreover, they could be as easily prevented. - -And concomitant with this unnecessarily great death rate, there -is, of course, a colossal aggregate of needless sickness. We have -no real statistics, but by analogy with English statistics we may -assume that, on the average, for every death per annum there are two -persons sick during the year. This makes about three million people -constantly lying on sick beds in the United States, of which, on the -most conservative estimate, at least half do not need to have been -there. - -If, now, on the basis of these figures, we try to compute how much -human life is needlessly shortened in the United States, we find -that it is shortened at least fifteen years. Again, if we translate -these preventable losses into commercial terms, we find that, even -by the most conservative reckoning, this country is losing over -$1,500,000,000 worth of wealth producing power every year. - -What does this mean? To us individually, it means that we are losing -a large part of our rightful life not only by death itself which -cuts off many years we might have lived, but also from diseases and -disabilities which are not fatal but cripple the power to work and -mar the joy of living. I believe I am far within the facts when I -venture the opinion that the average man or woman in the United -States is not doing half of the work nor having half of the joy of -work of which the human being is capable. - -With all this room for improvement before our eyes, it is not -surprising that the zeal of the health movement is growing fast. Each -success serves as justification for further effort. - -One of the most encouraging symptoms of progress is the great -attention which is being paid to public health in the present -political campaign. All three of the party platforms included planks -in behalf of public health. The Democratic and Progressive platforms -were particularly explicit and emphatic and all the candidates have -emphasized health in speeches and in their record in public life. -The Democratic campaign managers are carrying out plans to make -progressive health legislation prominent in the campaign. - -These and other indications augur well for better legislation, -more energetic enforcement of the law and, above all, a more -appreciative public sentiment as to the transcendent importance of -the conservation of human life. It is now reported that the Hon. -Dr. Roche, Secretary of State in Canada, is in strong sympathy with -the proposal there for the establishment of a Federal Department -of Health and the Republic of China is reported to have already -established such a department. - -From all these indications of actual activity as well as from the -logic of the situation we are justified in predicting that an age -of human conservation is at hand. Men and women are waking to -their responsibility to the race. Eugenics will be a watchword of -the future. To squander our natural resources is ignoble indeed, -but far worse is it to squander our vital resources. The most -sacred obligation of each generation is to bequeath its life -capital unimpaired to the generation which comes after. Scourges -like typhoid and tuberculosis must be swept off the face of the -earth. Habit-forming drugs, including alcohol (and even tobacco, -especially for young boys) must be recognized in their true light -as means of depleting the vitality of nations. Prostitution and -the white slave traffic must be condemned anew as robbers of the -race. Industries which kill and maim, poison or infect their -workers, which deform and stunt little children, which incapacitate -women for normal motherhood, which through overlong hours of toil -close each successive day’s work with progressive exhaustion, -must be controlled. Machinery was made for man, not man for -machinery. Immigration which drains European public institutions -of their criminal, insane, feeble-minded and other defectives and -delinquents and sets these creatures loose in America to breed with -and contaminate our population, must be regulated. Marriage laws -and customs must be adjusted so as to discourage or forbid the -procreation by the unfit. All these and other hygienic and eugenic -reforms will be realized as fast as public sentiment becomes educated -to the solemn responsibilities and higher valuations of human life. - -The noblest task, therefore, which I can conceive for any man is to -aid in erecting true ideals of perfect manhood and womanhood. Our -ideals, though improving, are not yet worthy to be compared with -those of Japan or Sweden and the ideals even of these countries have -not yet reached the level of those of ancient Greece still imaged -for us in imperishable marble. With superior knowledge our health -ideals should excel those of any other age. These ideals should not -stop with the mere negation of disease, degeneracy, delinquency and -dependency. They should be positive and progressive. They should -include muscular development, a sound mind in a sound body, integrity -of moral fiber, a sense of the splendor of the perfect human body as -a temple of the human soul, a sense of the enjoyment of all life’s -proper functions. As William James said, simply to breathe or move -our muscles should be a delight. The thoroughly healthy person is -full of joy and optimism. He rejoiceth like a strong man to run a -race. Said Emerson, “Give me health and a day and I will make the -pomp of emperors ridiculous.” Our health ideals should be nothing -short of an abiding sense of the sweetness and beauty, the nobility -and holiness, of human life. - - -President WHITE—We have had wonderful addresses this morning from the -distinguished speakers upon this question of conservation of human -life. - -I wish now to announce the Committee on Credentials: Mr. E. T. Allen -of Portland, Ore., Mr. Volney T. Foster of Chicago, and Col. W. A. -Fleming Jones of Las Cruces, N. M. - -I wish also to announce the Chairman of the Committee on Resolutions: -Mr. Walter H. Page of New York. The different State organizations -will report to him a member for that committee from each particular -State. It will be well to report to Mr. Page either tonight or early -in the morning. - -We all need to be put under authority. We find people are not taking -good care of their health, of themselves or of the community. We -will now hear from Dr. L. E. Cofer of Washington, D. C., Assistant -Surgeon-General of the United States Public Health Service, who will -address the Congress on the subject of “Authority In Health Control.” - - -Dr. COFER—Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: I do not think any -invitation has ever been received with more satisfaction than the -one for a representative of our service to appear before you. It was -received with the greatest gratification. - -The Public Health Service is absorbed in the work of health -conservation and Surgeon-General Blue evinced the greatest interest -in your invitation for him to send a representative to explain -the scope of the work being performed and discuss the question of -authority in connection therewith. - -This topic is now receiving the consideration of many authorities -on public health matters, and on this account one may approach -the subject in a hopeful attitude. I say “hopeful” because public -health as an institution is rapidly growing, and its practical -value is becoming more and more manifest, and sanitary science is -not now nearly so far in advance of its practical application as it -was even a few years ago. The possibilities of sanitation in the -general advancement are being made a part of all high ideals of -government, so that it is not to be wondered at that the general -government should be called upon to do its share. The difficulty lies -in determining just what the government should do in aid of public -health and just what should be left to the States and municipalities. - -History furnishes no precedents for this Nation to follow. It is -almost useless to seek a model for our guidance in some foreign -country. A nation with our conditions of boundary and magnitude, -with millions of immigrants coming to our shores from all parts of -the earth, has its own salvation to work out in the public health as -well as in many other problems. In other words, we must rely upon -ourselves, whether we proceed in haste or by feeling our way step by -step. There is a marked divergence of sentiment growing in regard -to national health control. One is that the government should do -far more than it is now doing towards the protection of the public -health, another that too much is expected of the National Government, -and that there is a tendency on the part of State governments to call -upon the Federal Government for service which should be performed -by the States themselves, but which service is asked for largely -in the interest of economy. These widely differing ideas in regard -to the apportionment of public health responsibility lead us to a -consideration of the provisions of the Constitution of the United -States relative to this matter. These provisions are contained in -Section VIII, paragraphs I and 3: - - Section VIII. The Congress shall have power— - - Par. 1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to - pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare - of the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be - uniform throughout the United States. - - Par. 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the - several States, and with the Indian tribes. - -It has been held by some that the powers of the National Government, -relating to public health, are restricted to paragraph 3, which -gives the right to Congress to regulate commerce, and, in regulating -commerce, to so regulate it as to prevent its being a carrier of -disease. Others have held that under the general welfare clause, -in paragraph 1, Congress has the right to legislate for the public -health. - -Should the latter interpretation be the correct one, Congress could -establish the national health control over States and municipalities -with regard to municipal and domestic sanitation, with all details -as to house drainage, plumbing, sewerage, and disposal of garbage, -water supply, ventilation, school houses and public buildings -ventilation, examination of milk supply, food and drugs, disposal of -the dead, disinfection of dwellings, etc. Would it be desirable for -the National Government to have such authority? Would it be tolerated -by the people? It is a fact that the American people have already -decided this question when the old National Board of Health was -abolished. - -The National Board of Health was created by an act of Congress, -approved March 3, 1879. Another act was approved June 2, 1879, -clothing the board with certain quarantine powers, but this last act -was limited to a period of four years, at the expiration of which -time Congress declined to renew it. The National Board of Health, -therefore, had an active existence from 1879 to 1883. The act -establishing the board remained upon the statute books until February -15, 1893, when it was formally repealed by Congress. - -To state the case concisely, the National Board of Health was not -in accord with the spirit of American government, and the people -rejected it. Now, what do the American people want? I will not -attempt to answer this question, but will suggest that they want -a general sanitary administration which is capable of steady -development, and yet may be subject to such modifications as the -changing conditions of our country may necessitate, a sanitary policy -which can be made to expand until it will answer the public needs not -only for the present but even for decades to come. - -Its direct aim should be the ultimate intelligence and education -of the average citizen in matters relating to his personal health, -and the health of his commonwealth. No better plan for sanitary -government appears at the present time than one modeled upon the -structure of the general government itself. Broadly stated, this -sanitary policy expects of each State a sanitary autonomy whose -influence should be appreciated by every individual in every hamlet, -however small, in its domain. It contemplates a State pride in the -development of sanitation, a self-reliance and an unwillingness to -surrender functions or call for aid from the general government -excepting after the clearest convictions of propriety or necessity. -This policy expects from the general government that since it -controls commerce, both maritime and interstate, it will prevent -commerce from conveying disease; that it will respect the sanitary -institutions of the States; that it will have such organizations -and establishments as properly belong to its sphere of action to -supplement where States fail, and to enable it to wield its peculiar -power when urgency demands. - -As an apt illustration of this conception of authority in health -control, let us consider the present activities of our Federal Public -Health Service. These are as follows: - - 1. The prevention of the introduction of infectious and contagious - diseases. - - 2. The sanitary regulation of foreign commerce. - - 3. The observance of international sanitary treaties. - - 4. The prevention of the spread of infectious and contagious - diseases from one State to another through co-operation with State - and municipal health authorities. - - 5. The collection and dissemination of sanitary information. - - 6. The conduct of scientific research in matters pertaining to the - public health. - - 7. The enforcement of sanitation in Federal territory and in - connection with Federal administrative affairs. - - -THE PREVENTION OF THE INTRODUCTION OF INFECTIOUS AND CONTAGIOUS -DISEASES. - -The chief national quarantine law is that approved February 15, 1893, -amended and extended by acts of Congress approved August 12, 1894, -March 2, 1901, and June 19, 1906. - -Under these acts the maritime quarantine administration has become -national, many state stations having been voluntarily surrendered -to the Government, others supplanted by the General Government, -because of failure to comply with government regulations, and others -superseded by direct authority of law. - -The diseases excluded from the country by the national quarantine -establishment are cholera, yellow fever, smallpox, typhus fever, -leprosy and plague. - -Some quarantine stations are inspection stations only, but many -are large institutions, comprised of hospitals, quarters, barracks -for detention of crews and passengers, wharves and disinfecting -machinery, and boarding vessels, all requiring good administrative -ability on the part of the commanding officer, who must also be -expert in the detection of disease. - -When a ship from a foreign port arrives off a port of the United -States, it is met by a quarantine officer for inspection under the -national regulations. Fifty medical officers of the service are -engaged in this work at forty-seven separate stations, extending -along the Pacific, the Gulf and Atlantic coasts from Alaska to -Portland, Me. Without the quarantine certificates given these -officers and the bill of health obtained at the foreign port, the -ship would not be allowed entry by the collector of customs and -without his permit it would be unlawful for the ship to unload its -cargo. - -At a few ports, not more than three or four in number, this -inspection is made by a State quarantine officer, a relic of the -system which prevailed prior to 1893, when quarantine was considered -a State rather than a National function. They are obliged, however, -to enforce the National regulations, and are subject to inspection by -the Federal officers, and if they fail or refuse to comply with the -United States regulations the President is authorized to detail an -officer of the Government for that purpose. - -In addition to the diseases remanded by quarantine, others are -excluded under laws relating to immigration, and for this purpose at -the principal ports of entry there are also stationed seventy medical -officers, who, during the past year, for example, examined more than -1,280,000 immigrants, certifying more than 30,000 of them on account -of physical and mental defects. The immigration laws exclude persons -afflicted with any loathsome or any dangerous contagious disease, or -having mental or physical defects which may affect their ability to -earn a living. - -Humanity requires the treatment in hospital of immigrants arriving -sick with ordinary as well as prohibitive diseases, and the large -hospitals connected with the stations are under the professional -conduct of service officers. - -Although the immigration stations are under the control of -commissioners attached to the Department of Commerce and Labor, -nevertheless the medical officers are subject in their professional -work to supervision by the Public Health Service, and their -instructions as to the medical inspection of aliens are prepared by -the Surgeon-General and approved by the Secretary of the Treasury. - - -THE SANITATION OF FOREIGN COMMERCE. - -At certain foreign ports and at certain times, depending upon the -presence of the various quarantinable diseases, either in the foreign -ports of departure or in the country contiguous thereto, officers -of the Public Health Service are detailed by the President to serve -in the offices of the American consuls, to assist them in enforcing -the quarantine regulations for foreign ports. These officers keep -themselves informed of the prevalence of contagious disease in these -cities and the surrounding country. They sign a bill of health which -certifies that all the regulations required to be enforced at foreign -ports on vessels leaving for the United States have been complied -with. - -This involves a knowledge of the point of origin of the freight and -passengers, disinfection of material from an infected locality, the -personal inspection of passengers, particularly steerage passengers, -and their detention if necessary. The power of enforcement of these -regulations lies in the above mentioned act of Congress approved -February 15, 1893, which imposes a penalty of $5,000 upon any vessel -from a foreign port seeking to enter a port of the United States -without this consular bill of health. The consul can legally refuse -a bill of health if the regulations are not complied with. - -In this connection it may be said that officers of the Public -Health Service are stationed constantly at such ports as Hongkong, -Shanghai and Amboy, in China; Yokohama and Kobe in Japan; Salina -Cruz, Manzanillo and Puerto Mexico in Mexico; Guayaquil, Ecuador; La -Guaira, Venezuela, and Havana, Cuba. During the summer of 1911, on -account of cholera conditions prevailing in Italy, Russia and France, -there were officers of this service detailed in the offices of the -American consul at Naples, Genoa, Palermo, Messina and Catania, in -Italy, at Libau in Russia, and at Marseilles, France. In addition -to this, officers were ordered to several other foreign ports of -departure, there to confer with the American consular officers as to -the enforcement of the regulations for foreign ports, and for the -purpose of insuring uniformity of procedure. - -The State Department has done much to assist in the quarantine and -sanitary work in foreign ports, through the interest it has aroused -in the said work on the part of its consular corps. - - -THE OBSERVANCE OF INTERNATIONAL SANITARY TREATIES. - -These treaties or conventions establishing them have been ratified by -the Senate of the United States, as well as by the other governments. - -The International Sanitary Bureau of American Republics at Washington -was founded by the International Conference of American States -held in the City of Mexico in 1901. That conference also called -for international sanitary conventions, which are now held every -two years. Two have been held in Washington. The object of the -conventions is to freely discuss all matters relating to the public -health and particularly those which affect the American Republics, -and the purpose of the international Sanitary Bureau is to encourage -the execution of the resolutions or agreements decided upon by the -conventions. The convention held in Washington in 1905 drew up a -treaty with regard to the quarantine treatment of cholera, plague -and yellow fever, which was signed ad referendum by the official -delegates, and has been confirmed by practically all of the American -Republics. At the meeting in Mexico in December, 1907, action -was taken which has brought the International Sanitary Bureau at -Washington into relations with the International Office of Public -Hygiene at Paris. - -The International Office of Public Hygiene at Paris was formally -inaugurated December 9, 1907. It is the outgrowth of international -sanitary conferences at Rome, Venice and Paris, with regard to the -bubonic plague. The following governments are represented: Algeria, -Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, British India, -Bulgaria, Egypt, Canada, France, Great Britain, Holland, Italy, -Mexico, Peru, Persia, Portugal, Roumania, Russia, Servia, Sweden, -Spain, Switzerland, Tunis, Turkey and the United States. - -Each of these governments has agreed to pay its pro rata of the -expenses necessary to maintain the international office. The -principal object of the office is to collect and bring to the -knowledge of the participating States facts and documents of a -general character relating to public health, especially as concerns -infectious diseases—notably cholera, plague and yellow fever—as well -as the measures taken to combat these diseases. - - -PREVENTION OF THE SPREAD OF INFECTIOUS AND CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. - -These operations are conducted under two laws. One is the national -quarantine act of 1893, already referred to, which contains -practically the same provisions for interstate as for maritime -quarantine. The other is the annual law passed by Congress -appropriating an “epidemic fund” which contains a provision that -it may be used in aid of State and local boards of health in the -enforcement of their quarantine regulations, as well as those of the -national service—to be used, however, only against certain specified -epidemic diseases, viz., cholera, yellow fever, smallpox, typhus -fever and bubonic plague. - -Now, with these two laws in hand, and when the appearance of any of -the above-named diseases in any State so require, the officers of -the Public Health Service are at once upon the scene with the double -object of seeing that the Treasury Interstate Quarantine Regulations -are enforced by the State or local authorities and to offer aid, as -authorized by law. - -When aid is extended, the Government’s funds must be expended by its -own officers, and the latter are therefore placed in charge and have -the co-operation and assistance of the State or local authorities. -They have, therefore, the support of the State and local laws and -regulations, as well as those of the Federal Government. This is -fortunate, since experience has shown the importance, in a Republic -like ours, of local sympathy and support. - - -THE COLLECTION AND DISSEMINATION OF SANITARY INFORMATION. - -The Public Health Bureau, through its Division of Sanitary Reports -and Statistics, compiles and publishes each week a pamphlet called -the Public Health Reports. It contains a statistical report from all -cities in the United States of more than 10,000 inhabitants, and -some others, giving the morbidity and mortality in each city with -regard to twelve diseases and the total mortality from all diseases. -It contains also a statement of the weekly mortality in some 120 -foreign cities from thirteen communicable diseases. It gives special -information concerning quarantinable diseases and sanitary measures -in the United States and foreign countries. The foreign information -is received through the United States consuls and service officers -abroad. - -Collective investigations are being made of the prevalence of -pellagra, infantile paralysis and leprosy. - -A compilation has been prepared of state laws bearing upon reporting -diseases, with a view to increasing the collection of morbidity -statistics and bringing about improved methods and greater uniformity -in their collection. - - -CONDUCT OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH. - -In the District of Columbia, in a commodious building, the Public -Health Service has its hygienic laboratory, a research laboratory -exclusively for public health investigations. It is conducted in four -divisions, viz., bacteriology and pathology, chemistry, zoölogy and -pharmacology. This organization brings under the same roof, and in -intimate association, scientific workers in each of these several -branches, interesting facts developed in one line of investigation -being made freely known to the investigators in other lines of -research. - -Officers are detailed to receive instruction in this laboratory, -thus enhancing the scientific attainments of the corps and giving -opportunity for selection of those best qualified for permanent -detail in research work. In this manner specialists have been and are -being developed on various subjects, such as typhoid fever, pellagra, -hookworm disease, infantile paralysis, scientific disinfection, etc. - -Public Health Service officers may be found in the States -investigating other diseases than those named in the epidemic law, -viz., typhoid fever, infantile paralysis, cerebro-spinal meningitis, -hookworm disease, malaria, pellagra, dengue fever, milk sickness, -etc. These investigations are usually made at the request of State -health authorities. The bureau at Washington, on receiving a request -from a city or locality for expert aid, invariably refers the request -to the State Board of Health before compliance. - -The laws permitting these investigations are, first, the interstate -section of the quarantine law of 1893; and second, the act of -Congress approved March 3, 1901, providing a building for the -hygienic laboratory for investigations of contagious and infectious -diseases and matters relating to the public health. As the -investigations require laboratory examinations, they come within this -last named law and the appropriation which supports it. - -In various States of the Union, there are thirteen establishments -engaged in the production of vaccines, antitoxins and serums, -which play so important a part in modern therapy. The variation in -the potency and the occasional impurity of these products caused -Congress to pass an act July 1, 1902, requiring a license for their -manufacture for sale in interstate traffic. - - -ENFORCEMENT OF SANITATION IN FEDERAL TERRITORY. - -In the Philippine Islands, where the government is by commission and -a legislature, much work of value to the public health is performed -in the bureau of science under the insular government. There are, -however, in the several ports of the Philippines medical officers -of the Public Health Service under appointment from the Treasury -Department in Washington, engaged in the transactions of both -incoming and outgoing quarantine. Two of these officers, in addition -to their supervision of the national quarantine, are also director -and assistant director, respectively, of the public health of all the -Philippines. - -In Hawaii you will also find medical officers conducting the national -quarantine. They are also assisting the territorial health board in -preventing the recurrence of plague by the extermination of rats -and continuous bacteriological examination of those captured. One -of these officers is the official sanitary adviser of the Governor -of Hawaii, and is carrying on a campaign for the eradication of -disease-bearing mosquitoes. - -Here also may be observed the leprosy investigation station, also -controlled by our officers, both on the island of Molokai, where -hospital and other accommodations have been erected under the law of -March 3, 1905, appropriating $100,000 for this purpose, and at the -receiving station at Honolulu, where cases are seen in the earlier -stages. - -In Porto Rico public health officers are enforcing the United States -quarantine regulations under the acts of Congress relating to Porto -Rico and national quarantine. The campaign which has practically -eradicated plague from San Juan is being conducted by the Federal -Public Health Bureau. - -In the Canal Zone you will find two commissioned officers enforcing -quarantine regulations at Ancon on the Pacific and Colon on the -Atlantic. These officers are loaned to the Isthmian Canal Commission. -This is an important adjunct to the work of the canal, because it -would be useless to clean the zone if fresh importations of disease -were permitted. - -I will now devote a few words to the Health Bureau organization in -Washington by means of which all the functions or activities above -described are administered under one head. - - -THE ORGANIZATION OF THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE. - -The law which changed the name of the Marine Hospital Service and -made it a Public Health Service was approved July 1, 1902. This law -fixed the status of the officers, enlarged the hygienic laboratory -and gave it an advisory board, provided for the conferences with the -State and Territorial Boards of Health, provided for compilation and -publication of statistics, and directed that the President should -prescribe rules for the conduct of the service and the uniforms of -its officers and employes. - -It also provided for a Public Health and Marine Hospital Bureau at -Washington. - -By an act of the Congress approved August 14, 1912, the name of the -Public Health and Marine Hospital Service was changed to Public -Health Service. The public health functions and duties of the service -were extended and certain changes were made in the salaries of the -officers. - -The Public Health Service is under the supervision of the Secretary -of the Treasury, and is in charge of the Surgeon-General, who has six -Assistant Surgeons-General in charge of the Bureau Divisions. These -divisions are as follows: - -1. Foreign and Insular Quarantine and Immigration. - -2. Domestic (Interstate) Quarantine. - -3. Personnel and Accounts. - -4. Marine Hospitals and Relief. - -5. Scientific Research and Sanitation. - -6. Sanitary Reports and Statistics. - -The above lengthy description of our present public health activities -has been necessary not only in order to demonstrate their character, -and scope, but also as an illustration of the variety of legal -authority existing for the enactment on the part of the general -Government of public health work. - -This paper will not admit of the incorporation into it of the -national laws relating to public health which are now operative, -but a careful inspection of these laws will demonstrate that they -will admit of such interpretation as would make possible an almost -unlimited amplification of our present public health activities, the -limit being only one of appropriations and officers. - -Careful analysis of the present health laws and activities will -also show that the Government is seeking to control nothing which -any other public health organization would wish to control. The -foundation of the national public health service is in the quarantine -law of February 15, 1893, referred to above. The quarantine service -is today almost entirely national, notwithstanding a local sentiment -for State or municipal control, which exists in two or three cities -only, and which it is believed is destined to a short tenure for the -following reasons: - -It must be admitted that maritime quarantine should be a national -affair. It is a concomitant to commerce, over which under the -Constitution the national government has absolute control, and it -naturally belongs to that department of the government regulating -commerce in other respects. In other words, it seems especially -appropriate that quarantine should be one of the functions of the -Treasury Department which registers, licenses and enrolls all -merchant vessels of the United States, inspects the hulls, boilers -and machinery of such vessels, determines the number of passengers -which said vessels may carry and provides for the housing and rations -of the crews. - -Besides this, it carefully examines all pilots upon American -vessels and determines upon granting them licenses. It enforces -the navigation laws and aids vessels in distress by an efficient -revenue cutter service. It also provides for the care of the sick -of our merchant marine. Then why should it relegate to a State -authority, or health officer of some small port, the one remaining -act of surveillance over vessels, namely, the determination as to -whether they may be admitted to entry from a sanitary standpoint? Why -should it be left to a local appointee, responsible only to a mayor -or governor, the power to determine whether all the people and the -merchandise on vessels destined for all ports of the United States, -shall be permitted to enter without detention; and why should it give -this local officer power to detain such vessels; and further than -that, why should such local officers desire that power? - -In the same way, the other activities of the Public Health Service -conflict in no way with the functions and prerogatives of the State -and local boards of health. Therefore, the term “national health -control” is a misnomer. The term “national health co-operation” would -be much more descriptive of the conditions actually existing. The -interstate health activities above described must of necessity be -governmental functions. The duties and responsibilities connected -with them could not be discharged by States with any degree of -uniformity. Therefore, interstate commerce laws are considered as -appropriate national enactments, and their operation encroaches upon -no State or municipal rights. - -It may be said with a feeling of conviction that the health control -in the United States today is just exactly in accordance with the -desires of the people. The people know that their State and municipal -boards are being aided by the health activities of the national -government rather than being encroached upon. In addition to this -the Federal Public Health Service and the State and municipal boards -are acting in harmony to the following ends: They are controlling -commerce, in order that commerce may not be clogged, and where -necessary they are laying the net of healthful restraint for purposes -of good. - -The government is receiving the good-will and co-operation of the -State and local health authorities in its work of catching and -throwing back the diseased persons who seek entrance to our shores -in the great Waves of immigration. They stand together to check the -merchant or the manufacturer when he is ready or willing to risk the -lives of the people by furnishing improper or impure food or drug -products. They stand together to frustrate the lawyer who seeks by -illegal technicality in the behalf of an individual, or steamship -company perhaps, to force a way around a sanitary barrier erected for -the protection of the people at large. Again, the municipal, State -and government health authorities are standing together to stimulate -the knowledge of our legislators in public health needs and are -combining their knowledge to insure reasonable appropriations for the -carrying out of general public health projects. - -The mission of the three classes of sanitarians above mentioned -may go still further. It may go to the extent of prodding the -conscience of the tardy doctor, and even to the sweeping aside of the -sentimental obstructions which the unenlightened are able to put in -the path of the conservation of life. There is ample law for present -and probably for future needs, and the control of national health -remains, after all, today where it has remained in the past, and -where it always will remain, that is, with the American people, not -solely with the government, nor with the State or municipal health -agencies. Each of the great nations of the world has gone about the -direction of its public health work in its own way, and always with -the realization that the ideal is not necessarily the practical, and -what is best today may be supplanted by better tomorrow. - -To summarize the situation, we have today State boards of health -in control of State sanitation, operating under proper and ample -State law. We have municipal health organizations operating under -their own legal authority, and finally we have the United States -Public Health Service, operating under several laws, as stated -before, more far-reaching in their scope than is indicated by the -activities pursued under their authority. The people, apparently, -are satisfied so far as the Public Health Service is concerned. When -the people want anything more they will demand it, and if available -appropriations will not admit of compliance with such requests -they will be forthcoming. Therefore, I am at a loss to suggest -what additional health legislation is necessary or desirable to be -engrafted upon that already existing in this country, and I am unable -to see the necessity for any different plan of organization so long -as the people, in whose behalf the organization is being maintained, -are satisfied. - -In closing, I wish to say that I have endeavored simply to place -various facts before this Congress, and while I do not pretend to -have exhausted this branch of the subject, I fear that I can not say -the same with regard to your patience. - - -President White here requested Dr. Henry Wallace, of Des Moines, -Iowa, to take the Chair. - - -Chairman WALLACE—We are now ready to hear the report of the Committee -on Lands and Agriculture. The first speaker will be Dr. George -E. Condra, of Lincoln, Neb., whose subject is “Land Frauds, or -Get-Rich-Quick Schemes.” - - -Dr. CONDRA—Mr. President and Delegates: Some of you may recall the -fact that the speaker has briefly outlined this subject at each of -the preceding Congresses, under the head, “Conservation of Business.” -The discussion offered at this time is based on reliable information -secured from many States. It is largely the result of field work. The -data are presented according to the viewpoint of Conservation and -should be so considered. - -Do you fully realize that the principles of Conservation are -permeating every department of human industry, improving the -processes, increasing efficiency, and promoting common honesty, that -the idea of equity is increasing in force? That it is being extended -to business not for the purpose of holding it in check, but primarily -for protection against fraud? This movement for square dealing -certainly is in order for business is sore with graft and tracked by -fraud at every turn. Plain it is that many transactions in the realm -of commerce fall outside the sphere of true business. They grade -from those that are doubtful on through to those that are plainly -fraudulent and therefore criminal. The term “business,” however, has -a splendid meaning which should be conserved. It symbolizes honesty, -stability, honor and reliability. Sharp practice, double dealing and -doubtful promotion are but parasites and should be so regarded. They -have no legitimate place in business and are being eliminated. - -Several persons have spoken in this Congress on pure food, eugenics, -etc. Their messages will tend to make people healthier and better fit -to be fathers and mothers. All this is good. Dr. Wiley and others -have emphasized the importance of pure food and health laws, but how -many go back of this matter of health and food to the land, or source -of our food and raiment and show the great need for pure land laws? -(Applause.) The State trains its sanitary engineers, lawyers and -physicians for their life work. It examines the lawyers and doctors -before permitting them to practice, but how about land agents? They -are good and bad. Many of them have no special qualifications for -their work and should not be permitted to do about as they please -without restriction, promoting this and that deal which may or may -not have merit. Grant me your closest attention and I will point -out certain classes of fraud that operate in connection with the -development of mineral lands, irrigation, fruit lands, eucalyptus -culture, drainage, dry land farming and the small tract propositions. - -_Promotion of Mineral Land._—The amount of money sent from the -country and town and city to doubtful mine promoters is enormous. -The return for this outlay is small, in some places less than one -cent for each dollar. Yet the public does not fully realize that -nearly all reasonably sure propositions are not available for wanton -promotion, that a mere prospect is not a mine, and that fraudulent -promoters are hurting the mining business.[3] - -_Oil and Gas Promotion._—The excitement caused by a developing oil -field is intense. Agriculture gives way to a spirit of speculation -and overvaluation and everything looks good to an investing public. -Fabulous returns appear to be in sight for all who invest in time. -This gives opportunity for professional promoters to do their work, -sometimes on a large scale. They claim a sure thing even when -wildcatting. So they send unwarranted prospectuses broadcast and the -money harvest is on. It is difficult to place the criminality of such -procedure. We only know that it works out badly as a rule. You should -know that it is bad business to accept the unqualified statements of -most oil and gas promotion concerns as a basis for investment. These -persons and concerns interfere with legitimate development and should -be brought under control. - -_Irrigation Schemes._—The Federal Government spends vast sums in -developing the irrigation resources of several dry land States. Such -reclamation is of economic importance. Furthermore, many reliable -individuals and private companies do as well and even better in -developing some projects. As a result of successful irrigation -thousands of happy homes are made where once was only dry land. -Notwithstanding this fact there are fraudulent irrigation promoters. -Scheming individuals sell illegitimate propositions which can not -succeed because of lack of water, unsuitable land or heavy graft. -Such promotion has gone on to such an extent as to call for severe -criticism by many practical irrigationists of the West, and the -Reclamation Department of the Federal Government is increasing its -diligence in checkmating the work of persons who attempt to promote -bad projects. - -_Fruit Land Promotion._—Have you visited the great fruit districts -of Oregon, Washington and other Northwestern States? Do you know -what care is there given to the cultivation and marketing of -apples especially? The fruit is so perfect in form and color. It -is accurately graded for the Eastern and foreign markets. These -splendid successes are widely known and are taken advantage of -by scheming persons who promote the sale of any and all kinds of -land in and near fruit districts. One of the leading fruit men of -Washington says that thousands and thousands of dollars are going -into the hands of concerns that are sure to fail and that the fruit -business is being hurt by such operations. The trouble of it is -that the average investor does not know that the fruit business is -highly specialized, and that many matters concerning soil, exposure, -climate, markets, etc., not known to him, are the features that -determine success and failure. Furthermore, the fraudulent promoter -does not know, neither does he care. - -Doubtful promotion of this kind is not confined to the Northwest -alone. It has hurt the South and may do damage to New York and -other States in which are lands well suited for fruit raising, if -the proper authorities do not conserve the larger interests of the -industry and State against promoters. - -_Eucalyptus Promotion._—For many years the forests of the United -States have been in process of depletion. Some have seen in this, -and with good reason, an approaching timber famine. The alarm has -been sounded, and the demand has gone forth for better methods in -timber utilization, for fire protection, and tree planting. This -is the right thing without doubt, but it affords a loop-hole for -promoters. It is understood, also, that some trees grow faster and -are more all-purpose than others. The eucalyptus are of this kind. -They are of many kinds. Such trees can not be grown on any and every -type of soil and are limited somewhat by climate. It so happens that -California, because of its soil and climate, is the leading State in -culture of eucalyptus. It has several successful groves and larger -plantings, yet the situation is promoted for all it is worth, and -perhaps more. The public (in the Central and Western States) is -worked by carefully-planned selling schemes. The fact is that there -is too much graft in some of them. The process has gone on to such -an extent as to cause the friends of eucalyptus planting to sound a -warning against such procedure. This should cause investors to make -a more careful inquiry of reliable persons, not controlled by the -promoters, before parting with money. The trees must have suitable -soil, climate, and care. - -_Drainage Schemes._—One of the largest lines of development in the -United States is in the field of drainage, whereby swamp and flood -lands are improved. The amount of land that either has or can be -reclaimed by drainage is said to be about 75,000,000 acres. The -Federal Government, various States, companies, and individuals, are -doing this work. Much of such development is well founded, yet there -are bad deals, which might be called deliberate steals in some cases. -Examples of these exist in a few States and much money has been -squandered on projects that can never succeed. Teachers, ministers, -farmers, merchants and others are victimized. In the language of one -of Florida’s representatives at the National Irrigation Congress -of this year, “Persons selling certain wet lands of Florida are -practicing fraud and should be prosecuted as criminals. They are -hurting the good name of Florida and swindling people in the North.” -This person severely criticized certain cities of the North as being -promotion centers. Further comment is not necessary. - -_Dry Land Deals._—Much dry land promotion is fraudulent, caused in -part by misinformation on the part of agents, but due to some extent -to deliberate misrepresentation. For instance, there are places in -Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, western Nebraska, Wyoming, and -other States subject to such promotion. The fact is that a part of -the land in the dry area of each State named is well suited for dry -farming, but that unscrupulous agents sell anything and everything to -unsuspecting persons as being good, awaiting the plow and successful -development. So it is that geographic position has been overworked. -The following points are sometimes overdrawn in securing sales: - -a. The idea that nearly all agricultural land is under cultivation. - -b. The notion that dry farming methods are successful on almost any -kind of dry land. - -c. That the climate, referring to the rainfall especially, is -becoming more favorable for agriculture in dry regions as the years -go by. This notion, used in deceiving thousands of people, is greatly -in error. - -d. Advantage is taken of such fluctuations in rainfall as occur from -year to year and at more or less regular periods, ten to twelve years -apart. During the wet years the country is boomed; at dry times the -people move out and industry wanes. These ups and downs are recurring -features on certain areas not permanently suited for farming. The -process works havoc with the misguided settlers, hurts a State that -encourages it, and brings no lasting beneficial results to land men -who manage the operation. - -Apparently, Nature is no respecter of persons, especially so on the -dry, sandy lands. It is coming to be known that there is no permanent -change for the better in rainfall, frost belts or any thing of the -kind. Some lands are better suited for grazing than for ordinary -farming and should be so managed. - -The speaker is pleased to be the servant of a State that stands -strongly against misrepresentation of land values. Such a policy -works out the greatest good in the long run. It breeds a healthy -demand for a fact basis of development and minimizes the tendency to -“stand up” for the home State by unwarranted “boostings.” - -_Land Schemes in General._—There are many other land projects. The -public has invested largely in small tract propositions in Florida, -Texas, and other States. Much of this promoted land has considerable -value, but some of it is over-estimated, and many investors are quite -apt therefore to lose all or nearly all of their money. Certain kinds -of land look more inviting during one season of the year than at -another. For example, there are places in Texas and Mexico to which -the promoters take their victims in the dry season and to other -lands during the wet season. This year the speaker heard a Texas -representative declare, in a national meeting, that many of the -small tract propositions, together with certain other land schemes -of his State, are filled with fraud. He criticized northern people -for promoting Texas. This should serve at least as a warning to -unthoughtful investors. The good agricultural propositions of Texas -and elsewhere are handled by responsible land agents. - -The movement for the reclamation of the so-called abandoned lands -of some of the older States is quite apt to be hurt by unreliable -promoters. - -_Misrepresentation and Overvaluation._—Not only do some promoters -misrepresent propositions for the purpose of receiving gain -therefrom, but they often advance the sale price unduly. Many -examples of this kind have come to my attention. Two weeks ago I -received a prospectus from Oklahoma, advertising lead and zinc land -for sale at $6.00 a block, twenty feet square, making 1,089 blocks in -the tract of ten acres. This would be $6,534 for the land. I happen -to know the region and own land close to the small tract. The fact -is that one can purchase such a place at $10.00 or less an acre, or -at not to exceed $100 for ten acres. So the difference between $100 -and $6,534 is too much of an advance for those who invest. What do -you think of such a deal? The persons handling it use the general -statement of a geologist which recites the fact that the geological -formation that contains zinc and lead in the Joplin District, some -thirty miles distant, extends through the promoted land. This -statement has no specific importance, but is sufficient for persons -who accept the “get-rich-quick” bait. It is my judgment that Oklahoma -should not permit such a clean-up. (Applause.) - -The public craze for land makes it easy for promoters to do their -work. Many farmers, dominated by a spirit of consideration for their -children, accept the “spiel” and assurance of the “dopster,” sell in -agricultural regions and move onto nearly worthless land, believing -that it will become about like the old home place in time, and that -each child will then have a farm and home. May we not say that he -who deceives a family in this way is a mean man? (Applause.) Can you -think of a worse service to a community? Certain railroads are not -free from blame in that they promote this traffic. The farmer who -accepts the bad “dope” is also to blame. It has taken a long time for -the people to learn that mere belief, opinion, and sentiment are not -strong enough forces to overcome the influence of land not suited for -agriculture. - -If our land seekers could realize how important and far-reaching is -this matter of choosing favorable places for home building, they -would be less easily led astray. They would consider soil, climate, -water supplies and other necessary conditions of success, as they -actually exist, and be governed less by the old arguments and slogans -so often used for land development in general. They would pay less -attention to deceptive literature written for the special purpose of -securing emigrants and sales. They would inquire into the methods -whereby this phase of the land business is carried on, and avoid -being carried off of their feet, especially when on “home-seekers’” -excursions and worked by a well-organized plan. - -Formerly, the newer States encouraged the work of grafting land men. -Time has shown, however, that this was bad business and really a -drawback to permanent development. The present trend is to conserve -the interests of those who go onto and manage the land, making it -easier for them to succeed. They are assisted by the publicity of -useful facts and the censure of fraud. Furthermore, it is coming to -be recognized that State emigrant agents, agricultural experiment -stations, soil surveys and Conservation Commissions should not lend -their support to any interest other than that which brings the -best results to the people of the State. They should stand for the -policies that insure permanent development and do so as their plain -duty. Do you know how public men are urged and tempted to further -the interests of promotion concerns and that there are plenty of -opportunities to sell one’s influence? That it requires diligence -and courage to rightly serve the State? Happily, our public-spirited -citizens who have at heart the best and largest interests of -their States, stand strongly against misrepresentation whether -unintentional or not. They claim that doubtful promotion serves only -in closing deals, and in directing settlers to the land, but that -in the long run the process works a positive harm to the misguided -people and to the State as well, if the land is not suited for -habitation. Fortunately, most States are coming to this viewpoint. -They have learned that it pays to tell the truth when transplanting a -population and directing the permanent development of a State. - -Where do you delegates stand on this proposition, and what is to be -the attitude of your States? - -_Promoters’ Methods._—Do you know the signs of fraud? They are -exposed in the method used in securing money from the community. -The plan is about as follows: A selling scheme is perfected. It is -constructed in a way that leaves no flaws, apparently. Each agent -learns the scheme; he becomes skilled in applying it to the different -types of individuals. Too often it is of little concern whether -the project has merit or not. The chief object is to get money. -Extravagant claims are made in which returns of 100 per cent. or more -a year are said to be a sure thing. The influence of nationality, -church, and fraternal orders are brought to bear in securing sales. -The support of persons with good standing in the community is -secured. Those who assist the promoter are given a reduction for -their influence. The dope is given them often and systematically. So -they soon realize the greatness of the project. This is promotion -psychology. The land is offered at high enough price to permit -reduction for quick sale, which bait works in many cases. Persons -filled with greed for money are easy victims. The above kind of -thing, though less common than formerly, is practiced in most States, -and the wonder of it is that it can continue and why it is permitted -to continue. It is fraudulent and should be stopped entirely if we -are to conserve the interests of good people. - -_Effects of Land Fraud on Local Business._—Many families lose enough -through fraudulent entanglements to give a college education to the -son, a piano to the girls, and general improvements for the home -or farmstead. The drain is away from home and school. Perhaps the -greatest loss is the people who are lured to places where in many -cases they are less well off than in the old home. Persons who lose -in bad deals become suspicious of real business done by reliable men -in the community. They refuse to invest in local developments in -which the returns are sure, though smaller than those promised by -promoters. Many are put out of business entirely by land frauds. - -Do you agree with me in that it is not good business to farm the -land, cash in its fertility and then scatter the proceeds among -grafters? Let us quit chasing the ends of the rainbow, and turn our -attention more towards the right use of the fruits of our labor in -education and home building. (Applause.) - -_Regulation._—There are many laws for the conservation of business. -The Federal Government prosecutes persons who make fraudulent use of -the mails. There is opportunity under the law to recover on account -of misrepresentation; but these laws are not sufficient. Public -sentiment is now ripe for the enactment of special laws to conserve -business against land frauds. Nebraska has made a special study of -the subject, reduced fraudulent procedure by the force of publicity -and public opinion, and will pass special conservation laws in its -next Legislature. Kansas has gained distinction by the enactment -of the well-known “Blue Sky Law.” This is good so far as it goes. -It provides for registration, reports, supervision and penalties. -Many States, as, for example, Wisconsin, Wyoming, and Texas, are to -undertake legislation of this kind at the next sessions of their -Legislatures. - -Provision should be made in the special act against land frauds for -field examination and report upon properties offered for sale. This -field work might be done by the State Soil Survey, or the State -Conservation Commission. - -An essential feature of the act will be the registration of realty -agents and the furnishing of proof that they are competent and -reliable. This will reduce the number of land agents and insure the -responsibility of those permitted to do business. The Western realty -men are now framing a law of this kind to meet the needs of the -various States. - -Apparently there is no opposition to the proposed legislation for it -is to conserve business and eliminate fraud. It is sure to receive -the support of all unless we except those who make gain through -doubtful promotion. If opposition appears before the various -Legislatures it will have the embarrassing position of being on the -side of fraud. - -_Summary._—Let me close this report with the following statements: - -1. This discussion, though favorable to reliable land agents is -against doubtful promoters. - -2. Realty agents should have a practical knowledge of land -classification, soil types and the land business. - -3. Reliable and competent real estate agents have an important place -in the State. They are against promoters and promotion values. - -4. No one should deal with an agent who is not favorably known and is -not good at the bank. - -5. See the land you purchase. Also get a reliable report upon it from -a competent, disinterested party. Base your transaction on facts—not -on opinions. Get a good title and not a mere promise to deliver. - -6. Keep out of the “get-rich-quick” schemes. Quit chasing the ends of -the rainbow. If your fever gets too high, consult a banker. - -7. As a rule, it is best to avoid the “home seekers’” excursions and -“boom” literature, unless you are sure of your footing. - -8. Consult disinterested old-time residents whose places show that -they are actual, successful tillers of the soil in the locality -where you are to buy. They will give you the farm value, and not the -promotion value. - -Ladies and gentlemen, are you ready to support in this important -movement? (Applause.) - - -Chairman WALLACE—I am sorry we haven’t half an hour longer to give -Dr. Condra to skin those skunks. - -We will hear from Mr. Charles S. Barrett, President of the Farmers’ -Union, and finally from Mrs. Lund, of California. I want these -speakers to show their appreciation, their gallantry, by giving her -the last five minutes, and I am going to call them down unless they -do. - - -Dr. CONDRA—It has been suggested that we close this discussion in one -minute. I am very sorry that neither Mr. Barrett, or Dr. Bateman can -be heard. - -My friends, when a State puts upon its statute book an adequate law, -no fake concerns will seek to do business in that State. That is -true. Now, we ask that your committee be continued to the end that -we may report the conditions of the soil and the development of the -soil. I thank you and give ten minutes additional time to the lady. - - -Chairman WALLACE—It is my great pleasure to introduce Mrs. Haviland -H. Lund, of California, whose subject is the “Conservation of Land -and the Man.” - - -Mrs. LUND—It is a great pleasure to follow Dr. Condra, because his -speech is such a good precedent for what I have to say. - -If the masses of the American people knew what one man could -accomplish for himself, physically and financially, upon from one -to five acres of land, this knowledge would revolutionize the -life of the Nation. The congestion in our cities is more than a -country-wide menace. It is an unnecessary outrage. There is land, -good, health-giving land, enough for all the people. - -The conservation of the man has been too long overlooked. -The commercial policy of the Nation could scarcely be called -far-sighted—so wasteful have we been of all natural resources. - -We have despoiled our forests, impoverished our soil, given away the -public domain. Our labor conditions in many respects shame us in -comparison with other nations. Looking about today, it would seem -that our thought has been “Get all we can, no matter how, and waste -it as we will, for after us, the deluge!” But a new commercial and -political spirit is being born; a renaissance of righteousness is -setting in, and the commercial leaders of the country are taking -stock, as it were, of the actual situation. - -Big business men are realizing that a healthy man is worth more -in dollars and cents than a half sick one; it is recognizing that -sanitation is a good investment. It is beginning to wake up to the -fact that the children are more valuable producing machines when -they are well protected, housed, fed and educated. The cry of the -philanthropist to give because it was right and necessary that these -conditions be ameliorated, has met with only sporadic response, but -this new call to do the right thing because it pays in dollars to do -it, is meeting a greater answer from the people. - -Little Farms Magazine found it impossible to evade the responsibility -imposed upon it by its readers. We roused them to a desire to go -out upon the land—to try the new condition. They came to us for -information. We could not go into the land business. We decided to -form “Forward-to-the-Land Leagues” in all principal cities. - -Moneyed men are not asked to contribute alms but only to invest their -money at a nominal rate of interest, which the workingman with his -own home and garden, with health and a living assured, is willing and -able to pay. This has been proved where the experiment has been tried -in the manufacturing cities in England, and in such communities as -San Ysidro, Southern California, in our own country. - -The work of the Little Farms Magazine in the founding of these -Forward-to-the-Land Leagues has been unique and necessary. And its -purposes two fold. - -In the first place, it was of the utmost importance in meeting the -grave problems confronting the nation, particularly that of the -bringing our ratio of agricultural production where it safely -balances the ratio of population, to have a medium by which knowledge -of the intensive methods of agriculture could be brought to the -individual. - -The widespread interest in the forward-to-the-land movement, which -has been taken up alike by press and magazine, has created a hunger -for specific information which occasional columns of general news -can not satisfy. Little Farms Magazine tells, specifically, how a -small acreage will yield and has yielded, industrial independence. It -quotes stories of those who have made good after leaving the old work -of bookkeeping and clerking and taken a “little farm.” - -The problem which the farm presents today is not the same as that -of yesterday. The loneliness and isolation no longer obtains. The -message that the Little Farms Magazine takes to the world today -is that _scientific agriculture makes the acreage necessary for -individual maintenance so small that social life can be developed -on the farm in the most ideal manner_. The magazine advocates the -upbuilding of the social center, with its library, its clubhouse and -gymnasium, its moving pictures and mechanical music. - -As I came through the country from the Pacific Coast and saw the -empty acres of farm land waiting, and then entered the big eastern -cities, and looked into the hopeless, pallid faces of its people, -I could think that the earth, if it had a voice, would cry aloud -with the cry of Him of long ago, who said: “How often would I have -gathered thee as a hen gathereth her chickens, but ye would not.” - - -Chairman WALLACE—There are fifteen minutes left. If Mr. Barrett, -President of the Farmers’ Union, is here we would be glad to give it -to him. - - -Mr. BARRETT—Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: Speaking for -approximately three million American farmers, I can say with absolute -accuracy that the primary article in the creed of Conservation should -be the conservation of the man on the land. - -In volume and variety of resources, the United States is the -mightiest nation in the world. It is true that the British Empire -may, through its dependencies, have a greater territorial reach, but -from the standpoint of a continuous stretch of land and the body of -acres cultivated and susceptible to cultivation, America admittedly -leads the world. - -The effect of this handicap is indicated not only in the present -breadth of our domestic and international commerce, but to a greater -extent in the promise of its more wonderful commercial conquests -yet to come. The Nation is barely on the threshold of its destiny. -That fact should not mislead us as to the difficulties in the way of -making the destiny real, and not merely a boastful prophecy. - -In the process of transmuting our possibilities into assets—what -is the dominant factor? The American farmer. I challenge any of my -distinguished audience to mention a single phase of commerce, one -feature of trade, the smallest detail of actual subsistence that does -not eventually trace back to the man plodding out there on the acres. - -Napoleon said an army traveled on its belly. He could have said, with -equal truth, that civilization travels on its belly. And the farmer -is the factor that fills the Great American Stomach, and that keeps -full every dinner pail, regarding which we have heard so much during -political campaigns. More than that, he also clothes the armies of -development. Nor must we forget that with the South’s cotton as the -lever, he keeps the international trade balance on the American side -of the ledger. You tell me the manufacturer plays a large part in -our current and our probable development. This is true. You tell me -also, that what might be called trade-strategy, pure and simple—the -proverbial “Yankee shrewdness”—is going to win for America the bulk -of the world’s business. - -I do not dispute these assertions. But I answer: That back of -trade-strategy and of dollar-diplomacy is—the American farmer. -Without him, all would be in vain; without him, all of those -resources we agree ought to be conserved would melt into impalpable -air. - -Let us admit, then, that the farmer is the keystone in the arch -not only of national advance, but of sheer national existence. His -problems, then, are the Nation’s problems and his welfare, the -Nation’s welfare. No nation is stronger than its farmers. If the -farmer is poorly nourished, if the Government is negligent of his -rights, indifferent to his mental development and moral soundness, -the way will be surely blocked to our national march forward. - -It is to the vital interest of America to cultivate intensively not -only the farm, but—what is more important—to cultivate intensively -the farmer. What use to conserve our resources, unless we conserve -the man behind the resources? The stability of national progress and -of government itself is dependent upon conserving the farmer. - -All of you within hearing of my voice may say: “We concede these -facts. Are we not, right now, trying to aid the farmer, to conserve -him, to intensively cultivate his possibilities and safeguard his -rights?” And I answer: “Probably you are. But you can not help—you -can not conserve—you can not cultivate the farmer unless you mix and -mingle with him in the first person—not for twenty-four hours, but -more likely for twenty-four months or twenty-four years.” I give -full credit to the splendid intentions of the men who have tried and -who now are trying to aid the farmer. But you can not adequately -grasp his problem by using field-glasses from the convention hall or -interviewing him over a long distance telephone, so to speak. - -The scientists who are searching for secrets, the missionaries who -are looking for converts, use neither of these methods. They go -straight to the scene of battle. And so must all persons do, my -friends, if they expect intelligently to conserve, to cultivate -the American element which is the pivot of all other elements in -this country. Study him at first hand, then your sympathies will be -practical, not theoretic; your suggestions based on conditions, not -on conjecture. Fight with him, side by side, in the ranks, day by -day. That is the only way you can learn of the foes—not the least -of which is his own weakness—which he has to combat, and what his -victory means to the weal or woe of this common country of ours. - - -At this point President White reassumed the Chair. - - -President WHITE—The ex-President of this Congress, familiarly called -“Uncle Henry,” and, in dignified circles, Dr. Henry Wallace, but who -doesn’t like the name and prefers “Uncle Henry,” will speak tonight, -as will Judge Ben B. Lindsey, of Denver, Colo., the children’s friend. - -The morning session is now at an end. We hope you will get back here -at 2 o’clock, because we have a very full program. - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[3] These statements are based on many specific examples of -fraudulent promotion. - - - - -FIFTH SESSION. - - -The Congress reconvened in the Murat Theater, at 2:00 o’clock p. m., -and was called to order by President White. - - -President WHITE—On account of Professor Fairchild’s being called -away, having to leave on an early train, we will listen to his -address first this afternoon. Professor Fairchild is foremost in the -ranks of modern education, in teaching the conservation of human -life, the conservation of the soil, and everything that goes to make -up thorough manhood among the boys of the land. I now introduce to -you Prof. E. T. Fairchild, of Topeka, Kan., President of the National -Educational Association, whose subject is “The Duty of the Teacher.” - - -Professor FAIRCHILD—Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen of the -Congress: With your permission I want to change my subject as -printed. It is not the subject of my remarks this afternoon. I should -like to call it “A Plea for More Equal Educational Opportunities.” - -In the few minutes allowed me, I can only hope to sketch briefly some -of the conditions that confront us today. I shall have some things to -say that represent definitely a great lack of progress, but that I -may not be labeled as a pessimist, I wish at the beginning to state -as my conviction that the present is the best moment educationally -that the world has ever seen. Had I the time, I should like to -describe to you the marvelous progress that has taken place in -certain types of our educational activity. - -The growth of our universities and colleges is little short of -marvelous. In a single decade in these United States the increase in -enrollment has been fully 98 per cent. This increase in enrollment -has also been manifested in Europe, in England, where there has -been a genuine increase in the number of provincial universities. -The increase in enrollment in the past ten years is most marked -in Germany. In Germany, where there have been no new institutions -erected the increased enrollment in a single decade represents 60 -per cent. Such is the history of the increased enrollment, which, -with increased efficiency in the way of larger and more efficient -faculties, has taken place in this country and in Europe. It is -a world-wide movement, my friends, and so far as I can see, is a -recognition that the best field of opportunity to the ambitious and -capable youth is through the college. - -Then we come to the story of the success of our high schools. Here -again the growth has been phenomenal. Those schools in number and -in enrollment have gone forward by leaps and by bounds. In a single -State, in my own, if I may be pardoned for this allusion, let me tell -you what has happened in five years. The increase in the number of -high schools in five years is one hundred per cent. and the increase -in the number of teachers one hundred and twenty per cent. This is -simply typical of the condition all over these United States. Again -we have a concrete instance of the conviction upon the part of our -people that the boy or girl of today who is to have something like -an equal chance tomorrow, should have the opportunities provided by -our high schools. I wish I had time to expand before you this growth -and its meaning to our nation, but it is not my purpose to discuss -that at length. I want to say, however, that as the result of this -marvelous activity and growth we have had in our high schools and our -graded schools in the cities, we have reached a maximum term. We are -having a constantly enriched curriculum and generous expenditures -are being made everywhere. Modern buildings, the latest word in -lighting and heating and ventilation are found everywhere. Thorough -organization characterizes this type of our educational work. - -A vital point in the development of this growth, this high -organization, is the expert supervision that has charge of these -schools everywhere. - -It is upon these higher institutions, the universities, the colleges -and the high schools that the emphasis of educational thought -and interest has been bestowed. Here notable investigations are -constantly in progress with a view to still greater efficiency. Here -the active and moral influence of the best and wisest of our country -finds expression. Every one is aware of these educational activities -and all are proud of them. We are spending money most generously for -the city grade schools, for the high schools, for the colleges and -the universities. - -But, good friends, now I come to the essential thing I wish to -present to your attention. Of the twenty-five million boys and girls -in the United States today of school age a majority receive their -foundation training in the rural schools, or in an environment that -is characteristically rural. And what of these types of schools? Do -we find the same advancement? Do we find the same public concern? -Do we find the same skill and organization and supervision? Do we -get such results as are being secured by city schools? They do not -measure up in the character of teaching, friends, in the kind of -courses of study, in the length of the term, in the results obtained -and this is perfectly obvious to the student of rural schools. There -has been no such progress. What we have too often is the untrained -teacher in the rural schools; terms ranging from three months up -to six and seven; buildings that lack in every modern application -of light, heat, ventilation and sanitation and all attractiveness; -ground that too often is the sore spot of the community; houses that -too often represent or suggest the pest house rather than a place of -learning; inadequate support financially and inefficient supervision. - -I want to speak briefly, then, to you in the few minutes that I have -left as to four vital defects, as I view them, that it seems to me -are the defects that we, as a nation, ought to undertake to remedy. - -First, we have too many untrained, inexperienced teachers in these -schools. In saying this, my good friends, I am not unmindful of the -fact that in thousands of communities in this country of ours are -to be found rural conditions that are most pleasant, that there -are thousands of teachers in rural schools consecrated to their -work, performing a daily service for those boys of inestimable -value; but listen, in one of the largest cities of this Union the -superintendent of public instruction in a report said of 10,500 rural -school teachers 9,400 are themselves but eighth grade graduates. -I want to avoid being too explicit in pointing to the places, but -I personally know of a State, a State that stands well above the -average, I think, educationally in the United States, in which of the -8,000 rural school teachers 4,400 in 1910 had only such training as -is found in the country school and not beyond the eighth grade. In -too many places this condition prevails. I believe I am well within -the truth when I say that of the teachers of the fourteen million -boys and girls in the rural districts of America today who are being -taught, more than fifty per cent. of those teachers have themselves -an academic training that does not extend beyond the grades. - -But, to return to the subject of the high schools, that I spoke of a -moment ago. See how conditions have changed as to the training and -kind and character of the teachers that must be placed therein. It is -rare that you see a teacher of a high school who is not a graduate -of a high school and in many cases of a normal school. In the rural -school, the first defect is that we have too many poorly trained -teachers. - -The next thing I wish to speak of as a great defect in our present -system is our manner of raising and distributing tax. You are aware -that the prevailing unit of school organization in America is the -district. In my own State we have 13,400 teachers; to boss, guide and -direct those 13,400 teachers is an army of 30,000 school officers. -By the way, he is the most numerous officer in this country. Within -a radius of three miles you will run across a school officer in -most of the States of the Union, a condition that makes for lack of -uniformity, lack of singleness of purpose, the most wasteful, the -most extravagant system that could be devised. But I want to speak -a word in regard to taxation. The trouble is, good friends, that -our system of distribution of taxes is utterly unfair and utterly -prejudicial to the best interests of the child. On the one side of -the road is a district having a splendid valuation with a low tax -that may maintain eight months of school with a splendid teacher, a -good building, and on the other side of the road, the maximum reached -by law or gone beyond it, they are only able to supply the most -inferior facilities for the boys and girls. The day must come when we -shall have a prevailing system at least with the county as a unit for -the taxes to be raised and distributed, so that the boy or girl who -lives in some poor part of that county or State shall have the same -opportunity as far as money will bring it to have a good teacher. The -fact is that poor communities are the ones that ought to have the -best teachers in all this land (applause), and that the contrary is -too often true I am sure you will all agree. - -Let me say as to the courses of study now a word or two. I have, -good friends, said to you that there are twenty-five million boys -and girls of school age in America, fourteen million of these in -rural schools. Now, listen, of these fourteen million less than -twenty-five per cent. are so much as completing the work of the -grades in this, the morning of the twentieth century. If this does -not spell tragedy then I have no means of interpreting these facts. -Less than twenty-five per cent. To assign the reasons for this is -difficult, but because of the kind and character of these schools, -because they are lacking, because they are not making the progress, -because they have not the attractiveness that our city systems -have, is a reason why these boys and girls do not stay. But there -is another and further reason. The course of study too often lacks -vitality; somehow and someway we have not grasped the thought that -the school has a larger and wider duty than consuming all its time -and energy in text book knowledge. Somehow and someway we have -failed to see there, as we are coming to see in our more highly -organized system, that to interest that boy and girl, to send them -out capable, self-sustaining citizens, we must do more than consume -our time and energies on the text book knowledge. I should like to -see a reasonably but not rigidly classified course of study with -adequate attention to fundamentals, to large opportunity for hand -work and with every possible connection between the experience of the -school and the actualities of life. We must vitalize these schools. -Another important thing in connection with our rural schools is this: -the great majority of these boys and girls are denied high school -privileges. Here in the city of Indianapolis with the splendid system -of high schools that they have small wonder is it that the boy and -girl in the grades if possible persevere in the work, looking forward -always to the opportunity to get this liberal education afforded in -the high school. Often this is not true in the country. As I said a -moment ago, the great majority of these boys and girls are denied -such opportunities, denied for geographical reasons, for financial -reasons. If every township there could be created a rural high -school, in its course of study emphasizing the things that are most -needed in the lives of the boys and girls in that township, preparing -them by a well developed and organized course of study for the great -and important and practical business of life—if such an institution -could be put within the reach of those fourteen million boys and -girls, don’t you agree with me that many more than twenty-five per -cent. would finish the work of the grades in the hope that they, too, -might enter these schools and enjoy their advantages. And so I say, -there is another great defect that some way ought to be overcome. - -Now, just a word or two further. The last defect that I will mention -is the question of supervision. In my judgment the commanding reason -for the development and growth of our city schools is the skilled -supervision supplied by the city superintendent. If we could have -like supervision in these schools in the country the development -would be marvelous and it would be rapid and vital. We have county -superintendents. They have them here in Indiana. We have them in -our State, but in no single instance so far as I am aware, is this -supervision adequate. First of all, to remedy the question of the -supervision of our schools, the question of the superintendency -should be taken absolutely out of politics. (Applause.) It is a -crime against the children of this nation to select either a city -superintendent or a county superintendent upon any other basis than -educational qualifications. (Applause.) The children of Indiana, the -children of every other State of this Union will never come into -their own, good friends, until the supervising element is selected -because of their being experts in the job they are looking for. - -Now, just one other thing on that. It is perfectly preposterous to -expect a superintendent in a county such as there are in my State, -for illustration, to visit one hundred and fifty or more schools, -going over roads in all times of year, in all conditions, to make -his visits worth while. He may get there once a year. We ought to -imitate Oregon in this respect. In Oregon they have subordinate -superintendents, one for every twenty schools. There they can -accomplish something. - -My time is more than taken. You have been patient, as has your -President. I thank you most sincerely. I only regret that I can only -touch the edges of this problem. - -In conclusion, you representatives of this National Conservation -Congress, here is the problem. The great thing we need to do, first -of all, is to make public everywhere the actual condition of the -rural schools. Publicity is the first step; organization is the -second; organization of national scope and of State scope. Give me -twenty common people in any State in this Union and I will guarantee -to see that the rural schools make more real genuine advance in the -next five years than under ordinary circumstances they would do in -ten years. - -The country is the Nation’s great recruiting ground. Here we look for -the best men and women of tomorrow who are to take leadership, who -are to represent in their actions and in their lives the good red -blood that characterizes the Anglo-Saxon race. Are we doing our duty -when but a paltry three million five hundred thousand out of a total -of fourteen million are not so much as accomplishing the work of the -grades? (Applause.) - - -President WHITE—Louisiana has been first and foremost in several -phases of Conservation. Louisiana stands first in making forestry -possible by wise and beneficial laws that encourage forestry, and I -think Louisiana stands among the first in its State Board of Health, -doing something worth while in every parish. I have the pleasure of -introducing to you Dr. Oscar Dowling, of New Orleans, Louisiana, -President of the Louisiana State Board of Health, who will speak on -“Hygiene in Relation to Public Health.” - - -Dr. DOWLING—Mr. Chairman, Members of the National Conservation -Congress, Ladies and Gentlemen: We are very glad to have this -opportunity to appear before this great Congress. In the beginning -I want to say that we owe much of our enthusiasm to the good work -of the Indiana State Board under Dr. Hurty, and to your pure food -department, under Dr. Barnard; also to Dr. Evans, of Chicago, and -Dr. Wiley, of Washington. We have endeavored to imitate them in some -ways, but nevertheless, in some ways we have fallen short. - -Hygiene, the science of preservation and promotion of health, in -some form, has been recognized by every nation since the dawn of -civilization. - -Among the people of antiquity, conquest and domination were directly -dependent on physical vigor, hence their laws regulating this feature -of national life. Among the Greeks, the health idea was embodied -in the cult of Hygeia which arose hundreds of years before the -Christian era, consequent probably to a devastating plague. In the -early period of Rome, when courage and patriotism were cardinal -virtues, physical development was provided for and emphasized. Social -and political fluidity in the middle ages precluded the evolution of -organized thought or systems in sanitary science. - -Individuals set aside conventional thought and method and strove with -Nature that they might learn her secrets; their work was not in vain, -but with few exceptions their discoveries were unimportant. - -The experimental method popularized in Baconian philosophy gave an -impetus to the study of the physical sciences, but many decades -passed before notable deeds were recorded. It was the nineteenth -century, scientific in spirit and achievement, that made vital the -long result of time and opened a perspective before undreamed of. The -awakened health conscience of today is the crystallized result. - -In scientific annals, the discoveries of the bacteriologist rank -among the first. Perhaps, in the evolution of knowledge no truths are -more potential. Within a generation the influence is marked, not only -in relation to the individual and community, but in effect on the -civilized world. The sanitarian with this knowledge was enabled to -demonstrate control of environment. The success of the experiment has -opened a new world just as surely as did the discovery of October, -1492. - -The changed viewpoint of the relative value of hygiene in its -application to life is due not wholly to the discoveries in medical -science. It is one phase of the general awakening to the defects of -the present social order: a manifestation of the modern attitude -toward “waste.” Efficiency implies economy, not alone of expenditure, -but of material resource and vital force. - -Conservation and preservation of the material wealth of the country -is dominant in the intellectual activity of all enlightened people. -But it becomes increasingly apparent that the Nation which conserves -its mines, forests, soil and sources of power is poor indeed if its -men lack virility and mental initiative. This thought is back of the -public health movement. The impulse is in part commercial, in part -scientific. It grows out of recognition of the futility of remedial -and philanthropic measures and the conviction of the potentialities -of science for human betterment. In import the movement is ethical -and spiritual; it is beyond question the greatest of modern times. - -This meeting is significant of the changed attitude toward the -Nation’s greatest natural resource—its people. The Congress is -national, its purpose conservation, its main topic—to quote from the -invitation—the conservation of vital resources. There is significance -also in the topics selected for discussion in the health section. -They relate to the larger aims of sanitary science. In the popular -mind health work has reference only to superficial conditions, -control of epidemics, cleaning of streets and similar activities, but -the hygienist knows that sanitary regeneration means an attack on -many existing institutions, customs, practices and methods that lie -deep in the roots of the social structure. - -Housing, child labor, industrial occupations, labor insurance, vital -statistics, food supply, community methods and conditions are the -subjects chosen for discussion. Their primary importance is apparent. - -The period of twenty minutes allotted for the opening of this -division makes imperative only brief suggestive statements of -the essentials in their relation to public health and individual -well-being. - -Mr. Lawrence Veiller, in the Annals of the American Academy, says: -“We have paid dear for our slums.... No one has ever attempted to -estimate the cost to the Nation of our bad housing conditions, -because it is an impossible task.... Who can say of the vast army of -the unemployed how large a portion of the industrially inefficient -are so because of lowered physical vitality caused by disadvantageous -living conditions? Of the burden which the State is called on to -bear in the support of almshouses for the dependent, hospitals for -the sick, asylums for the insane, prisons and reformatories for the -criminal, what portion can fairly be attributed to adverse early -environment?” Describing surroundings, the author continues: “The -sordidness of it all, the degrading baseness of it, unfortunately is -withheld from the eyes of most of us. What it can mean to the people -who have to live in the midst of it we can but faintly conceive. -Let us frankly admit that these conditions result in imposing upon -the great mass of our working people habits of life that are more -compatible with the life of animals than with that of human beings.” - -Moreover, not alone in the slums do these conditions exist. In almost -every city of the Union, a few blocks from the main thoroughfares, -there are congested districts unspeakably bad. - -With the knowledge we now have of the relation to health and sickness -of air, sunlight and propagating agencies of disease incident to -dirt, it is nothing short of criminal to tolerate such conditions. -If physical suffering only were the result, indifference would be -unpardonable, but overcrowded homes, insanitary in every respect, -make for low standards of decency and morality. Vice, with its -correlatives, disease and pauperism result. Often crime and insanity -make the chain complete. The conditions of life in the middle ages as -recorded in history seem to us barbarous in the extreme; relatively, -ours really are. Then, there was no certainty as to the effect of -insanitary environment; the people did not know; we do, yet with -inexplicable indifference communities not only let the worst obtain, -but they permit a perpetuation of the system. Authorities stand -aghast at the expense involved in the tearing away of a whole section -of a city, but the cost of such a measure easily, often probably, -may become a mere item in comparison with the economic loss from an -epidemic of a virulent type. - -It is a hopeful sign that a few enlightened municipalities have set -an example in remodeling districts, not only in the erection of -comfortable homes, but further in the establishment of healthful -and beautiful environments. The housing problem is one of the -most difficult and complex of our day. It can be solved only by -enlightened legislation supported by public opinion. - -About a century and a quarter ago the factory system began to -develop with intensity in England. Later, in this country, it grew -by leaps and bounds. Child labor with its attendant evils was a -logical result. For nine years there has been systematic effort to -control the unhygienic features of the system. Some good has been -accomplished, but because of the nature of the problem progress -is slow. The injury to the child is plainly apparent. Long hours -in poorly ventilated rooms, with constant use of the same set of -muscles, stunts and dwarfs the body; equally, the mind. Toil of this -nature uses up the young life; it leaves the State the burden of -caring for an individual hopelessly inefficient if not worse. But -of more importance is the consequential physical deterioration. If -these youthful toilers grow to maturity their bodies are devitalized; -if they marry their children are almost invariably low in vitality. -Hygiene in its application does not imply the remedy of existing -conditions alone for the individual or the present; it looks to -the future. Therefore, protection of the child is a principle of -paramount importance. - -Child labor laws are now more humane than a few years ago; conditions -in many factories have been vastly improved. But as yet we are far -from an ideal stage in the regulation and supervision of this feature -of industrial life. - -Every argument concerning the employment of children in factories -may be applied to women engaged in similar occupations. In the mills -and shops where women stand all day, where they endure for hours not -only unhygienic environment, but in addition mental anxiety, where -the whip “employed by the week only” is held over them, the nervous -strain as well as physical exertion saps the very foundations of -vitality. Investigations made by Dr. R. Morton of New York, show -the health of industrial women is proving a serious thing in the -United States, and unless conditions are bettered that there will -be a general breakdown of the working women of the country. Nor is -this the sum total of the consequences. In the children of these -women low vitality is perpetuated. Records quoted by Dr. George Reid, -Health Officer of Stafford, England, give the mortality of children -under one year of age as greater among those of mothers who work in -factories than among home mothers. Statistics compiled by him show -the death rate one hundred and forty-five per one thousand births for -infants of home mothers and two hundred and nine per one thousand -births for infants of mothers who work in factories. The injury to -the State is apparent. - -On the question of prevention of occupational diseases, I cannot -do better than quote the measures suggested by Dr. H. Linenthal, -of Boston. They are: collection of accurate data about working -conditions; data relative to the effect of occupation on mortality; -proper medical instruction; reporting to health authorities specific -industrial diseases; examination of all industrial workers; exclusion -of minors and women from certain industries; sanitary laws for -factories; regulation of dangerous trades by health authorities, and -the carrying of an educational campaign of hygiene among employers -and employes. The comprehensiveness of these measures indicates the -extension of the problem. No movement of recent times is more humane -and economic than the one termed industrial insurance. - -The purpose is the capitalization of the workingman’s energy at the -time of his greatest productivity; the basic principle