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diff --git a/old/69699-h/69699-h.htm b/old/69699-h/69699-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 9e3d904..0000000 --- a/old/69699-h/69699-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,9703 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta charset="UTF-8"> - <title> - The Project Gutenberg eBook of Supplement to the catalogue of seals and whales In the British Museum, by John Edward Gray. - </title> - - <link rel="icon" href="images/cover.jpg" type="image/x-cover"> - - <style> - -a { - text-decoration: none; -} - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - -h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { - text-align: center; - clear: both; -} - -h5,h6 { - font-size: 1em; -} - -h2.nobreak { - page-break-before: avoid; -} - -hr.chap { - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - clear: both; - width: 65%; - margin-left: 17.5%; - margin-right: 17.5%; -} - -img.w100 { - width: 100%; -} - -div.chapter { - page-break-before: always; -} - -ul { - list-style-type: none; -} - -li { - margin-top: .5em; - padding-left: 2em; - text-indent: -2em; -} - -p { - margin-top: 0.5em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: 0.5em; - text-indent: 1em; -} - -table { - margin: 1em auto 1em auto; - max-width: 40em; - border-collapse: collapse; -} - -th { - padding: 0.25em; - font-weight: normal; -} - -td { - padding: 0.25em; - vertical-align: top; -} - -.tdr { - text-align: right; -} - -table.contents { - margin: 1em auto 1em auto; - max-width: 30em; - border-collapse: collapse; -} - -table.contents td { - padding-left: 2.25em; - padding-right: 0.25em; - vertical-align: top; - text-indent: -2em; -} - -table.contents .l1 { - padding-left: 4.25em; -} - -table.contents .l2 { - padding-left: 6.25em; -} - -table.contents tr.order td { - padding-top: 2em; -} - -table.contents .tdpg { - vertical-align: bottom; - text-align: right; -} - -table.borders { - border: thin solid black; -} - -table.borders td, table.borders th { - border-left: thin solid black; - border-right: thin solid black; -} - -table.borders th.bb { - border-bottom: thin solid black; -} - -table.borders .br0 { - border-right: none; -} - -table.borders .bl0 { - border-left: none; -} - -.blockquote { - margin: 1.5em 10%; -} - -.blockquote p { - padding-left: 2em; - text-indent: -2em; - font-size: 90%; -} - -.break { - text-align: center; - text-indent: 0em; - margin-top: 4em; -} - -.caption { - text-align: center; - margin-bottom: 1em; - font-size: 90%; - text-indent: 0em; -} - -.center { - text-align: center; - text-indent: 0em; -} - -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; -} - -.figleft { - float: left; - clear: left; - margin-left: 0; - margin-bottom: 1em; - margin-top: 1em; - margin-right: 1em; - padding: 0; - text-align: center; -} - -.frac { - padding-right: 1em; -} - -.hanging { - padding-left: 2em; - text-indent: -2em; -} - -.larger { - font-size: 150%; -} - -.pagenum { - position: absolute; - right: 4%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; -} - -.right { - text-align: right; -} - -.smaller { - font-size: 80%; -} - -.smcap { - font-variant: small-caps; - font-style: normal; -} - -.allsmcap { - font-variant: small-caps; - font-style: normal; - text-transform: lowercase; -} - -.space { - margin-left: 1em; -} - -.space3 { - margin-left: 3em; -} - -.titlepage { - text-align: center; - margin-top: 3em; - text-indent: 0em; - clear: both; -} - -.x-ebookmaker img { - max-width: 100%; - width: auto; - height: auto; -} - -.x-ebookmaker .blockquote { - margin: 1.5em 5%; -} - -/* Illustration classes */ -.illowp100 {width: 100%;} -.illowp16 {width: 16%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp16 {width: 100%;} -.illowp48 {width: 48%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp48 {width: 100%;} -.illowp71 {width: 71%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp71 {width: 100%;} -.illowp93 {width: 93%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp93 {width: 100%;} - </style> - </head> -<body> -<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Supplement to the catalogue of seals and whales in the British Museum, by John Edward Gray</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Supplement to the catalogue of seals and whales in the British Museum</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: John Edward Gray</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: January 3, 2023 [eBook #69699]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUPPLEMENT TO THE CATALOGUE OF SEALS AND WHALES IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM ***</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_i"></a>[i]</span></p> - -<p class="titlepage larger">SUPPLEMENT<br> -<span class="smaller"><span class="smaller">TO THE</span><br> -CATALOGUE<br> -<span class="smaller">OF</span></span><br> -<span class="larger">SEALS AND WHALES</span><br> -<span class="smaller">IN THE</span><br> -BRITISH MUSEUM.</p> - -<p class="titlepage"><span class="smaller">BY</span><br> -JOHN EDWARD GRAY, F.R.S., F.L.S., &c.</p> - -<p class="titlepage">LONDON:<br> -PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.<br> -1871.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_ii"></a>[ii]</span></p> - -<p class="titlepage smaller">PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,<br> -RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_iii"></a>[iii]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">TABLE OF CONTENTS.</h2> - -</div> - -<table class="contents"> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdpg"><i>Page</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Suborder PINNIPEDIA</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Fam. 1. <span class="smcap">Phocidæ</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tribe I. <span class="smcap">Phocina</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">1. Callocephalus</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">2. Pagomys</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">3. Pagophilus</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">equestris. N. Pacific</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">ochotensis. N. Pacific</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">4. Halicyon</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Richardi. N. Pacific</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Pealei. Antarctic Seas?</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">5. Phoca</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">barbata. North Sea</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">naurica. N. Pacific</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tribe II. <span class="smcap">Halichœrina</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">6. Halichœrus </td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tribe III. <span class="smcap">Monachina</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">7. Monachus</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tribe IV. <span class="smcap">Stenorhynchina</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">8. Stenorhynchus</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">leptonyx. Falkland Is., New Zealand</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">9. Lobodon</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">10. Leptonyx</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">11. Ommatophoca</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tribe V. <span class="smcap">Cystophorina</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">12. Morunga</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">elephantina. Falkland Island</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">angustirostris. California</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">13. Cystophora</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Fam. 2. <span class="smcap">Trichechidæ</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">1. Trichechus</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">rosmarus</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Fam. 3. <span class="smcap">Otariadæ</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tribe I. <span class="smcap">Otariina</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">1. Otaria</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">jubata. S. America</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tribe II. <span class="smcap">Callorhinina</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">2. Callorhinus</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">ursinus. Kamtschatka</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tribe III. <span class="smcap">Arctocephalina</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">3. Phocarctos</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Hookeri. Cape Horn</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">4. Arctocephalus</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">antarcticus. Cape of Good Hope</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">nigrescens. Falkland Islands</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">cinereus. Australia</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Forsteri. N. Zealand</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">falklandicus. Falkland Islands</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">nivosus. Cape of Good Hope</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tribe IV. <span class="smcap">Zalophina</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">5. Zalophus</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Gilliespii. N. Pacific</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">6. Neophoca</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">lobata. Australia</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tribe V. <span class="smcap">Eumetopiina</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">7. Eumetopias</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Stelleri. California</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">8. Arctophoca</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Philippii. Juan-Fernandez Island</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td> - </tr> - <tr class="order"> - <td>Order CETACEA</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Section I. <span class="smcap">Mysticete</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Suborder I. <span class="smcap">Balænoidea</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Fam. 1. <span class="smcap">Balænidæ</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">1. Balæna</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">mysticetus. North Sea</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">mediterranea. Mediterranean</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">angulata. North Sea?</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">nordcaper. Iceland</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">[cullamacha. N. Pacific]</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_39">39</a><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_iv"></a>[iv]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">2. Neobalæna</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">marginata. New Zealand</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">3. Eubalæna</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">australis. Cape of Good Hope</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Sieboldii. Kamtschatka</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">[japonica. Japan]</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">cisarctica. Atlantic</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">4. Hunterius</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Temminckii. Cape of Good Hope </td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">biscayensis. St. Sebastian</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Swedenborgii. North Sea</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">5. Caperea</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">antipodarum. New Zealand</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">6. Macleayius</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">australiensis. Australasia</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">britannicus. Dorsetshire</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Suborder II. <span class="smcap">Balænopteroidea</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Fam. 2. <span class="smcap">Agaphelidæ</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">1. Agaphelus</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">gibbosus. N. Atlantic</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">2. Rhachianectes</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">glaucus. California</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Fam. 3. <span class="smcap">Megapteridæ</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">1. Megaptera</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">longimana. North Sea</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">novæ-zelandiæ. New Zealand</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Burmeisteri. Buenos Ayres</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">americana. Bermuda</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">kuzira. Japan</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">osphyia. Atlantic</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">versabilis. N. Pacific</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">2. Poescopia</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Lalandii. Cape of Good Hope</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">3. Eschrichtius</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">robustus. Atlantic</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Fam. 4. <span class="smcap">Physalidæ</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">1. Benedenia</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Knoxii. North Sea</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">2. Physalus</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">antiquorum. North Sea</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Duguidii. North Sea</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">patachonicus. River Plata</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">brasiliensis. Bahia</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">3. Cuvierius</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Sibbaldii. North Sea</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">4. Rudolphius</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">laticeps. North Sea</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">5. Sibbaldius</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">borealis. North Sea</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Schlegelii. Java</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">antarcticus. Buenos Ayres</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">sulphureus. N. Pacific</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">tectirostris. N. Pacific</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">tuberosus. North-east America</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Fam. 5. <span class="smcap">Balænopteridæ</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">1. Balænoptera</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">rostrata. North Sea</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">velifera. Oregon</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">2. Swinhoia</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">chinensis. Formosa</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Section II. <span class="smcap">Denticete</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Suborder III. <span class="smcap">Physeteroidea</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Fam. 6. <span class="smcap">Catodontidæ</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">1. Catodon</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">macrocephalus. Trop.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">2. Meganeuron</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Krefftii. Australasia</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Fam. 7. <span class="smcap">Physeteridæ</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">1. Physeter</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">tursio. North Sea</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">2. Kogia</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">breviceps. Cape of Good Hope</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Macleayii. Australia, India</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">3. Euphysetes</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Grayii. Australia</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Suborder IV. <span class="smcap">Susuoidea</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Fam. 8. <span class="smcap">Platanistidæ</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">1. Platanista</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">gangetica. India</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Indi. India</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Suborder V. <span class="smcap">Delphinoidea</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Fam. 9. <span class="smcap">Iniidæ</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">1. Inia</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Geoffroyii. Brazil</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Fam. 10. <span class="smcap">Delphinidæ</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tribe I. <span class="smcap">Stenonina</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">1. Steno</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">frontatus. Indian Ocean</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">compressus. South Sea</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">chinensis. China</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">capensis. Cape of Good Hope</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">lentiginosus. India</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_66">66</a><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_v"></a>[v]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">[roseiventris. Moluccas]</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">tucuxi. Brazil</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">attenuatus. India</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">fuscus</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">[brevimanus. Singapore]</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">[coronatus. Spitzbergen]</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">[rostratus. North Sea]</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">2. Sotalia</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">guianensis. British Guiana</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tribe II. <span class="smcap">Delphinina</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">3. Delphinus</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">longirostris. Japan, Cape of Good Hope</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">delphis. North Sea</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Moorei. S. Atlantic</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">major</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Walkeri. S. Atlantic</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Janira. Newfoundland</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">fulvifasciatus. Van Diemen’s Land</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">obliquidens. N. Pacific</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">pomeegra. India</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Forsteri</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">4. Clymenia</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">stenorhyncha</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">microps. Coast of Brazil</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Alope. Cape Horn</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Styx. West Africa</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Euphrosyne. North Sea</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">gadamu. India</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">normalis</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Doris</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">euphrosynoides</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">dorides</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">obscura. S. Pacific</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">similis. Cape of Good Hope</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">crotaphiscus</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">esthenops</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">5. Delphinapterus</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Peronii. S. Atlantic</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">6. Tursio</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">truncatus. North Sea</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">erebennus. Philadelphia</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Metis. West Africa</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Cymodoce. River Uragua</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">abusalam. Cape of Good Hope</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Eurynome. South Sea</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">catalania. N. W. Australia</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">7. Eutropia</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Dickiei. Chili</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Heavisidii. Cape seas</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tribe III. <span class="smcap">Lagenorhynchina</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">8. Electra</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">obtusa</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Asia</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">fusiformis. India</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">acuta. North Sea</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">breviceps</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">clancula. S. Pacific</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">crucigera</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">thicolea</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">9. Feresa</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">intermedia</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">10. Leucopleurus</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">arcticus. North Sea</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">11. Lagenorhynchus</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">albirostris. North Sea</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tribe IV. <span class="smcap">Pseudorcaina</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">12. Pseudorca</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">crassidens. North Sea</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">meridionalis. Van Diemen’s Land</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">13. Orcaella</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">brevirostris. Ganges</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">fluminalis</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tribe V. <span class="smcap">Phocænina</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">14. Phocæna</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">communis. North Sea</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">[brachycium. Harbour of Salem]</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">[vomerina. N. Pacific]</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">15. Acanthodelphis</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">spinipinnis. Brazil</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">16. Neomeris</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">phocænoides. India</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Fam. 11. <span class="smcap">Grampidæ</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">1. Grampus</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Rissoanus. Nice</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Cuvieri. North Sea</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Richardsonii. Cape of Good Hope</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Fam. 12. <span class="smcap">Globiocephalidæ.</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">1. Globiocephalus</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">svineval. North Sea</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">[melas. Mediterranean]</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">[affinis. North Sea]</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">[intermedius. Delaware Bay]</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">[Edwardsii. South Sea]</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">[guadaloupensis. Guadaloupe]</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Grayi. Buenos Ayres</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">macrorhynchus. South Sea</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_84">84</a><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_vi"></a>[vi]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">[Scammonii. N. Pacific]</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">[australis. Australia]</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">[indicus. Bengal]</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">[Sieboldii. Japan]</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">[chinensis. China]</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">[sibo. Japan]</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">2. Sphærocephalus</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">incrassatus. British Channel</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Fam. 13. <span class="smcap">Orcadæ</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">1. Orca</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">stenorhyncha. North Sea</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">capensis. Cape of Good Hope</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">africana. Algoa Bay</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">latirostris. North Sea</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">[gladiator, var. arcticus. Faroe Islands]</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">[gladiator, var. europæus. Atlantic]</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">[gladiator, var. europæus. Mediterranean]</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">magellanica. Patagonia</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">tasmanica. Tasmania</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">rectipinna. California</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">atra. Oregon</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">2. Ophysia</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">pacifica. N. Pacific</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Fam. 14. <span class="smcap">Belugidæ</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">1. Beluga</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">catodon. North Sea</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">[rhinodon. Arctic seas]</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">[declivis. Arctic seas]</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">[angustata. Arctic seas]</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">[canadensis. Canada]</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Kingii. Australia</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">2. Monodon</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">monoceros. North Sea</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Fam. 15. <span class="smcap">Pontoporiadæ</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">1. Pontoporia</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Blainvillii. S. Atlantic</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Suborder VI. <span class="smcap">Ziphioidea</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Fam. 16. <span class="smcap">Hyperoodontidæ</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">1. Hyperoodon</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">butzkopf. North Sea</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">[semijunctus. Charlestown]</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">2. Lagenocetus</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">latifrons. North Sea</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Fam. 17. <span class="smcap">Epiodontidæ</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">1. Epiodon</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Desmarestii. North Sea</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">australis. Buenos Ayres</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">2. Petrorhynchus</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">mediterraneus. Mediterranean</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">capensis. South Sea</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Fam. 18. <span class="smcap">Ziphiidæ</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">1. Berardius</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">arnuxi. New Zealand</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">2. Ziphius</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Sowerbiensis. Britain</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">3. Dolichodon</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">Layardii. Cape of Good Hope</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">4. Neoziphius</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">europæus. Mediterranean</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l1">5. Dioplodon</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="l2">sechellensis. Seychelles</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1"></a>[1]</span></p> - -<h1><span class="smaller">SUPPLEMENT<br> -<span class="smaller">TO THE</span><br> -CATALOGUE<br> -<span class="smaller">OF</span></span><br> -SEALS AND WHALES.</h1> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak">Suborder PINNIPEDIA.</h2> - -</div> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Phocidæ, <i>Catalogue of Seals & Whales</i>, p. 1.</p> - -<p>Pinnipedia, <i>Illiger</i>, <i>Prodr.</i> p. 138, 1811.</p> - -<p>Pinnipedes, <i>Gill’s Prodomus</i>, <i>Proceedings Essex Institute</i>, vol. v. 1866.</p> - -</div> - -<h3>Family 1. PHOCIDÆ.</h3> - -<p>Muffle hairy on the edge, and between the nostrils. Ears -without any conch, merely a small aperture. Arms and legs very -short; wrist very short. Toes subequal, arched, exserted. Hind -feet large, fan-shaped; the inner and outer toes large and long, -the three middle ones shorter. The palms and soles hairy. Claws -distinct, sharp. Skull:—postorbital process none or obsolete; no -alisphenoid canal; the mastoid process swollen, seeming to form -part of the auditory bulla. The scapula expanded upwards and -backwards towards the posterior superior angle. Testicles enclosed -in the body of the animal, without any external scrotum.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Phocidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1869, vol. iv. pp. 268, 342, 344; -<i>Gill</i>, <i>Proc. Essex Instit.</i> 1866, p. 5; <i>Allen</i>, <i>Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.</i> -ii, 1870.</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2"></a>[2]</span></p> - -<p class="break">Sect. I. <i>Cutting-teeth 6/4, curved, conical, and small. The palate produced -nearly to the hinder molars.</i></p> - -<h4>Tribe I. <i>PHOCINA.</i></h4> - -<p>Skull tapering in front. Nose-hole moderate. Molars, except -the first, with two roots.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Phocina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 20.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Atlantic and Arctic Seas.</p> - -<h5>1. CALLOCEPHALUS.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Callocephalus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 20.</p> - -</div> - -<h5>2. PAGOMYS.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Pagomys, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 22.</p> - -</div> - -<h5>3. PAGOPHILUS.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Pagophilus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 25.</p> - -</div> - -<h6>1. Pagophilus? equestris.</h6> - -<p>Brown, with a ring round the head, a ring round the fore limbs, -and a broad band round the middle, white. The female whitish -brown, with an obscure band across the hinder part of the back.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Phoca equestris, <i>Pallas</i>, <i>Zoog. Ross.-Asiat.</i> i. p. 340; <i>Schrenck</i>, -<i>Amur-Land</i>, p. 182, tab. 9. figs. 1-3.</p> - -<p>Phoca fasciata, <i>Shaw</i>, <i>Zool.</i> i. p. 276 (from the Ribbon-Seal, <i>Pennant’s -Quad.</i> 276).</p> - -<p>Phoca annellata, <i>Radde</i>, <i>Reisen im Süden von Ost-Sibirien</i>, 1862, i. -p. 296, t. 1-3.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Pacific.</p> - -<h6>2. Pagophilus? ochotensis.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Phoca ochotensis, <i>Pallas</i>, <i>Zoog. Ross.-Asiat.</i> i. p. 117; <i>Schrenck</i>, -<i>Amur-Land</i>, p. 181.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Pacific.</p> - -<h5>4. HALICYON.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Halicyon, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 27.</p> - -</div> - -<h6>1. Halicyon Richardi.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Halicyon Richardi, <i>Cat. S. & Whales</i>, p. 30.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Pacific; Columbia River.</p> - -<h6>2. Halicyon Pealei.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Halichœrus antarcticus, <i>T. Peale</i>, <i>U. S. Expl. Exp.</i></p> - -</div> - -<p>Mr. Gill says that this is a typical species of <i>Phoca</i>, but appears -to be identical with those that occur along the Californian and Oregonian -coast, so that there must be some error as to the assigned -habitat in the Antarctic seas—and proposes the name <i>Phoca Pealii</i> -(Proc. Essex Instit. vol. v. p. 4).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>[3]</span></p> - -<h5>5. PHOCA.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Phoca, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, pp. 6 & 31.</p> - -<p>Erignathus, <i>Gill</i>, 1865.</p> - -</div> - -<h6>1. Phoca barbata.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Phoca barbata, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 31.</p> - -<p>Phoca lanica, <i>Rees</i>, <i>Cyclopædia</i>, <span class="smcap">Phoca</span> (from <i>Lepechin</i>).</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p> - -<h6>2. Phoca naurica.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Phoca barbata, <i>Temminck</i>, <i>Fauna Japonica</i>.</p> - -<p>Phoca naurica <i>et</i> Phoca albigena, <i>Pallas</i>, <i>Zoog. Ross.-Asiat.</i> i. pp. -108, 109 (vide <i>Schrenck</i>); <i>Schrenck</i>, <i>Amur-Land</i>, p. 181.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Pacific; Japan. Mus. Leyden.</p> - -<h4>Tribe II. <i>HALICHŒRINA.</i></h4> - -<p>Muzzle broad, rounded. Skull higher in front. Nose-hole very -large. Grinders conical; the two hinder of the upper and the -hinder one of the lower jaw double-rooted.</p> - -<p>Inhab. North Atlantic and Arctic Seas.</p> - -<h5>6. HALICHŒRUS.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Halichœrus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, pp. 6 & 33.</p> - -</div> - -<p class="break">Sect. II <i>Cutting-teeth four above, and four or two below.</i></p> - -<h4>Tribe III. <i>MONACHINA.</i></h4> - -<p>Cutting-teeth 4/4; upper transversely notched. Palatine bones not -produced beyond the inner margin of the orbits.</p> - -<p>Inhab. Mediterranean and North Atlantic.</p> - -<h5>7. MONACHUS.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Monachus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, pp. 6 & 17.</p> - -</div> - -<h4>Tribe IV. <i>STENORHYNCHINA.</i></h4> - -<p>Cutting-teeth 4/4; conical, acute. Hinder feet nearly clawless.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Stenorhynchina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 8.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Antarctic Ocean.</p> - -<p class="break">1. <i>Lower jaw strong, angulated behind. Grinders two-rooted, except the -first in each jaw.</i></p> - -<h5>8. STENORHYNCHUS.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Stenorhynchus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 15; <i>Gill</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 10.</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>[4]</span></p> - -<h6>1. Stenorhynchus leptonyx.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Stenorhynchus leptonyx, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 16.</p> - -<p>Stenorhynchus leptonyx (Sea-leopard), <i>Abbott</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1868, pp. 192 -& 527.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Falkland Islands (<i>Abbott</i>, <i>Lecomte</i>).</p> - -<p>This Seal appears to extend from the Antarctic seas to New Zealand, -the shores of New South Wales, and the Falkland Islands.</p> - -<p class="break">2. <i>Lower jaw moderate. The three front upper and first front lower -grinders single-rooted; the rest two-routed.</i></p> - -<h5>9. LOBODON.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Lobodon, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 8; <i>Gill</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 10.</p> - -</div> - -<p class="break">3. <i>Lower jaw very weak. Front grinder in each jaw single-rooted; -the rest two-rooted.</i></p> - -<h5>10. LEPTONYX.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Leptonyx, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 11; <i>Gill</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 10.</p> - -</div> - -<h5>11. OMMATOPHOCA.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Ommatophoca, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 13; <i>Gill</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 10.</p> - -</div> - -<h4>Tribe V. <i>CYSTOPHORINA.</i></h4> - -<p>Cutting-teeth 4/4; grinders with large swollen roots and a small -compressed simple plated crown. Muffle of male with a dilatable -appendage.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Cystophorina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 38.</p> - -</div> - -<h5>12. MORUNGA.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Morunga, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 38.</p> - -<p>Macrorhinus, <i>Gill</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 9.</p> - -</div> - -<h6>1. Morunga elephantina.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Morunga elephantina, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 39.</p> - -</div> - -<p>One of the Falkland Islands is called Elephant Island, from the -former abundance of Sea-elephants there; but Mr. Sclater informs -us that when Lecomte visited it, it was “found to be quite deserted -by this animal, which is said now to be entirely extinct in the -Falklands, though its former abundance in certain spots is well -known, and is further testified by remains of its bones and teeth -met with on the shores, specimens of which were obtained and sent -home.”—<i>P. Z. S.</i> 1868, p. 527. See Dr. Sclater’s previous -statement, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 189.</p> - -<p>This latter assertion is a mistake, for the bones sent home -were those of <i>O. jubata</i>, as is proved by the following remarks of -Dr. Murie:—“Lecomte and his companions believed these large old<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span> -skulls of <i>Otaria jubata</i> [which he brought home] to be those of -the Elephant-seal (<i>Morunga elephantina</i>), as it was stated by some -of the party that those animals formerly did exist on this island. -One of the pilots (Louis Despreaux by name) had resided thirty-two -years on the Falkland Islands, and he distinctly remembered shooting -many Elephant-seals in the neighbourhood in bygone years; but -about twelve years ago they began to get scarce and disappear.” And -further on he observes that they are “now only rarely met with in -the Falklands.”—<i>P. Z. S.</i> 1869, pp. 106 & 109.</p> - -<h6>2. Morunga angustirostris.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Macrorhinus angustirostris, <i>Gill</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 13; <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. N. Sc. -Philad.</i> 1865, p. 51.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. California from Cape San Lucas to Point Reyes.</p> - -<p>Its colour is light brown when the hair is grown to the full length. -The males are from 18 to 22 feet long. Females 10 feet long. -Canines of the males 4 or 5 inches long.</p> - -<h5>13. CYSTOPHORA.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Cystophora, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 40; <i>Gill</i>, <i>l. c.