that every -far-sighted social policy is founded more on energy reserve than -money reserve. The aim is to secure for the nation the greatest -possible reserve of bodily and mental force and power and physical -and moral health. - -The problem has been attacked in various ways by different -countries. Germany has been the most successful. There the -workingman’s insurance has attained the dimension of a gigantic -social institution. Dr. Frederick Zahn of Munich, Director of -the Bavarian Statistical Office, in a recent address, gave the -following interesting figures: Out of 16,000,000 laborers in Germany, -14,000,000 are carrying sick insurance, and 15,700,000 invalid and -old age policies. - -In the past twenty-five years over one billion six hundred million -dollars have been paid in benefits. In addition, prophylactic -measures are provided for. - -Only those familiar with the necessities for correct data in health -work appreciate the immediate and imperative need for statistical -information. Records of births and deaths and of supplementary -details form a basis for advancement. Without such data, the -sanitarian gropes in the dark. Yet no request from the health -department is so lightly treated. Reform in this can be wrought -slowly. Appropriations to pay registrars and enforcement through the -courts are the means for the inauguration of a more perfect system. - -One of the hygienic essentials in this country is education in the -relative values of food products. The phenomenal growth of the urban -population which has reduced the number of producers and the almost -universal practice of adulteration make imperative the enforcement of -stringent laws and instruction in the nutritive value of classes of -foods and the economy of selection. - -The campaign for a supply of clean, pure milk in many centers has -grown out of the effort to lower the infant mortality rate. It has -stimulated inquiry and supervision of other food products which is -encouragingly prophetic. - -Hygiene in its application to personal and community life is -essentially preventive. This idea is not sufficiently understood to -be taken at its real value; curative measures the people commend, -but possible calamity seems remote, therefore, prevention does not -appeal. It is this concept of the collective mind that lies back of -the extravagant parsimony universal in health appropriations. It also -explains public apathy and indifference. - -The most practical means for sanitary progress are two, education of -all the people in the primary truths of hygiene, and the application -of the science through governmental agencies. These are so closely -related that they are practically inseparable, but logically may be -differentiated. - -Hygiene is an organized science; its principles are rational and -demonstrable; its application will bring returns economic, ethical -and spiritual. This must be acceptably taught to the people by -methods suited to the present state of the public mind. Conviction -that will lead to action is the end to be sought. Education will -create a public sentiment persistent and insistent for measures -promotive of public good. Concomitant with this effort, in fact a -part of it, the various units of government should be executives -in the establishment of hygienic measures and the abolition of -insanitary conditions. When people believe that the eradication of -typhoid fever and hookworm disease is more important than high or -low tariff; when they become convinced that malaria is a national -disgrace and uncleanliness a relic of barbarism, there will be money -and judicial decisions for the elimination of these defects. - -Fortunately, these are the views of an increasingly large number of -people. There is a health awakening. The principles of the science -of health are every day becoming concrete in laws, and habits of -thought and living. It is the conviction of the progressive minority -that a Nation’s first duty is to conserve and protect its citizens, -to develop a community of efficient men and to minimize natural -disadvantages. Further, that collective intelligence must plan for -the preservation of the people and the perpetuity of the State, and -in so doing must recognize public health as fundamental, both in the -simple phases and in its comprehensive aspect. (Applause.) - - -President WHITE—The next subject to be discussed is by one who -employs labor in the State of Indiana, and who is a large employer of -labor. His subject is “The Duty of the Employer.” I now take pleasure -in introducing to you Dr. Edward A. Rumely, of Laporte, Indiana. - - -Dr. RUMELY—Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: Four generations -ago, there were but three millions of Americans scattered along -the Atlantic Seaboard. Back of them was a vast virgin continent, -the richest the white man had ever found in the long migration upon -which our race started ages ago. The American continent was rich in -timber, in the soil fertility of its vast valleys and prairies, and -rich beyond measure in the superabundant deposits of mineral wealth. -The first settlers were few in number; they brought with them but -few tools and little wealth that today we would call capital. It was -the natural and proper thing for them to set to work to gain, with -the least possible labor, the great natural wealth that the virgin -continent treasured for them. - -They killed the fur-bearing animals, felled the trees to export -lumber, dug in the quickest way the mineral wealth of the land and -started to grow such crops as would carry to market the greatest -value from the fertility of the virgin prairies. Wheat was easily -transported, and each bushel contained from twenty to thirty cents -of soil value. Hence with wheat our prairies were taken under -cultivation, and from the returns of the wheat crops cities and -railroads and homes were paid for. - -Only today, when the average yield per acre has gone down from forty -to thirteen bushels are we beginning to see clearly that by this -process we have been drawing heavily upon our soil capital. - -While the population was small, labor was difficult to secure. Cities -had to be built, roadways opened, railroads constructed, rivers -bridged, and a continent brought under subjection. The process of -the past four generations was possible only because our fathers -economized their own labor and created, as fast as possible, the -values they needed to barter off into the markets of the world for -capital from the superabundant natural wealth that surrounded them. - -Today, we are mining our iron, copper, lead and other metals more -rapidly than any other country in the world. The pioneer farmers -who worked the soils of the south with tobacco and of the east with -wheat, can no longer move off to the west, when, having exhausted the -fertility of our lands, they find farming no longer profitable. The -hundred thousand vigorous Americans who went last year to Canada with -energy, capital and American tools are a concrete evidence that we -have reached the end of the course which we have been traveling. - -The whole country has been startled by the warning of the far-sighted -men, and now the demand for conservation of our natural wealth is -becoming more and more insistent. We have been made to realize that -every child born brings a mouth that must be fed, a body that must -be sheltered and clothed, but no increase in natural wealth. We must -still learn that every child does bring two hands which can work, -and which, when highly trained and backed by scientific knowledge, -can create untold values. Stated otherwise, we must care for our -increasing population, not by increased exploitation of our natural -stores, but by providing abundant work for skilled labor. - - -AMERICAN FARM MUST BE FACTORY—NOT A MINE. - -Our agriculture has been a process of mining. The farm must now -furnish a field for the profitable employment of skilled labor, -for the use of capital, and the application of the principles of -scientific management, becoming thereby a workshop instead of a mine. - -In order to sell the labor power of our people, we must encourage the -development of all secondary industries. By “secondary industries” I -mean those industries which take raw materials that are largely the -product of crude machinery and unskilled labor, and add to them in a -large measure labor and capital values. - -The agricultural implement manufacturer purchases steel and iron -at approximately one cent per pound, and by further refinement -creates implements worth eight cents to twenty cents per pound. The -automobile maker takes lumber and iron, worth from two cents to -four cents per pound, and produces a car worth from thirty cents -to one dollar per pound, while the same materials, worked up into -cash registers, typewriters, etc., would be worth from $3 to $10 per -pound, and in watches from $50 to $5,000 per pound. - - -CREATE VALUES FROM LABOR. - -We began by cutting the maple tree into a cord of wood, worth from -three to seven dollars, and each tree furnished material for one -day’s work. This same tree—if sawed into lumber—is worth twenty -dollars and would furnish employment for one man for three or four -days. If quarter-sawed and more carefully treated, it might be worth -forty dollars and would furnish employment for more skilled and -better paid workers and for a period of from ten to twelve days. And -this same lumber, in a furniture factory would produce furniture -worth from $100 to $500 and would furnish employment directly and -indirectly equal to from six months to one year’s work for one man. - -The whole range of values in this series, from the seven dollars’ -worth of cord wood or $500 worth of manufactured goods, depends -upon the degree of refinement extended to identically the same raw -material through the quality and quantity of labor employed upon -it, the capital expended and the application of greater scientific -knowledge to the processes of production. - -The secondary industries that we must now begin to encourage are -characterized by a wide variety of work. They have different -standards, are not easily susceptible to organization on a large -scale, and hence politically have never acted as a concerted and -effective force. The National Association of Manufacturers has been -held together largely by an exaggerated emphasis upon the struggle -against trades unionism. This ideal of strife with labor is no -longer sufficient, and many believe that much more can be gained -by co-operating with labor to build up the productive power of our -people. - - -SECONDARY INDUSTRIES AND CONSERVATION. - -Today, the interests of the secondary manufacturer coincide closely -with the demands of the conservation movement, and with the best -interest of the Nation. The secondary manufacturer needs a permanent -supply of raw materials. It is to his interest to see that coal, -lumber, iron, electric power generated from our waterfalls, and -every other raw material of manufacture be permanently available -at reasonable prices. Where undue monopoly of the power of such -raw materials exists, the secondary manufacturer will be acting in -accordance with his own enlightened interests if he helps to restrict -and regulate by political action. Reckless exploitation, leading to -exhaustion of any natural store, threatens the very existence of his -business. - -In order to produce in large quantities, the secondary manufacturer -must sell into broad markets; must use freely and extensively -the transportation systems of the country. He realizes that the -development of railroading in the United States (which surpasses that -of any other country in the world, and has knit together a population -of a hundred millions with great buying and consuming power into -one homogeneous market) is one of our great national assets. On the -basis of this broad market, quantity manufacture can be developed as -nowhere else in the world. - - -President WHITE—Before introducing the next speaker, I will read a -letter from Dr. Charles A. Doremus, of New York, whom we expected to -be here. - - NEW YORK, September 30, 1912. - - Mr. J. B. White, President of the Fourth National Conservation - Congress: - - Dear Sir—Much to my regret I am prevented from attending the - sessions of the Congress, though appointed to represent, as a member - of its Committee, the American Electrochemical Society. - - One of the matters detaining me is work in connection with the - American Museum of Safety, which is doing progressive work to - conserve human life. There are now twenty-two such museums and - their beneficial influence is being felt here and abroad. The - large corporations have been enlisted in the work of accident - prevention and allied topics and the recent congresses, the Eighth - International Congress of Applied Chemistry and the International - Congress of Hygiene and Demography, have awakened great public - interest in all that pertains to the preservation of health and life. - - May the Congress over which you have the distinguished honor to - preside still further enlist our people to safeguard not only our - material wealth but the people themselves. - - I have the honor to be, - Yours very respectfully, - CHARLES A. DOREMUS. - - -President WHITE—I now have the pleasure of introducing to you Dr. -J. N. Hurty, of Indianapolis, President of the American Public -Health Association, and Indiana Health Commission, who will speak on -“Conservation of the Human Race.” - - -Dr. HURTY—Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: - -High authority says we are only fifty per cent. efficient; that -we live out less than one-half the natural duration of life, that -we consume twice as much food as is needed to maintain efficient -life, that we waste as much as we use, and that one-half of all -human beings born either die before reaching maturity or fall -into the defective, delinquent or dependent classes. In these -facts we find reasons why we waste the major portion of all our -resources and call it development. In these facts we find reasons -for the existence of robber taxation and predatory business. For, a -people who waste themselves, will, of course, waste their natural -resources. Therefore, the first, the most important, the fundamental -conservation, is the conservation of human efficiency. A people -who cannot be brought to a realization of the fact that they lead -only half lives, and, who realizing, will not end, will show the -nations-to-come what fools the present mortals were. - - -LENGTH OF LIFE. - -Length of life is a resultant of strength. “Honor thy father and thy -mother that thy days may be long in the land the Lord thy God giveth -thee.” It is an honor and it is a strength, for a nation to have a -low sickness and a low death rate with their consequent lengthened -average duration of life. In India, the average length of life is -twenty-five years, in the United States, forty, in England, forty, in -Germany, forty-three and in Sweden, forty-five. The natural duration -is one hundred years. Metchnikoff, after thirty years of study of -disease and death says, only a very few die natural deaths, most of -mankind commit suicide. That is, most people do not know how, or will -not, conserve their vitality, and thus results a greater or less -period of disability and inefficiency with premature death. Nature -does no fooling, she has her laws and they are enforced up to the -handle. - - -VITAL ASSETS. - -Comparison of vital and physical assets as measured by earning -power, show that the vital are three to five times the physical. -The facts show that there is as great room for improvement in our -vital resources as in our lands, water, minerals and forests; and -furthermore, this improvement must come first for through human life -only is natural conservation possible. The dead past may bury the -dead, but living and strong men, not the weakly and sickly, must do -the work of Conservation. - - -ILLNESS. - -From our vital statistics, which constitutes the bookkeeping of -humanity, we learn that fully 100,000 people in Indiana are sick at -all times, 25,000 of whom are consumptives. Not less than half of -this is preventable, and three-fourths may be prevented by strong -effort. Eighteen experts in various diseases as well as vital -statisticians, have contributed data on the ratio of preventability -of the ninety different causes of death into which mortality may be -classified. From this data according to Fisher, it is found that -fifteen years at least could be at once added to the average lifetime -by practically applying the science of preventing disease. More -than half of this additional life would come from the prevention of -tuberculosis, typhoid fever and five other diseases, the prevention -of which could be accomplished by purer air, purer water and purer -milk. Let the business men, who are in the saddle and who run our -affairs, thoroughly consider this. They surely know that disease and -premature death are drags to business. Fifteen more years of life to -each citizen means an enormous increase in the strength and happiness -of the people, with consequent betterment to business. - -_Minor Ailments_ must be thoroughly considered in any steps toward -the conservation of vitality. They are far more common and farther -reaching than is generally realized. They are chiefly functional -disorders such as of intestinal canal, heart, nerves, liver, kidneys, -etc. These disorders are gateways to the more serious disorders. -Those who neglect colds, or what seems to be colds, will prepare the -tissues of the respiratory tract for pneumonia and consumption. - -Benjamin Franklin, wise and practical, successful as merchant, -scientist, and statesman, said—“The having of colds is a great -drawback. I notice when I have one my efficiency is greatly -decreased. Thought, judgment and understanding are clouded. -Furthermore, I notice that colds follow excess in eating and drinking -and the much breathing of bad air. They are quite unnecessary.” The -losses due to mistakes in business and in the general conduct of life -on account of minor ailments cannot be estimated except perhaps as -time lost. A study of the matter shows that the time lost cannot be -less than four days annually to each supposedly well man. Applying -this to the wage earners of Indiana, counting one wage earner to -each five people, making 500,000 in all, and we have to pocket an -annual loss of 2,000,000 days or 5,470 years. In dollars, counting -the average wage at $500 per annum, the loss amounts to $2,735,000 -annually. This is certainly a prodigious loss to suffer in Indiana -because of minor ailments, all of which can practically be avoided by -proper public and private hygiene. - -Neurasthenia, so common in the United States, is one of the most -serious and insidious introductions to grave disorders, which may be -due to depraved nutrition, to needless worry, or failure to have -adequate recreation. - -_Patent Medicines._ A source of drug habit, ill health, disease, -inefficiency and race poisoning, militating against business is the -horrible patent medicines. Medicines at their best, given under -skilled medical direction are very dangerous things. (Applause.) -The drug addicts, made so by a certain kind of practitioners, by -self doctoring, and the taking of patent medicines, are numbered by -hundreds of thousands. A large proportion of drunkards are started on -their way by taking tonics. It is mostly the alcohol in tonics which -produce the seeming improvement and which give temporary relief, -but which invariably make the last state worse than the first. -Alcohol, and all other drugs, are more dangerous than dynamite, -and trade in them should be restricted more severely than trade in -dynamite. (Applause.) The earth has been ransacked for drugs to cure. -Everywhere we see emblazoned advertisements of medicines which the -ad says will cure every disease from corns and ingrowing toenail to -syphilis and gonorrhea; and yet, sickness and disease grow apace with -our civilization. The world has been fine-combed from the equator -to the poles for a something with which to bring health and prolong -life; and lo, and behold, like the blue bird, these blessings are in -every household patiently waiting to be called. At present, we are -in the patent-medicine stage of ignorance, from which we must emerge -before real conservation of human life and energy can be realized. -(Applause.) - - -SCHOOL HYGIENE. - -In conserving vitality, the child must have physical defects removed -as far as possible, then he must be brought up amidst healthful -surroundings and itself trained in all that conserves health. This -great State of Indiana has already taken steps in this direction. -The 67th General Assembly ordained that the schoolhouses hereafter -built shall be sanitary in all particulars. This means, that waste -of money and waste of child strength and happiness, shall cease in -this fair State so far as this one matter goes. The same assembly -has given permission to school authorities to institute medical -inspection of school children that they may be relieved of morbid -physical conditions which cause pain, inefficiency, illness and -early death. It was a marked forward step to grant this privilege -but it was a mistake of the Legislature in favor of loss of vitality -not to make this practical care of children compulsory. Physical -strength is the fundamental requirement for the making of children -into educated and moral citizens. There is now a world-wide movement -led by Switzerland and heathen Japan to save children and make them -strong. A Japanese physician traveling in this State said—“We have -relatively fewer short graves in our cemeteries.” The intelligence -and business sense of a community could be accurately measured by -determining its relative number of short graves. Youth is the time -to serve the Lord. We must train the body in youth as well as the -mind or the opportunity to conserve vitality is largely lost. A far -better business scheme than securing more factories would be for the -business men to turn their attention to the conservation of human -vitality. The returns would be immense, failure to score in such an -effort is impossible. - -Hygiene has been permitted to extinguish cholera and yellow fever, -and by the grace of private benefaction it will soon banish hookworm -disease which now incapacitates 2,000,000 people in the South. And -may God hasten the business men to permit hygiene to banish those -twin leprosies, syphilis and gonorrhea, which are important factors -in the causation of insanity, crime, and pauperism, and which so -fearfully wreck the lives of so many innocent women and children -as well as wreck the lives of the guilty. (Applause.) Syphilis and -gonorrhea are responsible for the existence of a large proportion of -defectives of various kinds which fill our institutions. Let hygiene -drive these plagues away, and, Indiana, instead of building another -insane hospital, for another million dollars, which she must shortly -do, could donate one of the five now existent to educational use of -some kind. (Applause.) I strongly advise Indiana to listen to the -health cranks if she wishes to save health, time and money. - - -SAVING VITALITY. - -“_Strength, Endurance and Fatigue_, are the three great elements to -be considered in conserving life. The measure of strength is the -force a muscle can exert once, the measure of endurance is the number -of times it can repeat an exertion. Fatigue is caused by fatigue -poisons, which must be removed from the body during rest, principally -during sleep. - -Anything, therefore, which reduces strength and lessens endurance and -prevents removal of fatigue is inimical to vitality conservation.” - - -SCIENCE OF LIVING. - -The science of living begins at the mouth. Barring the taking of -drugs, as a man eats and digests his foods so he is. Owing to drug -taking and errors in human feeding, disease is latent in man at all -times. Only a few escape sickness and pain and die natural deaths. -This is not as nature would have it. Josh Billings, recovering from -heart trouble caused by the excessive use of tobacco said—“Nature -made us all right, we make fools of ourselves.” Other drugs which are -of almost universal use and which affect heart, nerves or efficient -elimination are coffee, tea, spices, cocaine, morphine, chloral and -alcohol. (Applause.) All of these are drugs, and all are poisons, and -all more or less disturb the vital functions, reducing vitality and -efficiency. - -Any departure from unstimulated nutrition works harm. Stimulated -nutrition is unnatural, and perforce, is opposed to strength. -Immoderate eating—feasting and gluttony—reduce vitality and induce -disease with its consequent inefficiency. A very old adage says—“Most -men dig their graves with their teeth.” The old time author of this -was striving for the conservation of human vitality. Immoderate -amounts of nitrogenous foods, exemplified in white of egg and -lean meats, cause auto-intoxication. They do this by undergoing -putrefaction in the digestive tract, thus making toxins, which in -turn being absorbed into the body, cause the following train of -ills which results in loss of vitality and efficiency. Some of the -auto-intoxication or over-eating ills, are—biliousness, coated -tongue, foul breath, clammy hands, clammy feet, dry lusterless -hair, putty complexion, dulled hearing, dulled vision, dulled -taste, dulled smell, early loss of memory, loss of continuous -thought and attention, headaches, vertigo, dyspepsia, loss of -strength, rheumatism, insomnia, fugitive pains and aches, hysteria, -nervousness, nightmare, irregular heart, shortness of breath, brittle -nails, dry harsh skin, cancer and premature old age of the doddering -and slobbering kind. (Applause.) - -Until we learn and practically apply the science of living we cannot -attain over 50 or 60 per cent. efficiency and must continue to live -lives of sickness, pain and disease, and die before the natural -duration of life has one-half expired; and if this does not hinder -and delay the conservation of natural resources nothing will. - -“_Over-fatigue_, is a cause of loss of vitality. The present working -day from a physiological standpoint is too long. Over-work better -expressed by the term over-fatigue, starts a vicious circle leading -to the craving of means for deadening fatigue, thus inducing drug -habits and drunkenness.” - -“Experiments in reducing the length of the working day show a great -improvement in the physical and mental efficiency of laborers and -results in an increased output sufficient to pay the difference. -However, the great justification of the shorter day is found in -the interests of the race and nation, not the employer. Public -safety requires, in order to avoid railway collisions and other -accidents, the prevention of long hours; lack of sleep and undue -fatigue is quite as great as the waste from serious illness. A -typical succession of events is, first, fatigue, then “colds,” then -tuberculosis, then death. In order to prevent in the beginning this -increasing line of destructive agencies, undue fatigue must be -prevented.” - - -HEREDITY. - -Vitality largely rests upon inherited qualities. A child born of -weak parents, those parents having received their weakness by -inheritance, will itself be weak in the same way. Idiots breed -idiots. Whatever improvement the child may enjoy, must rest upon its -inherited foundation. If a child inherits brown eyes they must stay -brown, no amount of cultivation may change their color, but inherited -weak sight may be improved to a greater or less degree. Two forces, -therefore, control vitality, namely, conditions preceding birth and -conditions during life. In other words, the foundations of vitality -are wholly inherited, and may be cultivated to the degree the -inherited foundations will permit. - -A perfectly sound physical and mental inheritance is rare and is -the greatest of all assets. The highest development of a nation -will begin when the human law conforms to God’s law of development -and parenthood is denied to defectives. Prisons and asylums are now -sufficiently numerous, as it is evidence of defectiveness of the -masses to conduct our affairs so as to necessitate their increase. -Indiana now has five great insane asylums, each representing about -one million dollars, and there are enough insane in jails, poorhouses -and in homes to fill another one. Our population increased 16 per -cent. in the last decade and insanity increased 29 per cent. There is -a business problem for you. - -To go along in the future as in the past, permitting, even fostering -the production of the hereditary insane, of the hereditary pauper -and criminal, of the hereditary idiot and feeble-minded, and then -building great palaces in parks to care for them, will mean we have -not the common horse-sense necessary for the proper conduct of our -affairs. (Applause.) - - -HYGIENE. - -We must look to hygiene, the science of health, to conserve human -vitality. The term includes every necessary force to prevent disease, -to increase strength and endurance, and to prevent the production of -the unfit. - -The ponderous and oppressively costly courts have been grinding for -centuries and crime increases. Punishment and fear of punishment -restrain evil doing, but does not eradicate the tendency to evil. -This and other defects we must, as far as possible breed out of the -race, and science can find a valid answer for every objection which -obstructionists can raise to this proposition. Fostering insanity, -crime, pauperism and imbecility, is not evidence of understanding and -of high ability. - -The divisions of hygiene are: Federal, State, Municipal, -Institutional, School, Domiciliary and Personal. - -Hygiene not only makes for greater physical strength and endurance -but it makes for greater moral strength. It is the essence of -charity, kindliness, patience and truth. - -When, through hygiene, defectives, delinquents and dependents are -no longer propagated, when simplicity and frugality of living are -achieved, voluntary celibacy and voluntary childlessness will become -discreditable, and sickness, disease and premature death will -disappear before temperance and sanitized homes. - - -President WHITE—This admirable paper causes me to say to every one -here that they cannot afford to go away and not deposit a dollar -with the Secretary for the book of the Proceedings of this Congress. -The book of these admirable and practical addresses should be in -every home, should be in the library. I hope that every one will -leave their address, will register, and receive as soon as they are -published a copy of the Proceedings. (Applause.) - -It was Louis D. Brandeis who said a year or two ago that the -railroads of this country could save a million dollars a day with -practical economy and with good system. He got that idea from and -quoted Mr. Harrington Emerson of New York City, who will now address -this audience upon “The Rescue of the Fit.” - - -Mr. EMERSON—Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: There is a growing -clash between employer and employe. The old order is passing away -and the new order has not yet come in. The millions lost in strikes -are forever wasted. This direct waste due to supposed conflict of -interest is one of the great losses. The other is more serious. Not -one man in ten is in the place in the world best fitted for him, not -one place in ten is filled by the best man in the world for the job. -When the job is not bossed by the right man and when the man is on -the wrong job there is a waste whose magnitude is incalculable. It is -to mitigate, palliate, obviate, these two great sources of waste that -on a large scale a new plan is being put into operation. The theory -that underlies it is founded on principles, not on empiricism or on -tradition or on rule of thumb. - -It is theory that has given us the best designs for steam turbines, -gas engines, dynamos, aeroplanes—it is theory that gives us this plan -of the _Employment Department_. - -What is the theory? - -All manufacturing costs fall under three divisions: Materials, Labor, -Equipment Charges. - -Materials means all materials, whether for manufacture or operation. - -Labor means all personal service or personal charges, whether direct, -indirect, supervising or managing. - -Equipment charges are made up of taxes, insurance, depreciation and -interest on investment. - -Although these three classes of expense are so different there are -some general economic laws which apply to all of them and it is quite -certain that what we have learned to accept as to materials, may have -some lessons applicable to personal service and to equipment charges. -When our building materials consisted of prairie sod the problem was -simple, we picked out the best sod in sight, plowed it up, hauled it -to one side and erected it into walls. When the task is to build an -automobile the handling of materials is not so simple. - -In automobile plants the engineering department designs what is -wanted, then draws up specifications, precise and scientific -specifications; steel that will test under tension or torsion so many -thousand pounds, steel balls, that are so round, so hard, so even in -size, bronze, that is so resistant, copper that is so pure, etc. - -The purchasing department then calls for tenders or for bids. Samples -or specimens are submitted for test and these go into the testing -laboratory where they must come up to specifications. The purchasing -agent says: How good a wire can you sell me for $0.10 a pound? What -will the price be on wire testing 200,000 pounds? - -The materials having been tested and bought are put into the -storehouse under a competent storekeeper. It is his business to see -that they do not spoil, that they are not wasted or stolen. He issues -only on requisition, the requisition specifying the proper quality -and quantity. When the materials go into use they are continually -inspected during the progress of the work. - -There is therefore an inspection department. Engineers have learned -that it is not the price of materials that counts but the quality. -As quality goes up quantity goes down and price goes up but not as -fast as quality. Although steel wire is dear and cast iron is cheap, -we build bridges out of steel wire. Although we can buy carbon steel -for $0.14 a pound, we pay $0.60 a pound for high speed alloy steel -because it works faster and so much more powerfully that it would -be cheap at $800 a pound if we could not get it for less. - -As to complex modern materials we need therefore an engineering -department to design and specify, a testing department to test and -analyze, a purchasing department to buy at the best price and on the -best terms, an inspection department to watch results from day to -day, hour to hour; a storekeeping department to hold and to conserve, -to issue carefully and economically. - -Modern personal service is more complex than modern materials. How -can we afford to omit as to personal service any of the safeguards -found necessary as to materials? These necessary safeguards we apply -through a very highly organized employment department directed and -managed by specialists of the higher class and a corps of assistants. - -In the employment department all these methods so necessary as to -materials, we apply also to personal service control, whether we are -securing a factory superintendent or a shoveler of sand. First of all -an organization is outlined. It is evident that to perform certain -kinds of tasks there is only one best organization. Battleships -are a modern development, they have been slowly evolved. America -started it when the Confederate Government sheathed the Merrimac with -railroad rails and sank all the wooden ships. As the London Times -editorially said, “The Merrimac made all the navies of the world -obsolete.” Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy, have helped develop -battleships, but the organization controlling every battleship in -the world, whether Japanese, Chinese, Russian, Turkish, Chilean -or American, is substantially the same. An American officer could -be transferred to a foreign navy and find himself at once. Naval -organizations the world over are interchangeable. The ordinary -manufacturing concern has no standardized organization, it has -generally grown like Topsy. Positions are ill defined and generally -worse manned. The first duty, therefore, of a modern employment -department is to outline the organization, the one best organization -for the business in hand. - -Its second duty is to specify the essential and required qualities -for each position. - -There are three different ways of filling positions: - -1. To have on one’s hands some incubus, a king’s son or a king’s -mistress or some political henchman, and to create a position for -the incubus to fill, “duke of this” or “countess of that,” or a fat -contract on city work. In England this is called “finding a berth for -a friend”—_a berth—a place in which to fall asleep_. - -2. The second way, and the more usual one, is to see a real vacancy -and to shove a friend into it, hoping he will make it a go. The man -and the job stand as good a show of fitting each other as a man would -of getting the right clothes by drawing a suit in a raffle. It was -Roosevelt who saw a vacancy in the Presidency, grabbed Mr. Taft, -shoved him into the place, and now declares he does not fit. Personal -liking is not the proper basis for a Presidential preference. - -3. The third way to fill a definite vacancy is to find the man fitted -for the place, and, after test, put him into it, even as we find a -suitable wire for a bridge and put it in. - -If we have a locomotive of definite design and we need an exhaust -nozzle, there is only one design of nozzle that will answer. So if -in the organization there is a position to fill, the best man for -that position must have certain qualities and not have others, not -every man, not the convenient man in ten, probably not one man in -ten thousand is the man for the place. The employment department -seeks diligently for the right man, the man who combines experience -with aptitude. If it had to choose it would prefer the man without -experience but with all the aptitudes to the man of experience -without aptitudes. The man with aptitudes can learn quickly, reliably -and fast; the man without aptitudes can never be anything but a -misfit. Therefore the employment department having secured a number -of prospects, carefully tests the most promising. - -The old-fashioned plan is to ask a few questions, secure a few -recommendations, take a look at the man, and if a hunch is felt that -he will do, accept him. I know all about this plan, for I have tried -it for twenty years, and in some years it has cost me $50,000. The -plan does not work. I received the best set of recommendations I ever -saw about a sea captain, and when we entrusted him with a $140,000 -steamer he deliberately wrecked her in order to make some graft out -of the repair bills. - -That the man was a scoundrel was written in large type all over his -face, but in those days I could not read plain print and I was better -fitted, and that was _not at all_, to navigate the steamer than to -select a captain. - -When I taught in college I got an inkling of the right way. I taught -German, and at the beginning of the year my classes were filled up -with sixty students, and at the end of the year there were only -twenty left. I worked on the theory that there was no profit to any -one in making a bluff at studying German. It was either worth while -or it was not. If worth while, learn German; if not worth while, -don’t waste time on it. So I weeded and weeded my German garden until -only those were left who could really learn. They learned to know -German as well as they knew English. The weeding process was hard -on me and hard on the misfits, hard on the good students. I gave -an immense amount of rough effort to no purpose in an absolutely -useless attempt to make silk purses out of sows’ ears. Then sows’ -ears might have made good mince meat, but the carving and slashing -I gave them hurt them to no purpose. My time was taken up on rough -work until the misfits and the good students failed to receive the -specially skilled attention and help their progress required. After a -couple of years of this I tried a new plan. It was evident that any -students who did not know English, English grammar, English spelling, -English pronunciation, were not fit to study German, so I examined -all applicants as to English, but I gave those who failed a week’s -test, lest some genius should by chance be overlooked. I never found -the genius. Under this plan I started out with a class of twenty-five -instead of sixty. I gave my time to those who could profitably make -use of it, and not to those who could not, and every one of the -twenty-five learned German. - -A man or woman can be tested in five minutes for fundamental -aptitudes and traits of character as easily and reliably as I -tested the prospective German pupils. It would take one too far to -go into the whole subject of character analysis. A great composer -like Mozart, Beethoven, Wagner, can originate music, but there are -thousands who can learn to play it well. So with character analysis. -It requires a special and rare gift to uncover the lessons written -in the coloring, in the texture, in the shape of head, in the -expression of the face, of the body, of the hands, in the clothes, in -the personal tricks of habit, to cross-check these tests by others -as the answers to test questions, but this knowledge has been so -formulated that all can learn. So instead of trying to play bumbly -puppy by ourselves, of missing the accumulated researches that have -been going on all over the world, of repeating all the mistakes that -others have made, we do as the Japanese did when they adopted the -British navy, the German army and the American schools as models. We -are advised as to our employment department by a specialist of the -highest skill in character analysis, in all problems relating to the -handling of people. The tests are rapid but they are many and they -interlock so far as to be conclusive. A man can lie with his eyes or -with his lips or with his body, but no man is skillful enough to lie -at the same time with eyes and lips and hands and body. - -After men have been tested they are employed, not before, and they -are only employed because they have the qualities that fit them for -a particular place. They may be at the time only 30 p. c. men, they -may be succeeding an 80 p. c. man, but the great fact is that the 30 -p. c. man can and will become a 100 p. c. or a 110 p. c. man, while -the 80 p. c. man is perhaps in reality an overstrained 70 p. c. man. -Starting with the best of human material years are not lost gradually -collecting it. Not only are the unfit excluded, but what is very much -more important, the _fit are rescued_, they are given opportunity, -they jump at once into the places they can fill instead of waiting -for years. - -What is the unnecessary cost to a business of a 30 p. c. man compared -to a 100 p. c. man? - -The hourly costs of a man are: His hourly wage, the hourly machine -charge, the hourly overhead charge. These three items will easily -average $0.70 an hour in a machine shop. If the man works at full -efficiency he gives us in a year 2,700 hours of standard work in -2,700 hours of actual time at a total cost of $1,890. At 30 p. c. -efficiency, it will take 9,000 actual hours, costing $6,300 to -deliver 2,700 hours of standard work. The added expense due to -inefficiency is $4,410 for a single worker. - -Efficiency does not mean strenuousness. The fluttering rooster is -strenuous, but he makes little progress; the eagle flies efficiently, -covering miles of country, yet never moving a wing. The Chinese -coolie on his river treadmill is so strenuous that he wears himself -out in a few years. As a producer of power he costs $1,300 a year for -the horse-power hour you can buy from Niagara for twenty dollars. The -chauffeur of an American automobile gliding along at forty miles an -hour, carrying six passengers, is efficient, not strenuous. - -It is evident that under this modern employment plan the rate of -wages per hour ceases to be a critical question. The efficient man, -like steel wire and high-speed steel, is always worth more than he -would think of asking for his services. - -The requisition calls for a man with certain qualities—it never calls -for a man at $0.20 or at $0.30 or at any other rate per hour. Fixed -rates per hour are obsolescent when one man turns out the work for -$6,300 and the other man turns it out for $1,890. For $1,890? No, he -does not. We do not ask him to; we can not secure and hold any 100 -p. c. man for the wage rate in the $1,890. We pay the man more, we -gladly pay him more, we pay him as much as we must to secure him, but -he is cheap at almost any price. - -The man who receives a salary of $60,000 a year is expected to profit -his company to the extent of $6,000,000 a year; the man who works -for a dollar a day is always a loss, a severe loss, and, therefore, -we try to eliminate him by the substitution of a machine. The fight -against a machine is to carry on a losing fight against the whole -current of the age. To put the worker in a position for which his -aptitudes qualify him is to double, treble his value, and everybody -is best fitted for something. A group of children were playing -automobile; one was the engine, another the chauffeur, others the -passengers. A little tot far behind was hurrying along. What are you -doing? I am playing automobile. What part are you? I am the smell. -In a watch there is not a useless piece. In a perfected organization -there is not a useless man; there cannot be an unqualified man -without endangering the whole. As I write, 20,000 mill hands are -rioting at Lawrence, Massachusetts, because somebody has blundered, -because some position had been badly filled. - -The wage question is ethical. The workman is worthy of his hire, -but also man does not live by bread alone. The man scientifically -selected is 100 per cent. efficient because he likes his work, is -fitted for it and it likes him; it is no longer a drudgery, it is -a pleasure. We are rescuing the fit for the work which by nature’s -right belongs to them and under this plan there are few unfit. - -In years gone by when a beef was slaughtered much of the carcass -was wasted—the horns, the bones, the hair, the hoofs, the blood, -the offal went to waste. Now nothing is wasted; everything has its -use, and the offal we return as fertilizer to the soil is of greater -perennial use than the tenderloins and sirloins which find their way -to the tables of the rich. - -We have in the past treated men as if they were coal, a raw product -only fit to burn, or as the German soldiers pathetically called -themselves, in 1870, mere cannon fodder. But mere coal contains -ammonia, beautiful dyes, strange and powerful medicines, as well as -heat units. - -Everybody is normally good for something, and if fitted to the right -place is worth more than he now is. - -At Seattle a boy of 17 was excluded from the high school because he -could not learn their lists of English kings or American Presidents, -but that boy went out and when I met him he had grabbed the -evaporative power of the sun and was propelling a boat with it on the -waters of Puget Sound. He was fit, more fit in a mechanical way than -any other boy I ever knew. - -It is to this Rescue of the Fit that I look forward for the great -uplift of American industries, the great increase in happiness and -the great elimination of strife. - -It is being put to a practical test in a plant employing 200 men and -it is working. - -This is my message to you. - - -President WHITE—There is nothing further on the program for this -afternoon, and we will therefore adjourn until 8:00 o’clock this -evening, when Dr. Wallace and Judge Lindsey will speak in Tomlinson -Hall. - - - - -SIXTH SESSION. - - -The Congress assembled at Tomlinson Hall, at 8:00 o’clock p. m., and -was called to order by President White. - - -President WHITE—The delegates, visitors and citizens of this city -have a rare treat in store tonight in the program that has been -published, and I have a rare honor in introducing the speakers. It -will be a red-letter day in my life, and I know it will be in yours. - -I now want to make this audience acquainted with “Uncle Henry” -Wallace. I would be glad if everyone could know “Uncle Henry” as I -have been fortunate enough to know him. He has been an inspiration to -every young man and every farmer and all who have known him in the -State of Iowa for the past twenty-five or thirty years. He loves to -sit down in his office, or study—and I have been there to see how he -works—answering letters that the farmers from all over the country -write him, and who look to “Wallace’s Farmer” as a source of profit -and information upon every subject that affects the home. He comes -close to the home, close to the family, to the fireside, answering -all their questions and telling them just how they should do this or -that, and all in that fatherly, kindly, brotherly way, so that he is -referred to by everyone who knows him as “Uncle Henry.” He is going -to talk to us tonight upon “Human Efficiency,” and he will speak from -a very practical standpoint, for he has had experience all along the -line. - -I now take pleasure in introducing to you Dr. Henry Wallace, of Des -Moines, Iowa, former President of the National Conservation Congress. -(Applause.) - - -Dr. WALLACE—Mr. President, and Members of the Congress: It might not -be amiss, before entering into a discussion of the subject proper, to -recall the different subjects which have from year to year engaged -the attention of the Conservation Congress, and to show how the -choice of the subject for each different Congress was the natural and -logical result of the discussion of the preceding Congress. - -The first Congress was called, and the Congress itself was organized, -as a forum in which the leading men of the Nation could discuss the -problems raised by the Conservation Commission, appointed by Theodore -Roosevelt at the suggestion of Gifford Pinchot, then holding the -position of Chief Forester in the Department of Agriculture. His -position as Forester enabled him to see the terrific waste going on -in the management of our forests, and the various means by which -the government forests were passing into the hands of individuals, -subsequently to be wasted for private gain. He saw clearly that -unless our forests were conserved and managed as are the forests -of all other civilized nations, soil erosion would render future -forest growth impossible, would fill our rivers with silt, dry up the -streams in summer and convert them into raging torrents in winter, -depriving us of water for irrigation, and diminishing in value the -water power, or white coal, on which future generations must largely -depend for power and transportation. - -A forum was greatly needed in which the questions raised by this -fearless idealist—to whom the Conservation of our resources for -future generations is both wife and child—could be openly and -fearlessly discussed by leaders and in the hearing of the American -people. When the First Conservation Congress was called to meet in -Seattle in 1909, naturally the main topic for discussion was the -Conservation of the forests and of the water powers, which were then -fast passing into the hands of great corporations. - -By this time the public conscience was aroused. The people of the -United States began to see clearly that we dare not go on in the -future, looting and wasting our natural resources as we had done in -the past. They began to realize that the generations of the unborn -had rights in the oil, the coal and other minerals in that portion of -the public domain that we had not as yet recklessly thrown away, or -allowed to be stolen from us under forms of or in defiance of law. So -the Second Conservation Congress was called in St. Paul, in 1910, as -a forum in which the leading men of the nation could thresh out the -problem as to whether these resources to which the American people -at present held title should be administered by a Congress chosen -by the people and speaking for the people, or whether they should -be administered through an act of Congress by the several States in -which the Government property happened to be located. - -The historian of the future alone will be able to measure the -beneficial results of the fierce conflict between those who would -despoil these resources for private gain and those who would conserve -them for future generations. We can, however, see some of the -results in the change in the policy of our national administration, -in the vigilant watch now maintained by the present Secretary of -the Interior; by the success which crowned the efforts of Mr. -Pinchot and others who kept constant watch over bills intended, by -means of concealed jokers, to break down the fixed policy of the -Government; and by the veto of the President of vicious bills which, -notwithstanding the utmost vigilance, were enacted by the last -Congress. This watch and guard over the heritage of the unborn could -not have been maintained successfully, had it not been for the white -light thrown upon the problem by the Second National Conservation -Congress. - -I was, unexpectedly to myself, chosen President of the Conservation -Congress at the close of the St. Paul meeting; and with the consent -and advice of my executive committee, in making out the program for -the 1911 meeting in Kansas City, fixed the attention of the American -people on the necessity for the Conservation of the fertility of the -soil, and the development of a better social and family life among -the tillers of the soil. - -The time had come for the American people to understand that the -rapid and regular advance in the cost of living was due mainly to the -terrific waste of the fertility of the soil, that had been going on -for more than a hundred years. It was time for the farmer to learn -that he was not in a position to throw stones at the lumberman who -had wasted our forests, or at the mine owner who is wasting one-third -of the coal in the process of mining; that he, while a sharer in the -cheapness of the products of forest and mine, had himself been mining -the fertility of the soil, stored for his benefit through countless -ages, and selling it at the bare cost of mining; and in doing so had -built up cities the world over, which must cry for bread when the -fertility of his soil became exhausted. - -It is too early yet to measure the full results of this Kansas City -Congress. This should be noted, however, that, whether the result of -the discussions of this Congress or not, the people of the United -States have shown an interest in agriculture and the maintenance of -soil fertility which they had never shown before. Bankers, railroad -officials, capitalists are beginning to see that unless the farmer -receives encouragement and efficient aid, this nation will soon -cease to be a factor in supplying other nations with food, and will -gradually become a consuming instead of a producing country, so -far as the products of the soil are concerned. We are beginning -to see that unless a more satisfactory social life is established -in the open country, the increasing disparity between rural and -urban population must continue and the cost of living must go on -increasing, and with it increasing discontent and social disturbance. - -My successor and his executive committee, with their wide experience -in practical affairs, saw clearly that if we are to restore fertility -to our wasted soils, if we are to do anything worth while for the -Conservation of our resources of any kind or character, there must -be an increase in the efficiency of the individual. They therefore -wisely chose the subject of “Vital Resources” as the main center -around which discussion must revolve at the present Conservation -Congress. - -The subject of Vital Resources opens up a very wide field for -investigation and discussion. Various subjects in the group have been -discussed and others will be, by specialists who have given their -particular subject years of conscientious and close study. So when -only last week I was urged to make this address instead of discussing -a minor phase of the subject, there was nothing left for me but a -general discussion of the subject of Human Efficiency. - -Man, after all, is the biggest thing on this planet. The farm people -are always bigger than the farm. No matter how rich by nature the -farm may be, it will lose fertility if the farmer is not big enough. -The first-class farmer will take an inferior piece of land and in -time bring it up to his own measure. If the farmer does not fit the -farm, it will in time come up to or decline to his measure. The -average production of the soil is the expression of nature’s opinion -of the fitness of the man who tills it for a term of years. The -most severe condemnation of the American farmer is the fact that, -with some of the richest soils in the world, he has so wasted its -fertility that he is crying out for commercial fertilizers; while -the “heathen Chinee” has farmed for at least forty centuries, and -has maintained his soil fertility without the use of commercial -fertilizers. - -If any great business has attracted attention by its success, one -always asks: Who’s the man or men behind it? The greatness of this -nation is measured not by its soil, its mines, its forests, its -water powers, but by the efficiency of its people. This is true of -all nations. The cynical Bismark, who always cast covetous eyes -on Holland, is said once to have remarked that the way to redeem -Ireland was to transport the Dutch to the Emerald Isle and transport -the Irish to Holland; that the Dutch would make Ireland an earthly -Paradise, while the Irish would not keep up the dikes except with the -help of the Germans, who would in that case soon have a seaport. - -The only way by which you can restore the wasted fertility of the -soil and the waste of our forests and develop properly our mineral -resources; the only way in which we can as a nation take the place -to which we are entitled—that of leader in the world’s trade and -commerce—is by increasing to the utmost limit human efficiency, -physical, mental and moral. These three are ineradicably linked -together, because they are integral parts of every human being. We -can not develop fine human beings physically without the development -of the intellect and the soul; nor can we develop either the -intellectual or the moral to the limit without taking care of the -body. - -If we are to have the maximum of efficiency in the man, the child -must be well born, must be free from incurable diseases, mental, -moral or physical. To every generation of human beings is given by -an allwise Ruler the power to foreordain the character and quality -of the generation to come. The coming generation is as helpless in -our hands as clay in the hands of the potter. By marriage parents -decree the personality of their children. By “personality” I mean the -inherent tendencies—physical, mental and moral—which, when developed -wisely or unwisely, make or mar the character. In that little -pink lump of humanity—the pride of the father and the joy of the -mother—are bound up in various combinations the incidents, passions -and capacities of the parents. It is this which gives its awful -sacredness and tremendous possibilities to marriage. - -The State by the extent to which it discourages and represses vice -and crime, by the extent to which it prevents and controls disease, -by the extent to which it encourages the marriage of the fit and -prevents the marriage of the unfit, foreordains the character of -the next generation. I know that I am approaching ground but little -trodden, in which many fear to tread, and to tread on which is by -many deemed sacrilege. But if we are to be a virile nation, strong in -body, in intellect and in morals, the truth must be told fearlessly; -and there is no more fitting place to tell it than where the people -of this Congress are making a study of our vital resources. - -To put the matter with brutal frankness: The State must soon -determine whether the hardened criminal shall be allowed to take an -active part in foreordaining the character of future generations; -whether the manifest degenerate, whether that degeneracy be the -result of being badly born or of vice or crime, shall be allowed -to breed degenerates; whether those afflicted with incurable and -transmissible disease shall be allowed to transmit them to a helpless -posterity. - -In order that the State may act wisely, it is time for a most -thorough and searching investigation of existing conditions, material -and moral, which lead to crime; the extent to which criminal -tendencies are transmissible—criminal tendencies, mark you, for -crime itself is not transmissible; what proportion of our crimes -are due to intemperance, and to what extent the unbalanced state -of mind which makes self-control impossible, and leads to crime, is -due to inheritance. It will no longer do to say as some do: that -intemperance, by killing off the unbalanced and weakling, rids -society of an encumbrance; nor that nameless diseases weed out of -the race those unable to maintain self-control. While all this is in -a certain sense true, it furnishes no argument for abating zeal in -repressing these crimes against humanity. That terrible saying of -Anne of Austria: “God does not pay at the end of every week, but at -last He pays,” finds striking illustration in the fate that sooner or -later befalls the intemperate and the impure. - -On one subject there is no need of any investigation. We must either -adopt such measures as will insure as far as possible that the coming -generation shall be well born, or we will compel our posterity to -pay the price, as we are paying it now. We stand before the world -today convicted of having more murders, more suicides and far more -lynchings in proportion to our population, than any other civilized -nation on the face of the globe; and also with having, speaking -generally, by far the most corrupt city governments. Is it not time -for us to investigate and see why we thus stand condemned in the eyes -of the nations, and to what extent we are breeding crime, the crime -that is our disgrace? For be assured that we must in all cases pay -the price, not in cold cash alone, but in blasted lives and ruined -homes and a lower degree of human efficiency. If we are to be a great -nation, worthy of our blood inheritance and worthy of our material -resources, our children must be well-born. - -If we are to secure that measure of human efficiency that will -enable us to make full use of our inheritance, whether of blood or -material resources, we should see to it that the coming generation -is not merely well born, but well fed. The farmer is wise in that -he takes special care of the young things that come on his farm. He -builds a lamb creep, that the young lamb may get feed denied its -dam. He sorts his pigs into convenient sizes, and shuts them out of -the feeding places until the feed is properly placed, and then lets -them all in at once, so that they may all have equal opportunity. He -does not allow the weanling colt to take its chance with the selfish -and unprincipled horses in the stalk field. He protects his colts -and gives them food “convenient” for them. If an unruly beast in -his stock yard tyrannizes the young and robs them of their food, he -does the sensible thing. He dehorns the unruly. He will tolerate no -oppression about his farm. In this he is wise; wise, because he knows -that if he fails to do this, the red flag of the sheriff will sooner -or later stand above his door, and the farm will be sold to some man -who will handle it more wisely. - -The State has a similar responsibility for taking care of the young. -Whatever may be their endowment by nature, that is, by birth, they -need the nurture which is necessary to bring out and develop fully -the gifts of nature. The State should smite anything that stands in -the way of the proper nurture or feeding of the young. If the State -is to prosper, it must protect the weak against the encroachments of -the strong; and of all classes, the children of the State need its -protection most. - -If organized capital provides so little pay for labor, that the -laboring man can not properly feed his children, then the State -should dehorn that organized oppressor, as the farmer dehorns -the unruly bull or boss cow. No profits to the individual or -the organization, even though they be members of the State, can -compensate for the robbery of the children of the State. If the State -on investigation finds that the money that should purchase food for -the young goes into the till of the publican, then the State should -smite the publican in its wrath—not the individual publican, who -perhaps may feel that he is earning his bread in the only way for -which he is fitted, but the system which makes it necessary for the -prosperity of the producer of intoxicating liquors, to corrupt so -many hundred of our youth for every thousand dollars of invested -capital. (Applause.) - -If we have a system existing, whether in the State or the Nation, -which can thrive only on the debauchery of the young and on the -robbery of the child, by taking that which should go for food to -support it, then it is time that the State and the Nation should -control it to a point where it can neither seduce the young or rob -the child; and that point is suppression. We must do that or do -worse, namely, pay the price. We are in fact paying that now. The -individual who will not keep account of his expenses is in danger of -bankruptcy, no matter how great his resources; and the State which -refuses to count the cost of any institution or system which tends to -debauch morals, and corrupt the young, is on the way to destruction. -For there is no avoiding the payment of the cost, whether we keep -account or not; and that cost is not merely the dollars and cents, -but starved children, blasted lives, broken hearts, ruined homes, -increase of poverty and an increase of criminality, which is beyond -the possibility of mathematics to compute. The State can afford to -tolerate nothing whatever that stands in the way of proper nurture -of the young; nor can it safely endure anything which tends to dwarf -them physically, mentally or morally. (Applause.) - -The State, however, will always succeed best by removing the causes -that lead to improper nurture, or to the formation of vicious or -criminal habits. The State can not endure poverty, grinding poverty, -among any class of its people; nor can it endure having its children -poorly housed. The slum is the enemy of the State and of every -citizen of the State. The vice and crime of the slum reach out to -the west end or the east end or the avenue, or wherever the wealthy -and prosperous congregate, thus saying to all men: We are brothers. -The poverty-stricken may well say: If you will not give us our -rights, if you grind our faces, we will not merely levy toll on your -pocketbooks, but we will infect you with our vices. - -If we are to have the highest efficiency in the next generation, -the State (and by the State I mean the government, whether State -or National) must see to it that infancy is protected from the -abominations of soothing syrup, and “sleep-easy,” that usurp the -place of the catnip tea and other herbs which soothed infantile pains -in the days of our grandmothers. It is useless to expect efficiency, -if we pour into the innocent lips of unsuspecting childhood the -habit-forming drugs which benumb the brain, stifle sensibility, -and lay the foundation for incurable vices when the babe has grown -to manhood. Let us get back to the ideals of the ancient psalmist, -who, contemplating the future of the chosen people, uttered the -prayer that “our sons shall be as plants grown up in their youth, -and our daughters as cornerstones fashioned after the similitude of -a palace.” That is, a plant carefully cultivated, spreading freely, -its roots drawing sustenance from the soil beneath, its leaves -drawing sustenance from the air and sunshine, bracing itself against -the storm; the daughters the cornerstones of the home, with all the -adornment that we bestow on a palace fit for the abode of royalty. -Let us go back to this ancient ideal, if we are to be a happy people, -whose God is Jehovah. - -If we are to maintain human efficiency, the State must lay a -heavy hand on the venders of impure food. After what Dr. Wiley -has told you, there is no need for me to enlarge on this cause of -inefficiency. Suffice it to say, there was a time in the memory of -some of the older men, when there was no pure food question. Our -oatmeal, our cornmeal, our flour came from our own farms. There was -no shorts in our buckwheat, no white earth in our flour. If our meats -were tainted, it was due to our own negligence. In these latter days -we have become by force of circumstances more completely “members one -of another,” drawing our food from all parts of the habitable earth; -and hence the State must protect us from imposition. If we are to -reap the benefits which come from the modern system of division of -labor, we must not quibble about the expense involved in enforcing -honesty in those who feed us. - -If we are to have efficiency in the generation now entering upon the -stage, or in the one to follow, we will need to make radical changes -in our system of education. No matter what the natural endowment, -it will be comparatively inefficient unless properly developed. -Education does not consist of putting in but of drawing out. Culture -is simply the proper development of the gifts of nature. All children -are born with the capacity for doing, and doing well, some small part -of the work that needs to be done in this great world of ours. This -capacity is usually indicated by a strong preference for that kind of -work. The capacity for doing is largely a matter of inheritance, and -education is simply the development of this capacity. No education -which fails to develop what is in the child is worth having; but no -matter what may be the natural endowment, the capacity to govern in -State or Nation, or to build a road, or to plow a straight furrow, -or polish a pin, every child must have put into his possession the -tools by which he can secure that education which will fit him for -his life work. He must know how to read, that he may be in touch with -his fellow-man. He must know how to write, that he may communicate -his thoughts to other men. He must know how to reason, that he may -put this and that together and draw conclusions. These lie at the -foundation of all education. - -Some education is acquired in mastering the “Three R’s,” namely, -the power to observe—to see things—to tell what is seen and to draw -conclusions; but the “Three R’s” are, however, merely the tools by -which we ourselves afterwards acquire an education. In spite of all -the money we spend on rural education (in my State from 42 to 50 per -cent. of all rural taxes), our children neither read well nor write -well nor reason well. How can they when our rural schools average -twelve pupils, most of them less than ten, and often five, three, or -only two or one pupil, and are taught mainly by persons themselves -but poorly educated, and who are teaching simply to acquire the -experience necessary to secure a position in a city school. Neither -the reading nor the writing nor the arithmetic of these schools has -any connection with the farm nor any relation to farm life, nor is -the teacher as a rule in sympathy with that life. Yet this is all the -education that 90 per cent. of the farmborn will ever receive. - -Little education this for the mighty task of feeding the world at -prices that those not on farms can afford to pay. If the farm boy was -so thoroughly drilled in reading that he could read to himself with -understanding and read to others with expression, if he could express -his thoughts so clearly and fully that the dullest could understand, -if he could see things as they are, and tell accurately what he sees, -he would in time without further teaching become a leader of men. - -The farmborn, however, usually fares better than the townboy in -the race of life. In growing up in the open country he learns what -books can not teach—the know-how, so far as farm operations are -concerned—and needs but to learn the reason why. The townborn, as a -rule, has no opportunity to acquire the know-how by following the -occupation of their parents; and hence much of his school life is -spent in acquiring information which, apart from its educational -value, is of no sort of use to him in after life. What the farmborn -need, if they are to be efficient in life, is an opportunity to -learn in a secondary school in the open country the reason why. What -the townborn need is secondary education which will fit them for -the work they are to do. If our farmborn are to be efficient, they -must have centralized schools taught by teachers who have selected -teaching as their life work and are paid accordingly, and thus be -able to acquire in the open country a secondary education that will -enable them to see clearly the reason why they should plow, or sow or -feed. If our townborn are to be efficient, they must have in addition -to a thorough mastery of the “Three R’s,” which is the birthright of -every child, such training as will fit them for their life work. - -The misery of our system, whether in town or country, is that it -assumes that the chief end of man is to figure in some one of the -so-called “learned” professions. So the high school is keyed up to -the standard of admission to the college and university. The grade -school exists to qualify pupils for admission to the high school. -Hence the surplus of doctors without patients, at a time when -humanity is learning how to avoid needing a doctor; of lawyers when -men are fast learning to keep out of law. - -In short, the end and aim of all education in the future must needs -be efficiency in the line of the chosen vocation. The great lack of -our present system is the failure to give the child a complete and -thorough mastery of the tools by which any education worth while -must be acquired: the ability to read with understanding, to express -itself, whether in speech or writing, so that all may understand; the -ability to see what is to be seen and tell it in plain English, and -to put this and that together and draw a just conclusion. - -I need not say that no training for efficiency is complete that does -not involve the ethical as well as the intellectual and material. -This is a Christian nation, and the ethics of Christianity should -be taught in every school as well as in every home. We may not, and -should not teach the dogmas or doctrines of any sect or denomination. -We must forever keep separate the Church and the State; but -underlying all these creeds and denominations there is an ethical -standard which all but the criminal or would-be criminal accept; and -this should be taught, because it embraces our highest ideals of -manhood and womanhood and citizenship. - -The crimes of which we are rightly ashamed are due largely to -the fact that the jealousy of the churches toward each other has -heretofore prevented the teaching of ethics to the children in our -schools. Without the practice of ethics, without the striving to -realize moral ideals, there can be no moral efficiency, and without -moral efficiency intellectual efficiency may become productive -of evil instead of good. An educated brain without an educated -conscience is a source of danger to the public welfare. It is high -time for the churches and all good people to get together and agree -on ethical standards to be taught in every school, that will put -moral as well as intellectual training in the coming generation. - -I have touched merely the high places of the subject of human -efficiency. I have endeavored to say that if the generation which is -to follow us and carry on our work is to be efficient, the children -must be well born and well fed, protected from the vampires that -endeavor to suck their lifeblood, and must have an opportunity to -develop their natural capacity by an education and training—physical, -mental and moral—that will enable them to do the world’s work with -profit to themselves and their fellow-man. (Applause.) - - -President WHITE—In Denver, Colorado, some twelve years ago, there was -found a friend for children; there was found a judge who believed -that in the child brought before him for some breach of law, he -could see something divine, that he could see the soul, the germ of -the future man, the germ of a future life—something to redeem. He -believed he could see why Christ said, “Suffer the little children -to come unto Me, and forbid them not, for of such is the Kingdom of -Heaven.” He had faith in the child, and when he found it necessary, -in the way of discipline, to send them to the reform school, he -placed faith in them; he told them to go out to the reform school, -and he would be up to see how they were getting along after awhile. -He developed character from the start, and it soon became noised -around. In every paper, in every magazine, all over the world the -name of Judge Ben B. Lindsey, of Denver, Colorado, was known. -(Applause.) - -I now have the pleasure to introduce to you Judge Lindsey, who will -speak on the subject “Is the Child Worth Conserving?” (Prolonged -applause.) - - -Judge LINDSEY—Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I am sure I -appreciate this very cordial and kind reception, because it shows -your appreciation, not of the speaker, but of a cause—in which I have -only had a small part—that has come close to the heart of the people -of this Nation in the last decade or more, and well it is that the -great National Conservation Congress should not overlook the welfare -of the child. - -I was delighted to note in the splendid address which we have just -listened to by Dr. Wallace, that this important matter of the child, -the youth, furnished its principal theme, because without childhood -there is no manhood; without the conservation of childhood there is -nothing else to conserve. - -But my friends, I am in rather a difficult position tonight. I am -reminded, indeed, of an experience I had with a boy about twelve -years ago in my court. It was before the days of the Detention Home -School. One day I was down in the jail, and they told me they had a -boy there that they thought belonged to me—that they could do nothing -with him. So I went with one of the men down the long corridor to a -cage, that would have been a disgrace to the king of the jungle, and -there in a heap on the floor was a boy. I recognized him as a boy -who had been missing from the truancy department for about a month. -It seems that he had read in a paper that some man in New York had -lost his boy—about the age of this boy—so he framed up a story and -went to the police and told them he was the missing boy. There was a -reward offered for the lost boy, and there was an argument between -the lieutenant and one of the sergeants as to who saw him first—and -in trying to straighten this out they discovered the fraud. I said -to him, “Harry, what did you mean by this?” He replied, “Judge, dey -spoiled the dandiest bum I ever thought of.” - -I asked him where he had been for the last month, and he said he -had been living in a piano box. I went with him, and he showed me -the piano box, and as we came up a dog, a faithful, friendly dog, -jumped out and recognized the boy. While we stood there I heard some -boys just around the corner of the alley, talking about someone. -Some of them insisted that “he only gets full once a month,” while -some one said “he gets full once a week.” For a moment, I forgot the -law of the “gang” in regard to “snitchin’,” and I said, “Harry, who -are those boys talking about?” There had been a boy before me for -intoxication, and I wanted to find out if this was the same one. So I -said, “You slip around there and find out who it is they are talking -about, and you’ll save a lot of trouble for me—and for somebody else.” - -The boy hesitated a little, torn between loyalty to the judge and -loyalty to the “gang,” but finally he went. In a little while he -came back, and looking into my face without the least change of -expression, said: “Judge, dem fellas is talkin’ about the moon; some -says it gets full once a week, and some only once a month.” Then, -after a minute, he continued, “Judge, you don’t always find out -everything you want to.” - -Some time ago, I was informed by my friend, Mr. Shipp, that I was -to read a report at this Congress, but I found when I arrived that -they had me down for an entirely different subject. However, both -my report and the subject assigned me concern that very important -subject, “the child.” Many things have transpired during the last -year to give us hope and courage in the work for the child, and -after all there is one thing that marks this century of ours, makes -it distinct from all other centuries, and that is the fact that it -is the century of the child. Indeed, it seems we are to realize the -promise of holy writ, that a little child shall lead us. We are -beginning to see, through the misfortunes of the child, through -their tears and sufferings, many of the causes that are not only -responsible for the troubles of children but for the troubles of -men. For, after all, there is no child problem that isn’t a parent -problem—a problem of the home. And when we get back to the problem of -the home we are, of course, face to face with all the great social, -economic, industrial and political problems. Even the political -parties are at least beginning to understand that if they would meet -with the approval of the people they must concern themselves more -about the problems of humanity; that they must present real remedies -which promise an immediate check for the terrible waste of life, of -energy and of power, which is going on in this nation. That while -it is important to conserve our material resources—the power of our -waterfalls and the verdure of our forests—we must also conserve our -human resources. After all, these great assets of the nation are very -closely linked together. The strength and future well-being of the -race itself must depend in a large measure upon the Conservation with -which this organization has so well concerned itself during the past -decade. It is only a natural and to be expected step in the evolution -of its work that it should equally concern itself more directly with -the human beings who will not be able to profit from its work unless -their welfare is also conserved in other directions. - -It has long been the opinion of specialists and social workers in -this country that the national government itself was not doing all -that it should do for the welfare of the children of the nation. -Largely because of the failure of any government agency directly -responsible for such work, the various methods of dealing with the -many-sided problems of childhood were more or less in a state of -chaos. The matter was first brought to the attention of Congress -through a bill formulated and agreed to by the various child saving -agencies of the State of Colorado, and introduced in Congress by -Hon. John F. Shafroth, the present Governor of Colorado, in 1902, -providing for a government bureau that should directly concern itself -with the welfare of children. This effort was followed several years -later by other child saving agencies in the introduction of what is -now popularly known as “A bill for the establishment of a children’s -bureau.” This bill was free from some of the objections of the -earlier bill which included governmental protection for dumb animals, -as well as a special bureau for the welfare of children. Great -impetus was given to this final effort by former President Roosevelt, -who called the White House conference on dependent children that met -in Washington City on January 25 and 26, 1909, when a resolution was -adopted recommending the enactment of the then pending measure. - -The National Consumers’ League in its Tenth Annual Report presented, -perhaps, the ablest summary of all those presented concerning the -necessity for such a bureau. This summary pointed out many items of -information that ought to be valuable concerning the children of the -Nation—information that, as amazing as it may seem, was practically -impossible to be had in this Nation of ours concerning its children: - - 1. How many blind children are there in the United States? Where - are they? What provision for their education is made? How many of - them are receiving training for self-support? What are the causes of - their blindness? What steps are taken to prevent blindness? - - 2. How many mentally subnormal children are there in the United - States, including idiots, imbeciles, and children sufficiently - self-directing to profit by special classes in school? Where - are these children? What provision is made for their education? - What does it cost? How many of them are receiving training for - self-support? - - 3. How many fatherless children are there in the United States? - Of these, how many fathers are dead? How many are illegitimate? - How many are deserters? In cases in which the father is dead, - what killed him? It should be known how much orphanage is due to - tuberculosis, how much to industrial accidents, etc. Such knowledge - is needful for the removal of preventable causes of orphanage. - - 4. We know something about juvenile illiteracy once in 10 years. - The subject should be followed up every year. It is not a matter - of immigrant children, but of a permanent, sodden failure of - the Republic to educate a half million children of native - English-speaking citizens. Current details are now unattainable. - - 5. Experience in Chicago under the only effective law on this - subject in this country indicates that grave crimes against children - are far more common than is generally known. There is no official - source of wider information upon which other States may base - improved legislation or administration. - - 6. How many children are employed in manufacture? In commerce? In - the telegraph and messenger service? How many children are working - underground in mines? How many at the mine’s mouth? Where are these - children? What are the mine labor laws applicable to children? We - need a complete annual directory of State officials whose duty it is - to enforce child-labor laws. This for the purpose of stimulating to - imitation those States which have no such officials, as well as for - arousing public interest in the work of the existing officials. - - 7. We need current information as to juvenile courts, and they - need to be standardized. For instance, no juvenile court keeps a - record of the various occupations pursued by the child before its - appearance in court beyond, in some cases, the actual occupation at - the time of the offense committed. Certain occupations are known to - be demoralizing to children, but the statistics which would prove - this are not now kept. It is reasonable to hope that persistent, - recurrent inquiries from the Federal children’s bureau may induce - local authorities to keep their records in such form as to make them - valuable both to the children concerned and to children in parts of - the country which have no similar institutions. - - 8. There is no accepted standard of truancy work. In some places - truant officers report daily, in others weekly, in some monthly, in - others never. Some truant officers do no work whatever in return for - their salaries. There should be some standard of efficiency for work - of this sort, but first we need to know the facts. - - 9. Finally, and by far the most important, we do not know how many - children are born each year, or how many die, or why they die. We - need statistics of nativity and mortality. - -The American Federation of Labor, the labor unions, and, of course, -practically all of the social workers of the Nation have united -through every means in their power to create the sentiment that has -finally resulted in a Federal children’s bureau. - -This, then, is the most significant and, at the same time, the -most hopeful single item of accomplishment for the conservation -of the childhood welfare of the Nation for the past year. Next -in importance to the establishment of the bureau itself is the -appointment by the President in the person of Miss Julia T. Lathrop -as its chief. Her long and devoted service with Miss Jane Addams -at Hull House in Chicago, her well-known interest and experience -in the sociological work that has occupied so many years of her -useful life have especially equipped her for this work. While, up -to the time of the establishment of the children’s bureau, we were -rather lagging behind the European nations, the various national and -international conferences held throughout Europe during the past -year have been greatly stimulated by the example our Government -has set in establishing this special work for the Conservation of -the Nation’s best asset. It is hard, therefore, to estimate the -far-reaching influence of this wise and generous step on the part of -the National Government. It was my privilege, with others, to attend -sessions of the congressional committees and speak in behalf of the -National Children’s Bureau, and my enthusiasm is just as great as -it ever was for that important step, but I am not one of those who -have believed that when we establish the bureau we have done all -that we can do as a Nation to conserve the welfare of the children. -No doubt the bureau will accomplish much through such an educational -campaign as it may be able to conduct, and the gathering together of -very important information upon subjects that at present are left -largely to conjecture, and concerning which we shall still be left -very much in the dark. But I wish to predict that its chief service -in the end will be, as I hope it will be, to point out some of the -needed changes in social, economic and industrial fabric that must be -made if we are going to truly conserve the interests of the child. -A program of social justice, definitely proposed and persistently -carried out will in the end do much more for the welfare of the -children of the Nation than all the bureaus that we can establish. - -The agitation carried on principally by social workers, juvenile -courts and probation officers, for the past ten years in behalf of -what is popularly known as “Mothers’ Pensions,” has begun to bear -fruit. As far back as 1899, a few of the States recognized the -principle that it should share with certain homes the responsibility -for the education of the child by not only providing free schools but -also by providing aid for certain needy parents of children in order -that the children could have the educational advantages afforded by -the State. The demand for an extension of this recognition of the -principle has met with response during the past two years in the -State of Missouri and the State of Illinois. While the Missouri law -was the first definite mothers’ pension law, so-called, to become -effective, it differs from the Illinois law in that it is limited to -certain large cities. A somewhat similar law in Illinois has now been -in force for a little more than a year. It is much broader in scope. -Generally speaking, these laws vest power in the juvenile courts, -after proper hearing, to direct the authorities dispensing public -revenues, to pay to the parents—generally the mother—of dependent -children a sum sufficient for the mother to care for the children in -her own home, where the conditions are such, of course, as to justify -keeping the child in its own home. It is assumed that the judge -will act with wisdom and discretion and not abuse the power vested -in him for the protection of dependent children. As a rule, this -confidence in the court is not misplaced. But I am strongly opposed -to legislation of this kind that is not carefully hedged about with -such safeguards as to avoid possible abuses under it. For it is the -abuses of such laws that furnish ammunition to its foes. This is not -an objection to the principle of the law or a criticism of those who -are entitled to so much credit for its passage. Most any kind of a -law to start with establishing the principle should be more than -welcome. The safeguards needed must largely develop in the course of -practice and experience under it, when they may be added by suitable -amendments from time to time—not an uncommon history of most all -legislation of this character. - -In many States, as in Colorado, where we have on several occasions -attempted to secure legislation of this kind, we have met with -failure for several reasons. The need has not seemed to legislators -to be as acute as in States with more congested populations, in large -cities like New York and Chicago. And in many States the laws already -on the statute books have been fairly sufficient for their needs. Not -only in Colorado, but many other States, to my personal knowledge, -in exceptional or proper cases, mothers have been pensioned by the -county commissioners, or assisted under school laws to such an -extent that the lack of a more definite law upon the subject has -not been seriously felt. But any State, in which there is a city of -over 100,000 population or a considerable number of small cities of -over 25,000 population, if it would truly conserve the welfare of -its children, should not hesitate to adopt definite and effective -legislation of this character. - -But signs of opposition to such legislation are by no means lacking. -It has been denounced in some quarters as paternalistic—socialistic, -and entirely beyond the province or within the power of the State. -But the time has long since passed in this country when there should -be any serious question of not only the power but the duty of the -State when it comes to the protection of its children. I say “its -children” because the State is the supreme parent—the over-parent. -From one viewpoint the State is superior to the natural parent. It -says to the parent, “If you neglect your child you forfeit your right -to its custody.” This is a just power to be wisely exercised. It is -primarily for the welfare of the child. Because of the natural ties -of love and affection that are supposed to exist between parent and -child it is assumed by the State that the best place for the child -is in its own home with its own father and mother. This is a wise -balance for this rather exceptional power of the State. The State -wisely recognizes that the home is the foundation of society, and -since it is in the interest of the State to keep the child in the -home, as one of the very best methods of preserving the home, the -first duty of the agents of the State should be to bring about that -result in every case possible. In fighting for the child the State is -only fighting for its own preservation. - -Another prime duty of the State is to compel the father to support -the child and also to support the wife, not so much because it is the -wife but because it is a woman who is the mother of a child, or may -be the mother of a child. One great weakness in the nonsupport laws -of the various States and, at the same time, a danger in the mothers’ -pension acts of the various States is the lack of a practical system -of operation and enforcement that will not permit the father to -shirk—that will hold him to a strict accountability to his duty to -the State, namely, to support the child. The child is the State and -the State is the child. The man or woman, therefore, who does most -for the child does most for the State. As a part of every nonsupport -law and mothers’ compensation act should be provisions for workhouses -where fathers who wilfully and without excuse refuse to perform their -duty to the child should be committed. - -Failing in the last Legislature in Colorado to get any legislation -for the relief of needy mothers, our people have appealed to the -people under their rights to initiative laws, for what we term a -Mothers’ Compensation Law, rather than a Mothers’ Pension Act. We -think that the difference is more than a mere haggling over terms. - -The State maintains a standing army for its protection. Soldiers -fighting its battles, or standing ready to fight its battles while -performing that function, are paid—compensated. They receive money, -food and clothing from the State. When the fight is over, when they -have retired from service, in their old age they are pensioned. - -In a different capacity, but none the less important and effective, -do mothers of children serve the State. They do not face death on the -field of battle, but they go down to the gates of death and bring -back their children. The perils and hardships that soldiers endure in -times of war are more than equalled by the struggles of hundreds of -thousands of mothers fighting the enemies of the State that killing -competition and the injustices of present economic conditions have -raised up in its path. In fighting these enemies to save their -children to the State these women are more serviceable soldiers of -the State even than those sons they reared, who may have died on the -field of battle. - -The term “pension,” therefore, is a misnomer. It is confusing. It -interferes with a real understanding of what this fight is all about. - -It might not be a bad idea to consider pensioning mothers, as we -pension soldiers after the battle is fought, after they have gone -through the valley of the shadow, after they have slaved, and toiled -and suffered and reared their children to manhood and womanhood, to -guarantee them a peaceful, happy old age by providing a “pension.” -But while they are engaged in the service of the State, in saving the -State by saving the child, I insist, where it is necessary to enable -them to do their part in the battle, they should be paid—they should -be compensated. - -I insist further that the compensation should no more be in the -interest of the mother than it should be in the interest of the -soldier, except as a means of preserving the home and the State, -except as in the interest of public morals and for the prevention of -poverty and crime—all of which is necessary to save the State. - -Maternity is more than a prompting of nature. It is a patriotic duty -to the State. As in the case of the patriot who enlists for the -war, of course it should be voluntary and in accord with social and -religious custom. But a wilful evasion of so plain a duty should -be visited with the same contempt that meets the deserter from the -ranks. As the profession of the soldier is no more the business of -the individual without the part and duty of the State, neither is the -perpetuation of the race wholly the business of the individual. And -of course it is the duty of the State to see that those individuals -responsible for the race should perform their duty. There must be -laws recognizing the man as the breadwinner and the mother as the -home maker. The man must be held strictly accountable to the State -for the support of the woman he has chosen to be the mother of his -children. And this must be primarily not so much in the interest of -the woman as in the interest of the children she bears or is expected -to bear. If the man fails in his duty he should be compelled to -perform that duty where it is possible to compel him to do it. If -that is not possible, then the State itself must assume the burden. -If the man has wilfully shirked it must provide workhouses in which -he can be made to perform the duty he has voluntarily undertaken. - -But, at whatever expense or hazard, the State must see that the child -is protected. This is impossible unless the mother is protected. - -The State has no right to scold women for race suicide when the State -itself is responsible for race suicide. The father would have just -as much right to scold his child for stealing when the neglect of -the father was responsible for the thefts of the child. The State -has just as important a part in this problem as the individual. -The individual must do his duty, but the State must see that the -conditions are such that it is possible for the individual to perform -his part. If the struggle for bread makes maternity a tragedy instead -of a blessing, it is the duty of the State to reverse the conditions -and make maternity a blessing instead of a tragedy. (Applause.) - -In conclusion, I want to utter a warning. In standing for the policy -of the State to guarantee compensation to the mothers of children, -the State becomes responsible in a measure for every child coming -into the world. The next logical step will be for the State to demand -a right to say who shall and who shall not be the fathers and mothers -of its children. It follows that the Mothers’ Compensation Act is -only a part of a new code now in process of development in which -the State shall become more and more responsible, not only for the -children who are born into the world, but for the kind of children -that are born into the world and the parentage of those children. It -is all a part of a wise system of laws the purpose of which shall be -as far as proper and possible to exclude the unfit from the rights of -parenthood. - -The revival of that interesting cult of eugenics now attracting so -much attention, the demand for the teaching of sex hygiene and the -agitation of kindred subjects now going on throughout the whole -civilized world, is simply a response to the growing need and the -growing demand that the State should become the over-parent of the -race. - -It is impossible in the time allowed for this discussion and the -subjects that such a report should occupy to do more than discuss -one or two of the recent activities in behalf of the Conservation -of the child life of the Nation. Much excellent work has been done -by other organizations, some of which, because of the limitations -mentioned, it may be impossible to refer to. But I must especially -commend the work of the Men and Religion Forward Movement and the -excellent report of its Boys’ Work Commission. After all, the work -for the boy is necessarily in a large measure also a work for the -girl. This report ably discusses the religious needs of the child; -the message of Christianity to childhood; the essential principles -of organized work with children in the church, the Sunday-school and -local organizations, and the relation of these organizations to the -home and the child and to social and sex hygiene. - -Of similar importance is the laborious, able and excellent report on -the safeguarding of adolescent youth, prepared for the International -Sunday-school Association under the direction of Mr. Wilbur R. Crafts -and his committee of assistants. - -Dr. Wallace spoke of the need of moral education, and I heartily -agree with him; but what are you going to do in the case of a bright -boy who knows more about politics than he does about Sunday-school? -I have a boy like this in my mind. He knew the ward boss, knew all -about him—his authority over the dives and all that. But I thought -he needed moral training, so he was induced to go to Sunday-school. -I saw him afterwards and asked him what he learned in Sunday-school. -“Aw,” he said, “it’s a place where all the little kids go and gives -up a penny, but they don’t git nothin’ back.” “But you learned -something, didn’t you?” I asked. “Yes,” he said, “they learned me -about the angels; they learned me they had wings like chickens, but -they didn’t learn me whether they laid eggs or not.” - -I agree with Dr. Wallace that we need to change our methods. Of -course Dr. Wallace has had a different experience from mine. He has -children. I have children—a thousand of them—but they belong to other -folk. - -There is no more important subject than the safeguarding of childhood -and youth against the moral perils of the modern community. Under -this head the important matter of regulating dance halls, skating -rinks, moving picture shows and various places of amusement is -becoming more and more one of the serious problems of community life. - -The able reports of one or two vice commissions of the large cities, -notably Chicago and Minneapolis, have added much to the literature -and information valuable to those who are interested in conserving -and protecting the moral welfare of the nation’s youth. - -Let me say here that I was in a city where they had such a vice -commission, and one of the officials told me the number of women -who had been forced into prostitution, or had been forced half-way -there. I asked him the ages of these women, and he said practically -they were all between eighteen and thirty-five, and on looking up the -statistics we found that this number of women thus forced into this -unholy life was 10 per cent. of all the women between eighteen and -thirty-five in that city. It is a frightful thing, my friends, but if -these things exist, if they are facts, we are false to our children -and false to our country if we try to blind our eyes to these facts. -It is our duty, and as Dr. Wallace has said, there is no place in -this country where these things ought to be more freely discussed -than in a Congress like this. - -The child welfare exhibit, beginning with that of Chicago and -duplicated in a measure in other large cities, is one of the most -notable contributions in recent times in the great work of conserving -the welfare of childhood. - -The wider use of the schools in its more careful regard for the -physical welfare of children must also be added to the hopeful signs -of the times. The terrific waste in money, energy and effort that -is going on in the cities because of the many boards controlling -such activities as schools, playgrounds, social centers, public -libraries, art galleries and public baths promises to be largely -avoided by a consolidation of these activities under the control of -one board with the schools as a great social center, to which is -added its neighborhood dance hall, public baths, public library, -public assembly hall, public playground and social center under -one single authority, such as a board of education and recreation -that promises to avoid the bickerings, difficulties, expense and -waste that is the outcome from duplicated boards. Activities that -are largely educational and concern the city’s youth, now largely -under a half-dozen boards or authorities, should be brought together -under one general authority. An amendment to the Constitution of -the State of Colorado proposing such a consolidation and the use -of the schoolhouses as polling places and for the discussion of -governmental, social and political questions during campaigns, is to -be voted on at the November election. - -And now, my friends, in conclusion I want to say that one of the -prime duties of the Nation—its duty to the child—is to extend to -the women the same rights as the men, that they may go to the polls -and vote on these measures. (Applause.) This is not politics, Mr. -President, it is a plain, economic proposition, because I believe -the women of this country are awake to the needs of the children, -especially those in the centers of population, and when they are -given this right they will pass laws that are necessary to bring -about right and justice for the women and children of this Nation. -(Applause.) I would not have my position today but for the fact that -women vote in Colorado. (Laughter.) Either the bosses, the machine -or the gang would have got me long ago. Why? Because I went beyond -the court into the swamp lands, not beyond the city, but within the -city, and showed up the ghosts of poverty and crime and the relations -between a certain type of lawless big boss and vice. And when the -mother could see that the protection of her boy and her girl from -vice depended upon clean politics and righteous laws, then, my -friends, the change began to come, and it is coming in our State -as in every other State in this Nation—then began a reign of truth -and right and progress. (Applause.) And when the women of our city -understood what machine rule meant, they rose in their might, with -the ballot in their hands, and put an end to machine rule in that -city. - -I remember a little boy that belonged to one of our debating clubs on -the west side, who was very much disturbed over the making of some -new laws. He came to see me, and when I asked him what he wanted, -he pulled a piece of paper out of his pocket, on which was written: -“Resolved, That all kids over ten years of age shall have a right to -vote for the juvenile judge.” “And then,” said little Benny, “when -we gets that law through the bosses will never get you, and we kids -will get justice.” - -But it was not necessary. - -I remember we had a little fellow who was quite a fluent speaker, -and finally one of the bosses began to get alarmed at the effect -this boy’s talk was having. The boss said to him, “You have a lot of -mouth, but you have no vote.” Quick as a flash came the answer, “I -haven’t got a vote, but I would have you understand that in the State -of Colorado my mother has a vote, and my sister has a vote, and she -married a fellow and he has a vote, and they will see that he votes -right.” - -And the boy’s prediction was more than verified, for when the votes -were counted the majority was on the right side, and the people who -were working to relieve poverty and the suffering of children had won -by ten thousand majority. - -So I feel we must have the women with us in this struggle for the -rights of childhood in this Nation, and with that right guaranteed -they will bring about sooner than any other agency some changes for -good in this Nation. If we are to save the child we want to save the -State, for the child is the State and the State is the child. Take -care of the child and the State will take care of itself. (Great -applause.) - - -Miss Adeline Denny (in the audience) moved that a rising vote of -thanks be tendered Judge Lindsey, who is in favor of women as well as -children. The motion was carried and the Chautauqua salute given. - - -President WHITE—The Congress now stands adjourned until 9:30 o’clock -tomorrow morning. - - - - -_SEVENTH SESSION._ - - -The Congress convened in the Murat Theater, on the morning of October -3, 1912, and was called to order by President White, at 9:45 o’clock -a. m. - - -President WHITE—We are a little late in gathering this morning. The -meetings last night were rather strenuous. There were meetings in two -different places, and the one I attended had seventeen or eighteen -hundred in the audience, so we know we have a large attendance. The -idea of having sectional meetings is a good one, because it enables -discussions at greater length upon special subjects that concern -different people interested. Day before yesterday, we had three -meetings going on at the same time. Then we have an illustration of -what is needed in the way of civic reform and good government over at -the State House, and none of us should miss this. It is going on all -the time. It appeals to the eye, and we can see at a glance so much -that is needed in this battle for reform. - -I have some announcements to make before I call upon the first -speaker. I have a telegram from Mrs. G. H. Robertson of Jackson, -Tenn., and one from Anna Caroline Benning of Columbus, Ga. These -telegrams contain greetings, and also suggestions as to the next -meeting place of the Congress. We are glad to have suggestions as -to the next meeting place, but under the Constitution the Executive -Committee takes up this matter for consideration, and they have three -or four months to do it in. - - JACKSON, TENN., October 2, 1912. - - President National Conservation Congress, Claypool Hotel, - Indianapolis. - - Mothers and teachers of Tennessee interested in conservation of - childhood beg the National Conservation Congress to hold its next - meeting in Knoxville. This will mean much to Tennessee. We hope you - will see that Knoxville is, all things considered, the place of all - others for you. - - From President Congress of Mothers, - MRS. G. H. ROBERTSON. - - COLUMBUS, GA., October 2, 1912. - - Mr. J. B. White, President Fourth National Conservation Congress, - Indianapolis, Indiana. - - Please greet the officers and members of the Fourth National - Conservation Congress for me and tell them that illness prevents my - attendance, and say for me the disappointment is great, for my heart - is in the work. - - ANNA CAROLINE BENNING. - - -President WHITE—We also have a report from Col. M. H. Crump of -Bowling Green, Ky., which will now be read: - - -REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON ESTABLISHMENT OF A NATIONAL PARK TO -INCLUDE MAMMOTH CAVE. - -Immediately on notification of appointment by President J. B. -White, the committee (Dr. Henry S. Drinker, Hon. William P. -Borland, Mr. Gifford Pinchot and Col. M. H. Crump, with Dr. W. J. -McGee as Chairman) organized by correspondence and proceeded to -work through both individual and collective action. Largely at the -instance of Col. Crump, Hon. Robert Y. Thomas, Jr., a Representative -from Kentucky, introduced a bill (H. R. 1666) providing for the -establishment of a National Park to include Mammoth Cave, and this -was duly referred to the House Committee on Military Affairs. Before -this body your committee appeared at formal hearings on February 1, -February 5 and May 3. Early in February a similar bill was introduced -in the Senate by Hon. William O. Bradley and referred to the Senate -Committee on Public Lands; before this body also your committee -(through Col. Crump and the Chairman) appeared at a formal hearing -on February 6. Both before and after these hearings members of the -committee personally presented the matter before members of both -branches of the Federal Congress; Dr. Drinker by correspondence, -since he was out of the country until too late to attend the early -hearings. - -Your committee have to report, with regret, that while the requisite -early steps looking toward the desired legislation were taken, the -bills have not yet been reported from the Congressional Committees -and probably will not be during the present session. Accordingly, -we recommend that this be considered a report of progress; that the -National Conservation Congress be requested through its Resolutions -Committee to once more urge on the Federal Congress the eminent -desirability of creating a National Park to include the Mammoth Cave, -and that an appropriate committee be created through the National -Conservation Congress of 1912 to continue action in the premises. - - Respectfully submitted, - W. J. MCGEE, Chairman. - MALCOLM H. CRUMP. - - -President WHITE—This report will be turned over to the new President. - -It is now my pleasure to introduce to this audience a gentleman from -the Pacific Coast who has long been an active worker in the cause of -Conservation, especially in the conservation of forests. He is well -known to all on the Pacific Coast and to every man in the Central and -Eastern States. He is President of the National Lumber Manufacturers’ -Association, and he will treat the subject of Conservation from “The -Lumberman’s Viewpoint.” Major E. G. Griggs, of Tacoma, Washington. -(Applause.) - - -Major GRIGGS—Gentlemen, Members of the Convention: I want to voice -the sentiment of the lumbermen of the country particularly in -approving the action taken by this Congress in allowing us to have -our own conferences in reference to the interests in which we are -vitally concerned, together with the general meeting. I think that -has been one of the best features of this Congress. - -The objects of the National Conservation Congress are so clearly -exploited in the Second Article of our Constitution that I believe -a repetition of them is clearly in order that we may keep them -uppermost in our minds: - -“(1) To provide a forum for discussion of the resources of the United -States as the foundation for the prosperity of the people, (2) to -furnish definite information concerning the resources and their -utilization, and (3) to afford an agency through which the people of -the country may frame policies and principles affecting the wise and -practical development, conservation and utilization of the resources -to be put into effect by their representatives in State and Federal -government.” - -I have attended all of these Congresses and have been wonderfully -impressed with the zeal and interest manifested in these proceedings. -The vital questions considered are touching the popular chord and its -effect is vibrating the length and breadth of the land. - -Some are drawn here by one interest and some by another, but -all recognize the wisdom and need of arousing our people to a -consideration of the resources of our country and their proper -utilization. In the cauldron of our national development, mix a -little philanthropy, patriotism and politics and you can stir up the -most phlegmatic of our citizens. - -To my mind, the great results we wish to secure in this Conservation -effort can only be realized by directing the attention of the -millions who do not attend these annual meetings to the importance -in our State and national life of the subject-matter we have under -consideration. - -The vast majority of the American people wish to see general -prosperity and proper utilization of the resources of the country, -regardless of the political ambitions of any individual or party. -Conservation will only be realized when it takes such a strong hold -of the people that any man or set of men will sink to political -oblivion if they do not promote its cause. - -Three years ago we were somewhat startled by the announcement, I -think from the originators of this movement, that the electric -companies had combined to control the water powers of the country. -Today I come from a State where a stupendous amalgamation of capital -has recently combined the hydro-electric plants of the Puget Sound -basin. Not that this is detrimental to our development, but that the -acquiring of these perpetual rights and control of natural resources -should be well considered by the people and subject forever to their -supervision. - -The cupidity of capital will only be curbed by the assurance to the -long-time investor that the Government is behind the investment and -the people will not forever back the investment unless they are in on -the deal. - -Our country is comparatively new and we need to encourage capital and -labor in every way to develop the latent resources, but we want to -make better trades than we have made in the past if we wish to hold -the respect of either. - -The old saying that “Uncle Sam is rich enough to give us all a -farm” sounded siren-like to all, and was necessary to encourage the -settler, but there is a limit to even Uncle Sam’s patrimony—and -irrigation costs money. No doubt the State of Washington, which I -represent, has profited as much as any other by the liberal policy of -the Government, but there forest reserves have been declared and in -lieu of worthless timber tracts scrip has been issued to bona fide -settlers or original grantees, and for this same scrip some of the -choice timber lands of the country have been exchanged. I conclude -that “David Harum” is discounted in a trade. - -The lumber manufacturers of the country have in recent years been -in the limelight of trust investigators, and to what purpose? If to -foster the political ambitions of some demagogue, I am sure it will -fail. There may be organizations back of labor and capital which -come under the ban of the law, but when such general conclusions -are drawn, as in the Missouri Ouster Case, that the National Lumber -Manufacturers’ Association is an unlawful combination in restraint of -trade, as President of that association I “deny the allegation and -defy the allegator.” - -There is too much of loose talk in censuring the efforts of -associations generally. The very theories you as Conservationists are -advancing are uppermost in the minds of association workers. And the -greatest development in forest Conservation and fire protection has -its origin and support from these associations. We have something to -conserve and are not mere theorists. With rising values of timber and -utilization of lower grades of lumber, the product of the entire tree -will be saved. - -This is where the shoe pinches. It is going to cost more money to -conserve. The low grades of lumber, slabs, and waste from a mill must -bring enough money when sold to pay for the labor expended in saving -them. Then, and then only, will they be saved. - -Trees can only be reproduced on soil suitable for that purpose and -for no other. The timber crop is the process of years of growth, and -annual taxes, perpetual fire risk and the desire to use the land for -more frequent crops are the deterrent features of reforestation. We -only need to look abroad, where common lumber brings the price of -mahogany in this country, to realize that an article to be saved and -reproduced must have commercial value. - -Your great centers of population in the East and Middle West are -today beginning to realize that happiness, health and long life of -the people will be your greatest commercial asset. The country is -becoming aroused to the needs of forest, lake, stream and fresh air -to build up American citizenship. We in the West, like the pioneers -who have worked their way across the American continent, do not -appreciate our own resources until we realize the vast sums being -appropriated in your dense centers of population to reinstate in a -measure the surroundings in which we revel. - -Population, transportation and ability to pay are all determining -factors in our national development. It takes something more than -philanthropy to meet a payroll or pay the grocer, and too little heed -is given the trials and privations of our pioneer life in some of our -theories. - -We lumbermen of the West Coast, where transportation charge alone -equals more than the original cost of our lumber to you, are -sometimes rebuffed in our efforts to conserve, where of necessity the -waste is large. - -We are not slow in the West and South in developing the use of wooden -block paving, in establishing creosote plants to prolong the life of -our product, but in our recent attempts to get the consumer to use -odd and short lengths to prevent a waste in our mills of 2 per cent. -of our planing mill product, we are balked in our efforts and forced -to the burners with a lot of trimmings. - -I have just read the following from an address delivered by Joseph -B. Knapp, assistant district forester in the United States Service, -which bears out my contention: - -“Coast lumbermen a few years ago unitedly endeavored to introduce -the use of flooring, ceiling, finish and other planing mill products -in multiples of one foot from three feet upward. At this time the -United States Forest Service made an investigation of the waste due -to manufacturing planing mill products in multiples of two feet. -We found this waste to be over two per cent. of the material run -through planing mills in Oregon and Washington, or the equivalent -of the yearly growth of wood on approximately 30,000 acres of good -timberland. The consuming trade refused to accept odd lengths and -after a conscientious attempt on the part of lumber manufacturers, -it was found necessary to discontinue the manufacture of odd lengths -over ten feet. It is therefore seen that the useless waste in the -manufacture of lumber can not always be attributed to the lack of a -desire on the part of the lumber manufacturer to introduce economical -practices. It remains for the ultimate consumer of our timber -products to determine in what form these products shall be supplied -to him, and therefore conservative lumbering and close manufacture -are dependent as much upon the layman as upon the manufacturer.” - -Our British Columbia neighbors are keenly alive to their timber -interests and their forest service is alive to the situation. Mr. -Benedict, assistant forester of British Columbia, in a recent address -stated that in British Columbia, on a very conservative estimate, -after eliminating waste land, rocky mountain slopes and peaks, they -had 65,000,000 acres capable of producing merchantable timber and -valueless for any other purpose. - -“The productiveness of this land in timber will vary from 1,000 -hard feet per acre per year in particularly favorable localities on -the coast to 25 or 50 board feet per acre per year on the mountains -of the interior,” he says, “but I am confident that the average -yield will amount to 100 board feet at least. This gives an annual -production of 6,500,000,000 feet. - -“Allowing for a temporary overproduction of lumber brought on by -the desire of the holders of timber limits to realize on their -investment as quickly as possible, it will be seen that the stand of -mature timber will last from fifty to seventy-five years. At the end -of seventy-five years, when this mature timber is cut, the present -stand of second growth timber will have matured so that the annual -production can be maintained perpetually at 6,500,000,000 feet. All -this provided the present stand of mature timber is preserved from -destruction by fire and likewise that the second growth is able to -escape fire and grow to maturity. - -“The stake then for which the forest protection force is working -is an annual crop of 6,500,000,000 feet of timber, worth to the -Government, say, $6,000,000, and to the community $100,000,000. To -win the stake fire must be kept out of the area of 100,000,000 acres, -or a block of forest 400 miles square. The problem, both on account -of the immense area, the variety of causes of fire, the absence of -means of transportation and communication, and the present sparseness -of population, is a most difficult one to solve. The safe harvesting -of the annual yield will require, besides the expenditure of large -sums of money, the good will of every citizen in the Province. -However, everything favors the satisfactory working out of the -problem.” - -I quote the above to prove that we are not alone in our efforts to -conserve and provide for the future of our country. - -Our associated efforts are being extended continually along the lines -of economy in manufacture, in the matter of standard grades and -sizes, inspection and insurance. Where is the commodity that can be -intelligently transported and marketed without a thorough knowledge -of both production and consumption? I now claim, and always have -claimed, that associated efforts to disseminate this information -and collectively endorse projects financially and otherwise to -promote the study of forestry and lumbering are the highest types of -Conservation of the Nation’s resources. - -In the great State of Washington, which is now furnishing more lumber -than any other State in the Union, and where the lumber production -is the chief industry of the State, we are vitally concerned in our -legislative work, and concerning our Workman’s Compensation Act -I wish to bring to this particular Congress a special message. I -believe this act emphasizes the benefits of co-operative effort in -conserving human life and in protecting the breadwinner, upon whom -depends the life and happiness of so large a population. - -With an industry affecting throughout the United States over 45,000 -sawmills and 800,000 employes, regardless of families dependent on -them, you will agree with me that we are all vitally interested in -workmen’s compensation. - -In a recent Bulletin of the National Lumber Manufacturers’ -Association, Mr. Bronson wrote as follows: - -“Thirteen States have adopted workmen’s compensation acts, and all -have become effective since September 1, 1910. All but one of these -laws are optional, the exception being the Washington law, which -is compulsory, and which, according to the brief experience had, -seems to be the most satisfactory both to employers and employes, -saving the employer all expense for industrial insurance, and saving -both employer and employe all court costs and giving to the employe -the full compensation provided by the law without any deduction for -lawyers or fees. - -“The thirteen States which have adopted compensation acts are -California, Illinois, Kansas, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, New -Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Rhode Island, Washington and -Wisconsin. In all of these States the common-law defenses are in -whole or part wiped out where the employer does not come under the -compensation act.” - -The law in the State of Washington has now been in operation one -year. To those of us who have operated under it, it has already -proved what its advocates claimed the most advanced piece of -legislation enacted—and we have woman’s suffrage, too. - -It is surprising what an effect it has had in clearing the court -docket of damage suits and in paying to the injured at a time when -the money is needed all the award without the intervention of a third -party. With a carefully selected commission of three, responsible -to the Governor, and non-partisan in character, we have launched a -statute that, regardless of any improvements which may be determined -or defects disclosed, has improved the industrial atmosphere both for -employe and employer. - -The State appropriates a fund of $150,000 to administer the act for -two years. The risks are classified and rates assessed, and quarterly -payments called for as required. - -The statistical records being made and knowledge gained by the -Commission in administering this act will be invaluable and it has -already brought to the attention of loggers, lumbermen and all -manufacturers the loss of life and limb incidental to the business, -the benefits of factory inspection as a further prevention and the -fixing of responsibility as to accidents. - -I secured from the Commission the attached reports, which I shall -not read in detail, but which show detailed comparisons and some -interesting figures. (See reports, A, B and C, appended to this -paper.) - -Our commissioners have been called on many times to address -conventions and congresses regarding the law, and I can best state -their views by quoting from an address of Commissioner Pratt at our -recent Logging Congress, and from a statement issued by Commissioner -Wallace. Commissioner Pratt says in part: - -“The Workman’s Compensation Act has been in operation now for nine -months, and those of you who are actively in business in the State of -Washington are more or less familiar with its results. - -“In the first place, it is compulsory alike on the employer and -employe. The employer has to pay into the accident fund a sum of -money based upon a percentage of his payrolls, and the employe must -accept the awards of the Commission allowed for work accidents in -lieu of his right to sue at common law, subject, of course, to a -right of appeal on the amount awarded. - -“All the extra hazardous industries of the State are divided into -forty-seven classes, each class with a fund of its own, and the -accidents arising in that class shall be a drain only upon that fund. -As the payments for work accidents deplete the fund in each class it -provides for monthly assessments to be made to recoup each class. The -payments out of these funds are only for work accidents, all the cost -of the administration of the law being paid out of the general taxes -of the State. For the first twenty-two months of its operation an -appropriation of $150,000 was made. - -“It is unlawful for the employer to deduct any portion of the premium -paid into the accident fund out of the wages of the employe. It -provides for penalizing any establishment which from poor or careless -management is unduly hazardous by raising its rate. If an employer, -besides employing men in extra hazardous employment, employs men in -non-hazardous employment, the premium shall be paid only the payrolls -of the extra hazardous work, but the employer and the non-hazardous -employe may elect to come under the act and both shall receive the -benefits of the act. - -“As each class must pay for only such accidents arising in that -class, and as assessments are made only as the funds of that class -are depleted, there are but two things that govern the cost of this -insurance: the amount of the awards and the number and seriousness of -the accidents. - -“As I have said, the classes that the loggers and lumbermen are most -interested in are seven, ten and twenty-nine. - -“The rate for class seven is 5 per cent.; for classes ten, 2½ per -cent., and twenty-nine is 2½ per cent. All operations in which those -present are interested in these last two classes take the same rate. -Class ten is by far the largest class we have, and as it covers -several distinct operations it has been divided into four different -subdivisions or groups. - -“10.1 covers logging and logging operations of all kinds. - -“10.2 covers sawmills and lumber yards, etc. - -“10.3 covers shingle mills and operations connected with a shingle -plant. - -“10.4 covers mast and spar manufacture, stump pulling, land clearing, -etc. - -“We have had the following table compiled of comparative risks of -wood-working industries: - - - Workday - Av. Number Number of Number of Lost per Number of - Class of Men Time Workdays 1,000 Dismemberment - Number. Employed. Awards. Lost. Men. Awards. - - 7 4,120 172 5,862 1,402 17 - 10.1 12,801 440 14,926 1,166 35 - 10.2 17,770 763 14,941 841 51 - 10.3 5,565 221 5,766 1,036 56 - 10.4 381 50 1,144 3,003 5 - 29 3,787 156 3,368 888 24 - —————— ————— —————— ————— ——— - 44,424 1,802 46,007 1,035 188 - - - Deaths - Dismemberment Number per - Class Awards per of 1,000 - Number. 1,000 Men. Deaths. Men. - 7 4.1 7 1.69 - 10.1 2.7 22 1.72 - 10.2 2.9 7 0.39 - 10.3 10.1 0 0.00 - 10.4 13.1 1 2.60 - 29 6.3 0 0.00 - ———— —— ———— - 4.2 37 0.83 - - -“This table is not as nice a one as I should have liked to show this -Congress of Loggers. It shows where the great harm is being done -in class ten and it shows which is the greater risk and what part -of the class should be charged a higher rate than the other part. -Furthermore, not only are we keeping a strict account with each -class, and division of a class, but we are keeping a strict account -with each individual operator and in the end will publish an account -of just how many accidents each firm or corporation has had, just how -much has been paid out for them in awards or pensions, for injuries -to their workingmen. - -“Now, what are we going to do to prevent this loss of life and limb? -In the first place, there has been a Labor Commission since 1905 and -the mills and factories have been subject to inspection and have been -forced to put on safeguards. The loggers have steadfastly refused to -allow any inspection laws covering logging to be put on the statute -book of the State. Logging is a hazardous life at the very best and -calls for strong, dare-devil men, and men who are willing to take -chances. Danger is always present and men become so used to it that -they get careless. This, however, is no excuse for needless loss of -life and limb. - -“Once more I want to urge upon the lumbermen of all classes the -necessity of more rigid inspection; to have some one about the plant -whose sole duty is to see to it that every machine is safeguarded the -best that possibly can be, and that safeguards are kept in place. -It will be money in your pockets if you want to put it on such a -mercenary level as that. - -“Also I want to urge that a movement be put on foot that our colleges -and universities establish chairs of logging and safeguarding -engineering, so that our young men, just fresh from school, shall -have a better knowledge to start with on these subjects than did -their fathers. Many and many a man-killing machine is used just -because some one has not invented a better one. - -“The report of the expense of the Commission shows that the total -amount expended to July 1 out of an appropriation of $150,000 was -$87,062.14, and that the proportion of expenses to the amount of -business done is 11 per cent., a showing so much below what it costs -casualty companies merely to solicit their business as to be notable. - -“The president of one of the casualty companies, while I was in New -York, showed me their experience, which showed that the cost to them -for the last year was 51 per cent. of the premium. As you see, our -cost is about 11 per cent. Of course, we do not have to solicit, nor -do we have so large a force in the field for adjustment. - -“The Commission, is keeping well inside of its appropriation, as the -allowable average expenses for twenty-two months would be $6,818.18, -while the actual average has been $6,620.16. - -“Other details of the financial report are as follows: - - Total receipts, accident fund $699,508 72 - Total expense 86,062 14 - ——————————— - Total fund $785,570 86 - - Cash in fund, 36 per cent. $281,993 32 - Reserve fund, 20.5 per cent. 161,154 49 - Claims paid, 32.5 per cent. 256,360 91 - Expense, 11 per cent. 86,062 14 - ———— —————————— - 100 per cent. $785,570 86 - -“We are executing the law, backed by the State of Washington, and -there is less quibble in settlements made by our Commission than -there would be by an adjustment made by a casualty company. Neither -do we have to pay any attorney’s fees, as the Attorney-General’s -office has to attend to all this part of the work for us. - -“Since the first of October, there has not been a case filed in any -court in the State for damages done to any workman who came under -this act. - -“This has been a great relief to our courts, and in time will be felt -in reduced taxes. The cheapening of our court costs and the removal -of all personal liability suits should work a reduction of costs to -the general taxpayer. - -“One of the features of the old common-law system was the -ambulance-chasing lawyer, whom we all know. This gentleman is -practically out of business as a result of the Workman’s Compensation -Act, but is undertaking to find some activity in the industry of -appeals. Out of over 6,000 claims passed upon, only twelve appeals -have been filed, one of them from the Imperial Powder Company, to -interpret the law, one to determine the scope of the interstate -commerce law, one filed by an insane claimant, and several that are -in the process of adjustment and dissolution. - -“One appealed case has been tried in court and the court sustained -the Commissioner’s finding as far as temporary total disability -was concerned, but found the claimant entitled to compensation for -permanent partial disability, remanding the case to the Commission -for additional compensation, which was promptly awarded. Had the -Commissioner been in possession of the facts, the award for -permanent partial disability would have been made without appeal.” - -Commissioner Wallace makes the following pertinent statement: - -“The Washington State insurance system has succeeded beyond the -best hopes of its friends and sponsors. In this act, one of the -youngest States is giving the older commonwealths another example -of a wise and progressive law. The State’s control over public -utility corporations, giving the suffrage to women, eight-hour laws -for underground miners and women wage-earners, full crew law for -railways, and other laws enacted during the past four years in the -interest of labor deserve full praise and should not be forgotten in -the triumph of our compensation act. - -“The compensation act has thus ushered in an era of publicity -regarding the appalling maiming, dismembering and killing of workmen -in the mines, mills and workshops of our State. The great question -just now becomes not what we can give to pay for pain and suffering -and even death, but how can we best safeguard those who toil. This -will be real progress; compensation must ever be mere apology. - -“Concerned as we have been as to how the little home flock could be -kept together when the breadwinner was stricken down in his endeavor -to make an honest living, and thinking in terms of dollars and cents -how much it will take to keep the wolf from the door during these -times of industrial disaster, we may have overlooked the fact (or was -it because we were not familiar with it?) that, according to the best -authorities who have made accident prevention a scientific study for -a number of years, 75 to 90 per cent. of the accidents that occur are -preventable. - -“Our law has been widely commended and is in reality the best -compensation law in the United States today. It has been rarely -condemned, save by those who profited by the old legal system. It has -shown the great waste of human energy, manhood and womanhood—wastes -which reflect discredit upon this young and virile commonwealth—and -as these things begin to be understood by the people they will -insistently ask, what can we do, not only to preserve the mineral, -the timber, and the water-power resources of our State, but what can -we do to conserve our greatest asset—human life?” - -I am confident this Congress will endorse the sentiments expressed -and I only wish to add the employer and employe, State official and -private citizen, voice the same sentiments and desire to give them -widest publicity. - - -REPORT A. - -INDUSTRIAL INSURANCE COMMISSION OF WASHINGTON. - - -_Statement of Condition of Accident Fund, September 1, 1912._ - - ================+=======================+===========+============= - | Total Amount Claims. |Estimated | - | |Reserve on | Balance - CLASS. +———————————+———————————+ Approved | in Fund. - | | | Claims. | - | Paid In. | Paid. | | - ————————————————+———————————+———————————+———————————+————————————— - 1 | $19,350 71| $6,400 60| | $12,950 11 - 2 | 17,839 53| 3,860 85| $3,481 60| 10,497 08 - 3 | 6,343 73| 1,653 90| | 4,689 83 - 4 | 1,996 85| 463 80| | 1,533 05 - 5 | 70,194 23| 18,207 10| 20,008 25| 31,978 88 - 6 | 52,990 61| 9,178 86| 2,063 95| 41,747 80 - 7 | 84,249 20| 28,886 99| 17,863 22| 37,498 99 - 8 | 30,745 73| 7,982 15| 1,180 07| 21,583 51 - 9 | 6,340 35| 2,173 30| | 4,167 05 - 10 | 266,461 72| 167,741 35| 95,777 56| 2,942 81 - 12 | 6,432 63| 1,642 25| | 4,790 38 - 13 | 16,371 87| 2,775 43| 7,574 72| 6,021 72 - 14 | 26,817 34| 8,120 36| 1,266 00| 19,430 98 - 15 | 4,275 45| 1,284 21| 754 52| 2,236 72 - 16 | 82,110 27| 33,794 11| 28,020 37| 20,295 79 - 17 | 14,800 60| 4,786 55| 2,352 55| 7,661 50 - 18 | 6,368 70| 4,808 75| | 1,559 95 - 19 | 7,098 59| 717 36| 2,903 83| 3,477 40 - 20 | 1,202 20| 405 00| | 797 20 - 21 | 8,319 89| 4,576 43| | 3,743 46 - 22 | 7,656 94| 2,370 60| | 5,286 34 - 23 | 4,152 43| 543 40| 2,805 92| 803 11 - 24 | 8,084 75| 5,826 45| | 2,258 30 - 25 | 1,489 06| 402 65| | 1,086 41 - 29 | 27,134 69| 16,760 72| | 10,373 97 - 30 | 789 83| | | 789 83 - 31 | 7,051 68| 1,580 73| 842 08| 4,628 87 - 33 | 11,289 16| 1,536 30| | 9,752 86 - 34 | 28,349 76| 15,404 90| 3,156 32| 9,788 54 - 35 | 6,216 34| 1,395 05| | 4,821 29 - 37 | 9,857 48| 1,828 73| 3,295 17| 4,733 58 - 38 | 3,812 52| 1,114 95| | 2,697 57 - 39 | 2,627 55| 415 49| | 2,212 06 - 40 | 2,149 77| 203 55| | 1,946 22 - 41 | 6,516 49| 1,297 80| | 5,218 69 - 42 | 9,885 96| 5,485 86| 3,888 34| 511 76 - 43 | 4,584 50| 2,494 25| | 2,090 25 - 44 | 1,412 96| 680 25| | 732 71 - 45 | 445 14| | | 445 14 - 46 | 463 27| 1,908 95| | 1,445 68 - 47 | 632.44| 39 75| | 592 69 - 48 | 1,000 16| 83 95| | 916 21 - +———————————+———————————+———————————+————————————— - |$875,913 08|$368,833 68|$197,234 47|$309,844 93 - ================+===========+===========+===========+============= - - ================+=================+=============================== - | Deaths | - | Requiring. | - CLASS. +————————+————————+ Occupation. - | | No | - |Pension.|Pension.| - ————————————————+————————+————————+——————————————————————————————— - 1 | | 6 | Sewers. - 2 | 1 | | Bridge and tower. - 3 | | | Pile driving. - 4 | | | House wrecking. - 5 | 6 | 2 | General construction. - 6 | 3 | 5 | Power line installation. - 7 | 8 | 4 | Railroads. - 8 | 1 | 2 | Street grading. - 9 | | | Ship building. - 10 | 33 | 29 | Lumbering, milling, etc. - 12 | | | Dredging. - 13 | 4 | | Electric systems. - 14 | 1 | 1 | Street railway. - 15 | 1 | | Telephone and telegraph. - 16 | 11 | 6 | Coal mining. - 17 | 1 | 3 | Quarries. - 18 | | | Smelters. - 19 | 1 | | Gas works. - 20 | | | Steam boats. - 21 | | | Grain elevators. - 22 | | | Laundries. - 23 | 2 | | Water works. - 24 | | 1 | Paper mills. - 25 | | | Garbage works. - 29 | | | Wood working. - 30 | | | Asphalt manufacturing. - 31 | 1 | 1 | Cement manufacturing. - 33 | | | Fish canneries. - 34 | 1 | | Steel manufacturing, foundries. - 35 | | 1 | Brick manufacturing. - 37 | 1 | 1 | Breweries. - 38 | | | Textile manufacturing. - 39 | | | Food stuffs. - 40 | | | Creameries. - 41 | | | Printing. - 42 | 1 | | Longshoring. - 43 | | | Packing houses. - 44 | | | Ice manufacturing. - 45 | | | Theatre stage employes. - 46 | 7 | 1 | Powder works. - 47 | | | Creosoting works. - 48 | | | Non-hazardous elective. - +————————+————————+ - | 84 | 63 | - ================+========+========+=============================== - - F. W. HINSDALE, Chief Auditor. - - -REPORT B. - -INDUSTRIAL INSURANCE COMMISSION OF WASHINGTON. - -_Statement of Expense Account for the Month of August, 1912._ - - Mileage— - Commissioners $50 00 - Auditors 98 23 - - Railroad Fare— - Commissioners 20 35 - Auditors 195 88 - - Hotel— - Commissioners 97 10 - Auditors 447 90 - - Incidental Expenses— - Auditors 9 15 - - Salaries— - Commissioners 900 00 - Auditors 2,260 29 - Physicians 406 50 - Office 2,067 06 - - Miscellaneous— - Stationery 256 81 - Postage 322 61 - Telephone 66 30 - Telegraph 8 24 - Office supplies 208 97 - General expense 60 20 - Rent 110 00 - ————————— - Total $7,585 59 - - F. W. HINSDALE, Chief Auditor. - - -REPORT C. - - Olympia, Washington, August 31, 1912. - - Industrial Insurance Commission, Olympia, Washington. - - Gentlemen—Herewith statement of claims handled by this Department - during the month of August, 1912. Also, the number handled during - the period from October 1, 1911 to August 31, 1912. - - _Claims Received._ - - Month of August. Total to Date. - Accidents reported 1,374 10,586 - Files incomplete 1,471 - ————— —————— 9,115 - - Files complete 1,455 - Monthly payments continued 262 1,972 - Claims reopened 8 129 - ————— —————— 2,101 - 1,725 —————— - 11,216 - - _Claims Disposed of._ - - Month of August. Total to Date. - Finals 1,097 5,255 - Monthly 262 1,972 - Fatal 36 214 - Total permanent disability 2 - Rejections 78 324 - Suspensions 46 281 - No. claims 198 1,420 - Total disposed of ————— ————— 9,468 - 1,717 - Claims in the work 1,748 - —————— - Total 11,216 - - Respectfully submitted, - J. F. GILLIES (Signed), - Claim Agent. - -President WHITE—This is certainly a very important paper. I want to -say here that tomorrow, in Kansas City, Mo., a committee from the -organized labor interests, and a committee from the manufacturers -will meet to discuss a proposition to prepare a bill for presentation -to the next Missouri Legislature that shall be fair alike to employer -and employe, in regard to compensation for injuries. It has worked -well in Washington, it is humane, and it does shut off the dishonest, -shyster lawyer who means to get three-fourths or more of the award -for the injury, and gives it all to the person who is injured, -without any attorney’s fees. (Applause.) - -I will take just a moment at this time to appoint the Nominating -Committee: - -George E. Condra, Chairman; E. T. Allen, H. A. Barker, Mrs. Marion A. -Crocker, E. G. Griggs, Mrs. Elmer E. Kendall, Henry Wallace, and N. -P. Wheeler. - -This committee has the duty of considering and nominating the -officers for the next Congress. They will have a couple of days for -the work. - -At the first day’s session, there was a report on the program from -the National Congress of Mothers, which was to have been presented -by Mrs. Orville T. Bright, of Chicago. Through an unfortunate -misunderstanding, which was not the fault of Mrs. Bright, she was not -here on the first day. We are glad to have the report at this time. I -now take great pleasure in introducing Mrs. Bright. (Applause.) - - -Mrs. BRIGHT—The one object for the conservation of all the material -resources of a Nation is for the use, comfort and benefit of the -homes of the people. - -It would be of little importance what became of forests, lands, -waters, minerals or food were there no men, women and children to use -and enjoy them. - -Therefore, at the very heart of this Conservation work should be the -two departments covering homes and child life. - -It has been a source of encouragement to see that men who are leaders -in many great developments of our land, have given definite place to -the study of the conservation of the home. - -There is need for it if America is to be the greatest of all the -nations, for with its wonderful natural resources it can only be as -great as the quality and character of its people. - -Great minds are needed to think and plan with wisdom and -unselfishness for the America that is to be, for the protection of -homes that are to shelter and nurture the men and women who a few -years hence will take our places. - -The United States has its Departments of State and War and Navy. It -has not yet seen that the greatest questions it has to meet are the -protection and care of the American people and American homes. - -The U. S. Department of Agriculture is educating the farmer to make -the most out of his land. It gives him information concerning the -soils, the rotation of crops, the protection against the many enemies -of plant life, the care and feeding of stock and poultry. It protects -the forests and the fisheries. All these things for the service of -man have received the guardianship of the Government. - -Homes are just as important as farms, and there is just as great need -of proper consideration for their elevation and protection as there -is that of farms and stock and forests. - -The protection of infant life is of more value, even in a pecuniary -way, than the protection of the cotton crop, yet three hundred -thousand babies die annually whose lives might be saved if the -United States gave the same careful, intelligent information to the -mothers as it does to the farmers. - -The annual sacrifice of three hundred thousand American citizens -from preventable causes is a waste far too great not to receive -governmental consideration. Time need not be wasted on compiling -statistics. There is need for prompt and decisive action to prevent -this needless sacrifice; it means that each year the possibility -for at least one hundred thousand homes of American citizens is cut -off. That means a serious loss to this Nation and one for which -immigration can not compensate. - -The wonderful advance in agriculture can be paralleled in human -culture if the same methods are used. The trains that go through the -country for agricultural demonstrations should carry instruction to -both men and women on home-making and child nurture. The list of -valuable educational pamphlets published and sent free of postage -should include instruction in child hygiene and sanitation. - -There is today a need for a Home Department in the National and State -Governments that is equipped to study the home problems of America -and meet them as only can be done by thorough study and knowledge of -conditions, their causes and remedies. The sacrifice of infant life -is a small part of the waste that undermines the homes. - -Juvenile crime, its causes and treatment are of more vital moment -than the boll weevil or the chestnut blight, for the possible good -citizen transformed into one who is a menace and expense to society -is a great waste. - -There are countless organizations which give material and charitable -relief. There are few which give the help that will enable the -average home properly to guide and train the boys and girls who -are wayward, or will help parents to learn efficient methods of -child nurture. The home has the greatest power over human life and -human character. Too long has it been left to chance and ignorant -experiment to make it efficient in its work, stable and permanent. - -The home is founded by the marriage of a man and a woman. It is a -matter of grave concern to the Nation when divorce breaks up one in -every twelve homes, and leaves the children bereft, not only of a -normal home but deprived of a true conception of what marriage and -parenthood should be. The conservation of the home requires that -serious study and work be done to change this condition in America. -It can not be done by legislation alone, though one of the greatest -needs today for the protection of the home is Federal law governing -marriage, divorce and polygamy. - -It is a serious menace to the home when forty-four States may make -as many different laws as they choose on a subject which is the -foundation of the Nation’s future. - -That a man may be legally married in one State, and that such -marriage is illegal in a State adjoining, that divorce is easy in -some States and difficult in others, that polygamy is permitted -to continue in some States, and that freedom to spread the cult -is allowed, have all been undermining influences in the God-given -standards of marriage, home and parenthood. - -The Government has found it necessary to assume jurisdiction over -interstate commerce, railroads and express companies. It is of even -more vital importance that it should have jurisdiction over marriage, -divorce and their violations. In addition to this, there is need for -definite plain teaching of youth in regard to the true high ideal -of marriage, of parenthood, and the making of a home. This would -prevent a large proportion of the divorces. A standard should be set -in regard to the home, and boys and girls should get that as part of -their education. - -Ignorance of hygiene is responsible for the drawbacks and failures -of many homes. It is inexcusable that any boy or girl should be -permitted to reach manhood and womanhood without a clear knowledge -of personal hygiene, sanitation, and food values. This knowledge is -essential to good home-making and good parenthood, and is equally -necessary for men and women. - -Congestion in cities should not be permitted. In the seaport cities -many immigrants from other lands have not the means to go farther, -and if they had the means, do not know enough about the country to -place themselves where their qualifications would fit best. The cry -against immigration is one with which I can not sympathize. The -Americanizing of the immigrant should be placed in other hands than -the politician’s, who uses him en masse for a manipulated vote. - -The special education of immigrant men and women would be an -important service to good home-making and the ability to train the -children to be useful citizens. - -The proper distribution of immigrants by careful information as to -opportunities for work and the earning of a home is greatly needed. -The proper assimilation of our immigrant population is still in -its infancy, but is of vital moment, for they also are the future -citizens of America. - -The city home of the American citizen should not be left to the -will of builders whose only thought is to build houses for sale. -Many apartments are built today without the amount of light, sun or -ventilation necessary to health. Some cities and towns are realizing -the need for regulating this. - -The Conservation of the home demands that every State should have -requirements as to building homes. The problem of a comfortable home -for the family with a moderate income is a serious one today. Few -cities or towns are giving the thought necessary to make a city of -good homes for the average family at prices possible for them to pay. - -The country home is equally in need of study and help. The -opportunities for social life and educational advantages equal to -those given to the city home should be supplied. That means larger -appropriations for schools, the employment of the best teachers, the -consolidated school, the use of the schools and churches as centers -of educational and social life, the making of good roads between home -and school and church and market place. - -The Government Department of the Home should take all these things -into consideration. It should bring to the overworked farmer’s wife -better household facilities and more help. The greatest drawback to -country life today is the overworked wife, who can not get needed -help and who goes beyond her strength in cooking and doing housework -for farm help as well as her own family. - -No one who knows of the terrible results of hook worm in the South -resulting from the unsanitary, poverty-stricken hovels, where -physical weakness had for years sapped the vitality and energy of -men, women and children, can gainsay the fact that Government study -of the causes and the remedy has done a service of inestimable value -to thousands of homes. Seven years’ life among those people proved -that many of them were in quality equal to the best American stock, -but that disease had brought upon them the unjust stigma of laziness -with resulting poverty. - -The Government could study and publish the results of its -investigation, but Dr. Stiles had to get contributions from -individuals to do the educational and medical work necessary to -uproot this disease. That is not as it should be. The power to help -should go with the power to investigate, for the condition was of -much wider interest than to the individuals directly affected. - -The National Congress of Mothers and Parent-Teacher Associations have -made the subject of the home, of parental education and of child -welfare its special study and work for seventeen years. It has worked -steadily to build up a united system of parent-teacher associations -in connection with every school, to bring about the co-operation of -home and school in child nurture. - -It has required that these associations should be for child study -so that parents might have guidance and help in their problems. It -has instituted study courses and provided educational material for -the parents. It has headquarters in Washington and has valuable -co-operation from Government departments. It should be the Homes -Department of the National Conservation Congress because its work is -well established, covering every State and reaching to other Nations. -It is the only national organization whose membership is composed -of parents and teachers and whose educational leaders include the -greatest specialists in child nurture and child welfare in home, -school, church and state. - -I would suggest to the National Conservation Congress that it make -the National Congress of Mothers and Parent-Teacher Associations the -Homes Department, because in that way it will have consecutive work -of high standard, and will bring a strength which could be secured in -no other way. Co-operation without duplication brings results. - -The National Congress of Mothers offers its co-operation in every -phase of conservation for which the Conservation Congress was -organized. It also asks co-operation of the Conservation Congress in -its international work for home, parenthood and child nurture. - -It invites this Congress to be always represented at its annual -conferences and at the Third International Congress on Child Welfare -in Washington, D. C., in May, 1914. - -Life, health, character, all depend on the home and its efficiency. -To equip every home for efficiency in its special work is the -greatest need in Conservation. - - -President WHITE—That is surely a fine paper, in a holy cause. - -The topic of the next section of the program is “Conservation of -Human Life.” The subject, “Saving Miners’ Lives,” will be discussed -by Dr. Joseph A. Holmes, of Washington, D. C., Director of the -National Bureau of Mines. (Applause.) - - -Dr. HOLMES—Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: Those of you who -have endeavored, even in part, during the past month to attend the -Congresses in session in the United States, have found the time all -too short to make that possible for you to do. These Congresses have -covered all subjects. There is a feeling of unrest, a feeling that -we have not done in the past the things which we ought to have done, -and that it is high time we were trying to find out what are the best -things to do. For some two hundred years in the development of this -country we have allowed the individual very largely to take care of -himself. We started out with the government theory that each man is -entitled to “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness,” and the -individual was left to himself to accomplish the purpose he had in -view. The country developed rapidly through that system, and we built -up a great Nation, but we have in the meantime neglected the public -welfare. We are in a state of unrest today in regard to the future, -feeling that it is time we were doing what we are trying to do—look -after the question of the public welfare. - -We have had, furthermore, a period of most rapid progress. When you, -Mr. President, and others of us here, go back today to the schools -where we went years ago, we hardly know the place. Buildings have -changed, new ones have been built, and the teachers of today are -different from those we were accustomed to. We see the great system -of transportation built by the railroad men of today; we see the -means of communication, some fifteen million miles of telegraph and -telephone lines, enabling the people to talk with one another. Yet -even that is not speedy enough, so we are using the wireless. And so -along all lines of industry, we have developed at a tremendous rate. -But it has been a one-sided development, and now we have come to look -particularly at the other side—the public welfare, and we are trying -to find out what is best, from the experience of all countries, so -that the American people may do the best that can be done for the -welfare of this country. - -It has therefore come about, in connection with this one-sided -development, that we have lost sight of that great subject which we -have for consideration today—the conservation of human life. We have -been too busy to think about it. We have jumped on and off street -cars and railway trains; we have slipped on our waxed floors; we have -met with all sorts of serious accidents in our fast automobiles and -flying machines; yet we ask, “Why are these miners so careless as to -kill themselves, and these railroad employes?” And we are just as bad -as they are. So let us not talk about careless railway employes, or -careless miners, but stop to think what we can do to help the entire -situation. Let us ask ourselves the question, “Am I my brother’s -keeper?” and there is but one answer, and that is in the affirmative. - -I want to call attention to the fact that we have in this country -two great foundations of industry. We have always considered -agriculture as the great foundation industry of the country, but -we have another—mining. The savage did not need any mines. He only -wants a limited amount of material for clothing, and a large amount -of material in the way of something to eat. He does not need the -great modern appliances which we have today. When we drew up the -Constitution of this country we did not think the mining industry -of much importance, and it was not possible to anticipate the great -complex social fabric which we have in the United States today. A man -said to me the other day that he thought if Thomas Jefferson could -see the things that we are asking of this great Federal Government, -he would not know what to do. My own judgment is that he would -advocate the doing by this Federal Government of all the things that -this great American people demand that it do today. (Applause.) The -trouble is that while we were making this tremendous progress, all of -the people were not keeping pace, and perhaps it is well that this -is true, because if there was nobody to hold back we would not only -progress too rapidly, but progress in too many one-sided ways. - -We recognize, furthermore, that while agriculture has made tremendous -strides, and in large measure because of the investigations conducted -under the Federal Government, other branches of industry have made -rapid strides, but they have been forced to one-sided development in -order to keep pace. It needs, then, the great co-operating influence -of some great force like the Federal Government to help keep the -industries from becoming one-sided. - -The mining industry touches us on every hand, and today in a great -hall like this, where you can find materials from every part of the -world, you will find they came from the mine, or were manufactured -through the agency of the products of the mine. We can not do -anything on a large scale today without the aid of this great mining -industry. During last March, the English people awakened to a -realization of that fact. They did not consider mining as one of the -great fundamental industries, but the stopping of the coal mines for -four weeks stopped all the industries of the British, and they came -to the conclusion that the very life of the nation was in danger by -the cessation of coal mining. - -Mining and Conservation should be linked very closely together. Men -realize the fact that with agriculture, the resources increase year -by year. We increase the fertility of the soil by taking the nitrogen -from the air, and from that we get the crops, so that the wealth of -the country based on agriculture is easily predicated. The mining -industry is just the reverse. We started in this country with greater -mineral resources than we will ever have again. Furthermore, in -agriculture we have the healthiest vocation known, while mining is -the most dangerous industry in the world. - -Now, this mining industry has increased so rapidly that we have not -been able to take care of many of the difficulties that have arisen, -nor do we have a realization of how rapid that increase has been. -We have increased in forty years from less than a ton to every man, -woman and child, to, in the last year, six tons. Forty years ago a -pound of iron, as compared with thirteen today for every man, woman -and child. And so it has been with the great industries—they are -increasing so much more rapidly than the population that it is hard -to tell what has become of this increase, and one of the questions -is, can this increase continue? Some of our great statesmen in -Washington who have been fighting this Conservation movement, say -it can not continue. The fact that the mining industry has nearly -doubled every ten years, they say can not continue. But no man today -would say that this country will not continue to grow, and as it -grows this great mining industry will increase also. We are just -entering upon our development. We are just beginning to export the -products of our mines, so when we ask the question whether this great -Nation will continue to grow, and this industry will increase, there -is but one answer, and that is in the affirmative. We ask another -question—are these resources inexhaustible? And there is but one -answer, and that is in the negative, because we are now beginning -to see the end of some of these resources. Shall we curtail the -development of an industry like this and not supply the needs of -the people? Our politicians ask this and expect us to answer in the -affirmative, but no conservationist answers it that way. We say, no, -the needs increase and we must meet the needs. - -What can we do to perpetuate the welfare of the country? There are -but two things we can do, and they are fairly easy to do. Use more -and more efficiently all the resources, and prevent unnecessary -waste. Now, in connection with this wasteful use of our resources, -you say, after all, is there any great waste? What can we do to stop -it? Only a few years ago the State of Indiana thought its natural -gas was gone, so it passed laws forbidding the waste of natural gas; -the Supreme Court of the United States confirmed such an act in -regard to coal—after the coal was gone. One of the Supreme Judges -said that a man who owns a coal mine had a legal right to destroy it -if he wished to. But in the State of New York one of the associate -justices overruled the Supreme Justice, and in every case the Supreme -Court of the United States, as well as the Supreme Court of the -several States, have shown a desire to keep pace with the progress of -this country in interpreting the Constitution of the United States -for the permanent future welfare of the people of this country. -(Applause.) There are a good many signs of improvement, not only in -what the Federal and State Governments are doing, but in what private -individuals are doing. - -Only yesterday, I went through the great plant at Gary, and I found -the United States Steel Corporation was using two million horse-power -developed from gases from its own operations, which only a few years -ago was allowed to go to waste, and that power is not only operating -all the machinery of that company, but is supplying the power for -other industries in the immediate vicinity. I found that the slag -coming from the furnaces, which in many great manufacturing sections -of the country we see piled up in great, unsightly masses, is all -being converted into cement, and that cement is being used by the -people of this country. And so we find an interesting situation—that -the steel being manufactured by that plant is likely soon to be a -by-product, and not the main product for which the plant is operated. - -And so it is when we watch the great industries of this country. -Under this great spirit of Conservation individuals are meeting the -Federal Government and State more than half way, and they are finding -what is the greatest basis of permanent success—that it pays to -conserve our resources. And when that great company does any mining -for ore in the lake country, instead of burying the materials which -they cannot use today, they are laying that material to one side, -so that just as soon as it becomes useful it will be immediately -available for preparation for that purpose. - -Out of five hundred million tons of coal mined last year, we wasted, -by leaving it underground, no less than two hundred million tons. -Meanwhile, if we could have exported that coal to Central or South -America and brought back from these countries raw materials which we -could use in manufacture, it would be something worth doing; but to -waste it entirely is nothing more than a discredit to this nation. -But what are we going to do about it? The coal operator cannot change -the situation, because he is doing the best he can at the price he -gets; the miner cannot change the situation, because he is doing the -best he can at the price he is paid. It is not simply a question -for chemists and engineers—it is a problem for statesmen, and the -statesman is the man who must remedy the economic conditions. - -To come to the main subject of the Conservation of life, the greatest -loss of life we have in mines is in the coal mining industry. I want -to say in connection with this, that a careful study of the situation -for the past several years has led me to believe that the coal -operator in the United States is just as humane and just as anxious -to conserve the life of his men as the coal operator in any other -known country. (Applause.) Furthermore, that while it is true that -of the miners, less than half read the English language and 75 per -cent. are non-English speaking and know little or nothing about the -laws regulating the principles and purposes of a great country like -this, yet they are no more careless in mining because of that fact -than are the miners from England and Wales who come here after long -experience in mining and knowing perfectly our language and customs. -These men are up against a condition that they cannot remedy, and -while I do not say that they are doing the best they can under the -circumstances, I think they are more and more coming to do the best -they can, and I believe we will have more and more effort on the part -of both miners and operators to do what is right. We have developed -so rapidly in the past hundred years that we have not stopped to -think of human life, and we cannot expect these reforms to take place -without any effort on our part. There is recognition on the part of -both miners and operators, that I am my brother’s keeper, and it is a -most encouraging sign. - -There are these two great reforms in connection with the mines of -this country—safeguarding the lives of miners and improvement of -conditions under which they labor, and the stopping of waste of our -essential resources. The Federal Government is trying to get at the -actual information, they are trying to conduct investigations in an -impartial manner, and they want to bring about a condition acceptable -to both miner and operator. We have suspicion on the part of the -operator of the miner; and suspicion on the part of the miner of the -operator; and suspicion on the part of other parties in reference to -both. What we want to do is to have a condition in this country so -that the miner and operator, co-operating with each other, can work -together and bring about these great reforms that are needed. - -This general welfare clause of the Constitution, which was regarded -as an agreement with the devil, is today our great saving clause -for getting things done by the Federal Government. The Federal -Government, Mr. President, has waked up long ago to what it ought -to do for agriculture, and in the next few years it will conduct -investigations far more extensive than today—it will submit remedies -brought together from the experience of all mining countries of -the world, and it will lead in this great movement for a general -improvement of conditions. But after all, what may be done by the -Federal Government will depend upon what is done by the Federal -Congress. There is where we must do our work, to make them appreciate -the difficulties of a great industry like this, and the correctness -of this clause. - -I want to say a word in behalf of these miners. As I said before, -more than half of them cannot read the English language. Under the -rules and regulations we have permitted these men to come into the -United States, and when they come it is interesting to see how they -appreciate becoming an American citizen. I talked to a Lithuanian who -had only been in this country a few months, and I said, “Are you not -very lonely?” and he said, “Yes, but I am an American.” (Applause.) - -These men are here, and we have done mighty little for them. We -cannot wonder that they segregate in their rooms at night, after -working in the mines all day, and read Socialistic literature which -comes from their country. We do mighty little to encourage them to -learn the English language; we do mighty little to encourage them to -enter into the spirit of true America; we have neglected them all -too long—and then we complain that they are not American citizens. I -appeal to you as citizens of the United States and of the State of -Indiana, to see that everything that is possible is done to make good -citizens of these men. Get legislation under which they can work, and -the safety problem will take care of itself. (Continued applause.) - - -President WHITE—The next subject for consideration is “The Prevention -of Railroad Accidents,” by Mr. Thomas H. Johnson, consulting engineer -of the Pennsylvania Lines, West. I take pleasure in introducing Mr. -Johnson. (Applause.) - - -Mr. JOHNSON—In approaching this subject it will be well to get -our viewpoint adjusted to a true perspective and just proportion. -Accidents on railways which result in death or injury to persons, -are all reported to State and National officials, and when the -statistics for the year are compiled and published the total figures -are startling, and suggest that the transportation business of the -country is conducted at a fearful sacrifice of life and limb. It -should be remembered, however, that in no other line of the Nation’s -activities are similar complete statistics available. - -The only data at hand to show the relation between the numbers -killed and injured on railways, and those occurring in other lines -of action, are found in a pamphlet issued by the city of Chicago, -entitled “Report of the General Superintendent of Police,” from which -the following table is taken: - - -CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. - -_Accidents Reported by the Police Department, Year 1911._ - - Fatal. Non-fatal. Total. - Steam Railway Accidents 187 554 741 - Street and Elevated Railway Accidents 106 3,646 3,752 - Accidents Caused by Teams and Vehicles 135 2,812 2,947 - Accidents Caused by Falling from Windows, - Scaffolds, Porches, etc. 149 2,680 2,829 - Bitten by Dogs 4 1,281 1,285 - Injuries by Personal Violence 177 2,729 2,906 - Overcome by Gas, Smoke or Heat 189 653 842 - Scalded or Burned 81 216 297 - Various Other Causes 193 1,945 2,138 - ————— —————— —————— - Total 1,221 16,516 17,737 - -From this it will be noted that of 1,221 fatal accidents in 1911, -only 187 occurred on steam railways, and of 16,516 nonfatal, only -554 are charged against them. Comparing the total accidents, it will -be seen that five times as many persons were killed and injured on -street railways as on steam railways, four times as many by teams and -vehicles, four times as many by falls from windows, scaffolds, etc., -and again four times as many by personal violence. Even the dogs come -in for having done 73 per cent. more damage than the steam railways. -Taking the last two items together, it appears that Chicago’s vicious -dogs and more vicious men are nearly six times as destructive of life -and limb as are the railways. - -While the foregoing figures are for the city of Chicago only, they -are indicative of the fact that throughout the country the number -of accidents on railways is a mere fraction of those occurring -elsewhere, and this fact has been recognized by the accident -insurance companies when they issue policies calling for double -compensation if the accident occurs while traveling in steam or -trolley cars. - -If the grand total of accidents on railways appears so startling when -presented in concrete figures, what would it be if equally complete -figures could be had for the other types of accidents classified in -the Chicago report? - -And now having cleared the atmosphere in that respect, we will -proceed to consider the railway accidents on their own merits. - -The Interstate Commerce Commission issues a series of quarterly -bulletins of railway accidents. They also issue an annual report of -general railway statistics, in which a summary of statistics of -railway accidents was included prior to 1910, but which has since -been admitted as an unnecessary duplication. The statistics of the -annual report have been compiled on a somewhat different basis from -those of the bulletins, and the two sets of figures cannot always -be reconciled. In compiling the following tables the annual reports -prior to 1910 have been followed as being the final word of the -Commission. - -It should be noted that the statistics of railway accidents are -divided into two general classes: - -First. Accidents due to the movement of trains, engines or cars, -which may properly be called “transportation accidents.” - -Second. Accidents not connected with train or car movements, such as -happen to shopmen, warehousemen, trackmen handling material, etc., -such as are equally occurring in other industries, and which are more -properly classed as “industrial accidents.” - -This discussion will be chiefly devoted to the first class, as being -distinctively “railway accidents.” - - -PROGRESS IN THE PAST. - -The loss of life from railway accidents began with the day of the -opening of the first railway in England, in September, 1830, on which -occasion a prominent citizen, a member of Parliament, was knocked -down and fatally injured, sending a thrill of horror not only through -the great throng of spectators, but also throughout the civilized -world. That unfortunate accident was not due to any defect in track -or equipment, nor to any fault in the operation of the train. It was -due to the victim’s failure to appreciate the danger attending the -then new and novel mode of transportation, and inadvertently putting -himself in a position of danger. It was the forerunner and prototype -of many thousands of others which have since occurred through -carelessness and sheer recklessness of the victims, and which the -railway companies are powerless to prevent. - -But as railways multiplied other accidents occurred, which were due -to defects of one kind or another in track and equipment, or to -inadequate rules governing train movements, and the duties of the -several employes. Each accident has been carefully studied as to its -cause, and, so far as possible, remedies have been applied. Thus -the immense system of transportation as it exists today has been -a gradual development from crude beginnings. The light iron rails -inadequately secured at the joints have been replaced with heavy -steel rails with effective joint fastenings. Train movements have -been safeguarded by a well-digested system of rules, uniform on all -railroads; by standard forms of train orders with all ambiguities -of language eliminated, and by block signals, interlocking and -automatic couplers, air brakes and other safety devices. Stoves and -oil lamps, with their menace of fire, have given way to steam heating -and electric lighting. The inflammable wooden cars are being replaced -with steel equipment. In fact, there has been a steady progress from -the beginning in the effort to reduce the danger to life and limb. - -But accidents continue to happen, partly because the rapid growth of -traffic and the demand for greater speed are creating new conditions, -partly because materials have hidden defects and the human machine -is not infallible, and partly because discipline has been largely -subverted through the attitude of the brotherhoods of employes. - -In order to show in a general way what has been accomplished, -the average figures for the five-year period from 1889 to 1893, -inclusive, have been compared with the corresponding figures for the -years 1907 to 1911, inclusive, with the following results: - -Ratio of passengers carried to one killed has increased 35.5 per cent. - -Ratio of employes to one killed has increased 54.7 per cent. - -This shows a very decided gain in the twenty-two years covered by the -record. - -The number injured cannot be compared in the same way, for the reason -that in the later years the reports include large numbers of minor -injuries of a more or less trivial nature, which were not included -in the earlier reports, but which the Interstate Commerce Commission -now requires to be reported, thus swelling the number injured out of -all proportion to the earlier reports. Under the present rules, if -a passenger lets a window sash bruise his finger, and it is brought -to the attention of any of the train crew, it must be reported, and -enters into the final statistics with as much weight as the loss of -an arm or a leg. - - -CAUSE AND PREVENTION. - -In the Accident Bulletin for June, 1910, pages 10 and 11, there are -given detailed statistics of twenty-six “prominent train accidents” -with the causes of each. They embrace thirteen collisions and -thirteen derailments, resulting in sixty-two killed, 306 injured, and -a property loss of $261,584. The causes assigned may be grouped under -fifteen heads, as follows: - -Excessive speed, 5; ran by meeting point, 2; failed to flag, 5; -disobeying orders, 1; misunderstanding orders, 1; failure to receive -orders, 1; conflicting orders, 1; signal light out and engineman -failed to stop, 1; broken rail, 2; explosion of boiler, 1; spreading -of rails, 1; washout, 1; trestle failed, 1; insufficient ballast, 1; -defective temporary junction of new and old rails, 1. Total, 26. - -These fifteen assigned causes may be summarized thus: - -Failure of persons, 18; failure of boiler, 1; failure of track and -structures, 7. Total, 26. - -Of the seven failures of track and structures, the two cases of -“broken rails” and one “washout” may be considered unavoidable. The -remaining four cases in that group, viz., “spreading of rails,” -“trestle failed,” “insufficient ballast” and “defective temporary -junction of old and new rails” were preventable, and could have -occurred only from neglect of those charged with their care and -maintenance. - -The one case of “explosion of boiler” may have been due to defective -material, or to negligence of the engineman. - -We find, therefore, that in this group of accidents, twenty-two were -preventable, three unavoidable and one doubtful. - -Of the unavoidable, the “washout” may be dismissed as being beyond -the control of human agencies, but the “broken rail” calls for -further consideration. - -Rail failures are generally due to chemical or physical defects, not -entirely under control of the manufacturer, and not discoverable by -inspection of the finished rails. Under the present practice the -manufacture of rails is watched at the mill by the railway company’s -inspectors. Specimens from each heat or melt are tested under a -weight of 2,000 pounds falling fifteen feet to twenty feet. If the -test piece breaks the steel is regarded as too brittle, and the rails -from that heat are rejected. If it does not break, but the deflection -exceeds the prescribed limit, the steel is too soft, and those rails -are accepted as seconds, to be used only in yards and side tracks. -All test pieces which do not break under the foregoing drop test are -then broken and examined for internal defects. If defects are found, -further tests are made, and the heat rejected in whole or in part, on -the extent of unsoundness disclosed. - -But herein lies a difficulty. Internal defects can only be found -by breaking the rail. A rail broken is past usefulness. Hence that -form of inspection cannot be applied to every rail; and as we can -only test a limited portion of each heat, some defective rails must -inevitably be passed and get into track. Complete statistics of all -rail failures on a large proportion of the railways of the United -States have been collected by the American Railway Engineering -Association for several years past. These reports have been collected -and classified as to the several causes, the results being printed in -the publications of the Association. They show that the rails which -fail annually are less than one eighth of one per cent. of the rails -laid. This indicates fairly successful inspection, and would be quite -satisfactory were it not that a single failure may result in such -horrible consequences. - -Five years ago (1907) as the result of several conferences between -a committee of the American Railway Association and the rail -manufacturers, a systematic study of the subject was undertaken, with -a view to ascertaining the cause, and if possible, the prevention -of rail failures. This research work was placed in charge of the -Rail Committee of the American Railway Engineering Association, -who engaged the services of a competent expert, who devotes his -whole time to the work, furnishing freely of their materials and -facilities at the mills. The line of investigation includes studies -of the effects of variations in composition; in time in the bath; -in time in the ladle; in manner and rate of pouring; in size of -ingot; in rate of reduction at each pass; in temperature of the metal -when rolled; in the effect of different alloys, etc. The field of -investigation is broad and complicated. Much progress has been made, -but much remains to be done. It is hoped, however, that success will -ultimately be reached, and the rail failures in service be reduced to -the lowest possible minimum. Certainly the railway engineers and the -manufacturers are making every effort to accomplish that result. - -Of late the adoption of some form of automatic stop has been -suggested, and more or less urgently advocated. But let us consider: -Referring again to the list of causes of the twenty-six accidents, -such a device would have been called into play only in one case, that -of running by a signal when the light was out. It could have had no -influence on any one of the other twenty-five cases. Furthermore, -it has been the experience the world over that emergency devices, -resting in “innocuous desuetude” for long intervals of time, usually -fail to work when the emergency arises. It may be said that it should -be some one’s duty to see that the apparatus is kept in working -order. Very true. But therein is a reversion to ultimate dependence -on the human factor with its attendant weakness and frailties. - -The foregoing list of accidents embrace only a few of the more -prominent “collisions” and “derailments.” But there are other forms -of accident, as shown in the following statistical tables copied from -the Interstate Commerce Commission Annual Report for 1909: - -ACCIDENTS RESULTING FROM THE MOVEMENT OF TRAINS, LOCOMOTIVES, OR CARS. - -_Interstate Commerce Commission Annual Report, 1909._ - - =========================+==================================== - | Employes. - +————————————————+——————————————————— - | | Switch Tenders, - KIND OF ACCIDENT. | Trainmen. | Crossing Tenders - | | and Watchmen. - +———————+————————+—————————+————————— - |Killed.|Injured.| Killed. | Injured. - —————————————————————————+———————+————————+—————————+————————— - Coupling or uncoupling | 137 | 2,271 | 4 | 35 - Collision | 205 | 1,973 | 1 | 10 - Derailments | 184 | 1,186 | | 10 - Parting of trains | 7 | 233 | | 2 - Locomotives or cars | | | | - breaking down | 9 | 159 | | 2 - Falling from trains, | 295 | 4,433 | 1 | 56 - locomotives, or cars | | | | - Jumping on or off trains,| 84 | 4,135 | 6 | 64 - locomotives or cars | | | | - Struck by trains, | 243 | 577 | 72 | 79 - locomotives or cars | | | | - Overhead obstructions | 47 | 775 | | 6 - Other causes | 133 | 13,376 | 9 | 243 - +———————+————————+—————————+————————— - Total | 1,344 | 29,118 | 93 | 507 - —————————————————————————+———————+————————+—————————+————————— - - =========================+==================================== - | Employes (Continued). - +————————————————+——————————————————— - | | - KIND OF ACCIDENT. | Station Men. | Shopmen. - | | - +———————+————————+—————————+————————— - |Killed.|Injured.| Killed. | Injured. - —————————————————————————+———————+————————+—————————+————————— - Coupling or uncoupling | 2 | 2 | 1 | 17 - Collision | | 1 | 1 | 23 - Derailments | | 2 | 1 | 6 - Parting of trains | | 1 | | - Locomotives or cars | | | | - breaking down | | | | 6 - Falling from trains, | | | | - locomotives, or cars | | 30 | 2 | 65 - Jumping on or off trains,| | | | - locomotives or cars | | 24 | 4 | 59 - Struck by trains, | | | | - locomotives or cars | 21 | 25 | 41 | 89 - Overhead obstructions | | | | 4 - Other causes | 2 | 121 | 14 | 465 - +———————+————————+—————————+————————— - Total | 25 | 206 | 64 | 734 - —————————————————————————+———————+————————+—————————+————————— - - —————————————————————————+———————————————————————————————————— - | Employes (Continued). - +————————————————+——————————————————— - KIND OF ACCIDENT. | Trackmen. | Telegraph - | | Employes. - +———————+————————+—————————+————————— - |Killed.|Injured.| Killed. | Injured. - —————————————————————————+———————+————————+—————————+————————— - Coupling or uncoupling | | 7 | | - Collisions | 18 | 132 | | 7 - Derailments | 13 | 64 | | - Parting of trains | 1 | 2 | | - Locomotives or cars | | | | - breaking down | 2 | 10 | | - Falling from trains, | | | | - locomotives, or cars | 13 | 159 | | 7 - Jumping on or off trains,| | | | - locomotives or cars | 16 | 130 | | 13 - Struck by trains, | | | | - locomotives or cars | 353 | 412 | 8 | 12 - Overhead obstructions | | 4 | | - Other causes | 25 | 882 | | 34 - +———————+————————+—————————+————————— - Total | 441 | 1,802 | 8 | 73 - —————————————————————————+———————+————————+—————————+————————— - - —————————————————————————+———————————————————————————————————— - | Employes (Continued). - +————————————————+——————————————————— - KIND OF ACCIDENT. | Other | Total. - | Employes. | - +———————+————————+—————————+————————— - |Killed.|Injured.| Killed. | Injured. - —————————————————————————+———————+————————+—————————+————————— - Coupling or uncoupling | 11 | 50 | 155 | 2,382 - Collisions | 27 | 163 | 252 | 2,309 - Derailments | 10 | 117 | 208 | 1,385 - Parting of trains | 1 | 12 | 9 | 250 - Locomotives or cars | | | | - breaking down | 1 | 1 | 12 | 178 - Falling from trains, | | | | - locomotives, or cars | 36 | 234 | 347 | 4,983 - Jumping on or off trains,| | | | - locomotives or cars | 22 | 261 | 132 | 4,686 - Struck by trains, | | | | - locomotives or cars | 187 | 345 | 925 | 1,539 - Overhead obstructions | 5 | 20 | 52 | 809 - Other causes | 83 | 1,340 | 266 | 16,461 - +———————+————————+—————————+————————— - Total | 383 | 2,542 | 2,358 | 34,982 - —————————————————————————+———————+————————+—————————+————————— - - - —————————————————————————+————————————————+——————————————————— - | | Other Persons. - | Passengers. +——————————————————— - KIND OF ACCIDENT. | | Trespassing. - +————————————————+——————————————————— - |Killed.