</i></p> - -</div> - -<p class="break"><i>North Atlantic.</i></p> - -<ul> -<li>Callocephalus vitulinus.</li> -<li>Callocephalus dimidiatus.</li> -<li>Pagomys fœtidus.</li> -<li>Pagophilus grœnlandicus.</li> -<li>Phoca barbata.</li> -<li>Halichœrus grypus.</li> -<li>Cystophora cristata.</li> -</ul> - -<p class="center"><i>Caspian Sea and Lake Baikal.</i></p> - -<ul> -<li>Callocephalus caspica.</li> -<li>*Pagomys fœtidus.</li> -</ul> - -<p class="center"><i>Tropical Atlantic.</i></p> - -<ul> -<li>Monachus tropicalis. <i>Jamaica.</i></li> -<li>Cystophora antillarum. <i>West Indies.</i></li> -</ul> - -<p class="center"><i>Mediterranean and Subtropical -Atlantic.</i></p> - -<ul> -<li>Monachus albiventer.</li> -</ul> - -<p class="center"><i>North Pacific.</i></p> - -<ul> -<li>Halicyon Richardi.</li> -<li>Halicyon? Pealii.</li> -<li>Pagophilus? equestris.</li> -<li>Pagophilus? ochotensis.</li> -<li>Phoca naurica.</li> -<li>Morunga angustirostris.</li> -</ul> - -<p class="center"><i>Antarctic Ocean.</i></p> - -<ul> -<li>Lobodon carcinophaga.</li> -<li>Leptonyx Weddellii.</li> -<li>Ommatophoca Rossii.</li> -<li>Stenorhynchus leptonyx.</li> -<li>Morunga elephantina.</li> -</ul> - -<p class="center"><i>New Zealand.</i></p> - -<ul> -<li>Stenorhynchus leptonyx.</li> -</ul> - -<p class="center"><i>Australia.</i></p> - -<ul> -<li>Stenorhynchus leptonyx.</li> -</ul> - -<h3>Family 2. TRICHECHIDÆ.</h3> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Trichechidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. Philosoph.</i> 1825, p. 348; <i>Ann. & Mag. N. -H.</i> 1869, iv. p. 268.</p> - -<p>Rosmaridæ, <i>Gill</i>, <i>Proc. Essex Inst.</i> v. 1866, p. 11.</p> - -<p>Trichechina (part.), <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 33.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Muzzle very broad, truncate, convex, swollen above. Ears without -any conch. Eyes prominent. Canines very large, exserted.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[6]</span> -Cutting-teeth 4/2 in young, and 2/2 in adult; grinders all single-rooted. -The anterior feet as large as the posterior ones; the fingers decrease -in a curved line, destitute of claws; the hind feet with five toes, very -gradually increasing towards the inner, all provided with claws; -palms and soles hairy in the young, becoming chaffy. Tail rudimentary. -Skull with no postorbital processes. A distinct alisphenoid -canal. Mastoid process strong and salient, with its surface continuous -with the auditory bulla. The scapula, hinder margin nearly -straight, with the spine a short distance from and somewhat parallel -with it. Resting on its body with the fore feet extended and the -hind feet doubled under it, moving by the exertion of the abdominal -muscles. (See P. Z. S. 1853, p. 112.)</p> - -<h4>1. TRICHECHUS.</h4> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Trichechus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 35.</p> - -</div> - -<h5>1. Trichechus ⸺?</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Trichechus rosmarus, <i>Schrenck</i>, <i>Amur-Land</i>, p. 179.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Pacific.</p> - -<h3>Family 3. OTARIADÆ.</h3> - -<p>Nose simple; muffle rather large, callous above and between the -nostrils. Ears with a cylindrical, external conch. Arms and legs -rather elongate. The fore and hind feet fringed. Fore feet fin-like, -with a scolloped naked membrane. Palms and soles bald, -longitudinally grooved, more or less triangular. Fingers gradually -diminish in size from the inner side. Hind feet elongate, narrow, -all clawless. Toes nearly of equal length, the outer one on each -side being rather the strongest (see Cat. Seals and Whales, p. 44, -f. 15). Three middle toes clawed. The fur is generally provided -with a more or less thick under-fur. Skull with a postorbital process. -An alisphenoid canal. Mastoid process strong and salient, -extending aloof from the auditory bulla. Cutting-teeth 6/4, upper -often bifid; canines conical; grinders 5/5 or 6/5. The scapula is curved -backward to the upper angle, but with its spine or crest near the -posterior margin. Testicles enclosed in the small external scrotum. -They walk on their fore and hind limbs; they rest with the hind -part of the body bent down, and the legs directed forward, like the -Morse. The females lie on their backs to receive the caresses of the -male; and the young are born on shore and are gradually taught to -swim.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Otariadæ, <i>Brookes, Mus. Cat.</i> 1836, pp. 18, 28; <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. -N. H.</i> 1869, iv. p. 268; <i>Gill</i>, <i>Proc. Essex Inst.</i> 1866, v. p. 7; <i>Allen</i>, -<i>Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.</i> ii. p. 27.</p> - -<p>Arctocephalina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 44.</p> - -</div> - -<p>The Eared Seals (Otariadæ) form a distinct family from the Earless<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[7]</span> -Seals (Phocidæ). They have more power of using their limbs like -the more typical mammalia, walking on them with the body raised -from the ground; they rest with their hind limbs bent forwards. -These habits are well shown in Dr. Forster’s figures, engraved by -Buffon; and they have been verified by the study of the living -Eared Seal in the Zoological Gardens. Their scrotum and genital -organs are exposed as in the Dog.</p> - -<p>The <i>Otariæ</i> come to the surface during the process of mastication, -and do not, like the Eared Seals, swallow under the water. They -do not drink, while the common Seal occasionally sucks in water -as a horse would. The pupils of the eyes dilate and contract to an -enormous extent.</p> - -<p>The Sea-bears (<i>Otariadæ</i>) inhabit the more temperate and colder -parts of the southern hemisphere, and the temperate and more -northern regions of the Pacific Ocean.</p> - -<p>The <i>Otariæ</i> appear to make periodical migrations towards the -south; and the Sea-lions (<i>O. jubata</i>) come to the Falkland Islands in -November, where they remain till June or July, when the greater -number depart; but some remain there the whole year round -(P. Z. S. 1869, p. 108).</p> - -<p>Navigators, from the general external resemblance of the animals, -have regarded the Sea-lion and Sea-bear of the northern and -southern regions as the same animal. Pennant (who paid considerable -attention to Seals) and most modern zoologists have done -the same.</p> - -<p>Nilsson, in his excellent Monograph of the Seals, only mentions -three species of Eared Seal:—1, <i>Otaria jubata</i>; 2, <i>O. ursina</i>; and, 3, -<i>O. australis</i>. He believed that the first was common to the Falkland -Islands, Chile, Brazil, New Holland, and Kamtschatka, and the -second to Magellan’s Straits, Patagonia, New Holland, and the Cape. -We now know that the species have a very limited geographical -distribution.</p> - -<p>When I published my ‘Catalogue of the Seals in the British Museum,’ -in 1850, I was satisfied from Steller’s description that the -species he described from the Arctic regions were distinct from those -found in the Southern seas; and when I at last succeeded in obtaining -specimens and skulls from the northern regions of the Pacific, -I not only found that my idea was confirmed, but that they did not -even belong to the same genera. I had the skulls of these species -figured in the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ for 1859, and -this greatly extended the knowledge of the animals. But there is -yet much to be learnt respecting them. We do not know the species -of Fur-seal described by Forster as inhabiting the coast of New -Zealand.</p> - -<p>The skull of these animals changes so much in form as the animal -arrives at adult and old age that it is not always easy to determine -the species by it, unless you have a series of them, of different ages -and states, to compare. Thus Dr. Peters, in his revision of the -genus after the publication of my Catalogue and figures of the skulls -in the ‘Voyage of the Erebus and Terror’ and in the ‘Proceedings<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[8]</span> -of the Zoological Society,’ formed no less than five species from the -skulls of the southern Sea-lion (<i>Otaria jubata</i>)—<i>O. jubata</i>, <i>O. Byronia</i>, -<i>O. leonina</i>, <i>O. Godeffroyi</i>, and <i>O. Ulloæ</i>,—referring the first -four to the subgenus <i>Otaria</i>, and the last to <i>Phocarctos</i> (see Monatsbericht, -May 1866, pp. 265, 270). In his second essay, published -a few months later (<i>ibid.</i> Nov. 1866), after his visit to London, he -placed them all together in one subgenus (<i>Otaria</i>), and seems, by -the way in which he has numbered four of them, to doubt their -distinctness. It would have been better if he had at once simply -reduced them to synonyms (as they must be reduced) and included -with them <i>O. Ulloæ</i>, which is only the skull of a young specimen, -such as was called <i>O. molossina</i> by Lesson and Garnet. I may -observe that I had shown in my first ‘Catalogue of Seals’ (1850), -from the examination of the typical skull, that two or three of -these nominal species were only very old or young skulls of the -southern Sea-lion.</p> - -<p>It is the character of the Eared Seals or <i>Otariadæ</i> to have a very -close, soft under-fur between the roots of the longer and more rigid -hairs. They are therefore called <i>Fur-Seals</i> by the sealers, and are -hunted for their skin as well as for their oil. The quantity and -fineness of the under-fur differ in the various species; and the skin -and under-fur bear a price in the market according to the country -and the species from which they are obtained.</p> - -<p>Some species of the family have so little under-fur when they -arrive at adult age, that they are of no value in the market to be -made into “seal-skins;” these are therefore called <i>Hair-Seals</i> by -the sealers. They are only collected for the oil, as the skins are of -comparatively little value.</p> - -<p>The skins of the Fur-Seal are much used in China, and are more -or less the fashion in this country, sometimes being far more expensive -than at others. The skins of the Hair-Seals are only used, like -the skins of the Earless Seals or <i>Phocidæ</i>, for very inferior purposes, -as covering boxes, knapsacks, &c.; but the animals are much sought -after for the oil they afford.</p> - -<p>The furs of the different species of Fur-Seals are exceedingly different -in external appearance, especially in the younger specimens, -or when the fur is in its most perfect condition. In most species -the hairs are much longer than the under-fur; they are flat and -more or less rigid and crisp. In others the hairs are short, much -softer, scarcely longer than the soft woolly under-fur; in these species -the fur is very dense, standing nearly erect from the skin, forming -a very soft elastic coat, as in <i>O. falklandicus</i> and <i>O. Stelleri</i>.</p> - -<p>The hair of <i>O. nigrescens</i> is considerably longer than that of <i>O. cinerea</i>, -but not so harsh, the fur of the half-grown <i>O. nigrescens</i> being -longer, sparse, flat, rather curled at the end, giving a crispness to -the feel; while the hairs of the very young specimens are abundant, -nearly of equal length, forming an even coat that is soft and smooth -to the touch.</p> - -<p>The length, abundance, and, indeed, the presence or absence of -the under-fur greatly depend on the season at which the specimen<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[9]</span> -is obtained or observed. It is true that the sealers call some seals -hair- and others fur-seals; but that is only because what they call -hair-seals never had more than a very small quantity of under-fur -in the fur-season; but, on the other hand, many fur-seals at some -seasons have only a small quantity of the under-fur which is so long -and abundant at other periods.</p> - -<p>Difficult as it is for the zoologist to distinguish the species by their -external appearance, the skins of the different species of Fur-Seals -are easily distinguished by the dealers, even when they are wet, -showing that the practical fellmonger is in advance of the scientific -man in such particulars, as the dealers in whalebone were in regard -to the distinction of the species of the Whale by their baleen (see -Zool. Erebus & Terror).</p> - -<p>The longer hairs of the Fur-Seals are very slender and pale-coloured -at the basal half of their length, and thicker and darker at -the upper half, and often have a white tip. The basal half is subcylindrical, -the upper half is flat, tapering at each end. The absolute -length of the under-fur differs in the various species. Judging -from the old and young specimens of <i>A. nigrescens</i>, the hairs seem -to be longer, both absolutely and relatively to the under-fur, in the -young than in the adult animals. The hairs of the Hair-Seals are -shorter, flat, channelled above, and gradually tapering from the base -to the tip, merely contracted at the insertion into the skin. The -breadth of the hairs seems to vary in the different species; and in -the younger specimens there are to be observed some soft hairs like -the under-fur of the Fur-Seals.</p> - -<p>The <i>Fur-Seals</i> are <i>Callorhinus ursinus</i>, <i>Arctocephalus antarcticus</i>, -<i>A. nigrescens</i>, <i>A. cinereus</i>, <i>A. Forsteri</i>, <i>A. falklandicus</i>, <i>Eumetopias -Stelleri</i>, <i>Arctophoca Philippii</i>.</p> - -<p>The <i>Hair-Seals</i> are <i>Otaria jubata</i>, <i>Phocarctos Hookeri</i>, <i>Arctocephalus -nivosus</i>, <i>Zalophus Gilliespii</i>, <i>Neophoca lobatus</i>.</p> - -<p>Dr. Peters, in his two papers on the Eared Seals (<i>Otaria</i>) uses the -length of the ears and the existence or non-existence of the under-fur, -as well as the characters used by Mr. Gill and myself, to separate -the species of these animals into subgenera.</p> - -<p>The length of the ears may probably afford good characters for -the separation of the species and groups, if they can be observed in -the living animals. As yet, only one species of these animals, the -Sea-lion or Sea-bear (<i>Otaria leonina</i>), has been observed alive in -Europe; so that Dr. Peters’s notes could only be derived from the -examination of more or less carefully preserved skins; and, I fear, -little dependence can be placed on them.</p> - -<p>The form of the hinder opening of the nostrils and the form of its -front edge, when only one or two skulls of a species were examined, -have been regarded as constituting a good character; but when an -extensive series of the skulls of a single species, or of several species, -have been examined, that part is found to vary considerably as to -the width of its different parts, and especially in the form of its -front edge. As far as my observations have extended, the hinder -opening of the nostrils appears to become narrower, and especially its<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[10]</span> -front edge, as the animal becomes adult or aged; and in the skulls -of the younger specimens it is broader, shorter, and the front edge -is broader and more truncated or straight, with only a slight rounding -at the sides.</p> - -<p>The position of the grinders as regards the front part of the zygomatic -arch is a good character for the distinction of the species, -especially if a series of skulls from animals of different ages, and -from the same locality, of each species are compared together; and -it is the same with the rooting of the grinders themselves. But -when adult skulls of different species are compared together, the -forms of the skulls are so altered, the grinders generally so worn -and altered by age, and their position in different species so similar, -that the distinction of the species then becomes more difficult.</p> - -<p>The flap of thick bald skin produced beyond the hinder toes varies -in length as compared with the toes, in the length of it before it divides -into lobes, and the length of the lobes themselves in different -species, and thus affords characters for their separation; -but it is difficult to determine the proper length of it and its parts -from a preserved specimen in the Museum. It is apt to be unnaturally -stretched in length and width by the preparer, and it shrinks -as it dries long after it is placed in the Museum.</p> - -<p>If I am not deceived by the prepared skins, the flap appears to -be longer in the adult than in the young specimens; and judging -from the specimens in the Museum, it is longest in <i>Callorhinus -ursinus</i>, and it gradually becomes shorter in <i>Arctocephalus antarcticus</i>, -<i>A. falklandicus</i>, <i>Phocarctos Hookeri</i>, <i>A. cinereus</i>, <i>Otaria jubata</i>, and -<i>A. nigrescens</i>. It is very short in <i>Neophoca lobata</i> and <i>Eumetopias -Stelleri</i>.</p> - -<p>The “Prodrome of a Monograph of the Pinnipedes,” by Mr. Theodore -Gill, wherein he named several genera of this group, and a -paper by Dr. Peters on the <i>Otariæ</i> of the Berlin Museum, in the -‘Monatsbericht’ for May 1866, have induced me to reexamine the -skulls and skeletons in the British Museum.</p> - -<p>I may observe that Dr. Peters considers all the Eared Seals one -genus, but has divided them into seven subgenera, to each of which -he gives a distinctive name. Dr. Peters’s paper is interesting as -determining the specimens described by Pander and D’Alton, Johann -Müller, and other German naturalists, as well as describing the -more recently received specimens in the Berlin Museum, which -certainly is one of the most important on the Continent.</p> - -<p>Captain Thomas Musgrave, in a work entitled ‘Cast away on the -Aucklands,’ 12mo, 1866, pp. 141 and following, gives a very interesting -account of the habits and manners of the Lion-seal, showing -how unlike they are in their habits to the Seals without ears (Phocidæ). -The female brings forth her young far inland, and has to -teach them to take to the water which is to be their future home.</p> - -<p>Captain Weddell gives nearly the same account of the habits of -the Fur-Seal, as does also Mr. Hamilton (in Ann. & Mag. Nat. -Hist. 1839, p. 87).</p> - -<p>Mr. J. A. Allen, in the ‘Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[11]</span> -Zoology’ at Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass., has published (1870) -an essay on the Eared Seals (Otariadæ), with detailed descriptions -of the North-Pacific species.</p> - -<p>He divides the family into subfamilies:—</p> - -<p>Subfam. 1. <i>Trichophocinæ</i>, without under-fur, and containing the -genera <span class="smcap">Otaria</span>, <span class="smcap">Eumetopias</span>, <span class="smcap">Zalophus</span>.</p> - -<p>Subfam. 2. <i>Eulophocinæ</i>, with thick under-fur, containing <span class="smcap">Callorhinus</span> -and <span class="smcap">Arctocephalus</span>.</p> - -<p>He gives figures of the skulls of different ages of the North-Pacific -species.</p> - -<p>Mr. Allen had only the skins in salt and the bones of two -North-Pacific species to study, and he does not seem to be aware -that the abundance of the under-fur greatly depends on the season -and age of the animal when collected; and unfortunately he seems -to have had no specimens or skulls of the southern species to enable -him to study their characters; yet with these limited materials he -has ventured to propose a revision of the species of Otariadæ, and, -from the same cause, has suggested the uniting of many incongruous -species together. It may be very true that zoologists have erred -(myself among the number) in making too many genera and species; -but the correction of this error requires as much study and consideration -of the entire subject as have been used in their determination; -and science is not advanced by hasty alterations founded on a -few specimens.</p> - -<p>The Eared Seals are collected for their oil and skins. Most of the -species have very dense under-fur of soft erect hairs between the -bases of the longer hairs. These are called “Fur-Seals;” and the -skins, when deprived of their long hairs, are very valuable. The -dressed furs of the various species and localities are of very different -commercial and economic value. The skins of <i>Neophoca lobata</i> (of -Australia) and <i>Phocarctos Hookeri</i> (of the Southern Ocean), being -nearly destitute of this under-fur, are called <i>Hair-Seals</i> by the -sealers. Their skins are of little comparative value, as they are only -used like the skins of the Earless Seals (Phocidæ).</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Synopsis of the Genera.</span></h4> - -<p class="hanging">Section I. <i>Palate produced behind to a line even with the condyles of the -jaw. Grinders 6/5·6/5. Under fur sparse.</i> Sea-lions.</p> - -<p class="hanging">Tribe 1. <span class="smcap">Otariina.</span></p> - -<p>1. <i>Otaria.</i> Antarctic Seas. East and west coast of South America.</p> - -<p class="hanging">Section II. <i>Palate only extended behind to a line even with the middle -part of the zygomatic arch.</i> Sea-bears.</p> - -<p class="hanging">Tribe 2. <span class="smcap">Callorhinina.</span> Grinders 6/5·6/5. Skull oblong; face broad, -shorter than the orbit; forehead arched. Flap of toes very long.</p> - -<p>2. <i>Callorhinus.</i> Under-fur abundant. North-west coast of America.</p> - -<p class="hanging">Tribe 3. <span class="smcap">Arctocephalina.</span> Grinders 6/5·6/5; face of the skull shelving<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[12]</span> -in front; the fifth and sixth grinders behind the front of the zygomatic -arch. Flap of toes moderate.</p> - -<p>3. <i>Phocarctos.</i> Grinders large, lobed, the six upper with two notches -on the hinder edge. Under-fur sparse. South America.</p> - -<p>4. <i>Arctocephalus.</i> Grinders thick; crown conical. Under-fur abundant.</p> - -<p class="hanging">Tribe 4. <span class="smcap">Zalophina.</span> Grinders 5/5·5/5, large, thick, in a close continuous -series; the fifth upper in front of the back edge of the zygomatic -arch.</p> - -<p>5. <i>Zalophus.</i> Grinders large and thick, in a close uniform series. -Under-fur sparse. North Pacific.</p> - -<p>6. <i>Neophoca.</i> Grinders large, thick, all equal, in a continuous uniform -series. Under-fur sparse. Flap of toes very short. Australia.</p> - -<p class="hanging">Tribe 5. <span class="smcap">Eumetopiina.</span> Grinders 5/5·5/5, more or less far apart; the hinder -upper behind the hinder edge of the zygomatic arch, and separated -from the other grinders by a concave space.</p> - -<p>7. <i>Eumetopias.</i> Under-fur sparse. Flap of toes very short. West coast -of North America.</p> - -<p>8. <i>Arctophoca.</i> Under-fur abundant. Flap of toes long. West coast -of South America.</p> - -<p class="break">Sect. I. <i>The palate produced behind to a line even with the condyles. The -palatine surface of the maxillaries extending behind the teeth and with -its posterior processes very long. It is deeply concave behind, and -becomes deeper as the animal increases in age. The hinder nostril is -short, with a truncated front edge. Flap of toes rather long.</i> Sea-lions.</p> - -<h4>Tribe I. <i>OTARIINA.</i></h4> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Otariina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1869, vol. iv. p. 269.</p> - -</div> - -<h5>1. OTARIA.</h5> - -<p>Grinders 6/5. In the adult skulls the fourth upper grinder is under -the front edge of the orbit, and the sixth or last in a line with the -back edge of the zygomatic arch. The hinder edge of the palate is -rather in front, on the line of the condyles. The teeth in the -younger skull are more lobed than in the adult; the upper grinders -are also differently disposed; the third upper grinder is under the -front edge of the orbit, and the fifth tooth is in a line with the back -edge of the zygomatic arch, and the last or sixth tooth is far behind -it (see skull, Cat. S. & W. p. 58, f. 18). This change is remarkable, -as the teeth of the young and the adult <i>Zalophus Gilliespii</i> are similar -in number and position.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Otaria (subg. Otaria), <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, p. 263.</p> - -<p>Otaria, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 57; <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1866, -vol. xviii. p. 230; <i>Gill</i>, and <i>Peters</i>.</p> - -<p>Platyrhynchus, <i>F. Cuvier</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[13]</span></p> - -<h6>1. Otaria jubata. <i>Sea-lion.</i></h6> - -<p>Fur dark brown; cheeks, temples, and sides of the forehead -black; neck greyish brown; back of the neck yellow-brown; belly -dusky black; hairs flat, tapering, dark brown, yellow, and whitish -intermixed, without any under-fur.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Sea-bear, <i>Illustrated London News</i>; <i>Boy’s Own Book</i>.</p> - -<p>Otaria jubata, <i>label in Zoological Gardens</i>, 1865; <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.</i> 1868, i. p. 109; <i>Murie, P. Z. S.</i> 1869, p. 101, t. viii. (male, -female, and young); <i>Abbott</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1868, p. 190; <i>Sclater</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> -1868, p. 528; <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsber</i>. 1866, p. 262.</p> - -<p>Otaria leonina, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, pp. 264, 665; <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals -& Whales</i>, p. 59, f. 18.</p> - -<p>Otaria Godeffroyi, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, p. 266, t. 1.</p> - -<p>Otaria Byronia, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, pp. 269 & 666.</p> - -<p>Otaria (Phocarctos) Ulloæ, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, p. 270.</p> - -<p>Otaria Ulloæ, <i>Tschudi</i>, <i>Fauna Peruana</i>, pp. 135, 136, t. vi.</p> - -<p>Otaria (Otaria) Ulloæ, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, pp. 667 & 671.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. South America, Falkland Islands, Chili.</p> - -<p>The oldest of the three adult skulls in the British Museum differs -from the other two in the pterygoid processes of the hinder edge of -the palate being closer together than in the rest; but this character -seems to depend on the greater age of the animal, as it differs slightly -in the other two specimens. In all the younger specimens, varying -greatly in size, the pterygoid processes are far apart.</p> - -<p>Dr. Peters considers (1) <i>Platyrhynchus leoninus</i> of F. Cuvier, (2) -<i>Phoca Byronia</i> of Blainville, and (3) an adult specimen which is in -the Hamburg Museum, and of which he described and figured the -skull as <i>O. Godeffroyi</i>, to be distinct species. I cannot see any -difference between the skull in the College of Surgeons, on which -<i>Phoca Byronia</i> was founded, and those in the British Museum; and -the figure of the skull described as <i>O. Godeffroyi</i> is very similar to -the skull in the British-Museum collection which I have called -<i>O. jubata</i>.</p> - -<p>This animal has the harsh fur without any under-fur of <i>Phocarctos -Hookeri</i>; but it entirely differs from that animal in the colour -of the fur. This cannot arise from the greater age of the animal, as -it is not nearly so large as the half-grown <i>P. Hookeri</i> in the British -Museum.</p> - -<p>In the dark blackish-brown colour of the fur and the pale-brown -colour of the nape, and in the absence of the under-fur, this Seal -resembles the adult <i>Neophoca lobata</i> from Australia; but in that -species the pale colour extends all over the crown, while in the young -male <i>Otaria jubata</i> there are only a few paler scattered hairs on the -middle of the crown and nose.</p> - -<p>Dr. Murie represents the skull of a nearly full-grown male and of -a female nearly of the same age (P. Z. S. 1869, p. 103. f. 1, 2). -They greatly differ, the nose and the palate being much wider in -the male than in the female, and the teeth in the male (but this -may be only an individual peculiarity) were much worn down.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[14]</span></p> - -<p>He observes, “the whole of the palate is much narrower than in -the male of the same size, especially in the maxillary region, and -the teeth are much weaker and more sharply pointed.”</p> - -<p>He observes, “The young of both sexes are alike of a dark brown -or very deep chocolate colour. The males about a year old retain -somewhat of the chocolate tint of their youth, which, however, is -paler, and subsequently changes annually as the coat is shed. The -females of equal age assume a dark grey hue dorsally, while the -abdominal parts are light yellowish. As they grow older they alter -little.</p> - -<p>“Males a couple of years old or more become of a rich brown shade -on the back and sides, and lighter or yellowish beneath. Old males -alone are maned.</p> - -<p>“There is a sparse underwool on the young, which sensibly diminishes -with age.</p> - -<p>“The skulls of the adult male and female differ considerably, the -latter being comparatively the narrower of the two—the former possessing -a somewhat different form of teeth, besides proportionally -immense canines.</p> - -<p>“The teeth of <i>Otaria jubata</i> are subject occasionally to a peculiar -wearing, of a median constricted character.</p> - -<p>“Between the female and male of this species there is a wide -difference as regards the stretch of the pectoral flippers. In the -skin of the male the breadth from tip to tip of the fore flippers is -equal to or greater than the length of the body; in the female the -reverse obtains. This fact points to greater strength and swimming-power -of the former.”</p> - -<p class="break">Sect. II. <i>The palate rather produced behind. The front edge of the hinder -nasal opening in a line with the middle of the zygomatic arch.</i> Sea-bears.</p> - -<h4>Tribe II. <i>CALLORHININA.</i></h4> - -<p>Grinders 6/5·6/5. Skull oblong; face broad, shorter than the orbit; -forehead arched. See Cat. S. & W. p. 45, f. 16 (skull).</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Callorhinina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1869, vol. iv. p. 269.</p> - -</div> - -<h5>2. CALLORHINUS.</h5> - -<p>Skull elongate; forehead rounded in front of the orbit, rather -swollen. Palate rather concave, as wide in front as at the end of -the tooth-line, rather narrowed behind. The sixth upper grinder -just behind the hinder edge of the zygomatic arch; the grinders moderate, -fifth and sixth upper and the fifth lower with two diverging -roots. Front flapper small, narrow. Flap of toes very long.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Callorhinus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1859, p. 359; <i>Annals & Mag. N. H.</i> 1866, -vol. xviii. p. 234; <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 44, f. 16 (skull); <i>Peters</i>.</p> - -<p>Arctocephalus, <i>Gill</i>!</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[15]</span></p> - -<h6>1. Callorhinus ursinus. <i>Northern Sea-Bear.</i></h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Phoca ursina, <i>Linn.</i>; <i>Pander & D’Alton</i>, t. 7. f. 1 (not good).</p> - -<p>Otaria (Callorhinus) ursina, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, pp. 273 & 672.</p> - -<p>Otaria Stelleri (part.), <i>Lesson & Müller</i>.</p> - -<p>Callorhinus ursinus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1859, p. 359, t. 58 (skull); <i>Ann. -& Mag. N. H.</i> 1866, xviii. p. 235; <i>Cat. Seals & W.</i> p. 44, f. 16 -(skull); <i>Allen</i>, <i>Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.</i> ii. pp. 44 & 73, tab. 2 & 3. -figs. 1-8.</p> - -<p>Arctocephalus ursinus, <i>Gill</i>, <i>Proc. Essex Inst.</i> vol. v. 1866, p. 13 (not -<i>F. Cuvier</i>).</p> - -<p><i>Young.</i> Arctocephalus monteriensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1859, p. 358 (skin -only).</p> - -<p>Arctocephalus californianus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 51 (skin -only).</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Kamtschatka. B.M.</p> - -<h4>Tribe III. <i>ARCTOCEPHALINA.</i></h4> - -<p>Grinders 6/5·6/5; face of the skull shelving in front; the fifth and -sixth grinders behind the front of the zygomatic arch.</p> - -<h5>3. PHOCARCTOS.</h5> - -<p>The skull elongate, forehead flat. The palate concave, deep, -with a thickened margin on each side in front, widest in the middle -part of the tooth-line, and gradually narrowed behind the teeth; -the internal nares oblong, longer than broad, truncate in front, the -front edge in a line with the orbital process of the zygomatic arch. -Grinders large, compressed; the fifth and sixth upper behind the -back edge of the zygomatic arch. The grinders have compressed -roots; some of them have a very indistinct longitudinal groove on -the side; the fifth upper grinder has two distinct roots. The ear-bones -scarcely prominent, with a flat lower surface. Flap of toes -moderate.</p> - -<p>I have not seen an adult skull of this genus. The skulls described -are 10 inches long, but the bones are not knit (see Cat. S. & W. -p. 47, f. 17).</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Arctocephalus § II., <i>Gray</i>, <i>Proc. Zool. Soc.</i> 1859, p. 109.</p> - -<p>Phocarctos, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1866, vol. xviii. p. 234.</p> - -<p>Otaria (part.), <i>Allen</i>, <i>Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.</i> ii. p. 44.</p> - -</div> - -<h6>1. Phocarctos Hookeri. <i>The Southern Hair-Seal.</i></h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<p>Fur brown-grey, slightly grizzled, pale, nearly white beneath; -hairs short, close-pressed, rather slender, flattened, black, with -whitish tips, the tips becoming longer on the under part of the -sides; feet reddish or black; whiskers black or whitish.</p> - -<p>Young pale yellow, varied with darker irregular patches; length -18 inches. B.M.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[16]</span></p><div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Arctocephalus Hookeri, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Zool. Erebus and Terror</i>, t. 14, 15 -(skull); <i>Cat. Seals B. M.</i> p. 45. f. 15; <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1859, pp. 109, 360, -<i>Cat. Seals and Whales B. M.</i> pp. 53, 54.</p> - -<p>Arctocephalus falklandicus, <i>Burmeister</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1866, -xviii. t. 9. f. 1, 2, 3, 4 (skull only).</p> - -<p>Otaria (Phocarctos) Hookeri, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, pp. 269 & 671.</p> - -<p>Phocartos Hookeri, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1866, vol. xviii. p. 234 -(the Hair-Seal of the sealers).</p> - -<p>Otaria jubata (part.), <i>Allen</i>, <i>Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.</i> ii. p. 45.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Young or albino? entirely cream-coloured, about 2 feet long.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Eared Seal, <i>Pennant, Quad.</i> ii. p. 278.</p> - -<p>Phoca flavescens, <i>Shaw, Gen. Zool.</i> i. p. 200, t. 73 (from <i>Pennant</i>).</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Falkland Islands and Cape Horn.</p> - -<p>Pennant, in his ‘Quadrupeds,’ describes an Eared Seal, rather -more than 2 feet long, the whole body of which was covered with -longish hair of a whitish or cream-colour; it was brought from the -Straits of Magellan, and preserved in Parkinson’s Museum on the -south side of Blackfriar’s Bridge (see “Eared Seal,” Pennant’s -Quad. ii. p. 278). Dr. Shaw, in his ‘General Zoology,’ gave the -name of <i>Phoca flavescens</i> to this species, and figured it (i. p. 260, -t. 73).</p> - -<p>This is very probably the young of the Hair-Seal of the Falklands, -described by me as <i>Arctocephalus Hookeri</i>, which is of a pale-yellowish -colour. Pennant does not mention the want of the -under-fur.</p> - -<p>Dr. Burmeister observes:—“We have in the Museum [at Buenos -Ayres] a young half-grown specimen [of <i>Arctocephalus falklandicus</i>] -nearly 3 feet long. From this I have taken the skull, of which I -send you a description and drawings” (Ann. N. H. 1866, xviii. -p. 99, t. 9. f. 1, 2, 3, 4). From the comparison of the figures, and -especially of the teeth and the form of the palate, with our older -skull of <i>Arctocephalus Hookeri</i>, I have little doubt that it is the -skull of a specimen of that species before the grinders were all developed. -It is not the skull of <i>Otaria jubata</i>, which the other specimen -he called <i>A. falklandicus</i> is, as proved by the form and -position of the hinder nasal openings. The figure of the young -skull differs from the older skull of <i>A. Hookeri</i> in the British Museum -in having a notch in the middle, while the older skull of <i>A. -Hookeri</i> has a conical prominence in the same place. Such differences -are found in skulls of Seals at different ages.</p> - -<p>The skull of the young animal described and figured by Dr. Burmeister -as <i>Arctocephalus falklandicus</i> (Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1866, -xviii. p. 99, t. 9. f. 1 & 2), is probably the young skull of this -species. It agrees with it in the elongated form of the skull, and -in the large size and great development of the processes of the -orbits.</p> - -<p>Dr. Murie regards <i>Otaria Philippii</i> as founded on the skull of -this species (P. Z. S. 1869, p. 108).</p> - -<p>Mr. Allen, on the contrary, includes <i>Otaria Hookeri</i> as a synonym -of <i>Otaria jubata</i>. One could not have a better proof of the want<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[17]</span> -that Mr. Allen had of more materials when he undertook a revision -of the family.</p> - -<h5>4. ARCTOCEPHALUS.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Arctocephalus, <i>F. Cuvier, Peters</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<p>The face of the skull elongate, forehead flat. The palate concave, -especially in front, with a thickened margin on each side near -the teeth, and then narrowed behind; the internal nasal opening -elongate, longer than broad, narrow and arched in front, the edge -in a line with the orbital process of the zygomatic arch, which is -large and well developed. Flap of toes moderate.</p> - -<p>In the adult skull of <i>A. antarctica</i>, from the Cape, the fifth -hinder grinder has only very short rounded callous roots, which -are slightly divided into two lobes; and the hinder sixth upper -grinder seems to have a root of the same character. But not having -any skulls of younger animals, I am not able to describe what are -the forms of the roots of these two teeth in the younger state.</p> - -<p>In the skulls of the older specimens (which are not adult, as they -have the sutures between the bones still distinct), the fifth and -sixth upper grinders have two distinct diverging roots.</p> - -<p class="break">* <i>The fifth and sixth upper grinders with two roots (?); the sixth upper -partly behind the hinder edge of the zygomatic arch.</i> Arctocephalus. -(Africa.)</p> - -<h6>1. Arctocephalus antarcticus. <i>The Cape Fur-Seal.</i></h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Phoca antarctica, <i>Thunb.</i>, <i>Mém. Acad. Pétersb.</i> iii. p. 322; <i>Fischer’s -Synop.</i> p. 242.</p> - -<p>Arctocephalus schisthyperoës, <i>Turner</i>, <i>Journ. Anat.</i> 1868, p. 113, -f. <span class="space"> </span>.</p> - -<p>Arctocephalus schistuperus, <i>Günther</i>, <i>Zool. Record</i>, 1868, p. 20.</p> - -<p>Arctocephalus antarcticus, <i>Gray</i>; <i>Allen</i>, <i>Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.</i> ii. -p. 45.</p> - -<p>Arctocephalus Delalandii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1859, t. 69 (skull); <i>Ann. -& Mag. N. H.</i> 1866, vol. xviii. p. 235; <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 52.</p> - -<p>Phoca ursina, <i>Cuvier</i>, <i>Oss. Foss.</i> t. 219. f. 5.</p> - -<p>Arctocephalus ursinus, <i>F. Cuvier</i>, <i>Mém. Mus.</i> vol. xi. p. 205, t. 15, -no. 1. <i>a</i>, <i>b</i>, <i>c</i> (skull).</p> - -<p>Otaria ursina, <i>Nilsson</i>.</p> - -<p>Halarctus Delalandii, <i>Gill</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 7.</p> - -<p>Otaria (Arctocephalus) pusilla, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, pp. 271 & 671.</p> - -<p><i>Junior.</i> Petit Phoque, <i>Buffon</i>, <i>H. N.</i> xiii. t. 53, = Phoca pusilla, -<i>Schreb.</i></p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. South Africa, Cape of Good Hope.</p> - -<p>The two adult skulls in the British Museum differ greatly in the -width of the hinder nasal opening, in the form of the hinder lower -lateral processes of the occipital bone, in the form of the back of -that bone, and in the shape of the condyles.