|Injured.| Killed. | Injured. - —————————————————————————+———————+————————+—————————+————————— - Collisions | 69 | 2,379 | 13 | 49 - Derailments | 17 | 2,426 | 32 | 69 - Parting of trains | | 47 | 3 | 3 - Locomotives or cars | | | | - breaking down | | 2 | | 1 - Falling from trains, | | | | - locomotives or cars | 37 | 425 | 413 | 732 - Jumping on or off trains | | | | - locomotives or cars | 81 | 1,503 | 445 | 1,688 - Struck by trains, | | | | - locomotives or cars; | | | | - At highway crossings | 2 | 3 | 112 | 211 - At stations | 30 | 67 | 365 | 334 - At other points along | | | | - track | 1 | 12 | 3,371 | 2,037 - Other causes | 12 | 2,715 | 190 | 635 - +———————+————————+—————————+————————— - Total | 249 | 9,579 | 4,944 | 5,759 - =========================+=======+========+=========+========= - - —————————————————————————+————————————————+——————————————————— - | Other Persons. - |————————————————+——————————————————— - KIND OF ACCIDENT. |Not Trespassing.| Total. - +————————————————+——————————————————— - |Killed.|Injured.| Killed. | Injured. - —————————————————————————+———————+————————+—————————+————————— - Collisions | 25 | 447 | 38 | 496 - Derailments | 6 | 287 | 38 | 356 - Parting of trains | | 13 | 3 | 16 - Locomotives or cars | | | | - breaking down | 1 | 4 | 1 | 5 - Falling from trains, | | | | - locomotives or cars | 13 | 72 | 426 | 804 - Jumping on or off trains | | | | - locomotives or cars | 11 | 120 | 456 | 1,808 - Struck by trains, | | | | - locomotives or cars; | | | | - At highway crossings | 621 | 1,619 | 733 | 1,830 - At stations | 66 | 183 | 431 | 517 - At other points along | | | | - track | 79 | 143 | 3,450 | 2,180 - Other causes | 47 | 1,030 | 237 | 1,665 - +———————+————————+—————————+————————— - Total | 869 | 3,918 | 5,813 | 9,677 - =========================+=======+========+=========+========= - -Referring to the column of totals under the head of “Employes” you -will note the large number of killed and injured in coupling or -uncoupling cars; this in spite of the fact that all the equipment -is fitted with automatic couplers, intended to prevent just those -accidents. - -The next two items, “Collisions” and “Derailments,” are also large, -both as to employes, passengers and others, and we have already -seen that in the former list eighteen out of twenty-six were due -to “failure of persons.” Referring again to that list it will be -further seen that sixteen of the eighteen were due to failure of the -persons in charge of the trains, which justifies us in assuming that -a similarly large proportion of these totals are due to like causes. - -Please note also the large numbers, running through all these classes -of persons, opposite the items “Falling from trains, locomotives or -cars” and “Jumping on or off trains, locomotives or cars.” These may -all be charged to the carelessness of the victims. - -So, also, those “Struck by trains, locomotives or cars” nearly all of -these are chargeable to the fault of the parties themselves. - -“Other causes” are also prolific in casualties, but the data at -hand does not disclose the extent to which they are chargeable to -carelessness of victims or others, to preventable or to unavoidable -causes. - -Your attention is also directed to the very large numbers of killed -and injured while “trespassing” on the railway property. Some of -these belong to the great army of tramps infesting the country, but -the largest part are people of the communities along the lines, who -persist in using the tracks as a public thoroughfare. In most of the -States there are laws on the statute books which are adequate to -prevent this if duly enforced, but it seems impossible to get such -enforcement. On the lines with which the writer is connected, efforts -have been made in the past to break up this practice, but without -success. Parties arrested by the railway company’s police and taken -before the local magistrate have been released without punishment or -only assessed a nominal sum to secure to the magistrate his fees. A -rigid enforcement of these laws, and similar action as to jumping on -or off locomotives and cars in motion (as is done in Europe) would -eliminate approximately one-half the total killed and one-fourth the -injured. - -Here is a field in which the railways alone are helpless, but where -much can be accomplished by legal enforcement, supported by strong -popular approval. Without the latter, little aid can be expected from -the average country justice or city magistrate. - - -INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS. - -The first man to publicly call attention to the need of organized -effort in this direction was Mr. R. C. Richards of the Chicago and -Northwestern Railway, in his booklet “Railway Accidents, Their Cause -and Prevention,” published in 1906. The seed thus sown has taken deep -root, for at the present time nearly every leading railway in the -country has an organized safety committee, whose duty it is to make -regular periodic inspections to see that work places and tools are in -safe condition; that yards, tracks, stations, buildings and grounds -are clean and properly lighted; that shop machinery is protected by -safeguards over gearing and other exposed moving parts, and that men -are taking proper precautions for the protection of themselves and -others. They report upon conditions which they feel can be improved, -investigate accidents with a view to preventing repetition, and -recommend improved methods of work to reduce risk of accident. - -The Northwestern, after the first sixteen months, showed a decrease -of 23.7 per cent. in deaths, and 29.8 per cent. in injuries, compared -with the previous period of the same length. On the Pennsylvania -Railroad the result of the first eleven months was a decrease of 63 -per cent. in the combined number of deaths and serious injuries. -These results are most gratifying, and demonstrate the usefulness of -such close inspection and watchfulness. - - -IN CONCLUSION. - -Accidents due to washouts, and to hidden defects in material are in -the main unavoidable, though the former may sometimes be avoided -by increased care and watchfulness during and after storms, and -it is hoped that the latter may be materially reduced through the -investigations now in progress in steel making. - -Accidents due to imperfectly maintained track can be avoided -by better maintenance, or by reducing speed to correspond to -the conditions of the track. Speed and track conditions are -inter-dependent factors. - -Accidents due to jumping on or off trains in motion, and to -trespassing, can be and should be eliminated by a rigid enforcement -of existing laws, or the passage of new ones, if those on the statute -books are found to be inadequate. As already stated, this would save -one-half the annual deaths and a large proportion of the injured. - -Substantially all of the casualties in coupling and uncoupling cars -are due to carelessness of the men themselves, and the same may be -said of most of those due to falling from or being struck by trains, -locomotives or cars. It is difficult to suggest a remedy for this, or -to formulate a course of procedure to reform the men in this respect. -Recent and prospective legislation affecting the employers’ liability -will not be conducive to increased carefulness, but will rather tend -to foster carelessness. - -Train accidents due to error, negligence or incompetence should be -corrected by proper discipline. But the administration of discipline -is restrained and obstructed by the brotherhoods, whose officers -claim the right to be present at all investigations, and the -discipline ordered must meet their approval. They contest suspension -and dismissals by appeals to higher officers who have no personal -knowledge of the men, and use every means at their command, even to -threatening a strike, to prevent the order from being carried out, -often with success, all of which is subversive of discipline. - -It is not a comforting thought that, when you, here assembled, -disperse to your homes, some of you may place your lives in the hands -of a man who is retained in the service through intimidation, rather -than fitness and merit. - -There can be no remedy for this while unprincipled demagogues -and politicians, catering for votes, continue to appeal to class -prejudice, and while the sympathies of the people, public officials -and arbitrators seem to be arrayed against the railways. - - -President WHITE—We have now something else very interesting, and the -next speaker will only keep you fifteen minutes. I now take pleasure -in introducing Mr. A. B. Farquhar, of York, Pa., who will speak on -“Vital Statistics and the Conservation of Human Life a National -Concern.” He knows his subject; he knows it by experience; he has -been through it; and he has met the classes, met the conditions he -speaks of. He has a message to give you that is well worth hearing. - - -Mr. FARQUHAR—Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: Yes, I have -been interested in this subject for perhaps seventy years of the -seventy-five years of my life. I am very much interested in the work -done in Pennsylvania. I shall refer to that, as is proper in a man -sent as a delegate to this Congress by the Governor, and I believe it -is a good example to other communities. - -Vital statistics are usually assumed to cover only the number of -births and deaths occurring in a given territory within a given time, -a subject not attractive to the general reader, but this address -will be devoted more particularly to the objects for which and the -agencies by which such statistics are assembled, which is far more -important and interesting, especially as it includes the social -questions they resolve for us. “It is sometimes said figures rule the -world; but this at least is true, that they show how it is ruled.” -To this saying of a wise man may be added that they also show how -it might be or should be ruled; they best illustrate “philosophy -teaching by example,” because most precise and definite in form of -presentation. They are of most use when applied to the most important -interests of mankind, and have no higher function than in bearing -their part in safeguarding the nation’s health. - -For its vital statistics the Federal Census Bureau has always -had to depend on data collected by local agencies, and of the -imperfection of those agencies, and especially the large territory -for which there were none—no attempt to keep the official record -of births and deaths, it has loudly complained. Notwithstanding -the commendable efforts that have been made throughout the country -to supply deficiencies by State legislation, so much remains yet -to be done that a census report, as late as 1907, showed less than -half the population of the country, and only a third of the States -in number, within the registration area. But the movement has been -forward, and it is gratifying to note that the most significant -step in advance was made by Pennsylvania, in a law creating a state -department of health and fixing its duties in 1905. Until then that -commonwealth was said to have “the poorest registration of any of -the Eastern States,” though its first law for the purpose had been -passed fifty-four years earlier; but “it had in 1906, the first year -of the operation of the new law, an effective registration of births -and deaths practically as complete as that of any registration State -in the country, and far superior to the majority.” The best point -about the law of 1905, and its most significant difference from that -of 1851, is that it is executed. Obedience is no longer optional, -but compulsory. Authority under it is centralized in the hands of -the Governor, Attorney-General and Commissioner of Health, and -practically for most purposes in those of the Commissioner. - -The total appropriations for work under this department since 1905 -have been $9,286,080. The number employed by its various divisions is -3,625. Of this number there are 1,170, nearly one-third of the total -force, who are local registrars in the vital statistics service. - -With what is so large a force to occupy itself? The 1,170 registrars -receive all birth and death certificates and issue all burial permits -(to which registration is a prerequisite), and the bureau has also -charge of marriage certificates, filed with it by the clerks of -county courts. The medical inspection division establish quarantine -under direction of the county inspectors, see to placarding houses -and disinfecting them after cases of communicable disease, guard -against the sale of milk from premises where any such diseases are -found, and represent the department in co-operation with local -health boards. Supervision of the medical inspection of schools -forms also an important part of the duty of these officers, some -300,000 children having been examined during the past school year. -At the free tuberculosis dispensaries, with which the department -has provided the large centers of population, the indigent receive -free medical advice and necessary supplies. The commissioner has -supervision, by the act creating the health department, of all -systems of public water supply and of public or private sewage -disposal. Detailed plans must be filed with the department, and no -new construction can be done until the Governor, the Attorney-General -and the Commissioner have approved the plans. The biological products -division distributes, through 656 stations in all parts of the -commonwealth, free antitoxin to the poor. The stations are located as -impartially as practicable. - -What has been accomplished by all this equipment, discharging all -these functions, cannot be completely told; a few figures may be -given, with a result here and there, and the rest left to estimate -of probability. For example, the statement that 6,724 patients were -admitted to the Mont Alto Sanatorium in the four years 1907–1911 -certainly indicates the magnitude of the problem, and the importance -of giving it the best attention we can. It is perhaps a little -more significant that 58,004 patients have been treated in the -department’s tuberculosis dispensaries since they were organized. The -activity of the sanitary engineering division is clearly shown in -its recorded count that up to June, 1912, 40,447 private sources of -stream pollution had been abated on notice from the department. One -hundred and eleven modern sewage-disposal plants have been built or -are in process of building, 306 municipal and private sewer systems -are under construction in accordance with plans approved by the -health department. Ninety-seven modern water filtration plants have -been or soon will be constructed under State approval. It is worth -while to connect with this fact another even more gratifying: the -death rate from typhoid fever in Pennsylvania, which was, in 1906, -565 per million inhabitants, had fallen to 206 per million in 1911. -As a final instance, the death rate from diphtheria, a little over -42 per cent. in untreated cases, has been reduced in the average of -the 35,111 cases treated with antitoxin between 1905 and December, -1911, to 8.07 per cent., or less than one-fifth. Further, a certain -district having been set apart for the trial of 5,000 units, instead -of the usual 3,000, as an initial dose of diphtheria antitoxin, the -death rate in that district has now shown a reduction to 4.22 per -cent. - -This story is not told for the mere satisfaction of praising -our Keystone State or its faithful and capable public officers, -though for that, too, it affords opportunity. Its function is to -point a moral, to indicate a course of treatment of the subjects -of vital statistics and public health, which, as Pennsylvania’s -experience leads me to believe, may well be applied to a wider field -than Pennsylvania. It is not by accident that the association of -statistics of births and deaths and marriages, with a State office -for the promotion of public health, has come into favor at the -same time in so many parts of the country. The force of example is -something, to be sure, as is also the circumstance that a physician -is usually at hand, when a birth or death occurs, that he is apt to -know what there is to tell about the occurrence, that he is apt to -know how to report, and that the State health office is one to which -a physician might naturally address himself. But more important than -these considerations is the value of birth and death records in the -conservation of the people’s health. From the greater or lesser -number they show the favorable or adverse effects of accompanying -conditions can be judged, and a conclusion reached as to how such -conditions should be regulated. Nor could any condition be more -important to regulate than those affecting health. The people’s -health is its most precious asset. Dr. Wiley says he “would rather be -a strong, vigorous man without a dollar than a sickly millionaire,” -and thus indicates the pecuniary value of health to an individual. -Multiplying that value by the number of the population, the amount -becomes fairly appalling. - -We have a department of agriculture expending vast sums—nearly -fifty millions in the last decade—in improving the soil, improving -the growth of vegetation, improving the health of animals, and -no department to do anything to improve human health. We spend -$700,000,000 a year for past and imagined future wars, and pay no -attention to the 700,000 calculated above—a larger number dying -every year, unnecessarily from disease, than bullets have slain -since the continent was discovered. As we are reminded by Dr. Dixon, -our Pennsylvania health commissioner, we are spending millions a -year for the protection of our forests and water supply and other -natural resources, but it is no credit to our intelligence that while -guarding these material interests we allow man himself, without whom -all else is worthless, to remain unguarded. - -Yet it is a mistake to say that we do and have done nothing; what -has been done is greatly to the credit of mankind, only it has not -been enough. Jenner’s discovery and his application of it has left -no excuse for smallpox anywhere. The president of the board of -health in Mexico assured me that compulsory vaccination had freed -his city of smallpox; and the Japanese health authorities, since -their enforcement of compulsory vaccination, have ceased altogether -to look upon the presence of smallpox as a source of danger. It -is no longer a scourge in the Philippines and Cuba. Similar to -the work of Lister in antiseptic surgery is that of Pasteur and -Koch in various germ-diseases, of King and Carroll and Lazier in -mosquito-transmission of infection. With the elimination of the -Stegomyia mosquito, yellow fever is no longer dreaded; Havana and -the gulf ports are as safe as anywhere; and the construction of the -Panama Canal has become possible—as, but for the discoveries by -Carroll and Lazier (or their rediscovery of Dr. King’s discovery) it -never could have been. - -From the brilliant successes attained in the directions just -indicated, we seem to see that the most important thing for us is -to know; we are to find our safety in knowledge. When we know that -malaria is inoculated by the bite of the mosquito Anopheles, and -yellow fever by the mosquito Stegomyia, that typhoid fever is fed to -us, in a large proportion of cases, from the feet of the house-fly, -that the fearful bubonic plague is inoculated by the bite of a flea -infesting the rat, we have already traveled more than half way to -deliverance. We can drive off the mosquito, or, by oiling the -puddles, prevent her from hatching; we can “swat the fly,” or abate -the manure-heaps and other filth from which it draws its unblest -being; and, if we can not catch the flea, we can make war upon its -host, the rat. If, as is computed, within the last 2,000 years -2,000,000,000 people have fallen victims to the bubonic plague, it is -enough to justify wholesale enlistments in a grand rat-hunt. - -Half a century ago people were afraid of night air, and closed their -windows at night. It is hard to guess how many lives might have been -saved by opening those windows. We are told that the average duration -of human life has doubled in the last 200 years. Whatever gain there -has been is due, more than anything else, to more knowledge. - -The case of pure air as against contaminated air is but one way of -putting the general case of cleanness against foulness. Bad air has -the same vices that attach to dirt in other forms; one of the uses -of more knowledge is to be able to detect dirt in all forms, however -concealed or disguised; and another is to discover the best means of -sweeping it away. Our ancestors used to drink water from pools and -wells that were sinks of organic filth, to worship in churches built -over an array of corpses in all stages of putrefaction, to wear the -same suit of leather clothes, day and night, till they fell apart or -the wearer outgrew them—all because they knew no better. They had no -conception of the disgust with which such habits were to be regarded -by a more educated posterity. Now the golden rule of health is “Wash -you—make you clean!” It is not enough to make, or even to keep, the -children’s faces clean; we must look no less to the cleanness of the -lung passages, of the alimentary canal—yes, of mind and heart also. - -Morally and esthetically, there is nothing in relation to which the -duty to be clean is more stringent than the reproductive function. -The source of the greatest work in all God’s creation, the human -race, ought more than all else to be pure; and the necessary -condition of our endowing the earth in coming ages with a better -human race than it now has, or has ever had, is that we provide that -coming race with the best kind of parentage. The quality of the next -generation is determined by the quality of this generation; it will -be in most respects as we make it, clean if brought forth in purity, -foul if engendered in foulness. And the truth so strikingly evident -in the moral and esthetical view is even more clear in the view we -are here taking, that of the race’s health. To sexual impurity, by -the testimony of the best physicians—the illustrious Dr. Osler for -instance—more physical degeneration is due than to any other one -cause. Dr. Prince A. Morrow, president of the Society of Sanitary and -Moral Prophylaxis, estimates the number constantly ill from syphilis -in this country—although that number has of late been considerably -reduced—as still no less than 2,000,000. The syphilitic poison is -communicated by inoculation—a contagion that has no danger for us -so long as held at a respectful distance; and the essential point -in guarding against it is to preserve that distance. Like the venom -of the rattlesnake it is best known in a knowledge of its lurking -places. It was first recognized in Europe, some time in the fifteenth -century; and it came from the Orient, not of its own initiative, -but because Europeans went after it and fetched it. Similarly now, -a man does not have it unless he goes after it. There is nothing -in the whole range of human disorders that shows more emphatically -than this, the feebleness and inadequacy of the best possible cure -as compared with prevention. Knowledge seems all that is needed for -complete prevention; any young man, having more than the resolution -and self-control of an infant or an idiot, ought to require nothing -more than an elementary acquaintance with a few facts that should be -at the command of every instructor of youth, to insure his leaving -the syphilis and gonorrhea factory permanently alone. If their -baleful function were made clearly known to those who most need to -know it, the entrance door to every such temple of moral and physical -ruin would carry to the eyes the sign that greeted those of Dante: -“All hope abandon, ye who enter here”—a prospect whose unrelieved -blackness looks even darker when contrasted with the brilliant glory -of the hope relinquished. It is a law of our human constitution that -the richest, deepest, keenest joys that life has for us are those -that come from the contrast of two sexes. Even when that contrast -is hostile, there seems to be some pleasure in it; but immeasurably -more when it is an incident of ardent attraction. Byron in one of his -earlier poems thus puts it: - - “Devotion wafts the mind above, - But Heaven itself descends in love; - A feeling from the Godhead caught, - To wean from self each sordid thought; - A ray of Him who formed the whole; - A glory circling ’round the soul!” - -It is too well known that the poet’s own loves, in after years, -were not always of this ideal quality; but no one ever better set -forth the exalted possibilities of the sex sentiment, to which -the continuance of life on earth is due. But the worst, we are -often reminded, is the corruption of the best, and it is another -possibility of the same sentiment that it may urge a man to blast -his whole future by incurring an incurable disease, and sadder -yet—too often to involve others, tender and innocent lives, in his -own condemnation. If more knowledge can ward off such a grisly fate, -it is surely inhuman cruelty not to supply that knowledge, however -disagreeable the duty may appear. When clearly seen as a duty it will -be no longer disagreeable. - -While making this call for more knowledge of vital truths primarily -on account of the young men, since it is in the vast majority of -cases the man who tempts, the man to whom the outcast woman owes her -fall, it would be the wildest folly to stop with one-half of the -rising generation. The future of the race is too dependent on its -mothers to excuse or permit the neglect of any preparation of them -for motherhood, which health in its fullest sense may demand. - -Most of the great questions of health in its widest sense, of -health as a public concern, resolve themselves into resisting the -entrance of this or that species of bacterial germs into the body. -The essential distinction between Mother Earth, that bringeth forth -flowers and fruits, and grass for our herds, and dirt or filth, the -especial opprobrium of the hygienist, is that the latter carries -germs of bacteria. Cleanness, in the hygienic sense, is freedom -from pathogenic germs; and when the doctors tell us that the marked -improvement in health conditions recently observable in Germany and -Switzerland, and pre-eminently in Sweden, is due to their exceptional -attention to cleanliness, they use the term with particular reference -to the provoking causes of preventable sickness. Not only is the -death rate from the acute diseases in those lands rapidly falling -off, but diseases of the chronic class are beginning to yield to the -inculcation of better habits among the people. - -We are by no means without instances in this country, of death -rates reduced by preventive methods, as shown for young children -in our largest cities after the introduction of pasteurized -milk. Deaths have been thus spared for that peculiarly helpless -class of sufferers, to the extent of fully 50 per cent. in some -districts—in large measure through the well-directed activity of one -public-spirited New York merchant. But we have much to do in other -lines, and we have only begun to free ourselves of the typhoid fever -incubus. As late as fourteen years ago there were 11,000 cases of -that infection in the camp at Chattanooga, with 800 deaths. In the -entire Spanish war the deaths of our soldiers from diseases, it was -calculated, were thirteen times as many as from wounds in battle—the -diseases mostly, like the Chattanooga typhoid, of the preventable -kinds. - -Loss of life by preventable accidents, on railways, in factories and -mines, is too closely associated with that by diseases to be here -omitted, though entitled to much fuller treatment than we can here -afford. The deathroll from this cause is still disgracefully large -in this country, far surpassing any country of Europe; but there -are signs already of diminution. For instance, one steel factory, -reporting 43 accidental deaths among 6,000 employes in 1906, showed -only 12 fatalities in a payroll of 7,000 in 1909, safeguards having -been introduced in the meantime. This instance is very good, so -far as it goes, but we need to make much more progress in the same -direction. - -What we want is systematic effort, by some powerful consolidated -agency, to promote the conservation of human life. We have no need to -find fault with any of the organizations now engaged in furthering -that end, several of which are doing good work. We may gratefully -acknowledge the aid of the various medical societies, “regular” and -“irregular”—though we take the liberty of wishing that they might -fight the common enemy a little more and each other a little less. -We may also welcome the assistance of the life insurance companies, -notably the Equitable and the Metropolitan, whose managers clearly -realize how their interests are involved. Whatever lengthens the -average term of human life is a factor operating to increase their -dividends and to reduce the cost of insurance to their policyholders. -It is worth while to note, at this point, that the majority of -life insurance officers are strong advocates of the formation of a -national bureau or department of health. - -Still more do we owe to the activities of State and municipal boards -of health, which do more good because they have more power. Where -properly supported they have done a great work, at obstructing the -spread of epidemics by quarantines and other methods of isolation, -at curing pollution of water supply, at instituting improved sewer -systems, at bettering the general food supply by inspection of -markets. You have just heard a condensed account of the activities -of one of our best State health departments, that of Pennsylvania. -You will infer from what that department has done in seven years what -might be done by a national bureau or department, with powers and -field of operation extending over the entire country. - -The movement for a bureau or department of health, national in its -scope, has been most actively advanced in Washington by Hon. Robert -L. Owen, Senator from Oklahoma. His bills call for a department, -and he gives strong reasons for the view that such an organization -would, while that of a bureau would not, suffice for the national -governmental activities in behalf of the public health. President -Taft strongly urges a “Bureau of Public Health,” and plainly -intimates a preference for the bureau plan. The “Committee of -One Hundred on National Health,” formed by the Association for -Advancement of Science, in 1906, with Prof. Irving Fisher as its -president, originally contemplated a department whose head should -be a member of the President’s cabinet, but it has in its recent -publications adopted the alternative phrase “bureau or department,” -which course is here followed, because there is manifestly nothing to -gain by keeping up a contest on the point. The memorial prepared by -the committee of one hundred proposes for a national department of -health certain functions, as follows: - -1. Administration—Including the national quarantine work, and -whatever regulation of interstate commerce might affect human health, -such as meat inspection and enforcing the food and drug act. - -2. Co-operation—The work of assisting State, county and city health -agencies, after some such fashion as the National Department of -Agriculture co-operates with State agricultural colleges and -institutions. - -3. Research and Investigation—The work of obtaining needed scientific -information concerning the cause and prevention of diseases that -now shorten or impair human life; this would include a study of -accidents, of poisonous manufacturing trades, of hygienic conditions -in schools, etc., just as yellow fever was studied in Cuba, as the -hookworm is now to be studied under private endowment, as the work of -the Pasteur Institute was conducted under French government support. - -4. Education—The work of supplying to the country scientifically -established data on matters pertaining to health, such work as is -done by the “publication division” in most of our governmental -departments; thus rendering available for practical use the work of -research and investigation. The countries in which is found the most -rapid reduction of the death rate are just those (Sweden for example) -in which the spread of a knowledge of hygiene is widest. - -Of these functions the mere statement is a most powerful argument for -the bureau or department suggested. It only remains to remove a few -misunderstandings. One objection, for example, is powerful in many -minds—that such a centralized office must necessarily be the organ -of a particular medical school, and must so give that school—the one -denominated “regular,” for example—an unfair advantage, unsuited -to a government of liberty and equality. To this it may be frankly -replied, that the primary objects of the new office being the four -just stated (administration, co-operation, investigation, education), -it would aim to collect and diffuse the greatest attainable amount -of accurate knowledge on the subject of health; and that if it found -a larger quantity of better knowledge in one school than in another, -it would be false to its trust if it did not spread that knowledge -accordingly. Personally, the writer finds it hard to believe that it -could treat a school that taught the unreality of disease, or the -surpassing value for all kinds of disorders, of drugs, of a narrow -range of characteristics, on an exact equality with schools that deal -with facts as they find them; but he heartily agrees that the citizen -ought to enjoy the liberty of choosing his own medical advisers, so -far as he does not endanger life or health by so choosing. - -There are other objections to organized national work for health, -many of them from a so-called National League for Medical Freedom, -the most active workers in which have been shown to be interested in -one or another kind of proprietary medicine, backed by some “mental -healers,” and by associations of druggists who object to the “pure -food and drugs act” of 1906. Several homœpathical State societies -have repudiated that “league for freedom,” and have emphatically -attested their approval of the proposed bureau or department of -health; this, notwithstanding their well-understood grievances -against “regular” practitioners. Some of the best informed among the -osteopaths and the Christian Scientists are pronouncing similarly; -and so, if the disavowals keep on, the League of Medical Freedom may -soon be left with only those who seek freedom to dope their victims -with drugs that enslave; stupefy them—infant and adult—with opium -and thinly disguised alcohol, and generally to reverse the progress -of a century. But, since it is estimated that $75,000,000 a year are -expended by our fellow-citizens for patent medicines, it is easy -enough to see how they must regard a national department which is -to improve the sanitary conditions of the country, show people how -to care for health, stop the sale of poisonous nostrums and impure -foods, and end the career of opium under the name of “soothing -syrup.” Their profits would be gone, and of course they disapprove -and protest. - -Altogether, the cause of a national bureau or department of health is -commended, both by those who favor and those who oppose it. It could -not ask better advocates than the distinguished men who heartily -favor it, on the congressional or the collegiate stage; nor more -suitable adversaries than those constituting the League for Medical -Freedom. - - -President WHITE—This is a most valuable paper, and it will be -printed, together with the other papers and addresses of this -convention. Every one should avail themselves of the opportunity to -subscribe for this book, which costs one dollar. - -I will now introduce to you the gentleman who kindly gave his hour to -Mr. Farquhar. He is Mr. Reginald Pelham Bolton, of New York City, who -will speak to you on “The Prevention of Elevator Accidents.” - - -Mr. BOLTON—The preservation of human life and the protection of our -fellow-creatures from physical injury, claim prior consideration over -conservation of mere materials. - -Any form of danger which results in the destruction of life, and -exhibits a tendency toward increased developments, invites our -systematic investigation. Ameliorative measures, if undertaken in -advance of the growth of an evil, are of double value. To one phase -of the subject, of the conservation of life, I desire to direct your -attention. - -The increase of fatalities and injuries resulting from the extensive -use of passenger elevators has become sufficiently marked to deserve -careful attention by those who are concerned with the benefit of our -fellow-citizens. Complete statistics as to the number of accidental -occurrences in and about elevators of all classes throughout the -country are not available, but an estimate based upon such official -returns as relate to labor alone, indicate that the annual total -is now probably in excess of seven thousand, of which probably -three-fourths are of a preventable character. - -From small beginnings, the roll of such accidents reported by the New -York Department of Labor, which it is conceded do not cover all such -occurrences, rose in 1909 to a total for five years of 1,600 injured -persons, of whom 198 were killed and about 298 permanently disabled. - -The Wainwright-Phillips Commission of the New York State Legislature -reported in 1911 a list of injuries and deaths, in the three years -1907 to 1910, affecting 1,108 persons, of whom 106 were killed -and 241 were more or less seriously and permanently crippled. In -addition, no less than 200 persons fell down hoistways, of whom 43 -were killed outright and 19 permanently injured. - -These occurrences took place only on elevators in industrial -establishments, and are only those which have been officially -reported. - -The Industrial Commission of the State of Wisconsin reported for the -ten months, September, 1911, to June, 1912, thirty-nine accidents -in and upon elevators, and fifteen more due to falls down elevator -shafts; all occurring in establishments of various industries. -Accidents occurring in transportation were 195, so that the relation -of elevator accidents and falls was 28 per cent. of transportation. - -That such accidents are duplicated outside the limits of observation -of labor departments is indicated by an examination of the reports -of the New York county coroners, which show about one hundred deaths -annually from elevator accidents in the county of New York only. -In the year 1911, in the Borough of Manhattan, there were reported -sixty-eight fatalities in connection with elevators, about two -hundred permanent injuries, and probably about three hundred more may -be estimated as having sustained lesser injuries. - -The fact that accidental occurrences in or about elevators are thus -found to be deplorably numerous and increasing is not to be taken -as a reflection upon the general security of elevator travel. Their -number is relatively small in comparison with the vast number of -persons utilizing these appliances. One express schedule elevator -handles about 700,000 persons per annum. Further, by far the -larger number of mishaps are not due to failure or fault of the -elevator itself, but occur in and about the entrances of, or in the -hoistways of such apparatus, from persons falling through unguarded -openings into elevator shafts, and of course a number are due to the -recklessness and incompetence of employes and operators. - -It remains the fact, however, that a large part of these occurrences -are unnecessary, just as was found to be the case with many of -the forms of danger to life and injury to limb which attended the -operation of freight and passenger trains prior to the adoption of -certain of the safety appliances and methods which have been brought -into general use on railroads, as a result of the concentration of -public attention upon the subject, and legislative action based -thereon. Similar attention and action with the compilation of -statistics upon the subject will undoubtedly result in diminishing -the number of fatal and injurious occurrences connected with elevator -operation. - -Some loss of human life and injury to the person may to some extent -be regarded as an unfortunately inevitable accompaniment of all forms -of motive apparatus, and the complex conditions of modern existence -have not only increased this liability by demands for more rapid -movement of all forms of mechanical transportation, but the vast -increase in the usage of appliances has introduced new elements of -danger. - -In no class of transportation are the effects of haste and crowding -more apparent and dangerous than in the modern means of vertical -transportation, use of which is now made by all classes of people. -Liability towards accidental occurrences in elevators, therefore, -affects the whole public, and it is needless to dilate upon the -general concern in, and economic loss resulting from deaths or injury -of any member of the community. It may be conservatively estimated -that the economic value of the mere services of persons killed in and -about elevators, based upon life expectancy, and the loss of time of -those injured, would annually exceed the cost of equipment of all -passenger and freight elevators with modernized safety appliances. - -There are some features connected with elevator accidents which call -for consideration and rectification. These have grown up around the -development of the appliance in a manner somewhat peculiar to it. -The elevator is a transportation apparatus which is for the most -part privately operated and owned. Unlike the railroad, it is not -regarded by the law as the apparatus of a common carrier. Unlike the -road carriage or car, it is not operated upon the public highways. -Unlike the machinery of a factory, it is not utilized exclusively by -employes. - -Its development and use have been, perhaps, too restricted to require -the attention of such legislation as has been rather freely applied -to the other classes of appliances engaged in transporting human -beings. - -It has therefore come about that the legal status of the elevator is -in a very indefinite condition, its public regulation is generally -local and therefore at best erratic, and the liability for the -security of its occupants is as varied as the legal practice and -rulings of different States. - -The results are unfortunate to all concerned except perhaps that part -of the legal profession which concerns itself with the prosecution -of claims for injuries. Only two States, Pennsylvania and Rhode -Island, have adopted legislative provisions, of limited character, -relating to elevators. The former State provided so long ago as -1895 a requirement for automatic locking devices on all passenger -elevators, thus being the pioneer in this direction. The State of -Rhode Island by its general law, Chapter 129, requires all elevators -“to be equipped with safety appliances to prevent the starting of -the elevator car in either direction while any door opening into the -elevator is open.” - -The State of Wisconsin, by its Industrial Commission law, Chapter -485, of 1911, placed in the hands of that body general power to -require safeguards “in all places of employment,” but it does not -appear that the powers of the act extend to every class of building -in which elevators may or can be employed. Other efforts have been -made to effect legislation in the same direction, but have so far -failed of enactment. - -A bill was introduced in the House of Representatives December 12, -1910, by Mr. W. Bennet, requiring all elevators in the District of -Columbia to be provided with gate and car interlocking devices, -which bill did not become law. A bill was introduced in 1911 into -the Assembly of the State of New York amending the labor law in -the direction recommended by the Wainwright-Phillips Commission, -and empowering the Commissioner of Labor to require automatic -door-locking and car interlocking on all passenger elevators in -factories. Senate Bill 911 and Assembly Bill 329 of 1911 were -designed to require in general terms the use of “such safety devices -as will prevent accidents to persons getting on or off elevator cars -and from falling through open doors into the elevator shafts.” - -The attention of the American Museum of Safety has been directed -for some years towards the accomplishment of some amelioration of -existing conditions, and that humane organization made a strong -effort to arouse public interest in these measures and to secure -their enactment, but without success. - -The subject has received some sporadic attention by several public -associations, including the National Civic Federation, the American -Association for Labor Legislation and the New York Association for -Labor Legislation, but without effective results. - -With the foregoing exceptions, the obligations of an owner of a -building, as regards the security of an elevating appliance, are -practically limited to a compliance with the then existing local -regulations to the purchase of a device commensurate with the -existing state of the art, of a design made by a reputable concern, -and to the employment of reasonable care in upkeep and operation. - -No legal obligation appears to lie upon an owner to alter or modify -the appliance in conformity with greater knowledge of the art, or -to add to it greater means of security. Until some unfortunate -occurrence has taken place, an owner of property naturally feels -unwilling to embark on such expenditures. The present system of -liability insurance rather tends to such a situation, as an owner has -no inducement in the form of reduced premiums, to expend money upon -desirable safeguards. If the liability corporations should concede -a substantial reduction of premiums, in connection with appliances -dealing with a certain proportion of the risks attending elevator -operation, much could be accomplished without the aid of special -legislation. - -While the law-making powers do not hesitate to direct such measures -to be taken with and upon the property of common carriers, they seem -to regard the operation of a practically public conveyance within -private property as a privileged possession and hesitate to enter the -castle of the owner and involve him in enforced expenditures upon a -privately operated appliance. - -Yet an elevator, whether used for the purpose of the carriage of -goods, of tenants, of employes, or of visitors to a building, is a -common carrier earning a profit, even if indirectly, for it is as -much a source of revenue as is the machinery of a factory around -which many enforced safeguards have, by legislation, been thrown. - -If, therefore, the owner of a building installs elevators for the -convenient carriage of tenants and visitors within his property, he -does so because the apparatus enhances the value of that property, -and that enhancement is largely due to the public use of the -appliance, in which use the unknowing users have some right to -legislative protection from results of ignorance or incompetence, of -neglect or parsimony. - -It has taken a long time for this view of the matter to become even -partially recognized, even in the city of New York, in which the use -of elevators has multiplied beyond all conception of what seemed -probable twenty-five years ago. The number of passenger elevators -in the Borough of Manhattan alone, now exceeds nine thousand, and -these increase annually by about five hundred new machines. The -estimated number of freight elevators, none of which under present -circumstances are subject to official inspection, is not less than -ten thousand. - -The regulations regarding elevators in Manhattan, commencing with -feeble beginnings, have advanced under the careful direction of the -present Superintendent of Buildings of Manhattan, Rudolph P. Miller, -C. E., into the field of interference with private control, and the -department is compiling further regulations which will go a long way -towards the protection of the public in safeguarding the elevating -apparatus they are compelled to use. The Manhattan regulations, -while in themselves excellent, are directly applicable to passenger -elevators only with such freight elevators as are within the same -shaft enclosure as a passenger elevator. They require the operator to -be of reliable and industrious habits, not less than eighteen years -of age, with at least one month’s experience in his duties. - -A number of known elements of unsafe character are prohibited -and some constructive features of value are insisted upon. No -provision is, however, made for automatic interlocking of gates and -car movement, nor are projections in the shaft prohibited. Some -good, detailed regulations and suggestions have been issued by the -Wisconsin Labor Commission, but these and other State and local -regulations could be substantially increased in value, by a thorough -technical investigation and settlement. - -Some improvement of deficiencies in apparatus existing prior to these -rules has been effected by requiring safeguards to be applied upon -any alteration or large repair work being sanctioned. This course has -brought about the addition of speed safety appliances in a number of -old installations where this elementary security was absent. - -Later regulations will, in similar manner, require carefully -conducted tests of all machines whether new, altered or repaired. -Many minor matters of security are or will be thus provided for, -yet the limited powers of a bureau can but at best halt in dealing -with the entire problem. And when the regulations of Manhattan are -made, as they should be, the best possible, it is regrettable that in -another city or even in another borough of the same city, the same -desirable conditions will not apply. - -Yet the security of an elevator requires the same measures of -attention, in one State as in another, as much in the merest hamlet -as in the great metropolis. - -The use of elevators is now widespread through all States, and in -all classes of buildings, affecting the convenience and security of -all classes of persons; and calling for the establishment of well -considered and equalized regulation in every part of the country. - -It speaks volumes for the sense of responsibility of our leading -manufacturers of elevators, that among all the tens of thousands of -machines turned out by such concerns as the Otis Elevator Company -and their competitors, accidents due to the physical breakage of the -machinery of elevators should be in number only what they are, when -they include the failures of machines built in days when the industry -was small and the art far less understood than it is at present. - -When we reflect upon the fact that the passengers carried in -elevators in the city of New York far exceed in number those carried -on all the surface and subway lines, we may the more appreciate -the point to which I desire specially to direct your attention, -namely, the desirability in the public interest of State regulation, -and as far as possible, uniform regulation, of the security and -operation of elevators. The local regulations may be left to care -for details of installation but the State authority is necessary to -require elevators to be not only modern but progressively modernized -appliances; that no antiquated and essentially dangerous apparatus -shall be continued in use, and that necessary safeguards and properly -qualified operators shall accompany their operation. - -The State may further require that in excessively tall buildings, -where the elevators constitute the only practical means of egress in -emergency, there shall be a proper sufficiency of such appliances -capable of removing the occupants within a reasonably safe period of -time. - -The limitations of the carrying capacity of an elevator are now well -understood, and the safety of operatives in high loft buildings and -of tenants in loftier “tower” office buildings, demands that the -parsimony of owners and the ignorance of architects should not be -allowed to restrict the exit of occupants of such buildings. A second -elevator, in the Triangle fire disaster, would not only have saved -its capacity in human occupants, but would have averted the fatal -overcrowding of the single car which rendered it practically of no -avail. - -Many loft buildings of twelve stories and some even exceeding twenty -stories are in existence in which the elevator accommodation is -utterly inadequate for the removal of occupants of upper floors -in a reasonable time, in case of emergency. The effectiveness of -exterior “fire escapes” and of crooked interior stairways, especially -for great heights, is now known to be strictly within certain -limitations, and elevators have on many occasions demonstrated their -value in the saving of life in panic and fire. - -Office buildings are constructed thirty and more stories in height, -without fire escapes and with winding stairways which are useless -in emergency, and with such limited elevator capacity as would not -remove the tenants in less than thirty minutes. - -A most important and desirable subject for general action is afforded -by provisions for safeguarding elevator gates and doorways. In and -about these orifices, as previously observed, a large proportion of -unnecessary accidents and fatalities occur. The unlatched door, the -open gate, the absence of inner gates, the projecting sill, and the -slippery tread, are fruitful causes of deplorable injuries and have -caused the unnecessary loss of many precious lives. The proportion -which this class of occurrence bears to the total is evidently large. -An analysis of a list of four thousand accidental occurrences shows -the following proportions: - - Per cent. - Getting on or off cars 58 - Falling through unguarded openings 20 - Fractures and fall of cars, only 17 - Mechanics making repairs in shafts, etc 4 - Unexplained 1 - -A number of devices have been developed during recent years, which -have overcome objections to their use in the past, whereby the gates -of elevators must be securely locked and fastened before the car can -be moved. Six of such devices are approved for use in the State of -Pennsylvania. It would seem that so simple a feature eliminating the -essential danger surrounding the operation of a car moving vertically -between floors in a shaft would long ago have been demanded by every -form of authority. - -With other engineers, I was at one time opposed to the use of such -appliances on the ground of their uncertainty. But the growing volume -of fatalities directly attributable to the lack of such safeguards, -together with radical improvement in their construction, now demand -the opposite conclusion. - -There has been particular objection in some large cities to the -application of devices for locking the gates, on the ground that the -speed of operation on rapid schedule service would be retarded and -inconvenience and overcrowding would result. In order to satisfy -myself upon this point, I made this year a series of comparative -trials of elevators equipped with one such appliance, the Clarke -automatic safety devices, and found that no such loss of time in -service actually resulted. On the contrary, a trial of the elevators -in the Atlantic Mutual Insurance Company’s Building, 49 Wall street, -New York City, and in the Hotel Imperial, showed that the operators -made better time with the device in service, as they were compelled -to make more exact landings and thus avoided much of the time -frequently wasted in reversals of the car movement. - -Under the present circumstances, therefore, it seems that the proper -time has arrived for action in this respect, and that the example -set by the States of Pennsylvania and Rhode Island may be embodied -in careful legislative requirements in other States, which would, -at some expense, it is true, to private owners, safeguard the -public from those peculiarly present dangers which have taken such -unnecessary toll of human life and limb, in the ghastly entanglement -between the gate or doorway and the moving car, or the dreadful fall -through the opened gate. - -It would be very desirable, if, in the investigation of this subject, -and the preparation of legislation to deal with it, competent -technical and legal ability were employed, as the subject is of a -technical character. Some of the legislation already in existence has -been worded in so ill-considered a manner, as to give the impression -that it was phrased in order to prevent the recovery of damages by -injured persons. - -The expression of your interest in this matter will tend to -strengthen the hands of those who are seeking at present, by the -limited means available, to enforce good methods of installation, -proper safeguards and proper operation. It will also aid our great -manufacturers, who lead the world in the design and construction of -these truly American appliances, in securing the proper surroundings -and proper care they are constantly urging for the appliances they -construct, and will aid humanity by averting some unnecessary wastage -of the health and lives of our fellow creatures. - -Following Mr. Bolton’s paper he presented the following resolution: - - Whereas, The number of accidents and fatalities attending the - operation of elevators is increasing, many of which are of a - preventable character; - - Resolved, That the National Conservation Congress recommends to - the Legislatures of all States an official investigation of this - subject, and the enactment of such provisions as have been adopted - by the States of Pennsylvania and Rhode Island. - - -President WHITE—This is important, and if there is no objection it -will be handed to the Resolutions Committee. - - -Mr. FREDERICK KELSEY (Orange, N. J.)—I would like to offer this -resolution: - - Whereas, Under the laws of the District of Columbia and some of the - States, fictitious and fraudulent overcapitalization of corporations - is permitted; and - - Whereas, Under the operation of these promoter-made laws enormous - and widespread losses to innocent persons all over the country and - throughout the civilized world have resulted; - - Resolved, That this Congress earnestly favors the amendment of these - laws and calls upon the President and the United States Congress - to enact such legislation affecting the incorporation and control - of corporations as will bring the creation and conduct of these - creatures of the State back to the moorings of common honesty. - -I would like to say that, like most of the previous speakers, I -have given this subject very careful attention. I was chairman of -a committee, a civic and economic committee of our State, which -committee spent eight months in considering this subject, and I want -to say that you cannot appreciate the widespread loss, the injury, -the injustice of improper concentration of wealth that has been the -direct outgrowth of these laws in our own State and other States of -the Union. - - -President WHITE—The resolution will be referred to the Resolutions -Committee. - -The Congress now stands adjourned until 2:30 o’clock this afternoon. - - - - -_EIGHTH SESSION._ - - -The Congress assembled at the Coliseum, at the State Fair Grounds, -Indianapolis, on the afternoon of October 3, 1912, and was called to -order by President White. - - -President WHITE—This Conservation Congress was to have been addressed -today by the Governors of two of the States. I am very sorry to -announce that Governor Hadley, of Missouri, is unable to attend. - -This Congress is greatly honored today. The city of Indianapolis -is greatly honored today. The State of Indiana is greatly honored, -and I personally am greatly honored. I feel honored in having the -privilege of presiding over a meeting at which our distinguished -guest is to speak. - -He who causes two blades of grass to grow where only one grew before -is a public benefactor. He who with one talent helps one child, -one boy, to rise to manhood and usefulness, is a great and useful -citizen. He who is fortunate enough to possess ten talents and who is -an inspiration to thousands of the youth of the land, who has planted -in their minds and in their hopes the desire to become great and -useful in this world, to become great and good, efficient citizens—he -is the greatest of all. - -He is the Governor of a great State, and has inspired the citizens of -mature age to a better government for the people and led them on to a -greater field of usefulness. We feel perfectly safe in trusting him. -To whatever position duty may call, whatever fortune may trust him -with, the people will be safe under his guidance. (Applause.) - -I feel unworthy to present to this audience one who has been -the leader in so many good works, one who has been a practical -conservator of human effort, but I take pleasure in introducing to -you as the speaker of this day one who has come here to get closer in -touch with the Conservationists of the United States, to gather from -this audience an inspiration as to the great force of Conservation -which is to lead the world—the Hon. Woodrow Wilson, Governor of New -Jersey. (Great applause.) - - -ADDRESS BY THE HON. WOODROW WILSON, GOVERNOR OF NEW JERSEY. - -Mr. Chairman and Fellow-Citizens: It is with genuine pleasure that I -find myself in this place, facing a company of men and women who are -devoting themselves to so disinterested a cause as that to which this -Congress is consecrated. - -Your chairman has stated in exactly the terms of my own thought, the -errand upon which I have come. It would seem presumption upon my -part to instruct this Congress, or to attempt to instruct it in the -means of Conservation. I have come here, as he has said, to share -in the inspiration of the occasion, to gather into my own thought -an impression of the men and women who are working for these great -objects in the United States. When I was on my way out here, and was -thinking of this occasion, I prepared my talk on the conservation of -our natural resources. When I arrived at the station, I was told to -change the subject, that was not what the Congress was, this year, -devoting its particular attention to, but to the conservation of -the vital energy of the people of the United States. I had thought -that I would have to apologize to you for wandering off before I -had finished my address, into that very topic, because it seems -to me that the more broadly we view the field of obligation, the -more clearly it will appear to us that our duty is only done in -respect to the laying of the foundation, when we have conserved the -natural resources of America, for those natural resources are of no -consequence unless there is a free and virile people to use them. - -We are in the midst of a political campaign, and most of the -audiences that I have faced have been political audiences. I want to -say very frankly to you, that it is a comfort to me to face another -kind, because, in a campaign, we take politics, as it were, to the -people, but on this occasion the people of the United States are -bringing to us the great forces of their thought. - -A congress like this means something more vital, in some aspects, -than any of the ordered efforts of political parties; for here are -represented the men and women from every quarter of the Union, come -together to speak that great volunteer voice of America, which is the -atmosphere of politics, which creates the environment of the public -man, which is the independent conscience of a great people asserting -itself and instructing those who serve it, what their lines of best -service are. - -All voluntary effort distinguishes a free people from a people that -is not free. An effort, an organization, that comes about whether the -politician wants it or not, is the kind of effort and organization -which shows that the people are ready to govern themselves and to -assert their own opinions, whether the men in the public eye now -consent to be their servants or not. (Applause.) - -I have often made this boast about America, that, truly as we love -our own institutions, proud as we are of the political history of -America, if you could imagine yourself absolutely forgetting the -documents upon which our constitutional history rests, over night, in -the morning, we could make a new Constitution; we would not lose our -self-possession, we would not lose our long training in self-control; -we would not lose our instinct and genius for self-government. Strip -us of one government, and we would make a new America in which we -would shine as much as we did in the old. (Applause.) If that be not -true, then it is not America, for America consists in the independent -and originative power of the thought of the people. And so, when men -and women from every part of the country gather in a great congress -like this, to speak, not of matters of interest so much as of matters -of duty, you realize in a gathering like this the vitality of the -heart as well as of the mind of America, and men of every sort must -give heed to the utterances of gatherings of this kind. - -I know that there are some persons who come to these gatherings -representing only themselves. I know that a gathering of men -interested in a special cause is a great magnet to the crank. I -know that all sorts of people, with special notions of their own, -come sometimes to exploit them; but, after all, we ought to be very -tolerant even of them, because some of the finest notions in the -world have lived for a little while very lonely in the brain of -a single man, or a single woman, and it is only by the tolerance -of preaching that they get their currency, and finally get their -imperial triumph by conquering the minds of the world, so that it is -these voluntary contributions of thought, these irresistible currents -of national life that are the most vital part of every people’s -history. That is the reason I say it is a comfort to face an audience -that I am not trying to persuade in regard to anything, but with -which I am trying to get in sympathy, in order to share the great -force which they represent. - -It would be almost like assuring you that I was a thoughtful and -rational being to say that I am in profound sympathy with the whole -work of this great Congress, and that I am in particular sympathy, in -keenest sympathy with that part which affects the conservation of the -vital energy of the people of the United States. (Great applause.) - -We have prided ourselves, ladies and gentlemen, upon our inventive -genius; we have prided ourselves upon the ability to devise machines -that can almost dispense with the intelligence of man. We have become -a great manufacturing people because of this genius, because of our -ability to draw together not only the tangible machinery of great -enterprises but also the intellectual machinery of great enterprises, -and we have been so proud of the mere multiplication of the resources -of the Nation, so proud of its wealth, so proud of the ingenious -methods by which we have increased its wealth, that we have been -sometimes almost in danger of forgetting what the real root of the -whole matter is. - -I say, without intending to indict anybody, that it has too -often happened that men have felt themselves obliged to dismiss -superintendents who overtaxed a delicate piece of machinery, who have -not gone further and felt obliged to dismiss a superintendent who -overtaxed that most delicate of all pieces of machinery, the human -body and the human brain. (Applause.) - -If you drive your men and women too hard, your machinery will -presently have to go on the scrap heap. If you sap the vital energy -of your people, then there will be no energy in any part of the -life you live, or in any enterprise that you may undertake. The -energy of your people is not merely a physical energy. I am glad -to say that the great State of New Jersey, which I have the honor -to represent, has been very forward among her sister States in -attempting to safeguard the lives and the health of those who work -in her factories, and in all the undertakings which are in danger of -impairing the health. I am glad to say that our Legislature has been -to a very considerable extent, though not so far as it ought to be, -thoughtful of the health of the children, thoughtful of the strength -of women, thoughtful of the men and women together who have to -breathe noxious gases, who are exposed to certain kinds of dust bred -in certain manufactories, which dust carries congestion and danger -to the lungs and to the whole system—we have been thoughtful of these -things, but after all, we stand in exactly the same relation to our -bodies that the nation stands to her forests and her rivers and her -mines. - -I have no use for my body unless I have a free and happy soul to be -a tenant of it. We have no happy use for this continent unless we -have a free and hopeful and energetic people to use it. I know that -I have sometimes spoken of how foreigners laugh at Americans because -they boast of the size of America, as if they had made it, and we -are twitted with a pride in something that we did not create. We did -not stretch all this great body of earth and pile it into beautiful -mountains and variegate it with forests from ocean to ocean, and they -say, “Why should you be so proud of what God created? You were not -partners in the creation?” - -But it seems to me that it is perfectly open for us to reply, “Any -nation is as big as the thing that it accomplishes, and we have -reason to be proud of the size of America, because we have occupied -and dominated it.” (Applause.) - -But we have come to a point where occupation and domination will not -suffice to win us credit with the nations of the earth or our own -respect. It was fine to have the cohesive and orderly power to plant -commonwealths from one side of this great continent to another. It -was pretty fine, and it strikes the imagination to remember the time -when the ring of the ax in the forest and the crack of the rifle -meant not merely the falling of a tree or the death of some living -thing, but it meant the voice of the vanguard of civilization, making -spaces for homes, destroying the wild life that would endanger human -life, or destroying the life which it was necessary to destroy in -order to sustain human life; and that the mere muscle, the mere -quickness of eye, the mere indomitable physical courage of those -pioneers that crossed this continent ahead of us, was evidence of the -virility of the race, and was evidence also of its capacity to rule, -to rule and to make conquest of the things that it needed to use. -But now we have come to a point where everything has to be justified -by its spiritual consequences, and the difficult part of the task is -that which is immediately ahead of us. - -Until the census of 1890, every census bureau could prepare maps -for us, on which the frontiers of settlement in America were drawn, -and until that time there had always been an interspace between the -frontier of the movement westward and the little strip of coast upon -the Pacific, which had been occupied, as it were, prematurely and out -of order. - -But, in 1890, it was impossible to draw a frontier in the United -States, it was impossible to show any places where the spaces had -not, at any rate, been sparsely filled, sparsely occupied by the -populations that lived under the flag of the Union. It was about that -time, by the way, or eight years later, that we were so eager for a -frontier that we established a new frontier in the Philippines, in -order, as Mr. Kipling would say, “to satisfy the feet of our young -men.” - -But the United States, ever since 1890, has been through with the -business of beginning and now has the enormously more difficult task -before it of finishing. - -It is very easy, I am told, though I have never tried it, roughly to -sketch in a picture, that all the students in art schools can make -the rough sketch reasonably well, but they almost all, except those -who have passed a certain point, spoil the picture in the finishing. -All the difficulties, all the niceties of art, you have in the last -touches, not in the first, and all the difficulties and niceties of -civilization lie in the last touches, not in the first. - -Anybody with courage and fortitude and resourcefulness can set up a -frontier, but we have discovered, to our cost, that not many of us -can set up a successful city government. (Applause.) Almost all the -best governed cities in the world are on the other side of the water; -almost all of the worst governed cities in the civilized world are in -America. And the thing that is most taxing our political genius is -making a decent finish, where we made such a distinguished beginning. -We show it. You can feel it under you as you traverse a city; you -can feel it in the pavements. They are provisional, most of them, -or have not been laid at all and in jolting in the streets that are -not the main thoroughfares of an American city, you feel the jolt of -unfinished America. We have not had time, or we have let the contract -to the wrong man. (Great applause.) - -But, whatever be the cause, we have not completed the job in a way -that ought to be satisfactory to our pride. You know that we are -waiting for the development of an American literature, so I am told. -Now, literature can not be done with the flat hand; you can not -write an immortal sentence by taking a handful of words out of the -dictionary and scattering them over the page. They have to be wrought -together with the vital blood of the imagination, in order to speak -to any other reader except those of the day itself. And, as in all -forms of art, whether literary, or musical, or sculptural, there is -this final test: can you finish what you begin? I believe, therefore, -that the problem of this Congress is just this problem of putting the -last touches on the human enterprise which we undertook in America. - -We did not undertake anything new in America in respect of our -industry. You will not find anything in the way of industry in -America which can not be matched elsewhere in the world. If the -happiness of our people and the welfare of our people does not exceed -the happiness and welfare of other people, then, as Americans, we -have failed; because we promised the world, not a new abundance of -wealth, not an unprecedented scale of physical development, but a -free and happy people. (Applause.) - -That is the final pledge which we shall have to redeem, and if we do -not redeem it, then we must admit an invalidity to the title deeds of -America. - -America was set up and opened her doors, in order that all mankind -might come and find what it was to release their energies in a way -that would bring them comfort and happiness and peace of mind. And -we have to see to it that they get happiness and comfort and peace -of mind; and we have to lend the effort, not only of great volunteer -associations like this, but the efforts of our State governments -and national government, to this highest of all enterprises, to see -that the people are taken care of, not taken care of in the sense -that those are taken care of who can not take care of themselves, -because the best way to teach a boy to swim is to throw him into the -water, and too much inflated apparatus around him will only prevent -his learning to swim, because the great thing is not to go to the -bottom and many of the devices by which we now learn to swim make -it unnecessary to swim, because you can stay on top just the same, -and I, for my part, do not believe that human vitality is assisted -by making it unnecessary for it to assert itself. On the contrary, -I believe that it is quickened only when it is put under such -stimulation as to feel the whip, whether of interest or of necessity, -to quicken it. But the last crux of the whole matter comes here: I -am not interested in exerting myself unless the exertion, when it is -over, brings me satisfaction. - -If I have to work in such conditions that, every night, I fall into -my bed absolutely exhausted, and with the lamp of hope almost at its -last dying flicker, then I don’t care whether I get up in the morning -or not; and when I get up in the morning, I do not go blithely to my -work. I do not go to my work like a man who relishes the tasks of -life. I go there because I must go, or starve, and there is always -the goad at my stomach, the goad at my heart, because those dependent -on me will suffer if I do not go to my work and the only way I can go -to my work with satisfaction is to feel that, wherever I turn, I am -dealing with my fellow-men, with fellow-human beings. So that we must -take the heartlessness out of industry before we can put the heart -into the men who are engaged in the industry. (Applause.) - -The employer has got to feel that he is dealing with flesh and blood -like his own and with his fellow-man, or else his employes will not -be in sympathy with him and will not be in sympathy with the work, -and a man who is not in sympathy with his work will not produce the -things that are worth using. - -All the stories we tell to our children about work are told of such -men as Stradivarius, who lingered in the making of a violin as a -lover would linger with his lady; who hated to take his fingers from -the beloved wood which was yielding its music to his magic touch. In -all poetry and song since, Stradivarius has been to us the type of -the human genius and heart that is put into the work that is done -without attention and zest. - -We point to some of the exquisitely completed work of the stone -carvers of the Middle Ages, the little hidden pieces tucked away -unseen in the great cathedrals, where the work is just as loving in -its detail and completeness as it is upon the altar itself, and we -say this is the efflorescence of the human spirit expressed in work. -The man knew that nobody, except perhaps an occasional adventurer -coming to repair that cathedral, would ever see that work, but he -wrought it for the sake of his own heart and in the sight of God. And -that, we instinctively accept as the type of the spiritual side of -work. - -Now, imagine, ladies and gentlemen, imagine as merchants and -manufacturers and bankers, what would happen to the industrial -supremacy of the United States if all her workmen worked in that -spirit. Would there be goods anywhere in the world that could for -one moment match the goods made in America? Would not the American -label be the label of spiritual distinction? And how are you going -to bring that about? You are going to bring it about by such work as -this Congress is interested in and the work which will ensue, because -the things which you are discussing now are merely the passageways to -things that are better. - -Just so soon as you make it a matter of conscience with your -legislatures to see to it that human life is conserved wherever -modern processes touch it, just as soon as you make it the duty of -society to release the human spirit occasionally on playgrounds, to -surround it with beauty, to give it, even in the cities, a touch of -nature, and the freedom of the open sky, just as soon as you realize -and have all of society realize that play—enjoyment—is part of the -building up of the human spirit, and that the load must sometimes -be lifted, or else it will be a breaking load, just as soon as you -realize that every time you touch the imagination of your people and -quicken their thought and encourage their hope and spread abroad -among them the sense of human fellowship and of mutual helpfulness, -you are elevating all the levels of the national life, and then you -will begin to see that your factories are doing better work, because, -sooner or later, this atmospheric influence is going to get into -every office in the United States, and men are going to see that the -best possible instruments that they can have are men whom they regard -as partners and fellow-beings. (Applause.) - -I look upon a Congress like this as one of the indispensable -instruments of the public life. Law, ladies and gentlemen, does not -run before the thought of society and draw that thought after it. -Law is nothing else but the embodiment of the thought of society, -and when I see great bodies of men and women like this, running -ahead of the law, and beckoning it on to fair enterprises of every -sort, I know that I see the rising tide which is going to bring these -things in inevitably. I know that I see law in the making; I know -that I see the future forming its lines before my eyes, and that, -presently, when we come to an agreement, and wherever we come to -substantial agreement, we shall have the things that we desire. So -that, for a man in public life, an assemblage like this is the food -of his thought, if he lend his thought to what his fellow-countrymen -are desiring and planning; and all the zest of politics lies, not in -holding things where they are, but in carrying them forward along the -lines of promise, to the place where they ought to be. (Applause.) - -You are our consciences, you are our mentors, you are our -schoolmasters. The men in public life have only twenty-four hours -in their day and they generally spend eight of the twenty-four in -sleeping—I must admit generally to spending nine—and in what remains -they cannot comprehend the interests of a great nation. No man that -I ever met, no group of men that I ever met, could sum up in their -own thought the interests of a varied nation. Therefore, they are -absolutely dependent upon suggestions coming from every fertile -quarter, into their consciousness. They are subject, or they ought -to be subject, daily, to instruction. A gentleman was quoting to me -today a very fine remark of Prince Bismarck’s. He was taxed with -inconsistency, with holding an opinion today that he had not held -yesterday. He said he would be ashamed of himself if he did not hold -himself at liberty, whenever he learned a new fact, to readjust his -opinions. Why, that is what learning is for. Ought any man to be -ashamed of having accepted the Darwinian theory, because he did not -hold it before Darwin demonstrated it? Ought any man to be ashamed -of having given up the Copernican idea of the universe? Ought any -man to be obliged to apologize for having yielded to the facts? If -he does not he will sooner or later be very sorry, because the facts -are our masters, and if we do not yield to them, we will presently -be their slaves. I suppose if I chose to assert the full consistency -of my independence I would say that I was at liberty to jump from -the top of this building, but just as soon as I reached the ground -nature would have said to me, “You fool, didn’t you ever hear of the -law of gravitation? Didn’t you hear of any of the things that would -happen to you if you jumped off a building of this height? Suppose -you spend a considerable period in a hospital thinking it over,” and -it would be very impressively borne in upon me what the penalties of -ignorance of the law of gravitation are. Now, it is going to be very -impressively borne in upon the public men of this country if they -ignore them what the laws of human life are. As Dr. Holmes used to -say, “The truth is no invalid. You need not be afraid; no matter how -roughly you treat her, she will survive, and if you treat her too -roughly there will be a certain reaction in your own situation which -will be the severest penalty you could carry.” - -I come, therefore, to Indianapolis today to put my mind at your -service, merely to express an attitude, merely to confess a faith, -merely to declare the deep interest which must underlie all human -effort, for, when the last thing is said about human effort, ladies -and gentlemen, it lies in human sympathy. Unless the hearts of men -are bound together the policies of men will fail, because the only -thing that makes classes in a great nation is that they do not -understand that their interests are identical. (Applause.) - -The only thing that embarrasses public action is that certain men -seek advantages which they can gain only at the expense of the rest -of the country, and when they have gained them those very advantages -prove the heaviest weight they have to carry, because they are then -responsible for all that happens to those upon whom they have imposed -and to those from whom they have subtracted what was their right. - -So that the deepest task of all politics is to understand one -another; the deepest task of all politics is to understand everybody, -and I do not see how everybody is going to be understood unless -everybody speaks up, and the more independent spokesmen there are the -more vocal the Nation is, the more certain we shall be to work out -in peace and finally in pride the great tasks which lie ahead of us. -(Great and prolonged applause.) - - - - -_NINTH SESSION._ - - -The Congress reconvened at 8 o’clock p. m., in the Palm Room of the -Claypool Hotel, and was called to order by President White. - - -President WHITE—This is the evening session of the National -Conservation Congress. I foresaw what was coming a long time ago -when we began to prepare a program. I knew there would be a large -number of ladies here, because they were getting very enthusiastic. -I knew they would want section meetings for themselves to talk over -matters of vital interest and plan how they were going to work for -Conservation in all its departments, vital, social and political. - -I felt that I was not capable and I did not know of any man who was -capable of presiding over a large number of women, who sweetly and -persistently know what they want and are bound to get it. (Laughter -and applause.) - -I was invited by the lady who is going to take charge of this meeting -to attend the convention of the General Federation of Women’s Clubs -at San Francisco, and right there I decided that Mrs. Moore should -preside at this Congress at some one of its meetings, and I politely -told her so at that time. I did it in justification of her rare -ability displayed upon that occasion, and, selfishly, because I knew -I was too timid to rule on points of order where there were so many -women. (Laughter.) - -I take pleasure in introducing Mrs. Philip N. Moore, of St. Louis, -former President of the General Federation of Women’s Clubs, and a -member of the Executive Committee of this Congress. She needs no -introduction, as you all have met her many times. I now turn the -meeting over to her good graces and good will. - - -Mrs. MOORE—Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: During the year that -I have had the pleasure of working with the presiding officer of this -Congress, it has been his gracious courtesy during the whole time to -the woman who was on the Executive Committee that has induced me to -accept the position he has given me tonight. - -Many of you will remember that four years ago, when the Governors -were called to the White House in Washington, to discuss the -natural resources of our country, the only woman’s organization -that was represented at that time was the General Federation of -Women’s Clubs, through its President. From that time to this, the -Conservation Congress has recognized this organization as being -very much interested in the conservation of the natural resources -of the country as well as in the conservation of human life through -its public health department, through its industrial and social -conditions and through its home economics, four of the strongest -departments of the General Federation. I am, therefore, very proud -tonight to accept the courtesy of the presiding officer of the -Congress. - -While we are waiting slightly for the first speaker of the evening, I -have asked the next one upon the program to take her place. I am sure -it will be just as much of a pleasure to you, and I am sure it will -be a pleasure to her, to take the earlier place upon the program. - -We are all very much interested, as men and women, as fathers and -mothers, in the Children’s Bureau which has been created this past -year, and we were very much interested in the possibility of a -woman being made chief of that bureau. There never was a question -in our minds but that it should be the very best person that could -be found, whether man or woman. But the fact that there was a woman -who by education, training and experience was fitted to take this -place has been a pleasure to all who are interested in that special -development. The fact that she has looked into the life of children -from birth through childhood, with work and play and home and school -as they have applied to the life of the child, will be of the -greatest benefit to us all through these future years. - -I am very glad to introduce to this representative audience of the -Congress, Miss Julia Clifford Lathrop, who is Chief of the Children’s -Bureau of the United States Department of Commerce and Labor. - - -Miss LATHROP—Madam President, Ladies and Gentlemen: I need -not explain to a Congress interested in Conservation why the -representative of this new Bureau should be here and should wish to -speak about the Bureau itself. - -When I was first honored with this appointment it was suggested -that the Bureau should be staffed with women alone, and I was asked -what I thought about it. I said I should be very much embarrassed; -that I had never known any children who had not two parents, and -that I felt that if there had been intended a division of that sort -the Lord would have communicated it long ago. I thought it would be -presumptious for me to begin, so the Children’s Bureau has on its -staff both men and women and, perhaps, I may as well begin by saying -something about that staff, and about the organization of this new -Bureau. And, first of all, perhaps I may forestall a criticism which -is likely to come before very long that we are rather dilatory and -are not accomplishing very much, by reminding you that the Bureau did -not go into operation last April, when the President approved the -bill, but only on the 23d of August, when the appropriation became -available, so that really the Bureau is just forty-one days old. It -has a staff of fifteen persons, and it has to spend for this first -year a sum aggregating about thirty thousand dollars. Its province, -as the law says, is to inquire into and report upon all matters -pertaining to the welfare of children and child life. You can see -for yourselves whether that is a big job and whether the army really -seems adequate for immediate performance of the contract. - -It is, of course, enormously important that a Bureau of this kind, -undertaking a sort of work which, after all, is in some respects new, -should be composed of people who have very much at heart the welfare -of children; who have, even as much as that, the scientific training -and wisdom which is necessary if we are to make an appeal to people’s -emotions and sentiment. So the staff of the Bureau is composed of -people who have been selected from various departments of the Federal -Civil Service as having, particularly, acquirements in science, as -statisticians, and in other respects particularly fitted, as we -believe and as my superiors believe, to do the work of this growing -Bureau. - -The Bureau has this great general object. Now, it is a question how -to take hold of this great task, where to begin, but the law itself -does give some hint—it enumerates certain objects which we shall -discuss in detail as time goes on. - -The first of these is infant mortality and the birth rate, and after -that follows various subjects, such as juvenile courts, or the care -of children in regard to diseases and accidents which may befall -them, the regulation of their labor, legislation affecting children -and all matters pertaining to their welfare. - -It is all very well for those of us who are doing all sorts of -volunteer work, as most of us are, to begin on the problem of helping -people at any point where we can take hold. We do not have to know -any great fundamental facts; to know that babies need care, and -that children ought not to go to work when they are too young, to -know that children need to go to school, need to be healthy, need -to be happy, and that they need recreation just as much as they do -education and that the two are part of the one same great sort of -development—all these things we have a right to begin on anywhere -we can. But when the Federal Government takes hold, I think it -somehow promises a sort of basis to all the rest of us, and it -seems as if it were its business to see where there was the most -fundamental point to begin its work. When we come to look at the -question of dealing with children, we are constantly faced by the -fact that we do not know how many children there are; we do not -know how many children are born and die in this country. We do know -once in ten years how many children exist at a particular moment, -and by that decennial information we know that the Bureau has to -deal with about thirty-six per cent. of the total population of -this country directly, that between thirty-five and forty per cent. -of the population of this country is under sixteen years of age, -which seems to be the age of the end of childhood, just by common -acceptation; at least, at that age in many of our States children -are permitted to become independent workmen. So you see we have a -very large number of children with whom we have the right to deal -directly, and, as I tried to show a moment ago, we think we have a -right to deal indirectly with all their parents. We think the whole -country is a good deal our province in prospect, but we cannot be -satisfied with this decennial knowledge of how many people there -are in this country. What we want is a great, democratic continuing -public edition of “Who’s Who in America.” We want to know day by day -the advent of every citizen into this country. We want, in fact, in a -phrase which is not particularly exciting, “birth registration.” - -First of all, we want it because we want to know, and we want to know -for various reasons, which I think do not occur to most of us every -day. In the first place, we want to know because, unfortunately, a -great many babies come into this world under circumstances which do -not give them the best chance in the world. If the advent of a little -child could be at once communicated to doctors and nurses where -doctors and nurses are not taken for granted, it would be possible -to prevent the risk of that blindness which sometimes overtakes -newly-born children; it is possible to establish the health of the -mother and child together, so that it may have the best chance in -the world; and you all know how throughout this country, even in our -remoter counties, there is coming to be a great and splendid health -service. I think we cannot be too delighted with what the Red Cross -Society, with what many similar societies are doing in the way of -rural nursing. I think if Florence Nightingale could look out over -America now, she would think we are beginning to realize her noble -words about health and nurses. - -Now, those are perhaps the most important reasons why we want to know -the advent of every child, so that we can help that little child, and -help his mother and keep her alive, because it is a very terrible -thing that out of all the children who are born into this country a -very large number—two hundred thousand, some people say, and three -hundred thousand, some people say—die before they are twelve months -old, and more, a third of them die before they have been in the -world a month. I want us to consider this for a minute, not as an -economic problem, but what it means in the old fashioned terms of -human suffering, the agony and loss of family happiness and joy, that -two hundred thousand little babies should die and leave the hearths -to which they come every single year of the world in this country. -And when we think that already, doctors tell us, we know enough so -that that waste is very largely the fault of our carelessness and -selfishness and greed, it makes us blush to think we are not all -working hard to save the lives of these children. - -Now, there are great efforts already undertaken to save the lives of -these little