</p> - -<p>The skull from the Cape of Good Hope, in the Museum of -the University of Edinburgh, was described and figured by Dr. -Turner under the name of <i>Arctocephalus schisthyperoës</i>, in the -‘Journal of Anatomy and Physiology,’ vol. iii. p. 113. The name<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[18]</span> -is changed to <i>A. schistuperus</i> by Dr. Günther in the ‘Zoological -Record’ for 1868, p. 20. It is evidently the skull of a half-grown -animal, with all its teeth developed, but with the sutures of the -bones still apparent. It agrees in every respect with what I -should expect to be the form and structure of the skull of <i>Arctocephalus -antarcticus</i> from the Cape; but unfortunately the two -skulls of that Sea-bear from the Cape which are in the British -Museum are from old animals; and the specimen figured by Cuvier, -Oss. Foss. v. 220, t. 18. f. 5, is also adult. It differs from the skulls -of the two adult specimens of that species in the British Museum -in the hinder nasal aperture being much extended forwards and -gradually tapering to a point in front, which reaches to the transverse -palato-maxillary suture. This peculiarity in the form of the -palate, which Prof. Turner has not observed in any other seal-skull, -seems to have induced him to regard it as a distinct species. -From the examination I have made of the skulls of Seals in the -Museum and other collections, I am induced to believe that it -is an individual abnormality of <i>Arctocephalus antarcticus</i>. I have -observed a similar malformation in the palates of two other species. -I was myself misled by their structure, before I met with the -other examples, to regard a skull with such a deformity as a distinct -species.</p> - -<p>At one time I thought that it might be a peculiarity of the -young state, as it had up to that time only been observed in -skulls of half-grown animals. It occurs in half-grown specimens -of <i>Euotaria nigrescens</i>; but the skulls of the very young specimens -of this Seal in the British Museum have the front edge -of the hinder nasal opening truncated and slightly arched in form, -with well-developed square palatine bones united by a central suture -just as in the adult, but broader and straighter.</p> - -<p>It was this observation that induced me to return to my original -opinion, that the skull which I had at first regarded as a young -skull of <i>Arctocephalus monteriensis</i> (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859), and -then as a separate species under the name of <i>A. californianus</i> -(Cat. Seals and Whales, p. 51), was only a monstrosity of <i>A. -monteriensis</i>, as I did in the Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1866, xviii. -p. 232; and I am now induced to believe that <i>Arctocephalus -schisthyperoës</i> is only an imperfectly developed skull of <i>A. antarctica</i>.</p> - -<p>Dr. J. R. Forster, in Cook’s voyage in 1775, observed the Eared -Seal at the Cape of Good Hope, and called it <i>Phoca ursina</i>. Believing -it to be the same as the Sea-bear he had observed in New -Zealand, Thunberg, in his list of Cape Mammalia in the third -volume of the ‘Transactions of the St. Petersburg Academy,’ iii. -322, notices this animal under the name of <i>Phoca antarctica</i> (see -Fischer, Syn. Mam. p. 242). Dr. Peters has applied the name of -<i>Otaria pusilla</i> to this species, believing it to be the <i>Petit Phoque</i> of -Buffon, which has been named <i>Phoca pusilla</i> by Schreber, and had -before been named <i>Phoca parva</i> by Boddaert. Buffon says that it -came either from India or the Levant; but it is not by its description<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[19]</span> -to be distinguished from a young specimen of almost any of -the species. It is as likely to have come from the Falkland Islands -as from the Cape, as the French had traffic with Les Iles Malouines, -as they call them.</p> - -<p>M. de Buffon describes a small Eared Seal, which he calls a -“second Phoque” (vol. xiii. p. 341, t. 43, where it is named “le -petit Phoque”), which, he was assured, came from India, but very -probably came from the Levant; and he considers it adult, because -it has all its teeth. It is only one-fifth of the size of the -Seal of the European seas (Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 344). He further -speaks of it as “le petit Phoque noir des Indes et du Levant” -(p. 345). It is evidently a young Eared Seal. The figure is probably -from the skin, with the bones of the toes and jaws, presented -to the cabinet by M. Mauduit (mentioned at p. 433. n. 1273), -and said to have come from India.</p> - -<p>The specimen Buffon figured, then being in the Paris Museum, was -thus described by Cuvier (Oss. Foss. v. p. 220):—“Cet animal a deux -pieds de long; ses oreilles sont grandes et pointues; son pelage est -fourré, luisant, d’un brun noir très-foncé et a sa nuance blanchâtre. -Le ventre seul est brun-jaunâtre.” The teeth show that it is young.</p> - -<p>The figure and description of the <i>Petit Phoque</i> of Buffon have had -the following names given to them:—</p> - -<ul> -<li>Little Seal, <i>by Pennant and Shaw</i>.</li> -<li>Phoca pusilla, <i>Schreber</i>, <i>Säugeth</i>. 314 (<i>Peters</i>).</li> -<li>Phoca parva, <i>Bodd. Elench.</i> 78.</li> -<li>Otaria pusilla, <i>Desm. N. Dict.</i></li> -<li>Otaria Peronii, <i>Desm. Mamm.</i></li> -</ul> - -<p>Fischer, in his ‘Synopsis,’ under <i>Phoca pusilla</i>, p. 252, gives the -Cape of Good Hope and Rotteness Island, on the coast of Australia, -as the habitat of the species.</p> - -<p>The description of Cuvier much more nearly fits that of the -young <i>Arctocephalus nigrescens</i> from the Falkland Islands. The -fur of the young Cape Seal is dark, black above and below; the -hairs are slender, and brown (not whitish) at the base; and the -underside is not yellowish brown; so that it is very doubtful if it -is the young of the Cape Seal.</p> - -<p>Dr. Peters, believing Buffon’s specimen to be a young Cape Seal, -changed the name of <i>Delalandii</i> to <i>pusilla</i>.</p> - -<p>In the Museum are three states in flat skins:—</p> - -<p>1. Adult male, with slight mane, called in the sale-catalogue -“large-wig.” Fur whitish, with a few intermixed black hairs; -under-fur short, reddish. B.M.</p> - -<p>2. Adult, without the mane, called in the sale-catalogue “middling.” -Fur reddish white, grizzled with scattered black hairs; -underside of the body darker, reddish brown; under-fur short, -reddish. B.M.</p> - -<p>3. Young, about 18 inches long, called in the sale-catalogue -“black pup,” from the Cape of Good Hope. Fur black, polished, -soft, smooth, without any grey tips, rather browner black beneath;<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[20]</span> -under-fur brown, very sparse; hairs slender, polished, -black, with very slender brown bases. B.M.</p> - -<p class="break">** <i>The fourth, fifth, and sixth upper grinders with two distinct diverging -roots: the fifth in a line with the hinder edge of the zygomatic arch.</i> -Euotaria. (America.)</p> - -<h6>2. Arctocephalus nigrescens. <i>The Southern Fur-Seal.</i></h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Arctocephalus nigrescens, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Zool. Erebus and Terror</i>, t. <span class="space"> </span>; <i>P. Z. S.</i> -1850, pp. 109, 360; <i>Cat. Seals and Whales</i>, p. 52; <i>Gerrard</i>, <i>Cat. -of Bones</i>, p. 147.</p> - -<p>Arctocephalus (Euotaria) nigrescens, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.</i> -1866, xviii. p. 236.</p> - -<p>Arctocephalus falklandicus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 55; <i>Allen</i>, <i>Bull. -Mus. Comp. Zool.</i> ii. p. 45.</p> - -<p>Otaria (Arctocephalus?) falklandica, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, p. 273.</p> - -<p>Otaria (Arctophoca) falklandica, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> pp. 371 & 671.</p> - -<p>Otaria falklandica, <i>Sclater</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1868, p. 528; <i>Abbott</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> -1868, p. 192.</p> - -<p>Otaria jubata (young), <i>B.M.</i></p> - -<p>Euotaria nigrescens, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.</i> 1868, p. 104.</p> - -<p>Otaria nigrescens, <i>Murie</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1869, p. 106.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Falkland Islands, Volunteer Rock (<i>Capt. Abbott</i>).</p> - -<p>The two skulls of this species in the British Museum agree in -most particulars; but they differ considerably in the form of the -hinder nostrils. The larger one is without its upper teeth, but the -forms of the roots are well exhibited by their sockets; the front -edge of the hinder nasal opening is produced rather further forward, -and is acutely angular. The other skull, which is rather -smaller and has the teeth in good condition, has the hinder nasal -opening with a slightly arched, nearly truncated, front edge.</p> - -<p>Dr. Peters refers <i>Phoca falklandica</i> (Shaw, Zool. i. p. 256) and -<i>Otaria falklandica</i>. (Hamilton, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1839, p. 81, -t. 4; Jardine, Nat. Lib. vi. p. 271, t. 25) to this species. But as -neither Dr. Shaw nor Dr. Hamilton describes the number or position -of the teeth, it is not possible to determine if this is the <i>Fur-Seal</i> -of the sealers, collected at the Falkland Islands, more especially -as the fact of the skull coming from the Falkland Islands is -not well ascertained. See the other synonyma which have been -established on the sealers’ descriptions and figures or the skins -collected for the furriers at the Falkland Islands (Gray, Cat. Seals -and Whales, pp. 55, 56). Dr. Hamilton, who prides himself on his -figure, represents the hind legs as extended behind: but they look -very awkward in that position, the stuffer having evidently had a -difficulty in extending them.</p> - -<p>The hair of <i>A. nigrescens</i> is considerably longer than that of <i>A. -cinereus</i>, but not so harsh, the fur of the half-grown <i>A. nigrescens</i> -being longer, sparse, flat, rather curled at the end, giving it a crispness -to the feel; while the hairs of the very young specimens are -abundant, nearly of equal length, forming an even coat that is soft -and smooth to the touch.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[21]</span></p> - -<p>Capt. Abbott’s young specimen in the British Museum chiefly -differs from the adult specimen in the same collection in the hairs -being longer, more erect, and with minute white tips, and in the -face, throat, and chest being rufous brown; but this reddish colour -is common to the young of several Sea-bears.</p> - -<p>The skulls from Desolation Island, on the south-west coast of -Patagonia, presented to the Anatomical Museum of the University -of Edinburgh by the late Professor Goodsir, evidently belong to -<i>Euotaria nigrescens</i>, the usual Fur-Seal of the Falkland Islands and -other parts of the coast of South-west America. Two of the -skulls are from adult animals, are without the lower jaws, and -have only a few worn and broken teeth, having been rolled on the -beach.</p> - -<p>The other skull is of a young animal, exactly similar to the skull -of a young <i>Euotaria nigrescens</i>, n. 1013<i>e</i>, in the British-Museum -collection. The front edge of the hinder nostrils is as arched as in -that specimen; the teeth are rather more developed than in our -skull; they have a well-marked central lobe and a distinct small -acute tubercle on the front edge of the cingulum.</p> - -<p>The two adult skulls are very like the adult skull of <i>E. nigrescens</i>, -1013<i>d</i>, in the British Museum; but the opening of the internal -nostrils is narrower, and their front edge in one is not nearly so -angular, and in the other it is rather more arched than in either -of the other two skulls, showing that the size of the posterior -nasal aperture and the form of its front edge vary in different -specimens of this species.</p> - -<p>The comparison of the young skull with the more adult one -shows that the grinders change their position considerably as regards -the front edge of the hinder nasal opening. In the young -skull of <i>Euotaria nigrescens</i> the hinder end of the tooth-line is very -near (not a quarter of an inch from) a line level with the front -edge of the internal nasal opening, and the hinder part of the palate -in front of the aperture is nearly as broad as the middle of the -palate: in the adult skull the hinder end of the tooth-line is a full -inch from the front edge of the internal nasal opening, the hinder -part of the palate is contracted toward the internal nostril, and the -internal nasal opening is lengthened and narrowed; but the real -position of the teeth, as compared with the front part of the zygomatic -arch, is little altered, though the form of the palate gives -them the appearance of being more changed than they really are.</p> - -<p>These skulls are interesting as showing that <i>Euotaria nigrescens</i>, -like <i>Otaria leonina</i> and <i>Morunga elephantina</i>, is, or was, common -to the Falkland Islands and the west coast of South America.</p> - -<p>The chief character by which the adult skull of <i>Euotaria nigrescens</i> -can be distinguished from the adult skull of <i>Arctocephalus -antarcticus</i> is, that the hinder or fifth upper grinder and the penultimate -or fourth are placed rather in front of the hinder edge of -the front part of the zygomatic arch; but the position of the teeth is -most distinctive in the skull of the young animal, and loses much -of its importance in comparing old skulls together, unless the skulls<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[22]</span> -and teeth are very accurately compared; and even then the distinction -is more imaginary than real.</p> - -<p>I cannot understand Capt. Abbott’s account of this species. He -says that “the full-grown Seal is about the size of the common -English Seal. The largest skin I have ever seen I do not think measured -more than 4 feet in length, perhaps hardly so much. The hair -differs in colour, being sometimes grey, and at other times of a -brownish tint; that of the young is of a darker brown colour.” -All this agrees better with the true <i>O. falklandica</i>; but yet he says -the skin of his half-grown specimen is now in the British Museum, -and that skin is undoubtedly <i>Euotaria nigrescens</i>. Has Mr. Abbott -confounded the two species in his mind? Or did he forget the -animal? for he informed me that there were no Sea-elephants now -living on the island. (P. Z. S. 1868, p. 190.)</p> - -<p>“The bones of the pectoral limb of the Fur-Seal of commerce differ -from those of the Sea-lion.”—<i>Murie</i>, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 109.</p> - -<p>See Lecomte’s account of the habits of these animals, P. Z. S. -1869, p. 106.</p> - -<p>The British Museum contains the skin and skull of a large -blackish Eared Seal, nearly 6 feet long, that was purchased of a -dealer as “a Fur-Seal from the Falkland Islands;” but, as the -dealers seem always to give that as the habitat for all seal-skins -with a distinct under-coat that come into their possession, I have -quoted the habitat with doubt. When occupied in describing the -Seals of the southern hemisphere for the ‘Voyage of the Erebus -and Terror,’ I named the Seal <i>Arctocephalus nigrescens</i>, and had the -skull figured under that name; but the plate has not yet been published, -though copies of it have been given to Dr. Peters and other -zoologists. In the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ for -1859, pp. 109, 360, and in the ‘Catalogue of Seals and Whales,’ -I described the skull of this species. There is also in the Museum -a skull of a younger animal of the same species.</p> - -<p>Capt. Abbott, in 1866, sent to the British Museum a large and a -small Seal from the Falkland Islands. The large one was examined -and determined to be the southern Sea-lion (<i>Otaria jubata</i>). The -small one, nearly 3 feet long, was very similar in external appearance; -and as the teeth, which could be seen without extracting the -skull, showed that it was a young animal, it was regarded as the -young of the Sea-lion, and it was stuffed without extracting the -skull, and labelled as such. This specimen has been examined by -several zoologists, among the rest by Dr. Peters, when engaged with -his paper on Eared Seals, and has passed unchallenged until this -time, thus showing how difficult it is to distinguish these animals -by their external characters alone.</p> - -<p>Capt. Abbott, who is now residing in England, informed me that -the smaller specimen was the Fur-Seal of the Falkland Islands, -that it grows to about half as long again as the specimen sent, and -that the old males are grey from the tips of the hairs. I have -therefore had the skull extracted from the specimen; and there is -no doubt that it is quite distinct from the Sea-lion (<i>Otaria jubata</i>);<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a>[23]</span> -and, on more careful examination of the skin, I have little doubt, -from the colour and the character of the fur, that it is a young specimen -of the Seal that I described as <i>Arctocephalus nigrescens</i>. It -is interesting as confirming the accuracy of the habitat that I received -with that specimen, and which until this time I considered doubtful, -as Pennant and others describe the Falkland Island Fur-Seal -as grey, and white beneath.</p> - -<p>Dr. Peters, on the authority of this habitat (which I have always -quoted with doubt), has given the name of <i>Arctophoca falklandica</i> -to the animal and skull on which I had established my <i>Arctocephalus -nigrescens</i>.</p> - -<p>In the British Museum there is the skin of a very young Seal, -which was presented by Sir John Richardson as the Falkland -Island Fur-Seal, with the observation appended that the adult is -5 feet long, and its skin is worth fifteen dollars. It is without its -skull. The fur of this young Seal is dark brown, reddish beneath, -and very like that of the young specimen sent by Capt. Abbott; but -the hairs are smoother, and the white tips to them are longer and -more marked, giving the animal a more grizzled appearance.</p> - -<p>There is another young Eared Seal, very like the former, which -was received with General Hardwicke’s Collection (who, no doubt, -purchased it of a dealer), said to have come from the Cape of Good -Hope. I suspect this habitat must be erroneous; for it is very unlike -what I recollect of the young Cape Eared Seals, which are -called “Black Dogs,” on account of the blackness of their colour. -Unfortunately we have no specimen of the latter in the Museum -collection. General Hardwicke’s specimen only differs from Sir -John Richardson’s in being less punctulated with white; fewer -hairs have a white tip, and the tip is shorter.</p> - -<p>Both these young specimens differ from the half-grown one obtained -from Capt. Abbott, in the fur being softer and smooth to the touch; -and Capt. Abbott’s specimen differs from the adult in the length and -greater crispness of its fur, the fur of the old one being harsh and -hard and closer pressed.</p> - -<p>In the first essay, Dr. Peters places <i>Phoca falklandica</i>, Shaw, -and <i>Otaria nigrescens</i> together, with doubt, observing that one was -known from the skin, and the other by the skull, overlooking the -fact that the name <i>nigrescens</i> implied that I had seen the colour of -the fur, which was not that given by Shaw to his animal; in his -second essay, Dr. Shaw’s, Dr. Burmeister’s, and my animal are all -classed together without any doubt.</p> - -<p>The skull of Capt. Abbott’s Fur-Seal from the Falkland Islands -shows that it was a very young animal, which had only developed its -first grinders, the permanent series being developed below them. -The tentorium is bony and well developed. The teeth are the same -in position and number as they are in the adult skull; and the -upper ones, as far as developed, are small and conical, except the -fifth upper grinder, which is largest, triangular, with a single subconical -lobe on the base of the hinder edge of the cone. The lower -canines are small, scarcely larger than the cutting-teeth, which are<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24"></a>[24]</span> -nearly uniform in size. The lower grinders are of a much larger -size than the upper ones in the adult skull, as if they belonged to -the permanent series: they are of the same form as the teeth in -adult skulls; but the central cone is higher and more acute, and the -anterior and posterior lobes at the base of the cone are more developed -and acute, the lobes of the last or fifth grinder being larger -and rather on the inner surface of the tooth.</p> - -<p>The skull of Capt. Abbott’s animal is evidently not the same as -the skull of a young Eared Seal described and figured by Dr. Burmeister -as the skull of <i>Arctocephalus falklandicus</i> from the mouth -of the Rio de la Plata, in the Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. -xviii. p. 99, t. 9, which, from the appearance of the grinders, I -suspect is the young skull of <i>Phocarctos Hookeri</i>, the Hair-Seal of -the Falkland Islands. There is a considerable difference in the -proportions of the skull sent by Capt. Abbott from those of the one -figured by Dr. Burmeister. In Capt. Abbott’s specimen the brain-case, -from the back edge of the orbit to the occiput, is as long as the -length of the face, from the same edge of the orbit to the end of the -nose. In Dr. Burmeister’s figure, the face from the same point -is much longer than the brain-case.</p> - -<p class="break">*** <i>Fourth, fifth, and sixth upper grinders with two diverging roots; the -fifth upper grinder entirely behind the hinder edge of the zygomatic -arch. The palate narrow.</i> Gypsophoca. (Australia.)</p> - -<h6>3. Arctocephalus cinereus. <i>Australian Fur-Seal.</i></h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Otaria (Arctocephalus) cinerea, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, pp. 272 & -671.</p> - -<p>Arctocephalus nigrescens, <i>b</i> & <i>c</i>, <i>Gerrard</i>, <i>Cat. Bones B.M.</i> p. 147.</p> - -<p>Black Seal, Otaria, <i>Cat. Sidney Museum</i>, ii. p. 36.</p> - -<p>Arctocephalus cinereus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals and Whales</i>, p. 56; <i>Ann. & -Mag. N. H.</i> 1866, xviii. p. 236; <i>Allen</i>, <i>Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.</i> ii. -p. 45.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Australia (<i>John Macgillivray</i>).</p> - -<p>Black, greyer beneath; under-fur abundant, reddish brown.</p> - -<p>There are the stuffed skin, with its skull, and the bones of the -face of another young specimen of this Seal in the British Museum, -collected in the Australasian Sea by Mr. John Macgillivray.</p> - -<p>According to the observations of Dr. Peters, founded on the examination -of the typical skulls, <i>Otaria ursina</i> of Nilsson and <i>Otaria -Lemarii</i> of J. Müller (Arch. f. Naturg. 1841, p. 334) include the -<i>Arctocephalus antarcticus</i> from South Africa and <i>A. cinereus</i> of Australia.</p> - -<p><i>Otaria Stelleri</i> of Schlegel (Fauna Japonica, t. 22. f. 55) includes -both the Australian Eared Seals, viz. <i>Arctocephalus cinereus</i> and -<i>Neophoca lobata</i>; and it is quite distinct from the <i>Otaria Stelleri</i> of -Lesson and T. Müller, which is a combination of the Sea-bear and -Sea-lion of Steller (that is to say, <i>Eumetopias Stelleri</i> and <i>Callorhinus -ursinus</i>).</p> - -<p>The males of these animals are described as twice as long and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25"></a>[25]</span> -broad (that is, four times as large) as the females. This may explain -the difference in size of the skulls from the same localities.</p> - -<p>The fur changes its colour as the animal grows, the young being -generally black; and the adult males and females also differ considerably -in the colour of the fur.</p> - -<p>The skulls of the following species are not known:—</p> - -<h6>4. Arctocephalus Forsteri.</h6> - -<p>Grinders 6/5·6/5, conical.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Arctocephalus Fosteri, <i>Fischer</i>; <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.</i> 1868, -i. p. 219.</p> - -<p>Phoca ursina, <i>J. R. Forster</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Cloudy Bay, New Zealand.</p> - -<p>This animal is only known from Dr. Forster’s description and -figure.</p> - -<p>Mr. Allen observes, “I can see no evidence of the New-Zealand -Fur-Seal (of Forster) being specifically distinct from the Fur-Seal -of Australia, <i>A. cinereus</i> (auct.).”—<i>Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.</i> ii. -p. 15.</p> - -<p>At the same time Mr. Allen ventures to remark, “perhaps the <i>A. -cinereus</i> and the <i>A. antarcticus</i> are to be referred to the <i>A. falklandicus</i>, -in which case the habitat of this species is the southern seas -generally” (Bull. Comp. Zool. ii. p. 45): but he does not seem to -have had specimens of any of the three species; otherwise I do not -think he would have ventured upon the observation.</p> - -<p>Unfortunately, having no skull or other parts of the Lion Seal of -the Auckland Islands (the most southern of the New-Zealand group), -we are not able to determine whether it is the same species as -the Sea-lion of the southern end of the American continent (<i>Otaria -jubata</i>), or whether it is the Sea-lion of the southern end of the -African continent (<i>Arctocephalus antarcticus</i>), or the Sea-lion of the -Northern Australian Seas (<i>Neophoca lobata</i>).</p> - -<h6>5. Arctocephalus falklandicus.</h6> - -<p>Fur very soft, elastic; hairs very short, exceedingly close, slender -at the base, thicker above, with close reddish under-fur nearly as -long as the hair; the upper surface pale, nearly uniform grey, minutely -punctulated with white; hairs brown, upper half black, with -minute white tips. The nose, cheeks, temples, throat, chest, sides, -and underside of the body yellowish white.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Falkland Seal, <i>Penn.</i> <i>Quad.</i> ii.</p> - -<p>Phoca falklandica, <i>Shaw</i>, <i>Gen. Zool.</i> i. p. 256 (from <i>Pennant</i>).</p> - -<p>Otaria falklandica, <i>Desm. Mamm.</i> p. 252 (from <i>Pennant</i>; not <i>Peters</i> -or <i>Burmeister</i>).</p> - -<p>Otaria Shawii, <i>Lesson</i>, <i>Dict. Class. d’H. N.</i> xiii. p. 424 (from <i>Pennant</i>).</p> - -<p>Arctocephalus falklandicus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Mam. in Brit. Mus., Seals</i>, -p. 42; <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1868, i. p. 103.</p> - -<p>Fur-Seal of Commerce (Otaria falklandica), <i>Hamilton</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26"></a>[26]</span> -N. H.</i> 1838, ii. p. 81, t. 41; <i>Jardine</i>, <i>Nat. Lib.</i> vi. p. 271, t. 25 (not -<i>Peters</i>).</p> - -<p>Otarie de Péron, <i>Blainville</i>, <i>Journ. de Physique</i>, xci. p. 298; <i>Cuvier</i>, -<i>Oss. Fossiles</i>, v. p. 220.</p> - -<p>Otaria Houvillii, <i>Lesson</i>, <i>Dict. Class. d’H. N.</i> xiii. 425.</p> - -<p>Phoca Houvillii, <i>Fischer</i>, <i>Syn. Mam.</i> p. 154. These three names -are all from the same animal.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Falkland Islands (<i>Abbott</i>; <i>B.M.</i>); New Georgia.</p> - -<p>This is a most distinct species, and easily known from all the other -Fur-Seals in the British Museum by the evenness, shortness, closeness, -and elasticity of the fur, and the length of the under-fur. The -fur is soft enough to wear as a rich fur without the removal of the -longer hairs, which are always removed in the other Fur-Seals. -Unfortunately the specimen is without any skull; and therefore I -cannot give a description of the teeth, or refer it to any of the restricted -genera of <i>Otariadæ</i>.</p> - -<p>Mr. R. Hamilton, in the ‘Annals of Natural History’ for 1838, ii. -p. 81, t. 4, gives the history of the Fur-Seals of commerce and the -method of catching them; and he deposited two specimens in the -Museum of Edinburgh, which had been procured by Capt. Weddel. -Mr. Abbott having informed me that what I had described under the -name of <i>Arctocephalus falklandicus</i> is not now found in the Falkland -Islands, and Mr. Bartlett having shown me an imperfect skin of the -same species, which he had obtained from a fur-monger, who informed -him that such fur-skins were only received from the Arctic -part of the Pacific Ocean, I was induced to request Mr. Archer, -director of the Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art, to allow me -to examine the Seals described by Mr. Hamilton, which, on examination, -proved to be my <i>Arctocephalus falklandicus</i>, only differing -from the Museum specimen in the fur being considerably darker and -harsher; and, from Capt. Weddel’s account as given in the ‘Annals,’ -these specimens came from South Georgia or South Shetland. These -Seals, which were brought from the Antarctic Ocean, may formerly -have inhabited the Falkland Islands, and, like the Sea-lion found -there by Pernetty, have been destroyed or driven away. <i>Arctocephalus -Hookeri</i> is said to be now found in the Antarctic Ocean and -the Falkland Islands. In that case it may be the Falkland-Island -Seal of Pennant.</p> - -<p>The <i>A. falklandicus</i> is very like the Fur-Seal from Australia (<i>H. -cinereus</i>) in the length of the under-fur as compared with the length -of the hairs, and also in the colour of the under-fur and hair; but -the fur is much softer, and its general colour is much darker, both -above and below.</p> - -<p>Pennant describes the “Falkland-Island Seal” from a specimen -4 feet long, in the museum of the Royal Society, thus:—“Hair short, -cinereous, tipped with dirty white;” “grinders conoid, with a small -process on one side near the base.” It is to this description that Dr. -Shaw applied the name of <i>Phoca falklandica</i> (Gen. Zool. i. p. 256). -This agrees with a specimen in the Museum in all particulars. It -certainly is not the dark blackish-brown Seal which I have described<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27"></a>[27]</span> -as the <i>Arctocephalus nigrescens</i>, and which Dr. Peters calls <i>O. falklandica</i>.</p> - -<p>I sent a piece of the fur of this Seal to Dr. Peters to be compared -with the fur of <i>O. Philippii</i>. He observes, “They appear to be -quite different; the wool of <i>O. falklandica</i> is fair and has more -similarity in colour to the young of <i>O. cinerea</i>. The wool of <i>O. -Philippii</i> is entirely ferruginous red, and the longer hairs are stiffer -and have a much shorter grey tip than in <i>O. falklandica</i>.”</p> - -<h6>6. Arctocephalus? nivosus. <i>Cape Hair-Seal.</i></h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<p>Fur very short, close-pressed, black, varied with close, small, -often confluent, white spots; underside of the neck with a few -scattered white hairs; belly red-brown (nearly bay); hairs short, -thick, of one colour to the base; under-fur none, except a very few -hairs on the crown of the head. Skull unknown.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Arctocephalus? nivosus, <i>Ann. & Mag, N. H.</i> 1868, i. p. 219.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Cape of Good Hope. B.M.</p> - -<p>Length of skin nearly 8 feet; but stretched and flattened.</p> - -<p>Dr. Murie (P. Z. S. 1869, p. 108) says that this is only a variety, -seasonal, sexual, or of a different age from the specimens hitherto -obtained.</p> - -<p>Mr. Allen adopts this view, never having seen the specimen, but -changes the phrase into “a previously known species” (Bull. Mus. -Comp. Zool. ii. p. 18); but neither of them mentions the species to -which he refers it.</p> - -<p>But surely Mr. Allen does not mean that it is only a variety of -the skins which were received with it from the Cape of Good Hope; -for, if that were the case, the species would belong to one of his subfamilies, -and the variety to the other.</p> - -<p>In the form and length of the hair it is very different from <i>Arctocephalus -antarcticus</i>; and it is almost destitute of under-fur, except -on the crown of the head.</p> - -<h4>Tribe IV. <i>ZALOPHINA.</i></h4> - -<p>Grinders 5/5·5/5, large, thick, in a close continuous series; the fifth -upper in front of the back edge of the zygomatic arch.</p> - -<p>In the younger skull the grinders are placed rather further back, -the hinder part of the upper grinder being behind the back edge of -the zygomatic arch. The grinders all single-rooted, as the last or -sixth grinder in each jaw, which is generally two-rooted, is absent. -The face of the skull is considerably produced, and the forehead is -flat.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Zalophina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann, & Mag. N. H.</i> 1869, iv. p. 269.</p> - -</div> - -<h5>5. ZALOPHUS.</h5> - -<p>Palate concave, narrow in front, wider at the line of the last -grinder, and then contracted behind. The hinder nares narrow,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28"></a>[28]</span> -elongate, twice as long as wide, acutely arched in front, front edge -in a line with the front edge of the orbital process of the malar bone. -Under-fur sparse.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Zalophus, <i>Gill</i>; <i>Peters</i>; <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1866, xviii. p. 231.</p> - -<p>Arctocephalus § <i>b</i>**, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 55.</p> - -</div> - -<h6>1. Zalophus Gilliespii. <i>Californian Hair-Seal.</i></h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Otaria Gilliespii, <i>Macbain</i>.</p> - -<p>Arctocephalus Gilliespii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1859, t. 70 (skull); <i>Cat. S. & -W.</i> p. 55.</p> - -<p>Zalophus Gilliespii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1866, xviii. p. 231; -<i>Allen</i>, <i>Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.</i> ii. pp. 33 & 44; <i>Gill</i>, <i>Proc. Essex -Inst.</i> 1866, v. p. 13.</p> - -<p>Arctocephalus (Zalophus) Gilliespii, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, pp. 275 -& 671.</p> - -<p>? Otaria Stelleri, <i>Schlegel</i>, fide <i>Peters</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Pacific, South California (Brit. Mus.); Japan (fide -<i>Peters</i>).</p> - -<p>I have not seen any skull or specimens from Japan; so that I am -not quite sure that the specimens from the coast of Asia are the same -as those from the west coast of America.</p> - -<h5>6. NEOPHOCA.</h5> - -<p>Palate concave, broad, as broad before as at the hinder part of -the tooth-line, then rather suddenly contracted. The hinder nares -broad, rather longer than broad, with the front edge broadly arched, -which is further back than the front edge of the orbital process of -the zygomatic arch, or malar bone, which is thick and flat. Fur -with very little under-fur. Flap of toes moderate.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Arctocephalus § <i>b</i>***, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 57.</p> - -<p>Otaria, § Zalophus (part.), <i>Peters</i>.</p> - -<p>Neophoca, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1866, xviii. p. 231.</p> - -</div> - -<h6>1. Neophoca lobata. <i>Australian Hair-Seal.</i></h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Arctocephalus lobatus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Spic. Zool.</i> 1828, t. 4. f. 2 (teeth); <i>Cat. -S. & W.</i> p. 50; <i>Zool. E. & T. Mamm.</i> t. 16, 17. f. 3-5 (skull); <i>Gould</i>, -<i>Mamm. Austr.</i> iii. t. 49; <i>Peters</i>.</p> - -<p>Otaria australis, <i>Quoy & Gaim.</i> <i>Astrol.</i> t. 14, 15. f. 3, 4 (skull).</p> - -<p>Arctocephalus australis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 57.</p> - -<p>Neophoca lobatus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1866, xviii. p. 231.</p> - -<p>Otaria (Zalophus) lobata, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsbr.</i> 1866 pp. 276 & 671.</p> - -<p>Zalophus lobatus, <i>Allen</i>, <i>Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.</i> ii. p. 44.</p> - -</div> - -<p>The upper grinders all single-rooted, the root of the last two (the -fourth and fifth) being rather compressed, with an obscure central -longitudinal groove on the inner side; the first two grinders of the -lower jaw with oblong, the last three with compressed roots, and the -fourth and fifth with a slight longitudinal groove on the side.</p> - -<p>In the younger skulls the roots of the grinders are more oblong, -less compressed, and do not show the lateral grooves, as far as the -teeth can be seen without being drawn from the sockets. In the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29"></a>[29]</span> -front part of the younger skull, which was received from Mr. Gould, -the teeth are placed rather further back than in the adult skull from -North Australia received from Capt. Grey, the hinder part of the -fifth tooth being behind the back edge of the zygomatic arch.</p> - -<p>Mr. Allen thinks that this is undoubtedly the <i>O. cinerea</i> of Desmarest, -from Péron; but it is not the <i>O. cinerea</i> of Quoy & Gaimard -(see obs. on Péron’s Seal in the Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 57).</p> - -<h4>Tribe V. <i>EUMETOPIINA.</i></h4> - -<p>Grinders 5/5·5/5, more or less far apart; the hinder upper behind the -hinder edge of the zygomatic arch, and separated from the other -grinders by a concave space.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Eumetopiina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1869, iv. p. 269.</p> - -</div> - -<h5>7. EUMETOPIAS.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Eumetopias, <i>Gill</i>, <i>Peters</i>.</p> - -<p>Arctocephalus § <i>a</i>***, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 51.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Fur without any under-fur. Palate flattish or rather concave in -front, as wide in front as at the end of the tooth-line, and then -slightly narrowed behind. Posterior nares oblong, elongate, broadly -truncated in front, the front edge being behind the line of the orbital -process of the zygomatic arch. The grinders have large oblong -roots; the second, third, and fourth upper ones have a subcentral -longitudinal groove on the outer side, and a less marked one on their -inner surface; the inner side of all but the first of the lower ones -are similarly grooved; the fifth upper grinder (or, more properly, the -sixth in the normal series) has two distinct roots. The lower jaw -much more elongate than that of <i>Otaria jubata</i>, the hinder angle -more oblique, and the lower margin long and straight. Flap of toes -short.</p> - -<p>The skull of the young animal, which was sent by Mr. A. S. -Taylor to Mr. Gurney from California, and which I first described, -with doubt, as <i>Arctocephalus monteriensis</i>, junior (P. Z. S. 1859, -p. 357), and which in the ‘Catalogue of Seals and Whales’ I named -<i>A. californianus</i> (see p. 51), agrees in every respect in its dentition -with the large skull which we received from California, and which -I described and figured as <i>A. monteriensis</i> (P. Z. S. 1859, p. 358, -t. 72); but it differs greatly in the form of the hinder nares, which -are extended much more forwards, so that the front end, which is -very narrow and acute, is much in front of the prominence of the -orbit of the zygomatic arch, being, in fact, about in a line with the -middle of the lower edge of the orbital cavity.</p> - -<p>This skull is evidently that of a very young animal; for the bones -are separate; but it has the same number and disposition of the teeth -as the large skull. There is the same wide space between the fourth -and fifth upper grinders; but there is at the back edge of the fourth -grinder, on the right side of the skull, a small pit, from which, no<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30"></a>[30]</span> -doubt, a small rudimentary tooth has fallen out; and there is a much -wider but shallow pit on the other side, which may have been produced -by the loss of a rudimentary tooth; the last upper grinder -has a large swollen undivided root. If this is a young skull of -<i>Eumetopias monteriensis</i>, that species is curious for having the teeth -in the old and young skulls in the same situation as regards the -bones of the face.</p> - -<p>The adult skull and the young one were from the same locality, -and, I believe, collected by the same person; and this being the -case, I am inclined to regard them as the same, only showing a -curious peculiarity in the growth of the animal, and also showing -that the form and position of the hinder nostril probably varies as -the animal increases in age.</p> - -<p>Mr. Gill considers Steller’s Sea-bear (<i>Callorhinus ursinus</i>) to be -the type of M. F. Cuvier’s genus <i>Arctocephalus</i>, and therefore abolishes -<i>Callorhinus</i> and gives the new name of <i>Halarctus</i> to the true -<i>Arctocephali</i>—thus unnecessarily adding to the confusion of the -generic names of these animals. He fell into this mistake by not -observing that <i>Phoca ursina</i>, and even <i>Otaria ursina</i>, had been -applied to several species from very different localities, that F. -Cuvier established his genus on the skull of <i>P. ursina</i> of Forster, -from the Cape, which he (M. Cuvier) had named <i>Phoca Delalandii</i>, -and that F. Cuvier does not figure a skull of the Sea-bear of Steller: -indeed the French collection did not at that time, nor does it even -now, possess one; and I feel assured that, if it had, F. Cuvier would, -according to his custom, have established for it a genus distinct from -<i>Arctocephalus</i>, the skulls of the two genera being of such distinct -forms.</p> - -<h6>1. Eumetopias Stelleri. <i>Northern Sea-lion or Fur-Seal.</i></h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Arctocephalus monteriensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & W.</i> p. 49; <i>P. Z. S.</i> -1859, t. 72 (skull).</p> - -<p>Eumetopias californiana, <i>Gill</i>, <i>Proc. Essex Inst.</i> 1866, v. p. 13.</p> - -<p>Otaria Stelleri, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 60; <i>Peters</i>; <i>Müller</i>?</p> - -<p>Otaria (Eumetopias) Stelleri, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, pp. 274 & 671.</p> - -<p>Eumetopias Stelleri, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag.</i> 1866, vol. xviii. p. 233; -<i>Allen</i>, <i>Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.</i> vol. ii. pp. 44, 46, tab. 1 & 2 -(skull &c.).</p> - -<p>Leo marinus, <i>Steller</i>.</p> - -<p>Phoca jubata, <i>Pander & D’Alton</i>, t. 3. f. <i>d</i>, <i>e</i>, <i>f</i> (skull, not good).</p> - -<p><i>Junior.</i> Arctocephalus californianus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 51 (skull -only).</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. California; Behring’s Straits.</p> - -<p>The skin of the young specimen which Mr. Gurney gave to the -Museum along with what was said by Mr. Taylor to be its skull -(see ‘Cat. Seals & Whales,’ p. 51) was the only skin then known to -exist in museums; and consequently I described the fur of the genus -from this skin as having abundant under-fur (see Proc. Zool. Soc. -1859, p. 358). Dr. Peters having discovered Pander and D’Alton’s -animal and skull in the Paris Museum, he observed that the adult<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31"></a>[31]</span> -animal was entirely without under-fur—a fact which has been confirmed -by Mr. Allen, who suggests that the skin of the young received -from Monterey is the skin of the young <i>Eumetopias Stelleri</i>, -which, I think, is very probable. But this only shows the difficulties -that must occur in the study of animals from the very imperfect materials -which until lately existed.</p> - -<p>The Sea-lion of Steller has been one of the zoological paradoxes. -Professor Nilsson, like most preceding authors, regarded it as a variety -of the <i>Otaria jubata</i>; and therefore I supposed it might be a -second species of the restricted genus <i>Otaria</i>. Dr. Peters has solved -the enigma by uniting it and the Seal which I described from California, -observing that the skull in the Berlin Museum, figured by -D’Alton under the name of “Steller’s Sea-lion” (<i>Phoca jubata</i>), was -received from Kamtschatka, and a second skull of an old male in the -Berlin Museum was received from Mr. Brandt as coming from -Behring’s Straits.</p> - -<p>The figure of Pander and D’Alton is so imperfect that it would -have been impossible to determine the species it represents without -the examination of the original skull; and then one sees that it -may have been intended for the species to which it is referred. The -same observation is applicable to the figure of the skull of Steller’s -Sea-bear.</p> - -<p>It is to be regretted that these skulls escaped the researches of -Professor Nilsson, who visited most museums in Europe to examine -the typical specimens.</p> - -<p>The specimen of <i>Callorhinus ursinus</i> now in the Museum was received -from St. Petersburg as <i>Otaria leonina</i>, or <i>Leo marinus</i> of -Steller, from Behring’s Straits; so they evidently confound two -species under that name.</p> - -<h5>8. ARCTOPHOCA.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Arctophoca, <i>Peters</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Dr. Peters described this subgenus from a specimen sent from -Chili by Dr. Philippi. It chiefly differs from <i>Zalophus</i> in the palate -being much narrower, but rather wider behind, and the teeth rather -far apart. I have not seen any skull agreeing with these characters.</p> - -<p>“With abundant under-fur.”</p> - -<p>According to figures, the form of the skull and the large size of -the orbit are very similar to those of <i>Phocarctos Hookeri</i>, but the -number and form of the teeth are different.</p> - -<p>In the ‘Monatsbericht,’ May 1866, p. 276, t. 2. <i>a</i>, <i>b</i>, <i>c</i>, Dr. -Peters described and figured with considerable detail a skull of a -Sea-bear (sent to the Berlin Museum by Dr. Philippi, who obtained -it at Juan Fernandez Island) under the name of <i>Otaria Philippi</i>, -forming for it a subgenus which he calls <i>Arctophoca</i>. In his revision -of that paper, published in the same work for November 1866, -p. 671, he places it as a synonym or subspecies of what he calls -<i>Otaria falklandica</i>, which is my <i>Arctocephalus nigrescens</i>, and not<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32"></a>[32]</span> -the <i>Otaria falklandica</i> of Shaw nor the <i>O. falklandica</i> of Burmeister -as Dr. Peters supposes, as I have shown above. In this paper he -removes <i>Otaria falklandica</i> (that is, <i>nigrescens</i>) from the subgenus -<i>Phocarctos</i>, to which he referred it in his first paper, and places it in -his subgenus <i>Arctophoca</i>.</p> - -<h6>1. Arctophoca Philippii. <i>Chilian Fur-Seal.</i></h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Otaria (Arctophoca) Philippii, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsbericht</i>, May 1866, -p. 276, t. 2 (skull), September 1866, p. 671.</p> - -<p>Otaria Hookeri, var., <i>Murie</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1869, p. 108!</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Juan Fernandez Island (<i>Philippi</i>; in Mus. Berl.).</p> - -<p>Above black-grey, more greyish yellow on the head and neck, -brownish black <i>beneath</i>; the base of the limbs of a rusty brown, -shining; lips and lower jaw principally rusty brown; hair of beard -in six rows, partly black, partly quite white, partly black with -white base. The outbristling (prominent bristly) pointed hairs are -rusty brown at the base, black at the end, on the back mostly with -very short rusty-yellowish points, and on the head and neck with -somewhat longer ones. On the sides of the belly the ends of the coarser -pointed hairs are either uniformly brownish black, or are very short -rusty-red ones. The thick under-hair is rusty red. The hairs on -the upper surface of the neck are 22 millims. long; those on the -middle of the back 18, and those on the middle of the belly 11 to -12. The dense short hair on the back of the hand extends only to -the <i>middle</i> of the same, not extending to the ends of the fingers, the -ends of which are furnished with very small nails. In like manner, -the very similar hair on the back of the foot does not extend -to the last “Phalangen?” of the middle toe. The nail of -the large outer toe is small, flat, and cut off short outside; that -of the fifth inner toe is a little larger and cut off abruptly on the -inner side. The very developed long nails of the three centre toes -are of the form of keeled tegulæ, and remote along their whole -length by the emarginations of the skin of the foot. The skin-flaps -of the foot are equally long; and usually those of the centre -toes are much smaller than the side ones, of which the outside -one (the great toe) is the broadest. The scrotum, under the anus, -is bare.—<i>Peters</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 277.</p> - -<p>I have not seen this skull; but I believe the alteration Dr. Peters -made in his second paper is a mistake. The figure of the skull of his -<i>Otaria Philippii</i> has no resemblance to the skull of my <i>O. nigrescens</i>. -It is more nearly allied to the skull of <i>O. Stelleri</i> from California, agreeing -with it in having a vacant space with a pit in the bone between the -fourth and fifth upper grinders on each side, looking as if a grinder -had fallen out and the cavity had been filled up. The subgenus -<i>Arctophoca</i> of Dr. Peters’s first essay, not as modified in his second -one to contain <i>O. falklandica</i> (<i>nigrescens</i>), chiefly differs from Gill’s -genus <i>Eumetopias</i> (which was formed on my description and figure of -the skull of <i>O. Stelleri</i> or <i>californiana</i>) in the fifth upper grinder -not being so far back, but in a line with the back edge of the orbital<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33"></a>[33]</span> -process of the zygomatic arch instead of far behind it, as it is in -<i>Eumetopias</i>.</p> - -<p>Dr. Murie, most curiously, considers the skull described by Dr. -Peters to be the same as I have described as <i>O. Hookeri</i> (P. Z. S. -1869, p. 108).</p> - -<p>Dr. Burmeister considered it <i>O. falklandica</i> of Shaw; and Mr. -Allen (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. vol. ii. p. 13) agrees in this opinion; -but further on (p. 15) he observes that both Dr. Gray and Dr. Murie -have “evidently overlooked the fact that Dr. Peters expressly states -that <i>O. Philippii</i> has a <i>thick under-fur</i>, whereas both the <i>O. Stelleri</i> -and the <i>O. Hookeri</i> are true <i>hair</i> Seals.” But, in fact, this statement -is a mistake as regards me; I never said that <i>O. Philippii</i> was the -same as <i>O. Stelleri</i>, but only that its skull was most nearly allied to -it, which I still maintain.</p> - -<p class="break"><i>Antarctic Ocean and South Seas.</i></p> - -<ul> -<li>Otaria jubata. <i>S. America and islands.</i></li> -<li>Phocarctos Hookeri.</li> -<li>Arctocephalus nigrescens.</li> -<li>A. falklandicus.</li> -<li>Arctophoca Philippii. <i>S. America.</i></li> -<li>Arctocephalus antarcticus. <i>Africa.</i></li> -<li>A. nivosus. <i>Africa.</i></li> -<li>A. cinereus. <i>Australia.</i></li> -<li>A. Forsteri. <i>New Zealand.</i></li> -<li>Neophoca lobata. <i>Australia.</i></li> -</ul> - -<p class="center"><i>North Pacific and West Arctic Ocean.</i></p> - -<ul> -<li>Callorhinus ursinus. <i>West coast of America.</i></li> -<li>Zalophus Gilliespii. <i>West coast of America and Japan?</i></li> -<li>Eumetopias Stelleri. <i>West coast of America.</i></li> -</ul> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34"></a>[34]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">Order CETACEA.</h2> - -</div> - -<p>Teeth all similar, conical, sometimes not developed. Palate often -furnished with transverse plates of baleen or whalebone. Body fish-shaped, -smooth, bald. Limbs clawless; fore limbs fin-shaped; hinder -united, forming a forked horizontal fin. Nostrils enlarged into -blowers. Teats two, inguinal.—Carnivorous.</p> - -<p>They may be divided by the form of the pectoral fin, thus:—</p> - -<p>I. <i>Pectoral fin broad, truncated or rounded at the end; fingers 5, shorter -than the arm-bones, subequal, gradually shorter in the series.</i>—<span class="smcap">Balænidæ</span>, -<span class="smcap">Catodontidæ</span>, <span class="smcap">Susoidea</span>, <span class="smcap">Orcadæ</span>, <span class="smcap">Belugidæ</span>, <span class="smcap">Pontoporiadæ</span>, -<span class="smcap">Hyperoodontidæ</span>, <span class="smcap">Epiodontidæ</span>, <span class="smcap">Ziphiidæ</span>.</p> - -<p>II. <i>Pectoral fin elongate, obliquely truncated on the inner side; fingers 5, -elongate, longer than the arm-bones, the second and third much longer than -the rest.</i>—<span class="smcap">Iniidæ</span>, <span class="smcap">Delphinidæ</span>, <span class="smcap">Grampidæ</span>, <span class="smcap">Globiocephalidæ</span>.</p> - -<p>III. <i>Pectoral fin elongate, truncated on the inner side; fingers 4, subequal, -more or less elongate.</i>—<span class="smcap">Agaphælidæ</span>, <span class="smcap">Megapteridæ</span>, <span class="smcap">Physalidæ</span>, -<span class="smcap">Balænopteridæ</span>.</p> - -<p>By the adhesion or non-adhesion of the cervical vertebræ, thus:—</p> - -<p>1. Atlas distinct, the other six cervical vertebræ united by their bodies -and spines into a single mass.</p> - -<p><i>Mysticetes.</i></p> - -<p><i>Denticetes.</i></p> - -<ul> -<li><span class="smcap">Catodontidæ.</span></li> -<li><span class="smcap">Grampidæ.</span></li> -</ul> - -<p>2. Atlas and cervical vertebræ all united into one solid mass.</p> - -<ul> -<li><span class="smcap">Balænidæ.</span></li> -<li><span class="smcap">Balænopteridæ.</span></li> -<li><span class="smcap">Physeteridæ.</span></li> -<li><span class="smcap">Hyperoodontidæ</span></li> -<li>(?) <span class="smcap">Ziphiidæ.</span></li> -</ul> - -<p>3. The atlas, axis, and generally one or two other vertebræ united; the -hinder ones sometimes free.</p> - -<ul> -<li><span class="smcap">Megapteridæ.</span></li> -<li><span class="smcap">Epiodontidæ.</span></li> -<li>? <span class="smcap">Ziphiidæ.</span></li> -<li><span class="smcap">Delphinidæ.</span></li> -<li><span class="smcap">Globiocephalidæ.</span></li> -<li><span class="smcap">Orcadæ.</span></li> -</ul> - -<p>4. Atlas and the other cervical vertebræ entirely free.</p> - -<ul> -<li><span class="smcap">Physalidæ.</span></li> -<li><span class="smcap">Agaphelidæ.</span></li> -<li><span class="smcap">Platanistidæ.</span></li> -<li><span class="smcap">Iniidæ.</span></li> -<li><span class="smcap">Pontoporiadæ.</span></li> -<li><span class="smcap">Belugidæ.</span></li> -</ul> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35"></a>[35]</span></p> - -<h2>Section I. MYSTICETE (<i>cf.</i> p. 57).</h2> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Mysticete, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales B. M.</i> pp. 61, 68; <i>Synops. -Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 1.</p> - -<p>Mystacoceti or Balænoidea, <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. p. 110.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Head large, depressed. Teeth rudimentary; they never cut the -gums. Palate with transverse, fringed, horny plates of baleen. -Nostrils separate, longitudinal. Gullet very contracted. Tympanic -bones simple, large, cochleate, attached to an expanding periotic -bone, which forms part of the skull.</p> - -<p>The baleen of the different Whales may be divided by its structure, -by its form, and by its colour. The form and structure often go -together.</p> - -<p>The baleen consists of two parts:—1, the outer layer, called the -enamel coat; and, 2, the central fibres, which form the fringe on -the inner edge of the blade: both are well seen in cross sections -under the microscope. The outer coat or enamel differs in thickness -in the different kinds. Thus it is very thick and forms the greater -part of the blade in the Greenland Whale; and in different kinds it -gradually becomes thinner, until it only forms a thin coat over the -central fibres. The central longitudinal fibres differ in thickness -and in number. When they are very slender, as in the Greenland -Whale, they form only a single layer between the two coats of enamel, -and their produced ends make a very fine, long, flaccid fringe to -the inner edge of the blade. In other Whales they are very numerous, -in many series, and form a considerable part of the thickness -of the whalebone, and make a more or less broad and rigid fringe -to the blade. In some the fibres are so thick and rigid that they do -not droop, but form an erect ragged edge to the short and broad -blade, so rigid, indeed, that the fibres of this kind of whalebone are -used to make brushes and brooms.</p> - -<p>The whalebone varies in form, from being narrow, elongate, many -times as long as it is broad at the base, by many gradations, according -to the families or genera, until it is not longer than broad. -The longest blades have the most enamel and the finest and most -flaccid fibres, which, on the other hand, gradually (as it belongs to -different genera) become coarser and more rigid as the whalebone -diminishes in length compared with its breadth.</p> - -<p>The whalebone or baleen offers exceedingly good and permanent -characters for the distinction and characters of the species when -its structure and form and colour are properly studied. It is -stated that sometimes the character of the whalebone is changed by -its preparation, as, for example, being soaked in water for some time -before it is brought to this country; but the soaking, although it may -slightly alter the surface and make the enamel coat rather thinner, -does not alter the general form or microscopic structure of the -blades.</p> - -<p>In my essay on Whales in the ‘Zoology of the Erebus & Terror,’<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_36"></a>[36]</span> -1846, I separated the Right Whales, or Balænidæ, into two divisions—the -one having very slender, long, polished whalebone with a single -series of fringe, and the second with coarser, shorter, and broader -whalebone and a thick coarse fringe. The first was afterwards -called <i>Balæna</i>, and the second <i>Eubalæna</i>. M. Beneden seems -inclined to adopt this division (see ‘Ostéographie,’ Cétacés, p. 144), -observing that the former are confined to the Arctic regions and -the other to the more temperate zones; but this is not correct, -for <i>Balæna marginata</i>, as I stated in my first essay, has the whalebone -quite as polished and as fine as that of the Greenland Whale. -It lives on the west coast of Australia and New Zealand, in company -with the Black Whale of Australia and the Black Whale of -New Zealand (both of which, I have no doubt, have short coarse -whalebone). The Whale of the most northern parts of the Pacific -yields the north-west-coast whalebone, which is of a very coarse -character.</p> - -<p>The first section of Whales, with long, slender, elastic, polished, -finely fringed whalebone, contains two genera, <i>Balæna</i> and <i>Neobalæna</i>.</p> - -<p>The Whales of the second section, which have rough, brittle whalebone, -with a thick fringe of coarse hairs, includes four genera, viz. -<i>Eubalæna</i>, <i>Hunterius</i>, <i>Caperea</i>, and <i>Macleayius</i>.</p> - -<p>It is very true that I have only seen the whalebone in one of these -genera, <i>Eubalæna</i>, in connexion with the bones of the animal; but -as “the South-sea whalers” (that is to say, those who fish in the -Southern and Pacific oceans) have only brought various examples of -this kind of whalebone from any of their voyages (except a few -blades of the whalebone of <i>B. marginata</i>, which they call “sea-tassel”), -we may naturally conclude that all the large Right Whales -found in those seas have this kind of whalebone.</p> - -<h2>Suborder I. BALÆNOIDEA (<i>cf.</i> p. 46).</h2> - -<p>Head large. Body stout. Dorsal fin none. Chest and belly -smooth, without plaits. Pectoral fin broad, truncated; fingers 5, -graduated. Arm-bones very short, thick; radius and humerus of -equal length. Baleen elongate, slender. Tympanic bones rhombic. -Cervical vertebræ united.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Balænoidea, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 1.</p> - -</div> - -<h3>Family 1. BALÆNIDÆ. <i>Right Whales.</i></h3> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Balænidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales B. M.</i> pp. 61, 75; <i>Synops. -Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 1; <i>Lilljeborg</i>, <i>N. Acta Upsal.</i> 1867, vi.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Head very large, and body short. Dorsal fin none. Belly smooth. -Baleen elongate, slender. Vertebræ of the neck anchylosed. Pectoral<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37"></a>[37]</span> -fin broad, truncated at the end; fingers 5. Tympanic bones -rhombic; maxillary bones narrow.</p> - -<p>Capt. Maury’s Whale-Charts show that Right Whales are found -in almost all seas, from the poles to within 35 or 30 degrees of latitude -on each side of the equator. An experienced whaler observes -that “Right Whales are as seldom seen in that belt as Sperm-Whales -are found out of it.” Capt. Maury justly observes, the torrid zone -is to these animals “forbidden ground, and it is as physically impossible -for them to cross the equator as it would be to cross a sea of -flame. In short, these researches show that there is a belt of from -two to three thousand miles in breadth, and reaching from one side -of the ocean to the other, in which the Right Whale is never found.”—<i>Maury</i>, -<i>Whale-Charts</i>, p. 233.</p> - -<p>Prof. Van Beneden, in a paper to the Royal Belgian Academy, and -reproduced enlarged in the ‘Ostéographie—Cétacés,’ gives a geographical -distribution of Whales. He acknowledges only six species, -having the following distribution:—</p> - -<p>1. <i>B. mysticetus.</i> The Arctic Ocean on both sides of Greenland, -and on the coast of Siberia to the Sea of Okhotsk.</p> - -<p>2. <i>B. biscayensis.</i> The North Atlantic, from latitude 65° to 45°, -and a belt across the Atlantic to the coast of the United States, from -lat. 45° to 50°.</p> - -<p>3. <i>B. japonica.</i> A band across the North Pacific from lat. 60° to -45° on the west coast of America and 45° to 30° on the coast of -Japan.</p> - -<p>4. <i>B. australis.</i> A belt across the South Atlantic, from lat. 25° -to 30° on the south-west coast of Africa and lat. 35° to 50° on the -coast of South America.</p> - -<p>5. <i>B. antipodarum.</i> In a similar belt across the South Pacific -from the west coast of South America, in lat. 45°, to New Zealand.</p> - -<p>6. A species which he does not name, said to inhabit a belt from -Natal to the south-east part of Australia, about lat. 30°.</p> - -<p>See Dr. Gray’s observations on this theory, Ann. & Mag. Nat. -Hist. 1868, vol. i. p. 242, and 1870, vol. vi. p. 193, in which he observes -“I think I have proved that M. van Beneden’s theory is -entirely unsupported by facts.”</p> - -<p class="break">I. <i>Baleen thin, polished, with a thick enamel on each side and a fine elongate -slender fringe</i> (cf. <a href="#Page_42">p. 42</a>).</p> - -<h5>1. BALÆNA.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Balæna, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 79; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 1; <i>Lilljeborg</i>, -<i>N. Acta Upsal.</i> vi. 1867.</p> - -</div> - -<p>First rib slender, narrow, and undivided at the vertebral end. -Tympanic bones square; aperture nearly as long as the bone. There -is at the end of the radius and at the end of the cubitus a large cartilaginous -compartment which corresponds with the radial and cubital -bone, and has not even a bony nucleus; between these two -cartilages is an intermediate cartilage; below these are two or three<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38"></a>[38]</span> -carpals. Cervical vertebræ united by their bodies. Upper lateral -process of atlas broad at the base, compressed, rather narrow, and -rounded at the end; the lower lateral process elongate, subcylindrical, -angulated at the lower side of the base (see Cat. Whales, p. 84, -f. 4; Ostéogr. Cét. t. 4. f. 5-9). The lower process of the second -and third elongate and produced; the upper process of the second, -fifth, sixth, and seventh elongate, produced, and bent forward. -Bladebone with a large, compressed, elongate acromion (Ostéogr. -Cét. t. 4. f. 26). Carpus cartilaginous, with three small carpal bones -(Ostéogr. Cét. t. 4. f. 27).</p> - -<h6>1. Balæna mysticetus.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Balæna mysticetus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 81, 370, figs. 1, 2, 4, 5; <i>Synops. -Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 1, t. 1. f. 4 (baleen); <i>R. Brown</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1868, -p. 534.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p> - -<p>Dr. Robert Brown gives an account and notes of the habits and -migrations of this animal. He observes:—“Where the Whale goes -to in winter is still unknown. It is said that it leaves Davis Strait -about the month of November, and produces young in the St. Lawrence -River, between Quebec and Camaroa, returning to Davis Strait -in the spring. At all events, early in the year they are found on -the coast of Labrador, where the English whalers occasionally attack -them; but the ships arrive generally too late, and the weather at -that season is too tempestuous to render the ‘south-west fishing’ -very attractive.... It is said that early in September they enter -Cumberland (Hogarth’s) Sound in great numbers, and remain until -it is completely frozen up, which, according to the Eskimo account, -is not until January.... They enter the Sound again in the spring, -and remain until the heat of summer has melted off the land-floes -in these comparatively southern latitudes. It thus appears that -they winter and produce their young all along the broken water off -the southern coasts of Hudson’s Strait, Davis Strait, and Labrador.”</p> - -<p>He continues, “I am strongly of belief that the Whales of the -Spitzbergen sea never, as a body, visit Davis Strait, but winter -somewhere in the open water at the southern edge of the northern -ice-fields. The Whales are being gradually driven further north.”</p> - -<h6>2. Balæna mediterranea.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Balæna mediterranea, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.</i> 1870, vi. pp. 198, -200.</p> - -<p>Baleine, <i>Lacépède</i>, <i>Cétacés</i>, tab. 7. fig. 1.</p> - -<p>Balæna biscayensis (part.), <i>Van Beneden</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> tab. 7. fig. 1 -(animal), figs. 8-11 (nuchal vertebræ), figs. 2, 3 (? vertebræ).</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Mediterranean, I. St. Marguerite (<i>Lacépède</i>).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39"></a>[39]</span></p> - -<h5>3. Balæna angulata.</h5> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Balæna, mysticetus, var. angulata, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 86, -f. 5 (ear-bones).</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Sea? Ear-bones, British Museum.</p> - -<h6>4. Balæna nordcaper.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Balæna nordcaper, <i>Bonnat</i>.</p> - -<p>Balæna islandica, <i>Brisson</i>.</p> - -<p>Balæna biscayensis, <i>Eschricht</i>.</p> - -<p>Balæna mysticetus, var., <i>Brown</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1868. p. 546.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Iceland. Called “Slet-bag.”</p> - -<p>It has been ascertained, “1st, that it is much more active than the -Greenland Whale, much quicker and more violent in its movements, -and accordingly both more difficult and dangerous to capture; 2nd, -that it is smaller (it being, however, impossible to give an exact -statement of its length) and has much less blubber; 3rd, that its -head is shorter, and that its whalebone is comparatively small and -scarcely more than half the length of that of the <i>B. mysticetus</i>; -4th, that it is regularly infested with a cirriped belonging to the -genus <i>Coronula</i>, and that it belongs to the temperate North Atlantic -as exclusively as the <i>B. mysticetus</i> belongs to the icy sea.”—<i>Dr. -Brown</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1868, p. 546.</p> - -<p>Dr. Brown says that barnacles are looked upon as a sign of age in -a Whale; and he considers that a considerable portion of the description -of the <i>nordcaper</i> corresponds with what he has said of the -Spitsbergen whale (P. Z. S. 1868, p. 547).</p> - -<p>See also:—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>1. Balæna mysticetus, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. N. S. Philad.</i> 1869, pp. 17 & -35.</p> - -<p>The Bow-headed Whale, Scammond, <i>American whalers</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Behring’s Straits.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>2. Balæna kuliomoch, <i>Chamisso</i>, <i>Nov. Acta Natur.</i> tab. 7. fig. 1; <i>Gray</i>, -<i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1870, vi. p. 202.</p> - -<p>Balæna cullamacha, <i>Chamisso</i>, <i>Nov. Act.</i> xii. p. 251, t. <span class="space"> </span>; <i>Cope</i>, -<i>Proc. Acad. Phil.</i> 1868, p. 225, 1869, pp. 14, 17 & 40, fig. 4.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Pacific.</p> - -<p>From wooden model made by the Aleutians.</p> - -<h5>2. NEOBALÆNA.</h5> - -<p>Skull rather depressed; brain-cavity nearly as long as the beak, -depressed, much expanded on the sides, with a very deep notch on -the middle of each side over the condyles of the lower jaw, and with -a subtriangular crown-plate. The nose as broad as the expanded -brain-cavity at the base, regularly attenuated to a fine point in front, -and slightly arched downwards. Lower jaw laminar, compressed,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40"></a>[40]</span> -high; the upper edge thin, and inflexed the greater part of its -length, erect in front; the lower edge inflexed in front, the rest of -the edge being simple. The baleen elongate, slender, several times -as long as broad, with a fringe of a single series of fine fibres; enamelled -surface smooth and polished, thick.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp71" id="figure01-02" style="max-width: 28.125em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure01-02.jpg" alt=""> - <p class="caption">Figs. 1 & 2. Side view and top view of the skull of -<i>Neobalæna marginata</i>, from Dr. Hector’s figures.</p> - -</div> - -<h6>1. Neobalæna marginata.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Balæna marginata, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales Brit. Mus.</i> p. 90; <i>Hector</i>, -<i>Proc. & Trans. of the New-Zealand Institute</i>, 1869, t. 2 <span class="allsmcap">B</span>. f. 1-4; -<i>Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.</i> 1870, v. p. 221, and vi. p. 155, figs. 1 & 2.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. New Zealand; Island of Kawau (<i>Sir G. Grey</i>). Mus. -Wellington.</p> - -<p>In width and general form the beak of the skull is somewhat -like the beak of some of the Finner Whales; but it does not at all -justify Mr. Knox’s idea that <i>Balæna marginata</i> is a Finner. But -this difference of skull makes us more anxious to have the description<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41"></a>[41]</span> -of the entire animal and its skeleton, as the animal may prove -to be the type of a new family of Whales, between the true Whales -and Finners.</p> - -<p>This pigmy whale, which is not more than 15 or 16 feet long, is -a representative in the Southern Ocean of the gigantic Right Whale -of the Greenland seas. It has the most beautiful, the most flexible, -most elastic, and the toughest whalebone or baleen yet discovered; -and if this were of larger size, it would fetch a much higher price than -the whalebone of the Greenland Whale, the latter being three or four -times the value of the brittle coarse whalebone of the <i>Eubalænæ</i> or -Right Whales of the Southern and Pacific Oceans. The trade of the -Continental nations being chiefly confined to their colonies, or their -merchants obtaining the whalebone that is used in their manufactures -second-hand, there are not in the market the varieties of whalebone -and finner-bone which we have in this country, where the whalebone -and finner-bone from different localities bear each a different -value. This perhaps explains why the Continental zoologists (as -Eschricht) who have paid attention to the structure of whales have -not paid sufficient attention to the characters afforded by the shape, -structure, and colour of this substance, to which I called their attention -more than twenty years ago, and showed its value as a character -for distinguishing the genera and species. It has been a -fertile subject of reproach to me that I established some species on -the characters afforded by this substance; but I need only mention, as -a proof of the little attention Van Beneden has paid to this part of -my work, that in his book on the anatomy of Whales, now in progress, -after saying that I have established the species <i>Balæna marginata</i> -on three blades of whalebone, he says I have called it <i>Eubalæna -marginata</i>, thus confounding it with the Whales with brittle -and coarse whalebone—whereas the chief reason that induced me to -consider the blades to belong to a distinct species was their very fine -and tough structure. The accuracy of the determination is now proved -by the very different form of its skull from that of any other known -Whale. In the same manner, the <i>Physalus antarcticus</i>, also established -on finner-bone or baleen imported from New Zealand, has -been proved to be a very distinct species of that genus, named Sulphur-bottoms -by the whalers.</p> - -<p>From the description given at page 90 of the British-Museum -‘Catalogue of Seals and Whales,’ there is no doubt that the baleen -corresponds with the above species. The specimen was obtained at -Kawau Island by Sir George Grey, and appears to be unique, as the -species has hitherto only been known from the baleen.</p> - -<p>The dimensions are as follows:—</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th class="tdr">lbs.</th> - <th></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Weight of cranium</td> - <td class="tdr">58</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Weight of lower jaw</td> - <td class="tdr">13</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th class="tdr">ft.</th> - <th class="tdr">in.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Length</td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdr">9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Fronto-nasal section</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdr">10<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_42"></a>[42]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>To centre of orbit</td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Width at orbit</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Width at mastoid process</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdr">7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th class="tdr">in.</th> - <th class="tdr">lin.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Lower jaw, high</td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - <td class="tdr">11</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Depth (greatest)</td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="3">Baleen 29 inches long, 3½ inches in extreme width.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="3">Black margin from ¼ to ⅜ inch.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>“Knox now admits that this is not the Sulphur-bottom, which he -says is the Trigger of the New-Zealand whalers. He fancies that -<i>B. marginata</i> may be the true Finner of the south. I will try to -find some more of the bones.”—<i>Trans. New Zeal. Inst.</i> 1870, -p. 26.</p> - -<p>This Whale, from the form and structure of the whalebone, cannot -be a Finner, but is certainly, as I arranged it, a true Right -Whale, very nearly allied to the Right Whale of Greenland, and of -a very small size. The bones of this Whale would be a most valuable -addition to the British Museum or any zoological museum. -They appear not to be uncommon in the Kawau Islands; and the -measurements of the skull are a valuable addition to our knowledge -of the species.</p> - -<p>This small Right Whale of the Antarctic Sea is the representative -of the Right Whale in the Arctic Sea, and, judging from the length -of the head, cannot be more than 14 or 15 feet long, while the -Greenland Whale is from 50 to 65 feet long.</p> - -<p class="break">II. <i>Baleen thick, not polished, with a thin enamel coat on each side, and a -coarse thick fringe</i> (cf. <a href="#Page_37">p. 37</a>).</p> - -<h5>3. EUBALÆNA.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Eubalæna, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 91; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 1; <i>Lilljeborg</i>, -<i>N. Acta Upsal.</i> vi. 1867; <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. p. 115.</p> - -</div> - -<p>First rib broad at the vertebral end. Tympanic bone square; -aperture nearly as long as the bone. The first six cervical vertebræ -all united by their bodies. The upper lateral process of the -atlas subcylindrical, narrow at the base, recurved and rounded at the -end; the lower lateral process narrow at the base, swollen and -rounded at the end (Ostéog. Cét. t. 1. f. 19). Carpus cartilaginous, -with six carpal bones, a radius and cubitus, one radial and one cubital -and two carpals in the second range (Ostéog. Cét. t. 1. f. 1). -Scapula as long as broad, with a small cylindrical coracoid process, -rounded at the end. Five phalanges to the middle finger, four to -the index and ring fingers, four to the little finger, and two to the -thumb. The first rib is simple at the upper and thin at the free -edge. The nasal bone rhomboidal, moderate. Vertebræ 50-59.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43"></a>[43]</span></p> - -<h6>1. Eubalæna australis.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Eubalæna australis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 91, fig. 6; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> -p. 1.</p> - -<p>Balæna australis, <i>Cuv.</i>, <i>Oss. Foss.</i> v. t. 25-27.</p> - -<p>Balæna capensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> t. 1. f. 3 (baleen).</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Cape of Good Hope.</p> - -<h6>2. Eubalæna Sieboldii.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Eubalæna Sieboldii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 96; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 1, -t. 1. f. 2 (baleen).</p> - -<p>Balæna japonica, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Zool. Ereb. & Ter.</i> p. 15, tab. 1*. fig. 2 (baleen).</p> - -<p>Balæna alutiensis, <i>Meyer</i>; <i>Van Beneden</i>, <i>Bull. Acad. Belgique</i>, xx. -1866, no. 14. [Both from the North-west-Coast whalebone of commerce, -which is quite distinct from the South-sea whalebone, -brought from the Cape.]</p> - -<p>Balæna japonica, <i>Eschricht</i>, <i>Vid. Selsk. Skrivt.</i> ser. 5. ix. p. 1, Kjöbenh. -1869, pl. 1 (skull of fœtus), pl. 2 (head); <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. Nat. -Hist.</i> 1870, vi. p. 202.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Kamtschatka. Skeleton of fœtus 5¼ feet long, in Mus. -Copenhagen.</p> - -<p>See also the following doubtful species:—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>1. Balæna japonica, <i>Lacépède</i>, <i>Mém. Mus.</i> iv. p. 473.</p> - -<p>Balæna lunulata, <i>Lacép.</i> <i>Mém. Mus.</i> iv. p. 475.</p> - -</div> - -<p>These two are from Chinese, or, rather, Japanese drawings.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>2. Balæna australis, <i>Temminck</i>, <i>Fauna Japonica</i>, Taf. 28 & 29 (not <i>Desmoulins</i>).</p> - -<p>Balæna Sieboldii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1864, xiv. p. 349.</p> - -</div> - -<p>From a model made by the Japanese in porcelain clay.</p> - -<h6>3. Eubalæna? cisarctica.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Eubalæna? cisarctica, <i>Cope</i>.</p> - -<p>Balæna cisarctica, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad.</i> 1865, p. 1; <i>Gray</i>, -<i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1868, i. pp. 244 & 247, 1870, vi. p. 200.</p> - -<p>Balæna biscayensis, <i>Van Beneden</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 7. figs. 4, 5, 6 (ear-bones -only).</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Atlantic.</p> - -<p>“There is a skeleton of the <i>Balæna cisarctica</i> in the Museum of -the Academy of an individual of 37 feet, and a ramus mandibuli -16 feet in length, indicating a total of 68 feet, adult size. A scapula -in the Museum, Rutger’s College, New Brunswick, N. J., measures -36 inches in height, and 48·5 inches in width, indicating an -adult of 57 feet in length. A young individual of 45 feet, line-measurement, -awaits mounting in the Museum Compar. Zoology, -Cambridge, Mass. Of this individual I will shortly give a detailed -description in an essay on the species. Like the other specimens,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_44"></a>[44]</span> -it presents a strong acromion. The phalanges of the manus exhibited -an important difference from those of <i>B. australis</i>. In it they -number respectively 2, 5, 6, 3, 3, while Cuvier gives (Oss. Foss. -227. 23) 2, 5, 6, 5, 4.”</p> - -<h5>4. HUNTERIUS.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Hunterius, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 78, 98; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 1; -<i>Lilljeborg</i>, <i>N. Acta Upsal.</i> vi. 1867.</p> - -</div> - -<p>First rib broad, with a double head at the vertebral end. Tympanic -bones square; aperture nearly as long as the bone. Vertebræ -57 or 58; the five first cervical united. Five phalanges in the -fourth or ring finger, and four to the second, third, and fifth fingers. -The first rib bifid and articulated to the first two dorsals, or the last -cervical and the first dorsal; the second rib very thick at the free -end. The nasal bones very large.</p> - -<h6>1. Hunterius Temminckii.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Hunterius Temminckii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 98, fig. 8; <i>Synops. Whales & -Dolph.</i> p. 1; <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1870, p. 191.</p> - -<p>Balæna australis, <i>Temm.</i> <i>F. Japon.</i> t. 28, 29.</p> - -<p>Balæna australis, var., <i>Van Ben.</i> <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> p. 35.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Cape of Good Hope.</p> - -<p>M. van Beneden regards the character on which this genus is -established as merely a variation of <i>Balæna australis</i> (Ostéog. Cét. -p. 35).</p> - -<p>The skeleton was sent from the Cape of Good Hope by Dr. Horstock. -It is described by Schlegel, Abhand. Gebiete der Zool. 1841, -p. 37 (Flower, P. Z. S. 1864).</p> - -<h6>2. Hunterius biscayensis.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Hunterius biscayensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.</i> 1868, i. p. 244; -<i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2.</p> - -<p>Balæna biscayensis, <i>Eschricht</i>, <i>Compt. Rendus</i>, 1860, <i>Act. Soc. Linn. -Bordeaux</i>, xiii.; <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1870, p. 200 (not <i>Van -Beneden</i>).</p> - -<p>Balæna eubalæna, <i>Flower</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1864, p. 391.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. St. Sebastian. Skeleton of very young animal in Mus. -Copenhagen, from the Museum of Pampeluna.</p> - -<p>Mr. Flower informs me that this skeleton belongs to the genus -<i>Hunterius</i>, which has brittle whalebone, with a large coarse fringe -(which easily splits into strips), and a bifid first rib.</p> - -<h6>3. Hunterius Swedenborgii.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Hunterius Swedenborgii, <i>Lilljeborg</i>, <i>N. Act. A. Sci. Upsal.</i> vi. 1867, -p. 35, t. 9, 10, 11 (skeleton); <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 1.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Sea; Sweden (subfossil).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45"></a>[45]</span></p> - -<h5>5. CAPEREA.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Caperea, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 78, 101; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2; <i>Lilljeborg</i>, -<i>N. Acta Upsal.</i> vi. 1867.</p> - -</div> - -<p>First rib ⸺? Baleen ⸺? Tympanic bones irregular, -rhombic; aperture irregular, much contracted at the upper end; -the wide part not half the length of the bone. “Cervical vertebræ -all united. First rib single at the upper, and very broad at the -lower end. Bladebone (acromion) rudimentary. Coracoid process -none.”—<i>Lilljeborg.</i></p> - -<p>Vertebræ 55; the seven cervical all soldered by their bodies, and -the spinous processes of the first five united into a single crest, and -of the two last into a separate crest; each has a distinct upper lateral -process and, except the seventh, a distinct lateral process. Upper -lateral process of the atlas narrow, square, reflexed, and bent upwards; -lower one thick, enlarged, and rounded at the end (Ostéogr. -Cét. t. 3. f. 4, 5). Scapula with only a slight ridge in the place of -the acromion (Ostéogr. Cét. t. 3. f. 7). Carpus cartilaginous, with -five small bones. Skull with a slender arched beak. Lower jaw -subcylindrical, thick near the condyle, rather attenuated in front.</p> - -<p>The first rib is very narrow above, and gradually becomes very -broad below and deeply notched on the lower edge, which embraces -nearly the whole length of the sternum; upper end with a single -head. Second rib equally large at the free end, and not notched. -Phalanges 1, 4, 5, 4, 3.</p> - -<p>I believe that the “<i>bonnet</i>” of the Sandwich-Islands whalers is -only the “<i>topknot</i>” of the old male whale of this genus, or of a -nearly allied species.</p> - -<h6>1. Caperea antipodarum.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Caperea antipodarum, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 101, f. 9; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> -P. 2.</p> - -<p>Balæna australis, <i>Desm. Diction</i>.</p> - -<p>Balæna antipodarum, <i>Van Ben.</i> <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> p. 46, t. 3; <i>Gray</i>, <i>Dieffenbach</i>, -t. 1.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. New Zealand. Skeleton, Mus. Paris.</p> - -<p>The seven cervical vertebræ are completely soldered by their bodies; -and the first five spinal apophyses form a continuous crest, and the -two last form a separate crest (Ostéogr. Cét. t. 3. f. 4, 5). The -petrous portion of the skull short, small. The bladebone longer -than broad, with only a slight indication of a process on the front -edge. Upper lateral process of the axis square, bent back; lower -process rounded at the end and prominent.</p> - -<h5>6. MACLEAYIUS.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Macleayius, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 103, 371; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Cervical vertebræ united into a single mass; upper lateral process -of the atlas very broad, compressed, occupying the greater part of -the side, truncated at the end. Lower margin close on the lower<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_46"></a>[46]</span> -lateral process. Lower lateral process elongate, compressed, rather -swollen in the middle, truncated at the end and bent forward, the -upper processes of the second and third cervical vertebræ forming a -crest (Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 105, f. 10, 11, and p. 372, f. 74, 75). -Baleen ⸺?</p> - -<h6>1. Macleayius australiensis.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Macleayius australiensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 105 (figs. 10, 11), 371 (figs. 74, -75); <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Australian seas.</p> - -<p>Atlas vertebra—the width, measuring from the extremity of the -lower processes, 28½ inches; width of the atlas 25 inches; height -from the base of atlas to top of crest 18 inches. Thickness of last -cervical vertebra 10 inches.</p> - -<h6>2. Macleayius britannicus.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Macleayius britannicus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1870, vi. pp. 198 -& 204.</p> - -<p>Balæna biscayensis, <i>Van Beneden</i> (part.), <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> tab. 7. fig. 7 -(copied from <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 83, fig. 3).</p> - -<p>Balæna britannica, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1870, vi. p. 200.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire.</p> - -<p>Cervical vertebræ of <i>Balæna</i> from Lyme Regis (Gray, Cat. Seals -& Whales, p. 83, f. 3) copied on plate of <i>Balæna biscayensis</i>, Ostéog. -Cét. t. 7. f. 7. Dredged up at Lyme Regis. The lateral processes of -this bone are much more like those of <i>Macleayius australiensis</i> than -those of any other species; yet it differs in the outer edge of the -broad lateral process being oblique, narrowed towards the base, and -in the lower lateral process being shorter, turned up at the end, and -the outer end obliquely truncated and subangular below. This -massive vertebra has no affinity with <i>B. biscayensis</i>, and indicates -the existence of a completely different new species of Right Whales, -which appears to be an inhabitant of our seas.</p> - -<h2>Suborder II. BALÆNOPTEROIDEA (<i>cf.</i> p. 36).</h2> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Balænopteridæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 61, 106.</p> - -<p>Balænopteroidea, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p 2.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Head moderate. Body elongate. Dorsal fin distinct, rarely -wanting. Belly longitudinally plaited, rarely smooth. Baleen -short, broad. Maxillary bones broad. Pectoral fin lanceolate; -arms elongate; radius and ulna much longer than the humerus. -Fingers 4, subequal. Vertebræ of the neck free, or partially -united. Tympanic bones oblong or ovate.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47"></a>[47]</span></p> - -<h3>Family 2. AGAPHELIDÆ. <i>Scrag Whales.</i></h3> - -<p>Head moderate; body elongate; hinder part of the back keeled -and notched. Cervical vertebræ free. Pectoral fin lanceolate. -Fingers 4. Throat without plaits. No dorsal fin. Ribs single-headed.</p> - -<p>Mr. Cope “mentioned that he had an opportunity of examining a -portion of a specimen of the Scrag Whale of Dudley, <i>Balæna gibbosa</i> -of Erxleben, and ascertained that it represented a genus not previously -known. It was a Fin-back Whale; but without dorsal fin or -throat-folds, resembling superficially the genus <i>Balæna</i>. The <i>baleen -short and curved</i>. The genus was called <i>Agaphelus</i>.”</p> - -<h5>1. AGAPHELUS.</h5> - -<p>Cervical vertebræ free. Fingers 4. Throat without plaits. No -dorsal fin. Ribs single-headed. Scapula with acromion (Cope, -Proc. Soc. N. Sc. Phil. 1869, p. 16).</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Agaphelus, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Soc. N. Sc. Phil.</i> 1868, pp. 159, 225; <i>Gray</i>, -<i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1870, vi. p. 200.</p> - -</div> - -<p>“Fingers four, elongate. Cervical vertebræ ⸺? Lumbar -and anterior caudal vertebræ longer than their greatest diameter. -Dorsal fin wanting. Gular and pectoral region without folds. Scapula -with well-developed acromion and coracoid. Baleen narrow, -short, curved.</p> - -<p>“The baleen is peculiar; throughout the length of the maxillary -bone it nowhere exceeded one foot in length, and the width of the -band, or length of the base of each plate, four inches. It is of a -creamy white; the fringe very coarse, white, and resembling hogs’ -bristles.</p> - -<p>“The ear-bone is much compressed, with an inferior carina, -towards which the lip of dense bone is suddenly decurved. The -longitudinal opening is much contracted, especially anteriorly, where -the bone is pinched up into a keel; and there is no abrupt concavity -of the inner lip at that point. External surface not very rugose. -Total length 3 in. 2·5 lines.</p> - -<p>“The scapula preserved is low and elongate, with well-developed -acromion and coracoid process. It is evidently of the type of <i>Balænoptera</i> -and <i>Physalus</i>; the ulna and radius relatively less elongate -than in <i>Sibbaldius laticeps</i> and <i>borealis</i>, being 1·5 as long as the -humerus, thus resembling <i>Physalus</i>.</p> - -<p>“The four fingers, with the second much the longest, form a fin -of the type of those genera.</p> - -<p>“The ear-bone is much more compressed than in <i>Physalus antiquorum</i> -or <i>Sibbaldius laticeps</i>.</p> - -<p>“The mandibular ramus is rather massive, moderately curved, and -with a more elevated coronoid process than in any Whale that I have -seen.</p> - -<p>“The greatest peculiarity is in the form of the lumbar and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_48"></a>[48]</span> -anterior caudal vertebræ; they are of a much more elongate form -than any I have seen or found figured, excepting those of the <i>Balænoptera -rostrata</i> (as figured by Gaimard in ‘Voyage de la Recherche’), -which, however, are relatively shorter. Those of the present species -are of greater length than transverse diameter, the lumbars most -elongate; all furnished with an acute hypapophysial keel and concave -sides, and entirely transverse diapophyses. This peculiarity is -consistent with the account of my informant, who stated the animal -to have been of an unusually elongate and slender form. When it -came ashore it had perhaps been dead ten days; the flukes and -muscular region as far as the third caudal vertebra had been devoured, -probably by Sharks and Killers, and the abdominal region -much lacerated; the edge of a fin preserved was slit by the teeth of -some carnivorous enemy. The measurement from the end of the -muzzle to the end of the third caudal was 35 feet, which may be -reduced to 33 feet axial. Up to this point the dorsal line was, according -to my informant, entirely smooth, without knob or fin, or -scar of one; hence I suppose the fin (if present) to have been situated, -as in <i>Sibbaldius</i> &c., at the posterior fourth of the length, and -not, as in <i>Balænoptera</i>, on the posterior third. It may then be safely -assumed, bearing in mind the form of vertebræ, that ten feet of the -whale’s length had been removed, making in all 43 feet. That the -species attains over 50 feet is probable, as the present individual -was quite young, the epiphyses separating from the vertebræ with -the greatest ease. The slender form of the animal is corroborated -by the slenderness and slight curvature of the ribs, one attached -beneath the scapula, probably the second, being narrower than the -corresponding ones in <i>Sibbaldius</i>. I therefore think it most probable -that in this form the anterior ribs are single-headed.”—<i>Cope</i>, <i>l. c.</i> -p. 223.</p> - -<h6>1. Agaphelus gibbosus. <i>The Scrag Whale.</i></h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Agaphelus gibbosus, <i>Cope</i>.</p> - -<p>Balæna gibbosa, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 90.</p> - -<p>Scrag Whale, <i>Dudley</i>, <i>Phil. Trans.</i> xxxiii. p. 259.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Atlantic.</p> - -<h5>2. RHACHIANECTES.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Rhachianectes, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. N. Sc. Philad.</i> 1869, pp. 14 & 15.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Cervical vertebræ free. Throat without plaits. Dorsal fin -none. Scapula without acromion.</p> - -<h6>1. Rhachianectes glaucus. <i>The Californian Grey Whale.</i></h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Rhachianectes glaucus, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. N. Sc. Philad.</i> 1869, pp. 17 -& 40, fig. 8.</p> - -<p>Agaphelus glaucus, <i>Cope</i>, <i>ibid.</i> 1868, p. 225.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. California, San Francisco.</p> - -<p>“The points in which this species differs from those of the genus -<i>Balæna</i> previously known are numerous, and will no doubt be increased -on a further knowledge of the animal.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_49"></a>[49]</span></p> - -<p>“The head, between one-fourth and one-fifth of the total length, -allies it to the shorter-headed species. From the <i>B. australis</i> the -number of dorsal vertebræ, and the colour and shortness of the baleen, -distinguish it; and no doubt other features will be brought out when -we are acquainted with the Cape species. The dorsal serration is -not known to occur in any species of the genus <i>Balæna</i>, though said -to be characteristic of the <i>A. gibbosus</i>, whose characters I have just -given.</p> - -<p>“Two <i>Balænæ</i> have been described as inhabiting the North Pacific -Ocean, <i>Balæna Sieboldii</i>, Gray (Catal. Cet. 1865, p. 96), and <i>Balæna -cullamach</i>, Chamisso (Nov. Act. Acad. Cæs. xii. p. 251, tab.)</p> - -<p>“Both have been established on figures carved by the natives, of -the Japanese and Aleutian Islands respectively, the former under the -supervision of a naturalist, the traveller Siebold. The carving of -the <i>B. cullamach</i>, judging from the figure given by Chamisso, can -but doubtfully represent any species; but if the species exist, it will -rest on the following diagnosis of its describer:—‘Rictu amplo forma -litteræ S curvato, elasmiis maximis atro-cæruleis, spiraculis flexuosis, -in medio capite, tuberculo in apice rostri (ex imagine), pectore pinnisque -pectoralibus albis, dorso gibboso sexpinnato.’</p> - -<p>“These are, however, true <i>Balænæ</i>. A species of <i>Agaphelus</i> -exists in the Kamtschatkan seas, according to Pallas, who, however, -derives his information solely from wooden models made by the -Aleutian Islanders. This is not sufficient basis for an introduction -to the scientific system; yet Pallas indulges in applying to it the name -<i>Balæna agamachschik</i>. The pectoral limb of this species is said, -however, to be white, with the underside of the flukes, characters -not found in the <i>A. glaucus</i>. Dr. Gray has already (Cat. Brit. Mus.) -indicated that this, if reliable, indicates a genus unknown to him.</p> - -<p>“The <i>Agaphelus glaucus</i> is the Grey Whale of the coasts of California. -Two specimens have been examined by my friend Wm. H. -Dall, of the scientific staff of the U. S. Russian-American Telegraph -Expedition, one of them near Monterey; and descriptions, as complete -as the state of the specimens would allow, were made.</p> - -<p>“These, which were sent to the Smithsonian Institution, and -placed in my hands by Prof. Baird, are quite sufficient to indicate a -Whale of a species hitherto unnoticed, and to render certain its -future identification.</p> - -<p>“Dorsal vertebræ and ribs 13; lumbar and caudal (those in the -fluke cut off with it) 28. Scapula, breadth and height not very -different, with a short broad coracoid process; its head opposite first -rib. Apparently only four fingers, of which the second is the longest. -145 laminæ of baleen on each side, the longest 18 inches long; -colour bright yellow.”—<i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad.</i> 1868, p. 226.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_50"></a>[50]</span></p> - -<h3>Family 3. MEGAPTERIDÆ. <i>Humpbacked Whales.</i></h3> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Megapterina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 113.</p> - -<p>Megapteridæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Dorsal fin low, broad; pectoral fin very long, with four very long -fingers of many phalanges. Vertebræ 50 or 60; cervical vertebræ -often anchylosed. Lateral process of the axis tardily ossified. Neural -canal large, high, triangular. Ribs 14 or 15.</p> - -<h5>1. MEGAPTERA.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Megaptera, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 113, 117; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2; -<i>Lilljeborg</i>, <i>N. Acta Upsal.</i> 1867, vi.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Bladebone without acromion or coracoid process. Body of cervical -vertebræ subcircular.</p> - -<h6>1. Megaptera longimana.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Megaptera longimana, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 119 (fig.), 373; <i>Synops. Whales -& Dolph.</i> p. 2.</p> - -<p>Megaptera boops, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> tab. 30 (baleen and -jaws with rudimentary teeth), t. 33. f. 12 (vertebra).</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p> - -<h6>2. Megaptera Novæ-Zelandiæ.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Megaptera Novæ-Zelandiæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 128, fig. 20; <i>Synops. Whales -& Dolph.</i> p. 2.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. New Zealand. Ear-bones in Brit. Mus.</p> - -<h6>3. Megaptera? Burmeisteri.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Megaptera? Burmeisteri, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 129.</p> - -<p>Megaptera Lalandii (part.), <i>Van Beneden</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i></p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Buenos Ayres. Skeleton, Mus. Buenos Ayres.</p> - -<h6>4. Megaptera americana.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Megaptera americana, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 129.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Bermuda.</p> - -<p>“The <i>norwega</i> is a Humpback which has the belly white and -smooth (?), back very dark bluish, length 50 to 55 feet. This whale -gives more oil than the mystica.”—<i>Hartt</i>, <i>Geology & Physical Geography -of Brazil</i>, p. 182.</p> - -<p>“The whalebone is short, and sells well. The beach on which the -whales are cut up is strewed during the season with bones. There -must be the bones of 500 whales on the spot. The fishery is carried -on at Bahia on a much larger scale than at Caravellas.”—<i>L. c.</i> p. 185.</p> - -<h6>5. Megaptera kuzira.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Megaptera kuzira, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 130.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Japan. Skull, Mus. Leyden.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_51"></a>[51]</span></p> - -<h6>6. Megaptera osphyia.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Megaptera osphyia, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1865, p. 4.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Atlantic. Skeleton. Mus. Niagara.</p> - -<p>“A second and more full examination of the <i>Megaptera osphyia</i>, -Cope, furnishes the following additional points and characters. The -specimen is young, and measures in its present condition 34 feet. -It has, however, lost a considerable number of caudal vertebræ, and, -from the posterior part of the column, of intervertebral cartilages -also; add to this the shrinking of the cartilages preserved, and the -increase of length would perhaps amount to 8 feet, giving 42 in all. -The asserted length of 50 feet, line measurement, which I quoted in -my original description, is no doubt an exaggeration.</p> - -<p>“The glenoid process is margined by an angular prominence, the -rudiment of the coracoid, precisely as in the <i>M. brasiliensis</i>. The -diapophysis of the atlas is a flat vertical plate, extending from opposite -the base of the <i>foramen dentatum</i> to opposite the widest point -of the spinal canal; inferior posterior outline of the atlas broad, -slightly concave mesially. The mandible is peculiar in the strong -angular process, which extends from behind, round the side, projecting -as far as the condyle, and separated from it by a deep groove. -The third and fourth cervicals are united by the neural arch. The -first rib is very broad at the extremity; length 37 inches, width at -end 8·22 inches. The orbital processes of the frontal bone are not -contracted at the extremities as in <i>M. longimana</i>, but are more as in -<i>Balænopteræ</i>; entire width over and within edge of orbit 15½ in.; -length to vertical plate of maxillary 31 inches. The baleen measures -2 feet in length, is black, with three rows of coarse bristles. -Its base is one curve; its length is spirally twisted. The species is -probably one of the largest of the <i>Balænidæ</i>.”—<i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. -Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1868, p. 194.</p> - -<h6>7. Megaptera versabilis.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Megaptera versabilis, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Pr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.</i> 1869, p. 17, -figs. 5 & 6.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Pacific, Californian coast.</p> - -<h5>2. POESCOPIA.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Poescopia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 113; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Bladebone with small coracoid process. Body of cervical vertebræ -nearly square.</p> - -<h6>1. Poescopia Lalandii.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Poescopia Lalandii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 126 (fig. 19, p. 125), 373; <i>Synops. -Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2, tab. 33. f. 3, 4 (vertebræ, from <i>Cuvier</i>).</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Cape of Good Hope. Skeleton, Mus. Paris.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_52"></a>[52]</span></p> - -<h5>3. ESCHRICHTIUS.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Eschrichtius, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 113, 131; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2; -<i>Lilljeborg</i>, <i>N. Acta Upsal.</i> vi. p. 12, 1867.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Bladebone with large coracoid process. Body of cervical vertebræ -separate, small, roundish-oblong. The neural canal very broad and -high.</p> - -<h6>1. Eschrichtius robustus.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Eschrichtius robustus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 133 (fig.), 373; <i>Synops. Whales -& Dolph.</i> p. 2; <i>Lilljeborg</i>, <i>N. Acta Upsal.</i> 1867, vi. p. 16, t. 1-8; -<i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1865, p. 4.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Sea; coast of Devonshire, Sweden; Atlantic.</p> - -<p>“The <i>Eschrichtius robustus</i> is admitted on the evidence of a ramus -of the under jaw in the Museum, Rutger’s College, which is of peculiar -form, and closely resembles the figure given by Lilljeborg of -that portion of this rare species.”—<i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad.</i> -1868, p. 194.</p> - -<h3>Family 4. PHYSALIDÆ. <i>Finner Whales.</i></h3> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Physalina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 114, 134.</p> - -<p>Physalinidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Dorsal fin high, erect, compressed, falcate, about three-fourths the -entire length from the nose. Pectoral fin moderate, with four short -fingers of four or six phalanges. Vertebræ 55 or 64. Cervical vertebræ -not anchylosed. Neural canal oblong, transverse.</p> - -<p class="break">* <i>Vertebræ 60 or 64; first rib single-headed</i> (cf. <a href="#Page_54">p. 54</a>).</p> - -<h5>1. BENEDENIA.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Benedenia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 114, 135; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Rostrum of skull narrow, attenuated, with straight slanting edges. -Second cervical vertebra with two short truncated lateral processes. -The first rib single-headed.</p> - -<h6>1. Benedenia Knoxii.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Benedenia Knoxii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 138, figs. 24-26; <i>Synops. Whales -& Dolph.</i> p. 2.</p> - -<p>Benedenia boops, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> tab. 32. f. 1, 2 (cervical -vertebræ).</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Sea, coast of Wales.</p> - -<h5>2. PHYSALUS.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Physalus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 114, 139; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2; -<i>Lilljeborg</i>, <i>N. Acta Upsal.</i> 1867, p. 72.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Rostrum of the skull narrow, attenuated, with straight sloping -sides. Second cervical vertebra with a broad lateral process, with a -large perforation at the base. First rib single-headed. Sternum<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_53"></a>[53]</span> -trifoliate, with a long slender hind process. Fingers shorter than -the forearm-bones. Scapula very broad; acromion and coracoid -process well developed.</p> - -<p class="break">† <i>Lateral rings of the second cervical vertebra as long as the diameter of the -body of the vertebra.</i>—Gray, <i>l. c.</i> p. 374; Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 2.</p> - -<h6>1. Physalus antiquorum.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<p>Ribs 14·14.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Physalus antiquorum, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 144 (figs. 29-32), 374; <i>Synops. -Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2, t. 1. f. 6 (baleen), t. 32. f. 5, 6 (cervical -vertebræ); <i>Flower</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1869, p. 604, pl. 47 (male).</p> - -<p>Balænoptera musculus, <i>Van Beneden</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 12 & t. 13. -figs. 11-24.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Sea, Greenland, Hampshire, &c.</p> - -<h6>2. Physalus Duguidii.</h6> - -<p>Ribs 15·15.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Physalus Duguidii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 158, figs. 33-35; <i>Synops. Whales & -Dolph.</i> p. 2.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Sea, Orkneys.</p> - -<p class="break">†† <i>The lateral rings of the cervical vertebræ shorter than the diameter of the -bodies of the vertebræ.</i>—Gray, <i>l. c.</i> p. 374; Synops. Whales & Dolph. -p. 2.</p> - -<h6>3. Physalus patachonicus.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Physalus patachonicus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 374, figs. 76-86; <i>Synops. Whales -& Dolph.</i> p. 2.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. River Plata.</p> - -<h6>4. Physalus brasiliensis.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Physalus brasiliensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 162.</p> - -<p>Balænoptera brasiliensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Zool. Ereb. & Ter.</i> p. 5.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Bahia.</p> - -<p>“<i>Mystica</i> differs from the <i>norwega</i> in having the back black and the -belly and throat furrowed. Sometimes there are white spots on the -side.</p> - -<p>“The first Whales appear in the Abrolhos waters at about the end -of May, and they stay until October. The females often bring young -calves with them, and appear to seek the shelter of the reefs. The -headquarters of the Abrolhos fishery is at Caravellas, or, rather, at -the mouth of the river Caravellas, where are situated the armações -or trying-houses.”—<i>E. Hartt</i>, <i>Geology and Physical Geography of -Brazil</i>, p. 182.</p> - -<p>“The fishery begins at Bahia, according to Castelnau (Expédition -dans l’Amérique du Sud, tome i. p. 750), about the 13th of June, -and lasts till the 21st September. At Caravellas I was assured that -the Whales always appeared later than at Bahia, and the fishery does -not always begin until the last week in June, continuing through -the month of September.”—<i>E. Hartt.</i></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_54"></a>[54]</span></p> - -<h5>3. CUVIERIUS.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Cuvierius, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 114, 164; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Rostrum of the skull broad, the outer sides curved, especially in -front. The second cervical vertebra with two short, thick lateral -processes. First rib single-headed. Sternum oblong-ovate, transverse. -Hands elongate; fingers slender, second finger much longer -than the forearm-bone. Scapula with a broad acromion and a rudimentary -coracoid.</p> - -<h6>1. Cuvierius Sibbaldii.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Cuvierius Sibbaldii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 380; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p> - -<p>Cuvierius latirostris, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 165.</p> - -<p>Physalus Sibbaldii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 160 (fig. 36), 380.</p> - -<p>Balænoptera Sibbaldii, <i>Van Beneden</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 12 & t. 13. -figs. 25-34.</p> - -<p>Balænoptera carolinæ, <i>Malm</i>, <i>Monog. Illust.</i> t. 44.</p> - -<p>Balænoptera musculus, <i>Sars</i>, <i>Vid. Selsk. Forhand.</i> 1865, t. 1, 2, & 3.</p> - -<p>“Steypireyör,” <i>Reinhardt</i>, <i>Vidensk. Meddel.</i> 1867; <i>Ann. N. Hist.</i> -1868.</p> - -<p>The Grey Fin Whale, <i>Turner</i>, <i>Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin.</i> 1869, p. 34 (from -Londonderry).</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Sea. Mus. Hull.</p> - -<p>The great northern Rorqual of Knox probably belongs to this -species. Its skeleton is in the Edinburgh Museum.</p> - -<p class="break">** <i>Vertebræ 58-60. First and second ribs double-headed</i> (cf. <a href="#Page_52">p. 52</a>); -<i>second cervical vertebræ with a broad lateral process, perforated at -the base. Lower jaw compressed, with distinct coronoid process.</i>—Sibbaldius, -<i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 114, 169; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p> - -<h5>4. RUDOLPHIUS.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Rudolphius, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 170; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p> - -<p>Sibbaldius, <i>Lilljeborg</i>, <i>Nova Acta Upsal.</i> vi. 1867.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Dorsal fin compressed, falcate, two-thirds the entire length from -the nose. Ribs 13·13; first rib short, dilated at the external end. -Sternum elongate, not narrow at posterior lobe. Fingers elongate; -the second finger rather shorter than the forearm-bone. Scapula -very broad, with a large broad acromion process and a moderate -coracoid one.</p> - -<h6>1. Rudolphius laticeps.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Sibbaldius laticeps, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 170, figs. 37, 38.</p> - -<p>Rudolphius laticeps, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p> - -<p>Balænoptera laticeps, <i>Van Beneden</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 10 & t. 11. figs. -11-35.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p> - -<p>Nose of skull more than twice the length of brain-cavity from the -nasal bones.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_55"></a>[55]</span></p> - -<h5>5. SIBBALDIUS.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Sibbaldius, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 175, 1865; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p> - -<p>Flowerius, <i>Lilljeborg</i>, <i>Nova Acta Upsal.</i> vi. 1867.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Dorsal fin very small, far behind, and placed on a thick prominence. -Ribs 14·14; first short, sternal end very broad and deeply -notched. Sternum trifoliate, with a short broad hinder lobe. Scapula -broad, with very long acromion and short slender coracoid process. -Fingers ⸺?</p> - -<h6>1. Sibbaldius borealis.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Sibbaldius borealis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 175, fig. 39; <i>Synops. Whales & -Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p> - -<p>Flowerius gigas, <i>Lilljeborg</i>, <i>Nova Acta Upsal.</i> vi. 1867.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p> - -<p>Mr. Flower considers <i>B. borealis</i>, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. -Philad. 1866, p. 297, from North Atlantic, as very nearly allied to -<i>Balænoptera Schlegelii</i>.</p> - -<h6>2. Sibbaldius Schlegelii.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Sibbaldius Schlegelii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 178, figs. 40-48; <i>Synops. Whales -& Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p> - -<p>Balænoptera Schlegelii, <i>Van Beneden</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 14 & 15.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Java.</p> - -<p>Cervical vertebræ separate (t. 14. f. 5-12); the second with a -broad short lateral expansion, having a moderate-sized oblong perforation. -Beak of skull very long, three and a half times the length -of the brain-cavity.</p> - -<h6>3. Sibbaldius? antarcticus.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Sibbaldius? antarcticus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 381, fig. 87; <i>Synops. Whales & -Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p> - -<p>Balænoptera antarctica, <i>Van Beneden</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> p. 234.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Buenos Ayres.</p> - -<p>Van Beneden regards it as a doubtful species.</p> - -<h6>4. Sibbaldius sulphureus.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Sibbaldius sulphureus, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1869, -pp. 10, 19, f. 11.</p> - -<p>Sulphur-bottom <i>of the Whalers on the North-west Coast</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Dorsal fin very far back.</p> - -<p>Inhab. North Pacific, north-west coast of America, California.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_56"></a>[56]</span></p> - -<h6>5. Sibbaldius tectirostris.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Sibbaldius tectirostris, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1869, p. 7.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Pacific. Skeleton, Mus. Philad.</p> - -<h6>6. Sibbaldius tuberosus.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Sibbaldius tuberosus, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1867, p. <span class="space"> </span>.</p> - -<p>Sibbaldius laticeps, <i>Cope</i>, <i>l. c.</i> 1866, p. 297.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North-east coast of America.</p> - -<h3>Family 5. BALÆNOPTERIDÆ. <i>Pike Whales.</i></h3> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Balænopterina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 114.</p> - -<p>Balænoptera, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 114; <i>Lilljeborg</i>, <i>Nova Acta Upsal.</i> vi.</p> - -<p>Balænopteridæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Dorsal fin high, erect, compressed, about two-thirds of the entire -length from the nose. Pectoral fin moderate, with four short -fingers. Vertebræ 50; cervical vertebræ sometimes anchylosed. -Neural canal broad, trigonal. Ribs 11·11. The second cervical -vertebra with a broad lateral expansion, perforated at the base. -First rib single-headed. Lower jaw with a conical coronoid process.</p> - -<h5>1. BALÆNOPTERA.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Balænoptera, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 114, 186; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p> - -<p>Fabricia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 382.</p> - -</div> - -<p>The lower lateral processes of the third to the seventh cervical vertebræ -with an angular projection on the lower edges. Fingers short, -the length of the forearm-bone.</p> - -<p>Scapula broad; acromion and coracoid elongate, slender.</p> - -<h6>1. Balænoptera rostrata.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Balænoptera rostrata, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 188, figs. 49-53; <i>Synops. Whales -& Dolph.</i> p. 3, t. 1. f. 5 (baleen), t. 2 (skull), t. 32. f. 3, 4 (cervical -vertebræ); <i>Van Beneden</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 12 & t. 13. figs. 1-10.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p> - -<h6>2. Balænoptera velifera.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Balænoptera velifera, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1869, p. 18, -f. 9, 10.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Dorsal fin large.</p> - -<p>Inhab. Oregon (Finner Whale); California, Queen Charlotte’s -Sound.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_57"></a>[57]</span></p> - -<h5>2. SWINHOIA.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Swinhoia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 382; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p> - -</div> - -<p>The lower lateral processes of the third to the sixth cervical vertebræ -slender, regularly curved, without any prominent angle on the -lower edge.</p> - -<h6>1. Swinhoia chinensis.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Balænoptera Swinhoei, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 382, figs. 88-93.</p> - -<p>Swinhoia chinensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Formosa.</p> - -<h2>Section II. DENTICETE (<i>cf.</i> p. 35).</h2> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Denticete, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 62, 194; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p> - -<p>Odontoceti <i>or</i> Delphinoidea, <i>Flower</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 111.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Teeth well developed in one or both jaws, sometimes deciduous. -Palate without baleen. Head large or moderate, compressed. Tympanic -bones two, dissimilar, separate, becoming united, sunk in a -cavity in the base of the skull. Gullet large.</p> - -<p>The suborders in this section have certain relations to each other -by which they may be arranged in two parallel series:—</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>A. Nostrils separate, elongated.</th> - <th>B. Nostrils united, transverse.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Teeth only in the lower jaw. Cervical vertebræ often united</td> - <td>Physeteroidea.</td> - <td>Ziphioidea.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Teeth well developed in both jaws. Jaws beaked</td> - <td>Susuoidea.</td> - <td>Delphinoidea.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class="break">Division I. <i>Nostrils longitudinal, parallel or diverging; each covered -with a valve</i> (cf. <a href="#Page_62">p. 62</a>).</p> - -<h2>Suborder III. PHYSETEROIDEA.</h2> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Physeteroidea, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 195; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p> - -<p>Physeteridæ (Physeterinæ), <i>Flower</i>, <i>Tr. Zool. Soc.</i> vol. vi. p. 113.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Head blunt. Nostrils longitudinal, parallel, or diverging, each -covered with a valve, the right often obliterated. Teeth many in -the lower jaw, fitting into holes in the gums of the upper one. -Lachrymal bone none distinct. “Costal cartilages not ossified. The -hinder ribs losing their tubercular and retaining their capitular articulation -with the vertebræ. The greater number of the cervical -vertebræ ankylosed together. Pterygoid bones thick, produced -backwards, meeting in the middle line, and not involuted to form<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_58"></a>[58]</span> -the outer wall of the postpalatine air-sinus. Symphysis of mandible -of moderate or excessive length. No functional teeth in the -upper jaw. Mandibular teeth various, often much reduced in number. -Lachrymal bones usually large and distinct. Bones of the -skull raised so as to form an elevated prominence or crest behind -the anterior nares. Orbit of small or moderate size. Pectoral limbs -small. Dorsal fin usually present.”—<i>Flower.</i></p> - -<h3>Family 6. CATODONTIDÆ.</h3> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Catodontina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 386, 387.