babies, in which many of you are already engaged, and -we may well hope that such societies as this Conservation Congress -and the Congress for the Prevention of Infant Mortality will before -the next decennial census occurs have made a great difference in the -number of children who are born, only to die. - -But, suppose that a child lives, is there any real sense in his -having a birth certificate, or is that just some abstract notion of -the statisticians, who get all the certificates and have punching -machines and a great many mechanical contrivances for numbering and -making computations out of figures? I think you will be surprised to -find how much human connection it has. - -In the first place, as to this very Bureau for which I am venturing -to speak, we are told to find out about the diseases of children -and about the birth rate of children. How can we know about the -birth rate unless we know how many children are born and die? In -Washington, there was set up a wonderful placard on the wall to show -the birth rate in that city, and there were columns of red and green -and other colors, and you just knew, humanly speaking, that the birth -rate was fluctuating that way, and you talked with somebody and -you discovered that this birth rate was fluctuating as one set of -gentlemen or another was electing the health officer. - -So now we want to have some authoritative way of truly finding out -how many children come into the world in order to know what the birth -rate is, in order to know how to study the diseases of children, and -then, when children grow a little older, we want to have a public -record of their births so that we may know when they are entitled to -go into the schools to begin on that system of care and culture for -which the public schools stand, and then beyond that, when they are -older and the time comes for their advent into the army of work to -which we hope we all belong, then we want to know that those who are -less favored are not hurried into that army unduly. How much it would -simplify the problem if we had not to trust to all sorts of chance -ways of proving a child’s birth and if we had a public record of it. - -Have you ever thought that we are the only great nation which does -not know how many children are born into it, and which does not do -its children the dignity of putting their names down in a public -record? All Europe has a public registry, and why? Because it has a -standing army and wants the names of its boys for conscription. Now, -in a country of peace, aren’t we to have any victories for peace? Are -not we to recognize a child as having any dignity to be a peaceable -citizen and not either a target for a gun, or the man behind the gun? - -I think you will, perhaps, be interested if I venture to tell a story -of a neighborhood in which I have lived long, an illustration of how -a birth certificate is a good thing. A little while ago, a family -came over to Hull House for some help. They were awfully poor. The -oldest girl, who was at that time the breadwinner of that family, was -out of work on account of the garment workers’ strike. There were -eight children. They had come over at the time of the earthquake -in Messina. The father had been entombed and his mind had almost -succumbed to the fearful experience. He was always thinking the walls -were coming on him and he was not in a very good frame of mind to be -a successful breadwinner. So they got into difficulties and asked -the Charities Board to help them. There was another younger girl and -they thought they had better get a work certificate for Giovanna, -but the truant officer said she looked too young and couldn’t have -it, and she was sent back to school. And then they got a little more -desperate and they tried again to have poor little Giovanna go to -work. The Charities Board, who were helping the case, thought they -had a right to dictate a little as to how they should help, and they -just wrote to the City Hall in Messina, and the City Hall in Messina -sent back a very prompt letter showing how old the children were, -and showing that the daughter who had been at work for two years -was really about fourteen years old and had been working that time -illegally, had been cheated of two years of school, where she might -have learned good English and learned American housekeeping and had a -better chance to earn more money the next two years. The other little -girl was still younger. So the people in Hull House and the people in -the Associated Charities and the factory inspector made a veritable -cordon around this helpless family and demanded they be sent back -to school. The oldest girl went back very unwillingly. She said -indignantly, “Me go back to school, me big enough to be married.” She -was very hurt and humiliated. I am not sure we did right about it. -Giovanna was confiscated and sent back to school for two years. This -family did not have a fair chance over here just because the factory -inspector and school authorities, not having any birth reports over -here for children, followed the usual system of guessing and did -not think to take advantage of what Messina, notwithstanding the -earthquake, had to offer from her very responsible records. - -Has it ever occurred to you that to very many of our foreign -residents a birth certificate for a child would be an absolute asset? - -In Chicago is a very prosperous and highly respected man. He came -from Germany when he was a baby of four years, with the family. His -father was never naturalized and the man himself never was challenged -in his right to vote. He grew up and attended our public schools, -and all that. He accumulated a fortune and went back, as many people -do, I suppose rather proud, to see the old country and friends who -remained there and with whom he had kept in constant communication, -a prosperous and splendid example of what America could do for a -man. He had been in Berlin for about two hours when the police were -on his track merely because he was a German citizen and must serve -in the army. He telephoned to a lawyer friend and asked him what -could happen. He said, “There is just one thing that can happen, and -that is that you get out of town.” So, two hours after he arrived at -Berlin on this triumphal journey, he left very actively, and he is -said never to have heaved a sigh of such joyful relief as when the -crossed the boundary into France. That is an example of people really -knowing where they were born and being able to prove it. - -I suppose the reason we have not been more eager about our birth -rate is because we have not thought anything about it. We think a -great deal about writing the baby’s name in the family Bible and -christening it in the church we attend, but somehow we have forgotten -this larger, more fundamental thing. The advent, of every citizen of -this country ought to be on the books of the commonwealth. - -There is a very good story, which belongs to your own Dr. Hurty. I do -not know whether you all know it, or whether I dare tell it, but I -will presume that this audience is largely made up of visitors, and -steal his story. In this State, Dr. Hurty is authority for saying -there was a farmer who had a ne’er-do-well son and a granddaughter, -and when the farmer came to die he wished to leave the farm to -the granddaughter, but he left the use of it to the son until the -granddaughter should arrive at the age of twenty-one. When the girl, -as she thought, was twenty-one, she claimed her inheritance, but the -other side said she was only nineteen. She went to the Bible, where -her name was written down, but the leaf was torn out, and the court -was very much perplexed. It came to be a serious legal question, and -finally a neighbor recollected that the grandfather had had a very -remarkable calf born on the same day with this little girl, and he -said he knew the farm books kept by the grandfather would record this -pedigree. So the farm books were looked up and the birth of the calf -was discovered and the birth of the girl was established. (Laughter.) -You all remember how George Bernard Shaw warns us against placing -confidence in the _deus ex machina_. He says you cannot presume on -things being some miraculous way you would like them to be, and so -we cannot presume on grandfathers always keeping herds of cattle. -(Applause.) - -I am perfectly sure, as I have said before, as I had the honor of -saying over at San Francisco before the General Federation of Women’s -Clubs, that if the women of America wanted birth registration they -would get it in a twelvemonth. Now, it sounds so very remote from -putting down the baby’s name in the book. - -In the State of Indiana you have a very good law, Dr. Hurty tells me, -and all that is necessary is for the women of Indiana to say that -they want the names when their children are born recorded in the -public records of Indiana. In 1910, when the last census was taken, -all that we know about the births in this country was what we learned -from eight States, the New England States, Pennsylvania and Michigan. -Not your State, or mine, Illinois, was deemed worthy to be considered -at all. So far as the general government was concerned, for anything -it knew, nobody had been born in either of these States in ten years. -In the next census year, I hope very much in a great many States in -this country, perhaps in all the States in this country, we shall be -able to be recognized by the general government as having been born -and as having been born very accurately, so that we will be worthy to -be counted, as much so as if we lived in Boston and Massachusetts, -which, they are always telling us, are the most accurate State and -city. - -Of course, the Bureau cares for a great many things besides the -registration of births, but I hope I have made it plain that we -should ask that we be allowed to get a method of acquiring steady, -constant and reliable means of legal proof as to the children -who enter this Nation, because it is the dignified basis for -a governmental Bureau, which I believe is destined to grow to -proportions which none of us can measure, which shall continue -long after all of us are gone. No other bureau in the world makes -so tremendous an appeal to the emotions and sentiment—a children’s -bureau, a bureau to concern itself with the life and happiness of -the children of a great nation, and the more appealing it is, the -more must it be founded upon facts which will bear the very closest -scientific scrutiny. What the Bureau will be doing years from now I -do not know. I know what it must do now. The law is very distinct -about some of the things it must do, and by implication many of the -things it cannot do. It is a bureau to gather information and to -publish it as the secretary of the department under which it exists -may direct. It can publish in any way which the secretary deems best. -There are a great many different ways of publishing facts. We are -learning to publish facts through the sort of thing you have in the -State House here and other exhibits, through the appeal to the eye. -In this way thousands of those who cannot study very carefully or -cannot read a table to save their lives may understand, and I hope it -is with some of the simpler methods of popularizing things that this -Bureau may begin to make itself useful. - -The Bureau, although it is a different type from all the other work -of the government in a certain sense, after all, is not so isolated -as we might think. There is a Bureau of Labor, which has studied -much the labor of women and children. There is the Census Bureau, -of which I have spoken. There is the Bureau of Immigration and of -Education, and the Bureau in the Department of Agriculture, which has -concerned itself very much in the South with those very interesting -and productive efforts for better farming, which have begun their -activities by stimulating tomato-canning among the girls. All of -these things, part of them purely educational, part of them a matter -of direct work, are things which we shall not do over again, from -which we hope to learn very much. - -There have been a good many anxieties about this Bureau, many people -have thought it was a mistake. Some people have said, “Ah, well, -you are going to center everything about children away off there -in Washington where there will be a government with a lot of very -comfortable clerks sitting about in offices and writing down figures -about children instead of doing things for children and you will -palsy local effort.” If the Bureau does that it is a failure. What -the Bureau must do is to stimulate and help local effort. It must -gather facts and try to present them so convincingly and simply that -they will be useful and stimulate many to activity. - -Then there has been a great dread lest the Children’s Bureau might -interfere with parental rights, lest the Bureau might seem to -override the dignity and privacy of homes. I do not believe the -Bureau will ever do that, because I know that the people who care -most about the Bureau are people who realize that the welfare of the -child is measured by the welfare and the wisdom of its parents, and -that the way to help the child is not to take him out of the family, -but keep him in it and help the parents to help him. And the Bureau -will do its work with a fine respect for parenthood. And perhaps I -cannot better close, since this is a woman’s meeting, and we may well -be generous to the gentlemen scattered here and there, by a story of -a man, a father. - -Not long ago I went to a meeting in Chicago, at which there were -many delegates from the foreign colonies in that city. It was a -representative meeting standing for about one hundred thousand -residents of that foreign town. It was really a meeting of protest -against threatened restrictions which many of us thought very -ill-advised and cruel, which were to be applied to immigration. A -man rose who belonged to a foreign colony which we are accustomed to -regard as especially dull and illiterate, and he told very simply how -that colony had come from a people who had been oppressed, the study -of its language had been forbidden, reading and writing had been -forbidden, and in a way, a certain illiteracy and dulness had been -forced upon them; and he told so simply with what ardor they came -here where there was freedom, where there were schools. I shall never -forget how simply he said, “I am a father, and, like every father, I -want my child to go higher than me.” - -That was the simple but overwhelmingly eloquent expression of a man -whose English was very broken, but who, after all, spoke exactly the -great impulse which has controlled all of us since the beginning of -that wonderful seventeenth century when parents began to come over -here. And, as I heard him speak, I thought that whether it was those -who came in the cabin of the Mayflower, or those who sank in the -steerage of the Titanic, they were all moved by that same mighty -impulse, that the next generation should have a better chance than -they had. - -Now, this Bureau must move forward if it is to be useful in the -same spirit in which families move forward, in which the race moves -forward, to give the next generation a better chance than this has -had. I thank you. (Applause.) - - -The CHAIRMAN—Those of us who heard Dr. Wiley, the other evening, give -his impressions, may be interested in giving to Miss Lathrop another -fact which will prove the value of birth registry. Dr. Wiley said -that no one across the water could marry unless he could prove that -he had been born. It would be impossible for many to marry in this -country, if that were the case here. - -We have always admired the way the Daughters of the American -Revolution have taken the history of our country, have looked up the -old stamping grounds and marked them, and have taught the children -in schools the traditions of the country, to honor the makers of our -country and to make them good American citizens. But we are really -more pleased that the Daughters of the American Revolution have -recently taken up more modern things, and that they are preserving -the resources of the children. The speaker has been very much -interested in modern life, in community life for the rural life of -our country. - -As a loyal Daughter, I have great pleasure in introducing to you Mrs. -Matthew T. Scott, of Washington, D. C., President General of the -Daughters of the American Revolution. - - -Mrs. SCOTT—Madam President, Members of the Fourth Conservation -Congress: Among the many opportunities for service, which today are -open to women in this country, there are three to which I wish to -call attention for a few moments this evening. The first is that of -the unrealized possibilities of the home life of the nation. If we -only were endowed with a larger share of that priceless attribute—the -constructive imagination—we should be able to see the untold -resources which still lie latent, waiting only to be discovered, -developed and enjoyed in the mysterious precincts of that laboratory -of the soul—that forging-room of character, that fountain-head of -those subtle forces which add temper and edge and distinction to our -ordinary human attributes—that civic and social Holy of Holies—which -we call Home. - -And let us remember that the sources of our country’s permanent -prosperity and glory lie not in the form of our government, in the -wisdom of its administration, nor even in its written laws and -constitution, but deep in the intellectual and moral life of society, -and potentially in those nameless influences, radiating from the -women who give its halcyon charm to hearthstone and library and to -all the intimacies and inspirations of the home. For, after all, it -is the home—the sanctuary to which we women must hark back—the home, -with its _sanctity_, which is the palladium, the corner-stone, the -key to the arch, of all that is most precious in the life and destiny -of America. - -Again, let us never forget, that to us women—the home-makers of our -land—as never before in the world’s history, is entrusted the healthy -development of the social and moral fabric of society in our country, -in the innumerable and intricate complications of this Twentieth -Century civilization. A distinguished educator has recently said: - - “At the present time the world is awakening to the teachings of the - old prophets. Now, as then, the morals and ethics of a nation are - just what the wives and mothers, the home-makers of the land, make - them.” - -Again, the home is also the place where the future citizens of -this nation are to be trained. The place that fosters patriotism, -obedience and love, reverence for authority, the finest elements of -character. Some day the present generation will have to hand this -country over to the sons and daughters who are being trained by -fathers and mothers of today to administer the affairs of the home, -in preparation for the larger field and wider duties of government. -It is well for youth to learn that honest toil is never hopeless or -degrading. It is well for youth to be at one with Nature and to learn -of her; to know and feel the joy there is in bountiful, glorious -Nature; to be familiar with her song—the ripple of the river on -its stones, the murmur of trees, the rhythm of the sap that rises -in them, the thunder in the hills, the stars shining in perennial -beauty, the song of the thrush, and the carol of the lark; to watch -the sun in its course and learn the dim paths of the forest. - - “It is the song of infinite harmonies.” - -The man, woman or child of vision responds—perhaps, all unconsciously -and inarticulately—but responds like a vibrating chord to the note of -these melodies, that should be part of the charm of the home-life of -the farm. - -There can be no disputing the fact that a goodly number of American -women are wonderfully successful home-makers. But at the same -time, it must be admitted, that a large number of our household -mistresses must plead guilty to the charges of extravagance—technical -ignorance of household economy—and a considerable degree of all-round -inefficiency, both as housekeepers and as home-makers, for the terms -are not synonymous. - -It is a commonplace among sociologists that in most well-to-do -American homes enough is wasted in the kitchen alone to keep a -French family in comfort. We are also wasteful of light and heat, -and, above all, of our time and energy. Our country is in dire need -of a woman who will do for the home what a distinguished inventor -and public benefactor of Philadelphia has done for the factory—that -is, introduce an “efficiency” system, which will do away with our -present waste of both money and time, and increase the quantity and -quality of the actual output—not only of creature comforts, but also -of artistic attractiveness; and of that indefinable atmosphere of -peace and restfulness, which, of all the by-products of home life, -is certainly the pearl of greatest price. The time will surely come -when both mistress and maid will prepare for their life’s work—as -home-makers—with the same care and enthusiasm that men now put -into the work of perfecting themselves in their various trades and -professions. Home-making, like piano-playing, is an art—to succeed in -which requires something more than temperament. Until the technique -has been properly mastered, temperament has little opportunity to -manifest itself to advantage. - -A generation ago home-making and farming were occupations that anyone -with a mediocre intelligence and a reasonable degree of industry was -considered sufficiently equipped for. But today these two avocations -occupy a secure and increasingly important place among the learned -professions. - -Agriculture, “dignified by the ages, as old well-nigh as the green -earth itself,” has become a scientific profession alluring to men -and women of brains and culture, who quickly become enthralled -by its ever-expanding and fascinating possibilities. In every -State in the Union we have magnificent agricultural colleges and -schools of domestic science, in which are being prepared for their -respective careers thousands of prospective farmers and thousands -of prospective housewives. Moreover, several bills have been pending -before Congress which provide for the widest possible dissemination -of instruction in agriculture and domestic science (including the -pure food problem) among the rural population of every county in this -Nation. - -This is a glorious work. The proposed instruction in agriculture is -something which, as a farmer, I am particularly enthusiastic about. -Yet I feel that quite as important as this will be the educational -facilities in the household arts and in the highest home-making -ideals, which are to be placed within reach of every housekeeper -and every prospective housekeeper in this land. Just as agriculture -is the basis of all our material prosperity and power, so the home -is the perennial and sacred source from which emanate those potent, -ennobling and refining influences, which slowly and silently have -lifted man out of past savagery, and will yet, we trust, lift us -out of our present state of semi-civilization—with its class war, -political and business corruption and industrial brutality—on to -higher and even higher stages of moral, intellectual and social -development. - -This is my idea of the relatedness of Conservation to the home. Is -there any question that this is truly Conservation—its essence—in the -minds of any member of this convention? - -The second realm of opportunity which I want to point out to you -is that which spreads out before us in a bewildering splendor of -promise, in connection with the schooling of the young, as related to -the home. We are all aware that the large majority of our common and -high school teachers are women. In many of our States women vote for -members of the School Board, and if a majority of them really wanted -this right, there is no doubt that they would secure it everywhere. -In this event it would be a comparatively easy matter for them to -formulate and carry through policies of their own. Thus from the -cradle to the university the education of the children is potentially -in the hands of the women of this country. - -This is a power which the priests of various religions frequently -have endeavored to obtain on the grounds that if they were allowed -to control and dominate the child’s mind during its formative -period, their influence upon its after-life would be dominant and -enduring. I wonder if we realize what almost unlimited power over -future generations is thus entrusted to our hands. Are we, as women -and mothers, exercising that power with an adequate sense of the -responsibility which it places upon our shoulders? - -There are now thousands and hundreds of thousands of our sex who -are pining for something to do, which they can feel is entirely and -splendidly worth their while. How fortunate it is, that here, already -at hand, is a task which Nature, and “Man, the tyrant,” are agreed -is peculiarly adapted to our particular tastes and talents. But -what are we doing about it? Little as a sex, I fear, that is either -significant or creditable. When not merely in a few isolated cases, -but as a class, the women of America decide what they want in the way -of education for their children, if they want it badly enough, there -is no earthly power which can stand between them and their splendid -ideal goal. - -But this means work, persistent, intelligent work. First of all, in -the matter of self-education, and, secondly, in that of carrying on -an aggressive campaign for the education of our own sex, and, if -possible, of the other sex as well. - -I am beginning to get deeply concerned, not about the lack of -adequate opportunities for service on the part of women, but about -our failure, so far, to measure up to the incomparable opportunities -which are already ours. If there is any subject in which we, as -women, ought to be intensely and intelligently interested, it is in -this subject of education—not in the academic sense alone, but in the -broader view of character-building—upon a proper understanding and -handling of which depends the very future of civilization. - -This, I take it, is truly Conservation work and when thoroughly -grasped, will as truly mark milestones of progress in our lifetime, -as those we may leave behind in material form. - -The third of these brilliant avenues of possible social service, -which open before us in beautiful vistas of alluring opportunity, is -one which is involved in the purchasing power of women. As a general -thing, men are the wage-earners and women are the wage-spenders -for the home. Nearly all of the household expenditures of the -family are made by the wives and mothers of the race. It is a sad -commentary upon our business ability, and our rudimentary sense of -social solidarity, that so few of us have any realizing sense of the -potential power over the business and industrial world, which is -inherent in this our position as buyer, or spender, for the family. - -I call your attention to the fact that if the women of America would -pool their purchasing power, and, resisting all the blandishments -of the “bargain counter” and the “sale”—based on sweat-shop -labor—would demand pure goods, made and sold under sanitary and -salutary conditions—more could be accomplished for the moral and -material uplift of the factory-worker and the saleswoman than by the -enactment of a volume of restrictive statute, the breaking of which -we thoughtlessly connive at, and practically become a party to, in -our mad scramble for cheapness at any cost of human degradation and -wreckage. - -A superb organization, known as the “Consumers’ League,” has come -into being, for the express purpose of enabling men, as well as -women, to utilize their purchasing power in the great work of raising -the standards of the business and industrial worlds, both as to the -purity of the product offered to the public and the fairness of the -treatment accorded to employes. - -Of all the splendid “movements” and “causes” which today invite -our co-operation and support, this is one of many, which seem to -me to fall naturally within our province, as wives, mothers and -home-makers. It is the principle underlying this great crusade of the -“Consumers’ League” and like organizations which appeal to us. As a -matter of fact, this is a work for the betterment of women in the -business and industrial worlds, and as a consequence improvement in -the home, which we women cannot avoid doing, without definitely and -publicly shirking our heavy economic and moral responsibilities, as -family purveyors and budget makers. Or, in other words, as domestic -chancellors of the exchequer. - -Far be it from me to say that the members of our sex may not some day -decide to undertake, in addition to their other duties, the heavy -responsibilities of the voter and political worker. Perhaps it may -transpire, that upon our planet the true super-man is woman, and -that she is entirely capable of doing the man’s work as well as her -own. But, in the interim, until this fact has been satisfactorily -demonstrated, let us devote ourselves whole-heartedly to what is more -particularly woman’s work; to those delicate and difficult tasks for -which man’s clumsy fingers and prosaic processes of reasoning are -unfitted and wholly inadequate. And, above all, let us be quite sure -that we do our especial work—at least as well as he does his—before -we insist upon taking a hand in his activities and improving upon his -methods of performing his highly useful, if somewhat less exalted, -functions. - -It may seem in these lines of work—somewhat unique—and hitherto -undefined as belonging to the realm of Conservation, that I am -departing a long way from the usual addresses on that subject. But -I ask your careful consideration of this subconscious knowledge of -every woman’s breast, that at least every issue and question I have -referred to has its foundation, in the broadest and deepest sense, in -the life and action which center in the home. - -In the ways which I have so hastily outlined and in other, and -perhaps better ways, that may not yet have occurred to us, our great -work of Conservation is destined to continue its triumphal march -upward and on—in the name of the great principles upon which it is -founded, and in the name of patriots, living and dead, who have -labored and sacrificed to make of this, our fatherland, what, under -God, it is, has been, and ever must remain—the greatest nation on -earth. Because, beneath the ample folds of its unconquered flag, -there live more free, happy and God-fearing people than upon any -other part of the habitable globe. (Applause.) - - -The CHAIRMAN—I had been tempted to introduce the next speaker as a -charter member of the organization of the Daughters of the American -Revolution, but I was told by her that this would be considered -antediluvian, so that I have not any right whatever to use the -knowledge I possess. I have also been told by her friends, for I am -sorry to say that until this meeting we had not known each other, -that she is the personification of patriotism. - -It gives me great pleasure to present to this audience the Honorary -Vice-President-General of the Daughters of the American Revolution, -Mrs. John R. Walker, of Kansas City, Mo. - - -Mrs. WALKER—Madam Chairman, and Ladies and Gentlemen: The term -Conversation has become so all embracing, from the viewpoint of -a Daughter of the American Revolution, it is as much a work of -patriotism as that of our own great organization—the one dealing with -the present and the future, the other with the past, the present and -the future. The motto of the Daughters of the American Revolution -is “Home and Country,” and so lofty is its ideal, so practical its -work, it will be felt throughout all time, as will this broad, wise -work of Conservation. The spirit of commercialism, of money worship, -about in the land, is fast sapping the resources of our great country -and begetting a selfishness that makes a willing sacrifice of the -rightful heritage of future generations. It would seem in the order -of things in this work of Conservation, that the men of our land -should give special concern to its material needs, its lands, its -waters, its mineral resources, and that the conservation of life -should appeal as nothing else to woman, the transmitter of life—Life, -a priceless boon. We protest against child labor—implore with all the -tenderness, developed through mother love, to spare the child in the -greed of money getting. Refuse the work of little hands, and little -feet, in factories, mills, and mines, and out of your abundance make -it possible for them, during the few short years of childhood, to -enjoy the freedom of the bird and the butterfly, give them a memory -of Nature’s blessed joys—God’s pure, sweet air; the wayside flower -plucked at will, the willow-shaded stream, and all that the sweet -breast of Nature offers so freely, without money and without price—to -the child of poverty. The Daughters of the American Revolution are -awakened to the realization that we, the home-makers, descendants -of the woman of the spinning wheel, hold the destiny of a nation in -our hands, that we must not only accept but consecrate ourselves to -woman’s highest mission, the crowning glory of womanhood—guiding the -young feet into right paths. - -To give patriots to our country, we must rear patriots, train -Americans for America. In our great work of patriotic education our -aim is to train the youth of our land in good citizenship; teach them -to battle for good laws and social conditions, and to be courageous -in the fight, daring to do right in both the political and business -world—thus honoring his birthright. The Daughters of the American -Revolution have gathered the alien into the fold of the children -of the republic, to make of them true Americans, do for them the -best we know how; and many a lesson we can learn from them of -thrift, industry and patience under discouragement. In my own State -opportunity came to such men as Carl Schurz and Joseph Pulitzer, -poor emigrants, who became pre-eminent in our country’s history. -The privileges of the American woman go hand in hand with her -responsibilities, in her zeal for home and country; she is pointing -the way, realizing that our children have a great work before them, a -great problem to solve. - -The Jewish dramatist, Zangwill, says: “To think that the same great -torch of liberty, which threw its light across all the broad seas -and lands into my little garret in Russia, is shining also for all -those other weeping millions of Europe, shining wherever men hunger, -or are oppressed, shining over the starving villages of Italy and -Ireland; over the swarming cities of Poland; over the ruined farms of -Roumania; over the shambles of Russia. What is the glory of Rome and -Jerusalem, where all races come to worship and look back, compared to -the glory of America, where all races and nations came to labor and -look forward.” America! great charity of God to the human race. - -Conservation of life! As I stand before the shafts erected at -Arlington and Richmond and read to the memory of sixteen thousand -who fell in battle, to the memory of eight hundred unknown dead, my -very soul cries out against war. Eight hundred unknown dead! Can you -not see the long procession of anguished, broken-hearted mothers, -waiting and watching—watching and waiting, and hoping? Our law makers -oppose legislative measures advocating universal peace. How can they -with our Civil War yet fresh in memory, the nations of the earth yet -shuddering over the horrors of the war between Russia and Japan? -The heart sickens at the memory of the undying hatred of the human -heart; the blood thirst for blood in its brutal frenzy, sacrificing -her young men—the hope of a nation—and all for what? One more island, -perhaps, or insignificant kingdom. A war involving principle, as -our Revolutionary War, hundreds of years afterward excites the most -passionate interest and feeling; but wars for power, and possession, -the world cries out against. The time has come to sheathe the sword -and spare mankind. The vast expenditure of money for more destructive -engines of warfare, for the slaughter of men, would go so far in our -work for humanity, the helpless, the unfortunate, the struggling. War -affects not only those who bear arms, but those who stay at home; the -entire country is affected. War retards progress, paralyzes effort; -ambition cannot feed a sorrow, hands are listless and lax when the -heart is heavy. Mrs. Browning’s Italian mother wails: “Both boys -dead, one of them shot by the sea in the East, and one of them shot -in the West by the sea. Dead! both my boys. If your flag takes all -heaven, with its white, green and red, for what end is it done, if -we have not a son?” - -On one occasion, a distinguished Confederate general was a guest -at our table; he had fought from the beginning to the close of the -Civil War. The little boy of the family gazed upon him with awe and -admiration. To know and be close to a great soldier, one who had -commanded armies and fought many battles, was indeed glory for a -small boy. After gazing upon him long and steadily, he startled the -assembled company by saying: “General, how many men have you killed?” -We gasped in horror, wondering what the reply would be. Quickly the -General responded, “I don’t know that I have killed any.” - -We read “The Charge of the Light Brigade”; “Scots Who Ha’e Wi’ -Wallace Bled,” and other stirring poems of war, and see only the -glory of it. Death by shot and shell and sabre stroke is heroic; but -the question of a little child startles us with the question of our -individual responsibility; we are brought face to face with the words -engraven on the tablets of stone, “Thou shalt not kill.” - -Universal peace is no longer a dream. The peace court at The Hague -is established, and marks an epoch in international law. Let us not -cease in our efforts until the pressure of strong public sentiment -becomes so compelling, legislation will be favorable. Our country is -the beacon light; she stands for justice, for freedom, for God; she -is the messenger of the Prince of Peace, is elected to proclaim with -trumpet call, peace to all the nations of the earth and the islands -of the sea. - -I cannot let this opportunity pass without asking this influential -body of men to throw the weight of its great influence in favor -of another matter taken up by the Daughters of the American -Revolution—the desecration of the flag. I was appointed by our -President-General Mrs. McLean, to speak on the subject before a -committee of the United States Senate, and, with representatives -from other patriotic societies, urged legislation upon it. It is a -matter of sentiment, but what is life without sentiment? With you men -laboring for your country’s welfare, see to it that our country’s -emblem is held sacred, shall not be used as an advertising medium -by the soulless money-maker, who cares for naught save personal -gain, who does not consider that this banner stands for this great -country—“your flag and my flag.” - - “And Oh! how much it holds, - Your land and my land - Secure within its folds, - Your heart, and my heart, - Beat quicker at the sight, - Sun-kissed and wind tossed the - Red and Blue and White; - The one Flag—the Great Flag—the Flag for me and you - Glorified all else besides—the Red and White and Blue.” - -Wherever we fling it to the breeze, it carries a breath of freedom -into every land and unto every people. Should we not hold it a sacred -thing? (Continued applause.) - - -The CHAIRMAN—For the past two years the next speaker has been -working in the General Federation as Chairman of the Department -of Conservation. We have worked so closely together, I, as her -adviser, and she doing the large work of the organization, that it -is almost like speaking of one’s own family in introducing this -speaker. I shall not try to tell of her work. We are the very best -of Conservation friends to this day—Mrs. Marion A. Crocker, of -Fitchburg, Mass. - - -Mrs. CROCKER—Madam Chairman, and Mr. President and Members of the -Convention: Conservation is a term so apt that it has been borrowed -and made to fit almost all lines of public work, but Conservation as -applied to that department bearing its name in the General Federation -means conservation of natural resources only, and that is a field so -vast that we have found it all that can well be handled under one -head without a chance of neglecting the very principle for which the -Conservation movement was established. And then it is always easier -to come back to simpler things. I do not mean exactly “simpler,” -but to those that touch our lives from day to day, of which we may -see the effect almost from hour to hour, and therefore it seems so -unnecessary to dwell on these things that are far away. The problem -of Conservation of natural resources is so wide and far extended that -much of it must be solved on great government plans, and that seems -to make it even more remote. - -Now, we all concede that there is nothing so important as the -conservation of life, of health, education and vital force, so -closely connected with the life. We all grant that, and it is only -because the conservation of natural resources is so closely related -to these other lines that it is of any vital consequence. But, -with the other side having been so strongly emphasized, and, to my -sorrow, a few times I have noticed it even being decried in this -conference, it seems to me it has become my bounden duty to emphasize -the other side, because if we do not follow the most scientific -approved methods, the most modern discoveries of how to conserve and -propagate and renew wherever possible those resources which Nature -in her providence has given to man for his use but not abuse, the -time will come when the world will not be able to support life, and -then we shall have no need of conservation of health, strength or -vital force, because we must have the things to support life or else -everything else is useless. - -Do not think I am pessimistic. I should not feel this so strongly, -but I feel that this Congress was originally established for the -conservation of natural resources, because the other side had -received so much greater recognition and it is naturally nearer to -our hearts. You do not know how much harder it is to appeal to people -for these far-away things than to those that are so near and dear to -them, and the things they can take hold of in an animate way. - -I would like you to review with me just a few of the natural -resources and the result of their Conservation, or the result of a -lack of Conservation. - -We will begin with the forests, because in our natural conservation -we consider that the foundation of the fundamental principle of the -conservation of natural resources. And what does the forest for us? -What is the purpose of the forest? Why must we have them? Well, the -forest makes soil in a way; that is, it makes humus matter, which -is so large a portion of the soil that it may well be termed the -soil. The forest is the only crop that grows that gives to the soil -more than it takes from the soil. It also conserves the mineral in -the soil that it takes Nature ages to produce by its slow processes -of disintegration, and at the same time prevents the filling up -of reservoirs, lakes and streams, and to that extent prevents the -pollution of the waters. The forest is a great health resort, and -why? Because it actually purifies the air. Its action is just the -reverse of animals. It gives the air what we need and takes from it -that which is detrimental to our health. - -We must look a little into plant life and see what nature does that -we may fully appreciate that point. I cannot take time tonight -because of the late hour to go into the whole life of the tree, but I -will say that its principal constituent is carbon, and it takes from -the air the carbonic acid gas which is so detrimental to human beings -and to all animals. It has a way of converting it into its own life -blood in combination with the sap taken up from the roots, by the -marvelous process in the leaves, by this little understood substance -called chlorophyll, that has the power of converting this poisonous -substance for us into the life of the tree, and then taking so much -from it and giving it to the soil. That is a most important factor -which is so often overlooked. - -Then the forest is valuable as a wind shield for crops. And for the -wood supply. Wood is demanded in all the industries or the arts, for -almost all things we use. - -These are the fundamental things the forest does for us. Are we not -working for conservation of strength and health and human life when -we are working for the forest? - -While the General Federation takes up many phases of water -Conservation, perhaps I may just say that we have irrigation, -drainage, waterways, the deep canals for transportation, we have -water power, which is the coming thing. This is something to be -conserved, and which conserves our coal, which conserves the purity -of our atmosphere by not having all the gases turned into it by the -burning of the coal. - -All these things it does for us. - -And then the very last and most vital is the pure continuous supply -of water, which all human beings and which all animals demand. It -is, next to the air we breathe, the most important factor in animal -existence. Are we not working for health, for strength and for life -when we are working for this pure plentiful water supply, and does -not that come pretty near working directly for conservation of human -life? Have you anything you can bring forward that touches much more -nearly the health, life, strength of human beings, the child, than -this same conservation of water, which is a natural resource? - -The soil is indirectly our staff of life. From it does not come our -bread? Must not this seed fall into the ground, spring from the earth -and be protected until it reaches maturity, and we have food? Many -other instances might I bring forward had I time. - -Then the animal kingdom is much more nearly related to human -existence than we would think at the outset; but when we come to look -more deeply into it we find this close relationship. - -I so often come up against the saying, “Oh, I am so much interested -in human life. I have no time, no thought, no desire to give to the -animal kingdom. It is all right enough for you sentimentalists, but I -am not interested.” Yes, but even from a selfish point of view, if we -do not care at all for any suffering, or anything which may come to -the animal kingdom beside ourselves, it is of economic value to us. - -I will choose but one example of the animal kingdom, and that is the -birds, because it is said that all vegetation from the earth would -cease if the birds existed no longer. It is very interesting to know -that Longfellow appreciated this economic value of insectivorous -birds long before there was any movement on foot for bird protection, -and I wish you would all read the poem, the last of the Wayside Inn -stories. - -This very conservation of bird life is one of the things that is the -great new problem of conservation of natural resources, and one in -which you women take a hand and have the real control. I know you -have heard so much about that I am not going to give you statistics -as to what the birds do for agriculture. I am going to ask you a -personal favor: that this fall when you choose your fall millinery, -will you not think of your Chairman of your Conservation Department -of the General Federation, and I beg you choose some other decoration -for your hats. This is not sentiment. It is pure economics. You -have no idea what you do when you wear these feathers, until you -think really deeply into it, and I am not speaking of the egret, -of the paradise feather, wholly, but of the less choice feathers. -There is only one exception to this rule, and that is the wearing -of the ostrich plume. That is a legitimate business and one to be -encouraged. There is no reason why we should not use ostrich plumes -if so we deem it best, but in regard to everything else in the way -of feathers, let us turn over a new leaf for the fall. Will you -not spread this gospel, not only to yourselves, but all the other -women need to be asked to do the same thing? There are so many other -articles, all the jets, the laces and ribbons. Will you not consider -those things, even leaving out the sentiment? - -I might cite for you many examples where conservation of natural -resources works for the betterment of the human race, but I have just -brought up a few of the most important. - -Now, I want to say just a few words about the way to go to work to -do some of these things. I will not go into the larger fields of -forestry, or even into shade trees, except to emphasize the fact that -while the shade tree is a very important one, and especially in the -cities, we must never lose sight of the larger fact that after all it -is not forestry, it does not stand for that, and that our arbor day, -where we plant the one tree, should extend far beyond that. But I -think one of our primary ways of working is to begin with the school, -perhaps begin with the normal school. Many of the States have made -great progress in that. I really have not the record of Indiana in -that regard. I may be carrying coals to Newcastle to bring up this -subject in Indiana. My own State, Massachusetts, stands very high in -this line. Still I know there are many States that need this message. -There is a great work to be done with the children, in making the -school garden, and then the home garden; to teach the children to -know what the soil is made of and how it should be treated, to make -them love the growing flower and to make them respect the property -of others. There we are laying the foundation of things for the next -generation. - -I know perhaps of no better book on the subject than that fine book -for children, “The Land We Live In.” I sent a copy into each State -of the United States last year, with a request to each of my State -chairmen that she do all she could to introduce that work into the -libraries of her State, and the schools, feeling sure that if every -child could read that book or hear it read, he would have a different -idea of the natural resources and the need of natural Conservation. -Some of the States have hundreds and thousands of copies of this -book, and I am sure it is doing a great propaganda work. - -I am going to tell you a little story of how I became interested in -these things. It was before I was out of school myself, although -pretty nearly so. It was when the welfare work began of taking the -children out in the country from the slums in the north end. I was -personally acquainted with one of the teachers, who was among the -first to take the children out in the fresh air to breathe and see -the grass and flowers and trees that they had never seen before. -One little boy, after he had looked around in amazement—it was in -the fall of the year—saw the bright red apples on the trees, and he -looked up and said, “Apples on trees, by God!” - -It is overwhelming, isn’t it? I don’t wonder that you gasp at it. -But look a little more deeply into it and see the pity of it. That -child had been born and bred in the slums of the north end of Boston -and actually had never seen apples on trees. He had seen apples in -barrels. How did that poor child know that they did not grow in -barrels? No, it had never occurred to him. They did not teach, in -those days, the principles of horticulture in the schools. Was it not -pathetic? Doesn’t that teach a lesson? That has come home to me many -and many a time. I actually believe that was the foundation of my -interest in Conservation. I think I was born with a love of the soil. -And the story of the boy added to that, made me feel that I must know -something about nature, about the fundamental principles, about the -other side of life, the vegetable kingdom that supports the human -life. Those two things combined taught me a lesson that I never, -never could forget, and I wish you would think them over. - -I will say to you this one message, while you are working for this -thing of prime importance, the conservation of life, for which this -Congress has stood at this fall meeting, do not forget that the -conservation of life itself must be built on the solid foundation of -conservation of natural resources, or it will be a house built upon -the sands that will be washed away. It will not be lasting. I thank -you. (Great applause.) - - -President WHITE—I want to have read into the record of this evening’s -proceedings, by title only, a paper which was intended to have been -read by Mrs. Elmer Black, of the International Peace Congress. She -was expecting to be here and was on the program originally, but -we learned that she could not get back from Europe in time to be -present. She sent on her contribution in the way of a paper. It will -be published in the Proceedings. The title is “War is the Policy of -Waste—Peace the Policy of Conservation.” (For Mrs. Black’s paper, see -Supplementary Proceedings.) - - -President WHITE—I wish to say further that your very gallant -Sergeant-at-Arms, Col. John I. Martin, wants to address the ladies -for just three minutes. - - -Col. MARTIN—Madam President, Ladies and Gentlemen: For the very -cordial manner in which you have carried out the suggestion made by -our popular, esteemed and whole-souled President of the National -Conservation Congress, the Hon. J. B. White, that I briefly address -this association, and for your kind invitation, I return my most -profound thanks. - -Nowhere in this wide and extended country can there be found a -grander association of noble, unselfish women, planning, acting, -counseling upon the great subject of conservation of human life than -this organization under whose auspices we are all assembled this -evening. Nowhere can there be found an institution more efficient -for good, more blessed in all its labors of love and humanity, more -universal in its application to the advancement of love and sympathy, -stimulating education, encouraging enlightenment and scientific -and humane development and morality, than an institution of the -character of this band of noble women, engaged in such a magnificent -undertaking as your association promulgates. Fully appreciating the -fact that as the world grows better and people become more educated -and more honest in their endeavors to espouse the cause of the weak -against the strong, and the right against the wrong, then such -organizations as the Ladies’ Auxiliary of the National Conservation -Congress will be heralded as the very acme of perfection along -the lines of the contemplated work in which you are now engaged. -(Applause.) - -In all ages of the world chivalry has yielded to feminine beauty, -patriotism, loyalty and devotion, and I am sure that our popular -President, Captain White, his efficient officers and all the members -of the National Conservation Congress are at all times ready to -listen to advice and counsel from the fair sex, and to surrender -with wise discretion to all her laudable undertakings. (Applause.) -Wherever cheeks have turned pale with waiting, weeping and watching, -there was woman’s presence to cheer, to comfort and to save, and -in her garden of the sun heaven’s brightest rose is yet to bloom, -and when it comes it will be the bright-hued mission of a heavenly -charity. The poets have sung no truer rhyme than that inscribed by -one of your own number: - - “Woman, not she with trait’rous lips her Savior stung, - Not she denied him with unholy tongue, - She, when Apostles shrunk, did dangers brave, - Last at the cross, and earliest at the grave.” - -God Almighty, in his crowning work of creation, gave woman to man, -made weakness her strength, modesty her citadel, truth, gentleness -and love her attributes, and the heart of man her throne. (Applause.) - - -The CHAIRMAN—The meeting will stand adjourned. - - - - -_TENTH SESSION._ - - -The Congress convened in the Murat Theater, on the morning of October -4, 1912. It was called to order by President White. - - -President WHITE—We will put things through on the ten-minute plan -this morning, so as to give every one a chance who has a place on the -program. Today we have reports from the committees, and elect our -officers. We can then get ready for another Congress, for we are all -going into the field, we are going to work for Conservation, and the -whole country is going to take it up. We will give them the text, -and the press will take it up, the politicians will take it up, and -we will each be a committee of one to go forth through the country -and make this Conservation idea a potent force that will change and -correct legislation for the benefit of all the people. (Applause.) - -Mr. A. B. Farquhar, who was to speak this morning, spoke yesterday, -and therefore his address, for which a great many expected to be -present, will be printed and you will have an opportunity to read it. -Every one should subscribe for as many copies of the Proceedings as -he can afford, for distribution among friends. It is without doubt -going to prove to be the greatest book on conservation of human life -that has ever been written. These papers are scholarly, and they are -true, and the truth will prevail if we can only get people to read -and to think. We want to give you all an opportunity to subscribe -for this publication, which will be published as soon as possible, -and will only cost one dollar, and those who pay this dollar will be -entitled to membership in this organization next year, so that if -your Mayor, or your Governor, or your civic body does not reappoint -you, you are sure of membership next year, because you have paid in -your dollar and subscribed for the book. - -Dr. Livingston Farrand, of New York, will now speak to us on “The -Problem of Tuberculosis.” - - -Dr. FARRAND—Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: The problem of -tuberculosis in the United States is simple in its outlines. Stated -in their lowest terms, the figures which describe it are sufficiently -impressive and appalling. Increasing experience and added knowledge -serve only to confirm earlier estimates and to emphasize the -seriousness of the situation which confronts us. The vital statistics -of our country are notoriously faulty and incomplete, but the lesson -they teach must arrest the attention of every thinking citizen. - -According to the census of 1910, treating the non-registration area -on the same basis as that from which mortality reports were recorded, -there were 150,000 deaths from tuberculosis in that year. This is, of -course, an under statement by many thousands. Rigidly conservative -estimates agree that the mortality from tuberculosis in this country -is at least 200,000 each year and very probably considerably more. -Let us for the moment, however, deal with the demonstrable facts and -not enter the field of estimate. - -The real problem is not the number of deaths from tuberculosis, -but the number of living cases of the disease. In calculating this -different methods have been employed. For many years, the ratio -of three living cases to each death was used as an index of the -situation in any community. It was quickly realized by those familiar -with the situation that this proportion was far too low, but with -our almost total lack of registration, figures to demonstrate the -discrepancy were not available. With the improvement in recording -the facts of disease in certain typical centers of population, it -became certain, however, that a ratio of five to one was not only -conservative but below the truth. - -More recently records of great value have been obtained which confirm -the convictions of experts and allow still sharper definition of the -problem. - -It has remained for the city of Cleveland to work out during the past -two years a system of tuberculosis registration and administration -which is undoubtedly the most complete in the country for a community -of its size and complexity. Without going into details of method, -notification, and registration have been brought to such a point in -Cleveland that of all the deaths from tuberculosis now occurring -approximately ninety per cent. have been previously recorded and -under observation by the Department of Health, before death is -reported. This is an achievement for a city of its population of -extraordinary significance. There are in round numbers something over -700 deaths a year from pulmonary tuberculosis in that city of 600,000 -inhabitants. There are in register and under observation at this time -approximately 4,600 cases of tuberculosis. Allowing for the ten per -cent. in the mortality not reported before the death, it is obvious -that the number of living cases is over seven times the number of -deaths and with slight allowance for the very large number of active -cases in any community which have not yet come to diagnosis, we can -demonstrate in that city a ratio of eight living cases for each death. - -It is singularly fortunate that this demonstration has taken place in -a community of sufficient size to include the problems in some degree -of all our larger cities and to be regarded as reasonably typical -of the situation throughout the country. It has also been shown -that except for certain centers, where the problem of congestion is -extraordinarily prominent, the rural situation in the United States -does not differ appreciably from that obtaining in all cities and -towns so far as the presence of tuberculosis is concerned. I have -no hesitation, therefore, in asserting that we must from this time -on raise our figures and use a ratio of at least eight to one in -calculating the prevalence of tuberculosis on a basis of the recorded -deaths from that disease. - -Apply these figures to the country. The Bureau of the Census -indicates 150,000 deaths a year. On this basis we have 1,200,000 -living cases of tuberculosis. Let us not forget, however, that -150,000 recorded deaths is far below the actual number, for it is -easy to show in most of our communities that many deaths properly to -be assigned to tuberculosis are reported under other terms, and the -area of the United States from which no statistics are forthcoming -includes precisely those States where the mortality is high and the -prevalence of tuberculosis demonstrably widespread. We are still -absolutely certain that the mortality from this disease is at least -200,000 each year, and the number of living active cases more than a -million and a half. - -Such, numerically speaking, is our problem. What are the efforts for -its solution? - -Since the discovery of the bacillus as the cause of this disease -in 1882, an organized campaign has gradually been developed. The -inferences from the discovery of the cause were perfectly inevitable -and indicated the lines of operation. It became entirely clear that -tuberculosis, being due to a specific germ, was infectious, and it -was equally clear that the bacillus and its life history being known, -the disease was theoretically preventable. Here, too, the outlines -of the campaign are simple, even though the details of operation are -varied and the end in view baffling to attain. - -It was inevitable that the first sporadic efforts based upon slight -experience should have been more or less random, and that years -of trial and proving should precede the establishment of definite -method. Some degree of order is, however, emerging, and we are -witnessing an increasing clearness of purpose and definition of -attack in the preventive movement against tuberculosis which is now -sweeping over the country and the civilized world. - -While recognizing the unfortunate complexity of the social conditions -whose maladjustment is perhaps the chief underlying factor in the -problem, while recognizing fully the obligation to lend all possible -aid to the betterment of those conditions, the administration of -the campaign against tuberculosis has still conceived its specific -task to be a direct attack on the sources of infection; this, -because experience has indicated such procedure to be the best -and most feasible means of prevention. As the logical conclusions -of laboratory discovery and clinical experience began to express -themselves in organized movement, it was recognized that the -preliminary task in prevention was one of education; an education -which should impress upon the public mind not only the fundamental -facts that tuberculosis is infectious and preventable and the methods -of its infection and prevention, but an education that should bring -about an improved knowledge of public and private hygiene, and -particularly an education which should create a public sentiment -which could appreciate conditions and would support and even demand -those measures which expert advice and experience might indicate as -necessary. This educational propaganda, now so familiar, has been in -the United States the particular province of private organization. -The union of professional and lay effort in this latter day crusade -has been one of the most inspiring of social phenomena and has -already resulted in accomplishments of imposing dimensions. - -With our political organization such as it is, this enlightened -public sentiment is an absolute essential if the responsibility -for the situation is to be an official one, and not left for the -suggestive and stimulating but less final and efficient efforts of -private philanthropy. - -The insistence upon official responsibility has been made an -essential point in our American campaign and toward its intelligent -acceptance by public authorities all efforts are directed. As may -well be appreciated, the attainment of this desired end is slow, even -though ultimately inevitable. - -In planning the campaign, an ideal program was not difficult to lay -down. It included as fundamental: - -1. The education of which I have spoken, not only as it applies to -tuberculosis but as contributing to the solution of that problem of -misery which is, after all, the chief problem of the day and which -reduces in the last instance largely to terms of good or ill health. - -2. Enactment or enforcement of protective laws of which the basis -was that notification and registration agreed upon as preliminary to -official knowledge and control of the situation. - -3. Adequate institutional provision for all classes of cases; the -sanatorium for the curable; the hospital for the advanced and -hopeless, and dispensaries for early diagnosis and as centers for -that all-important field of action, education and treatment in the -homes of the poor. - -The developments of the years have not served appreciably to modify -the main features of this program. Emphasis has shifted from time to -time and will continue so to shift, but the fundamentals remain more -firmly established than ever. - -In developing the movement in this country, the most effective -means of stimulating action in our various communities has been -the voluntary association for the prevention of tuberculosis. In -organizing these societies the local community has been recognized as -the essential centers of action. The effort has been made, therefore, -to obtain in every community of considerable size an organization -embracing elements both medical and lay which shall charge itself -with the task of securing adequate official treatment of the -tuberculosis problem as it there presents itself. - -In many of our commonwealths such organizations can best be brought -about through the action of a State society, whose special function -becomes one of organization and of securing desired legislation. In -other cases the initiative is local in origin. Where State societies -exist, these act as co-ordinating agents for the affiliated local -societies, and the National Association for the Study and Prevention -of Tuberculosis acts as a clearing house for them all. - -It will be seen at once that such organization is but preliminary, -and would be entirely futile, did it not result in preventive -measures of a definite sort. There is, however, no other index -equally valuable of the vigor and growth of this movement in the -United States. Speaking from the national point of view, the -organized campaign in this country has been in existence exactly -seven years. In 1905 there were in the entire country but twenty-one -of these societies, while at the present time there are no less than -660, working in co-operation and presenting a united front to the -enemy. There is no considerable area that does not contain some such -center of intelligent action. - -The carrying out of the program outlined a moment ago is the special -function of the organized movement. In the development of this -program it is historically interesting that it was institutional -provision for tuberculosis that first obtained support. It was the -sanatorium for the cure of curable cases with its peculiar appeal -which first engaged attention. From our present point of view, it was -perhaps not the logical beginning, but it was certainly the obvious -and perhaps the most fortunate point of attack. The sanatorium -with its promise of restoring to a wage-earning capacity those -unfortunates who formerly had been regarded as doomed to a speedy and -inevitable death, was peculiarly fitted to arrest public attention -and to engage public support. - -As the movement for sanatorium establishment developed momentum, -attention turned to the need of special dispensaries as logical -centers of preventive work. Time will not permit even an outline -of this phase of the problem. Suffice it to say that with the -first general survey of the movement in the United States, six -years ago, there were in the country but eighteen dispensaries -exclusively devoted to tuberculosis. There are today more than 400 -such foundations and their number is increasing at a rapid rate. -All those who deal hand to hand with the problem become impressed -at once with the fact that tuberculosis is pre-eminently a disease -of social life, of living and working conditions. In the absence of -adequate institutional facilities it is unavoidable that the problem -should be attacked in the homes and workshops of the people, and -with such weapons as may be at hand or which can be devised. With -early diagnosis and careful instructive nursing supervision, much -can be done even in the distressing conditions which characterize -the crowded and poorer quarters of our great cities. The center -of activity in this field is everywhere the dispensary, and the -elaboration of its function to include supervision in the homes of -indigent patients has been one of the most interesting and important -of recent developments. - -The third and possibly the most important aspect of institutional -provision was the last to be taken up with energy. Every survey -of our equipment during recent years has served to emphasize the -shocking lack in our facilities for the care of advanced cases of -tuberculosis. It has become increasingly evident that as centers -of infection the consumptive in the advanced stages presented the -most serious problem. Equipped as we were, with a healthily growing -movement along educational, sanatorium and dispensary lines, the -time seemed ripe for a vigorous attack on this point of weakness. -The result has been that during the last four years there has been -a concentration of energy in this direction and a notable advance -has been made. Without pausing to specify various kinds and degrees -of hospitals and sanatoria for the treatment of tuberculosis in the -United States, it is encouraging to note that we now have over 500 in -the country, as compared with 111 seven years ago. The number of beds -contained in these institutions is approximately 30,000, a number -small when compared with the need, but encouraging when compared with -the situation but a few years since. - -The third feature of the program already mentioned, that of -legislation, is less susceptible of numerical expression, but -it is in many ways the most fundamental and most significant of -advancing intelligence. The principle of compulsory notification -and registration has been insisted upon from the outset, and it -has now come to be fairly generally accepted in all parts of the -country. With few exceptions the more important States provide for -registration by enactment either of the Legislature or of the State -health authorities. In most of our larger cities local regulations -are also on the statute books. Unfortunately the enforcement of -these regulations is far behind their expression, but the situation -is rapidly improving, and the example of such cities as New York -in initiating the principle, and of Cleveland in demonstrating its -possibilities, is of inestimable value. - -In dealing with the question of public hospital establishment, the -best adapted political unit has caused much embarrassment where -a given community is not large enough to support an independent -institution. Federal provision is agreed upon as being out of the -question. The State as such is in most instances regarded as having -the same limitations to a lesser degree as the national government. -It is fairly generally accepted that where the municipality is of -sufficient size it should accept responsibility for its problem. In -those sections where communities of lesser population are the rule, -the county is now in the focus of attention. - -Little difficulty has been encountered in procuring the necessary -legislation for local and county institutional provision. We have -now reached the point where the possibility of mandatory State -legislation is being considered with care and some favor. In this -connection one should note the recent passage by the Legislature -of the State of New Jersey of a law which undoubtedly represents -the most advanced legislation in the United States and probably in -the world. Without going into details, the law in question provides -for the establishment of special tuberculosis hospitals in all the -counties of the State, for the payment by the State of a certain -sum ($3.00 per week per patient) toward the maintenance of such -hospitals, for the compulsory segregation in such hospitals of -dangerous and incorrigible cases of the disease, and for the general -supervision of these provisions by the State Board of Health, though -the primary responsibility is placed upon the local health officer. -This legislation is of the highest interest, not only in its promise -of results, but as an enactment into law of principles formulated -as necessary by expert experience even though in advance of public -appreciation. - -Reaching into every field of social activity as this campaign -must do, it is inevitable that new phases of importance should -successively make their appearance and demand attention. I should -say that perhaps the most striking is the essential importance of -the child in the tuberculosis problem. With improved methods of -diagnosis and wider facilities for examination, there has been shown -a prevalence of tuberculosis in children of school age that is most -alarming. It is a conservative statement that there are today in -the public schools of the United States 100,000 children who will -die of tuberculosis before they reach the age of eighteen if the -present rate of mortality be continued. A very recent estimate -presented by the United States Bureau of Education states that at -least 15,000,000 children now in attendance in the schools of the -United States are in need of a physician’s attention, and that of -this number 1,000,000 have or have had tuberculosis. It has become -clear that if our educational campaign in the interest of preventive -medicine and public health is to achieve success, the attention must -be concentrated upon the coming generation rather than upon those who -have already passed their years of plasticity. - -We see, then, on every hand the tendency to attack the problem in -the schools, and this not only by the establishment of provision -for open air teaching and the improvement of the undernourished and -the predisposed, but upon insistence of regular and intelligent -instruction as to the prevention of disease. - -Such in its general outlines is the plan by which we are working. -With such a situation and with such a campaign what then is -the outlook? I have little sympathy with the enthusiasm which -deals in specific predictions or which assigns a date for the -practical achievement of theoretical possibilities. It is perhaps -inevitable that an impatient public should demand results before -definite results can be forthcoming. There is, on the other hand, -a corresponding obligation for conservatism in expression when -indicating probable or even possible results. A drop in the mortality -curve of a slowly developing and slowly progressive disease such as -tuberculosis, is not a matter of months but a matter of years. It is -unjustifiable to expect results from the specific campaign against -tuberculosis in an observable diminution of mortality for some years -to come. I believe, however, that we have reached a point where our -equipment is such as adequately to test our basis of operations and -to warrant an optimism as to the future if our reasoning and method -be correct. - -Believing as we do, that the soundness of the procedure is certain, -it would seem reasonable to expect a response in the mortality tables -within five years, and that ten years should afford indisputable -proof. - -There is, of course, no doubt that tuberculosis is diminishing and -has been diminishing for a generation. This decrease is not to -be assigned to the specific warfare against the disease, but is -doubtless correlated with other factors. It is uncertain whether we -are to assign as its cause the general improvement in public hygiene -or whether there may be perhaps an acquisition of immunity gradually -extending through the civilized world. In my own judgment this -decrease in the prevalence of tuberculosis is associated with the -improvement in hygienic conditions which has been so marked during -the last fifty years. I believe we are justified in expecting an -acceleration in this diminution as a result of the specific measures -now being adopted not only here but in Europe. While we cannot -interpret them with confidence, there are already appearing certain -figures of possible significance. It should not be forgotten that the -first result of all concentrated activity and interest is a greater -accuracy in mortality and morbidity statistics, and that an actual -decrease in tuberculosis might appear in official reports as an -apparent increase in the disease. - -Taking all these factors into account and viewing the situation -candidly and with all the precautions possible, I do not hesitate to -assert that optimism as to the future is justified, and that the end -of the present decade will witness the beginning of another drop in -the mortality curve comparable to that which was seen in the closing -years of the last century. (Applause.) - - -President WHITE—Dr. W. C. Mendenhall, of the United States Geological -Survey, at Washington, was expected to be here this morning to speak -upon the subject of “Water as a Natural Resource.” He is unable to be -present, and Mr. Jacob P. Dunn, Secretary of the Indiana Historical -Society, will now have ten minutes to discuss “The Conservation of -Navigable Streams.” - -(For Mr. Dunn’s paper see Supplementary Proceedings.) - - -President WHITE—The subject of the next address is “Social, -Industrial and Civic Progress.” It is to be a review of fifty years -of what has been done in labor economics, by one who has given a -great deal of study to the subject, Mr. Ralph M. Easley, of New -York City, Chairman of the Executive Council of the National Civic -Federation. - - -Mr. EASLEY—Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: In view of the fact -that the work of the Committee on Civics was not outlined at the time -it was organized, and as it was the desire of the national officers -of the Conservation Congress that its work should not duplicate -nor overlap the work of other organizations, the mapping out of a -practical program for the committee was deferred until this meeting -of the Congress. - -Recognizing this situation, the officers of the Congress suggested -that, as Chairman of the Committee on Civics, I should briefly review -the progress that has been made by others in this country along -industrial, social and civic lines. This seemed to me wise because -at a gathering of this kind, which has discussed conditions that -call for improvements, it might be helpful to note what progress our -country has already made along these lines. To look back adown the -slopes we have so painfully and undauntedly climbed in advancing to -our present plane of material and moral welfare, far from inspiring -us with a smug complacency, should heighten our resolves and give -renewed energy and freshness of spirit. - -Another reason for accepting the suggestion is that I had just read -in an English newspaper a sweeping and vitrolic criticism of our -social and civic conditions. Our unkind critic spoke of us as a -people so utterly bound up in the worship of the “almighty dollar” -that we had lost whatever social vision might have illumined the -minds of our fathers. To all sense of social righteousness we were as -a people pitiably indifferent. In mill, factory and mine our working -people slaved; in tenement and farmhouse our poor lived, little if -any better than the poorest of Europe’s poor; our sick and otherwise -helpless were scarcely given a thought. Politically we were rotten to -the core, statesmanship and graft going hand in hand. - -That, in short, ours was a dog-eat-dog civilization, and that the -only direction in which light might be seen breaking was in the “fact -that making headway among the wisest and most far-seeing Americans -was the conviction that American institutions were a failure!” - -The editorial concluded with the statement that if any one considered -that view a biased one, all such skeptical readers need do was to -acquaint themselves with the writings and speeches of American -sociologists and magazine writers or to converse with any of that -“dwindling proportion” of our well-informed citizens to whom human -values are not a mere academic phrase or an abstraction. - -It is unnecessary to point out that our English critic might have -used his columns to better advantage if he had differentiated between -the sociologists and magazine writers who seek our country’s good and -those who seek only its destruction—a very important differentiation -to make at this time. - -In fact, our critic may be a Socialist, who is only passing along -to England the general cry of the pessimists of this country, -that “whatever is, is wrong”; and that there is a great unrest in -the industrial world which will, sooner or later, burst out in -volcanic force and engulf us in a terrible cataclysm—all of which is -unspeakable rot. - -I think I am in a position through the organization with which -I am connected (composed as it is of the representatives of the -great labor, agricultural, manufacturing, banking, commercial, -educational and professional organizations) to know something about -this “great unrest” upon which the Socialists and other radical -writers and speakers declaim so much, and I can assure you that the -only unrest in the industrial and social fields that I can discern -is that wholesome, normal unrest which comes through the education -of the people, and therefore a better understanding of their rights -as workers and the translation of that knowledge through the labor -unions and other social and economic organizations into concrete -demands for better living conditions. - -But let us take a birdseye view of the situation and see whether we -are advancing or going backward. I think you will agree with me that -the following bare outline of a few of the important achievements -and the work now being done by organizations and movements of -public-spirited citizens is inspiring and encouraging. - -Let us start with the industrial gains. - -The American Federation of Labor and the railway brotherhoods have -in the past twenty-five years secured better wages and working -conditions for millions of wage-earners and the eight-hour day for -hundreds of thousands, and they have developed a system of collective -bargaining and methods of conciliation and arbitration that are -reducing the number of industrial disturbances. To get a clear idea -of what this means in terms of progress, let us consider that while -in the past six months 500,000 coal miners and their employers have -made contracts covering wages, hours and conditions of employment -for a term of four years; all the railroads east of Chicago are -arbitrating their differences with their thousands and thousands of -engineers, trainmen, conductors and so on; the hundreds of thousands -of carpenters, bricklayers, painters, plasterers and others of the -thirty-five crafts involved in the building industry have made -contracts with associations of builders all over the land from Maine -to California; while the publishers of the great daily newspapers -throughout the United States have made a five-year contract with -their printers, pressmen, stereotypers, etc.; and the street railway -employes in many great cities and many others of the 135 crafts -belonging to the American Federation of Labor have made satisfactory -contracts with their employers—I say, let us consider that while -this is what is going on today in this country, we shall not have to -go very far back into history to find the time when it was a penal -offense for a man to join a labor organization, or for workers to ask -collectively for an increase in wages, and to find that, while we are -now legislating in the interest of the employe for a minimum wage, -at that time the effort of legislation was for a maximum wage in the -interest of the employer. - -In the meantime, the State factory legislation has revolutionized -the methods of sanitation in the workshops of the country and is -safeguarding better and better the lives and limbs of the workers. - -Employers are making increased provision for the welfare of their -employes through sanitary and safe work places, opportunities for -recreation and education, model homes rented or sold, and relief -funds for sickness, accident and death benefits, as well as old age -pensions, all affecting millions of railroad, factory, mine and -department store workers. - -The National Child Labor Committee has led a campaign that in ten -years has secured wholesome legislation in practically every State -in the Union, reducing hours of labor, prohibiting children under -fourteen years of age from working in factories, mines and mills, and -preventing night work for women and children in many places. - -The tenement house reform movement in New York alone, where the -problems are greatest, has made seventy-five per cent. improvement -in fifteen years; and as an example of the growing recognition -of big business of its social responsibility, it may be pointed -out that when the Supreme Court upset the Tenement House Law, and -by a decision wiped out all that had been accomplished in twelve -years through the tenement house agitation, the allied real estate -interests in New York joined with the tenement house reformers in -securing the passage of a State law and a city ordinance correcting -the defects. - -Amazing in magnitude and usefulness are the health organizations, -public and private, devoted to securing more efficient methods of -sanitation and the prevention of disease, recent statistics in New -York City showing as a result of such work that the mortality rate -has decreased fifty per cent. in fifty years. - -There are various national and local organizations devoted to the -protection and education of the millions of immigrants from all parts -of the world who have landed on these shores in the past ten years, -and whose assimilation and adaptation to American standards and -conditions have constituted one of the problems of the age. - -There are thousands of non-sectarian hospitals and institutions for -the scientific care of dependents, defectives and delinquents. - -Splendid work is being done by the great charity organization -movement which is teaching independence and thrift through its -penny provident societies, and which has organized some of the most -important preventive and remedial agencies. - -The National Federation of Remedial Loan Societies covers -twenty-eight cities, where societies lend money to the poor at -reasonable rates to protect them from the loan sharks, the New York -organization alone having a fund of millions for this purpose. A -rapidly increasing number of large employers have changed their -attitude towards their employes, in that they now aid instead of -discharging those who incur debt—the latter policy having played -directly into the hands of the loan sharks. - -The National Association for the Promotion of Industrial Education -has brought the manufacturers’ associations and the labor -organizations into harmonious support of the measure providing a -federal appropriation of $5,000,000 for industrial education of the -young workers in towns and cities, whether in factories, stores or -offices, and including domestic science for the girls. The measure -also provides an equal amount for the sons and daughters of the -farmers. - -The tremendous program of constructive work undertaken by the United -States Bureau of Labor and the Bureau of Mines in the interest of -the workingmen and by the Department of Agriculture for the farmers -should alone silence our English scoffer. The recent establishment of -the Children’s Bureau is an achievement of which humanitarians may -well be proud. - -The public school system and other free educational institutions -enable the children in this country today to receive twelve times -as much schooling as their grandparents—a tremendous factor in our -advancement of itself and one that readily accounts for much of the -unrest without which no progress could come. - -The universities, especially the State institutions, have in the past -ten years enlarged the scope of their work to such an extent that -many of them can be classed as leaders in what are termed the “uplift -movements” of the day. A complete catalogue of the public work done -by the University of Wisconsin alone would be a revelation. - -The Playground and Recreation Society of America and other recreation -movements are assisting in the development of children’s playgrounds -in parks and schools and are bringing health and good cheer to -congested centers. - -The Association for Labor Legislation is working jointly with the -American Medical Association to safeguard wage-earners against -occupational diseases. - -The American Bankers’ Association is organizing a movement to help -the farmers of the country develop idle land in the effort to -decrease the cost of living. - -One of the most encouraging signs to those who are alarmed over the -high cost of living, and that is about all of us, is the recognition -by the farmers, State agricultural colleges and railroads, of the -necessity of introducing up-to-date methods for raising and marketing -grain, live stock, fruit, dairy produce, etc. Only last week I read -the announcement of a convention called in Kansas, where three -thousand delegates will meet to consider this very question of -improving the methods of farming. These delegates will represent not -only farmers but also the bankers, merchants, wage-earners and all -divisions of society. - -It would take a volume to describe even in outline the great social -and economic reforms being promoted by Mr. Andrew Carnegie, Mrs. -Edward H. Harriman, Mrs. Russell Sage and Mr. John D. Rockefeller, -whose $60,000,000 gift covers the promotion and development of the -high school system in the Southern States and the promotion of -higher education throughout the United States, while his Sanitary -Commission has discovered and is eradicating the hookworm disease -in the South. The Carnegie Institute of Washington, with an -endowment of $22,000,000, was founded to encourage in the broadest -and most liberal manner investigation, research and discovery, and -the application of knowledge to the improvement of mankind, while -the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, with its -$15,000,000 endowment, provides retiring pensions for the teachers -of universities, colleges and technical schools. The Russell Sage -Foundation, endowed by Mrs. Sage with $10,000,000, has, for its -purpose the improvement of social and living conditions in the United -States of America. - -There are the tremendous achievements through the institutional work -of the churches of all denominations. Three-fourths of the efforts -in the live churches of today are devoted to material welfare, as is -evidenced by the especial care of the orphan, the sick and the poor -on the part of the Catholic Church; the great Hebrew philanthropic -and educational agencies; and such single illustrations as the -social work outlined in the handbooks just issued by Trinity and St. -George’s parishes in New York—the former being a revelation to those -who believed that the millions of Trinity Church were being used only -for commercial profits. - -The Young Men’s Christian Association, with its tremendous energy and -enthusiasm, while organized primarily to promote the spiritual growth -of young men, has lately, under its “physical and social well-being” -clause, gone into the field of industrial betterment with conspicuous -success. - -The Men and Religion Forward Movement and the Federation of Churches, -representing many million members of Protestant denominations, have -recently adopted broad programs of industrial and social reform. - -There are the movement to suppress the social evil, known as the -Federation of Sex Hygiene; the Anti-Tuberculosis Society, with its -wonderfully comprehensive and successful efforts in fighting the -great white plague; the Red Cross Society which, in addition to -relieving distress in great disasters, has fostered with marked -success annual competitive drills of “first-aid” crews from the -mines; the Boy Scouts of America, inculcating patriotism and good -citizenship; the National Consumers’ League; the New York Museum -of Safety and Sanitation; the Prison Labor Reform Association, and -hundreds of other organizations and movements devoted to human -betterment too numerous even to mention by title. - -And last, but not least, there is the educational work being -done by the National Civic Federation through its Departments -on Conciliation, Compensation for Injured Workmen, Industrial -Welfare, Pure Food and Drugs, Reform in Legal Procedure, Regulation -of Interstate and Municipal Utilities, Regulation of Industrial -Corporations and Uniform State Legislation. - -As much of the work of the various departments of the National Civic -Federation called for uniform State legislation, a special department -was organized to co-operate with the Commissioners on Uniform State -Laws. - -The importance of uniformity to all business and commercial -institutions is clearly recognized, when we consider that our larger -corporations—such as the railroads, telegraph, insurance, banking -and trust companies and, in fact, so far as taxation is concerned, -all manufacturing concerns whose plants are in different States—are -subject to forty-eight masters, each with a mind quite different from -that of the others. The “interminable” law’s delay, the clashing -of the States upon the question of regulation of corporations and -combinations, the diversity of State laws on ordinary commercial -matters, such as warehouse receipts, bills of lading and negotiable -notes, the urgent need for a uniform bill on compensation for -industrial accidents, all give emphasis to the need for uniformity. -But even this chaotic legislative situation shows encouraging signs -of clearing up. - -So much for progress along industrial and social lines; but we have -made and are making just as great progress in this country along -other lines that affect the general welfare of the people. And also -our ethical standards and our aspirations are conspicuously higher. -For instance: - -Within the past twenty years there has been a most remarkable gain -in the popular concept of the relation of industrial, railway and -municipal utility corporations to the public. The large corporations -called trusts have been taught even in the past five years that -they must recognize certain “rules of the game” that give their -competitors a chance, and what is wholesome about this from the -ethical standpoint is that they now admit the justice of these -changed conditions. - -The abolition of rebates and free passes and the placing of railroad, -telegraph, telephone and express companies absolutely under the -regulatory power of the Interstate Commerce Commission are so -far-reaching that the benefits to the people are impossible to -measure. From federal regulation of railroads, it was only a step to -State regulation of street railway, gas and electric light companies. - -The idea that railways or big corporations are masters of the people -has been dissipated. - -Today, through insistent demand of the people for publicity, it can -be said that the big business of the country is being done behind -glass doors. The improved methods of doing business adopted by banks, -trust companies and insurance companies during the past five years -would alone justify this statement. - -In practically five years, thanks to the great educational work -of the National Conservation Congress, there has been a complete -transformation of the public mind in the matter of proper control of -our natural resources, such as our public lands, timber and water -power. It was not many years ago, when I was living in the West, that -it was considered a smart thing to “grab off” all public land that -one could get hold of. This was generally accomplished by taking -land in the name of your mother and father and all your children, -past, present and future, and it was not bad form even to use your -neighbor’s name in taking up claims. I found my own name had been -used in three or four different counties by some of my ambitious -neighbors. - -Politically speaking, we have progressed from the state where our -elections were great public scandals and where primary elections were -“free-for-alls,” with no legal status whatever, to a day when, thanks -to the Australian ballot law, ballot-box stuffing is practically -unknown and primaries are generally so conducted that the voters -control. - -Campaign contributions that were largely responsible for corruption -in politics and legislation are now by law made public to the world. - -The initiative, referendum and direct primary have been adopted in -some form in two-thirds of the States and in over two hundred cities -the commission form of government, often with a recall attachment, -has been adopted. These measures, whether they prove to be practical -reforms or not—and there are many who doubt that—undeniably -testify to the paramount power of those agitating for a so-called -“progressive program,” they all being opposed by what are termed the -“reactionaries.” - -The civil service, from being a thing detested by nearly everybody -twenty years ago, is so popular today that political parties are -vying with each other to see which can include the largest number -of civil employes. The President has just ordered the 35,000 -fourth-class post-masters be taken from under the political brokerage -offices of the Congressmen and placed under the civil service law. - -The government of cities, which has been the burning shame of this -country, as it was in the early days of every other country, is -slowly but surely becoming more decent and effective. The work of -the National Municipal League, the hundreds of local municipal -reform associations, and the National Bureau of Municipal Research -with its local bureaus, furnish abundant evidence of the truth of -this statement. The Bureau of Municipal Research is not only making -an exhaustive and painstaking analysis of administrative methods -in many large cities, and installing more up-to-date and efficient -systems, but it also has prevailed upon the Federal Government to -have a similar investigation made in its various departments. It -has, in addition, organized a training school to meet the demand for -municipal experts. - -The administration of justice and the influence of wealth upon the -decisions of the courts have been revolutionized in the past ten -years. It used to be charged that the criminal courts convicted only -the poor and released the rich, whereas today the penitentiary that -has not a half dozen or more bankers or rich malefactors within its -walls is the exception. There is no man or corporation so powerful -today as to be immune from attack by the government when violating -the law. - -The American Bar Association and the National Civic Federation are -jointly working to bring about a reform in legal procedure which will -wipe out unnecessary delays and cost in litigation, thereby opening -the courts more freely to the wage-earner. - -Five years ago there was no such thing as a Pure Food and Drug -Law. Today there is a federal act which has been made the basis of -legislation in thirty-five States, and in another five years it is -likely to be practically impossible for misbranders or adulterators -of food and drugs to live outside of our penal institutions. - -The rural free delivery, the postal savings bank and the parcel post -are all great advances from which the farmers largely benefit. - -The building and loan associations and savings banks, unknown in -early days, are great aids to wage-earners. - -In other words, reform is writ large over all sections of the country -and all classes of society. There are: - -Over two thousand boards of trade and chambers of commerce, at least -half of whose efforts are directed towards municipal and industrial -reforms, and the other half to commercial reforms; - -Thousands of church societies and committees aiding in the -improvement of industrial, social and political conditions in their -respective localities; - -Thousands of women’s clubs, representing over two million of the -brightest and most energetic women of our nation, devoted to securing -civic improvement, factory legislation and reforms in public schools, -to spreading information upon social hygiene and domestic science -and working for the protection of women and the redemption of -unfortunate ones; - -Thirty thousand labor organizations, whose purpose is not only -to secure better working conditions, better wages and a shorter -workday for wage-earners, but also to lift them to a higher plane of -citizenship, and - -Millions of farmers who, through granges, alliances and institutes, -are working not only to improve the home life on the farm, but to -educate their children in the use of better and more scientific -methods of production. - -Pretty fair, is it not, for a people whom our English critics and our -American Socialists say are bereft, or almost so, of a social sense? - -And it must also be kept in mind that this resumé does not refer to -progress in science, invention and the arts, nor is attention called -to the fact that never before in the history of this country were the -basic conditions better than they are now, despite the fact that a -national political campaign is supposed to be on. - -But while the progress made has been so tremendous that we do not -realize it, on none of these lines is it contended that anything near -the ideal has been reached. There are yet very many black places -and perplexing problems demanding attention on the part of those -who love their fellow-men. But the same courage, intelligence and -humanitarianism that have accomplished so much will not now falter, -but will press forward. - -Many in this audience may conclude that I am unduly optimistic and -that I am able only to see the good, but I can assure you that I know -something as well about the ills of society; for instance, I could -cite from the records of the Welfare Department of the National Civic -Federation alone a catalogue of industrial horrors showing where -greedy and thoughtless, if not unfeeling and criminal, employers -are grossly and outrageously mistreating the wage-earners in their -employ, paying them atrociously low wages, working them excessively -long hours and giving no consideration to the comforts or decencies -that a humane employer would furnish. But also from that same record -I could show that all such evils are being met by other employers, -justifying the belief that, through education and proper agitation, -the remaining sore spots can be removed. Last year one great -corporation alone spent five millions of dollars in betterment work, -including a gradual shortening of the working time in its plans for -improving conditions, and several large corporations, operating night -and day, have gone from two twelve-hour shifts to three eight-hour -shifts without decrease of pay. - -As a concrete and striking example of the power of agitation and -education, there can be no better illustration than the present -widespread sentiment in favor of legal enactments requiring -compensation to injured wage-earners in lieu of the old employers’ -liability system. Through the work of the National Civic Federation -and co-operating bodies, this complete reversal of policy has been -brought about in four years, fourteen States having already passed -workmen’s compensation laws. The legislation, both Federal and State, -which is now being secured, makes the industry bear the burden, while -before the wage-earner took all the chances, did all the suffering -and, if, after long-drawn-out litigation, he finally got anything in -the way of damages, he had to give up fifty per cent. of it to the -“ambulance chaser.” - -I am happy to state that a movement is now on foot to make a -painstaking inquiry into the progress made during the past fifty -years in the directions indicated, with a view not only to -discovering the good, but also to ascertaining what social and -economic ills remain to be eradicated, and to propose, as far as -possible, practical remedies therefor. - -It is believed that a movement which will recognize the good and -sincerely seek to remedy the wrong would be more effective in -accomplishing reform than one designed only to tear down and destroy. - -It were well, and with this suggestion I conclude, if at all future -gatherings of this great organization some such counting of the -milestones passed were to be made a feature. There is good reason for -this. There are among our ninety millions of people many who, strange -as it may seem, interpret such occasions as this as diagnostic of a -body-social sick nigh unto death as the result of neglect. They do -not know—and the fault is not wholly theirs—that the patient, far -from being in extremis, is in better condition than ever before, that -what to them is a death chamber consultation is merely an evidence -of periodical stock taking in terms of social health and welfare. -(Applause.) - - -President WHITE—This is certainly a truthful resumé. It is well for -us all sometimes to stop and “count our blessings.” (Applause.) - -We will now listen to Dr. Burton J. Ashley, of Morgan Park, Illinois. -His subject is “Disposition of Sewage,” a very interesting aspect of -Conservation. - - -Dr. ASHLEY—The universal aim of every one is to succeed. Success in -anything depends, it is aptly said, on one’s ability, reliability, -endurance, and action—four personal requisites, the absence of any -one of which means failure. Ability and reliability are personal -qualities, while endurance and action, two of these four requisites, -are physical endowments dependable on one’s health. Accepting these -statements as correct, then half of our successes is dependable on -personal health and one-half on personal quality. - -If man’s successes are equally as dependable on health as on his -mental or acquired qualities or abilities, then we must draw but -one conclusion, viz., that as much attention should be given to the -maintenance of a healthy body as to the use and maintenance of our -mental and moral capabilities. - -Healthfulness depends in part on cleanliness, the state or quality -of being clean. Health is natural. Disease is unnatural and is the -result of some known or unknown transgression of natural laws. Dirt -and disease have always been good friends. Disease is always most -flourishing when it has dirt and filth for company; and to be dirty -or filthy is to transgress nature’s efforts at keeping the body well. - -Water and food are essential to life. Consume them and the liquid -waste produce is sewage filth. To man the foulest and most repulsive -dirt or filth is that of his own daily making, and well that it -is, for it contains the most poisonous substances that exist and -civilized humanity everywhere is increasingly directing its efforts -to accomplish its destruction in the most sanitary and economical way -possible. Modern methods employed by cities or lesser municipalities -to disposal of their liquid filth is that of establishing systems of -underground drains called sewers, into which such liquid filth is -discharged. - -The first well designed sewerage system to be adopted in the United -States was built in Chicago about the year 1855. - -The modern water-closet was not evolved until early in the last -century, and in consequence of which evolution water carriage as a -means of conveying sewage away logically followed its introduction. -Former designs of sewerage provided for drains that would accommodate -both the storm waters as well as the sewage. This method is commonly -known as the “Combined System,” but when the employment of this -character of sewage disposal created nuisances, the demand arose for -the abatement of said nuisances, and it was then that civilization -faced sewage purification in some form as a remedy. Storm waters -are only dirty waters and not, strictly speaking, polluted waters, -for merely dirty water will not create an offensive nuisance and -requires no purification, while polluted water does. So the “separate -system” of sewers was then evolved, namely, where one system conveys -the storm waters and a separate system the sanitary sewage, for, -inasmuch as only sanitary sewage needs purifying, therefore works of -smaller capacity are needed than would be required were the large and -unsteady volume of storm waters to be also subjected to the purifying -process. - -Many experiments have been made and varying forms of sewage purifying -plants have been built during the last half century, and out of the -many failures there have been evolved a few processes of purification -which have proven fairly successful, but from an economic standpoint -as well as from a physical one much yet has to be gained. - -The broad irrigation of land with raw or crude sewage has been tried -out and its limitations discovered. Although physically successful -when properly administered, this form of disposal has been found to -be expensive. Existing costly land values are usually exceedingly -against the adoption of this form of disposal. The Broad Irrigation -Plant of Berlin, Germany, with her 43,000 acres of land, is a notable -example of the continuance of this form of disposal, but while this -scheme has through its years of usefulness sometimes shown profits -and sometimes deficits, the profits have never been large enough to -pay the interest and sinking fund charges on the capital expended on -the purchase of farms. - -The method of purification now in general use is what is broadly -called the biological method, wherein nature’s own mysterious forces, -viz., putrefaction and nitrification, are encouraged usually by first -impounding the sewage and then nitrifying the impounded liquid in a -filter bed, so called. - -This form of sewage purification is found to require a minimum amount -of manipulation or labor as compared with some of the other forms. - -The plea for sewage disposal is that it enhances life by preventing -disease. The United States Conservation Commission reported that -eighty-five per cent. of typhoid and malaria are preventable. - -The sewage disposal problem is by no means an easy one, for every -case being a law unto itself is sure to present a greater or less -number of physical conditions that may not be found in any other -case. Sewages differ in their composition as people differ. Some -sewages are easily controlled and gotten rid of, while other sewages -are stubborn to almost refusing to be subdued. The sanitary engineer -in arriving at determination is obliged to previously dig deep and -acquaint himself with existing conditions before he can safely -conclude upon designs or measures or means that will bring successful -results. The sanitary engineer’s practice is therefore much like that -of a physician who considers symptoms before offering a diagnosis or -prescribing a remedy. - -Contrivances that have worked successfully in England have often -proven to be failures in the United States. The character and -composition of sewage abroad differs widely from the composition of -our greatly diluted sewage here. Latitude, quantity of contained -manufacturing wastes, character of water supply and numerous other -components all combine to make the art of sewage disposal a problem. -For instance, when the water supply is what is commonly termed “hard” -undue collection of scum or mat is almost sure to form in biological -tanks, and this is only one of the innumerable vexatious enigmas -that confront the engineer or biologist. Pioneer practitioners have -frequently undertaken the solution of sewage disposal questions when -not qualified for such duty, largely in answer to the urgent request -of an impecunious public with the usual disappointing results. But -the value and possibilities of health Conservation have now been -brought to that degree of successful accomplishment where the demand -for specialists in the advancement of this modern art has become -enhanced, and the advisability of employing specialists when the -nature of the work is of such vital importance as is sewage disposal -needs no argument. - -Mr. Winslow has told us that a badly constructed or badly operated -system is worse than none at all, for it creates a sense of false -security and it also breeds a sense of distrust. - -The first city to go about the establishment of sewage disposal in a -thoroughly exhaustive way was Columbus, Ohio. Its example was shortly -followed by the cities of Baltimore and Philadelphia. Very elaborate -and exhaustive experiments are now being made by the city of Chicago -at an experimental plant costing $60,000, which experiments have -already covered a period of over two years, so that when a report -shall be forthcoming the character of disposal best suited to that -city will be a known factor and such steps as will be taken will be -along lines of certainty. - -The whole civilized world is or should be deeply indebted to the -far-reaching experiments that have been conducted since the year -1887 at Lawrence, Mass., by the Massachusetts State Board of Health. -The annual reports of the findings have become classic both at home -and abroad. Nor would we forget to mention particularly the fifth -report of the English Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal, which, -after making exhaustive observation covering a period of four years -of the operation of twenty-seven sewage disposal plants in actual -daily operation, gave information, the value of which to the sanitary -expert and indirectly to the civilized world at large, may not be -determined. - -At this stage of sanitary advancement our common people should not -be further excused for the density of their ignorance regarding the -value of preventive medicine as exemplified in clean premises and -person and the adopting of respectable sanitary conveniences. - -Want of knowledge along lines of modern sanitary advancement is to a -very large extent due to the inertness of legislatures in enacting -laws to meet the modern sanitary needs. The passing and enforcing of -such laws would surely force our ignorance on this subject out of us -and place us on a higher hygienic plane, such as has been established -by the excellent enactments in a few of our States. - -Standing out pre-eminently in this respect are the laws relating to -the public health in Massachusetts, with New York following as a -close second. One of the most important laws which is the foundation -of others in Massachusetts is a provision for the acquirement -of land by cities and towns for the purification of sewage. All -through the Massachusetts code are to be found an abundance of -preventive measures, as well as curative—abatement of nuisances, of -offensive trades; establishing water supply and sewage disposal. -Then follows a long list of subjects spell as lying-in hospitals, -dangerous diseases, spitting, drinking cups, protection of infants, -vaccination, quarantine, public school inspection, diseases of -domestic animals, hydrophobia, cemeteries, cremating of dead bodies, -burials, bakeries, supervision of plumbing, pollution of streams, -food and drugs, milk, registry of births, marriages and deaths—not -one of which but has its peculiar relation to the producing of -sewage, and indirectly with sewage disposal. - -As a contrast with the Massachusetts code let me refer to the -sanitary laws, or want of them, in the State of Illinois. According -to a copy of the public health laws issued for the information of -local health authorities and others of this State, there occurs, -for instance, but two sections covering the establishing of sewers. -Rules and regulations are in evidence for isolating, quarantining, -disinfecting and coping with various infectious diseases after they -come into existence, but not a statutory provision is to be found -establishing sewage disposal, nor for preventing the pollution -of streams and lakes. The State Board of Health in this State is -well-nigh powerless in taking initiative steps, particularly with -regard to sewage disposal and stream pollution. It is high time State -legislatures betook themselves to looking more into the all important -art of sanitation and its far-reaching results and at once enact laws -that will meet the advanced requirements of our daily living, and -give such attention to the conservation of health and to the physical -welfare of our homes as it in some cases has given to the welfare -of the barn, the pigsty and their occupants. Had I the time I could -refer to some very astonishing facts that might cause the blush of -negligence to come to the faces of our Hoosier legislators. - -Ohio has recently enacted a code of plumbing and drainage laws, -containing provisions supposed to cover scientific sewage disposal. -This code provides for and encourages contrivances that have been -most soundly condemned by leading sanitarians both in this country -and abroad for a century past. - -It was Eugene Field who said: - - “It seems to me I’d like to go - Where bells don’t ring or whistles blow - Nor clocks don’t strike nor gongs don’t sound, - And I’d have stillness all around, - Not real stillness, but just the trees - Low whispering of the hum of bees.” - -What this tender poet wrote several years ago is increasingly being -enacted today by the exodus of the prosperous captains of industry, -of commerce and of the professions from their narrow city confines -in unneighborly city neighborhoods to well appointed habitations -in the outlying suburbs, or in his comfortable summer home up in -the mountains or alongside the beautiful waters of some inland -lake. These prosperous friends, though removing to the country, are -unwilling to yield up any of the comforts and conveniences afforded -by municipal service. Sewers usually unavailable in these more or -less remote locations causes sewage disposal to become at once one of -their most vexatious problems, so here comes a new demand for special -skill in aiding our country gentlemen in establishing a satisfactory -sanitary service that will tend to his comfort and respectability -and prevent a menace to life and health. So all along the line -the requirements for the sanitary uplift of home surroundings is -widening, and the requirements in the daily living is enhancing, -for modern sanitary methods of which sewage disposal is the most -important are found to be most effective and therefore more necessary -in the conservation of man’s most valuable asset—health. (Applause.) - - -President WHITE—While waiting for committee reports, we will hear -from a gentleman from San Francisco, who asks a little time. I will -introduce to you Mr. J. P. Baumgartner. - - -Mr. BAUMGARTNER—I just want to say to you that San Francisco will -be in the field at the proper time with an invitation to this -Congress to meet in that city in 1915—the year of the Panama-Pacific -International Exposition. The State of California has raised twenty -million dollars for this Exposition. There will be a million-dollar -convention auditorium on the Exposition grounds, and we feel there -are many reasons why it would be particularly fitting for this -Congress to meet in that city that year. I do not want to press this -matter unduly at this time, but I felt I had a duty to perform to -tell you that we want you to come to San Francisco in 1915, and that -we will extend to you a royal welcome. I thank you. (Applause.) - - -President WHITE—There is a committee to report at this time. The -Chairman of the Executive Committee, Mr. E. L. Worsham, will report -on some amendments to the Constitution. - - -Chairman WORSHAM—Mr. President and Members of the Congress: The -Executive Committee makes the following recommendations for changes -in the Constitution of the National Conservation Congress: - -That the following be added as Section 3, Article III: - -“After a call of the Executive Committee by the Chairman, and after -all members of the committee have been notified of the meeting in -sufficient time to be present, three members shall constitute a -quorum for the transaction of business.” - -That Article IV, Section 1, be amended as follows: - -“Section 1. The officers of the Congress shall consist of a -President, to be elected by the Congress; a Vice-President, to be -elected by the Congress; a Vice-President from each State, to be -chosen by the respective State delegations; one from the National -Conservation Association and one from the National Association of -Conservation Commissioners; an Executive Secretary, a Recording -Secretary, and a Treasurer, to be elected by the Congress.” - -That in Article V, Section 1, the words “during each regular annual -session” be stricken out. - -That Article V of the Constitution be amended to read as follows: - -“Section 4. The President shall appoint a Finance Committee of five, -three from the members of the Executive Committee and two from the -Advisory Board, whose duty it shall be to plan ways and means of -increasing the revenue of the Congress, and to prepare a budget -of expenditures. The Chairman shall be a member of the Executive -Committee. - -“Section 5. The Executive Committee shall appoint in consultation -with the Vice-President from the State, a State Secretary whose -duty shall be to work with the State organizations for the especial -interests of the Congress. Such Secretary shall report progress to -the Executive Committee.” - -That the remaining sections of Article V be renumbered accordingly. - -That Section 2 be added to Article VII, to read as follows: - -“The membership in the National Conservation Congress shall be as -follows: - -“Individual membership, one dollar a year, entitling the member -to a copy of the Proceedings and an invitation to the next year’s -Congress, without further appointment from any organization. - -“Individual permanent, or life membership, twenty-five dollars, -entitling the member to a certificate of membership and a copy of the -Proceedings and invitations to all succeeding annual Congresses. - -“Individual supporting membership, one hundred dollars, or more, -entitling the member to a certificate of membership, a copy of the -Proceedings, and an invitation to all succeeding Congresses. - -“Organization membership, twenty-five dollars, entitling its -delegates to the Proceedings and an invitation to the organization to -appoint delegates to the next Congress. - -“Organization supporting membership, one hundred dollars or more, -entitling the organization to appoint one delegate from each State, -each of whom shall receive a copy of the Proceedings.” - - -Mr. WORSHAM—We are proposing some radical changes regarding the -membership of the Congress. Heretofore, the personnel of the Congress -has varied from year to year, and we have had no way of keeping in -touch with delegates who attend. We think it is necessary to place -the Congress on a good financial basis, and also to keep in touch -with the people who attend from year to year, and we have, therefore, -recommended these changes. I move the adoption of this report. - -The motion was seconded, put, and declared carried. - - -President WHITE—I will now call for the report of the Nominating -Committee, which will be presented by the Chairman, Prof. George E. -Condra. - - -Professor CONDRA—Your committee has been working very diligently, -canvassing the situation. We have looked over the field, reviewed -the work of various persons connected with Conservation, noted their -efficiency. We have looked into the future, we have thought of the -fitness of certain individuals for the work, and therefore report as -follows: - -For President, a man who can take up the work where Captain White -leaves off—Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack, of Cleveland, Ohio. (Great -applause.) - -For Executive Secretary, one who has been with the work since its -beginning, and has accomplished so much—Mr. Thomas R. Shipp, of -Indianapolis. (Applause.) - -For Recording Secretary, one who has also been valuable in the work, -and has been associated with Mr. Pack and with Captain White—Mr. -James C. Gipe, of Indianapolis. (Applause.) - -For Treasurer, the man whom the Executive Committee at an earlier -Congress gave an earnest invitation to take up this work, that it -might be taken care of in a manner befitting this Congress—Mr. D. -Austin Latchaw, of Kansas City. (Applause.) - -The one who has been nominated for second place, Vice-President, -we named because of fitness to serve all phases of the work of -Conservation, but especially the conservation of life and the home. -Not chosen because she is such a womanly woman; not especially -because she has done splendid work for us here, but chosen because -she is a great leader and we want her for the work. A person known to -most of you—Mrs. Philip N. Moore, of St. Louis. (Applause.) - -I do not name the Vice-Presidents of the States, for reasons given -in the report of the Executive Committee. I take great pleasure in -moving the adoption of this report. - -The motion was seconded by Mr. A. B. Farquhar, put, and declared -carried. - - -President WHITE—I now wish to present to you your next President, Mr. -Charles Lathrop Pack. (Applause.) - -It is with great pleasure that I present to you the President of the -next Congress. He is one who is thoroughly in love with Conservation. -He is one of those who first studied Conservation. He spent years in -its study, and he is, I know, the first American who ever received -a fee for scientific forestry advice. He was paid one thousand -dollars by the President of the Missouri Pacific Road for his -expert opinion. When Mr. Pack returned from Germany, where he had -been studying forestry for some time, he was sent for by Jay Gould, -who asked him for his expert opinion on some forestry matters. Next -morning Mr. Pack found in his box at the hotel a check for $1,000. -This was the earliest record of such a fee being paid in the United -States. So, if he was appreciated to this extent by a great railroad -president then, we surely can trust him now. We are proud to have him -as our President, and we feel he will be a great help to Conservation -in the ensuing year. Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack, your new President, -will now take the chair. (Applause.) - - -President PACK—Ladies and Gentlemen: You have a great work before -you, not only for the ensuing year, but for all years. The -Conservation movement is not one for today, but for all time, and -it matters very little the name or the names of the workers in the -cause. It matters that you, and every one of you, should have your -hearts right and do the right work. Conservation makes for the best -use of all resources, and is dead against their abuse. It is your -duty and my duty not only to come to these Congresses and confer and -talk, but when you go home to be a true advocate of the cause and to -be against everything that is opposed to it. (Applause.) Conservation -is for men and women, and for one I thank God we have the women with -us. (Applause.) - -I do not intend to make a speech; I am not a speech-maker. You have -plenty of orators. But with your help during the next year, I will -try to do my part, and I ask every one of you to go to your homes and -come back to the next Conservation Congress with three delegates in -place of one. I thank you. (Applause.) - -Before we go any farther, I ask you to rise and join me in giving -three cheers for that great Conservationist, Captain White. - -Three rousing cheers were given, led by Mr. Pack. - - -Mr. WHITE—Ladies and Gentlemen, Delegates to the Congress, Mr. -President: This is glory enough for me. I feel paid for the work I -have done in the past year in having the appreciation of such a good -class of people. (Applause.) - - -President PACK—The next speaker on the program is Mr. George M. -Lehman, representing the Mayor of Pittsburgh, who will speak to us on -“The Investigations of the Flood Commission of Pittsburgh.” - - -Mr. LEHMAN—Mr. Chairman and Delegates of the Fourth National -Conservation Congress: It has been the custom in this country to -build dams and locks on lower reaches of rivers, for navigation; to -build regulating works for forming and maintaining channel depth, -etc., and to dredge deposits caused by erosion. - -Our country has received large benefit from this process, -particularly in certain sections. It would have thrived, however, to -a far greater extent and much suffering, involving general living and -business conditions, would have been avoided and a better foundation -provided for future generations, if, in addition to the above-named -developments, attention had been promptly and thoroughly given to -the control and conservation of flood water. We have been woefully -thoughtless and backward in bringing about a comprehensive treatment -of this matter which is of such great national importance. - - -HISTORICAL AND GENERAL OUTLINE OF WORK. - -Pittsburgh having been seriously troubled by destructive floods -for over a century, attention was finally directed toward means -of alleviation and in 1908 the Chamber of Commerce organized -a commission consisting of business men, engineers and other -professional men, to ascertain the character and extent of flood -damage and make investigations of methods for relief. Later, an -enlargement of the commission was made by the addition of city and -county officials and representatives of manufacturing and various -business concerns affected by floods. The expense of carrying on -the work has been borne by public-spirited citizens, including -the interests affected by the floods, and by county and city -contributions. To this date about $137,000 has been expended. - -The work has involved detailed surveys and soundings, within the city -limits, of the Ohio, Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers, and a survey -of the areas of overflow. The topography was fully developed, and -streets, lines of transportation, buildings, etc., located. Extensive -topographic surveys were made along the principal tributaries of the -Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers for the purpose of determining the -possibility of constructing storage reservoirs. - -In connection with complete contour maps, diagrams, profiles, etc., -made from the above work, studies have been made of the cost and -effectiveness of a flood wall, in connection with dredging, in -deepening, widening and straightening of the river channel at the -city, and the cost and effectiveness of regulating the stream flow -by storage reservoirs, located throughout the drainage basins. -In addition to the collection of a vast amount of general data, -including precipitation, taken from the records of the United States -Weather Bureau, the work involved many special studies, among which -were forest conditions, geology and stream-flow. For the stream-flow -studies, gauging stations were established by the Flood Commission -and also a number in co-operation with the Water Supply Commission of -Pennsylvania. In the forest studies, the co-operation of the United -States Forest Service and of the Forestry Department of Pennsylvania -were secured. Valuable stream-flow data have been provided by the -United States Geological Survey. - -At the beginning of the investigations the matter was treated as -of local concern only, but as the work progressed the broad aspect -of the problem and its national scope were realized, as it became -evident that Pittsburgh’s floods had a direct bearing upon the flood -troubles of other communities. Further study disclosed the fact that -inseparable from the flood problem was the question of navigation, -sanitation, water supply and water power, and that the valleys of the -Allegheny, Monongahela and Ohio Rivers could be benefited wherever -conditions are favorable for the construction of storage reservoirs. -On many of the principal tributaries of the Ohio below Pittsburgh, -the topography is favorable for storage reservoirs upon a large -scale, and floods could be prevented throughout the Ohio valley by -extending the plans of the Flood Commission. - -An exhaustive report, consisting mostly of original data, has been -published by the Commission, as the result of nearly four years -of painstaking work. It is said that this report forms the most -comprehensive treatment of a subject of this kind that has ever been -carried out. The report contains over 900 pages, including numerous -maps and diagrams, and a large number of illustrations, showing flood -damage, reservoir sites, forest conditions, etc. - - -FLOOD DAMAGE. - -Pittsburgh, which has a population of 533,905, and about twice as -much with the contemplated greater city, is located at the head of -the Ohio River and at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela -Rivers. The combined drainage area, above the city, amounts to 18,920 -square miles. Of the two rivers, 150 miles, directly connecting with -the city, have been slackwatered. About 14,000 miles of navigable -waterway lies below the city. The National Government, in a few -years’ time, will have the entire 967 miles of the Ohio River -improved. - -The tonnage of Pittsburgh, incoming and outgoing, amounted in 1910 -to 167,000,000 tons, of which 11,000,000 tons consisted of river -traffic. The above total tonnage, which has doubled in the last six -years, is twice as great as the combined tonnage of New York, London, -Hamburg and Marseilles. - -As is frequently the case in communities situated upon the inland -rivers of this country, the most important commercial and industrial -parts of Pittsburgh are located upon the low lying areas bordering -the water. The need of free access to water and of rail and water -transportation naturally brings about such development. In fact, on -account of the topography, rail communication can in many cases be -satisfactorily established only along the stream. Such a condition, -however, frequently causes great suffering and interruption to -business, involving not only the districts in direct touch with the -river, but the whole community. - -During the progress of the investigations, it became evident that -unless some adequate method of flood relief could be devised and -carried out, the larger portion of the flood affected areas could -never be properly developed, and the capital invested therein would -continue to suffer. The general needs of building operations and of -city improvements will of necessity keep pace with the advance of -population; and the flood damages, which in their effect involve the -home conditions and business life of the entire city and surrounding -communities, will become correspondingly greater. - -In ascertaining the extent of flood damage to the city, a careful -investigation was made of three floods which occurred within a period -of about twelve months, from March 15, 1907, to March 20, 1908. In -the conduct of this work it was noted that while those coming in -direct contact with the floods are alert to the seriousness of the -situation during the flood, the matter is, however, after a time -almost forgotten; the disposition in most cases apparently being to -take the troubles as they come rather than to do anything in the way -of even attempting to devise means of relief. - -The classification under which this work was done, and the monetary -amount of direct losses within the city by the three floods may be -given as follows: - - Damage to buildings, equipment and machinery $782,400 - Damage to materials 1,698,900 - Loss to employer by suspension of business 1,974,200 - Loss to employee due to shut-down 1,308,300 - Expense of cleaning up 547,400 - Charities dispensed and funds for prevention of disease 27,800 - Fires uncontrolled through inaccessibility or lack of - water pressure 175,000 - —————————— - Total $6,514,000 - -It was found that the loss ranges as follows: For the flood of 27.3 -feet, $414,700; 30.7 feet, $839,800; 35.5 feet, $5,259,500. - -The area comprising the larger part of the mercantile, industrial -and railroad interests amounts to about 3,000 acres, 1,540 of which -was covered by water during the great flood of 1907, which had a -height of 35.5 feet, or 13.5 feet above the danger line. This flood -remained sixty-five hours above the danger line of 22 feet. About -fifteen miles of river front land are occupied with industrial works -of various kinds. The assessed value of real estate as affected by -the 1907 flood amounts to about $160,000,000, and a careful estimate -shows that this property is nearly $50,000,000 lower in value than -it would be if protected from floods. Using the results obtained for -the above floods and the flood records for the past twenty years it -is estimated that the direct loss to the city has amounted in that -period to about $17,000,000, over $12,000,000 of which occurred in -the ten years preceding January, 1911. - -Based on the assumption that in the next two ten-year periods -there will be no increase in number or height of floods over those -occurring in the ten years just preceding January, 1911, it is -estimated, if protective measures are not provided, that the flood -losses at Pittsburgh in the next twenty years will amount to about -$25,000,000. As records show, however, that floods are increasing -in frequency and height, it is estimated that the losses in the -next twenty years will amount to about $40,000,000, or nearly twice -as much as it will cost to carry out the flood prevention measures -recommended by the Commission. - -The Commission did not have resources for securing the amount of -damage at the many important points along the rivers, above and -below Pittsburgh, but at Wheeling, W. Va., it was ascertained, for -instance, that about $1,000,000 was lost during the flood of 1907. -Authorities consider that the total loss along the Ohio Valley for -the two floods of 1907 amounted to more than $100,000,000. This is -indicative of the vast losses occurring annually all over the country. - -In addition to many miles of street car tracks, streets and alleys, -about 435 acres of railroad and industrial yards were covered, in -addition to 17 miles of main railroad, by the big flood of 1907. - -At high stages many manufacturing plants must close down. The -following is quoted from a report of the American Iron and Steel -Association: “Damage to the iron and steel industry unprecedented. At -beginning of March, 1907, flood there were forty-four blast furnaces -in Allegheny County in blast, and of these thirty-eight had to be -banked for an average of two days. Work at most of the sixty-five or -seventy rolling mills and steel works was suspended.” Many of the -open-hearth furnaces were badly damaged and some of them practically -ruined. - - -FLOOD PROTECTION. - -Regarding methods of local treatment, studies and estimates of -cost were made of the following: A wall of about twenty-five miles -in length to be built in the city along the river fronts; also -for deepening, widening and straightening of the river channel by -dredging. - -The wall, high in places above the river streets, would prevent -overflow by confining the floods to the channel. Dredging and -removal of obstacles in the channel, bank encroachments, etc., as -can now be accomplished, would have comparatively slight effect in -reducing flood heights and these means were, therefore, not broadly -recommended. Furthermore, these forms of treatment would be of local -flood benefit only and communities above and below Pittsburgh would -continue to suffer in various ways. - -A wall of limited height, however, is really desirable, at least -along certain parts of the river. While reservoir control would -result in reclaiming considerable areas of land, a wall would provide -means for adding to the amount and greatly improve the appearance -and usefulness of the banks. The handling of cargoes, to and from -river boats would be greatly facilitated by means of modern devices. -Sheds could be constructed along the wall and close to the boats -which would lie alongside. Such arrangement would make feasible the -bringing directly of river and rail transportation with the great -advantage of through rates and routes, a condition which is now -lacking at practically all points on American rivers. - - -FLOOD PREVENTION. - -In the treatment of the flood problem, prevention, by the use of -storage reservoirs, for the purpose of holding back the damaging -part of the flood water, is the rational and comprehensive method, -as it goes to the source of the trouble, and extends its benefits -throughout the entire river valleys, not only in the form of flood -relief, but by improvement of the low-water flow, due to the release -of the impounded flood waters during the dry season. - -Forest cover is beneficial to some extent in retarding the run-off -and in improvement of low-water flow, and the attitude of the Flood -Commission is to support such National and State legislation as -will tend to preserve and increase the present forest cover. The -Commission, however, recommends the use of the storage reservoir -system, supplemented by other means where necessary, for the reason -that such a system could be speedily brought about. The use of -storage reservoirs for flood control is not a new idea in this -country and this method is now successfully employed in European -countries. - -The exhaustive surveys and studies for flood prevention disclosed -the fact that forty-three reservoir sites are available in the -Allegheny and Monongahela drainage basins above Pittsburgh, and -that while not needed for present purposes additional sites are -feasible. The forty-three projects would have a total capacity of -80,500,000,000 cubic feet, would cost $34,000,000, and would control -about sixty-two per cent. of the total drainage area above the -city. After a careful analysis it was found that a less number of -reservoirs was practically as effective, under proper manipulation, -and a selection was made of the most favorable ones, seventeen in -number. These would have a total capacity of 59,500,000,000 cubic -feet, would cost $21,700,000, or about $364 per million cubic feet of -storage capacity, and would control fifty-four per cent. of the total -drainage area. - -As a basis, eleven of the principal floods, occurring within recent -years, were exhaustively studied and it was found that the seventeen -selected reservoir projects would reduce all of them, with one -exception, to below danger line. Investigation showed that a low wall -built at comparatively small cost along a few parts of the low-lying -river fronts could be used in combination with the seventeen -reservoirs to prevent overflow by the highest known floods. This -combination was therefore recommended, the total cost being estimated -at $22,350,000. - -Some of the benefits to be derived by preventative methods and stream -regulation and development, may be summarized as follows: - - 1. Reducing or doing away with floods and flood damages and their - constant menace, thereby encouraging and making possible for present - and future generations full development of affected areas. - - 2. (a) Improving of navigation, by permanently increased stream-flow - in slackwatered rivers, where dry weather flow is frequently - inadequate to furnish desired draft, thus providing uninterrupted - transportation not only for present business but for future demands. - (If the reservoirs were brought up to maximum capacity, that is, - above flood control requirements, the low-water flow of the Ohio, at - Wheeling, ninety miles below Pittsburgh, would be nearly six times - the present minimum, giving an increase in stage of 3.7 feet. One of - the largest floods would have been reduced over thirteen feet.) - - (b) Making possible slack water on certain rivers, worthy of - attention, but now unimproved largely on account of absolute lack of - sufficient water. - - (c) Reducing velocity of current, due to lowering of high stages, - thereby making safer the maneuvering of river craft; reducing - wide fluctuations in water levels, particularly at river ports, - facilitating thereby the handling of cargoes and increasing - clearance under bridges. (Under a certain bridge at Pittsburgh, - investigations show that during the past fifty-three years there - has been an average of fifty-seven days when the ordinary steamboat - could not pass. Had the proposed system of reservoirs been in - operation the water would have been lowered so that there would have - been an average of only three days.) - - (d) By having the great fluctuations reduced, the erosion of the - banks along the bottom lands and at other places would naturally be - considerably lessened. - - 3. Improving sanitary conditions and increasing the quality and - quantity of the supply for municipal and industrial purposes. High - stages leave deposits on banks, becoming a nuisance to health; and - low stages are frequently unable to properly carry away polluted - water stagnating in slack water or natural pools. - - 4. Developing water power, which is feasible under favorable - conditions in connection with reservoir systems for flood prevention. - -I would call attention to the fact that this brief review upon stream -regulation goes far enough to show that so far as damage from floods -is concerned alone, the matter is not only of local but of great -National concern, affecting as it does railroads and manufacturing -interests which supply the Nation. What is true of Pittsburgh is -also true of many other river localities, and it is therefore urged -that the question be looked at in a progressive manner and that -suitable State and National legislation be enacted at the earliest -possible moment to provide not only for full navigation requirements, -but in addition for flood damage and the combination of needs as -outlined in the report of the Flood Commission. It is hoped that this -Congress will lend its powerful co-operation in bringing about the -accomplishment of this great movement which is so necessary to the -public welfare. (Applause.) - - -President PACK—I am sure we are all indebted for this paper, and -to Mr. Lehman for coming from Pittsburgh to present this valuable -subject. - -If there is nothing more before the Congress at this time we will -adjourn until 2:00 o’clock. - - - - -_ELEVENTH SESSION._ - - -The Congress was called to order by Mr. J. B. White, in the Murat -Theater, Indianapolis, at 2:30 o’clock p. m. - - -Chairman WHITE—It is long past the time for our meeting, but we have -not had the last word from Governor Hadley. He wired me night before -last of an accident, and that his physician said it would not do for -him to come yesterday. Last night we had another telegram, saying he -was afraid he could not come, and that we had better not depend on -him. I also received a letter. Then I wired him again, but have no -reply, so it is barely possible that he will be here in time to speak -to us this afternoon. The committee has gone down to meet the 2:50 -train. In his letter, he says: - -“I want to thank you again for your kindness in giving me such a -prominent place upon your program, and were it not for the fact that -I know your meeting will be a complete success with Governor Wilson -alone, it would be an added regret—my inability to be present.” - -I know many of you came expecting to hear Governor Hadley, and he -certainly will give us a splendid address if he comes. He appointed -a commission in the State of Missouri, of which I have the honor of -being a member, and we have had meetings at the Governor’s mansion, -and we are trying to induce the Legislature of Missouri to pass -a good law in favor of Conservation of all natural resources. I -cannot report as to our progress as I would like, so I will not say -anything about what we have done. We know what we are trying to do. - -The newly elected President is not here, and he insists that I take -his place until he comes. We will now listen to “The Story of the -Soil,” from one who has given it great thought and attention. He has -brought about good results that will be of benefit to the farmer and -to every one who lives in the country, and therefore of benefit to -all the citizens of our common country. I have pleasure in presenting -Mr. H. H. Gross, President of the National Soil Fertility League, who -will speak on “The Story of the Soil.” (Applause.) - - -Mr. GROSS—Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I am here representing -what we think is one of the most distinguished organizations of this -country—one devoted to a specific and definite purpose, and that is -to secure the application upon our farms of the best methods of farm -practices. - -In our self-sufficiency we are sometimes disposed to pooh-pooh -science. I have heard farmers say, “What do I care about science? I -know how to farm. I am a practical farmer.” When I hear a man talk -about being a practical farmer, or a practical shoemaker or anything -else, I begin to question his knowledge of the art. Reduced to its -last analysis, science is simply applied common sense. In other -words, to find out the best way of doing anything and then doing it -that way. - -Scientific farming will increase the output per man, per plow, per -mule, per acre, and at the same time it will build up the fertility -of the soil. Unscientific methods will wear it out. Millions upon -millions of acres of land have been wasted by practical farmers in -unscientific farming, by abuse and misuse until the land fails to -yield enough to pay the labor of cultivating them. There are millions -of acres east of Albany that are not worth today one-fourth as much -as they were one hundred years ago. - -The soil is our greatest natural asset. It is God’s best gift to man -outside of Him who came to save us. It is our duty to conserve this -gift as a priceless heritage. In a higher sense the man in whose name -the title stands is not the real owner of the land; it is his to use -during his lifetime and to pass it on to his successor. It is his -paramount duty to turn it over to those that follow him as useful as -when he received it. The land is not his except to use, it is not his -to abuse. The fertile fields were placed here by God Almighty for the -use of humanity for all time and no one has the right to rob the soil -of its power to produce and thereby imperil or destroy the birthright -of succeeding generations. - -Let us look at Europe. They produce two or three times as much as -we do upon the same area, notwithstanding their lands have been a -thousand years longer under the plow than our own. There must be a -reason, and it is that Europe, because of its large population, has -been compelled to adopt intensive farming or go hungry. With us it -has been different up to the present time. A few years ago, some of -we older men can remember the time, when the United States invited -everybody to come in and possess the land. An old song says, “Uncle -Sam is rich enough to give us all a farm.” Since then our population -has increased faster than the farming industry. We are now consuming -ninety per cent. of our wheat and ninety-eight per cent. of our corn. -The population is rapidly overtaking production. In fifty years our -population will be doubled. What shall we do about it? I say to -you this, we must do better farming or the people will go hungry. -A thousand years or so ago Japan and India were at the parting of -the ways—about where we stand today. Japan chose the better part -and conserved the fertility of her soil and by intensive scientific -culture she has fed her people and has demonstrated that a very -small patch of ground indeed is sufficient to support an individual. -This has been shown in this country—that one or two acres, properly -handled, will take care of a small family. Japan acted wisely and -is rich and prosperous today. India neglected her duties and her -opportunity and today there are millions starving there on account of -the lack of foresight of those people who lived thousands of years -ago. Shall we follow Japan or India? There can be but one answer. The -intelligence of the American people, the spirit of the age demands -that we go forward to attain the highest and best and it is our duty -to help to this end. - -Denmark, a generation or two ago, was in poverty and distress, -its people were crowding into the cities. The government saw -something must be done to improve conditions. It wisely decided that -agriculture must be encouraged, so it commenced to teach agriculture -in the schools. It had its agricultural colleges strengthened, it -sent men out among the people as traveling schoolmasters, visiting -one community after another. Agriculture was taught in the schools. -This helped some, but did not solve the problem. Finally they -adopted the plan which we propose to follow, of sending a trained -farm demonstrator into every community and stay there, study local -conditions, meet the farmers right on the soil, and help them to -understand and apply the best methods and get the best results for -the time and effort expended. In two generations it brought Denmark -from poverty to thrift, and today it is the finest agricultural -country in the world. This comes about from carrying the knowledge to -the farm home in the personality of the farm demonstrator who helps -the farmer apply the best methods in practice. - -Wherever the plan has been tried it has succeeded. It is the one plan -that has made good, and in my judgment it is the only one that ever -will. Now, then, what are we going to do about it? The most important -question that has been discussed on this platform during this -Congress is the one under discussion now. It is vital, it touches -every human interest. The question is, shall we build up our soil and -insure the food supply for coming generations, or shall we not? It is -a tremendously important question and one pressing for answer. - -I am glad to say this to you, that the National Soil Fertility League -determined upon a plan, and so far we have had greater success in -carrying it forward than we had any reason to expect. Its plan has -the approval of nearly every agricultural authority in the land. -It awakened a tremendous amount of interest. It shows many people -were thinking in a general way that something ought to be done and -were ready to rally to the support of any definite proposition that -commended itself to their judgment. The National Soil Fertility -League, together with the agricultural college men, drafted what is -known as the Lever bill, the object of which is to provide for the -co-operation of the Federal Government and the several States in -carrying forward this farm demonstration plan. Under this bill the -Federal Government makes an annual appropriation to every State of -$10,000 a year, irrespective of condition; then it makes further -appropriations conditioned upon the States furnishing an equal sum -beginning with $300,000 and increasing to $3,000,000 in ten years. -Except for the $10,000 all the appropriations are prorated among the -States on the basis of rural population. Indiana under this plan -would get $10,000 right off the reel from the fixed appropriation; -it would get $9,400 from the conditional appropriation provided -Indiana should furnish an equal sum. So Indiana would get from the -Federal Government the first year a total of $19,400. This would go -to Purdue University. Next year it would be increased to $28,800 and -would go on up to $104,000 from the general government to the State -College of Agriculture. In order to get this money Indiana would have -to raise $94,000, so that the State would have when the maximum was -reached approximately $200,000 to expend for carrying to the farmers -of Indiana the existing methods of agriculture and carrying to the -farmer’s wife the best they can give her. What a wonderful help this -would be. - -There are three great needs in the open country. One is better -schools. The country schools of today are not worthy of their name. -They fail to meet the requirements of the day and generation. The -next important need is good roads, and the third is scientific -agriculture. Bringing these improvements about will revolutionize -conditions. It will raise agriculture to the first place and the -highest place in the estimation of the people. It will be the -strongest possible magnet to hold the girl and the boy to the farm -home. It will make agriculture more pleasant, more profitable and in -every way a more desirable vocation. - -When I was a boy and went away to school, I entered a class of boys -and we were lined up before the principal and each was asked his -name and his father’s business; one would answer his father was a -banker, another a merchant, another a doctor, a manufacturer, and so -on. When it came to me, I said a farmer. The boys all laughed and I -was obliged to take it. I licked two or three of them afterward to -get my standing on the campus. - -We used to think that anybody could run a farm. A story is told of a -man who had three sons. One was very smart, one was exceedingly good -and one was simple-minded. The father said: “Tom is smart as chain -lightning; I am going to make a lawyer of Tom. William is about the -best boy I ever knew; you can’t get him to go wrong; I am going to -make a preacher of him. But Jack don’t seem to know much of anything, -and I will make a farmer of Jack.” (Laughter.) - -Let me say to you with all possible emphasis that it takes as much -ability to run a farm well as it does to run a bank or a factory, and -much more than it does to run for office. (Laughter.) - -When the Lever bill was introduced in Congress, it passed the -committee and was placed on the calendar and was buried there. The -question was to get that bill on the floor for a vote. Upon inquiry I -found there was only one way to do it in order to get quick action, -and that was to get a petition signed by a majority of the members, -asking that the bill be taken from its position on the calendar and -placed at the head of the list as unfinished business. Mr. Lever -secured the required signatures and the bill was thus advanced to the -position of unfinished business. The leaders of both parties rallied -to its support and the bill finally passed the House by unanimous -vote. It is now before the Senate and we want your help to get it -enacted into law before the holiday season arrives. - -The mind can hardly grasp the benefits that will flow from this -legislation. Let me tell you a little of what scientific farming -means. Dr. Hopkins, of the University of Illinois, and one of the -world’s authorities, just told me that they raised on an average -ninety bushels of corn to the acre, covering a period of six years, -and twenty-three bushels of wheat, average for six years. The Ohio -experiment station on wheat for twenty years showed an average of -about thirty-five bushels, while the average for the whole country -was less than fifteen bushels. Denmark raises forty bushels average, -many fields returning sixty and seventy-five bushels to the acre. We -must do better farming. - -During the ten years from 1900 to 1910 our population increased -twenty-one per cent., our meat supplying animals decreased more than -twenty-five per cent. We have an unparalleled high cost of living, -due to the fact that population is pressing hard upon production. In -short, we have too few producers and too many consumers. Increased -production is not the only thing necessary. It is quite as important -that the farm production shall reach the ultimate consumer from -the farm at less than the present cost. Our marketing system is -cumbersome, unwieldy, wasteful and burdensome. (Applause.) The woman -who orders her supplies over the telephone pays more money and gets -less than the one who goes to market. I had the honor of speaking -before the National Federation of Women’s Clubs at San Francisco -on the first day of July. It was the greatest and most intelligent -audience I ever faced. They were very enthusiastic and were quick -to grasp the points as they were made. This great organization -affiliated itself with the National Soil Fertility League, and when -they did so we felt it brought to us the greatest assistance that -could possibly come. I know of no organization of wider influence -than the Women’s Clubs of America. I have heard it said, if you want -to get anything done to get a woman after it. (Applause.) - -We must re-direct our agriculture; we must raise our meat upon the -farms. The ranges are gone. The silo, alfalfa and scientific methods -make it possible for the farmer to carry at least twice as much stock -upon his farm as he thinks he can carry. In the silo the feed is kept -practically green and juicy. You get forty per cent. more out of your -corn by putting it through the silo than by handling it in the old -way. There is no reason why the cost of producing meat may not be -reduced practically one-half. The farmer has given and is giving too -much thought to how much he can get for what he raises. It is equally -important that he raise more. If he wants 2,400 bushels of corn, it -is better to raise it on forty acres with a yield of sixty bushels -than to raise it on sixty acres with a yield of forty bushels. - -Our plan is to bring home to the farmer the best method that has been -determined by the agricultural college and experiment station. We -want to get the best results from year to year and at the same time -build up the soil. This can be done and this is scientific farming. -This is what the whole world needs. The colleges of agriculture and -experiment stations have gathered a vast fund of knowledge, and if -this were put into practical operation it would double the yield of -our farms within a few years and give us a large surplus for export -and bring money into the country. We would get richer and richer -as the years go by. We would largely supply the world with food. -Our position in the councils of nations would be paramount. When -it comes to the question of peace or war, the country that has the -money and the bread basket is ten times more potent than the nation -that only has back of it battleships and armies. (Applause.) So I -wish to emphasize that the success of this country rests primarily -upon the scientific farming of our fields. Let us remember that no -country ever became great and remained so that could not furnish its -people with an ample food supply at a moderate cost. To that end we -are securing legislation that will put the plan in operation. The -Lever measure is a simple one, it creates no new administrative -machinery; it simply carries to the farmer and puts to work the -information and knowledge that the States and Federal Government have -been gathering for fifty years. This whole matter may be likened to a -great irrigating system. The United States Department of Agriculture -is a dam, it has been gathering and has stored up the knowledge—the -water. The colleges of agriculture are the main channels for reaching -the various parts of the country; but so long as the water is back -of the dam it is doing no good; so long as it remains in the main -channels it is accomplishing nothing. What is needed is to get the -water to the grass roots, or, in other words, our purpose is to get -the information to the actual farmer—the man behind the plow. - -Fifty years ago Horace Greeley said, “Go West, young man, and grow -up with the country.” If he were here today he would say go South -and East, for that is the land of opportunity. In my judgment this -Congress ought to meet next year somewhere in the South. That part of -the land is entitled to recognition, and you will get a welcome such -as you never had before. - -In conclusion, I wish to urge that you give us every possible -support. We need it. It will help you and it will help us. Let us all -work together for reviving agriculture. (Applause.) - - -(A woman in the audience): “Is it true that Congress is investigating -this silo business and under the pure food law is it to be condemned? -Also, what must we do in Indiana to cultivate alfalfa?” - - -Mr. GROSS—I have not heard anything about the Federal Government -condemning silo, and I do not expect to. Inoculate your soil for -alfalfa. You had better take this matter up with your people at -Purdue. Ask them what to do. They will send you all the information -necessary. They will examine into conditions and tell you just what -to do. The most valuable crop today, outside of wheat and corn, is -alfalfa. (Applause.) - - -Chairman WHITE—I have been handed a communication, and I wish to say -for the benefit of the gentleman who sent it to the chair that it -will be referred to the Executive Committee, which takes up matters -of this kind. This is the communication: - -“You are requested to make a motion that this organization take steps -toward publishing a monthly, or quarterly, magazine, to be known -as the National Conservation Magazine. If the society is unable to -finance it, there is little doubt that the Carnegie Institute or the -Sage Foundation would back it.” - - -Chairman WHITE—I will now introduce a gentleman who will tell you -“The Story of the Air,” Prof. Willis L. Moore, of Washington, Chief -of the United States Weather Bureau. (Applause.) - -Mr. MOORE—Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: I have been trying to -reason out why the management put me at the end of the program, and -I have concluded that they had an idea that along about this time in -the proceedings they would need to have some one take the platform -that had supervision over atmospheric air of abnormal temperature. - -Now, why should one wish to conserve the atmosphere? I shall try to -show you that that is one of the assets of this continent, and, I am -afraid, almost the only one, that cannot be monopolized. (Applause.) -And you will be surprised, and probably doubt my statement when I -say that, with all due respect to the matter of conservation of -our wonderful mineral deposits, the controlling of the flow of -our streams, the preservation of our great forests—all of them -important—we have in the atmosphere one of our greatest assets, if -not the greatest asset of our continent. Humboldt has said that “Man -is a product of soil and climate. He is brother to the trees, the -rock and the animals.” All true, but still I would slightly modify -that and say that man is largely a product of climate. For it is the -action of rainfall, flood and temperature changes that makes soil. - -I shall try to show you that it is climatic conditions that produce -this wonderful, this powerful, this resourceful composite man called -the American. - -I am to speak on “The Story of the Air,” but before I elucidate any -further, let me give you a little picture of this wonderful ocean, on -the bottom of which you live. - -In the turbulent stratum in which we live we have vortices in the -atmosphere which cause weather. Weather is the result of the motions -of air; it is the result of the dynamic heating and cooling of -ascending and descending currents of air. If it were not for these -vortices cooling the air and heating it, you would have precisely the -same temperature on any day of one year as you would have on the same -day in another year. You would not have one first day of June warmer -than the first day of July, or the first day of December colder than -the first day of January. - -To demonstrate my first proposition that we have a great asset in -the climate of the United States, I call your attention to some of -the conditions in Europe. Their great mountain ranges trend east and -west; ours trend north and south. Cyclonic storms originate largely -from conflict of equatorial and polar currents coming together. -The currents of air come together in the lower stratum. In Europe -the great mountain ranges prevent that conflict; but not so here, -with our mountain ranges running north and south. Here is the great -meteorological theater of the world, the region of conflict. What is -the result? A people powerful physically and resourceful mentally. -An actual air is pure and invigorating. - -Now, I just have a thought that may not be germane, but it is upon -my mind. I remember some years ago I wrote a report that dealt with -the relations of forests and floods. Although from the inception of -this movement I have been heart and soul with the people back of it, -still because I do not agree with some of my friends on forestry, on -the effect of forests on the flow of streams, I was classified as an -enemy of the cause. I wish to say that it is a mistake to bring a -fallacious reasoning to any good doctrine. I believe it is a positive -injury to attempt to sustain truth by falsehood. I do not mean that -anybody is wilfully untruthful—no, simply mistaken. There are so many -reasons why we should conserve and protect, why we should use wisely -our great forest areas, that there is no need to bring to the support -of that great project anything like a reason that can be successfully -attacked and refuted. I am satisfied, and as time goes on and other -investigators come along and go over my data, I am thoroughly well -convinced that the forests do not exert a great controlling influence -over floods. I am satisfied that the percentage of floods has not -increased for the past forty years. When we remove one vegetable -covering like the forests, if we go on and plant wheat, or corn, or -grass, we simply exchange one form of vegetable covering for another. -If we cut the forests away and leave them, they will at once begin -the process of reforestation, and within a few weeks the ground is -shaded. If you grub out the roots and stumps and plow, you change one -form of vegetable covering for another, and the history of the United -States, as well as of the world, does not bear out the statement -that the floods have increased with the disappearing of the forests; -nor has it been shown that any part of the world has been materially -changed in its climatic conditions as a result of civilization or the -coming of man. But that is no reason why the forests should not be -protected and a wise use made of them. - -Let us get down to facts. Just so long as the Gulf of Mexico lies -down there on the south, and the great Atlantic remains on the east, -just so long rainfall in the United States will be as voluminous on -the great cereal plains as it was when the first white man set foot -on the continent, and in its movement back to the sea the permeable, -cultivated soil of the unforested acres will doubtless as well -conserve and restrict its flow as the forests. We have over-estimated -the effect of the little scratchings upon the earth’s surface by -the activities of man. The coming civilization of the great West -is immaterial in causing an increase in rainfall. When you stop to -consider the enormous volume of the atmosphere above the surface, -whose vaporous contents must be materially changed and the thermal -conditions altered before you can detract from the rainfall, you -will realize how absurd are some popular theories. I do not agree. -I radically differ from some of my contemporaries in the Department -of Agriculture—but people may differ and still be friends. They may -differ in regard to the details of a great movement and still not be -inimical to its best interests. The man who differs and brings forth -the truth is the best friend of the movement, because nothing can -stand long that is not predicated on truth. - -I am glad to see that in this movement your managers have brought -together so many independent lines of human activity. This great -movement is only at its inception. I predict that this Conservation -Congress will be one of the most potent factors in the Nation for the -developing and awakening of the people. You are willing now to have a -free forum, to have free discussion by those of differing opinions. -And at this time, Mr. President, when there is such great conflict -among the forces that make for civilization, we must not only protect -ourselves morally and mentally, we must with equal earnestness -attempt to conserve and protect the human individual. He is the -greatest asset we can have, after all. (Applause.) - -A fair wage scale and reasonable hours of labor have done as much -to elevate the American citizen and furnish the ties that bind him -to home and State as have all the libraries and universities in the -land, and I say this without any disparagement of these magnificent -institutions for public good. But if you stop to think for a moment, -the library can only be used by those who have a reasonable leisure -to enjoy it; colleges have closed doors for those who do not receive -something more than a living wage. The welfare of this Nation depends -not on the accumulation of great wealth in the future; not upon the -palaces on Fifth avenue or the villas at Newport. It depends upon -the cultivation—upon the high average intelligence and prosperity -of those who actually do the Nation’s work, whether they labor with -brains or with brawn. (Applause.) And right here let me say to you -people who are considering these great problems, that we want brawn -developed by working hours that shall not warp and distort the image -of God; and we want technical and scientific teaching that shall -be as free to the sons and daughters of those who work as to these -who have their way paid to college. (Applause.) We must lift from -the bottom in any great movement; no movement gets very far that is -worked from the top down. - -So I am glad to see this movement bringing into its counsels those -who are affiliated with the great labor movements of organized labor. -My sympathies go out to the man who works with his hands, as well as -to the man who works with his brain. I thank you. (Applause.) - - -Chairman WHITE—Professor Moore stated he did not know why he was put -down at the last end of the program. Perhaps it is not necessary to -remind him that there is an old saying that the best of the wine -is reserved for the last of the feast. (Applause.) But where all is -good, and where all is best, as has been the case with the program of -this Fourth National Conservation Congress, there can be no choice. -And again I am going to remind this audience that this Congress is -going to prepare a book containing every bit of the proceedings -of this meeting, and it will be one of the best publications of -proceedings that has been presented by any congress in the land, and -I want to impress upon you, delegates and visitors alike, to leave a -dollar for a copy of these proceedings. - -While we are waiting for a final word from Governor Hadley, I -will call upon Mr. Walter H. Page, Chairman of the Committee on -Resolutions, who will present the report of that committee, which I -hope will be enthusiastically adopted. - -Mr. Page read the resolutions (which will be found in full at the -beginning of this volume), and moved their adoption. - -The motion was seconded, put and carried. - - -Mr. JOHN B. HAMMOND (Des Moines, Iowa)—I have a resolution to -present. It was referred to the Resolutions Committee, but somehow it -was lost in the shuffle. - - -Mr. PAGE—It was referred to one of the sub-committees, and, -presumably, was not accepted by the sub-committee. It was not -reported to the full committee. - - -Chairman WHITE—If there is no objection, it may be presented to this -body. - - -Mr. HAMMOND— - - Whereas, The protection of womanhood and childhood is the heart and - center of the Conservation of “Vital Resources;” and, whereas, forty - states of the Union have prohibited the maintenance of houses of - prostitution, the market places of the white slave traffic and the - centers for the dissemination of the most dangerous and revolting - diseases; and, whereas, the city administrations of many of the - larger cities, in defiance of state law, have set apart districts - where the crime of prostitution is tolerated and protected; - - Therefore, be it resolved that we condemn such policy of segregation - by city officials as contrary to sound public policy and - indefensible in morals, and recommend the absolute suppression of - the social evil in all its phases. - -I move the adoption of the resolution, Mr. Chairman. - -The motion was seconded, put, and carried. - - -Chairman WHITE—We will pass to the next order—the presentation of -invitations from the cities desiring the next Congress. This is -the usual way. These invitations are not acted upon, because the -Executive Committee will take three or four months to consider -everything and compare the different cities, looking to the welfare -of the next Congress. Mr. Don Carlos Ellis, of Knoxville, Tenn., I -believe has something to say. - - -Mr. ELLIS—Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: There is to be held -in the city of Knoxville, in September and October of next year, -the National Conservation Exposition. Its purpose and nature are -precisely parallel with those of this Congress—for the promotion of -the development, wise use and conservation of all of the natural -resources of this Nation. The Exposition is of national scope, but -is to have special reference to the Southern States. There are to be -buildings set aside for each one of the five divisions of our natural -resources—forests, minerals, soils, waters and vital resources. In -these buildings are to be shown, by example, as this Congress has -shown by precept, the various results accomplished by Conservation -by the Federal Government, the State governments and by private -individuals, and the possibilities of Conservation in the future. - -The Exposition originated in Washington last February, when a number -of the leading spirits of Conservation met in that city and there -was formed an Advisory Board composed of the gentlemen whose names I -desire to read to you: - - Gifford Pinchot, President National Conservation Association, - Chairman; Don Carlos Ellis, in charge Educational Co-operation, - United States Forest Service, Secretary; Philander P. Claxton, - United States Commissioner of Education; Miss Julia C. Lathrop, - Chief of the Children’s Bureau, United States Department of Commerce - and Labor; Dr. Harvey W. Wiley, Director of the Bureau of Foods, - Sanitation, and Health, of Good Housekeeping Magazine; W. J. McGee, - Soil Water Expert, United States Department of Agriculture; Senator - Duncan U. Fletcher of Florida, President Southern Commercial - Congress; Logan W. Page, Director United States Office of Public - Roads; Bradford Knapp, in charge Farmers Co-operative Demonstration - Work, United States Department of Agriculture; Jos. A. Holmes, - Director United Bureau of Mines; Representative Joseph E. Ransdell - of Louisiana, President National Rivers and Harbors Congress; - Senator Luke Lea of Tennessee; Charles S. Barrett, President - Farmers’ Educational and Co-operative Union. - -These various members of the Advisory Board are to represent, in -the formation of plans for the Exposition, the various departments -of Conservation in which they are acknowledged leaders. They have -instructed me, as Secretary of this Advisory Board, to read to the -delegates the following letters: - - September 23, 1912. - - To the Delegates of the Fourth National Conservation Congress, - Indianapolis, Indiana: - - We, the undersigned members of the Advisory Board of the National - Conservation Exposition, take this means of laying before you - an outline of the plans and purposes of the Exposition and of - respectfully recommending the adoption of the resolutions which - will be introduced at this Congress endorsing the National - Conservation Exposition. - - This Exposition is to be held at Knoxville, Tennessee, in September - and October of 1913. It is an outgrowth of the Appalachian - Exposition, which has been held at Knoxville for the past two - years. Knoxville was chosen as the location of the National - Conservation Exposition because the Southern States are in great - need of education concerning the proper handling of their great - natural wealth; because Knoxville, while in the South, is readily - accessible to the entire East; because the State in which it lies is - in the transition zone between North and South and has more States - bordering upon it than any other State in the Nation, and all the - bordering States are southern; because the city is in the center - of the region where the National Government is establishing new - National Forests and carrying on other lines of work in Conservation - to a greater extent than in any other region; and because of the - city’s preparedness in being willing to turn over to the National - Conservation Exposition Company the excellent buildings and grounds - which had been acquired for the Appalachian Exposition Company - and to raise sufficient additional capital besides. A bill has - been introduced in Congress providing for a government building - and exhibit at the Exposition, and the Committee to which it was - referred has given assurances of a favorable report for a quarter of - a million dollars. - - The purpose of the Appalachian Exposition was to aid in the - development of the Southern Appalachian Region. The new Exposition - is a national, not a local project. Its work is to promote the - preservation and development of the different forms of natural - wealth of the entire country. Its special field, however, is to - be the Southern States. The Exposition comes at a time when these - States are in the midst of a great awakening. It is to be devoted - in an especial manner to assist in this awakening and in directing - the course of this awakening toward genuine, permanent progress and - highest efficiency. The purposes are parallel with the magnificent - undertakings of the National Conservation Congress. The means only - are different. To every part of the Nation the Congress is sending - its message. The Exposition invites the people of the Nation to view - the tangible results and possibilities of Conservation on display. - All fields of the Conservation work will be represented, forests, - waters, lands, minerals, fish and game, and human efficiency - including health, child welfare, education, home economics, good - roads, and country life improvement. The Exposition is to be held at - a time when special efforts are to be made by such agencies as the - southern railroads and the Southern Commercial Congress to direct - the tide of passenger traffic through the South. During the same - period the city of Mobile, Alabama, is to entertain the Fifth Annual - Convention of the Southern Commercial Congress and to hold its - celebration of the opening of the Panama Canal, and plans are being - made to direct southern travelers of those two months through both - Mobile and Knoxville. - - Expositions of the past have been commemorative and historical. - They have celebrated and glorified past achievements. The field - of the new Exposition is the future. It is to tell the progress - which we are to make in the coming years, which we are to enjoy - ourselves and to hand down to our children. It will be prophetic of - the development which is to come and of the permanent enrichment of - the country and its people. In the words of the late and beloved - Dr. W. J. McGee, “The change thus wrought in the exposition idea - is fundamental; the old exposition looked backward, the new looks - forward; the old exposition was solely material, the new is - essentially moral; the old was a proud boast of achievement, the - new a signpost to progress and an assurance of perpetuity. The - expositions of the past were as songs of achievement at the end - of a good day’s work, the new may well be as living and tangible - promises of a still more glorious tomorrow foreordained by the wise - action of today.” - - GIFFORD PINCHOT, Chairman. - JOSEPH A. HOLMES. - PHILANDER P. CLAXTON. - JULIA C. LATHROP. - CHARLES S. BARRETT. - DUNCAN U. FLETCHER. - HARVEY W. WILEY. - BRADFORD KNAPP. - LUKE LEA. - JOSEPH E. RANSDELL. - MRS. ABEL. - DON CARLOS ELLIS, Secretary. - -Mr. Chairman, Knoxville has empowered me to invite to that city, -to the Exposition, the fifth meeting of the National Conservation -Congress. The National Conservation Congress belongs to the whole -Nation, and the Nation is proud of it. For the past four years, since -its birth, it has held its meetings in the North and Northwest. The -South needs the Congress, particularly at this time, when it is in -a phase of its great industrial awakening, and it earnestly urges -that the Congress come within its bounds next year. If it should -come South next year, there is certainly no more fitting place for -its sessions than in that city which has done so much by its own -energies and industries for Conservation as has Knoxville. It will be -centering in Knoxville in that year and at that time all the forces -working for Conservation throughout the United States. Knoxville is -a smaller city than others in the South where the Congress might be -held, but it is a city of between seventy and eighty thousand people. -It has five excellent hotels. Two main railroads run through, and it -has shown its ability to handle large crowds of people by the way it -has taken care of the Appalachian Exposition for two years, with an -average of twelve thousand visitors a day. - -The Exposition is moving along parallel lines with the Congress, and -it is in a way an offspring of the efforts of this Congress. It has -taken up the ideas that have been promulgated by this Congress, and -is going to apply them by showing at Knoxville the tangible, visible -results of Conservation. The people in that section of country are in -great need of instruction along these lines. - -The plant already established for this other exposition is valued at -between one-half and one million dollars. Already several buildings -have been erected, and all this has been turned over to the new -Exposition as a foundation. - -I have letters with me from the various commercial bodies of the -city, and this has been also heartily endorsed by the Governor of the -State. - -In conclusion, I wish to offer a resolution made by the Advisory -Board: - - Whereas, It is the sense of the Fourth National Conservation - Congress, assembled at Indianapolis, Indiana, October 1 to 4, 1912, - that the National Conservation Exposition, to be held at Knoxville, - Tennessee, in September and October, 1913, will be a strong factor - in the advancement of the Conservation and wise use of the national - resources of this Nation, and particularly of the Southern States; - and - - Whereas, It is, further, the sense of this Congress that education - in the care of natural resources is particularly needed in the - Southern States, where the resources are of great value and their - development in a period of a great awakening, but their Conservation - at a low ebb; therefore, be it - - Resolved, That the National Conservation Congress hereby signifies - its gratification that the National Conservation Exposition is to - take place, and its earnest hope that all persons and institutions - interested in the Conversation of any of our natural resources will - give to the Exposition their cordial support and co-operation. - -I move the adoption of this resolution. - - -Hon. R. M. AUSTIN, Congressman from Tennessee—I wish to second -this as a citizen of that progressive city, and I wish to join in -the invitation extended by Mr. Ellis, not only to the delegates to -this National Conservation Congress, but also to the citizens of -this great capital city of Indiana. I hope this invitation will be -accepted and this resolution just read will be passed. We will be -happy to see you all when you come to sunny Tennessee, away up in -the mountains, and this little city of ours of about eighty thousand -people, which nestles at the foot of the Great Smoky Mountain. We -will show you the richest mineral and timber section in all the -Union. There are ten counties in this Congressional District. Five -have coal, six iron, six marble, five zinc, two copper, and the -largest amount of hardwood timber now existing on the American -continent. It is an ideal location, not only for a Conservation -Exposition, but an ideal place for a meeting of this great and useful -organization, the National Conservation Congress of America, and we -hope you will all come. - -Mr. Chairman, we do not intend to open the doors of the Exposition -until we know that Captain White, of Kansas City, answers “Present.” -(Applause.) - -I wish, while I am on my feet, to commend the very excellent report -from the Committee on Resolutions submitted by the able editor of -“The World’s Work,” Mr. Page, and to say that so long as I am a -representative in Congress I shall, by my influence, do all that -I can to carry out the principles set forth in these resolutions. -(Applause.) - -The motion on Mr. Ellis’ resolution was put and carried. - - -Mr. A. M. LOOMIS (New York)—I wish, very briefly, to read the action -of the New York State delegation, adopted possibly before this matter -of the Knoxville Exposition had become known. - - The New York delegation at this, the Fourth National Conservation - Congress, wishes to go on record in favor of asking the delegates - to this great body to hold the next annual meeting in the East,—to - be more explicit, in New York State. There is an urgent reason why - the work of the Congress at a point nearer the great centers of - the business and wealth of the country, and in the section of the - more crowded population would have wider effectiveness, and greater - force along lines of practical understanding of its work, and needed - legislation in favor of the great reforms for which it stands. - - One point in New York State stands out in particular as the ideal - place for this Congress to gather, namely Chautauqua, the home - of the great Chautauqua Institution, on the shores of beautiful - Chautauqua Lake. At this point, in a little city in the woods, - are ample accommodations both for meeting places, exhibits, and - housing for a gathering of five thousand people. The Assembly houses - more than double that number for ten weeks each summer and has an - auditorium hardly excelled in America, seating more than eight - thousand people, as well as many other halls and buildings for - meeting places and exhibits. - - This institution stands for all that the highest aims of this - Congress point to, in education, morality, and direction of human - effort. Its reputation is world wide, and its home offers an ideal - meeting place for the Conservationists, ideal in that for which - the two institutions stand, and ideal in location, accommodations, - railroad facilities and the economy with which a great meeting of - this kind could be conducted there. - - The New York delegation unites in inviting the Congress to choose - Chautauqua, New York, as the place of its next meeting. - - -Chairman WHITE—The chair, in behalf of the delegates, wishes to thank -the representatives from New York who have invited us to Chautauqua, -as well as the representatives from Tennessee for inviting us to -Knoxville. This subject will be referred to the Executive