</p> - -<p>Catodontidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Head compressed, truncated in front, very large. Blowers separate, -linear, in front of the upper part of the head. Mouth inferior, -linear. Pectoral fin short, broad, truncate. Dorsal hump rounded. -Skull elongate. Crown concave, surrounded by a high perpendicular -wall formed by the doubled-up maxilla and occipital bones. Upper -jaw toothless. Atlas free; rest of cervical vertebræ united by their -bodies and spines into a consolidated mass.</p> - -<h5>1. CATODON.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Catodon, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 196, 386, 387; Synops. Whales & Dolph. -p. 3.</p> - -<p>Physeter, <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vol. vi. p. 309.</p> - -</div> - -<p>The atlas vertebra transverse, nearly twice as broad as high; the -central canal subtrigonal, narrow below. Skull nearly one-third the -entire length of the body. Lachrymal bone wanting. The zygomatic -process is formed of the malar bone. Vertebral column rough -and rather spongy. Vertebræ 50: 7 cervical, 11 dorsal, 8 lumbar, -24 caudal. The atlas separate; the other 6 cervical united by their -bodies and spines into one consolidated mass, and sometimes united -to the first dorsal vertebra. The atlas subquadrangular, broader -than long. The transverse process truncated. Upper edge nearly -straight, lower slightly curved. Neural canal triangular, one of the -angles directed downwards. The thyro-hyal triangular, thick in -front, thinner behind; the basihyal broad and flat. The basihyal -and thyro-hyal united. The ribs long, all but the first slender -and light. The first rib is short, broad, and very thick near the -lower end. Sternum large, triangular, the apex turned backwards. -The broad front end nearly straight, composed of two large anterior -and a small posterior piece. Pectoral limb small. Scapula higher -than broad; outer surface concave, inner convex. Acromion very -large, dilated at the end. Coracoid large, narrow, and about half -the length of the acromion. Humerus compressed. Radius and -ulna not quite so long as the humerus, often united at the ends and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_59"></a>[59]</span> -separate in the middle. The carpus wide and short. The carpal -bones six, nearly in a single row. The fingers five, all well developed, -the second, third, and fourth not differing greatly in length, -the fourth the shortest; the first consisting of two, the second and -third of six, the fourth of five, and the fifth of four joints; the -second finger two-thirds the length of the arm-bones.</p> - -<p>The skull of the young animal is much shorter and broader than -in the adult (Flower, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vi. tab. 57).</p> - -<h6>1. Catodon macrocephalus.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Catodon macrocephalus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 196 (f. 54), 202, 387; <i>Synops. -Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p> - -<p>Physeter macrocephalus, <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vol. vi. p. 309, -tab. 55 to 61, and woodcuts.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Tropical seas, accidentally in the temperate ones.</p> - -<p>Mr. Flower (Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vi.) considers <i>C. australis</i>, -Gray, <i>l. c.</i> p. 206, fig. 55, the same species; and certainly there does -not appear to be any character in the skeleton to divide them.</p> - -<p>Maury remarks:—“The Sperm-Whale, according to the result of -this chart, appears never to double the Cape of Good Hope. It -doubles Cape Horn. Since this fish delights in warm water, shall -we not expect to find off Cape Horn an under-current of warm -water heavier with its salt?”—<i>Maury</i>, <i>Whale-Charts</i>, p. 267.</p> - -<p>How far the species indicated range beyond the habitats whence -they were received is yet to be discovered and recorded. No doubt -their range is influenced by many local circumstances (peculiarities -in the currents, and disposition of the food) that are not easily observed -or understood.</p> - -<h5>2. MEGANEURON.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Meganeuron, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 386, 387; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p> - -</div> - -<p>The atlas vertebra subcircular, rather broader than high. The -central canal subcircular, in the middle of the body, widened -above.</p> - -<p>The rest of the animal not known; it is placed in <i>Catodontidæ</i> -because this family is the only one that has the atlas separate from -the cervical vertebræ and of the simple form.</p> - -<h6>1. Meganeuron Krefftii.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Meganeuron Krefftii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1865, p. 440; <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, -p. 388, figs. 94-97; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Australian seas.</p> - -<p>Atlas 13 inches wide.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_60"></a>[60]</span></p> - -<h3>Family 7. PHYSETERIDÆ.</h3> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Physeterina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 386, 390.</p> - -<p>Physeteridæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Head depressed, rounded in front. Blowers linear (often only -the one on the left side open), at the back of the forehead. Mouth -small, inferior, rounded. Dorsal fin compressed, falcate. Pectoral -fin elongate, falcate. Skull short; crown concave; hinder part of -the wall formed by the maxillaries, and divided, as it were, into two -subequal parts by a central bony ridge, which is more or less twisted -towards the right side. Upper jaw toothless. Atlas and cervical -vertebræ all united into a solid mass.</p> - -<h5>1. PHYSETER.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Physeter, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 196, 210, 386; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> -p. 4.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Head large, rather depressed in front. Skull ⸺?</p> - -<p>Only known from Sibbald’s description, which, like his others, is -very specific; and all his other accounts of animals have been proved -to be correct.</p> - -<p>Mr. Flower has no faith in Sibbald’s account of this animal, and -says, “If the Linnæan genus <i>Physeter</i> is to be kept in abeyance -until the rediscovery of Sibbald’s ‘<i>Balæna macrocephala tripinna</i>,’ it -is to be feared that it may ultimately disappear altogether from zoological -literature.”—<i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vol. vi. p. 369.</p> - -<h6>1. Physeter tursio.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Physeter tursio, <i>Linn.</i>, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 212; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Sea, Scotland (<i>Sibbald</i>, 1687). Length 52 or 53 -feet.</p> - -<h5>2. KOGIA.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Kogia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 196, 215, 386, 391; <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> -vol. vi. p. 114.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Head moderate, blunt and high in front; left blower only open. -Skull short and broad; the septum that divides the crown of the -skull very sinuous, folded so as to form a funnel-shaped cavity.</p> - -<h6>1. Kogia breviceps.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Kogia breviceps, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 217, 391; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> -p. 4.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Cape of Good Hope.</p> - -<p>Perhaps the next is the same species.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_61"></a>[61]</span></p> - -<h6>2. Kogia Macleayii.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Kogia Macleayii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 391; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p> - -<p>Physeter simus, <i>Owen</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vol. vi. p. 30, t. 10, 11, 12, -13, ♀ (not skeleton, t. 11. f. 2).</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Australia, India. Length 10 feet, young.</p> - -<p>The difference between <i>Kogia</i> and <i>Euphysetes</i> does not depend on -the sex of the animals. Mr. Krefft described a male, and Professor -Owen a female specimen; the latter mistook the two drawings of -the same specimen for the two sexes, deceived by certain additions -surreptitiously made to Mr. Elliot’s drawings; but the additions, -especially the penis, are not represented on the plates, and the artist -(Mr. Willis) says he received no directions to leave out any part of -the drawing, and accurately copied them. The measurements given -in the paper do not agree with those in Mr. Elliot’s notes made from -the living animal; and reference to them would have prevented all -this confusion.</p> - -<h5>3. EUPHYSETES.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Euphysetes, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 196, 215, 386, 392; <i>Synops. Whales & -Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Head moderate, blunt and high in front. Skull short and broad. -The septum that divides the cavity of the crown of the skull simple, -longitudinal, only slightly curved.</p> - -<p>Vertebræ 51: cervical 7 (all united into one mass), dorsal 14, -caudal 40. Basihyal broad and flat, as in <i>Catodon</i>.</p> - -<h6>1. Euphysetes Grayii.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Euphysetes Grayii, <i>MacLeay</i>; <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 218, 392; <i>Synops. -Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p> - -<p>Physeter simus, <i>Owen</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vol. vi. t. 11. f. 2 (skeleton -only).</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Australia.</p> - -<h2>Suborder IV. SUSUOIDEA.</h2> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Susuoidea, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Head beaked. Nostrils longitudinal, each covered with a valve -(the right often obliterated). Teeth in upper and lower jaws, compressed. -Crown of skull covered with a bony arch. Pectoral fin -broad, truncate. Fingers 4, nearly equal, the outer the shortest.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_62"></a>[62]</span></p> - -<h3>Family 8. PLATANISTIDÆ.</h3> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Platanistidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 62, 220; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p> - -<p>Platanistinæ, <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vol. vi. p. 114.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Head long-beaked. Jaws slender, compressed. Skull—crown covered -with the converging arch and reflexed edges of the maxillaries.</p> - -<p>“Costal cartilages not ossified. The tubercular and capitular -articulations of the ribs blending together posteriorly. Cervical -vertebræ all free. Pterygoid bones thin, not conforming in their -mode of arrangement with either of the other sections. Jaws very -long and narrow; both with numerous teeth having compressed -fangs. Symphysis of mandible very long, exceeding half the length -of the entire ramus. Orbit very small. Lachrymal bones not distinct -from the jugal. Pectoral limbs large. Dorsal fin rudimentary. -Maxillary bones supporting large bony incurved crests. -No cingulum or tubercle at the base of the crown of the teeth. -Pectoral fins truncated. Visual organs rudimentary. External -respiratory aperture longitudinal, linear.”—<i>Flower.</i></p> - -<h5>1. PLATANISTA.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Platanista, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 221; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Vertebræ 51: cervical 7, all separate; dorsal 11; lumbar 8; -caudal 25.</p> - -<h6>1. Platanista gangetica.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Platanista gangetica, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 223; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> -p 4.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. India, Ganges.</p> - -<h6>2. Platanista Indi.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Platanista Indi, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 224; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. India, Indus.</p> - -<p class="break">Division II. <i>Nostrils both united into a single central transverse or crescent-shaped -blower on the back of the crown</i> (cf. <a href="#Page_57">p. 57</a>).</p> - -<h2>Suborder V. DELPHINOIDEA.</h2> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Delphinoidea, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Nostrils two, united into a single central transverse or crescentic -blower on the back of the crown. Teeth in both jaws, permanent, -or rarely deciduous by age. Pectoral fin lanceolate, ovate, or truncated. -Head generally beaked. Dorsal fin falcate or wanting. -Skull beaked; maxillary bone spread out over the orbit.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_63"></a>[63]</span></p> - -<p class="break">I. <i>Pectoral fin elongate, obliquely truncated on the inner side. Fingers elongate, -longer than the arm-bones, unequal; the second and third much -the longest; the rest short. Forearm-bones close together, only separated -by a straight line. Carpal bones moderate, 5 or 7</i> (cf. <a href="#Page_85">p. 85</a>).</p> - -<p class="break">A. <i>Pectoral fin on the side of the body. Second and third fingers of six or -eight phalanges</i> (cf. <a href="#Page_82">p. 82</a>).</p> - -<h3>Family 9. INIIDÆ.</h3> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Iniidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 62, 226; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p> - -<p>Platanistidæ (Iniinæ), <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vol. vi. p. 114.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Fluviatile. Head beaked; beak bristly. Teeth in the jaws, rugulose, -crowns with an internal lobe; permanent. Pectoral fin -large, elongate, subfalcate. Back keeled behind, without any dorsal -fin. Skull—jaw compressed; symphysis of lower jaw elongate, extending -for more than half its length. Overlooking the form of the -blower, Mr. Flower places this genus with Platanistidæ.</p> - -<p>Vertebræ 41. C. 7. D. 13. L. 3. C. 18. The smallest number -of any Cetacean known.</p> - -<p>“Costal cartilages not ossified. The tubercular and capitular articulations -of the ribs blending together posteriorly. Cervical vertebræ -all free. Pterygoid bones thin, not conforming in their mode -of arrangement with either of the other sections. Jaws very long -and narrow, both with numerous teeth having compressed fangs. -Symphysis of mandible very long, exceeding half the length of the -entire ramus. Orbit very small. Lachrymal bones not distinct -from the jugal. Pectoral limbs large. Dorsal fin rudimentary.”—<i>Flower.</i></p> - -<p>“Maxillary crests absent, or very slightly developed. Many of -the teeth with a complete cingulum or a distinct tubercle at the -base of the crown. Pectoral fin ovate, obtusely pointed.”—<i>Flower.</i></p> - -<h5>1. INIA.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Inia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 226; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4; <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. -Zool. Soc.</i> vi. p. 87.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Cervical vertebræ free: the first with an inferior posterior process, -bifid at the end; lateral processes very short: the second -with a strong dorsal process. Dorsal vertebræ with very high dorsal -processes. Scapula very high, with very long acromion and coracoid -processes. The arm-bone short. Forearms thick and short, -scarcely so long as the upper arm-bone. Metacarpal bones seven, -imbedded in cartilage. The second and third fingers very long, with -six phalanges; the first finger very short, of two phalanges; the -fourth strong, short, about as long as the first two phalanges of the -third finger, of four phalanges; the fifth finger very short, slender, -of three phalanges. The breast-bone ovate, scutate, notched in -front.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_64"></a>[64]</span></p> - -<h6>1. Inia Geoffroyii.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Inia Geoffroyii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 226, 393; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> -p. 4; <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. p. 87, t. 25, 26, 27 (skeleton).</p> - -<p>Delphinus amazonicus, <i>Spix</i>, <i>Reise in Brasil.</i> t. iii. pp. 1119 and 1113, -fig. 34 (bad).</p> - -<p>Inia Geoffrensis, <i>D’Orbigny</i>, <i>in Ann. Mus. Paris</i>, vol. iii. p. 23; <i>Gervais</i>, -<i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. xxxii.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Brazil, river Amazon.</p> - -<p>“The number of the teeth in the different specimens of <i>Inia</i> examined -shows a considerable range of variation, presuming that they -all belong to one species. In the one now described there are -R. 26, L. 26 / R. 25, L. 27 = 104. The larger specimen in the British Museum, -from Ega, has 28-28/26-27 = 109, and also two minute rudimentary teeth -in the gum behind the last in the left maxilla. In the smaller skull -from the same place there are 29-26/28-27 = 110. In the skull in the -Paris Museum, brought by D’Orbigny, there are, according to Gervais, -33-33/33-33 = 132; but in the type specimen in the same museum, -taken from Lisbon, the number is given by De Bainville as -26-26/26-26 = 104. In the Berlin skull the teeth are 34-32/33-32 = 131. Von -Martius, in his diagnosis of the species, gives 28-28/29-29 = 114.”—<i>Flower.</i></p> - -<h3>Family 10. DELPHINIDÆ.</h3> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Delphinidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 228, 393; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4; -<i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. p. 113.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Head beaked. Teeth in both jaws, conical or compressed, permanent, -without any internal lobe, occupying nearly the whole -length of the jaws. Back rounded, with a falcate dorsal fin; rarely -absent. Skull with the maxilla expanded over the orbit, and more -or less turned up on the edges.</p> - -<p>“Costal cartilages firmly ossified. Posterior ribs losing their capitular -articulation, and only uniting with the transverse processes of -the vertebræ by the tubercle. Anterior (2-6) cervical, in most, ankylosed -together. Pterygoid bones short, thin, involuted to form, -with a process of the palatine bone, the outer wall of the postpalatine -air-sinus. Numerous teeth in both jaws (<i>Monodon</i> excepted), -sometimes deciduous. Symphysis of mandible short or moderate, -never exceeding one-third the length of the ramus. Bones of the -skull not raised into a distinct crest behind the anterior nares. -Orbit of moderate size. Lachrymal bones not distinct from the -jugal. Pectoral limbs varying much in form and size. Dorsal fin -usually present.”—<i>Flower.</i></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_65"></a>[65]</span></p> - -<h4>Tribe I. <i>STENONINA.</i></h4> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Stenonina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 5.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Head beaked, teeth conical. Beak of the skull elongate, slender, -compressed. Nasal triangle short. Symphysis of the lower jaw -elongate.</p> - -<h5>1. STENO.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Steno, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, pp. 230, 232, 393, 394; <i>Synops. -Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 5.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Beak of the skull compressed, higher than broad. Symphysis of -the lower jaw long. Marine and fluviatile. “Pectoral fin moderately -long, triangular, obtusely pointed at the end. First digit short, -without any bony phalange; the second with six, the third five, -the fourth two, and the fifth one phalange. The carpal bones all -separated by broad cartilages. Scapula oblique, truncated at the -posterior angle. Acromion broad, and coracoid rather small.”—<i>Flower.</i></p> - -<p class="break">a. <i>Skull large, solid; the beak compressed, high.</i></p> - -<p class="break">* <i>Teeth large, conical, about two in an inch of the length of the margin -of the jaw.</i></p> - -<h6>1. Steno frontatus.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Steno frontatus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 233. n. 3; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 5, -t. 21. f. 7, 8.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Beak of the skull short; the front part thick, high, and blunt. -Teeth 24·24, large, two in an inch.</p> - -<p>Inhab. Indian Ocean.</p> - -<h6>2. Steno compressus.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Steno compressus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 233. n. 4; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> -p. 5, t. 27.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Beak of the skull elongate, compressed, attenuated in front. Teeth -26·26, large, two in an inch (Zool. E. & T. t. 27).</p> - -<p>Inhab. South Sea.</p> - -<p><i>Steno rostratus</i> appears to belong to this section.</p> - -<p class="break">** <i>Teeth three in an inch.</i></p> - -<h6>3. Steno chinensis.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Delphinus chinensis, <i>Osbeck’s China</i>; <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 266.</p> - -<p>Delphinus sinenis, <i>Desmarest</i>, <i>Mam.</i> p. 514; <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. -Soc.</i> vol. vii. p. 151, t. 17, 18 (skeleton).</p> - -</div> - -<p>Vertebræ 51:—C. 7. D. 12. L. 10. C. 22.</p> - -<p>Inhab. China, Canton (<i>Osbeck</i>), Formosa (<i>Swinhoe</i>).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_66"></a>[66]</span></p> - -<p class="break">b. <i>Skull small, rather spongy. Teeth small, slender, attenuated, about four -or five in an inch of the length of the margin of the jaw.</i></p> - -<p class="break">* <i>Beak of the skull elongate, compressed, much attenuated and acute in -front. Teeth four in an inch.</i></p> - -<h6>4. Steno capensis.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Steno capensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 394. n. 4**; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 5.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Cape of Good Hope.</p> - -<h6>5. Steno lentiginosus.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Steno lentiginosus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 394. n. 4**; <i>Synops. Whales & -Dolph.</i> p. 5; <i>Owen</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. t. 5. f. 2, 3.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. India (<i>W. Elliot</i>). Skull, B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>1. Steno roseiventris, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 233. no. 2.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Moluccas. Skull not seen by me.</p> - -<p class="break">** <i>Beak of the skull short, compressed, much attenuated and acute in front. -Teeth five in an inch. Flesh-coloured. Fluviatile.</i> Tucuxa.</p> - -<h6>6. Steno tucuxi.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Steno tucuxi, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 236, 394; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 5.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Brazil, river Amazons, 1500 miles from the sea (<i>Bates</i>).</p> - -<p>See also <i>S. (?) fluviatilis</i> and <i>S. (?) pallidus</i>, Gray, <i>l. c.</i> p. 237; -same locality, if distinct.</p> - -<p class="break">*** <i>Beak of the skull elongate, rather depressed, broad, slightly compressed -on the sides. Teeth small, five in an inch.</i> Stenella.</p> - -<h6>7. Steno attenuatus.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Steno attenuatus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 235, 395; <i>Syn. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 5.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. India.</p> - -<p>The beak of the skull flattened (Zool. E. & T. t. 28).</p> - -<p>This section is nearly intermediate between <i>Steno</i> and <i>Clymenia</i>.</p> - -<h6>8. Steno fuscus.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Steno fuscus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 5, t. 26. f. 1.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Only known from a fœtus in spirits.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>2. Steno? brevimanus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 236.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Banda, Singapore. Teeth 36/36.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>3. Steno? coronatus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 238.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Spitzbergen (<i>Fréminville</i>). Not seen since 1806, and no -remains of it in any museum.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_67"></a>[67]</span></p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>4. Steno? rostratus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 238.</p> - -<p>Dauphin de Breda, <i>Cuvier</i>, <i>Oss. Foss.</i> vol v. p. 400.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p> - -<h5>2. SOTALIA.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Sotalia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 393, 401; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Dorsal fin distinct. Beak depressed, rather longer than the brain-cavity. -Teeth slender, conical. Palate flat behind. Pectoral fin -ovate, obliquely truncated at the end; hand shorter than the arm-bones. -Carpal bones small. Scapula broad. Acromion broad.</p> - -<p>Vertebræ 55:—C. 7. D. 12. L. 14. C. 22.</p> - -<p>Scarcely distinct from <i>Steno</i>.</p> - -<h6>1. Sotalia guianensis.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Sotalia guianensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 401; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6.</p> - -<p>Tursio guianensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 257.</p> - -<p>Delphinus guianensis, <i>Van Beneden</i>, <i>Mém. Acad. Brux.</i> p. 27, t. 2 -(skeleton), tom. xvi. tab. 2. figs. 1 and 2.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. British Guiana.</p> - -<p>Teeth 28 or 29. Pectoral fin very broad: fingers five; the index -the longest, the thumb and little finger the least developed. The -caudal vertebræ very strong. The first two of the cervical vertebræ -united, the five others separate. Sternum in three pieces.</p> - -<h4>Tribe II. DELPHININA.</h4> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Delphinina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 5.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Head beaked. Teeth conical. Beak of the skull elongate, longer -than the brain-cavity, depressed, broad, shelving on the sides. Nasal -triangle short. Symphysis of the lower jaw very short, sloping. -Dorsal fin subcentral, rarely wanting.</p> - -<p class="break">a. <i>Beak elongate. Palate with a deep groove on each side behind.</i></p> - -<h5>3. DELPHINUS.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Delphinus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 230, 239, 393; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> -p. 5.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Beak elongate. Dorsal fin distinct. Teeth small, slender, five or -six in an inch. Fingers elongate, unequal; the second much the -longest, 8- or 9-jointed; third elongate, about three-fourths the -length; the rest short.</p> - -<p>Fœtus and tongue figured, t. 26. f. 2 of Synops. Whales and -Dolph.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_68"></a>[68]</span></p> - -<p class="break">* <i>Beak of skull twice as long as the brain-case. Teeth 55/55 or 56/56.</i></p> - -<h6>1. Delphinus longirostris.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Delphinus longirostris, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 241. no. 2; <i>Synops. Whales & -Dolph.</i> p. 5.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Southern Ocean; Cape of Good Hope; Japan; Malabar.</p> - -<p class="break">** <i>Beak of skull once and a half the length of the brain-case. -Teeth 45/45 to 50/50.</i></p> - -<h6>2. Delphinus delphis.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Delphinus delphis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 242 (n. 3), 396; <i>Synops. Whales & -Dolph.</i> p. 5; <i>Reinhardt</i>, <i>Vidensk. Meddel.</i> 1866, t. 1.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Black, sides grey, beneath white.</p> - -<p>Inhab. North Sea; North Atlantic; Mediterranean.</p> - -<p>Vertebræ 75:—C. 7. D. 13. L. 24. C. 31.</p> - -<h6>3. Delphinus Moorei.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Delphinus Moorei, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 396, fig. 99; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> -p. 5.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. South Atlantic.</p> - -<h6>4. Delphinus major.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Delphinus major, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 396; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 5.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. ⸺?</p> - -<h6>5. Delphinus Walkeri.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Delphinus Walkeri, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 397, fig. 100; <i>Synops. Whales & -Dolph.</i> p. 5.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. South Atlantic.</p> - -<p>Burmeister (‘Anales Mus. Buenos Ayres,’ i. p. 306) erroneously -considers it a synonym of <i>D. microps</i>, which is a <i>Clymenia</i>.</p> - -<h6>6. Delphinus Janira.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Delphinus Janira, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 245, 398; <i>Zool. Ereb. & Terror</i>, t. 23; -<i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 5, t. 23.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Newfoundland.</p> - -<h6>7. Delphinus fulvifasciatus.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Delphinus fulvifasciatus, <i>Pucheran</i>, <i>Voy. Dumont d’Urville, Mamm.</i> -t. 21. f. 1, t. 23. f. 1, 2 (skull); <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 252.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Van Diemen’s Land.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_69"></a>[69]</span></p> - -<h6>8. Delphinus obliquidens.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Delphinus obliquidens, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad.</i> 1869, p. 12.</p> - -<p>Lagenorhynchus obliquidens, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad.</i> 1865, -p. 177.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Pacific. Bottle-nose.</p> - -<h6>9. Delphinus pomeegra.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Delphinus pomeegra, <i>Owen</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. t. 6. f. 3, t. 8; <i>Gray</i>, -<i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 5.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. India (<i>W. Elliot</i>) Skull, Brit. Mus.</p> - -<h6>10. Delphinus Forsteri.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Delphinus Forsteri, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6, t. 24 (copied -from <i>Forster’s drawing</i>).</p> - -</div> - -<p>Skull not known.</p> - -<p class="break">b. <i>Beak elongate. Palate flat behind, without any lateral groove.</i></p> - -<h5>4. CLYMENIA.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Clymene, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 249; <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1864, p. 237, -1866, p. 214.</p> - -<p>Clymenia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Beak of skull elongate, depressed. Teeth small, slender. Nasal -triangle moderate. Dorsal fin distinct. Pectoral fin falcate; hand -larger than the forearm-bones. Skull elongate, slender; brain-case -spherical; beak slender, elongate, longer than the brain-case; intermaxillaries -convex. Teeth small, slender, five or six in an inch. -The symphysis of the lower jaw short. The blowers are moderate.</p> - -<p class="break">* <i>Beak of the skull twice as long as the brain-case. Teeth five in an inch.</i> -Micropia.</p> - -<h6>1. Clymenia stenorhyncha.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Clymene stenorhyncha, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 214.</p> - -<p>Clymenia stenorhyncha, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6.</p> - -<p>Delphinus stenorhynchus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 396. n. 1*.</p> - -<p>Delphinus microps, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 240.</p> - -</div> - -<p class="break">** <i>Beak of the skull once and three-quarters the length of the brain-cavity. -Teeth six in an inch.</i> Euphrosyne.</p> - -<h6>2. Clymenia microps.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Clymene microps, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 214.</p> - -<p>Clymenia microps, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6.</p> - -<p>Delphinus microps, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> pp. 240, 395; <i>Zool. Ereb. & -Ter.</i> t. 25.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Coast of Brazil.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_70"></a>[70]</span></p> - -<h6>3. Clymenia Alope.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Clymene Alope, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 214.</p> - -<p>Clymenia Alope, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6, t. 32.</p> - -<p>Delphinus Alope, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> pp. 252, 399.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Cape Horn.</p> - -<h6>4. Clymenia Styx.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Delphinus Styx, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 250.</p> - -<p>Clymenia Styx, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6, t. 21.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. West Africa, North Pacific.</p> - -<h6>5. Clymenia Euphrosyne.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Clymene Euphrosyne, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 214.</p> - -<p>Clymenia Euphrosyne, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6, t. 22 & -t. 31.</p> - -<p>Delphinus Euphrosyne, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 251; <i>Zool. Ereb. & Ter.</i> t. 22.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p> - -<p class="break">*** <i>Beak of the skull once and a half the length of the brain-case. Teeth -large, four in an inch.</i> Gadamu.</p> - -<h6>6. Clymenia gadamu.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Clymenia gadamu, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6.</p> - -<p>Delphinus gadamu, <i>Owen</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. t. 3 (animal), & t. 4 -(skull).</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. India (<i>W. Elliot</i>). Two skulls, Brit. Mus.</p> - -<p class="break">**** <i>Beak of the skull once and a half or once and one-third the length of -the brain-case. Teeth five or six in an inch.</i> Clymenia.</p> - -<h6>7. Clymenia normalis.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Clymene normalis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 214.</p> - -<p>Clymenia normalis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6.</p> - -<p>Delphinus Clymene, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 249.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Beak of the skull once and a half the length of the brain-case, -and as long as twice and one-half the width at the notch. Teeth 40, -nearly six in an inch.</p> - -<p class="break">***** <i>Beak of the skull once and one-half the length of the brain-case, and -as long as twice and a half the width at the notch. Teeth five in an inch.</i></p> - -<h6>8. Clymenia Doris.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Tursio Doris, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 255; <i>Zool. Ereb. & Ter.</i> t. 20.</p> - -<p>Clymenia Doris, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6, t. 20.</p> - -<p>Clymene Doris, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 214.</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_71"></a>[71]</span></p> - -<h6>9. Clymenia euphrosynoides.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Clymenia euphrosynoides, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6.</p> - -<p>Delphinus Euphrosyne, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> t. 31 (skull); <i>Owen</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. -Soc.</i> vi. t. 8. f. 5.</p> - -</div> - -<p class="break">****** <i>Beak of the skull once and one-third the length of the brain-case, -and as long as twice and one-third the width at the notch. Teeth five -in an inch.</i></p> - -<h6>10. Clymenia dorides.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Tursio dorides, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. &. W.</i> p. 400.</p> - -<p>Clymene dorides, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 215.</p> - -<p>Clymenia dorides, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. ⸺?</p> - -<p class="break">******* <i>Beak of the skull once and one-sixth the length of the brain-case, -and as long as twice and one-half the width at the notch. Teeth five or -six in an inch. The aperture of the blower large.</i></p> - -<h6>11. Clymenia obscura. (Fig. 3.)</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Tursio obscurus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> pp. 264, 400; <i>Zool. E. & T.</i> t. 16.</p> - -<p>Clymene obscura, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 215, 1868, p. 147, fig. 1.</p> - -<p>Clymenia obscura, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6, t. 16 (skull).</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. South Pacific.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp93" id="figure03-04" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure03-04.jpg" alt=""> - <p class="caption">Pterygoid bones and hinder nasal opening of skull.</p> - <p class="caption">Fig. 3. <i>Clymenia obscura.</i> Fig. 4. <i>Clymenia similis.</i></p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_72"></a>[72]</span></p> - -<h6>12. Clymenia similis. (Fig. 4.)</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Clymene similis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1868, p. 147, fig. 2.</p> - -<p>Clymenia similis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Skull like <i>C. obscura</i>, but palate contracted behind; side of pterygoid -bone keeled.</p> - -<p>Inhab. Cape of Good Hope.</p> - -<p class="break">******** ⸺?</p> - -<h6>13. Clymenia crotaphiscus.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Clymenia crotaphiscus, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad.</i> 1865, p. 13.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Supraoccipital rounded in profile; diameter of temporal fossa -shorter than the preorbital process; beak very flat, two and a half -times the breadth at notch; a keel in front of the nasal meatus.</p> - -<p>Inhab. Unknown.</p> - -<h6>14. Clymenia esthenops.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Clymenia esthenops, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad.</i> 1865, p. 12.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Outline from foramen to crest curved; cranium rounded; temporal -fossa much longer than the postorbital process; width of the -muzzle at notch two and a half times or less in the length.</p> - -<p>Inhab. Unknown.</p> - -<p><i>Var.</i> Width of muzzle at notch nearly three times in the length; -triangle long.</p> - -<p>Inhab. Unknown.</p> - -<h5>5. DELPHINAPTERUS.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Delphinapterus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat, Seals & Whales,</i> p, 276; <i>Synops. Whales -& Dolph.</i> p. 6.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Beak of skull elongate, depressed. Teeth small, slender. Dorsal -fin none. Bladebone very broad, nearly semicircular.</p> - -<h6>1. Delphinapterus Peronii.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Delphinapterus Peronii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 276; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> -p. 6, t. 15 (animal).</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. South Atlantic, New Guinea.</p> - -<p class="break">c. <i>Beak short, thick. Palate flat behind, without any lateral groove.</i></p> - -<h5>6. TURSIO.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Tursio, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 254, 400; <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 215; <i>Synops. -Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6.</p> - -</div> - -<p><i>Beak of the skull only rather longer than the brain-case, conical, -convex above, rounded. Teeth large. Skull high. The skull large, -thick, heavy, with a high swollen brain-cavity.</i> The beak rather -longer than the brain-case, broad, conical, stout, shelving on the -sides. Teeth large, 22/22 or 22/25. The blower large. Nasal triangle -produced considerably before the notch.