Committee, -who will, in their wisdom, consider it all as it may relate to the -best success of our cause. - -Is there anything more to be presented at this convention? If not, -the chair will state that the Fourth National Conservation Congress -is now about to pass into history. Tomorrow will be the beginning -of a new Congress—the Fifth Annual Congress, with the new President -and new officers in some respects—but with a great many of the old -ones, too—and we hope that all who are here will be present at the -next Congress, the Fifth National Conservation Congress, wherever it -may be held. And in the meantime the work will go on. It will begin -tomorrow and continue throughout the year. Everywhere any delegate -has influence, the cause will be heard and will be advanced. - -The Chair wishes to thank this Congress and its delegates for the -kind consideration given him while he has been presiding, and for -the support he has received from every one. We now stand adjourned, -subject to the call of the Executive Committee. (Applause.) - - - - -SUPPLEMENTARY PROCEEDINGS. - - -_FORESTRY SECTION._ - -Delegates specially interested in Forestry held section meetings in -the Turkish Room of the Claypool Hotel throughout the sessions of -the Fourth National Conservation Congress. The Standing Committee on -Forestry consisted of Prof. Henry S. Graves, Chairman; J. B. White, -Major E. G. Griggs, George K. Smith, William Irvine and E. T. Allen. -Chairman Graves, being unavoidably absent, delegated Mr. Allen to -arrange meeting facilities and represent him in an effort to further -the progress of forestry at the Congress. - -The first session of the Forestry Section was held on the evening of -October 1, with about twenty-five foresters and lumbermen present. -(At later sessions the attendance increased to forty.) - -Mr. Allen, acting as Chairman, announced that Professor Graves had -suggested that such preliminary meeting be called to determine, -first, if a section meeting on Forestry should be conducted, and if -so, the lines it should follow. Mr. Allen suggested the probable -advantage of formulating plans for more systematic forestry work at -future Congresses, and of utilizing the opportunity thus afforded -to exchange experiences and ideas on legislation, forest protection -and educational work. The meeting concurred in this suggestion and -determined to hold a series of meetings on Forestry at this Congress. - - -_Second Session—10 a. m., October 2._ - -Mr. E. T. Allen called the meeting to order, and Mr. D. Page Simons, -of California, was chosen secretary. The chair then presented a -tentative program for ensuing sessions covering publicity work, -co-operation in forest protection, needed forest legislation, and -organization for future Congresses. He described the educational work -conducted by the Western Forestry and Conservation Association, and -read a communication from Professor Graves, United States Forester, -emphasizing the need of a propaganda for more adequate and uniform -State forest legislation. - -Mr. T. B. Wyman, of Michigan, representing the Northern Forest -Protective Association, then described the co-operative effort by -Michigan lumbermen covering a territory of seven and one-half million -acres. He told how they had been enabled to maintain a patrol service -and that their association had made a careful study of fire causes. -In the campaign of public education, he said, they had utilized -modern advertising methods. - -Major E. G. Griggs, of Washington, President of the National Lumber -Manufacturers’ Association, pointed out the necessity of united -effort in a campaign of education which would bring about a better -understanding, on the part of the public, of all phases of forest -industry. He emphasized the need of continuous effort throughout -the year, and said that he believed there should be some national -frame-work or organization which would unite the foresters and -lumbermen for such continuous and concerted action. Major Griggs also -praised the work of the United States Forest Service. - -Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack, of New Jersey, concurred in Major Griggs’ -suggestion and said that he believed the Conservation Congress, -meeting annually, illustrated the need of a Committee on Forestry, -which would be active throughout the year. He said that he believed -that other features of the Congress had been much better advertised -and organized and that he hoped that before another year the work of -the Forestry Committee, particularly, would be on a systematic basis -with the necessary funds to carry forward its work. - -Chairman Allen pointed out the need of local publicity as was -illustrated by the difficulties experienced in obtaining adequate -State legislation. - -Mr. I. C. Williams, of Pennsylvania, Deputy State Forest -Commissioner, said that taxation and not fire protection was the -big forestry problem in Pennsylvania. He said that a campaign of -publicity for a yield tax measure had been unsuccessful owing to a -lack of organization among the friends of the measure to back up the -publicity. - -Dr. Henry S. Drinker, of Pennsylvania, President of Lehigh -University, reported the distribution of a million circulars on -forest protection, modeled on those issued by the Western Forestry -and Conservation Association. He also endorsed the yield tax -principle. - -Mr. E. A. Sterling, of Pennsylvania, emphasized the importance of -conducting a systematic campaign of publicity which would bring out -definite facts. Competent committees, he said, should be in charge of -such work so that the publicity would be in effective form and carry -weight. - -Hon. John M. Woods, Mayor of Somerville, Mass., suggested the -danger of relying too much on education and not enough on practical -politics. In his judgment, forest legislation could best be furthered -by interesting the Governor and the Legislature. - -Mr. Henry E. Hardtner, of Louisiana, told of the forest laws of that -State and of his effort to secure reforestation. - -Prof. F. W. Rane, State Forester of Massachusetts, said that results -are a question of enterprising organization and that more system and -effective committee work will bring better results. - -Col. W. R. Brown, representing the New Hampshire Forestry -Commission, said that he believed the American Forestry Association -offered facilities for the work under discussion and that means for -utilizing them could be devised. - -Mr. F. A. Elliott, State Forester of Oregon, then outlined western -problems which he showed were peculiarly difficult because of a -lack of forest appreciation in a new country. He testified to the -efficiency of advertising propaganda to reduce fire carelessness. - -Mr. Hugh P. Baker, of New York, said that the Empire State went on -the principle that people had to be shown and that, therefore, they -were making a feature of demonstration forests and of assisting -individual owners. - -Mr. P. S. Ridsdale, of Washington, D. C., Secretary of the American -Forestry Association, then told of the educational policy of that -organization, and said that its magazine was devoting special -attention to all practical matters of interest to lumbermen. - -After some further discussion along the line of desirable committee -action the Chair was instructed, by motion, duly seconded and -carried, to appoint two committees, each of which he should be ex -officio chairman, as follows: A committee of five on permanent -organization, and one of three to represent the Forestry Section in -a conference with the American Forestry Association and the officers -of the Fifth National Conservation Congress. It was also agreed to -appoint a Committee on Resolutions. These committees were appointed, -as follows: - -Co-operation with Other Agencies—E. T. Allen, chairman; H. S. Graves, -and J. B. White. - -Permanent Organization—E. T. Allen, Chairman; F. A. Elliott, Don -Carlos Ellis, T. B. Wyman, and F. W. Rane. - -Resolutions—Dr. Henry S. Drinker, chairman; F. W. Besley, D. P. -Simons, P. S. Ridsdale, and H. E. Hardtner. - - -_Third Session—2:40 p. m., October 2._ - -Co-operative Forest Protection was announced for the topic for -discussion. - -Mr. Hardtner told of the success of the Louisiana lumber associations -in securing legislation. - -Mr. Wyman told of the co-operative patrol of the Northern Forest -Protective Association, in Michigan, and described briefly their -methods and the fire fighting equipment. - -Mr. Brown explained the methods of the New Hampshire Timberland -Owners’ Association. There are four district chiefs, each in charge -of a patrol system. They utilize all modern devices, such as -telephones, lookouts, tool depots, etc. They have reduced the fire -damage one-half at a cost of seven-tenths of one per cent. of the -values protected. Mr. Brown urged that the adjoining States should -co-operate along boundaries. - -Mr. Elliott told of the progress being made in Oregon under their new -law providing for syndicate co-operative patrol maintained jointly by -the Federal and State governments, the counties and lumbermen. - -Mr. N. P. Wheeler told of the fight against forest fires by -Pennsylvania lumbermen. - -Mr. D. P. Simons described the organization of the Washington Forest -Fire Association, which maintains over a hundred patrolmen and -protects nearly five million acres. This association also has been -very successful in publicity and legislative work. - -The report of the Committee on Resolutions was then presented, -discussed by sections and adopted. (See resolutions of Fourth -National Conservation Congress—Forests.) - - -_Fourth Session—8:25 p. m., October 3._ - -Chairman Allen reported that the Committee on Resolutions of the -Conservation Congress, of which he was Secretary, had endorsed the -resolutions presented by the Forestry Section. - -Chairman Allen then read the following report from the Section -Committee on Permanent Organization: - - Your committee believes that the consensus of opinion of the - lumbermen and foresters assembled at the invitation of the forestry - committee of the Fourth National Conservation Congress is about as - follows: - - 1. That the Congress has not so far included satisfactory facilities - for securing for forest matters the attention they deserve at such a - meeting. - - 2. That the facilities to be desired should provide for two main - activities: - - (a) The general discussion of forest Conservation needed to bring - its importance properly before the public. - - (b) The meeting for mutual help, in practical constructive detailed - work of the men actually engaged in organized forest work. - -3. That unless there is early assurance of such facilities hereafter, -the Congress’ support from forest interests is in danger. - -4. That private, state and federal forest interests are anxious to -support the Congress and in turn to receive all benefit to be derived -from it. - -5. That what is clearly needed is a greater recognition of forestry -upon its general program and arrangement for sectional forest work -outside the general meeting, both to be carefully planned in advance -so as to be practical, effective and without lost time. - -6. That probably similar steps should be taken to provide for other -branches of Conservation work, so that all may unite in perpetuating -the usefulness of the Congress. - -7. That the duty of your committee is to bring about the things -outlined above, or at least to suggest some means of doing so. - -After careful consideration of what these seven points involve, -your committee feels that the very fact that inadequacy in the past -has prevented as wide an attendance as desirable, prevents us from -conferring at this time as fully with all agencies involved as would -be sure to get the best result, and that in particular we are at -a great disadvantage in being unable to confer with the executive -officers of the 1913 Congress not yet chosen. - -For these reasons we recommend as our very best judgment that this -meeting correct us as far as may be necessary in stating its beliefs -and desires and then leave working out the detail until we can -offer the executive officials of the next Congress the courtesy of -consulting with them, with the understanding, however, that there -shall be no negligence or unnecessary delay and that long before the -next Congress all these matters shall be arranged in detail and given -the necessary publicity. - -Your committee consequently recommends further either that it be -given instructions to act as suggested, or that it be discharged -and the duties outlined be added to those of the committee of three -already appointed to discuss similar questions. We believe that a -faithful attempt to work the matter out in this way will be more -satisfactory than trying to settle matters at this session. There is -ample time if we do not waste it, and less danger of error. - -The report was adopted, following the suggestion that the Committee -on Permanent Organization be discharged and its duties imposed upon -the permanent co-operative committee, including E. T. Allen, Prof. H. -S. Graves and J. B. White. - -Mr. Allen, being called out to assist in revising the resolutions -of the general Congress, asked Mr. Sterling to take the chair, and -suggested the reading of a paper sent by Chief Forester Graves, -outlining the policy of the Forest Service. - -Mr. Graves’ paper (appearing elsewhere in the proceedings of the -Congress) was animatedly discussed, the meeting without dissenting -voice approving the Forest Service policy and deploring any attempt -to restrict its operation. Short talks urging its support by all -forest interests, State and private, including the Conservation -Congress, were made by Z. D. Scott, Minnesota; F. A. Elliott and -H. D. Langille, Oregon, and W. H. Shippen, Georgia. A resolution -was passed emphasizing the meeting’s endorsement of the resolutions -commending the Forest Service then before the general Congress (and -adopted the following day). - -Mr. Langille spoke particularly against the turning over of the -National forests to State control and Mr. Shippen of the necessity of -Federal control of interstate watersheds. - -A discussion of State legislation followed. Mr. Scott described the -effort of Minnesota under its new law. Leonard Bronson, Washington, -outlined the trend of attempted tax reform, dwelling particularly -upon the yield tax system proposed by Professor Fairchild of -Yale University, and urged concerted, harmonious effort by all -forest States. Dr. Drinker and Mr. Wheeler reviewed the proposed -Pennsylvania law for a nominal land tax and a yield tax from which -counties are to be reimbursed for taxes lost during growing period. - -Upon motion of Mr. I. C. Williams, Pennsylvania, the meeting went on -record as considering tax reform to promote reforestation and better -forest management, the most important problem and the one most in -need of study and legislation of any before the forest interests of -the United States today. - -The Forestry Section of the Fourth National Conservation Congress -then adjourned, leaving plans for more effective work in 1913 in the -hands of the committee of three previously mentioned. - - -REGISTER FORESTRY SECTION MEETING. - - E. T. Allen, Western Forestry and Conservation Association, - Portland, Oregon. - - Wm. G. Atwood, Chief Engineer L. E. & W. R. R. Representing American - Railway Engineers’ Association, Indianapolis, Ind. - - Hugh P. Baker, New York State College of Forestry, Syracuse, N. Y. - - W. E. Barns, Missouri Forest Service, St. Louis, Mo. - - F. W. Besley, State Forester, Baltimore, Md. - - F. H. Billard, Forester, New Hampshire Timberland Owners - Association, Berlin, N. H. - - Leonard Bronson, Manager National Lumber Manufacturers’ Association, - Chicago, Ill. - - W. R. Brown, President New Hampshire Forestry Commission, New - Hampshire Timberland Owners’ Association, Berlin, N. H. - - L. S. Case, Weyerhaeuser & Company, St. Paul, Minn. - - W. C. Darms, Wisconsin Forest Commission, Wisconsin. - - Chas. C. Deam, Secretary Indiana Board of Forestry, Indianapolis, - Ind. - - Henry S. Drinker, Lehigh University, South Bethlehem, Pa. - - F. A. Elliott, State Forester, Salem, Oregon. - - E. G. Griggs, West Coast Lumber Manufacturers’ Association, National - Lumber Manufacturers’ Association, Tacoma, Wash. - - N. H. Guthrie, Indiana State Forestry Association, Franklin, Ind. - - Henry E. Hardtner, Louisiana Forestry Association, Urania, La. - - John W. Kellough, Ohio State Forestry Association, Mt. Sterling, - Ohio. - - H. D. Langille, Oregon Conservation Association, Portland, Oregon. - - William R. Lazenby, Ohio State Forestry Association, Columbus, Ohio. - - Henry Nelson Loud, Au Sable, Mich. - - Frank E. Mace, Forest Commissioner, Augusta, Me. - - Mrs. Joan E. Moore, Indiana State Forestry Association, Kokomo, Ind. - - John Oxenford, Indianapolis, Ind. - - Charles Lathrop Pack, President Fifth National Conservation - Congress, 305 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio. - - F. W. Rane, State Forester, Boston, Mass. - - P. S. Ridsdale, Secretary American Forestry Association, Washington, - D. C. - - Z. D. Scott, State Forestry Board, Duluth, Minn. - - W. H. Shippen, Hardwood Manufacturers Association, Ellijay, Georgia. - - D. P. Simons, Western Forestry and Conservation Association, Los - Gatos, Cal. - - Geo. K. Smith, Secretary Yellow Pine Manufacturers’ Association, - National Lumber Manufacturers’ Association, St. Louis, Mo. - - E. A. Sterling, Forest and Timber Engineer, Philadelphia, Pa. - - R. D. Swales, Union Lumber Company, Fort Bragg, Cal. - - F. L. Throm, Forester, Wheeler & Desenburg, Endeavor, Pa. - - William P. Wharton, Groton, Mass. - - N. P. Wheeler, Pennsylvania Conservation Association, Endeavor, Pa. - - I. C. Williams, Pennsylvania Department of Forestry, Harrisburg, Pa. - - E. B. Williamson, State Foresters Office, Bluffton, Ind. - - John M. Woods, Somerville, Mass. - - R. C. Young, American Railway Engineers’ Association, Chief Engineer - Munsing R. R., Marquette, Mich. - - -THE PRESENT SITUATION OF FORESTRY. - -Prof. HENRY S. GRAVES, United States Forester. - -A review of the work of forestry in this country during the past year -shows that in many directions there has been substantial progress -and positive achievement. On the other hand, the continued organized -attacks on the National Forest system, and the efforts to break it -down or cripple it, present a situation of real danger which the -country should realize and vigorously meet. We have before us a task -of constructive activity in practical work, extending and building -on foundations already laid; we have also the task of preventing a -destructive attack upon National forestry. - -During the past few years public interest in forestry has been -rapidly changing from a mere inquiry in regard to its purpose to a -vigorous demand for practical results. This more intelligent public -sentiment is now finding its expression in a growing appreciation -of the need of better forest laws, greater State appropriations for -fire control, and increasing interest in forest protection by private -timberland owners. It often happens that public attention is caught -only by the most striking new departments and developments, such as -a change in public policy or important legislation, while but little -is known of the steady advance in applied forestry. The past year -has been signalized not so much by new undertakings as by marked -accomplishment in the effective carrying out of work previously -inaugurated. - - -PROGRESS IN NATIONAL FORESTRY. - -Every year shows increased efficiency in the administration of the -national forests. The most conspicuous advance has been in organized -fire protection. The disastrous year of 1910 taught many lessons. -While that disaster could not have been avoided in the absence of -better transportation and communication facilities and without a -larger patrol force than the Forest Service could put into the field, -it nevertheless showed how, even under the present conditions, the -work of protection could be made more effective. Full use was made of -the experience gained in that year, and during the past two seasons -the loss by fire has been kept down to a comparatively small amount -through the efficient system now in force. The problem, however, of -fire protection on the national forests is far from being solved. -There still remain to be built some 80,000 miles of trails, 45,000 -miles of telephone lines, many miles of roads, many lookout stations, -and other improvements, before even the primary system of control -will have been established. The funds at the disposal of the Forest -Service are still inadequate to employ the patrolmen needed to meet -more than ordinary emergency. There is even yet danger, therefore, -that in the case of a great drought like that of 1910 some fires -might gain the mastery and a similar disaster follow. - -An account of the progress of the work of the Forest Service in -the administration of the national forests would be an enumeration -of the different activities in which the work is going on with -constantly growing effectiveness. Many of the local difficulties of -administration are rapidly disappearing. This is due to the steadily -closer co-ordination of the interests of the Government with those -of the people living in and using the forests. More and more these -people are coming to appreciate that their interests and those of the -national forests are one. With a better understanding of the aims and -methods of the Forest Service, local difficulties are disappearing -and local support of the service is largely replacing opposition. -Those who are aiming to destroy the national forest system are not -the settlers and others who use the forests, but rather men who seek -for their own advantage special privileges to which they are not -entitled, and who wish to acquire for little or nothing valuable -resources for speculation and personal gain. - -During the past year the Weeks law, authorizing the purchase of lands -on navigable streams, has been put into effect, and the Government -has already entered into contracts for the purchase of 230,000 acres -in the Southern Appalachian Mountains, and about 72,000 acres in the -White Mountains. These lands are being secured on the most desirable -areas, and it has been possible to obtain them for reasonable prices. -A special feature of the Weeks law is the co-operation between -the Government and the States in fire protection on watersheds of -navigable streams. The law provides $200,000, until expended, for -such co-operation; but this money can be used only in States which -have already inaugurated a system of fire protection under public -direction. During the year 1911 there were eleven States which -qualified under this law, receiving in the aggregate about $40,000. -During the current year sums varying from $1,500 to $10,000 have been -allotted to the States of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Connecticut, -New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Oregon, and -Washington. There is still sufficient money left from the original -appropriation for substantial co-operation during another year. It -has been the aim of the Forest Service to spread the money over three -years in order that there may be a full demonstration of what can be -accomplished, and at what cost. It will then be possible to present -to Congress a satisfactory basis upon which to consider whether -Federal aid to the States should be continued. - -The most urgent need of the national forest work is more ample -provision of the funds necessary for adequate protection of the -forests against fire. It is especially urgent that the work of -constructing roads, trails, telephone lines, and other improvements -needed for fire protection be extended much more rapidly than at -present. - - -PROGRESS IN STATE FORESTRY. - -A very great obligation rests upon the State governments in working -out the problem of forestry. Organized fire protection under State -direction, the establishment of a reasonable system of taxation of -growing timber, honest and conservative management of State forest -laws, education of woodland owners to better methods of forestry, -and such practical regulation of handling private forests as may be -required for the protection of the public, are problems which require -the immediate action of all States. - -While no State is as yet accomplishing all that it should, a number -of them are making very rapid progress, and are giving as liberal -money support as perhaps could be expected under the present -conditions. The feature of State forestry which stands out most -strongly is that a number of States have gone beyond merely passing -forest laws, and have begun to provide the funds necessary to achieve -practical results. At last it is beginning to be recognized that the -prevention of fire is the fundamental necessity, and that this can be -accomplished only through an organized public service. In order to -make laws effective there must be adequate machinery to carry them -out. The fundamental principle of fire protection is preparation. A -forest region must be watched for fires, both to prevent their being -started and to reach quickly and put out such as from one cause or -another may get under way. The new State legislation recognizes -this need, and already there has been inaugurated a measure of -watchfulness in the season of greatest danger, through patrol or -lookouts under State direction. During 1911, which was a banner year -in the enactment of State legislation, laws related chiefly to fire -protection were passed by Connecticut, Massachusetts, Minnesota, -New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Washington, and Wisconsin; while -Colorado created the office of State Forester. Since the beginning -of 1912 Maryland and New York have amended their forest laws, and -Kentucky has passed its first complete law. - -It is exceedingly gratifying that substantial progress is now being -made in the South. Unfortunately, however, none of the Southern -States except Maryland has hitherto been able to qualify to receive -Federal aid and fire protection under the Weeks law. It is hoped that -during the coming year progress will be made in those Southern States -in which practically nothing has yet been done. - -One of the matters to which the Conservation Congress and all other -educational agencies should devote their efforts is to bring about -the protection of private lands from fire and the extension to them -of forestry methods. While some may say that this is a matter for -which the owner is personally responsible, the fact remains that -private owners will ordinarily not work out the forestry problem on -their lands without the participation of the public in the form of -public regulations, co-operation and assistance. This is recognized -in some States, but others are doing nothing whatever in this field, -and a good many which have made a small beginning are abundantly -able to do vastly more than at present. It has usually happened that -the securing of good forest laws and the establishment of a State -Forest Service has been brought about by the efforts of a small -group of interested men, and frequently through the efforts of a -single individual who has been able to arouse the interest of the -people in his State. Enough States in different parts of the country -have initiated State forestry to make it comparatively easy for a -State contemplating new legislation to benefit by what has been done -elsewhere. All that is really required in the extension of State -forestry is to find the man or men in each State who will take the -leadership and follow up the matter until the Legislature acts. It -would seem that in the heavily timbered States the lumbermen are the -men who should be most vitally interested in the conservation of our -forests. In some States timberland owners have participated very -actively in bringing about State forestry, as for example, in Maine, -New Hampshire, Minnesota, and some of the far Northwest States. In -other instances the timberland owners have been indifferent and in -some instances proper State forestry has failed on account of the -attitude of the very men who should be foremost in promoting proper -legislation. We need in each State not so much advice from the -outside as a few patriotic citizens in whom the public has confidence -and who will devote time and real effort to this public task. If -the men can be found to do this preliminary work they will have no -difficulty in securing competent assistance from other States and -from the National Government. - - -THE ATTACK UPON FORESTRY. - -At the same time that forestry has been making steady progress in -constructive work and in public esteem, hostility to the national -forest policy on the part of those who would substitute private for -public control of these resources has become more determined under -a new form. The early attacks upon this policy openly sought its -overthrow. They came to nothing because the country was emphatically -for the forests. At the present time those who attack the national -forest policy commonly profess allegiance to the Conservation -principle even while attempting to break it down. There is great -danger that the public may not understand what is involved in -measures whose purpose and inevitable effects do not appear on their -face. Two such measures are the proposal to require the elimination -from the forests of all lands capable of cultivation, on the plea -that this will increase settlement, and the proposal to turn all the -forests over to the States in which they lie, on the plea that this -will increase their benefits to the people of these States. In both -cases quite the contrary is true. - -An amendment which was attached to the Agricultural Appropriation -Bill last June, and which passed the Senate but was rejected by the -House, would have required, had it become law, the opening to private -acquisition under the homestead laws of all lands “fit and suitable -for agriculture” within national forests, irrespective of their -value for other purposes or of their importance for public use. The -result would have been not to facilitate but to block agricultural -development. It would also have been to transfer to powerful private -interests timberlands, water power sites, and other areas, possession -of which would tend to private monopoly of resources now under public -control. - -This measure is not called for in order that agricultural development -of lands in national forests may take place. The Forest Service -has consistently favored and sought to bring about agricultural -settlement of all national forest lands which can be put to their -highest usefulness by farming. It urged and obtained, seven years -ago, the law which now permits the opening of such land. Under that -law about one and a half million acres have been listed for entry by -over twelve thousand settlers; and more will be listed as it becomes -possible to list the land without defeating the very purpose of the -law. - -To open land certain because of its superior value for timber, -water-power development, or other purposes to be absorbed by -speculators or powerful interests would not only defeat the purpose -of the existing law but also constitute a breach of public trust -and a betrayal of the fundamental principles of Conservation. That -principle has often been misrepresented as a policy of present -non-use for the sake of future generations. Its true purpose -is two-fold: to prevent monopoly of public resources, and to -secure their greatest use, both present and future, by scientific -development. The national forests are administered with a view to -securing, first, use of present resources; second, permanency of such -resources; and third, greater and more valuable resources for the -future. - -Experience has amply proved that the elimination, under pressure, -of national forest lands locally considered or alleged to be -of agricultural value but in point of fact more valuable for -other purposes has led to their early acquisition by timberland -speculators, great lumber interests, water-power companies, livestock -companies, and others who desire the lands for other ends than -agriculture. In 1901 705,000 acres of heavily timbered land were -thus eliminated from the Olympic National Forest. Ten years later -only a little over one per cent of this land was under cultivation, -while three-fourths of it was held for its timber, mainly in large -holdings. Other examples might be multiplied. With a mandatory law -the pressure for opening land sought under cover of the claim of -agricultural value would be well-nigh irresistible in many cases. -Local agitation and political influence would in the end break down -all effort to maintain public control. Such piecemeal attack on the -forests would be made without any opportunity for the public to -know what was going on. In the end the dismemberment of the national -forests would be effected. - -The only safety for the maintenance of the policy which now receives -and has long received the overwhelming support of public sentiment -lies in a correct knowledge by the public of the actual situation -with regard to agricultural lands in national forests. It must -be made plain that all but an entirely insignificant part of the -national forests is not susceptible of profitable cultivation. The -forests occupy the most rugged and mountainous parts of the West. -Topography, soil, and climate combine to make them natural forest -lands, not potential farm lands. The areas which form an exception -to this condition are not over four per cent. of the total; and such -areas are now being sought out by the Forest Service and will, under -the existing law, be made available for homestead entry as fast as -they can be opened without defeating the purpose of the law itself. -It is necessary that the country should understand the manner in -which bona fide settlement is being brought about in the national -forests, and also the motive of those who are trying to break down -the system of forest Conservation under the guise of promoting -settlement. - -There has been during the past two or three years a steadily growing -movement to turn over the national forests to the individual States. -During the past session of Congress a rider to the Agricultural -Appropriation Bill was offered in the Senate, providing for the grant -of the national forests to the several States, together with all -other public lands, including “all coal, mineral, timber, grazing, -agricultural and other lands, and all water and power rights and -claims, and all rights upon lands of any character whatsoever.” -While the amendment was ruled out on a point of order, it received a -surprisingly large amount of support. - -The proposition so far as the national forests are concerned is to -turn over to the individual States property owned by the Nation -covering a net area of over one hundred and sixty million acres. -This property has an actual measurable value of at least two billion -dollars, while from the standpoint of its indirect value to the -public no estimate on a money basis could possibly be made. These -are public resources which should be handled in the interests of the -public. Moreover, the problems involved are such that they should -definitely remain in the hands of the National rather than be turned -over to the State governments. The property belongs to the Nation as -a whole, and every citizen has an interest in it. The Government has -already made enormous grants to the individual States, but always to -further specific objects of national importance. There should not be -a moment’s consideration of the proposal to turn the forests over to -the States unless it can be clearly shown that the interests both of -the States and of the Nation are consistent with such action. In the -case of the national forests, public interests both of the Nation and -of the States require their continued retention and management by the -National Government. - -The scope of this paper does not permit a full discussion of this -problem. It must suffice to mention a few cogent reasons for -government ownership: - -1. The property is now owned by the Nation, and should be -administered from the standpoint of national as well as of local -needs. - -2. The problem of protection from fire and of timber production on -the national forests is one of national scope and can be properly -handled only by the Government; its solution is a national duty. - -3. The problem of water control is no less a national duty. Nearly -all of the national forests lie on headwaters of navigable rivers or -interstate streams. The Government is now purchasing lands in the -East on headwaters of navigable rivers because of the disastrous -results to the public which are following abuse under private -ownership. It certainly should not part with title to the same class -of lands which it now owns in the West. Every interstate stream -presents problems which can be properly handled only through the -Federal Government. The Government cannot permit the citizens of one -State to be damaged by the action or failure to act of citizens of -another State. It is of vital importance for this reason alone that -property at the headwaters of interstate streams be retained under -Government administration. - -4. Not only are the interests of the individual States and -communities now fully protected, but in many ways far more is being -done for local communities than would be possible under State -ownership. In the long run, as the timber and other resources are -brought into use with improving markets, the States will receive from -the twenty-five per cent. of the gross receipts now allowed them -and the additional ten per cent. appropriated for road improvements -a larger amount than would come in from local taxes under private -ownership. - -5. The States are not as well prepared, financially or otherwise, -to handle the national forests as is the Federal Government. If the -forests were owned by the States and handled in the real interests -of the public, there would be substantially the same system of -administration as today, at a greater aggregate cost for supervision -by a considerable number of independent State staffs of technical -men. The financial burden would be far too great for the individual -States to assume. The result would be either poor administration and -lack of protection, or a sacrifice of the public interests in order -to secure revenue to meet the financial needs. - -6. The successful application of forestry demands a stable -administrative policy for long periods. This can be secured far -better under National than under State control. - -7. A much higher standard of constructive and technical efficiency is -possible under National than under State administration. The value of -the forests to the public depends directly on the skill with which -scientific knowledge is applied to the task of developing their -highest productiveness. Both in ability to carry on the research work -required for practical ends and in ability to command professional -services of the first order the Government possesses a striking -advantage. - -8. As largely undeveloped property the forests need heavy investments -of capital for their improvement. Their full productiveness can be -secured in no other way. The Government is now investing yearly in -the forests a considerable part of the appropriation made for them. -Even if the States did not seek to make them sources of immediate -revenue at whatever sacrifice of their future possibilities, they -would be reluctant to expend much for their development. - -9. The States both lack the civil service system and standards of the -National Government and are exposed to greater danger of being swayed -by private interests. In the hands of spoilsmen demoralization would -quickly succeed the present high standards of the Forest Service, -while the intimate relation of the forests to the welfare of great -numbers of individuals would tend to make their administrative -control a highly coveted political prize. At the same time the value -of their resources would certainly arouse a cupidity which would be -exceedingly difficult to control. Scandalous maladministration might -easily follow. The Federal Government is better watched farther -removed from local influence, more stable, and better equipped with a -non-political system and machinery. - -The underlying purpose of the proposed transfer of the national -forests to the States is really not to substitute State for Federal -control, but rather to substitute individual for public control. Its -most earnest advocates are the very interests which wish to secure -such control. The object of the whole states rights movement as it -affects the national forests is to transfer to private owners for -speculative or monopolistic purposes public resources of enormous -value. Retention of these resources under public ownership is -needed to protect the people from abuses which are every day being -demonstrated on lands over which the public has already lost control. -The proposition is one which the people as a whole would repudiate -in an instant if they understood what is proposed. The only danger -lies in the fact that some legislation adverse to the national -forest system may be passed when the public as a whole is ignorant -that it is planned or does not understand the meaning. Vigilance in -the defense of its interests and intelligence in the perception of -the true character of masked attacks upon those interests are of -fundamental necessity if the public is to protect itself. - - -_FOOD SECTION._ - -The Food Section of the National Conservation Congress met in the -Palm Room of the Claypool Hotel on the afternoon of October 1st. Dr. -H. W. Wiley, late Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry, as Chairman, -discussed the cold storage industry and pointed out that cold storage -is a great blessing to the country, in that goods are placed in cold -storage that they may be more evenly distributed throughout the year. -He showed that there is still room for the investigation of the -principles of storage and improvement of the industry. The condition -of food entering cold storage is most important. - -Frank A. Horne, Chairman of the Commission of Legislation of the -American Association of Refrigeration, said there has been a -remarkable reversal of public opinion in the last three or four years -regarding the place cold storage and refrigerating has occupied with -regard to the high cost of living. - -He declared the cold storage business has been unjustly assailed, and -that a series of investigations and hearings had demonstrated beyond -doubt that the popular notion and sensational newspaper attacks were -entirely unfounded and erroneous. He said these investigations showed -that the cold storage warehousemen performed a useful public function -in conserving perishable foods, preventing deterioration and waste by -means of a scientific method by which the great surplus production -could be wholesomely preserved for later consumption. - -Before cold storage came into use a period of flush production meant -a glut in the market, and large quantities of spoiled and utterly -wasted foods. With cold storage at hand the contrary conditions -prevail. - -At the general discussion on the subject afterward, Dr. Wiley said -the attacks made on the cold storage business five years ago were -justified by conditions. He said as a result of an investigation of -the business, the cold storage men themselves have joined with the -Government to improve conditions. - -Charles H. Utley, President of the Quincy Market, Cold Storage and -Warehouse Company, Boston, said there would be no occasion for cold -storage or the use of any other means for preserving food if human -food was not to a greater or less extent perishable. If it were not -perishable it would be the practice of every individual to conserve -a sufficient amount of food as might be required. No better means of -preventing waste of food is known at the present time than by the use -of cold storage, and the use accomplishes most desirable results, -advantageous to both consumer and producer, by the conservation of -food, which is just as desirable as the conservation of our natural -resources. - -Dr. William A. Evans of Chicago, discussed the capacity of milk for -doing harm even when it looks, tastes and smells right. He said milk -is a great carrier of disease germs, and that for this reason it -should be produced close to the point of distribution. The nearer -the baby gets to the cow the more natural it is. Certified milk is -all right when it is really certified by a noninterested person, but -properly pasteurized milk is probably the safest for babies. - -Dr. H. E. Barnard, Food and Drug Commissioner of Indiana, referred to -the fact that Indiana was the first State to pass a cold storage law. -He introduced resolutions pertaining to the conservation of food, -which were unanimously adopted. The resolution follows: - - Whereas, The Conservation of the food products of our country is of - the greatest importance to our people, in order that they may have - available the maximum supplies of wholesome food; and - - Whereas, The subject is deserving of serious consideration, so that - production may be encouraged and waste decreased; and - - Whereas, The important function of the process of refrigeration is - enlarging and diversifying the supply of perishable foodstuffs, as - applied in the preparation, transportation and distribution of these - goods, thereby giving consumers a larger and more wholesome supply, - preventing deterioration and waste, is recognized as being desirable - and necessary; therefore, be it - - Resolved, That any legislation or administration restrictions or - regulations that may be required to properly control the business - and protect the public health should be uniform in the several - states of the Nation, and be it further - - Resolved, That the Congress recommends that the succeeding food - committee of the National Conservation Congress be specially charged - with the duty of studying the questions involved in the production, - collection, sanitary preparation, transportation, preservation - and marketing of perishable foods, and to report its findings to - the succeeding Congress to the end that such report may be made - the basis of measures to better conserve the perishable foods of - the people, to improve the quality of such foods, increase their - production, and to promote such relations between the producer, - handler and consumer as will bring about a more nearly uniform price - through each year. - - -FOOD CONSERVATION BY COLD STORAGE. - -By F. G. URNER, Editor, New York Produce Review. - -The conservation of food may be considered from two points of -view—first, the safeguarding and preservation of the food currently -produced; second, the maintenance of those elements of fertility -upon which continuous production depends, and the improvement of -methods of production to the end that maximum yield may be realized -from the labor and material expended. Both considerations are of the -utmost importance in the present conditions of changing relation -between the domestic supply of food and the needs of nonproducers. In -both progress toward higher ideals is dependent upon an increase of -knowledge, and worthy of such educational forces as can be brought -to bear by a wise government. In both directions the United States -Government, through the Department of Agriculture and otherwise, -is endeavoring, by investigation, study and the dissemination of -ascertained fact, to foster progress for the common good. - -In the United States the development of food production to keep -pace with the needs of a population increasing at a rate beyond -all precedent, has been crude and wasteful. Beginning with virgin -soils the stores of primitive fertility have been drawn upon with -little regard for their steady depletion. Methods of careful and -conservative agriculture that have been forced upon older communities -have been largely ignored until comparatively recent years, when an -appreciation of the near approach of the inevitable results of waste -has turned forceful educational efforts toward a reformation—efforts -which, however, have been handicapped by the necessity of overcoming -the prejudice of ignorance and long established habit of carelessness. - -Considered broadly, the question of conservation of food is -far-reaching and extends to innumerable details. It is the purpose -in this paper to discuss simply some of the general principles -underlying the subject from the first mentioned viewpoint—the -safeguarding and preservation of the food produced—particularly in -respect to preservation by cold storage. - -It is hardly necessary to enlarge upon the general requirement of -food preservation. In northern latitudes, where months of production -are, in respect to a large part of the food supply, followed by -months of nonproduction, this necessity is evident not only to -maintain a satisfactory variety of food but to secure a sufficient -quantity. In the United States differences of climatic conditions, -although giving an almost continuous production of certain vegetable -foods, do not serve to furnish an uninterrupted supply of fresh -products of many staple kinds, nor are they sufficient to remove the -necessity for utilizing the productive power of the colder regions -far beyond the consumptive needs during the comparatively brief -seasons of harvest. The practice of food storage from the season -of natural production through the season of nonproduction is, of -course, to some extent, as old as life itself; but the methods of -preservation have shared in the improvements that have characterized -a modern civilization. And the development of these advanced methods -has brought into the question of food preservation new problems, some -of which it is the purpose in this paper to discuss. - -Methods of food preservation may be broadly divided into two -classes—first, those which accomplish their purpose by changing -the physical condition of the food, as by drying, or cooking and -hermetical sealing; and second, those which preserve the articles -in such manner that, when used, they shall be practically in their -original condition. The latter methods depend for their effectiveness -upon the provision of such environment as will check or retard the -forces of deterioration or decay, and it is in the ability to provide -such conditions by an artificial control of temperature and humidity -that the preservation of food in apparently unchanged physical -condition has been greatly extended. - -So long as food products were chiefly preserved from the seasons of -production, or maximum production, to the season of nonproduction -by the use of somewhat primitive means, and largely by producers -themselves, or by methods familiar to the household, the food so -held was accepted by the people as a matter of course and recognized -necessity. Canned and dried foods were, and are, used with general -satisfaction as such; and such staple fruits and vegetables as could -be carried in their original condition through the winter months -were consumed with a general knowledge of their age, but with a full -appreciation of the necessity for such holding and of the comparative -excellence of the held goods. Butter and eggs also, when held by -producers themselves, even by primitive and inefficient means, were -accepted by consumers in seasons of natural scarcity with resignation -as to their comparatively poor quality under a general knowledge that -nothing better could be expected at prices within common reach. - -These conditions remain unchanged today in respect to those forms of -preserved food whose character is evident either because of their -change of form or because of a popular knowledge that the articles, -though indistinguishable from fresh products, must have been held -from a crop harvested long ago. But the development of preservation -by effective artificial control of temperature has brought some new -elements into the situation. - -Cold storage has enlarged the number of food products preservable in -their original condition and created a new industry; it has largely -removed the function of this class of food preservation from the -scattered individual producers to large central establishments and -thrown the business of accumulating and conserving surplus more fully -into the hands of tradesmen. It has permitted the preservation of -flesh foods in a raw state which were never before so preservable; -and it has so improved the quality of stored products whose current -production never ceases entirely that in many cases the held goods -cannot be distinguished from the fresh production. - -These facts have led to a popular apprehension that cold storage, -being utilized largely by nonproducers and necessarily upon a -speculative basis, is made a tool for extortion or unjust profits; -also that deception is practiced, in respect to foods whose -production never ceases entirely, by the substitution of stored food -for fresh; and exaggerated statements as to the length of time foods -are held in storage have brought in question their wholesomeness and -created a popular prejudice. - -It is important to know the facts in these particulars so that -the true function of cold storage in the preservation of food may -be understood, especially because legislative restriction of the -industry has been effected in some States and is under consideration -in others, as well as in the Federal Congress, in the enactment of -which mistaken views have resulted and may further result in public -injury. - - -COLD STORAGE ECONOMICS. - -It is a self-evident proposition that, in respect to foods the -production of which is seasonal, the ability to preserve a part of -the yield to the period of nonproduction lessens waste and permits a -material increase of production, thus increasing the available food -supply. It is also evident that, supposing all the food produced to -be marketed and consumed, an increase in the supply of food tends to -a lowering of its average price. Apart from inevitable variations -due to climatic conditions the production of particular foods -increases or diminishes according to the relative profit realized -from that production; and it is evident that a profit sufficient -to induce production can be realized upon a much greater output if -the period during which consumption is possible can be extended. A -maximum production of any food can be realized only when the period -of its availability for consumption is constant; and it follows -that the maximum production of foods whose yield or greatest yield -is seasonal, can be realized only by preservation of a part of the -production for use during the season of natural dearth or deficiency -which ends only with the beginning of the following period of maximum -production. - -Upon these simple truths rests the economic utility of cold storage -preservation. Practically its benefits in the conservation of food, -and in the encouragement of maximum production, are to be gained -only through the opportunity for profit, and while the business of -carrying foods from seasons of abundance to natural scarcity is open -to all it is naturally conducted chiefly by the tradesmen who are -permanently engaged in food distribution, and who are most familiar -with trade conditions and the varying relations of supply and demand. - -An important fact bearing upon the practical use of cold storage -preservation as a feature of the distributing business is that no -profit can be expected by holding products beyond the succeeding -period of maximum production, when prices naturally fall to the -lowest point. The variations in selling prices at that period are -never sufficient to cover the cost of carriage of goods from a -previous season and the lessened value of long stored products in -comparison with fresh. There are occasional market conditions which -have induced the holding of perishable foods in cold storage beyond -twelve months in the effort to lessen a loss, but they are rare and -exceptional, so much so that a legal restriction of the period of -permissible holding to twelve months would have very little effect -upon the inducement to utilize cold storage from a commercial -standpoint. But so far as the purely economic interests of consumers -are concerned it would appear that no restriction of the period of -permissible holding of food in cold storage is either necessary -or desirable. The inducement to hold is profit, and profit can be -realized only by selling into final consumption. And when goods can -be carried to a later date and sold at a higher price it is evidence -that the relative scarcity which results in that higher price would -have been more stringent had the goods not been so carried. In -respect to the time of selling stored foods, therefore, the interests -of consumers (as a whole) and of owners of the food, would seem to be -identical; for it is the increased public need which results in the -higher price, and profit, considering storage operations as a whole, -depends upon a correct judgment as to that need. - -There seems, therefore, no means by which tradesmen dealing in raw -foods can utilize cold storage preservation for their own benefit -at the cost of a public injury, but that, on the contrary, the -profitableness of holding surplus depends upon the performance of a -public service. - -The ideal function of cold storage preservation is to carry just such -amount of surplus from the time of greatest yield as can be consumed -during the later period of relative scarcity at just sufficient -advance in value as will cover the cost of carriage and afford a -maximum satisfactory profit for the conduct of the business and the -necessary investment of capital. But it is impossible that this -ideal can be uniformly realized. Even if the operations of storage -accumulation and withdrawal for market were uniformly governed in -the light of the fullest possible knowledge and with the best of -judgment, it would be impossible always to determine the quantity to -be stored and the normal price thereof so that later deficiency at -corresponding prices would be exactly offset. For the extent of later -shortage can never be certainly known and the extent of demand at any -particular prices is variable and uncertain. As a matter of fact, -these operations of storage accumulation and later output, being -carried on by thousands of individual and independent dealers, in the -dim light of imperfect knowledge, even as to important statistical -facts that might be known, can never result in ideal effects. -Sometimes the quantity of certain foods stored at the prices paid -proves to be excessive and a part of the surplus, toward the approach -of the next flush season, has to be thrown upon the markets at heavy -losses; sometimes the quantity put away is insufficient to offset -the later scarcity and a part of the surplus, carried late, realizes -for larger profits than normal. But these conditions are, to a large -extent, inevitable, and while they show that the ideal function of -cold storage preservation can not always be realized, they do not -materially lessen its value. When a series of years is considered it -will be found that the average profits are comparatively small in -relation to the risks and the investment involved. And even when, -during the flush season of accumulation, prices are sustained above -the normal level by an amount of accumulation that later proves -excessive, consumers get the surplus later at correspondingly lower -prices. The reverse is also true, that when the quantity held is -deficient, leading to relatively high prices in a part of the season -of natural scarcity, a greater previous accumulation, sufficient to -prevent so much advance, would have resulted in higher prices during -the previous flush season. - -The view that the economic effect of cold storage is to increase -production and to lower the yearly average price of food whose -production is variable is evidenced by such statistics as are -available. In the manufacture of butter, for instance, the months -of greatest production are from May to August, inclusive, and the -months of usual deficiency are from November to March. In the -New York market the average price of creamery butter from May to -August during the period from 1880 to 1892, before cold storage -preservation was generally used, was 21.9 cents. During the same -months in the period from 1902 to 1911, when cold storage facilities -were largely available, the average price was 23.4 cents. But while -this comparison shows an average advance of one 1½ cents during the -four months of normal accumulation of surplus the effect upon prices -during the normal season of shortage was very apparent; for in the -months November to March in the period 1880 to 1892 the average -wholesale price was 34.3 cents, while during the same months in the -period from 1902 to 1911 the average for fine fresh creamery was only -28.9 cents, and the average for fine storage creamery 26.7 cents. - - -THE QUALITY OF COLD STORED FOODS. - -The quality of all perishable food products varies according to -the methods of their production and the care taken of them during -transit from producer to consumer. The more perishable foods, being -produced in a very wide territory by a vast number of producers, and -usually transported over long distances, are found in distributing -markets to be of extremely irregular quality and condition. Usually -qualities are best in the seasons of maximum production, and while -goods put into cold storage are also of irregular quality most of -those intended for long holding are selected, handled and packed -with especial care. The effect upon perishable foods of holding in -cold storage is various. It is less in respect to those carried -hard frozen, as meat, fish, poultry and butter, and upon durable -vegetables and fruit, as potatoes and apples, than upon animal -products that cannot be frozen, as eggs in the shell. Yet in all -perishable foods commonly carried in cold storage, quality, as -judged by popular standards, is preservable up to the limit of usual -commercial necessity, in a highly satisfactory degree. The more -durable fruits and vegetables, carried in properly corrected and -controlled atmospheric conditions, after months of holding, are often -indistinguishable in point of quality, from those marketed soon after -their harvest. Butter carried frozen for months loses very little of -its original flavor and character. Poultry, also, if of fine quality -and condition when frozen, may be so held for a long period without -noticeable deterioration. Eggs in cold storage gradually lose the -peculiar freshness of a new laid quality, but under proper conditions -they remain sound, sweet and acceptable when carried at about 30 -degrees temperature for at least nine or ten months. Scientific -investigation conducted by the research laboratories of the United -States Department of Agriculture has given no evidence of any effect -of an unwholesome character upon the quality of perishable foods held -in cold storage up to the limit of usual commercial practice when the -products were sound and wholesome when stored. - -The cold storage of surplus and the sale thereof in the markets adds -not at all to the irregularity in quality of our food supply. On the -contrary, the average quality of the supply is improved, for, without -the facility of refrigeration, freshly marketed products would -inevitably be poorer; they are now often poorer than similar goods -of much greater age properly carried in cold storage. Furthermore, -the length of time perishable foods are carried in cold storage is, -within reasonable limits, no criterion of their quality. Perfect -products, properly refrigerated for months, may be, and often are, -superior in all the elements of quality to imperfect goods, freshly -marketed or held only a short time. Again, because of the very widely -spread sources of our food supply, the necessity for collection at -innumerable points and transportation over long distances it is -hard to say what goods are “fresh.” Even when collected at interior -points, transported to distant markets and put into consumption with -usual promptness perishable products are often two to four weeks in -the transit from producer to consumer, and often under more or less -unfavorable environments. - -Under these circumstances it is seriously to be doubted that there -is any real ethical foundation for the recent demand that, in the -sale of perishable foods, there must be a stated distinction between -so-called “fresh” and stored products, or for the feeling that -consumers asking for broiling chickens in the winter, for instance, -are deceived if furnished with acceptable goods frozen six months -before. And this doubt is intensified, no matter how scrupulous we -may be in standing for truth and fair dealing, when it is considered -how difficult will be the enforcement of laws compelling such -distinction in commodities of irregular quality and condition whose -age and previous environment cannot be known by examination, and in -respect to which a comparison of quality is often in favor of the -older goods. - -The writer’s conclusion from the foregoing considerations, based upon -a long and disinterested observation of the practical use of cold -storage preservation, is that artificial refrigeration furnishes -the most important of all modern factors in the conservation of -perishable foods, leading to an increase in their production, and -to a consequent lowering of average prices. Also that governmental -attention to the industry would be more usefully directed toward -providing for continuous and frequent statistical information of -the rate of food accumulation and output, to the end that operators -may be guided by the largest possible knowledge, rather than toward -any undue restriction of the industry or the imposition of costly -and difficult requirements which, though seemingly designed to -prevent deception, are, upon analysis, found to be unnecessary and -impractical. - - -_NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CONSERVATION COMMISSIONERS._ - -This Association, consisting of Conservation commissioners and other -persons connected with various departments of State development, held -two sessions during the Conservation Congress. Several important -subjects were considered, but most of the time was given to a -discussion of the work done by certain departments connected with -public service. - -The first session considered State Surveys, their work and -co-operation. As a result of this meeting an agreement was reached as -to the order or sequence of the surveys, the object being to secure -for the States the largest returns from each survey. The sequence of -the surveys and the leading points to be emphasized, as decided by -the commissioners, are as follows: (1) topography, (2) structure, (3) -drainage, (4) ground water, (5) local climate, (6) soil, (7) plant -and animal life, (8) social and industrial conditions. This order is -thought to be most helpful so far as the surveys are concerned. It is -also the natural order. It was plainly shown that several States have -wasted time and money in taking up the various surveys in a way that -does not develop these relationships. For instance, some States have -started industrial and agricultural surveys before they have mapped -the geology, topography and water resources. Such an order does not -bring the best results. Furthermore, it is wasteful. - -Several prominent directors of State surveys took part in the -discussions of this session, among them being Dr. George W. Field, -Dr. A. H. Purdue, Dr. F. W. DeWolf, Professor Kay, Dr. C. E. Bessey, -Dr. C. H. Gordon, Dr. Frank W. Rane, Prof. George A. Loveland and -Hon. J. E. Beal. Among the other speakers were Hon. George Coupland, -Mr. Ellis, W. E. Barns, Henry A. Barker, H. E. Hardtner and Dr. H. H. -Waite. Dr. David White, of the United States Geological Survey, gave -valuable suggestions. - -At the second session of the commissioners, the forest laws of -Louisiana were discussed by Hon. H. E. Hardtner, ex-Chairman -of the Louisiana Conservation Commission. Following this was a -general discussion of forest laws and forest management. Hon. W. -E. Barns, of the Missouri Conservation Commission, gave a talk on -the improvements of lumbering in the South. Prof. Earl O. Fippin -of the Agricultural College of Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., -read a paper; subject, “The Soil Survey as a Means of Agricultural -Improvement.” This paper was followed by discussion, in which the -value of the soil surveys as it relates to State development, was -brought out with considerable detail. - -The officers elected for the ensuing year were: President, Dr. G. E. -Condra, Lincoln, Neb.; Vice-President, Dr. George W. Field, Sharon, -Mass.; Secretary, Henry A. Barker, Providence, R. I. - - -_ACCIDENT PREVENTION SECTION._ - -On October 2, 3:30 o’clock, the section on “Accident Prevention” held -a large and enthusiastic meeting in the Auditorium of the German -House. The presiding officer was Mr. M. W. Mix, of Mishawaka, Ind., -President of the Manufacturers’ Bureau of Indiana. At this meeting -the following resolution was adopted: - - Resolved, That we appreciate the efforts now being made by - manufacturers of machinery for use in industrial plants to so far - safeguard their machines as to minimize the danger of personal - injury to workers; and that as manufacturers and individuals - interested in accident prevention we recognize the difficulty, - and in some cases even impossibility, on the part of purchasers - of individual machines to properly attach safeguards; and realize - that the original manufacturers of the machines by reason of their - wide experience and efficient engineers, are better able to develop - and provide proper safeguards for all machinery; and that it is - the sense of this meeting that any efforts along this line are - highly commendable and will be appreciated by all interested in the - Conservation of human life. - - Resolved, further; That a copy of this resolution be sent by the - President to every machine manufacturer with a request for his - co-operation. - - -_CONSERVATION OF WATERS._ - -Report of the Standing Committee on Waters. W. C. MENDENHALL, -Washington, D. C., Acting Chairman. - -To the public the Conservation movement seemed to rise suddenly in -the last few months of 1908 and the early part of the year 1909, but -what the people of the United States was really witnessing then was -not so much the origin of a movement as its organization. Through -a generation before that time Government bureaus, individuals, and -associations here and there had been methodically assembling facts, -and those who were familiar with these facts had been reaching -conclusions that were oftentimes disturbing in their tenor. These -individuals and groups were brought together, their conclusions were -given publicity of a most effective type, and what had been scattered -and disorganized recognition of a vital problem was given solidarity -and nation-wide recognition by the acts of President Roosevelt and -Gifford Pinchot in organizing the National Conservation Commission -and calling the Conference of Governors. The Forest Service, the -Reclamation Service, and the Geological Survey had locked up in their -archives the results of decades of research by their representatives, -and these results supplied the facts which were the stimulus and the -basis for the Conservation movement. Since that first great meeting, -the Conservation Congress, giving official expression to the movement -and formulating its doctrines and its platform, has served as a -medium for the exchange of ideas among those who are engaged in one -or the other of its manifold activities, for the subject-matter of -Conservation is as comprehensive as the materials with which humanity -deals. Furthermore, the term itself has been impressed upon the -public mind. It has passed out of the category of a cult for the few, -and has been taken up by statesmen and politicians, scientists and -divines, commercial organizations, manufacturing associations, and -has even invaded the realm of diplomacy. This proves merely that the -seeds were well sown by those who were sponsors for the movement. -Their work, the task of focusing public attention upon a theretofore -neglected but vital series of problems, was superlatively well done. - -Years have passed since that time. It is appropriate that we review -the results of those years as it was appropriate in 1908 to make -our first inventory of the primary subject-matter of Conservation, -namely, our natural resources. The period of initiation, difficult -but well performed, is past. There remains a task that will never be -finished—the equally difficult and the infinitely slower process of -applying the principles of Conservation to our every-day activities. -Such an application must be practical, reasonable, and gradual so -that modes of life and industrial habits in which change is to be -affected can be given time and opportunity to adjust to that change. -How well have we, the workers in the ranks for these principles, -performed our task? In what fashion has the movement been carried on? -What real and creative steps have been taken in the public interest -to reserve for future generations without unnecessary suppression of -opportunity for the individual in the present or denial of his needs, -that share in our natural wealth which should be so reserved? - -I shall confine myself to a brief and casual review of that phase of -the Conservation movement which deals with the one resource—water. -Even in dealing with this one item in the subject-matter of -Conservation, I shall have to leave aside for treatment by others, -and indeed by other organizations than this, that phase of the -problem of the waters which deals primarily with transportation and -its allied problems of river improvement and waterway construction. -There still remains a broad field, for water is the universal -resource. Doctor McGee has estimated that the ultimate control of -population in the United States will be exerted by the limitations -in its water supply. We cannot say that this limit in population, -even though it be placed at from five hundred to one thousand -million people, is one that does not concern this generation, for -we feel very keenly now in our arid and semi-arid sections the -handicap which lack of water places upon our growth. Irrigation -and dry-farming methods are attempts to overcome this handicap and -forces us to realize that the ultimate growth predicted by Dr. McGee -can be reached only through the most careful husbanding of the most -universal and important gift of nature—water. - -Because the human body, like all other organic structures, is largely -water and because all of its nutritive and renewing processes are -exercised by the function of water as the solvent of other foods, it -has a primary value to man superior to that of any other substance. -Its secondary value, scarcely less important than the primary and -closely related to it in character, is as an aid in the production of -nearly all things which man uses. In the humid regions, the supply -is sufficient naturally so that the necessity of water is ordinarily -given no more thought than the necessity for air, although without -either we should instantly perish. Man’s use of water in crop -production, hence, is automatic and unconscious in the eastern United -States, but in western part, and especially in the arid districts, he -at once becomes conscious of its importance because plans and crops -fail without it. He establishes engineering works and conducts it -to the land in order that food may be grown upon the land. Here, in -the pioneer stages of settlement, comes the first great waste. Water -was and too frequently still is carelessly used in irrigation. An -equivalent of twenty or twenty-five feet in depth has been applied -annually to the land where four or five feet is ample. The excess is -sheer waste and in its application the land is ruined. Canals are -often carelessly constructed and half of their carrying capacity -leaks out before the tract to be irrigated is reached. - -As settlement increases and demand becomes more intense, these -conditions are improved. Their improvement in our own arid West -and Southwest began under the pressure of necessity before the -Conservation movement was given a name, but that improvement -nonetheless represented the application of Conservation principles -and the movement centered attention upon this and similar wastes, -made men more generally conscious of them, and stimulated preventive -measures. This stimulus, acting upon the public mind, aided many -of the Government bureaus that for years had been combating such -waste. The Department of Agriculture has a Bureau of Irrigation -Investigations, which has systematically studied irrigation methods -in the West and Southwest and has published many valuable reports -calling attention to the losses of water in irrigation and suggesting -methods for its prevention. The Geological Survey in its series of -water-supply papers has repeatedly warned communities of the injuries -and economic waste resulting from bad management of water supplies. -The Reclamation Service, represented in its foundation a branch of -Conservation, established and made a practical working idea. Since -its foundation it has systematically continued the great work begun -by the passage of its organic act in 1902, and is reclaiming, by -careful and economic methods, millions of otherwise waste acres in -the public land States. It has reached the point where the building -of impounding reservoirs and of the canals by which the impounded -water is conducted to the lands has been brought to practical -completion on many of the projects so that its task is transformed -into one of inducing settlement, of inculcating principles of -economic irrigation practice in the minds of the farmers; of -increasing the duty of water and therefore its usefulness, to the -maximum; and of reclaiming through the establishment of drainage -systems, lands which have been ruined by over-irrigation under the -old systems absorbed by the reclamation projects. This movement is a -part of, has aided, and has in turn been aided by the propaganda. It -is practical Conservation of a high type. - -I should like to diverge here for a moment to a collateral phase of -Conservation activity which indirectly bears upon reclamation by -irrigation. Our coal land laws provide for the sale of those parts of -the public domain underlain by coal deposits at prices of not less -than $10 or $20 per acre. Prior to 1906, this law was interpreted -as evaluating coal lands on the basis of the thickness, quality and -depths of individual beds, and basing sale prices upon these values. -Through the fruition of this policy, coal lands are no longer sold -at the minimum legal price unless they have minimum values. If coals -are of sufficiently good quality and exist in sufficient thickness, -they may now be sold at $40, $50, $100, $200, or even $500 per acre. -A recent sale in the Rock Springs district, Wyoming, of one section -of land at prices ranging from $370 to $410 per acre, netted the -Government one quarter of a million dollars more than would have -been received under the old policy of sales at minimum prices. This -increment of a quarter million goes, like all other receipts from -sales of public lands, into the reclamation fund and is there used -in the application of water to the arid lands in the West. The -Conservation phase of the present coal land policies is thus closely -related to the question of waters and their use. The valuation of -this natural resource and the sale at valuation prices was one -of the collateral movements which stimulated and led to public -recognition of the need of Conservation. It is a thoroughly practical -application of Conservation principles and is an excellent example of -governmental activity in this direction. - -In one of the arid valleys of southern California in which irrigated -lands bring prices of from $500 to $3,000 per acre and in which the -limit to the number of acres to which such values are affixed depends -wholly upon the quantity of water available, there has of course -been earnest study of every possible means by which this quantity -could be increased or made to serve a larger acreage. Here, in 1909, -an interesting, practical step in Conservation was taken. Prior -to that period water users in this valley who derive an important -part of their supply from underground resources which, because of -excessive drafts, were becoming depleted, had adopted the unique -device of spreading flood waters which would otherwise escape to the -sea and be lost, over the rough alluvial lands at the base of the -mountain slopes in order that they might there sink and replenish -the underground resources. The lands best adapted to this purpose -had remained public lands because of their rough and uncultivable -character, although adjacent to them were privately owned lands -worth many hundreds of dollars per acre. In 1909 a law was passed by -which these public lands were set aside for use in the distribution -of these flood waters. They are now, and will remain, a permanent -public reserve devoted to the conservation of water supplies and -the increase of the quantity available for irrigation in a region -in which water for this purpose has perhaps a higher value than in -any other part of the United States. Here again is an example of -practical Conservation work accomplished through the co-operation of -private and governmental agencies. - -The passage of the so-called Weeks bill in 1911 likewise marks a -great advance in the direction of Conservation legislation. This is -the bill which provides for the creation of an Appalachian forest -reserve by the purchase of privately owned lands in the Appalachian -Mountains. Its administration is in the hands of a commission whose -active agents are the Forest Service and the Geological Survey, and -one of the features of the bill is the clause which provides that the -Geological Survey must affirm that the purchase of the lands will -favorably affect the navigability of the streams on whose headwaters -they lie, before the purchase can be made. Thus the conservation -of waters is involved as well as that of the forests and of lands -through the prevention of erosion. Those of you who for years -advocated such a bill and assisted in its final enactment will agree -with me, I believe, in the statement that its passage would not have -been possible without the preliminary education of public opinion -accomplished by the great pioneer advocates of the Conservation -principles. - -There is and will continue to be need for revision of the laws -under which the administrative officers of the Government work to -the end that these officers may administer our public resources -more economically, more effectively, with less waste and therefore -more thoroughly in the public interest. The enactment of laws does -not anticipate the need for their enactment. There must always -be widespread recognition of that need before public opinion -crystallizes into statute. For, after all, the enactment of a law -is nothing more nor less than the recognition on the part of our -lawmakers of a public necessity which you and I as citizens force -upon their attention. Until new laws can be secured, the task of the -administrative officer is to administer with the greatest efficiency -possible those laws that do exist. Under the stimulus of an active -public opinion an interpretation may be given old laws which will -enable them to fit the newer and changed conditions, for no enactment -is absolutely rigid in its terms. An example of this adaptation of a -law long upon our statute books to the passing of pioneer conditions -in the West and the substitution for them of those changed conditions -that result from augmented population, is that of the coal land law -to which your attention has been called. The statute has not been -altered since its passage in 1873, but coal lands are being sold -under it now at prices which are based upon real values instead of at -the lowest possible price under the law, as was true prior to 1906. - -Under the stimulus of the changed character of public opinion, which -has resulted from Conservation agitation, all of our public land laws -are being carefully scrutinized to determine whether they do not -admit of an interpretation and of an administration that is more in -consonance with Conservation principles than the interpretation and -administration of the past. Among the statutes thus scrutinized is -the Carey Act, a law only less vital to the West than the Reclamation -Act. In general it provides that public lands may be transferred by -the Federal Government to the State in which they lie if that State -will enter into a contract for their irrigation, by the terms of -which they will eventually be delivered to bona fide homesteaders -in tracts of suitable size. Undoubtedly, there have been instances -in the past of careless administration of this law. The Federal -Government has considered that its responsibility to the settler -had ceased when the lands were turned over to the State in trust -to him. The State, in turn, has considered that its responsibility -ceased when the contract with the irrigating company was signed, -and this company has been left free to deal with its actual and -prospective settlers in a fashion that was intended too frequently -to bring profits to a promoting company rather than water upon arid -lands. It has thus happened that settlers, depending upon the State -and through the State upon the Federal Government for protection of -their interests, have found when the time came to apply for patents -to their lands that although they had paid to a company large sums -for water supplies, the water was not delivered, the land could not -be reclaimed as the law required, and they were therefore unable to -secure patent to it; but the irrigating or promoting company to which -their funds had gone had disappeared and was inaccessible under the -law. The genuine farmer, who at the sacrifice of hard-earned funds -and years of labor was intended to be the beneficiary of this law, -became instead its victim. This condition is believed to be past. -The Federal Government and many of the States are now exhibiting -a keen recognition of their responsibilities and of scrutinizing -with the utmost care the water supply of each proposed project, the -practicability of the engineering features of that project, and -the financial standing and responsibility of its backers. A recent -interesting example of this changed attitude occurred in one of -the Western States, which in the past has administered this law -carelessly, but I am glad to record is now exhibiting due care in -meeting its responsibilities. In this case, literature issued by the -promoters came to the attention of the Department of the Interior. -In this literature statements were made to prospective buyers as to -the available water supply and as to the acreage to which it would be -applied that were known from the departmental records to be highly -misleading. The attention of the Governor of the State was called to -this condition of affairs by an emphatic letter from the Secretary -of the Interior. The State in turn called upon the promoting company -for an explanation. The representatives of the company hastened to -Washington for a hearing. As a result of that hearing, the acreage -segregated in the project was promptly reduced, the company was -forced to agree to cease its sale of water rights to private lands -until the rights of the Government lands to which it was inviting -settlers were satisfied, and thus the situation so full of menace to -prospective settlers was promptly corrected. Other examples of this -type of action which represents closer, more careful administration -of old laws might be multiplied. Each of them marks a step in the -application of the principles for which the Conservation Congress -stands. - -If the first use of water by man is in the direct sustenance of -life and its second is for the production of food supplies through -irrigation, perhaps its third most important use is the development -of power for all of those manifold purposes tending toward the -amelioration of life and the increase of its comforts, for which -power may be used. Cities are lighted; street cars are moved; ores -are smelted; manufacturing plants are supplied with their motive -power; homes are heated; and water is pumped for irrigation by the -use of hydro-electric power. No question has been the subject of -more bitter controversy than that of the control of this tremendous -resource. It has been energetically sought on the one hand by those -who seek opportunities for profit and desire that no control be -exercised over those opportunities by the power of the State. On -the other hand, public opinion, working largely through its State -and Federal representatives, has demanded that this resource whose -magnitude can be but rudely estimated, and whose future value but -guessed at, be so controlled that communities depending upon it shall -not be unduly taxed for the purpose of piling up private profits. -Here again, both public opinion and Federal officers have repeatedly -urged the enactment of new laws which will make possible the exercise -of reasonable control in the public interests and at the same time -properly safeguard capital which must be invested in order that the -resources now wasted may develop and become useful. Bills have been -introduced and debated in Congress; conferences have been held with -representatives of the public and of capital, but the plans thus far -considered have brought no fruition in amended legislation, although -some excellent bills are under consideration and it is believed will -soon become law. Here again, the task of the administrative officer -is to so interpret and apply the laws now upon our statute books, -pending the enactment of others more satisfactory, that development -may continue and the rights of the public of this generation and -the next be at the same time duly safeguarded. Here also there has -been progress in the interpretation of law. The responsibility for -the administration of the laws for the development of water powers -in the national forests lies in the Forest Service where it is -admirably exercised in the public interest. The law which provides -for the development of powers on the public domain, whether within or -without the reserves, is a permissory law, one that authorizes the -department having jurisdiction to permit the development of these -water powers under general regulations to be fixed by the Secretary. -After a thorough study of the situation, the Forest Service on -December 28, 1910, issued certain regulations providing for the -development of powers under this permissory law, the permit being -by the terms of the law itself subject to cancellation at any time -and the regulations under it providing for moderate charges upon the -developing company. With these regulations in force in the national -forests, and no similar procedure provided for on the public lands -outside the forests which are under the jurisdiction of the Interior -Department, applicants for the privilege of developing water powers -which lay in part within and in part without the forest reserves -found themselves under two jurisdictions without any provision for -uniform procedure. The problem as to the precise amount of control -that could be exercised on the Interior Department lands under the -act of 1901 has not been solved until recently; but as a result -of this final solution, there were approved by Secretary Fisher -on the 24th of August, 1912, regulations controlling the issue of -permits for power development outside of the national forests that -are in substantial accord with those heretofore in force within the -forests. These regulations provide for the exercise of the authority -of the Secretary in a definite, uniform, and systematic manner -that much more fully safeguards the rights of the public than the -policy heretofore pursued in relation to public water powers. The -situation, therefore, seems to be as well safeguarded as it can be -under the present statutes, at least so far as hydro-electric powers -on other than navigable streams are concerned, and this end has -been accomplished not by new legislation, which we all recognize -as badly needed, but by a proper interpretation and acceptance of -responsibility under old legislation. - -An incidental phase of the effort to administer a law which provides -for no definite tenure of lands having power values has been the -constantly repeated attempt of interests desiring to acquire valuable -water powers to secure them under the irrigation laws, those laws -having great advantage from the commercial viewpoint of providing for -a grant instead of a revocable permit. Application after application -has been filed with the Department of the Interior in which it is -stated solemnly that the rights of way are desired for purposes of -irrigation, when it is perfectly obvious to the engineering advisers -of the Secretary that the power value is the dominant value and that -if the waters are used for irrigation at all, it will be merely in -order to effect a technical compliance with the law under which -they are acquired. Refusal to approve rights of way of this type -have been followed by appeals and by emphatic protests on the part -of the applicants. These protests take various forms. Among them -are attempts to influence public opinion through various congresses -similar to this Congress, and other attempts to secure the enactment -of special legislation which will grant to the applicant that which -he is unable to secure through the administrative officers. In a -particularly interesting case of this type recently acted upon by -the Department of the Interior, the acting Secretary expressed the -present policy of the department in these emphatic terms, which I am -sure will appeal to every member of this Congress. He said: - - I consider it the imperative duty of every supervisory officer of - the Government upon whom any duty devolves to conserve the paramount - interests of the people, to protect these natural power sites from - exploitation under any law which successfully invoked would turn - them over to private interests charged with a perpetual easement - against the United States. - -One other type of administrative action in connection with the -conservation of water resources has recently been inaugurated which -may well be brought to the attention of this Congress. This is a new -exercise by the President of the power of withdrawal conferred upon -him by the so-called withdrawal act, approved June 25, 1910, and -amended August 24, 1912. By this action those lands in arid States -upon which small water supplies essential to the control of the -adjoining range are situated are withheld from entry. Those of you -who are acquainted with the range industry of Wyoming, Utah, Arizona, -and New Mexico realize that the use and control of the ranges are -exercised not so much through the ownership of the range lands -themselves as through the ownership of small tracts which include -the springs and other watering places that alone make the ranges -accessible and of value. Literal war has been waged between rival -stock interests in parts of the West over the control of springs. -Large interests have frequently forced their rivals to abandon the -range in a particular area by acquiring through the application of -scrip or by a real or pretended exercise of homestead rights the -lands on which the springs that alone give value to the range are -located. Laws have from time to time been considered which will -provide properly for the disposition of those remaining parts of the -public domain that are chiefly valuable for grazing purposes. It is -recognized that the homestead and desert land laws are inappropriate -for the acquisition of range lands in that they do not provide for a -sufficient acreage to make the stock industry possible. If the time -shall come when such a law is placed upon the statute books, and at -that time all of the water supplies adjacent to the ranges shall have -been acquired by private interests, the Government will be