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_73"></a>[73]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure05-06" style="max-width: 50em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure05-06.jpg" alt=""> - <p class="caption">Fig. 5. Skull of <i>Tursio truncatus</i> (♂), adult.</p> - <p class="caption">Fig. 6. Under surface of the upper jaw, showing the worn surface.</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_74"></a>[74]</span></p> - -<p>Vertebræ 62:—C. 7. D. 13. L. 17. C. 25.</p> - -<p>Second finger very long; third shorter. Breast-bone formed of -three pieces, linear, dilated in front.</p> - -<h6>1. Tursio truncatus. (Figs. 5 & 6.)</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Tursio truncatus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 258, 400. no. 6; <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 215, -1868, p. 561, figs. 1, 2; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6, (D. tursio) -t. 10. f. 1.</p> - -<p>Tursiops tursio, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> tab. 34. figs. 3-9.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Sea and Mediterranean. Coast of France and Cette -(<i>Gervais</i>).</p> - -<h6>2. Tursio erebennus.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Delphinus erebennus, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad.</i></p> - -<p>Delphinus tursio, <i>Cope</i>, <i>l. c.</i> 1865, p. 199.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Teeth. 23/22; premaxillaries forming an elevated rounded ridge.</p> - -<p>Inhab. Philadelphia.</p> - -<h6>3. Tursio Metis.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Tursio Metis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 256. no. 3; <i>Zool. Ereb. & Ter.</i> t. 18; -<i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 215, 1868, p. 362; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7, -t. 18.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. West Africa.</p> - -<h6>4. Tursio Cymodoce.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Tursio Cymodoce, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 257. no. 4; <i>Zool. Ereb. & Ter.</i> t. 19; -<i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 215; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7, t. 19.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. River Uragua. Mus. Buenos Ayres.</p> - -<h6>5. Tursio abusalam.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Tursio abusalam, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 261. no. 7.</p> - -<p>Tursiops aduncus, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 34. figs. 1 & 2.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Cape of Good Hope (<i>Gervais</i>); Red Sea (<i>Ehrenberg</i>).</p> - -<p>Rather larger than <i>Tursiops tursio</i>. Teeth acute.</p> - -<h6>6. Tursio Eurynome.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Tursio Eurynome, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 261. no. 8; <i>Zool. Ereb. & Ter.</i> t. 17; -<i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 215; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7, t. 17.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. South Sea; India?, Bay of Bengal.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_75"></a>[75]</span></p> - -<h6>7. Tursio catalania.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Tursio catalania, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 262. no. 10; <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 215; -<i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North-west coast of Australia.</p> - -<p>These skulls are all very much alike.</p> - -<h5>7. EUTROPIA.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Eutropia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 262; <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 215; <i>Synops. Whales -& Dolph.</i> p. 7.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Beak of the skull only rather longer than the brain-case. Skull -depressed, thick, with the sides rather bent down behind the notch. -The beak depressed, broad, rounded on the sides, rather longer than -the length of the brain-case; the intermaxillaries flat, rather broad. -Teeth small, slender, five or six in an inch.</p> - -<p>The skull bears a considerable affinity to the skulls of <i>Phocæna</i>, -<i>Neomeris</i>, <i>Beluga</i>, and <i>Monodon</i> in the bending down of the sides.</p> - -<h6>1. Eutropia Dickiei.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Eutropia Dickiei, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 215; <i>Synops. Whales & -Dolph.</i> p. 7, t. 34.</p> - -<p>Tursio Eutropia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1862, p. 145; <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 262, -no. 9.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. South Pacific Ocean, Chili.</p> - -<h6>2. Eutropia Heavisidii.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Eutropia Heavisidii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 215; <i>Synops. Whales -& Dolph.</i> p. 7.</p> - -<p>Tursio Heavisidii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 263.</p> - -<p>Cephalorhynchus Heavisidii, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ost. Cét.</i> tab. 36. fig. 1 (skull).</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Cape seas.</p> - -<p>Vertebræ 65:—C. 7. D. 13. L. 15. C. 30.</p> - -<p>The <i>D. cephalorhynchus</i> of F. Cuvier, judging from the figure of -the skull given by Schlegel, appears also to belong to this genus.</p> - -<p>See <i>Stigmatias</i> (<i>Amblyodon</i>), Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. -1866, p. 294.</p> - -<h4>Tribe III. LAGENORHYNCHINA.</h4> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Lagenorhynchus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 267; <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> -tab. 36.</p> - -<p>Lagenorhynchina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Head attenuated, beaked. Teeth conical. Beak of the skull as long -as the length of the brain-case, broad, flat above, edges slightly -reflexed and bent up in front of the notch. Nasal triangle elongate. -Symphysis of the lower jaw short.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_76"></a>[76]</span></p> - -<h5>8. ELECTRA.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Electra, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 268; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7.</p> - -</div> - -<p>The beak of the skull very flat above, with the edges in front of -the notches bent up. Teeth-line stopping considerably short of -the notch.</p> - -<p class="break">* <i>Beak of the skull rather longer (about one-third) than the length of the -brain-case. Teeth moderate, four in an inch, those of the lower jaw -rather larger.</i></p> - -<h6>1. Electra obtusa.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Lagenorhynchus Electra, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 268; <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 216; -<i>Zool. E. & T.</i> t. 13.</p> - -<p>Electra obtusa, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synopsis of Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7, t. 13 (skull).</p> - -</div> - -<p>Beak tapering, rounded in front.</p> - -<p>Inhab. ⸺?</p> - -<h6>2. Electra Asia.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Lagenorhynchus Asia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 269. no. 3; <i>Zool. E. & T.</i> t. 14; -<i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> tab. 36. fig. 6.</p> - -<p>Electra Asia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7, t. 14 (skull).</p> - -</div> - -<p>Beak attenuated, acute in front.</p> - -<p>Inhab. ⸺?</p> - -<h6>3. Electra fusiformis.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Electra fusiformis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7.</p> - -<p>Delphinus fusiformis, <i>Owen</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. t. 5. f. 1, t. 7 -(skull).</p> - -</div> - -<p>Beak broad, and rounded in front.</p> - -<p>Inhab. India (<i>W. Elliot</i>). B.M.</p> - -<h6>4. Electra acuta.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Electra acuta, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7.</p> - -<p>Lagenorhynchus acutus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 270. no. 4.</p> - -<p>Delphinus Eschrichti, <i>Poelman</i>, <i>Ac. Roy. Belgique</i>, 1864, vol. xvii. -t. 1.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p> - -<p>According to Schlegel’s figure of the skull, it should be arranged -in this section.</p> - -<h6>5. Electra breviceps.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Lagenorhynchus breviceps, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> tab. 36. fig. 3.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. ⸺?</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_77"></a>[77]</span></p> - -<p class="break">** <i>Beak of the skull rather shorter than the length of the brain-cavity. -Teeth small, five or six in an inch.</i></p> - -<h6>6. Electra clancula.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Electra clancula, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7, t. 35.</p> - -<p>Lagenorhynchus clanculus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 271. no. 5; <i>Hector</i>, -<i>Trans. New-Zealand Instit.</i> 1870, p. 27.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Beak of the skull broad behind, once and three-fourths the -width of the notch in length. Teeth five in an inch.</p> - -<p>Inhab. South Pacific Ocean.</p> - -<p>In the Museum of Wellington, New Zealand, a complete skeleton.</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th class="tdr">ft.</th> - <th class="tdr">in.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Total length</td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - <td class="tdr">1·0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Cervical vertebræ seven, anchylosed</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td class="tdr">1·3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dorsals fourteen</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td class="tdr">11·5</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>Lumbar and caudal forty-eight, thirty-four of which have processes, -and may be considered lumbars.</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th class="tdr">in.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Skull:—</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Length, total</td> - <td class="tdr">14·0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Length of beak</td> - <td class="tdr">7·5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Width at notch</td> - <td class="tdr">3·5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Width at orbits</td> - <td class="tdr">6·0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Width of intermaxillary at blow-hole</td> - <td class="tdr">2·7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Width at middle of beak</td> - <td class="tdr">2·5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Height of occiput</td> - <td class="tdr">5·7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Length of flappers</td> - <td class="tdr">12·0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Scapula, transverse diameter</td> - <td class="tdr">4·5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Scapula, longitudinal diameter</td> - <td class="tdr">6·5</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>This specimen was harpooned outside Wellington Harbour, and -appears to be the common Dolphin of the coast.</p> - -<p>Lower jaws of two others.</p> - -<h6>7. Electra crucigera.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Lagenorhynchus cruciger, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> tab. 36. fig. 3.</p> - -</div> - -<h6>8. Electra thicolea.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Electra thicolea, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7, t. 36.</p> - -<p>Lagenorhynchus thicolea, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 271. no. 7.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Beak of the skull narrow behind, twice as long as the width at -the notch. Teeth small, six in an inch.</p> - -<p>Inhab. West coast of North America.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_78"></a>[78]</span></p> - -<h5>9. FERESA.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Orca (Feresa), <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1870, p. 77.</p> - -</div> - -<p>The beak of the skull from the notch rather shorter than from -the notch to the condyle, depressed, flat above, gradually tapering -in front; the width at the notch two-thirds of the entire length of -the beak. Lower jaw slender, narrow and thin in front, teeth not -reaching the notch.</p> - -<p>This reexamination has convinced me, and also, I believe, Mr. -Flower, that the skull described under the name of <i>Orca intermedia</i> -belongs to a very small species, and is not “the skull of a very -young individual, probably of one of the large species,” as Mr. -Flower supposed, apparently from the examination of the figure -(see Flower, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 425). Indeed, when the animal -is known, I should not be at all astonished if it should prove to be -a species of <i>Electra</i> rather than of <i>Orca</i>, or perhaps a new genus.</p> - -<p>This skull has many resemblances to those of some of the species -of <i>Electra</i>; the teeth are much smaller than those of <i>Orca</i>.</p> - -<h6>1. Feresa intermedia.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Orca intermedia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 283; <i>Zool. Erebus -and Terror</i>, p. 34, tab. 8 (skull); <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1870, p. 77.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. ⸺?</p> - -<p>This is the skull of a full-grown animal, and yet it is not so -large as the skull of a newly born specimen of <i>Orca</i>. Mr. Flower, -judging from the figure, believed it to be the skull of a very young -animal; but on examining the skull along with me he became -satisfied, from the solidity and definite form of the bones, that it is -the skull of a full-grown though not aged specimen.</p> - -<h5>10. LEUCOPLEURUS.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Leucopleurus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 216; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> -p. 7.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Beak of the skull rather flat above and elongate, bent up on the -edge in front of the notch, narrow behind, as long as, or slightly -longer than, the length of the brain-case. Teeth-line reaching -nearly to the notch. Teeth small, five in an inch. First and second -cervical vertebræ united by their bodies, third and fourth by the -spinous processes.</p> - -<p>Vertebræ 81:—C. 7. D. 15. L. and C. 59.</p> - -<h6>1. Leucopleurus arcticus.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Leucopleurus arcticus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7, t. 6. -f. 3-5 (fœtus), t. 12 (skull), t. 26. f. 3 (tongue).</p> - -<p>Lagenorhynchus leucopleurus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 273. no. 9; -<i>Gervais, Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 36. fig. 4.</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_79"></a>[79]</span></p> - -<p>Beak of the skull twice as long as the width at the notch. Teeth -small, five in an inch.</p> - -<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p> - -<h5>11. LAGENORHYNCHUS.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Lagenorhynchus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 216; <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 272; -<i>Synops. Whales &. Dolph.</i> p. 7.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Beak of the skull rather flat above, bent up on the edges in front -of the notch, deep, broad behind, rather shorter than the length of -brain-case. Teeth-line reaching nearly to the notch, large, three -in an inch. First and second cervical vertebræ united by their -bodies; the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh free.</p> - -<p>Vertebræ 88:—C. 7. D. 14. L. and C. 67.</p> - -<h6>1. Lagenorhynchus albirostris.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Lagenorhynchus albirostris, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 272. no. 8; <i>Synops. -Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8, t. 10. f. 2, t. 11 (skull); <i>Gervais, Ostéogr. -Cét.</i> tab. 36. fig. 5.</p> - -</div> - -<p>The beak of the skull once and one-half as long as the width at -the notch.</p> - -<p>Inhab. North Sea, Yarmouth.</p> - -<h4>Tribe IV. <i>PSEUDORCAINA.</i></h4> - -<p>Head rounded in front, very convex, not beaked. Teeth conical. -Beak of the skull depressed, broad, scarcely so long as the brain-cavity.</p> - -<h5>12. PSEUDORCA.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Pseudorca, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Head rounded, convex; body moderate; dorsal fin moderate, in -the centre of the back; arm-bones very short and thick, the humerus -rather the shortest.</p> - -<p>Triangle in front of the blowers flat. Teeth large, conical, acute, -permanent. Pectoral fin falcate. Arm-bone short, broad. Metacarpal -bones five, close together. Fingers very unequal, second and -third much longer than the rest, six- or seven-jointed; first finger -very short, two-jointed; third finger short, four-jointed, rather -longer than the first two joints of the third finger. Tooth-line of -the upper jaw nearly to the notch; of the lower jaw rather shorter. -Lower jaw strong. Symphysis short, about as long as the space -occupied by the first four teeth. Teeth large, conical, simple.</p> - -<p>Vertebræ 50:—C. 7. D. 10. L. 9. C. 24.</p> - -<p>The first to the sixth cervical vertebræ united by their bodies<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_80"></a>[80]</span> -and dorsal processes. Bladebone broad, with large coracoid and -acromion processes, which are much nearer together than usual.</p> - -<p class="break">* <i>Beak blunt, truncated in front.</i> Pseudorca.</p> - -<h6>1. Pseudorca crassidens.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Pseudorca crassidens, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 290. no. 1; <i>Synops. -Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8; <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 50. f. 7-17.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Beak about two-thirds the length of the brain-cavity, broad, -rather tapering on the sides, truncated in front; teeth 8.</p> - -<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p> - -<p class="break">** <i>Beak narrow, tapering, and rounded in front.</i> Neoorca.</p> - -<h6>2. Pseudorca meridionalis.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Pseudorca meridionalis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 291. no. 2, figs. 58, 59; <i>Synops. -Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8; <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 50.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Beak as long as the brain-cavity, tapering on the side, and -rounded in front. Teeth 8.</p> - -<p>Inhab. Van Diemen’s Land.</p> - -<h5>13. ORCAELLA.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Orcaella, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 285; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Head blunt, rounded, very convex. Body moderate. Dorsal fin -moderate, more or less behind the middle of the back; the pectoral -fin broad. Skull:—brain-case subglobular; beak very short, two-thirds -the length of the brain-case, tapering, flat above. Intermaxillary -half as wide as beak. Teeth small, conical, 12·12 / 12·12 or 14·14 / 14·14.</p> - -<h6>1. Orcaella brevirostris.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Orcaella brevirostris, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 285; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> -p. 7; <i>Anderson’s Icon. ined.</i> (animal and skull).</p> - -<p>Phocæna brevirostris, <i>Owen</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. t. 9.</p> - -<p>Globiocephalus indicus (part.), <i>Blyth</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Black; body stout; dorsal fin subcentral.</p> - -<p>Inhab. Estuaries of the Ganges (<i>Dr. Anderson</i>); Madras (<i>Elliot</i>).</p> - -<h6>2. Orcaella fluminalis.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Orcaella fluminalis, <i>Anderson’s MS. & Icon. ined.</i></p> - -<p>Dolphin of the Irawady, <i>Anderson</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1870, pp. 220, 544.</p> - -</div> - -<p>“Body slender, dirty white; dorsal fin more posterior.”</p> - -<p>Inhab. River Irawady, deep channels, from 300 to 1000 miles -from the sea (<i>Dr. Anderson</i>).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_81"></a>[81]</span></p> - -<h4>Tribe V. PHOCÆNINA.</h4> - -<p>Lateral wings of the maxilla shelving down over the orbit. Triangle -in front of the blower convex. Teeth compressed.</p> - -<h5>14. PHOCÆNA.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Phocæna, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 301; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Dorsal fin distinct, in the middle of the back, with a series of small -spines on the upper part of its front edge. Teeth all compressed, -truncate.</p> - -<p>Vertebræ 64 to 66:—C. 7. D. 13. L. and C. 44 to 46.</p> - -<h6>1. Phocæna communis.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Phocæna communis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 302; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8.</p> - -<p>Var.? Phocæna tuberculifera, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 304.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>1. Phocæna brachycium, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. N. Sc. Phil.</i> 1865, p. 6; 1869, -p. 28.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Harbour of Salem.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>2. Phocæna vomerina, <i>Gill</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. N. S. Philad.</i> 1865; <i>Cope</i>, -<i>Proc. Acad. N. S. Philad.</i> 1869, p. 13.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Pacific. The Bay Porpoise.</p> - -<h5>15. ACANTHODELPHIS.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Acanthodelphis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> 304; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Dorsal fin distinct, rather behind the middle of the back. Back, -in front of the dorsal fin, with a single, and the upper part of the -front edge of the dorsal fin with three series of oblong keeled -tubercles. Teeth compressed, front one rather conical.</p> - -<h6>1. Acanthodelphis spinipinnis.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Acanthodelphis spinipinnis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 304; <i>Synops. Whales & -Dolph.</i> p. 8.</p> - -<p>Phocæna spinipinnis, <i>Burmeister</i>, <i>Anales Mus. Buenos Ayres</i>, vol. i. -t. 23 (animal), 24 (skull).</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Coast of Brazil.</p> - -<h5>16. NEOMERIS.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Neomeris, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 306; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Dorsal fin none. Head rounded. Teeth compressed, slightly -notched in the middle of the crown. Pectoral fin ovate-falcate. -The blade bone triangular, with a large coracoid and acromion -process. The forearm-bones close together, linear. Metacarpal bones -five, large. The hand rather large; the second and third fingers<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_82"></a>[82]</span> -elongate, nearly equal, as long as the arm-bones, the fourth finger -shorter, the first shorter, and the fifth very short.</p> - -<p>Vertebræ 63:—C. 7. D. 13. L. and C. 43.</p> - -<h6>1. Neomeris phocænoides.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Neomeris phocænoides, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 306; <i>Synops, Whales & Dolph.</i> -p. 8.</p> - -<p>“Delphinapterus molagan,” <i>Owen</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. p. 24, a name -given to a manuscript note of Mr. Elliot’s!</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Indian Ocean; Bengal; Cape of Good Hope; Japan.</p> - -<p>Schlegel (Fauna Japonica, Mammalia, tab. v.) gives a detailed -figure of the skull, the dorsal vertebræ, the chest-bone, and the fore -limb of this animal.</p> - -<p class="break">B. <i>Pectoral fin low down on the side of the body. The second and third -fingers very long, of nine or twelve phalanges</i> (cf. <a href="#Page_63">p. 63</a>).</p> - -<h3>Family 11. GRAMPIDÆ.</h3> - -<p>Head rounded; forehead rather convex. Teeth conical; of upper -jaw early deciduous, of lower jaw only in the front over the short -symphysis. Dorsal fin low, rather behind the middle of the back. -Pectoral fins ovate, elongate. Skull depressed, with the lateral -expansions horizontal, rather thickened and bent up over the orbit -and slightly dilated and bent down over the notch. Intermaxillaries -dilated, swollen in front of the blower. Atlas free; rest of cervical -vertebræ and dorsal processes united. The arm-bones short. Two -middle fingers elongated, subequal, of eight or nine phalanges; the -other fingers very short, of two or three phalanges. The breast-bone -single, broad in front.</p> - -<h5>1. GRAMPUS.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Grampus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 230, 295, 393; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 9.</p> - -</div> - -<p class="break">† <i>Triangle in front of the blowers elongate, produced in front over the -vomer. Bladebone triangular, the height about two-thirds the -width. Beak of skull narrow, more contracted for two-thirds of its -length.</i></p> - -<h6>1. Grampus Rissoanus.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Grampus Rissoanus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 298; <i>Gervais</i>, -<i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 54. figs. 1-6; <i>Murie</i>, <i>Journ. Anat. & Physiol.</i> 1870, -v. p. 129, t. 5 (good).</p> - -</div> - -<p>Beak of skull rather broad or gradually tapering towards the -front; intermaxillaries rather broad; bladebone triangular, the -height three-fourths the width.</p> - -<p>Inhab. Nice.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_83"></a>[83]</span></p> - -<h6>2. Grampus Cuvieri.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Grampus Cuvieri, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 295, fig. 60; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> -p. 9.</p> - -<p>Grampus griseus, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 54. figs. 1-6.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Sea, Hampshire.</p> - -<p class="break">†† <i>Triangle in front of the blowers short, broad.</i></p> - -<h6>3. Grampus Richardsonii.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Grampus Richardsonii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 299; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> -p. 9.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Cape of Good Hope.</p> - -<h3>Family 12. GLOBIOCEPHALIDÆ.</h3> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Globiocephalidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 62, 313; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Head blunt, very much swollen. Teeth in the front part of both -jaws, cylindrical, simple; symphysis very short, shorter than the -tooth-line. Dorsal fin falcate. Pectoral fin low down on the sides -of the body; fingers elongate, many-jointed. Atlas and the rest of -cervical vertebræ united, or the hinder one free. Scapula triangular, -with large coracoid and acromion processes. Arm-bones very short. -Metacarpal bones in cartilage. The two middle fingers very long, -of twelve to ten joints; the rest of the fingers short, of three or -four phalanges; index finger short, slender, four-jointed; ring-finger -shorter, three-jointed; little finger very short, of one phalange. -Breast-bone of three separate pierced pieces; the hinder -one narrow.</p> - -<h5>1. GLOBIOCEPHALUS.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Globiocephalus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 313; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Skull:—palate flat; beak rather tapering in front. First to sixth -cervical vertebræ anchylosed into one mass, seventh free.</p> - -<p>Vertebræ 58 or 59:—C. 7. D. 11. L. and C. 40 or 41.</p> - -<p class="break">* <i>Black, with a white streak beneath.</i></p> - -<h6>1. Globiocephalus svineval.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Globiocephalus svineval, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> 314; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> -p. 8.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Sea, coast of England. The Pilot Whale.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>1. Globiocephalus melas, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 51.</p> - -<p>Delphinus globiceps, <i>Risso</i>, <i>Europe Mérid.</i> vol. iii. f. 1.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Mediterranean.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_84"></a>[84]</span></p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>2. Globiocephalus affinis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 317.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>3. Globiocephalus intermedius, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 318.</p> - -<p>Globiocephalus, n. sp., <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. N. Sc. Phil.</i> 1865, p. 7.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Delaware Bay. Teeth six above.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>4. Globiocephalus Edwardsii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 320.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. South Sea. Cape of Good Hope.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>5. Globiocephalus guadaloupensis.</p> - -<p>Globiocephalus intermedius, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. (skull).</p> - -<p>Globiocephalus intermedius (part.), <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 319.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Guadaloupe. Mus. Paris.</p> - -<h6>2. Globiocephalus Grayi.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Globiocephalus Grayi, <i>Burmeister</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1868, i. p. 52, -t. 2. f. 2, 3; <i>Anales Mus. Buenos Ayres</i>; <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & -Dolph.</i> p. 9.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Buenos Ayres.</p> - -<p class="break">** <i>Black, or only slightly paler beneath.</i></p> - -<h6>3. Globiocephalus macrorhynchus.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Globiocephalus macrorhynchus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 320; <i>Synops. Whales & -Dolph.</i> p. 9; <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 52. f. 4; <i>Hector</i>, <i>Trans. New-Zealand -Instit.</i> 1870, p. 38.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. South Sea. New Zealand (<i>Gervais</i>).</p> - -<p>“Two skulls in the Colonial Museum, Wellington, New Zealand, -one in longitudinal section; one lower jaw; six cervical, four lumbar, -thirteen caudal vertebræ; two scapulæ; two hyoids. Both -skulls are of the same dimensions:—</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>inches.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>“Length</td> - <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">26</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Length of nose</td> - <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">15</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Length of tooth-series</td> - <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">8</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Length of lower jaw</td> - <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">15</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2">(This is of a different individual.)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Width at notch</td> - <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">11</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Width at orbit</td> - <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">17</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Width of intermaxillary at blow-hole</td> - <td class="tdr">7·5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Width at middle of nose</td> - <td class="tdr">9·5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Height of occiput</td> - <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">14</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Scapula, transverse diameter</td> - <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">15</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Scapula, longitudinal diameter</td> - <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">12</span></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>“Hyoid arch 11 inches wide by 7 inches high.</p> - -<p>“Sternum 10 × 7 inches—with three sternal ribs, each 7 inches -long.</p> - -<p>“The first rib is 10 inches from head to tip, but is bent with an -arch of 5 inches.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_85"></a>[85]</span></p> - -<p>“The atlas, axis, and three other cervicals are anchylosed. The -compound cervicals have a conjoined length of 4 inches. Vertical -diameter of foramen magnum 2½ inches. Conjoined length of the -four lumbers 8 inches; height, including spinous processes, 8·5 -inches. Caudal apparatus, of thirteen segments, 16 inches; two of -these are anchylosed. Teeth 9-9/8-8”.—<i>Hector.</i></p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>6. Globiocephalus Scammonii, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Ac. N. S. Philad.</i> 1869, p. 11.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Black above and below.</p> - -<p>Inhab. North Pacific.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>7. Globiocephalus australis.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Coast of Australia. In Museum of Sydney.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>8. Globiocephalus indicus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 322.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Bay of Bengal. Black fish.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>9. Globiocephalus Sieboldii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 323.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Japan.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>10. Globiocephalus chinensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 323.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. China.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>11. Globiocephalus sibo, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 323 (<i>sub</i> G. Sieboldii).</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Japan. Called “Sibo golo.” Purple, with a white spot -behind the dorsal fin.</p> - -<h5>2. SPHÆROCEPHALUS.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Sphærocephalus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 323; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 9.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Palate of the skull convex, shelving on the sides. Beak oblong, -of nearly the same width the greater part of its length.</p> - -<h6>1. Sphærocephalus incrassatus.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Sphærocephalus incrassatus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 324, figs. 63 & 64; <i>Synops. -Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 9.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. British Channel, Bridport.</p> - -<p class="break">II. <i>Pectoral fin broad, rounded or truncated at the end; hand shorter than -the arm-bones; second finger the longest, the rest gradually shorter; -phalanges of the second finger six or eight</i> (cf. <a href="#Page_63">p. 63</a>).</p> - -<h3>Family 13. ORCADÆ.</h3> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Orca, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 278; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> -p. 8.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Head rounded, scarcely beaked. Dorsal fin falcate. Skull heavy; -wings of sides expanded; beak short, broad; triangle in front of -the blowers flat. Lower jaw thick in front; symphysis short. -Teeth large.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_86"></a>[86]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp48" id="figure07" style="max-width: 21.875em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure07.jpg" alt=""> - <p class="caption">Fig. 7.</p> - <p class="caption"><i>Orca stenorhyncha.</i></p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_87"></a>[87]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp48" id="figure08" style="max-width: 21.875em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure08.jpg" alt=""> - <p class="caption">Fig. 8.</p> - <p class="caption"><i>Orca capensis.</i></p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_88"></a>[88]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp48" id="figure09" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure09.jpg" alt=""> - <p class="caption">Fig. 9.</p> - <p class="caption"><i>Orca stenorhyncha.</i></p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_89"></a>[89]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp48" id="figure10" style="max-width: 28.125em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure10.jpg" alt=""> - <p class="caption">Fig. 10.</p> - <p class="caption"><i>Orca capensis.</i></p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_90"></a>[90]</span></p> - -<p>Vertebræ 51 or 52:—C. 7. D. 11 or 12. L. and C. 33.</p> - -<p>The first three cervical vertebræ united into one mass by their -bodies and dorsal processes, the rest more or less free. Pectoral -fin broad and rounded at the end. “Carpal bone single, in a large -mass of cartilage.”</p> - -<h5>1. ORCA.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Orca, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1870, p. 70.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Beak of the skull from the notch before the orbit the same length -as from the notch to the condyles; the width at the notch three-fifths -of the length of the beak. The occipital end of the skull -slightly concave. Condyles of moderate size. Lower jaw broad on -the sides, very thick and solid in front.</p> - -<p class="break">A. <i>The beak of the skull tapering and narrow in front, end narrow.</i> -Gladiator.</p> - -<h6>1. Orca stenorhyncha. (Figs. 7 & 9.)</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Orca stenorhyncha, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1870, p. 71, figs. 1 & 3 (skull).</p> - -<p>Orca gladiator, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 279.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Sea. Skeleton from Weymouth, and a skull from -the English coast. B.M.</p> - -<p>Intermaxillaries narrow in the middle and rather dilated in front; -but the extent of dilatation varies in the two specimens.</p> - -<p>The examination of the four skulls of <i>Orca</i> found on the English -coast show they belong to two very distinct species, one with a much -more attenuated beak than the other.</p> - -<p class="break">B. <i>Beak of the skull spatulate; sides of the hinder half nearly parallel, of -the front half arched and converging; end rounded, middle rather wider -than at the notch.</i> Orca.</p> - -<h6>2. Orca capensis. (Figs. 8 & 10.)</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Orca capensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 283; P. Z. S. 1870, p. 71, -figs. 2 & 4.</p> - -<p>Delphinus orca, <i>Owen</i>.</p> - -<p>Grampus gladiator, <i>Smith</i>, <i>South-African Zool.</i> p. 126.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Cape of Good Hope (<i>Viney</i>, B.M.; <i>Villette</i>, Mus. Coll. -Surg. no. 1139); Seychelles Islands (<i>Swinburne Ward</i>).</p> - -<p>In the Cape specimen the intermaxillaries are nearly of the same -width in the whole of their length; in the Seychelles skull they are -contracted in the greater part of their length, and rather dilated in -front.</p> - -<p>Mr. Swinburne Ward has kindly sent a very beautiful skull of a -“Killer” taken in the sea near the Seychelle Islands.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_91"></a>[91]</span></p> - -<p>To determine this skull I have been induced to compare the skulls -of the genus in the British Museum, which it is very necessary to do -from time to time, as specimens gradually accumulate, and often -arrive when I am occupied on other subjects, and consequently are -put aside for future examination.</p> - -<p>In this examination I have observed that in the ‘Catalogue of -Seals and Whales’ I have confounded with the skull described under -the name of <i>Orca capensis</i> one from the North Pacific, the former -being the true <i>Orca capensis</i>, and the skull now received from the -Seychelles Islands being of the same species.</p> - -<p>The skull figured in the ‘Zoology of the Erebus and Terror’ under -the name of <i>O. capensis</i> is from a specimen received from the Zoological -Society, to which it was presented by Capt. Delville, who said -he obtained it in the North Pacific (?). It is quite a different species, -for which I propose the name of <i>Orca pacifica</i>. I doubt its being -from the <i>North</i> Pacific, as I believe there is a skull of the same -species in the Paris Museum, collected by M. Eydoux, and said to -have come from Chili.</p> - -<h6>3. Orca africana.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Orca gladiator, var. australis, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 47. f. 2.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Algoa Bay.</p> - -<p>Skull much smaller, 24 inches long.</p> - -<h6>4. Orca latirostris.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Orca latirostris, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1870, p. 76.</p> - -<p>Orca gladiator, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 48. f. 2, 3.</p> - -<p>Delphinus orca, <i>Cuv.</i> <i>Oss. Foss.</i> v. tab. 22. fig. 4 (skull).</p> - -</div> - -<p>The skull very similar to that of the Cape species, but much -smaller; but the beak is rather narrower, the intermaxillaries moderately -broad, slightly dilated in front.</p> - -<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p> - -<p>An adult skull from the coast of Essex (361 <i>a</i>), and another without -the lower jaw, are in the British Museum.</p> - -<p>These skulls of the smaller British, or, rather, European <i>Orca</i> are -distinguishable from those of <i>O. gladiator</i> by the smaller size and -the broader, rounder nose—and from the skulls of the Cape-of-Good-Hope -species by being of a much smaller species, and having a depressed -crown of the head.</p> - -<p>I believe the skull figured under the name of <i>Delphinus orca</i> by -Cuvier, Oss. Foss. vol. v. tab. 22. figs. 3, 4, represents this species, -from the form of the beak and the narrowness of the occiput: this -figure has been copied by various British and other authors.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>1. Orca gladiator, var. arcticus (O. Eschrichtii), <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> -t. 47. fig. 3.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Faroe Islands.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_92"></a>[92]</span></p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>2. Orca gladiator, var. europæus, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 47. f. 4.</p> - -<p>Orca gladiator, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>l. c.</i> t. 48. f. 1.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. the Atlantic.</p> - -<p>Skull about 40 inches long.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>3. Orca gladiator, var. europæus, <i>Van Beneden & Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> -t. 47. f. 5.</p> - -<p>Delphinus orca, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Zool. et Paléont. Française</i>, t. 37. f. 3, 4.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Mediterranean, Cette.</p> - -<p>Skull about 22 inches long. It is about the same size as the <i>Orca</i> -from Algoa Bay; but the brain-cavity is rather broader and the -beak is not so acute in front.</p> - -<p>Gervais, in the ‘Zoology and Paleontology of France,’ figures the -skull of a young <i>Delphinus orca</i>, taken on the coast of Cette, which -is now in the Museum of Paris. It appears to belong to this species; -or it may be that the <i>Orca</i> of the Mediterranean does not grow -to the usual size; or, again, it may be of a different species; for the -skull is only fifty-eight centimetres long and thirty broad.</p> - -<h6>5. Orca magellanica.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Orca magellanica, <i>Burmeister</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.</i> ser. 3. xviii. -p. 101, t. 9. f. 5; <i>An. Mus. Publ. de Buenos Ayres</i>, i. p. 373, tab. 22; -<i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8; <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1870, p. 76.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Patagonia. Mus. Buenos Ayres.</p> - -<p>This species, according to the figure, is very like <i>Orca latirostris</i>.</p> - -<h6>6. Orca tasmanica.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Orca gladiator, var. australis, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 47. fig. 1.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Tasmania. Skull about 32 inches long.</p> - -<h6>7. Orca rectipinna.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Orca rectipinna, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1869, p. 12.</p> - -</div> - -<p>No white spot behind eye.</p> - -<p>Inhab. California.</p> - -<h6>8. Orca atra.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Orca ater, <i>Cope</i>, <i>l. c.</i> 1869, p. 12.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Black above and below, with white spot behind eye.</p> - -<p>Inhab. Oregon, Aleutian Islands.</p> - -<p>The following are the measurements of the different skulls of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_93"></a>[93]</span> -genus in the collection of the British Museum; they were carefully -taken with calipers by Mr. Edward Gerrard.</p> - -<table class="borders"> - <tr> - <th class="bb"></th> - <th class="bb" colspan="4"><i>O. stenorhyncha.</i></th> - <th class="bb" colspan="2"><i>O. capensis.</i></th> - <th class="bb" colspan="2"><i>O. latirostris.</i></th> - <th class="bb" colspan="2"><i>O. pacifica.</i></th> - <th class="bb" colspan="2"><i>O. intermedia.</i></th> - </tr> - <tr class="smaller"> - <th></th> - <th colspan="2">361 <i>b</i>.</th> - <th colspan="2">361 <i>c</i>.</th> - <th colspan="2">1065 <i>b</i>, <i>c</i>.</th> - <th colspan="2">361 <i>a</i>.</th> - <th colspan="2">1065 <i>a</i>.</th> - <th colspan="2">362 <i>a</i>.</th> - </tr> - <tr class="smaller"> - <th></th> - <th class="br0">in.</th> - <th class="bl0">lin.</th> - <th class="br0">in.</th> - <th class="bl0">lin.</th> - <th class="br0">in.</th> - <th class="bl0">lin.</th> - <th class="br0">in.</th> - <th class="bl0">lin.</th> - <th class="br0">in.</th> - <th class="bl0">lin.</th> - <th class="br0">in.</th> - <th class="bl0">lin.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Length from end of nasal to centre of occipital condyle</td> - <td class="tdr br0">35</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> - <td class="tdr br0">37</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> - <td class="tdr br0">39</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> - <td class="tdr br0">33</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> - <td class="tdr br0">36</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">6</td> - <td class="tdr br0">14</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Length of nose</td> - <td class="tdr br0">17</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">6</td> - <td class="tdr br0">18</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">6</td> - <td class="tdr br0">22</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">6</td> - <td class="tdr br0">17</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> - <td class="tdr br0">18</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> - <td class="tdr br0">7</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="space3"> </span> of tooth-line</td> - <td class="tdr br0">13</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">6</td> - <td class="tdr br0">14</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> - <td class="tdr br0">16</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> - <td class="tdr br0">13</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> - <td class="tdr br0">14</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">6</td> - <td class="tdr br0">4</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="space3"> </span> of lower jaw</td> - <td class="tdr br0">27</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">6</td> - <td class="tdr br0">30</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> - <td class="tdr br0">31</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> - <td class="tdr br0">26</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> - <td class="tdr br0">29</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">6</td> - <td class="tdr br0">11</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Breadth at the notch</td> - <td class="tdr br0">10</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">6</td> - <td class="tdr br0">11</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> - <td class="tdr br0">12</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> - <td class="tdr br0">10</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> - <td class="tdr br0">12</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">6</td> - <td class="tdr br0">4</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="space3"> </span> at the orbit</td> - <td class="tdr br0">18</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> - <td class="tdr br0">19</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">6</td> - <td class="tdr br0">20</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> - <td class="tdr br0">18</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> - <td class="tdr br0">21</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> - <td class="tdr br0">8</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="space3"> </span> at temple above</td> - <td class="tdr br0">18</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> - <td class="tdr br0">19</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">6</td> - <td class="tdr br0">20</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> - <td class="tdr br0">18</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> - <td class="tdr br0">20</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> - <td class="tdr br0">9</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="space3"> </span> at middle of beak</td> - <td class="tdr br0">9</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> - <td class="tdr br0">10</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> - <td class="tdr br0">11</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> - <td class="tdr br0">9</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">6</td> - <td class="tdr br0">10</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> - <td class="tdr br0">3</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="space3"> </span> at intermaxillaries</td> - <td class="tdr br0">3</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">3</td> - <td class="tdr br0">3</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">3</td> - <td class="tdr br0">4</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">6</td> - <td class="tdr br0">3</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">3</td> - <td class="tdr br0">3</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">6</td> - <td class="tdr br0">0</td> - <td class="tdr bl0">9</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<h5>2. OPHYSIA.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Ophysia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1870, p. 76; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Skull:—beak from the notch before the orbit the same length as -from the notch to the condyle; width at the notch two-thirds the -entire length of the beak. Intermaxillaries very narrow, slightly -dilated in front; brain-cavity broad; occiput deeply concave. Lower -jaw very broad on the sides, very thick and solid in front.</p> - -<h6>1. Ophysia pacifica.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Ophysia pacifica, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1870, p. 76.</p> - -<p>Delphinus globiceps, <i>Grant</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1833, p. 65.</p> - -<p>Delphinus orca, <i>Eydoux</i>, <i>Mus. Paris</i>.</p> - -<p>Orca capensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Zool. Ereb. & Terr.</i> p. 34, tab. 9, not <i>Cat. Seals -& Whales</i>, p. 283; <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 48. fig. 1.</p> - -<p>Orca (Ophysia) capensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8, tab. 9 -(skull).</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Pacific (<i>Capt. Delville, R.N.</i>).</p> - -<p>Skull, from the Zoological Society’s collection.</p> - -<h3>Family 14. BELUGIDÆ.</h3> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Beluginæ, <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. p. 115.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Head rounded in front. Teeth in both jaws more or less early -deciduous, rarely wanting or, rather, not developed. Back without -any dorsal fin. Pectoral fin small, ovate. Skull with the lateral -expansion of the maxilla over the orbit, and the side of the beak, -shelving downwards. Fingers short; index and middle fingers -nearly the same length, the rest rather shorter; phalanges 2, 5, 6, 4, 3. -Cervical vertebræ generally free; the second with a large dorsal -process.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_94"></a>[94]</span></p> - -<p>“The Narwhal and the <i>Beluga</i> appear to separate themselves -from all the rest, by certain well-marked structural conditions, -especially the characters of the cervical vertebræ. As these two -animals are in almost every part of their skeleton nearly identical, -even to the number of the vertebræ and phalanges, I am disposed to -look upon the exceptional dentition of the former as an aberration of -secondary importance, and to unite the two genera into a distinct -subfamily, placing it next to the Platanistidæ.”—<i>Flower</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 114.</p> - -<h5>1. BELUGA.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Beluga, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> pp. 231, 306, 393; <i>Synops. Whales & -Dolph.</i> p. 9.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Lateral wing of the maxilla over the orbit shelving downward. -Teeth conical in both jaws, early deciduous. Male without any -spiral horn-like tooth. Fingers short. Metacarpal bones surrounded -with cartilage. Bladebone with large coracoid and acromion processes. -Second cervical vertebra with a large dorsal process.</p> - -<p>Vertebræ 50:—C. 7. D. 10. L. and C. 33.</p> - -<h6>1. Beluga catodon.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Beluga catodon, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 307, fig. 61; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> -p. 9, tab. 29. f. 3 (tongue).</p> - -<p>Delphinus canadensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> t. 5 (head false, -with beak).</p> - -<p>Beluga albicans, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 44. f. 1-5.</p> - -<p>Delphinapterus, <i>Lucas</i>, <i>Vidensk. Selsk. Skr.</i> Række 5, Band ix. tab. 8 -(skull and teeth, showing how they are worn).</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Sea, mouths of rivers.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>1. Beluga rhinodon, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1865, p. 5, -1869, p. 13, fig. 1.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Arctic seas.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>2. Beluga declivis, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1865, p. 5, 1869, -p. 14.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Arctic seas.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>3. Beluga angustata, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1869, p. 20, -figs. 2 & 3.</p> - -<p>Beluga concreta, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1865, p. 5.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Arctic seas.</p> - -<p>These are probably varieties of <i>B. catodon</i>, showing that the attachment -of the cervical vertebræ, the number of ribs, and the form -of the acromion are liable to vary.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>4. Beluga canadensis, <i>Wyman</i>, <i>Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.</i> 1865.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Canada.</p> - -<p>I believe it to be the same as the former.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_95"></a>[95]</span></p> - -<h6>2. Beluga Kingii.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Beluga Kingii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 309; <i>Synops. Whales &. Dolph.</i> -p. 9, t. 7.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Australia.</p> - -<h5>2. MONODON.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Monodon, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 231, 310; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 9.</p> - -<p>Monoceros, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 393.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Lateral expansion over the orbit shelving down. Teeth in both -jaws very early deciduous. Male with one, rarely two, very long, -projecting, spiral tusks in the left side of the upper jaw. Cervical -vertebræ:—first free, thin; second and third united by the spinal -processes. Bladebone with large coracoid and acromion processes. -Fingers short.</p> - -<p>Vertebræ 50:—C. 7. D. 11. L. 6. C. 26.</p> - -<p>“In the skeleton of two males in the Museum of the College of -Surgeons, the bodies of the second and third cervical vertebræ are -firmly united.”—<i>Flower.</i></p> - -<h6>1. Monodon monoceros.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Monodon monoceros, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 311; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 9; -<i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 44. f. 6-9.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p> - -<h3>Family 15. PONTOPORIADÆ.</h3> - -<p>Head long-beaked. Beak slender, smooth. Nostrils on the -nape, crescent-shaped. Teeth in both jaws permanent, conical, with -a swollen ring round the base. Dorsal fin short, trigonal. Pectoral -fin short, truncated. Fingers 5, nearly equal; the thumb very -short, of one joint; the index finger the longest, the rest gradually -shorter to the little finger. Bladebone broad, with two ridges. -Skull long-beaked, the beak compressed. Lower jaws united together -nearly to the base. Cartilages of ribs ossified.</p> - -<p>Vertebræ 42:—C. 7. D. 10. L. 7. C. 18.</p> - -<h5>1. PONTOPORIA.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Pontoporia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> pp. 230, 231 & 393; <i>Synops. Whales -& Dolph.</i> p. 5; <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. p. 87; <i>Burmeister</i>, <i>An. -Mus. P. Buenos Ayres</i>, p. 389.</p> - -<p>Stenodelphis, <i>Gervais</i>, 1847.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Beak of the skull high, compressed. Symphysis of the lower jaw -very long.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_96"></a>[96]</span></p> - -<h6>1. Pontoporia Blainvillii.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Pontoporia Blainvillii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 231; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> -p. 5, t. 29 (skull); <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. p. 106, t. 28 (skull); -<i>Burmeister</i>, <i>An. Mus. P. Buenos Ayres</i>, i. p. 387, tab. 23 (animal), -tab. 25 & 26 (skeleton).</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. South Atlantic, Monte Video.</p> - -<p>The animal figured by Gervais as <i>Delphinus (Stenodelphis) Blainvillii</i> -(Voy. Amér. Mérid. t. 23) differs from Burmeister’s figure in -having an elongated subfalcate pectoral fin, and a higher dorsal, and -a broad white streak, commencing from the blower and extending -down the back to near the tail. If this is not a figure of the animal -seen at sea, which I suspect it must be, it must be a different species.</p> - -<h2>Suborder VI. ZIPHIOIDEA.</h2> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Ziphiidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 326.</p> - -<p>Ziphioidea, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 9.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Head beaked. Nostrils two, united into a single transverse or -crescent-like blower on the centre of the back of the crown. Teeth -only in the front or sides of the lower jaw, fitting into pits in the -upper one. Dorsal fin falcate. Pectoral fin ovate, small, low down -on the side of the body: fingers short, 4- or 5-jointed; second -and third the longest; fourth rather shorter; first and fifth rather -short. Cervical vertebræ more or less united into one mass.</p> - -<h3>Family 16. HYPEROODONTIDÆ.</h3> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Hyperoodontina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 327.</p> - -<p>Hyperoodontidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 9.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Blower lunate. Beak of the skull with a high crest on each side -above, formed by the elevation of the maxillary bones in front of the -blower. Teeth 2 or 4, in front of the lower jaw, conical. Cervical -vertebræ united into one mass.</p> - -<h5>1. HYPEROODON.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Hyperoodon, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 327, 328; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 9.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Beak of the skull bent downwards: crest of the back of the beak -sharp-edged, above as high as the occiput.</p> - -<p>Vertebræ 44 or 45:—C. 7 (all united into one solid mass). D. 9. -L. 10. C. 18 or 19.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_97"></a>[97]</span></p> - -<h6>1. Hyperoodon butzkopf.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Hyperoodon butzkopf, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 330; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> -p. 9, t. 3.</p> - -<p>Hyperoodon rostratum, <i>Reinhardt</i>, <i>in Eschricht’s Vid. Selsk.</i> v. t. 7 -(male fœtus and skeleton); <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> t. 3. -f. 1-4.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>1. Hyperoodon semijunctus, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1865, -p. 15 (280), 1869, p. 21.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Charlestown Harbour.</p> - -<p>Most likely a variety of <i>H. butzkopf</i>.</p> - -<h5>2. LAGENOCETUS.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Lagenocetus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 327, 336; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 9.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Beak of the skull straight, erect, very large, flattened, higher than -the occiput.</p> - -<h6>1. Lagenocetus latifrons.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Lagenocetus latifrons, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 339; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> -p. 9.</p> - -<p>Hyperoodon latifrons, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Zool. Ereb. & Ter.</i> t. 24; <i>Reinhardt</i>, <i>in -Eschricht’s Vidensk. Selsk. Skr.</i> v. t. 6 (skull).</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p> - -<p>“Plate 6 represents the skull of a male of <i>Hyperoodon latifrons</i> -(Gray), from the Färöer, of which the complete skeleton, 25 feet -long, is preserved in the University’s Museum.</p> - -<p>“Eschricht believed, as is known, that <i>H. latifrons</i> was established -on a very old male of the common Dögling, <i>Hyperoodon rostratus</i>; -but Gray’s species must now be regarded as well grounded.</p> - -<p>“Plate 7 represents the male (fœtus) of the common <i>H. rostratus</i>. -All figures of half the natural size.”—<i>Reinhardt.</i></p> - -<h3>Family 17. EPIODONTIDÆ.</h3> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Epiodontina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 327.</p> - -<p>Epiodontidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 9.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Blower lunate. Skull:—beak simple; maxillaries not dilated -above; intermaxillaries enlarged behind, forming a more or less -deep cavity round the nostrils. Teeth 2 or 4 in front of the lower -jaw, conical or cylindrical. Cervical vertebræ:—first, second, and -third united into one mass, which is produced and truncated above; -the rest thin, free.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_98"></a>[98]</span></p> - -<h5>1. EPIODON.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Epiodon, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 327, 340; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 10.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Skull:—vomer simple, small; intermaxillaries elevated, and forming -a moderately deep, well-marked basin round the nostrils. -Fingers 5; carpal bones 6; phalanges 2, 3, 4, 3, 3. Sternal bones -separate from the front, lanceolate. Vertebra 42; the “front -caudal with chevron bones. First four cervical vertebræ united by -their bodies into one mass” (Ostéog. Cét. t. 22. f. 4).</p> - -<h6>1. Epiodon Desmarestii.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Epiodon Desmarestii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 341; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> -p. 10.</p> - -<p>Ziphius aresques, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cétac.</i> t. 21. f. 1-4.</p> - -<p>Ziphius decavirostris (de Z. aresques), <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 22. -f. 4-11.</p> - -<p>Ziphius cavirostris, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Zool. et Paléon. Française</i>, t. 38. f. 1, -t. 39, f. 2-7.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. North Sea and Mediterranean, Hérault.</p> - -<h6>2. Epiodon australis.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Ziphiorrhynchus cryptodon, <i>Burmeister</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1866. xvii. -p. 94, t. 3.</p> - -<p>Epiodon cryptodon, <i>Burm.</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 303, t. 6; <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & -Dolph.</i> p. 10.</p> - -<p>Delphinorhynchus australis, <i>Burmeister</i>, <i>Zeitsch. Nat.</i> vol. xxvi. 1865, -p. 262; <i>An. Mus. Buenos Ayres</i>, t. 15-21.</p> - -<p>Ziphius de Buenos Ayres, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 31. f. 5.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Buenos Ayres.</p> - -<p>Vertebræ 49: cervical 7, dorsal 10, lumbar 12, caudal 20.</p> - -<h5>2. PETRORHYNCHUS.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Petrorhynchus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> pp. 327, 342; <i>Synops. Whales -& Dolph.</i> p. 10.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Skull trigonal. Vomer swollen, forming a large, elongated tubercle -between the callous intermaxillaries. Intermaxillaries forming -a deep basin round the nostrils.</p> - -<h6>1. Petrorhynchus mediterraneus.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Ziphius cavirostris, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Zool. et Paléon. Franç.</i> t. 38. f. 2, t. 39. -f. 1.</p> - -<p>Ziphius du Canton Gironde, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 21. fig. 6.</p> - -<p>Ziphius fos. des Bouches du Rhône, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 21. f. 7.</p> - -<p>Ziphius de Corse, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 21. figs. 8, 9.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Mediterranean.</p> - -<h6>2. Petrorhynchus capensis.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Petrorhynchus capensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 346, figs. 67, 68; <i>Synops. -Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 10.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_99"></a>[99]</span></p> - -<p>Ziphius indicus, <i>Van Beneden</i>; <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 346, fig. 69.</p> - -<p>Ziphius du Cap-de-Bonne-Espérance, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 21. -f. 10.</p> - -<p>Ziphius de la mer des Indes, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 21. f. 11-13.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. South Sea. Cape sea (<i>H. Layard</i>).</p> - -<p>Though M. van Beneden’s figure (copied in Cat. Seals & Whales, -p. 347. f. 69) is so unlike the figure of <i>Petrorhynchus capensis</i> in -the Cat. Seals & Whales, pp. 344 & 345. figs. 67 & 68, yet the cast of -the beak of M. van Beneden’s specimen resembles the latter figure -and our specimen.</p> - -<h3>Family 18. ZIPHIIDÆ.</h3> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Ziphiina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> pp. 327, 348.</p> - -<p>Ziphiidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 10.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Skull beaked. Maxillaries not dilated above. Intermaxillaries -linear, rather swollen on the sides of the nostrils. Teeth on the -sides of the lower jaw compressed. Cervical vertebræ more or less -united into a consolidated mass.</p> - -<p class="break">* <i>Symphysis of the lower jaw produced behind the teeth.</i></p> - -<h5>1. BERARDIUS.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Berardius, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 327, 348; <i>Synops. Whales. & Dolph.</i> p. 10.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Teeth 2·2, in the front of the sides of the lower jaw, conical, compressed. -Lower jaw gradually tapering in front. Symphysis moderately -long, as far from the hinder tooth as from the tip.</p> - -<h6>1. Berardius arnuxi.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Berardius arnuxi, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 348, fig. 70; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> -p. 10; <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 23 (skull).</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. New Zealand.</p> - -<p>“Skull and lower jaw, a cervical vertebra, scapula, hyoid, paddles, -and pelvic bones of one individual.</p> - -<p>“Single tooth of another individual, weight 206 grains.</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>in.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>“Length of head</td> - <td class="tdr">23½</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Length of nose</td> - <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">17</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Length of dental groove</td> - <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">7</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Length of lower jaw</td> - <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">19</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Width at notch</td> - <td class="tdr">5½</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Width at orbits</td> - <td class="tdr">9½</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Width of intermaxillary at blow-holes</td> - <td class="tdr">4½</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Width of nose</td> - <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">2</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Height of occiput</td> - <td class="tdr">9½</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>“One small tooth imbedded close to the tip of lower jaw on left -side, 1 inch high, weight 38⅘ grains, irregular triangular shape.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_100"></a>[100]</span></p> - -<p>“This is the skull of a young animal. A groove containing -a strong ligament connecting the muscle of the forehead with -the snout is deeply imbedded in the intermaxillary groove. The -snout is described as long and flexible. Atlas and axis anchylosed. -Length of cervical vertebræ 3⁷⁄₁₀ inches. Scapula, longitudinal -diameter 10 inches, transverse diameter 6 inches. Paddles, -length 14 inches, width 3½ inches. Hyoid arch 5½ × 4 inches -high. Pelvic bones 2½ inches.</p> - -<p>“The specimen was cast on the beach on the west coast, and -prepared by Dr. Knox.”—<i>Hector.</i></p> - -<p>“Your <i>Berardius</i> proves to be quite different from the first one -we got, both in the dentition and form of the skull. We have had -several good papers on it from Dr. Knox. He has made a beautiful -preparation, showing that the tooth does not pass through the -gum.”—<i>Dr. Hector</i>, letter dated 30th October, 1870.</p> - -<p>“A fine specimen of <i>Berardius arnuxi</i> has been cast ashore on -the coast of Canterbury, New Zealand. It was made into a skeleton, -which is now in the museum at Canterbury. The skeleton is -complete, only wanting one of the pelvic bones. It was 30 feet -long, and a young animal; not a single epiphysis is anchylosed. -The cervical vertebræ, which, in the old animal evidently form a -compact mass, are still partly free; the first three vertebræ (including -the atlas) anchylosed, and of these the first two completely, -and of the second and third the neural arches are as yet not completely -united into one bone. It has ten ribs.”—<i>Julius Haast.</i></p> - -<p>The animal was 30 feet 6 inches long.</p> - -<p>Deep velvet-black, belly greyish, tail with two falcate lobes -6½ feet broad. The pectoral fins are little above the middle of -the body, 17 inches broad and 19 inches long, of a triangular form. -Dorsal fin small, falcate, not very far from the chin (?). “The -animal has the power of protruding the four teeth at will.” They -live on cephalopods. The stomach contained about a half-bushel of -the horny beaks of the <i>Octopus</i>, which were nearly all the same -size. It was evidently a young animal, as all the disk-like epiphyses -of the vertebræ are still separate, as was the case with -the limb-bones.</p> - -<p>The seven cervical vertebræ were beginning to coalesce; the first -three are already anchylosed, the first two completely, and the -second and third only partially, as the neural arches and transverse -processes are not yet united in one bone. It has ten dorsal vertebræ; -the lumbar and caudal vertebræ were not observed. (Dr. -Haast, Annals & Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct. 1870.)</p> - -<p class="break">** <i>Symphysis of the lower jaw to or nearly to the teeth.</i></p> - -<h5>2. ZIPHIUS.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Ziphius, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 327, 348; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 10.</p> - -<p>Micropteron, <i>Flower</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 328.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Teeth 2, in the middle of the sides of the lower jaw. Teeth of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_101"></a>[101]</span> -the male large, short, compressed, truncated at the end; of female -small, curved. Lower jaw often with sundry rudimentary teeth, -gradually tapering in front; symphysis elongate, and reaching to -the middle of the teeth in the male, and beyond it in the female. -Cervical vertebræ free. Scapula with large coracoid and acromion -processes.</p> - -<p>Vertebræ 46:—C. 7. D. 10. L. 10. C. 19.</p> - -<p>“<i>Micropteron</i>: cervical vertebræ all united in one solid mass.”—<i>Flower</i>, -<i>l. c.</i> p. 328.</p> - -<h6>1. Ziphius Sowerbiensis.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Ziphius Sowerbiensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 350, fig. 71; <i>Synops. Whales & -Dolph.</i> p. 10, tab. 5. f. 3, 4 (skull).</p> - -<p>Mesoplodon Sowerbiensis, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 22 & 23 (skull and -ear-bone); <i>Van Beneden</i>, <i>Mém. de l’Acad. Brux.</i> vol. x. t. 3.</p> - -<p>Dioplodon Sowerbiensis, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Zool. et Paléont. Française</i>, t. 30. -f. 1.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. British Channel. Irish Sea.</p> - -<h5>3. DOLICHODON.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Dolichodon, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 353; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 10.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Teeth 2, in the middle of the sides of the lower jaw. Teeth (of -male) very long, strap-shaped, produced, arched obliquely, truncated -at the end, with a conical process on the front of the terminal -edge. Lower jaw weak, very slender in front. Symphysis elongate.</p> - -<h6>1. Dolichodon Layardii.</h6> - -<p class="right">B.M.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Ziphius Layardii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 353, fig. 72.</p> - -<p>Dolichodon Layardii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 10.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Cape of Good Hope (<i>H. Layard</i>).</p> - -<h5>4. NEOZIPHIUS.</h5> - -<p>Teeth 2, in the front of the lower jaw, with a compressed, -short, triangular crown. Lower jaw strong, rather narrow in the -middle, and suddenly tapering in front of the tooth. Symphysis -to the back edge of the teeth.</p> - -<h6>1. Neoziphius europæus.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Dioplodon europæus, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 24 (skull).</p> - -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Mediterranean.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_102"></a>[102]</span></p> - -<h5>5. DIOPLODON.</h5> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Dioplodon, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 327, 355; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 10.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Teeth 2 or 4, conical, in the middle of the sides of the lower jaw. -Lower jaw broad behind, suddenly contracted in front. Symphysis -moderate, not reaching halfway to the teeth.</p> - -<h6>1. Dioplodon sechellensis.</h6> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Ziphius sechellensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> t. 6. f. 1, 2 -(skull).</p> - -<p>Dioplodon sechellensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 355; <i>Synops. Whales -& Dolph.</i> p. 10, t. 5. f. 4; <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1870, vi. p. 343, fig. -(skeleton); <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 25 (skull).</p> - -<p>Dioplodon densirostris, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Zool. Paléont. Franç.</i> t. 43. f. 3-6.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="figleft illowp16" id="figure11" style="max-width: 9.375em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure11.jpg" alt=""> - <p class="caption">Fig. 11.</p> - <p class="caption"><i>Dioplodon sechellensis.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>Inhab. Seychelles. Mus. Paris. Lord Howe’s Island (<i>Krefft</i>).</p> - -<p>The form of the lower jaw gives a very peculiar appearance to -the skeleton. The cervical vertebræ are united together by their -bodies and large dorsal spines, the latter forming a thick conical -process. The bodies of the dorsal vertebræ are very small, enlarging -in size towards the tail; they are thirty-six in number. -The four terminal caudal ones are very small, forming a kind -of cylindrical process. There are eight chevron bones. The thoracic -cavity is small. There are twelve ribs on each side. The -dorsal processes of the first eighteen vertebræ have an anterior basal -process, which becomes gradually smaller.</p> - -<p>Upper arm-bone very slender, slightly curved; the lower arm-bones -moderate, straight, parallel to each other, and rather longer -than the upper arm-bone. The ribs very broad at the upper end, -and gradually tapering towards the chest, where they are nearly -cylindrical.</p> - -<p>“The total length of the skeleton, without cartilage, is 14 feet -8 inches; the head measures 2 feet 5½ inches in length, and the -lower jaw 2 feet 3 inches in length. The first three cervical vertebræ -are anchylosed; the next one is more or less free; and the -remaining three are anchylosed again. The dorsals are ten in -number, the last bearing a short rib 8 inches in length. Five of -these ribs are jointed direct to the sternum; the following two meet -the cartilage of the fifth rib.</p> - -<p>“The sternum is composed of four pieces, 20 inches long, with a -width of between 5 and 7 inches. It is not yet sufficiently cleaned -to enable me to have it photographed; this, however, will be done as -soon as possible, and copies forwarded to the Society. The lumbars -number twenty, the last nine having V-bones attached. The fifth -lumbar is 17½ inches high, 4 inches wide at the top, and 11¾ inches -at the base, including the side processes. The eleventh lumbar is -the widest, being 4¾ inches at the top. The caudals probably -amounted to 13; but five of these are missing; the basal one is very -small, about the size of a pea; and as it was firmly attached to the -second last, there can be no mistake about it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_103"></a>[103]</span></p> - -<p>“The head is 2 feet 5½ inches long -and 14 inches across at the widest -part; the lower jaw 2 feet 3 inches -long and 6¼ inches high behind the -tooth. The left tooth measures 6 inches -in length, 3⅜ inches in width, and is -1¾ inch thick [not well represented in -the figure]. The space between the -teeth measures 7¼ inches. The limbs -are very imperfect; all the smaller -bones are missing; and there is only -a part of one scapula. I did not find -the pelvic bones.</p> - -<p>“This animal was captured about -a year ago, near Lord Howe’s Island.”—<i>Krefft</i>, -P. Z. S. 1870, p. 426.</p> - -<p class="titlepage">THE END.</p> - -<p class="center">PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,<br> -RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.</p> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUPPLEMENT TO THE CATALOGUE OF SEALS AND WHALES IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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