unable -to dispose of its range lands even under a favorable law except to -those who already control the water supplies which are the key to the -situation. Recognizing this important condition and desiring likewise -to provide for fair play between rival stock men on the remaining -public lands, the President, upon the recommendation of the Secretary -of the Interior, has inaugurated the policy of withholding from entry -lands upon which these desert watering places exist, and in pursuance -of this policy the first desert water hole withdrawal was made in -March, 1912. - -It will be realized from this brief review that the process of -translating the Conservation doctrines into action is well under -way. Before and since the First Conservation Congress met, Federal -bureaus have advocated practical measures for the proper use of our -natural resources, water among them. With the enlightenment of public -opinion dating from the organization of the National Commission and -the meeting of the Governors the work has been greatly facilitated. -It is advancing now not only through the medium of the unorganized -effort of individuals, associations, and isolated bureaus and -divisions in the public service, but by the organized efforts of -an enthusiastic body of supporters. Laws embodying its principles -have passed, proposed laws inimical to those principles have been -defeated, old laws have been re-examined and reinterpreted to accord -more fully with Conservation doctrines in the public interests. Party -platforms are no longer complete without a Conservation plank and -indeed it may almost be said that a new party has been founded upon -the Conservation idea. On the whole the country and this Congress -have ample ground for optimism in considering the great advance that -has been made. - - -_WILD LIFE PROTECTION._ - -Report of Standing Committee, Dr. W. T. HORNADAY, New York City, -Chairman. - -The Committee on Wild Life Protection wishes to call the attention -of the Congress to the enormous losses that are being inflicted upon -the farming and fruit-growing interests of the United States through -the destruction of insect-eating birds. While the main facts of the -situation are known to many persons, the mass of the people of the -United States are sound asleep on this subject. The 5,000,000 men -and boys who are slaughtering our birds are levying tribute on every -American pocketbook. An immense number of birds of great economic -value are being slaughtered annually, and many of our most useful and -valuable bird species are on the toboggan slide toward extermination. -The destruction of our insect-eating birds means a great increase -in the armies of destructive insects, a great decrease in our -agricultural products, and a great loss to consumers and to farmers. -The value of the birds destroyed as “game” and for “food” is declared -to be not equal to one-thousandth of the value they would save to the -national wealth, if permitted to live. - -The committee will distribute a campaign circular containing a table -of figures showing the annual losses to the people of the United -States by insect pests. Those figures were taken from an official -report published in the “Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture.” -The farmers who grow cereal crops lose about $200,000,000 per annum. -The fruit-growers lose $27,000,000 per annum. Hay loses $53,000,000; -cotton, $60,000,000; and truck crops, $53,000,000. - -The committee’s circular gives the cost of certain insects per -species to the people of the United States. For example, the codling -moth and curculio apple pests cost the American people $8,250,000 -a year for spraying operations, and $12,000,000 per year in annual -shrinkage in the apple crop. The chinch bug wheat pest sometimes -costs $20,000,000 per year, and the cotton boll weevil the same -amount. The tree insect pests damage trees and timber to a total of -$100,000,000 a year. - -Your committee contends that the American people _do not realize_ -that scores of species of the birds that sportsmen and pot-hunters -are regularly allowed to shoot for sport are of _immense value_ -to agriculture. How many men are there out of every thousand who -know that at least thirty species of shore birds feed upon noxious -insects, and are immensely valuable to our agricultural industries? -The gunners who shoot legally are destroying 154 species of birds -that legally are classed as game birds, even in the North. - -Very few Americans out of every thousand know the _immense value_ of -our song birds, swallows, woodpeckers, blackbirds, quail, doves and -nighthawks in destroying countless millions of noxious insects. - - -THE LOGICAL CONCLUSION. - -In view of the decrease already accomplished in the general volume -of the bird life of America, in view of the enormous losses annually -inflicted upon the people of this country by the ravages of insects, -and in view of the destruction of wild life that now is furiously -proceeding throughout all America, the McLean bill, now before -Congress, to provide Federal protection for all migratory birds, -becomes the most important wild life measure that ever came before -the Congress of the United States in any form. In view of the annual -losses to the wealth of this country that will continue so long as -the McLean bill fails to pass, it is impossible for any one to put -forth one good reason, unless it be on purely technical grounds, -against that measure. By the inexorable logic of the situation, any -man who opposes the enactment of a law for the Federal protection -of migratory birds becomes by that opposition an enemy to the -public welfare. The bills introduced in Congress by Representatives -Weeks and Anthony have dragged long enough. They provided for -the protection of migratory _game_ birds, only. Now it is time -to strengthen their proposition, as Senator McLean has done, by -providing also for the protection of all the migratory insectivorous -birds. - -Unless the people of America wish to shut their eyes to their own -interests, and pay out millions of dollars annually in the form of -increased cost of living, they should arouse from their lethargy and -put up to Congress such a demand for the passage of the McLean bill -that it will be enacted into law at the next session of Congress. It -is Senate Bill No. 6497, and on the Senate calendar it is No. 606. -We can not afford to wait until 1914 or 1915; and Congress has full -power to act next winter. - -How many people in the North know that the negroes and poor whites of -the South annually slaughter millions of valuable insect-eating birds -for food? Around Avery Island, Louisiana, during the robin season (in -January when the berries are ripe), Mr. E. A. McIlhenny says that -during ten days or two weeks, at least 10,000 robins are each day -slaughtered for the pot. “Every negro man and boy who can raise a gun -is after them!” - -There are seven States in which the robin is regularly and legally -being killed as game! They are Louisiana, Mississippi, Maryland, -North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia and Florida. - -There are five States that expressly permit the killing of blackbirds -as “game”: Louisiana, South Carolina, Tennessee, District of -Columbia, Pennsylvania. - -Cranes are killed and eaten in Colorado, Nevada, Nebraska, North -Dakota and Oklahoma. - -In twenty-six States doves are regularly killed as game—much to the -loss of the farmers. - -The bobwhite quail is a great destroyer of the seeds of noxious -weeds. In our fauna he has no equal. And yet this fact is ignored. -Throughout the North and most of the South that species is -mercilessly shot, and as a result it is fast _becoming extinct_. In -New York State it will soon be as extinct as the mastodon, unless -given a ten-year close season at once. Its value as a plentiful game -bird is gone. - -The shore birds are _fast_ becoming exterminated by sportsmen and -pot-hunters who kill them for food, “according to law.” The Eskimo -curlew is totally extinct, and other species are fast going over the -same road. Nothing in this world will save this group of birds except -_a law for the Federal protection of migratory birds_, such as the -McLean bill, now before Congress. The way the whole group of shore -birds is being exterminated is nothing less than a crime. And yet, -at least thirty members of this group are of a great value to all of -us, because of the great numbers of crop-destroying insects that they -annually consume. - - -THE DUTY OF THE HOUR. - -The _only way_ in which all these valuable migratory birds can be -saved to us is through the strong arm of the National Government, and -a Federal law for the protection of _all_ migratory birds! Protection -of game birds alone will not answer. Too many other birds are being -killed for food, especially in the South. - -The Wild Life Protection Committee urges all delegates to take home -with them the burden that rests on every good citizen regarding the -enactment into law of a satisfactory measure for the preservation of -the insect-eating birds. If any opposition should arise on account -of the feature of the bill which covers the ducks, geese and swans, -and other migratory wild fowl, the committee is quite willing that -those birds should be stricken out of the bill entirely, in order -that the protection of the crop-saving birds may be secured. It is -believed that no sensible person can possibly raise any objection -to the protection of the insectivorous birds by the passage of the -McLean or Weeks bill, in case the water fowl are left out. It is, -however, regarded as extremely necessary that the shore birds should -be included because of their immense value to agriculture. - -In concluding, the committee urges all delegates to take this matter -up with your members of Congress, and urge them to vote for, and work -for, whatever bill may finally be agreed upon as best calculated -to protect the insectivorous birds, and be free from objections -regarding its constitutionality. A number of able lawyers have -decided that it will be wholly within the spirit and letter of the -Constitution of the United States for the Federal Government to -protect all insectivorous birds through a law of Congress. - - -_VITAL RESOURCES OF THE NATION._ - -Dr. HENRY STURGIS DRINKER, President of Lehigh University, a Delegate -from the State of Pennsylvania, from Lehigh University, and from the -American Forestry Association. - -What subject is there to which the constant attention of -Conservationists, of patriotic men and women, could be better devoted -than to the care of the vital resources of the nation—the care of -the lives of all our people, not of a selected few, the teaching -and the impressing of the lessons of steady life, of sobriety, of -continence, and of due rest and recuperation from the wear and tear -of our American life. Surely we have good reason to be proud of the -intelligence and activity of our people, formed as they are of the -intermingling of many peoples, with a resulting product as a nation -that is markedly free from in-breeding and its usually unsatisfactory -outcome. - -I think it was Mr. Lieber, in the course of his gracious and cordial -opening address of welcome to the Congress, who referred to our -duty to endeavor to alleviate the condition of the sweat-shop and -mine workers, but is there not another and equally great duty of -which we are habitually more neglectful? What is our duty, the duty -of society, to those self-sacrificing, altruistic men, devoted to -public service, men such as Dr. Wallace, Mr. White, Mr. Farquhar, -who devote themselves to and ably lead great movements like this -Congress for the betterment of conditions among our people—men who -are not only captains of industry, but generals in the army of public -service, and leaders and exemplars in the pursuit of public duty? -What should we, as a body, say to them and to others like them (for, -thank God, America owns a great army of good men like them), who -uphold the good cause of public service? They become in leading these -great movements, in a measure, the custodians of the public welfare, -but—“Quis custodiet ipsos custodes”? Who shall watch these very -guards, and see that they conserve the intelligence, patriotism and -energy, that goes out from them to public welfare, that it may not be -prematurely exhausted? Surely we should take measures to have them -feel how the Nation values them as a public asset, and how they owe -it to their country as well as to their homes to heed and to preach -to others the wise words of dear old Mark Twain, who (writing from -Naples in 1867) sent us these words, pregnant with the lesson of the -higher Conservation: - - “We walked up and down one of the most popular streets for some - time, enjoying other people’s comfort, and wishing we could export - some of it to our restless, driving, vitality-consuming marts - at home. Just in this one matter lies the main charm of life in - Europe—comfort. In America, we hurry—which is well; but when the - day’s work is done, we go on thinking of losses and gains, we plan - for the morrow, we even carry our business cares to bed with us, and - toss and worry over them when we ought to be restoring our racked - bodies and brains with sleep. We burn up our energies with these - excitements, and either die early, or drop into a mean and lean old - age, at a time of life which they call a man’s prime in Europe. When - an acre of ground has produced long and well, we let it lie fallow - and rest for a season; we take no man clear across the continent - in the same coach he started in—the coach is stabled somewhere on - the plains and its heated machinery allowed to cool for a few days; - when a razor has seen long service and refuses to hold an edge, the - barber lays it aside for a few weeks, and the edge comes back of - its own accord. We bestow thoughtful care upon inanimate objects, - but none upon ourselves. What a robust people, what a nation of - thinkers we might be, if we would only lay ourselves on the shelf - occasionally and renew our edges.” - -As the official call for this Congress stated, we have in previous -meetings dealt with four great subjects—our forests, waters, lands, -and minerals, but in taking for its theme this year the subject of -“Vital Resources,” the Congress is studying the very life of the -Nation, is seeking to benefit our people not only by the conservation -of our material natural resources, but to do good to them by bringing -home the duty of life Conservation in our whole Nation; and what -greater task can patriotic men and women devote themselves to than -this, and what words can epitomize the sentiment underlying this -service better than those in Sophocles’ “Oedipus,” where it is said: - - “Methinks, no work so grand - Hath man yet compassed, as with all he can - Of chance or power, to help his fellow-man.” - - -_CONSERVATION OF THE SOIL._ - -Hon. JAMES J. HILL, of St. Paul, Minn. - -Just as all industry depends upon the production and increase of the -fruits of the earth, so all other forms of Conservation must be held -subordinate to the preservation of the productivity of the soil. To -preserve and defend the public health, to see that human beings are -brought into the world and kept there under favoring conditions, and -to lengthen their term of life will but add to the total of human -misery unless they are well fed and housed and clothed. For this, as -for the material of all their varied activities, they must come back -in the last analysis to the soil. Earth is the mother not only of -mankind but of all human industry. - -In the years during which the necessity of this most imperative form -of Conservation has been the subject of my thought and the theme -of most of my public utterances, much has been accomplished. The -interest of the public is awake. It is not necessary any longer to -urge a Conservation movement, but rather to direct the energy already -enlisted in its behalf into wise channels. While the farmer is still -subject to some unfavorable legislative discrimination, we know that -his prosperity must be made a first object before prosperity can -visit others. The progress of the farm is put first in many schemes -of public improvement where, a few years ago, it would have been -mentioned perfunctorily if at all. - -Education in agriculture has made much progress. The number of -institutions teaching agriculture increased more than sixty per -cent. in nineteen months. They had ten per cent. more students in -agriculture in 1910 than in 1909, and more than eight times as many -students taking the teachers’ course in agriculture. Colleges and -high schools give place to some form of agricultural instruction; and -the necessity of fostering soil Conservation is recognized today as -never before. - -What we need to do at once belongs rather to the practical than to -the theoretical side of Conservation. There is little reason to doubt -that the farmer of the future should be a highly intelligent man, -commanding from his acres crops that are far beyond those of today -in their abundance. But the present generation may and should do far -better for itself, in its own time, while it is also preparing the -way for the more careful and productive agriculture which should -follow. - -I use intentionally the words “careful” and “productive” instead -of the word “scientific,” as applied to soil treatment and crop -raising, because they express the simple and easy processes within -the reach of men of the present generation as well as the new; -because they avoid a misleading implication that attaches to the word -“scientific.” It is true that the best methods of soil treatment -and crop growing are scientific; but they require only that form of -popular science which is within the comprehension and use of every -farmer. - -The essentials of soil Conservation have been known for centuries. -They were practiced in Babylonia, just as irrigation was resorted to -there on a splendid scale. They have been the property of the Chinese -for four thousand years, and maintained there a dense population -in spite of croppings so frequent and severe that it would seem -impossible for any soil to stand such treatment without exhaustion. -The latest bulletin of the best agricultural institution is scarcely -more instructive or helpful than a study of the “forty centuries -of agriculture” included in the experience of these skilled and -laborious people of the Orient. - -The soil is a living thing, and must receive the treatment due to all -organic and vital beings from which we expect service or tribute. The -first requisite is that the individual man learn with what manner -of soil he is dealing. There is now an agricultural college or -experiment station within the reach of every farmer in the country. -Some are and all should be equipped for a scientific analysis of all -soils submitted to them. From this the cultivator may learn the first -two things indispensable to any intelligent conduct of his industry: -First, to what crops his land is best adapted; second, what elements -of fertility have been drawn from it so lavishly that they need to be -restored. This information having been given by competent authority, -every farmer may do all the rest for himself. - -There is no secret and no mystery about the processes involved. -If farmers will rotate their crops, fertilize plentifully and -intelligently, keep live stock to diversify their industry, refresh -the land and utilize waste products, and cultivate thoroughly and -frequently, the problem of soil Conservation is solved. The earth -has been kept as productive for thousands of years as it was when it -produced its first crop of cultivated cereals wherever these few and -simple conditions have been observed. If seed is carefully selected, -after a test for germination, and the practices mentioned are -followed, there is no reason why the yield per acre of the principal -crops of the United States should not equal those of England, Germany -or many other countries which produce twice as much as we do with far -inferior natural advantages. - -Dr. Knapp, of the Department of Agriculture, said: “It has been found -that the best seed bed added 100 per cent. to the average crop on -similar lands, with an average preparation; planting the best seed -made a gain of 50 per cent.; and shallow, frequent cultivation was -equal to another 50 per cent., making a total gain of 200 per cent., -or a crop three times the average. With better teams and implements, -this crop is made at less cost per acre.” A bulletin of the Bureau -of Plant Industry, at Washington, says: “It is possible within a -few years to double the average production of corn per acre in the -United States, and to accomplish it without any increase in work or -expense.” It declares that twice twenty-six bushels, which is about -what we now get, is a fair crop where these conditions are observed, -three times twenty-six bushels a good crop and four times twenty-six -bushels frequently produced. A similar increase in other farm growths -is just as possible. - -In a high sense this is conservation of the soil, because it shows -the way to make one acre do the work of two or three or four. It -is conservation of the soil in a still better sense, because the -land, when so intelligently and considerately treated, instead of -“wearing out,” not only maintains its productive power indefinitely -but actually increases in fertility and value. These are facts which -all history attests. They are facts which the most recent scientific -research supports. The work before the promoters of the Conservation -movement today is one not of discovery but of education. It is to -assist in bringing home the truth to the minds and embodying it in -the daily practice of the present farm population of the United -States. - -This tremendous task can be accomplished only by local demonstration -and the force of practical example. Small model farms should be -operated, preferably consisting of a few acres selected from ordinary -neighborhood farms and treated intelligently, in every State, county -and township. We have made a beginning of this work in the Northwest; -and the results, though not yet completely enough ascertained for -tabulation until the tale of threshing and marketing is ended, are -as amazing as they are encouraging. Some of the States are providing -for traveling instructors and supervisors in agriculture, following -the policy successfully adopted in the most enlightened countries of -Europe, thus raising the level of agricultural practice and educating -the millions who are beyond the reach of the institutions where -formal instruction is given to the young. It is imperative that we -reach the older people, and the large percentage of the children -of the farm who never get beyond the district school, if we are in -earnest in the work we have undertaken. - -To this practical side of soil Conservation this Congress should -give its hearty approval. It should urge upon the people of every -community the adoption of the demonstration tract and the local -instructor, with as much earnestness as it has championed the saving -of forests and the reclamation of arid lands. Ten per cent. of the -money now expended in formal instruction in the institutions where -agriculture is taught, or supposed to be taught, would put every -farmer in touch with the man who could and should help him in the -treatment of his land as readily and surely as the doctor helps his -family when they are sick. It would be more than repaid every year in -the value of the crop increase. It would be repaid over again in the -healing of sick soils, the renovation of old lands, the preservation -undiminished in every acre of our arable area of those elements of -fertility without which plant life languishes, and the wilderness -and the desert in a few generations sweep away the traces of man’s -unworthy occupation. It is well worth the hearty and undivided -support of public-spirited men. For without just such Conservation -the time will come when our country will be unable to support its -own people; the diminishing percentage of its population engaged in -tilling the land will still further decline; and it will scarcely be -worth while to consider how best human life may be prolonged and made -sturdier and wholesomer physically by vital Conservation, because it -will lack the sustenance that it can not longer draw in sufficient -quantity and quality from nature’s withered breasts. - - -_WAR, THE POLICY OF WASTE—PEACE, THE POLICY OF CONSERVATION._ - -Mrs. ELMER BLACK, New York City. - -In advancing some arguments bearing on that broad assertion permit -me at the outset to express my satisfaction that the questions this -Congress has set itself to consider have come to be recognized as -among the most urgent of all the world’s humanitarian problems. For -the peace movement and the Conservation movement are as closely -interrelated as, in the pacifist view, the interests of the entire -human race are mutual and not antagonistic. The advance of your -program is the advance of ours; both are essential to the progress of -mankind. - -I do not suppose any one will cavil at my plea that when we talk of -natural resources we must not merely include inanimate things—timber, -minerals, lands, oil and waters—but the brain and sinews of the -people as well. - -An observant traveler in the United States, asked recently what -he considered the greatest asset of the American nation, replied: -“The American nation itself, with its self-reliance, ingenuity, the -blended genius resulting from race fusion, and the boundless belief -in its ability to reach any goal it sets out to attain.” With that -contention in mind, I would at once emphasize the fact that neither -the material resources of the world nor these higher resources of -human equipment can be utilized or developed to their full complement -till the profligate policy of international strife is purged from the -activities of mankind. - -I venture to assert that no war can be waged today that can be -justified ethically or economically. With the bringing together of -the civilizations of the world, the development ever closer of the -bonds of communication, and the institution of the International -Court of Arbitration, the last excuse of the war makers has -disappeared. No nation today need go to war if the cause it advocates -is just. When the plea of “questions of national honor” is advanced -it will usually be found that the case behind the plea is so faulty -as to entail risk if presented to the judgment of an impartial -tribunal, or that there is the secret reason of a desire for -aggression in order that some other nation may be robbed of territory. - -But assuming for the sake of argument that this latter case can be -justified on the ground of imperial advancement and the “survival of -the fittest”—a conclusion I do not in reality concede—I still contend -that war is a ghastly blunder, inevitably inflicting such loss to the -treasuries alike of victor and vanquished that both are laden with -debts so great that generations yet unborn are foredoomed to carry an -unnatural charge. - -It requires no casuist to demonstrate that such a policy is -detrimental to human progress and diametrically opposed to -thrifty administration. If we think for a moment of what might be -accomplished if the war expenditures of nations were devoted to the -proper development of the world’s bountiful stores of wealth, the -advancement of health and science and the promotion of communal -betterment, the imagination reels at the vista of progress that is -opened up. - -Let us take a few comparisons. The Panama Canal, uniting two -oceans and bringing into closer contact the peoples of East and -West, is being constructed at a cost of $400,000,000. Against that -accomplishment set down the blood and treasure poured out in reckless -waste in the Crimean, South African and the Russo-Japanese wars. On -the one hand we have a constructive policy in which the nation’s toil -and money is conserved and invested so as to operate at compound -interest for the benefit not only of American citizens but also of -the whole human race. On the other hand, there is a destructive and -prodigal policy that has disappointed in after days even those most -closely concerned with the crimson fruits of victory. - -Speaking of the Crimean War, Lord Salisbury, the late Premier of -England, said in his cynical way, “We put our money on the wrong -horse.” - -The South African War cost no less than $1,331,655,000 and added no -less than $795,880,000 to the national debt of England. The flower -of British manhood perished on the veldt that the Dutchmen of the -Transvaal might be forever relegated to the strata of the subjugated. -Yet today, a few short years after that deadly struggle, South Africa -is united; the Dutch are enjoying self-government, and, in fact, are -politically in the ascendant over their nominal rulers. - -Russia lost her entire fleet, wrecked her army and set the forces of -internal discontent seething once more within her boundaries. Japan, -the nominal victor, so poured forth her wealth that even her amazing -vitality is shackled by the bonds of financial stringency. Today -both are suffering from the gigantic, blundering conflict—and in the -end are compelled peacefully to agree to recognize their respective -interests in Northern Asia. - -England’s naval expenditure amounts to nearly $250,000,000 a year, -and every ten years great costly Dreadnoughts are thrown on the scrap -heap—a total waste. Now England has spent on irrigation in India -$150,000,000, and I would ask your attention to the fact that this -expenditure has not only brought health and prosperity to hundreds of -thousands, reduced the dangers of famine and made the desert blossom -as the rose, but there is a profit on the capital invested of six and -three-quarters per cent. - -Taking that as a specimen of contrasts, one is amazed at the -mental spectacle of the immense strides that could be made in the -world’s prosperity if the expenditure on war and preparations for -war was devoted to the Conservation and development of natural -resources. The armed peace in Europe in thirty-seven years has cost -$150,000,000,000. Yet there are resources waiting to be developed for -the benefit of the struggling millions who are crushed beneath the -iron heel of Mars; there are reeking human rookeries in the cities -of Europe that are a menace to the human race; there are schemes for -waterways that would open up wealth practically untapped, to the end -that productive machinery might be set in motion for the continual -benefit of nations yet to come. - -When a Dreadnought fires a single shot from its big guns as much -money is dispersed into the air as would pay a workman’s wages for -three years or secure a clever student’s college course for a full -twelve months. For every cruiser scrapped in naval frenzy a fully -staffed scientific laboratory could be run for years in conflict -against man’s mortal enemies, the disease bearing bacilli. For -years the inventive faculties of the world have been turned to the -production of implements of death and destruction. In a saner age of -Conservation and peace this concentrated genius will be focused on -the preservation of life, the clothing of the desert with verdure, -the elimination of space, the improvement of communications, the -harnessing of natural forces to the service of man that even today -are seen but as through a glass, darkly. - -The world is spending every year eight billion dollars on militarism. -The expenditure of that ocean of treasure leads nowhere but to the -slippery slope of bankruptcy. It creates nothing by which future -generations will benefit or of which any but the superficial can be -proud. It robs the treasury of the busy bees of commerce and industry -and withdraws from active participation in constructive affairs -seventeen million men, the strongest and best types, whose brain and -muscle should be used for the advancement of their kind. Women, in -consequence, as in Germany, have often to undertake work for which -nature did not equip them, and so a double wrong is wrought upon the -human race. - -If the interest only on the money spent on militarism were used on -education, 32,000,000 more students would be accommodated at college -every year; or the housing problem of every land could be solved as -if by a magic wand, to the immeasurable conservation of human health -and vigor. - -During the South African War the “Investors’ Review” of London said: -“In one short eighteen months the war party now sitting on our -necks has dissipated more money than the working class managed to -accumulate out of their wages during the whole sixty-four years of -the reign of Queen Victoria.” - -Chancellor Lloyd-George, as recently as the last budget, said in the -House of Commons that the money spent on building Dreadnoughts in -England in one year would add a dollar a week to the income of every -workingman’s family in Europe. - -The United States, though not yet in the same parlous plight as the -European nations, is heading in that direction, and devotes the -enormous proportion of seventy per cent. of its national expenditure -to preparations for war. That is to say, every year we waste more -than would construct an epoch-making Panama Canal. - -Were it possible immediately to reconstruct the scheme of things -so that reason ruled, there would be no need to cry aloud for the -development of the barren lands of our continent. Waterways would be -extended, irrigation works would carry the life-giving fluid to arid -areas that need but that to release their dormant fertility, herbage -and fruit would spring from regions now productive of only scrub and -cacti, and the reforestation of natural timber land would cause the -birth of new resources formerly despoiled by the ignorance and greed -of man. - -But, some may say, surely these shipyards, barracks, Dreadnoughts, -and war equipment circulate money and employ millions of men. That, I -contend, is a common fallacy a little thought will dissipate. Money -being but the tool used in the purchase of labor or the product of -labor, is in itself of no account. But the building of a Dreadnought -to fire away the product of labor in thin air is to bring all that -has gone to prepare for that achievement to nought. The chain of -production is broken; henceforth mankind is so much the worse off -for that loss of money, labor and its products. But in the true -conservation of resources, the labor and its products employed in -peaceful and constructive enterprises achieve benefits that flow on -continuously in an ever-widening stream, till the entire humanity is -made to feel the blending of each man’s labor in the commonweal. - -Brain, sinew, time, energy and material resources are being thrown -into the melting pot of war, yet but for that very war the evolution -of the human race would be eons further on. - -Every time a war scare sends the exchanges of the world’s capitals -into panic, deadly injury is done to the commerce of the entire -globe. Ruin has not to wait for the actual outbreak of hostilities. -The wolf of war has but to bare his fangs in menace to cause a -premonitory slump to spread devastation through the ranks of the -investors. Yet instead of meeting, as the delegates of this Congress -are meeting, to debate the best methods of insuring national and -international thrift, in statesmanlike preparation for the future -needs of the human race, many powerful minds are spending their -time devising nightmares with which to scare humanity into ruinous -expenditure. - -I venture to predict that in the future it will be found that the -chief instrument of Conservation has been established already in the -arbitration court at The Hague, and generations yet to come will say -of its founders, “They builded better than they knew.” - -Meanwhile the omens are favorable for the causes of peace and -Conservation. The object lessons are there for all the world to see. -I have mentioned the Panama Canal in the Western Hemisphere as an -instance of constructive Conservation. The Eastern Hemisphere also -has its encouragement. Right in the reputed cradle of the human race -some of the world’s most brilliant engineers are executing works that -will unchain rivers and cleave through mountains to the end that on -Mesopotamia’s broad lands the Garden of Eden shall be re-established. - -I rejoice to know that this movement towards Conservation nowhere has -attained greater volume than in our own land; for with our advantages -it seems to me that we are specially equipped for the ennobling task -of removing obstacles from the path along which our race must tread -in the accomplishment of its high destiny. - - -_THE CONSERVATION OF NAVIGABLE STREAMS._ - -Mr. JACOB P. DUNN, Indianapolis. - -The objects of the conservation of natural resources divide naturally -into two classes. The first relates to the development of lands in -private ownership, such as the encouragement of forestation and -renewing the fertility of the soil, in which the interest of the -State is the indirect one of increasing the supply, or cheapening -the cost of products that are of material benefit to the entire -community. The second relates to the preservation and utilization -of public property, such as forest lands and mineral resources, in -which the State has the direct interest of securing special revenues, -whereby the burdens of taxation may be reduced, and of promoting the -public welfare by furnishing facilities for commerce and industry. To -this second class belongs the conservation of navigable streams, and -this subject has already been brought prominently before the public -by the discussion of proposals for improvement of the navigation -of the Mississippi River and its tributaries. But this Mississippi -project has a vastly greater significance than the general public has -fully considered; for it means that hundreds of streams that are now -navigated only in a small way, or not navigated at all, will later be -made navigable in a practical and useful way. - -Moreover, this subject is of special importance to the great region -formerly included in the territory northwest of the Ohio River, -including the present States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and -Wisconsin, because the Ordinance of 1787, by which that territory was -created, expressly provided that: “The navigable waters leading into -the Mississippi and St. Lawrence, and the carrying places between -the same, shall be common highways, and forever free, as well to the -inhabitants of the said territory as to the citizens of the United -States, and those of any other States that may be admitted into the -confederacy, without any tax, duty, or impost therefor.” - -These words show that the word “navigable” was not then used in its -present common acceptation. When we speak of a navigable stream we -commonly mean one that can be navigated by steamboats, but there were -no steamboats in 1787, and all of the commercial navigation of this -region at that time was by means of canoes and the small vessels -known as bateaux and pirogues. That this navigation was what was -intended is conclusively shown by the reservation of “the carrying -places,” i. e., the stretches of watershed between the headwaters of -the streams of the two drainage systems over which both the boats and -their loads were transported bodily. This meaning has usually been -adhered to by the courts (2 Mich. 219; 19 Oregon, 375; 33 W. Virginia -13; 20 Barbour, N. Y., 9; 14 Ky., 521; 87 Wis. 134), and the general -rule is that any stream that will carry commerce, even by floating -logs, is a navigable stream. (51 Illinois, 266; 42 Wis. 203.) - -The United States Government followed out this theory consistently. -By the act of Congress of 1796, for the survey and sale of the public -lands of this region, it was expressly declared that “all navigable -streams within the territory to be disposed of by virtue of this act -shall be deemed to be and remain public highways.” As such their beds -were always excluded from the lands surveyed and sold. The government -surveyors did not include any of the larger streams in their surveys, -but “meandered” them, and when the land was sold, it was sold in -fractional sections, running to the meander lines. The beds of the -streams and the land bordering them was thus reserved as public -property, and when the several States were formed and admitted to the -Union, the title was transferred to them from the general government. -It is of course to be remembered that Congress has ultimate power -over navigable streams, but it is well established law that a State -has plenary power over navigable streams that are entirely within its -borders, at least until Congress acts. - -The acceptance of this provision as to navigable streams was made -a prerequisite to the admission of Indiana to the Union by the -enabling act of 1816. It was formerly accepted by ordinance of the -constitutional convention of Indiana in 1816. And yet Indiana stands -today in the unique position of being the only State in the Northwest -in which the public rights thus established have been nullified, -or at least clouded, by an absurd decision of the Supreme Court of -the State, made in 1876. (54 Ind. 471.) Inasmuch as this case deals -with White River in Marion County, and as this stream at this point -furnishes a typical illustration of the whole subject, I will call -your attention to it in detail. - -Prior to this decision, every department of the government of Indiana -fully recognized the binding force of this compact with the United -States, and accepted as conclusive the United States surveys in the -determination of what streams were navigable under that compact. -The bed of White River in Marion County was not included in these -surveys, and it was never sold by the United States or by the State. -The Legislature of Indiana always recognized this rule, and always -applied it to “White River in Marion County.” The act of January 17, -1820, declared White River navigable as high as “the Delaware towns,” -meaning presumably to Muncie, and made it and the other streams named -“public highways,” making it a penal offense to obstruct “any stream -declared navigable by this act,” except only that mill-dams might -be erected under certain conditions, by persons who had “purchased -from the United States the bed of any stream by this act declared -navigable.” This law was never repealed, but was modified by the act -of February 10, 1831, which declared White River navigable as high as -Yorktown in Delaware County. This last law is notable as recognizing -that a stream need not be navigable at all seasons, for it prohibited -any obstruction that would “injure or impede the navigation of any -stream, reserved by the ordinance of Congress of 1787 as a public -highway, at a stage of water when it would otherwise be navigable.” - -Indianapolis was located on this stream because it was navigable -for the water-craft then in use. The Legislature of 1825, on -petition from the people of Indianapolis, made Alexander Ralston a -commissioner to survey the stream, and report on the probable expense -of keeping it free from obstruction. He made the survey that summer, -and reported the distance from Sample’s Mills, in Randolph County, -to Indianapolis, 130 miles; from here to the forks, 285 miles; from -there to the Wabash, 40 miles, and that for this distance of 455 -miles the stream could be made navigable for three months in the year -by an expenditure of $1,500. He found two falls or rapids, one of -eighteen inches, eight miles above Martinsville, and one of nine feet -in about one hundred yards, ten miles above the forks. - -On this report, the Legislature on January 21, 1826, passed a law -to improve the navigation of White River as high as Sample’s Mills, -in Randolph County, directing that all persons liable for road work -living within two miles of the stream, in the counties bordering on -the stream, be called out to improve the stream as a highway. This -law was made general by the act of May 31, 1852, which empowered -county boards to declare streams navigable, and to work them as -highways; and this act is still continued in force by the act of -April 15, 1905. (Burns’ Stats., Sec. 7672.) - -The act of January 28, 1828, appropriated $1,000 for improving the -navigation of White River as high as Anderson, in Madison County. -The act of January 23, 1829, “relative to navigable streams declared -highways by the ordinance of Congress of 1787,” prohibited any -obstruction of any stream or river “which is navigable, and the -bed or channel of which has not been surveyed or sold as land by -the United States.” So the law of 1852 made it a penal offense to -obstruct “any navigable stream, the bed or channel whereof may not -have been surveyed or sold by the United States.” (Rev. Stats. 1852, -Vol. 2, p. 432.) This is continued in force, in the same language, by -the act of April 15, 1905. (Burns’ Stat., Sec. 2650.) - -The executive department never questioned the correctness of this -rule, and some of the Governors took a great deal of interest in -the matter. After the general introduction of steamboat navigation, -Governor Noble was ambitious to add that to the ordinary commerce by -flatboats and keel boats, and in 1828 he offered a reward of $200 -to the first captain who would bring a steamboat to this point, -and also to sell his cargo free of charge. In pursuance of this a -small steamboat from Cincinnati was actually brought up the river -to Indianapolis in 1831. The early courts also recognized the rule -that the survey and sale of the bed of a stream was the conclusive -test of its navigability, under the law. (3 Blackf. 193.) The State -asserted actual ownership of the bed of the stream in this county, -and for years maintained an agent at the Washington street crossing -to sell sand and gravel from it on the State’s account. - -In the face of all this, when the question came before the -Supreme Court, in 1876, the court, by Judge Perkins, without any -real examination of the law or the facts, said: “The court knows -judicially, as a matter of fact, that White River, in Marion County, -is neither a navigated nor a navigable stream”; and as to the bed not -being surveyed or sold he said: “The idea that the power was given -to a surveyor, or his deputy, upon casual observation, to determine -the question of the navigability of rivers, and thereby conclude -vast public and private rights, is an absurdity.” On this assumption -he proceeded to wipe the “vast public rights” out of existence. A -little examination would have shown him that the surveys were not -irresponsible acts of the surveyors, but official acts in pursuance -of law, under the direction of superior officers, and confirmed and -ratified not only by those superiors, but by the United States and -the State of Indiana. (54 Ind. 471.) - -The court abandoned the reasoning of this case two years later, when -it held that the Wabash River, in Warren County, was “a navigable -stream, the bed of which has neither been surveyed nor sold.” (64 -Ind. 162.) But it cited the decision of 1876 as authoritative in -another case in 1900 (155 Ind. 477), and this again without any -examination of the law or the facts. It is worthy of note that the -United States Government has uniformly declined to recognize this -decision as law, and as late as 1899 refused to be bound by it. -(Indianapolis News, November 7, 1899.) - -Fortunately, opportunity has arisen for a reconsideration of this -question in a case arising in the Kankakee swamp lands (State vs. -Tuesbury Land Co., Starke Circuit Court). In the northern end of -Indiana, particularly near the Kankakee River, there was a large -amount of swamp land which was not included in the United States -surveys nor sold by the United States. This was transferred to the -State many years ago, and part of it was reclaimed and sold by the -State. In 1891 reclamation was entered on a large scale by removing -the ledge of rock at Momence, Illinois, which dammed the Kankakee, -and caused most of those swamps. As soon as these lands were drained, -adjacent owners set up claims to the thread of the stream as riparian -owners, and a judgment was obtained in the Starke Circuit Court -upholding such claims. If valid this means that the great expense to -which the State has gone in reclaiming the lands is money thrown away. - -As soon as he learned of it, Governor Marshall, who is very practical -in his statesmanship, directed the Attorney-General to take steps to -secure a reversal of the judgment or appeal it, and a new trial has -been secured in the case, which is to be heard shortly. The Kankakee -is one of the most noted of the streams referred to in the Ordinance -of 1787 as “navigable waters,” which are reserved forever as “public -highways,” and there should be no riparian rights in it. - -There is certainly good reason to expect a reversal of the Indiana -decision, if not by our Supreme Court, by the Supreme Court of the -United States, for two special reasons: (1) The question of the -navigability of a stream is not primarily a judicial question, but -one of public policy to be determined by the legislative department, -and both Congress and our State Legislature have consistent records -for the navigability of these streams. (2) In this case the -navigability is a matter of solemn compact between the State and the -United States; and as the constitutions of both prohibit any law -impairing the obligation of a contract, it is hardly to be assumed -that the courts would undertake to annul a contract of this character. - -Unquestionably White River, like most of the other streams of -Indiana, is not as practically navigable today as it was eighty years -ago, and for two very simple reasons. First, at that time the only -timber that got into the river was trees on the bank that were thrown -in by the banks caving, and these were usually held to the banks -by their roots. But after settlement began every freshet carried -quantities of logs, rails and boards down the river, to form drifts; -and these in turn caused the formation of sand and gravel bars. -Second, when the land was cleared and cultivated, the ground washed -much more readily than it did before, and much greater quantities of -sand and gravel were carried into the river to form bars. These bars -constitute the chief obstruction to practical navigation now. - -But by a change in recent conditions of life, these bars furnish -the means for making the river practically navigable. Within the -last two decades there has grown up a special demand for this sand -and gravel; and especially has this demand been increased by the -call for good roads; for washed gravel is one of the best materials -available for road-making, and by these streams, nature has -distributed it very widely over the State. This demand has developed -the industry of removing sand and gravel from the river beds by means -of suction pumps, and since 1897, when it began, this industry has -reached proportions that are not generally known to the public. At -Indianapolis there have been six steam pumps working for several -years. They are mounted on scow boats, fifty to sixty-five feet in -length, and twenty to twenty-five feet in width, and by centrifugal -suction power, draw up a mixture of sand, gravel and water through -eight-inch pipes. The pipe entrance is screened to prevent the -entrance of stones over four or five inches in diameter, in order to -avoid clogging the pipe. - -These six pumps take out 180,000 cubic yards of sand and gravel in -a year, at a cost of 20 to 25 cents a cubic yard. The material is -separated by passing over screens into two grades of sand and two of -gravel, and is sold at a good profit for street improvement, roofing, -asphalt mixture, concrete, mortar and locomotive sand. Formerly Lake -Michigan sand was shipped here in considerable quantities, but now -the demand is fully met by this local industry. The pumps take out -the material for a depth of about fifteen feet, and in the course of -their work they have made about three miles of Indianapolis river -front practically navigable for any kind of river craft. The boats -can easily be run to any point on the river and used for removing -bars at any place. At present the proprietors of the boats are paying -the adjacent landowners for the privilege of taking out material that -rightfully belongs to the State, and of which the public ought to -have the benefit. - -The practical situation is this: Indiana has an almost inexhaustible -supply of the best and cheapest road material known, which rightfully -belongs to the State. By using this material it will make actually -navigable hundreds of miles of waterways that are now of no use in -commerce. It is quite common for the unthinking to joke about the -absurdity of making small streams navigable, but there is nothing -absurd about it. Over half a century ago Indiana constructed 453 -miles of canal, at an average cost of $15,000 a mile, which has since -been practically abandoned, not as is generally supposed, because of -the competition of rail roads, but because it was high line canal, -and was built up, in part, instead of being dug out, and without -proper precaution for making it water-tight. The State was not alone -in its experience. There are in the United States over 1,950 miles of -abandoned high-line canal, that cost over $44,000,000. But there are -also plenty of low-line canals in practical and profitable operation. - -The mistake that was made in Indiana was in not utilizing the natural -water-courses. At an expense of less than $15,000 per mile, White -River can easily be made navigable for steamboats from Indianapolis -to its mouth, where there is actual steamboat navigation now. The -fall in the river is only 269 feet in the 285 miles, or less than a -foot to the mile. The tested flow of White River at this point is -over 1,000 cubic feet per second. With not to exceed half a dozen -dams, and the principal bars pumped out and put into roads, the -thing is accomplished. Not only is there nothing impracticable about -it, but it is as certain to be done, in the not distant future, as -it is that the sun will rise tomorrow morning. The advantages of -water communication with the great coal and building stone region of -the State, as well as direct connection with the Wabash, Ohio and -Mississippi Rivers, is too obvious for discussion. With our Supreme -Court decisions put on a rational and just basis, there is nothing to -prevent a speedy accomplishment of the work. - - -_REPORT FROM THE NATIONAL FERTILIZER ASSOCIATION._ - -Presented by Mr. JOHN D. TOLL, Secretary of the Educational Bureau -of the National Fertilizer Association, and Mr. CHARLES S. RAUH, of -Indianapolis, Official Delegates to the Fourth National Conservation -Congress. - -In the last analysis man must have food. The law of supply and demand -becomes operative the minute that a nation is born. Scarcity of food -produces abnormal prices. As scarcity increases, the prices become -almost prohibitive. The attention of every citizen of this country -has been called to the rapid increase in the cost of food products -during the last decade. This increase has been due to several causes, -among which we may note the following: (1) Increase of population has -exceeded the increase in production of foodstuffs; (2) scarcity of -new lands to be developed to meet the needs of a growing population; -(3) decrease in productivity of some of the formerly productive soils -of this country. - -Other causes have undoubtedly contributed to this situation, but the -one pertinent to the present discussion is that of decreasing soil -fertility as it is related to the production of crops. The production -of crops depends (1) upon the fertility of the soil; (2) climatic -conditions; (3) quality of seed used; and (4) the culture and care -given to the crop. Three of these governing factors are under the -control of the farmer. Therefore, inasmuch as they are under his -control, so also is the supply of food under his control to an equal -degree. - -According to the latest available statistics, out of 1,755,132,800 -acres in the United States, there are 383,891,682 acres of improved -land. A considerable amount of this land is being used for the -production of crops of various kinds. These crops in 1911 totaled the -enormous production of $5,504,000,000. - -The plant food consisting of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash -which these crops take from the soil is not all returned to the land, -and, as a result, we have a yearly drain upon the fertility account -of our soils. - -The loss of all three essential elements of plant food is being -partly met by the wise Conservation and use of barn manure. - -The loss of nitrogen in this depletion is also being partly met by -the growing of legumes which have the power of taking nitrogen from -the air and fixing it in the soil where it is available as plant food. - -If any one of these elements is lacking, crop production suffers -a decrease in quantity and a deterioration in quality, to wit: If -phosphoric acid is the lacking element in soil, the production of ear -corn may be large in quantity but the ears are soft and immature, -consequently are inferior for stock food or for human food. In the -same way a scarcity of phosphoric acid decreases the yield of wheat -and causes an inferiority in its quality. - -The lack of nitrogen and potash has equally disastrous effects on -the production of the crop. It is, therefore, not only a supply of -plant food that is necessary, but the balancing of it in order that -our soil may produce a maximum crop of best quality. The fertilizer -industry is an industry engaged entirely in the supply of these -plant food elements. It is, therefore, a direct contributor to the -maintenance of the human race, in that it deals in the elements of -plant food. - -Not only since its inception in 1840 has this industry contributed -to the supply of plant food, which in the end means human food, but -it has noted the wasteful methods of agriculture being practiced, -unconsciously frequent, in many parts of this country, and it has put -forth continuous efforts along the lines of educating the American -farmer to grow larger yields of better crops, to maintain and -increase the fertility of the soil, and increase the average yield -per acre. - -The fertilizer industry has, through its national association, within -the past two years established several movements, the great purpose -of which is to assist in the dissemination of knowledge of modern -methods of agriculture. - -Another line of effort wherein the fertilizer industry has been a -direct contributor to the conservation of vital resources is in its -great manufacturing plants. To produce the phosphoric acid which is -supplied in fertilizers, the industry obtains the barren phosphatic -rock from Tennessee, Carolinas, Florida, etc., grinds this material -and treats it chemically so as to make the phosphoric acid available. -By this means, it supplies to the great crop producing States of -this country the element of plant food, which, to a large extent, -determines the maturity and quality of crop production. - -The industry also takes the waste material of the packing houses, -such as bone, offal, blood, etc., dries and grinds it and produces -an ingredient of fertilizers which was formerly thrown away. This -packing house material supplies nitrogen and phosphoric acid. - -Furthermore, the garbage of the cities and towns of this country is -collected and reduced to the form of fertilizer ingredient, where it -formerly was burned or otherwise destroyed. - -Not only is all this done, but the former waste products of the -cotton and tobacco industry are similarly reduced to a form of plant -food to be mixed with other materials and returned to the soil. - -Still further, besides gathering up the waste and otherwise barren -products of the country, the industry has developed processes whereby -the gases from gas and coke manufacture are collected and reduced -to sulphate of ammonia in which form it constitutes one of the -nitrogenous ingredients in fertilizers. This ammonia sulphate is used -as an ingredient in fertilizers supplying nitrogen. - -Of late years the industry has gone even further than this, in that -a process has been discovered whereby the nitrogen of the air is -harnessed, and the product reduced to such forms that it supplies -available nitrogen for plant food. - -In assembling and preparing these essential elements of plant food, -the industry, as we have pointed out, not only prepares material to -return to the soil to supply the elements which have been taken out -of it, but it actually provides in deficient soils elements in which -they may be deficient, and by so doing makes more productive lands -which, on account of their balanced plant food, could not produce -paying results before being treated. - -The State of Georgia in 1911 spent over twenty million dollars -for fertilizers, with the result that they raised more and better -cotton than was ever raised in this State before. The State of Maine -in the same year used 150,000 tons of fertilizers on their potato -fields, with the result that their good potato growers produced from -two to four hundred bushels of potatoes per acre. The total State -productions exceed 25,000,000 bushels. - -The fertilizer industry, we believe, occupies a most prominent part -in the problem of producing sustenance for future generations and in -conserving the vital resources of the world, inasmuch as it is making -a close study of and doing a wonderful work in devising means whereby -practically all of the former waste materials of this country may be -reduced to available plant food and returned to the soil from which -they were taken. - -Summarizing, the fertilizer industry, as we have pointed out, is an -important factor in the maintenance of the human race, of this and -other continents, in that (1) it supplies plant food to balance up -the plant food in the soil and to make up the deficiencies which have -occurred as a result of continuous cropping; (2) assists in educating -the farmers to conserve the fertility of their soils by employing -scientific methods of farming; (3) it makes use of waste products of -other industries which have formerly been destroyed, and returns them -to the soil in the form of food for future crops. - -The fertilizer industry, therefore, must be recognized as one of the -greatest agencies of conservation of vital resources. - - -_DR. W J McGEE: AN APPRECIATION OF HIS SERVICES FOR CONSERVATION._ - -MR. W. C. MENDENHALL, Washington, D. C. - -Dr. W J McGee had mastered and advocated the fundamental principles -of Conservation long before the majority of those now most active in -the movement had come to appreciate the real meaning of the word. He -was one of the founders of this movement, was at all times one of -the most stimulating thinkers in its councils, and in him Mr. Pinchot -found one of his most loyal supporters and friends. Doctor McGee was -the personification of strength and steadfastness in the pioneer -period of Conservation, when the meaning of the word was unknown -to the multitude, and when the mere suggestion that our natural -resources are not inexhaustible but may be depleted to the vanishing -point by wasteful use was regarded as a wild heresy. During the -preceding sessions of this Congress he was its accepted authority on -problems involving that most widespread and universally distributed -of our natural resources—water. He has dealt with this resource from -the points of view of transportation, of irrigation, and of power, -and from the standpoint of biology in which it is recognized as -fundamental in all life. - -Doctor McGee’s mind was of the type of the intellectual pioneer, -intensely individual and original. He was masterful in the alignment -of facts and stimulating in the recognition and boldness of his -expression of the generalizations and far-reaching conclusions to -which his marshalled facts pointed. Like most men of brilliant -imagination, he was at times impatient of the slow processes of -research, or let us say rather that his impatience was with that -timidity in reaching conclusions so often displayed by those engaged -in research, rather than with the process itself. He believed that -the scientist’s practical rule of life should be the acceptance, as -a basis of action, of the conclusions indicated by such facts as are -known, even though those conclusions may not at present be definitely -established. - -Doctor McGee’s death at the Cosmos Club on September 4, 1912, -removed from the domain of science and from the forum of public -discussion one of its leading personalities. His career embraced an -unusually wide range of activities and in each of these he attained -distinction. As a geologist he was one of the group assembled by -Major Powell during the formative period of the United States -Geological Survey, a group which made American geology classic and -its leaders world-leaders in their science. In this field McGee’s -name is associated with the names of Powell, Dutton, Gilbert, Holmes, -Emmons, and Hague. Later, with the establishment of the Bureau of -Ethnology, into which he followed Major Powell, he became a pioneer -in ethnological research, although retaining continually his interest -in geologic and geographic problems. At the time of his death and for -a few years prior thereto he was the erosion and hydrologic expert -of the Department of Agriculture, his immediate connection with that -department being through the Bureau of Soils. His last years are -distinguished by a number of papers on the subject of Conservation, -in which he was so vitally interested; these articles are broad in -their scope, thoroughly original and stimulating in their expression, -and point out fearlessly some dangers of present practice and suggest -methods of remedy. But a few days before his death he completed the -correction of the galley proofs of the last of his papers, faithful -to his work and to his duty even while descending into the Valley of -the Shadow. - -This very brief sketch would not be complete without expressed -recognition of the fact that Doctor McGee’s attitude in the face of -death was in accordance with the best traditions of the science to -which his life had been devoted and was as admirable and as deeply -stirring and stimulating as any act of his career. For a year or -more he had recognized the fact that he was afflicted with cancer -and that his days were numbered. He faced this fact calmly and -prepared patiently for the inevitable by carefully completing all -work on hand and by disposing by will of his body and his brain to -his friend and fellow scientist, Dr. Spitska, to be used in the way -most likely to be beneficial to humanity. So long as his faculties -remained undimmed, he maintained the same keen interest in scientific -questions and current affairs that had marked his career at its -height. Those of his friends who visited him during the last few -weeks of his life heard not a single complaint nor an expression of -regret, but found themselves chatting easily with an old and honored -friend who gave no indication of the fact that he knew definitely -that his career was soon to be stayed by the hand of Death. Thus, -rising superior to the weakened, pain-racked body, he met with -philosophic calm and sublime courage the final inevitable test. It is -not given to man to do more than this. - - -_REPORTS OF STANDING COMMITTEES._ - -All the standing committees were represented at the Fourth National -Conservation Congress and made reports. Members of these committees -also addressed the Congress. - -Forests: See paper by Prof. Henry S. Graves, Chairman, page 318; also -addresses of Mr. E. T. Allen and Major E. G. Griggs, pages 312 and -183, respectively. - -Lands: Prof. L. H. Bailey, being unavoidably prevented from attending -the Congress, the report of the Lands Committee was presented by -Dr. George E. Condra, page 123. See also address of Mr. Charles S. -Barrett, page 132. - -Waters: Owing to the death of Dr. W J McGee, Chairman, the report of -this committee was submitted by Dr. W. C. Mendenhall. See page 335. - -Minerals: See address of Dr. Joseph A. Holmes, Chairman, page 200. - -Vital Resources: See address of Mr. A. B. Farquhar, page 214. - -Food: See address of Dr. Harvey W. Wiley, Chairman, page 75. Also see -paper by Mr. F. G. Urner, page 327. - -Homes: See address of Mrs. Matthew T. Scott, President-General, -Daughters of the American Revolution, page 250. Also report by -Mrs. Orville T. Bright, of Chicago, Vice-President of the National -Congress of Mothers, page 196. - -Child Life: See address and report of the Hon. Ben B. Lindsey, -Chairman, page 170. - -Education: See report of Dr. C. E. Bessey, Chairman, page 66; see -also address of Prof. E. T. Fairchild, page 134. - -Civics: See address of Mr. Ralph M. Easley, Chairman, page 272. - -National Parks: The report of this committee was submitted in -writing, signed by Dr. W J McGee, Chairman, and Col. Malcolm H. -Crump. See page 182. - -General (including Wild Life): Dr. W. T. Hornaday, Chairman, -presented the report of this committee. See page 344. Dr. T. Gilbert -Pearson gave an address on “Bird Slaughter and the Cost of Living.” -See page 72. - - - - -_INDEX._ - - - Accidents, Due to trespassing on railroads, 212 - Elevator, Statistics of, 229 - Industrial, 212 - Prevention of elevator, Address by R. P. BOLTON, 223–230 - Prevention of railroad, Address by T. H. JOHNSON, 205 - Railroad statistics on, 205 - Railway, Preventable, 220 - prevention section, 335 - prevention section, Resolution adopted, 335 - - ADDAMS, Miss JANE, Reference to, 174 - - Adjournment of Congress, 311 - - ALLEN, E. T., Chairman Forestry Section, 312 - Member Nominating Committee, 196 - Member Committee on Credentials, 111 - Address by, 61–66 - - American Farmer, 133 - - American Federation of Labor, Reference to, 174 - - AUSTIN, Hon. R. M., Remarks by, 310 - - ASHLEY, Dr. BURTON J., Address by, 281–286 - - - BAILEY, Prof. L. H., Chairman Committee on Lands and Agriculture, 10 - - BARKER, H. A., Member Nominating Committee, 196 - - BARNARD, H. E., Resolution by, 327 - - BARRETT, CHARLES S., Address by, 132–134 - - BAUMGARTNER, J. P., Remarks by, 286 - - BESSEY, Dr. C. E., Chairman Committee on Education, 10 - Report by, 66–71 - - Bird life, Conservation of, 280 - - Birds, Federal protection of migratory, Address by Dr. W. T. - HORNADAY, 72, 73 - Protection of, 19 - Slaughter and the cost of living, Address by Dr. T. GILBERT - PEARSON, 72 - - Birth and death certificates, Reference to, 215 - registration, 18, 235 - registration in Indiana, 247 - registration in Europe, 245 - - BLACK, Mrs. ELMER, Paper by, 352 - - BLUE, Surgeon-General, Reference to, 111 - - Board of Managers, 9 - - BOLTON, REGINALD PELHAM, Address by, 223–230 - - BRANDEIS, LOUIS D., Reference to, 154 - - BRIGHT, Mrs. ORVILLE T., Address by, 196–200 - - Bureau of Mines, Reference to, 108 - of Public Health, Reference to, 221 - - - Child, The, 171 - Duty of Nation to, 180 - labor, 19 - laws, Reference to, 112 - life, Committee on, 10 - Problem of the, 172 - welfare exhibit, 179 - International congress on, Reference to, 200 - - Childhood, Rights of, 181 - - Children, Attendance of, in schools of U. S., 270 - Duty of State toward, 176 - Legislation for protection of dependent, 175 - Protection of dependent, 175 - Safeguarding the morals of, 179 - Welfare of, 172 - - Children’s Bureau, Address by Miss JULIA CLIFFORD LATHROP, 242–249 - Importance of, 242 - Object of, 242 - Reference to, 108 - Reference to, 174 - Work of, 248 - - Civics, Committee on, 10 - - Civil service, 278 - - Climate as an asset, 303 - - Coal, Amount mined, 203 - State production of, 48, 49 - Waste of, 203 - - COFER, Dr. L. E., Address by, 111–112 - - Cold storage, 329 - Attacks on, 326 - economics, 330 - Food conservation by, Address by F. G. URNER, 327–334 - Function of, 331 - - Committee of one hundred, Reference to, 107 - on Resolutions, Chairman of, 111 - - Compensation act in Washington State, 188 - - CONDRA, Dr. GEORGE E., Address by, 48 - Member of Nominating Committee, 196 - Report of, 123–130 - - Conservation of bird life, 260 - of business, 60 - of business, Reference to, 123 - Commission, Reference to, by President WHITE, 39 - Reference to, 108 - Commissions, 56 - of the child, 178 - Congress, Development of, 161, 162 - Field of, Reference by President WHITE, 38 - Homes department of, 199 - Objects of, 183 - Origin of, 161 - department, General Federation of Women’s Clubs, Work of, 258 - of food, Address by F. G. URNER, 327–334 - in relation to the home, 252 - of the human race, Address by Dr. JOHN N. HURTY, 148–154 - of land and the man, Address by Mrs. HAVILAND H. LUND, 131–132 - of life, 256 - of man, Address by Dr. H. W. WILEY, 75–91 - of man on the land, Address by CHARLES S. BARRETT, 132 - and mining, 202 - of navigable streams, Address on, 357–362 - organization, 55 - in States, 55, 56 - Progress in, 60 - redefined, Address of E. T. ALLEN, 61–66 - Results of lack of, 259 - and secondary industries, 147 - of the soil, Paper by Hon. JAMES J. HILL, 349–352 - of waters, Report by W. C. MENDENHALL, Chairman Committee on - Waters, - 335–344 - work in General Federation of Women’s Clubs, 259 - - Constitution, 13 - Amendment to, 286 - Changes in, 286, 287 - - Consumers’ League, Reference to, 253, 254 - - Corporations, Overcapitalization of, 231 - - Cost of living, 162 - - Country life, 22 - - - Credentials, Committee on, 111 - - CROCKER, Mrs. MARION A., Address by, 258–262 - Member Nominating Committee, 196 - - CRUMP, M. H., Report by, 182, 183 - - - Daughters of the American Revolution, Reference to, 249 - Reference to, 253 - - Death, Loss through, 109 - Means of avoiding, 81 - registration, 18 - Unnecessary, 109 - - DENNY, Miss ADELINE, Motion by, 181 - - Department of Labor, Reference to, 108 - - Diseases of children, 244 - Communicable, 84 - Heredity of, 86 - Immunity from, 84 - Most active, 79, 80, 81 - Occupational, 143 - Prevention of introduction of contagious and infectious, 114 - Prevention of the spread of, 117 - of unknown genesis, 83 - - DOREMUS, CHARLES A., Letter from, 147 - - DOWLING, Dr. OSCAR, Address by, 139–144 - - DRINKER, Dr. HENRY STURGIS, Address by, 347–349 - - Drugs, Supervision of, 87 - - DUNN, JACOB P., Address by, 357–362 - - - EASLEY, RALPH M., Address by, 272–281 - Chairman Committee on Civics, 10 - - Education, Committee on, 10 - of immigrants, 198 - A plea for more equal educational opportunities, Address by - Professor E. T. FAIRCHILD, 134–139 - In relation to Conservation, 59 - Report of standing committees on, 66–71 - Value of, 167, 168 - Work in the community, 67 - Work through legislation, 70 - Work in the schools, 68 - - Efficiency, Human, Address by HARRINGTON EMERSON, 154–160 - - Elevator accidents, Legislation governing, 226 - - ELLIS, DON CARLOS, Presentation of Knoxville invitation by, 307–310 - Resolution by, 310 - - EMERSON, HARRINGTON, Address by, 154–160 - - Employer, The duty of, Address by Dr. E. A. RUMELY, 144–147 - - Employment department, 154 - Responsibility of, 237 - - EVANS, Dr. WILLIAM A., Speaker, 61 - - Executive Committee, 9 - Adoption of report by, 288 - Report by, 286 - - Exhibit, 22 - - - Factory legislation, 274 - - FAIRBANKS, Hon. CHARLES WARREN, Address of welcome by, 24 - - FAIRCHILD, Professor E. T., Address by, 134–139 - - Farmers’ Union, President of, CHARLES S. BARRETT, 132 - - Farming, Scientific, 297 - - FARQUHAR, A. B., Address by, 214–223 - Motion by, 288 - - FARRAND, Dr. LIVINGSTON, Address by, 264–271 - - Federal Forest Service, Reference to, by E. T. ALLEN, 63 - - Fish, Protection of, 19 - - FISHER, Professor IRVING, Address by, 103–111 - - Flood Damage, 291 - Investigation of Pittsburgh Flood Commission, Address by - GEORGE M. LEHMAN, 289–296 - prevention, 294 - protection, 293 - - Food, Committee on, 10 - preservation, Methods of, 328 - production, Development of, 328 - preservation, Requirement of, 328 - products, Relative values of, 143 - Section on, 326 - - Foods, Quality of cold storage, 332 - - Forest fires, 21 - State appropriations for prevention of, 21 - resources, Situation in States, 52, 53, 54 - service, Commendation of, 20 - Appropriations for, 20 - - Forestry, Attack upon, 321 - Committee on, 10 - Committee on Co-operation, 314 - Committee on Permanent Organization, 314 - Committee on Resolutions, 31 - Education in, 313 - policy, 323 - Present situation in, Address by Prof. H. S. GRAVES, 318–325 - Progress in State, 320 - Reasons for government ownership, 324, 325 - Report of Committee on Permanent Organization, 315, 316 - Report of Committee on Resolutions, 315 - section, 312 - Organization of, 312 - Register, 317 - - Forests, 20 - and floods, 304 - Address by E. T. ALLEN, 61–66 - Protection by the States, 21 - - FOSTER, VOLNEY T., Member Committee on Credentials, 111 - - - Game, Protection of, 19 - - General (including domesticated animals and wild life), Committee - on, 10 - - Federation of Women’s Clubs, Reference to, 240, 241 - - GIPE, J. C., Nomination of, for Recording Secretary, 288 - Recording Secretary, 9 - Recording Secretary, 1913, 11 - - GRAVES, HENRY S., Address by, 318–325 - Chairman Committee on Forestry, 1913, 11 - Chairman Committee on Forests, 10 - Discussion of paper by, 316 - - Greetings to Congress, 182 - - GRIGGS, Major E. G., Address by, 183–195 - Member Nominating Committee, 196 - - GROSS, H. H., Address by, 297–302 - - - Habit-forming Drugs, 110 - - HADLEY, Governor of Missouri, Reference to, 231 - - Hon. HERBERT S., Governor of Missouri, Reference to, 296 - - HAMMOND, JOHN B., Adoption of Resolution by, 306 - - Health, Public Health, Reference to, 111 - Powers of National Government Relating to, 112 - Control, Authority in, Address by Dr. L. E. COFER, 111–112 - Education in, 82 - Federal Public Health Service, Activities of, 114 - of Industrial Workers, 18 - National Board of, Reference to, 113 - of the People, 18 - - Public and Hygiene, Address by Dr. OSCAR DOWLING, 139–144 - Work, Municipal, Reference to, 98, 99, 100 - National, Reference to, 97 - State, Reference to, 98 - - Heredity, 152 - - Hereditary Defects, 18 - - HILL, Rev. H. G., Invocation, 91 - - Hon. James J., Paper by, 349–352 - - HOLMES, Dr. JOSEPH A., Address by, 200–205 - Chairman, Committee on Minerals, 10 - Reference to, 38 - - Home, The, address by Mrs. MATTHEW T. SCOTT, 250–254 - Conservation of the, 197 - Making, 251 - The Country, 199 - Training in the, 250 - - Homes, Committee on, 10 - - HOPKINS, CYRIL G., reference to, 300 - - HORNADAY, Dr. W. T., address by, 72 - Chairman, General Committee (including Domesticated Animals - and Wild Life), 10 - Report of, as Chairman, Committee on Wild Life Protection, 344–347 - - Hospitals, Establishment of Public, 269 - - Human Efficiency, Address by Dr. HENRY WALLACE, 161–170 - Reference to, 94 - by President WHITE, 33 - Life, Conservation of, 201 - address by A. B. FARQUHAR, 214–223 - Discussion of, by Dr. WILLIAM A. EVANS, 61 - as a National Asset, Address by E. E. RITTENHOUSE, 92–102 - - HURTY, Dr. JOHN N., Address by, 148–154 - Reference to, 246 - - Hygiene, Divisions of, 153 - Essentially Preventive, 144 - Need of Education in, 198 - in Relation to Public Health, Address by Dr. OSCAR DOWLING, - 139–144 - in Its Relation to Health, 140 - School, 150 - - - Illness, 149 - - Immigrants, Proper Distribution of, 198 - - Indiana, Conservation Work in, 29 - Health Work in, 29, 30 - State Forestry Association, 29 - State Board of Forestry, 29 - - Indianapolis, Welcome on Behalf of, 31 - - Industry, American, 236 - - Industrial Insurance, Reports of Washington Conservation Commission, - 193, 194, 195 - - Infant Life, Protection of, 196 - Mortality, Prevention of, 244 - - Initiative, Referendum and Direct Primary, 278 - - Insect Ravages, 19 - - Insurance, Working Man’s, 143 - - International Sunday School Association, Reference to, 178 - - Invitation to Congress from San Francisco, 286 - from Knoxville, 182 - - Invitations from Cities Desiring Congress, 306 - - Iron Ore, State Production of, 50, 51 - - Irrigation, 51 - - “Is the Child Worth Conserving?” Address by Judge BEN B. LINDSEY, - 170–181 - - - JOHNSON, THOMAS H., Address by, 205–214 - - JONES, Col. W. A. FLEMING, 111 - - - KELSEY, FREDERICK, Remarks by, 231 - - KENDALL, Mrs. ELMER E., Member, Nominating Committee, 196 - - KNAPP, JOSEPH P., Reference to, 186 - - Knoxville, Invitation from, 307–310 - - - Labor, Values from, 146 - Wage Scale and Hours, 305 - - Land, Drainage Schemes, 125 - Dry Land Deals, 126 - Effects of Land Frauds, 129 - Eucalyptus Promotion, 125 - Frauds, or Get-Rich-Quick Schemes, Address by Dr. GEORGE E. - CONDRA, 123–130 - Fruit Land Promotion, 124 - Irrigation Schemes, 124 - Mineral Land Promotion, 124 - Misrepresentation and Overvaluation of, 127 - Oil and Gas Promotion, 124 - Promoters’ Methods, 128 - Schemes, 126 - and Soil, Distribution of, 52 - - Lands, 19 - and Agriculture, Committee on, 10 - Report of Committee on, 123–130 - Classification of, 20 - Leasing of, 20 - Withdrawal of Public, 20 - - LATCHAW, D. A., Nomination of, for Treasurer, 288 - Treasurer, 1912, 9 - 1913, 11 - - LATHROP, Miss JULIA CLIFFORD, Address by, 242–249 - - Laws, Sumptuary, 89 - - LEHMAN, GEORGE M., Address by, 289–296 - - LIEBER, RICHARD, Address of Welcome by, 31 - Chairman, Board of Managers, 1912, 9 - - Life, Average Human, 103 - Duration of, in Sweden, 104 - - Lever Bill, Reference to, 300 - - Life Insurance Companies, Reference to, 101, 108 - - Life, Length of, 148 - Loss of, in Mines, 204 - Prolongation of, 90 - Table of Expectation of, 77 - waste, 94, 95, 96 - - LINDSEY, Judge BEN B., 170–181 - Chairman, Committee on Child Life, 10 - - Living, Science of, 151 - - Logging, Hazards of, 190 - - LOOMIS, A. M., New York, Remarks by, 311 - - Lumber Manufacturers, Reference to, 185 - - “Lumberman’s Viewpoint, The,” Address by Major E. G. GRIGGS, 183–195 - - Lumbermen, Reference to, by E. T. ALLEN, 65 - Support of Forestry by, 21 - - LUND, Mrs. HAVILAND H., Address by, 130–132 - - - MCGEE, Dr. W J, 22 - An Appreciation of, by W. C. MENDENHALL, 365–367 - Chairman, Committee on National Parks, 10 - Resolution on, 22 - - Mammoth Cave, Establishment of, as a National Park, 182, 183 - - MARTIN, Col. JOHN I., Sergeant-at-Arms, 23 - Motion by, 91 - Remarks by, 262, 263 - - Medicine, Patent, 150 - Proprietary, 88 - - - Men and Religion Forward Movement, Reference to, 178, 276 - - MENDENHALL, W. C., Report as Chairman, Committee on Waters, 335–344 - - MILLER, WINFIELD, Address of Welcome by, 33 - - Mine Legislation, 205 - - Minerals, 21 - Committee on, 10 - Long-time Leases of, 21 - Waste of, 22 - - Mining, 22 - Conditions, Improvement of, 204 - as a Great Foundation of Industry, 201 - Industry, 201, 202 - Development of, 202 - Loss of Life In, 22 - - MIX, Dr. M. W., Chairman Accident Prevention Section, 335 - - MOORE, Mrs. PHILIP N., Nomination of, for Vice-President, 288 - Remarks by, 241 - Vice-President, 1913, 11 - Professor WILLIS N., Address by, 302–305 - - Mortality Statistics, 78 - - Mothers’ Compensation Law, 176 - Pensions, 174 - - Municipal Government, 279 - - - National Association of Conservation Commissioners, Election of - Officers, 335 - Meeting of, 334, 335 - - of Manufacturers, Reference to, 146 - - Child Labor Committee, Reference to, 274 - - Civic Federation, Work of, 277 - - Congress of Mothers, Reference to, 196 - - Consumers’ League, Reference to, 172, 173 - - Conservation Association, Reference to, 56 - - Congress, Amendment to Constitution, 286, 287 - Membership in, 287 - Reference to, 56 - Vice-President of, 286 - Magazine, Suggestion of a, 302 - - Department of Health, Reference to, 108 - - Fertilizer Association, Report from, 363–365 - - League for Medical Freedom, Reference to, 222 - - Lumber Manufacturers’ Association, Reference to, 185, 187 - - Parks (including Mammoth Cave, Ky., and Adjacent Lands), - Committee on, 10 - - National Soil Fertility League, 299 - - Natural Gas, State Production of, 49, 50 - Waste of, 22 - - Resources, Proper Utilization of, 184 - - Navigable Streams, Conservation of, 357–362 - - Nominating Committee, Adoption of Report of, 288 - Appointment of, 195 - Report by, 288 - - - Officers, Appreciation of the Work of, 23 - and Committees, 1912, 9 - 1913, 11 - - - PACK, CHARLES LATHROP, Nomination of, for President, 288 - Presentation of, as President, 288 - President, 1913, 11 - Remarks by, 289 - - PAGE, WALTER H., Chairman, Committee on Resolutions, 111 - Report as Chairman of Committee on Resolutions, 306 - - Panama Canal, Reference to, 28, 106 - - Parent-Teacher Associations, Reference to, 199 - - PEARSON, Dr. T. GILBERT, Illustrated Address by, 71 - - Petroleum, State Production of, 49, 50 - - PHILPUTT, Rev. Dr. ALLAN B., Invocation by, 74 - - PINCHOT, GIFFORD, Message from, 74 - Reference to, by Dr. WILEY, 75 - - Political Platforms, 110 - - Population, Increase in, 300 - - Public Health Movement, Address by Prof. IRVING FISHER, 103–111 - Service, Organization of, 119, 120 - Service, Activities of, 121, 122 - State Laws Concerning, 284 - - Utility Corporations, in Their Relation to the Public, 277 - - Pure Food and Drugs, 279 - - Pittsburgh Flood Commission, Outline of Work, 290 - - - Race Suicide, 96, 177 - - Railroad Accidents, Cause and Prevention of, 208 - Statistics on, 211 - Study of, 207 - - Railway Accidents, 206, 207 - Classes of, 207 - - RAUH, CHARLES S., Report by, 363–365 - - Reception by Officers and Board of Managers, 73 - - Reforestation, 21 - - Refrigeration of Food Stuffs, 19 - - Reports of Washington Compensation Commission, 188 - - Rescue of the Fit, Address by HARRINGTON EMERSON, 154–160 - - Research, Scientific, 118 - - Resolution by R. P. BOLTON, 231 - - by FREDERICK KELSEY, 231 - - Resolutions, 18 - - Resources, Human, 140 - - RITTENHOUSE, E. E., Address by, 92, 102 - - RUMELY, Dr. EDWARD A., Address by, 144–147 - - Rural Schools, 22 - Pupils in, 137 - - - Sanitation in Pennsylvania, 216 - Enforcement of, 119 - of Foreign Commerce, 115 - - Sanitary Treaties, 116 - Information, Collection of, 117 - - “Saving Miners’ Lives,” Address by Dr. JOSEPH A. HOLMES, 200–205 - - SCOTT, Mrs. MATTHEW T., Address by, 250–254 - Chairman, Committee on Homes, 10 - President-General, D. A. R., Introduction of, 249 - - Schools, Country, Needs of, 299 - Growth in, 135 - Rural, Reference to, 136 - - School Supervision, 138 - Taxes, 137 - - Sewage Disposal, 19 - Experiments in, 284 - Disposition of, Address by Dr. BURTON J. ASHLEY, 281–286 - - SHIPP, THOMAS R., Executive Secretary, 1912, 9 - 1913, 11 - Nomination and Election of, for Executive Secretary, 288 - - Social Evil, The, 277 - Industry and Civic Progress, Address by RALPH M. EASLEY, 272–281 - - Soil Fertility, 162 - in Europe, 297, 298 - as National Asset, 297 - Soil, The Story of the, Address by H. H. GROSS, 297–302 - - States, What They Are Doing, Dr. GEORGE E. CONDRA, 48 - - Standing Committees, 1912, 10 - Report of, 367–368 - - STIMSON, Hon. HENRY L., Secretary of War, Address by, 41 - - Stimulants, Dangers of, 89 - - STORMS, Rev. Dr. A. B., Invocation by, 47 - - “Story of the Air,” Address by Prof. WILLIS N. MOORE, 302–305 - - Supplementary Proceedings, 312 - - Surveys, Climate, 58 - Ground Water, 58 - Social and Industrial Conditions, 58 - Native Life, 58 - Soils, 58 - Structural, 58 - Surface Water and Drainage, 58 - Topographical, 57 - Value of, 57, 58, 59 - - - TAFT, President, Message from, 41 - Personal Representative of, 41 - - TEAL, J. N., Chairman, Committee on Waters, 10 - - Tenement House Reform, 274 - - Timber Crop, 185 - - TOLL, JOHN D., Report by, 363–365 - - Training of Americans, 255 - - Tuberculosis Campaign, Outline of, 267 - Deaths from, 264 - Problem of, Address by Dr. LIVINGSTON FARRAND, 264–271 - Registration, 265 - of the Social Conditions, 266 - Survey, 268 - - Typhoid Fever, 220 - - - United States Steel Corporation, Reference to, 203 - - URNER, F. G., Address by, 327–334 - - - Vice Commissions, 179 - - Vice-Presidents, 9 - - Vital Energy, 234 - Resources, 10 - Committee on, 10 - of the Nation, Address by Dr. HENRY S. DRINKER, 347–349 - State Activities in, 54, 55 - Statistics, Address by A. B. Farquhar, 214–223 - - Vitality, Saving, 151 - - Vote of Thanks to Judge LINDSEY, 181 - - - Wage-Earners, improvement of Conditions for, 273 - - Wage Question, 159 - - Wages, Improvement of, 273 - - WALKER, Mrs. JOHN R., Address by, 255–258 - - WALLACE, Dr. HENRY, Address by, 161–170 - Chairman Pro Tem, 122 - Member, Nominating Committee, 196 - - War, Policy of Waste; Peace Policy of Conservation, Address by - Mrs. ELMER BLACK, 352–356 - - Water Power, 22 - Address of Hon. HENRY L. STIMSON, 41–46 - Coosa River Bill, 45 - Combination to Control, 184 - James River Bill, 44 - National Policy, 43 - A Prominent Resource, 43 - Public Control of, 22 - - Waters, Committee on, 10 - - WELCH, Dr. WILLIAM H., Chairman, Committee on Vital Statistics, 10 - - Weeks Law, Reference to, 319 - - Western Forestry and Conservation Association, Reference to, 65 - - WHEELER, N. P., Member, Nominating Committee, 196 - - WHITE, Hon. J. B., Address as President, 48 - - WHITE, President, Remarks in Presenting Hon. WOODROW WILSON, 232 - Remarks Presenting CHARLES LATHROP PACK, 288 - Remarks of, 33, 37, 40, 47, 75, 92, 102, 139, 160, 170, 181, 183, - 195, 200, 231, 240, 264, 298 - 1912, 9 - Announcements by, 111, 134, 182 - Remarks by, 311 - Statement by, 302 - - WICKS, Rev. Dr. F. S. C., Invocation by, 24 - - Wild Life Protection, State Activities in, 346 - Report of Standing Committee of, 344 - - WILEY, Dr. HARVEY W., Address by, 75–91 - Chairman, Committee on Food, 10 - Chairman, Section on Food, 326 - Mention of, 28 - - WILSON, WOODROW, Introduction of, by President WHITE, 232 - Address by, 232–240 - - Woodworking Industries, Risks in, 189, 190 - - Women’s Meeting, 240 - - Workman’s Compensation Act, 187 - Acts, States Which Have, 188 - - WORSHAM, E. LEE, Remarks by, 287 - Chairman, Executive Committee, 1912, 9 - 1913, 11 - - - - - Transcriber’s note - - Consolidated the different spelling of cooperation and coöperation - with the most used co-operation throughout book - Added missing punctuation where needed - Wide tables were split into two parts for readability - pg 4 Changed Relation to Pulbic to: Public - pg 5 Changed Scott 250-258 to: 250-254 - pg 5 Added letter h to Pittsburg in: Pittsburg, Mr. George M. Lehman - pg 10 Changed W J McGee. to: McGee, - pg 11 Changed Okland to: Oakland, Cal. - pg 14 Changed from the State Conservations to: Conservation - pg 16 Added period to: of less than 25,000. - pg 27 Changed take Russion with her to: Russia - pg 28 Changed spelling of: and familiarizing themeslves to: - themselves - pg 29 Changed comma to period at: drainage and the like. - pg 31 Changed spelling of: $600,000 to $300,000 annully to: - annually - pg 37 Changed something for beyond to: something far beyond - pg 43 Changed which will create waterpower to: water power - pg 45 Changed case of First, Is the river to: is - pg 54 Changed one of reforstation to: reforestation - pg 58 Changed spelling of older communities undistrubed to: - undisturbed - pg 74 Changed This we as through to: ask - pg 80 Changed principles of serum phophylaxis to: prophylaxis - pg 85 Changed spelling nature of the phagocytosthe to: phagocytose - pg 88 Changed spelling in any localtiy to: locality - pg 89 Changed spelling the use of stimulii to stimuli (3 places) - pg 98 Changed spelling other official public healh to: health - pg 100 Changed spelling height of absudity to: absurdity - pg 108 Changed spelling already passed the prosphorus to: - phosphorus - pg 111 Changed spelling simply to breath to: breathe - pg 124 Changed spelling speculation and over valuation to: - overvaluation (other matches in book) - pg 135 Matched spelling of little short of marvellous to: spelled - marvelous in other places - pg 135 Changed world-wide movement, by friends to: my friends - pg 135 Changed that not may purpose to: my purpose - pg 137 Changed they have not he to: the - pg 138 Added comma to million boys and girls, - pg 141 Changed low standards or decency to: of decency - pg 144 Changed spelling ethical and spirtual to: spiritual - pg 150 Removed unnecessary quote after: to have adequate - recreation. - pg 150 Changed spelling A Japanese physican to: physician - pg 152 Changed two instances of clamy hands, clamy feet to: clammy - pg 152 Changed insomnia, fugative pains to: fugitive pains - pg 154 Changed spelling temperance and sanitied to: sanitized - pg 155 Changed alloy steel because it work to: works - pg 166 Changed mathematics to compete to: compute - pg 166 Changed which tends to drawf to: dwarf - pg 172 Changed waterfalls and vendure to: verdure - pg 176 Changed spelling refuse to perfrom to: perform - pg 179 Changed where these things out to: ought - pg 206 Chart total for Scalded or Burned does not add up 197, - should be 297 - pg 210 Changed human factor with its attendent to: attendant - pg 214 Changed President White—Whe to: We - pg 217 Changed Similiar to the work to: Similar - pg 235 Changed single quote to double after: partners in the - creation? - pg 236 Changed not write an immoral to: immortal - pg 247 Changed deux ex machina to: deus - pg 255 Changed abundance make it posible to: possible - pg 258 Changed I feel that this Congres to: Congress - pg 264 Changed each year and very probaly to: probably - pg 269 Changed in procuring the necesary to: necessary - pg 279 Changed released the rich, wheras to: whereas - pg 280 Changed mind that this resume to: resumé - pg 290 Changed Pittsburg having been to: Pittsburgh - pg 290 Changed In conection with complete to: In connection - pg 293 Changed also for deeping to: deepening - pg 294 Changed now successfully empolyed to: employed - pg 295 Changed derived by preventitive to: preventative - pg 303 Changed in the lower straum to: stratum - pg 304 Removed comma after if we go on and plant - pg 307 Removed period after Office of Public Roads - pg 308 Changed time when these Stats to: States - pg 309 Removed comma after Mr. Chairman, Knoxville - pg 313 Changed effort to secure reforstation. to: reforestation. - pg 316 Added period after: given the necessary publicity - pg 325 Changed In the hands of sopilsmen to: spoilsmen - pg 326 Changed and large quanities to: quantities - pg 333 Changed no criteron of their quality. to no criterion - pg 338 Added period to: governmental activity in this direction - pg 346 Changed North Carolina, Tennsesee to: Tennessee - pg 346 Changed extinct as the mastadon to: mastodon - pg 353 Changed International Court of Aribtration to: Arbitration - pg 358 Added double quote to: always applied it to “White River - pg 363 Changed be large in quanaity to: quantity - pg 364 Changed Not only since its inseption to: inception - pg 365 Removed the word for from: soil in the form for of food - pg 367 Changed he knew definitely that has to: his - pg 369 Added period to: Baumgartner, J. - pg 369 Changed capitalization of In relation to the home, 252 to: - in relation - pg 370 Changed Investigation of Pittsburgh Flood Commisson to: - Commission - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PROCEEDINGS FOURTH NATIONAL -CONSERVATION CONGRESS *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following -the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use -of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for -copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very -easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation -of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project -Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may -do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected -by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark -license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country other than the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where - you are located before using this eBook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm website -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that: - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of -the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set -forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, -Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up -to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's website -and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without -widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our website which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This website includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |