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diff --git a/old/69699-0.txt b/old/69699-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 155af04..0000000 --- a/old/69699-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,7292 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Supplement to the catalogue of seals -and whales in the British Museum, by John Edward Gray - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Supplement to the catalogue of seals and whales in the British - Museum - -Author: John Edward Gray - -Release Date: January 3, 2023 [eBook #69699] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at - https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive/Canadian - Libraries) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUPPLEMENT TO THE CATALOGUE -OF SEALS AND WHALES IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM *** - - - - - - - SUPPLEMENT - TO THE - CATALOGUE - OF - SEALS AND WHALES - IN THE - BRITISH MUSEUM. - - BY - JOHN EDWARD GRAY, F.R.S., F.L.S., &c. - - LONDON: - PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. - 1871. - - PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, - RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. - - - - -TABLE OF CONTENTS. - - - _Page_ - - Suborder PINNIPEDIA 1 - - Fam. 1. PHOCIDÆ 1 - - Tribe I. PHOCINA 2 - - 1. Callocephalus 2 - - 2. Pagomys 2 - - 3. Pagophilus 2 - - equestris. N. Pacific 2 - - ochotensis. N. Pacific 2 - - 4. Halicyon 2 - - Richardi. N. Pacific 2 - - Pealei. Antarctic Seas? 2 - - 5. Phoca 3 - - barbata. North Sea 3 - - naurica. N. Pacific 3 - - Tribe II. HALICHŒRINA 3 - - 6. Halichœrus 3 - - Tribe III. MONACHINA 3 - - 7. Monachus 3 - - Tribe IV. STENORHYNCHINA 3 - - 8. Stenorhynchus 3 - - leptonyx. Falkland Is., New Zealand 4 - - 9. Lobodon 4 - - 10. Leptonyx 4 - - 11. Ommatophoca 4 - - Tribe V. CYSTOPHORINA 4 - - 12. Morunga 4 - - elephantina. Falkland Island 4 - - angustirostris. California 5 - - 13. Cystophora 5 - - Fam. 2. TRICHECHIDÆ 5 - - 1. Trichechus 6 - - rosmarus 6 - - Fam. 3. OTARIADÆ 6 - - Tribe I. OTARIINA 11, 12 - - 1. Otaria 11, 12 - - jubata. S. America 13 - - Tribe II. CALLORHININA 11, 14 - - 2. Callorhinus 11, 14 - - ursinus. Kamtschatka 15 - - Tribe III. ARCTOCEPHALINA 11, 15 - - 3. Phocarctos 12, 15 - - Hookeri. Cape Horn 15 - - 4. Arctocephalus 12, 17 - - antarcticus. Cape of Good Hope 17 - - nigrescens. Falkland Islands 20 - - cinereus. Australia 24 - - Forsteri. N. Zealand 25 - - falklandicus. Falkland Islands 25 - - nivosus. Cape of Good Hope 27 - - Tribe IV. ZALOPHINA 12, 27 - - 5. Zalophus 12, 27 - - Gilliespii. N. Pacific 28 - - 6. Neophoca 12, 28 - - lobata. Australia 28 - - Tribe V. EUMETOPIINA 12, 29 - - 7. Eumetopias 12, 29 - - Stelleri. California 30 - - 8. Arctophoca 12, 31 - - Philippii. Juan-Fernandez Island 32 - - - Order CETACEA 34 - - Section I. MYSTICETE 35 - - Suborder I. BALÆNOIDEA 36 - - Fam. 1. BALÆNIDÆ 36 - - 1. Balæna 37 - - mysticetus. North Sea 38 - - mediterranea. Mediterranean 38 - - angulata. North Sea? 38 - - nordcaper. Iceland 39 - - [cullamacha. N. Pacific] 39 - - 2. Neobalæna 39 - - marginata. New Zealand 40 - - 3. Eubalæna 42 - - australis. Cape of Good Hope 43 - - Sieboldii. Kamtschatka 43 - - [japonica. Japan] 43 - - cisarctica. Atlantic 43 - - 4. Hunterius 44 - - Temminckii. Cape of Good Hope 44 - - biscayensis. St. Sebastian 44 - - Swedenborgii. North Sea 44 - - 5. Caperea 45 - - antipodarum. New Zealand 45 - - 6. Macleayius 45 - - australiensis. Australasia 46 - - britannicus. Dorsetshire 46 - - Suborder II. BALÆNOPTEROIDEA 46 - - Fam. 2. AGAPHELIDÆ 47 - - 1. Agaphelus 47 - - gibbosus. N. Atlantic 48 - - 2. Rhachianectes 48 - - glaucus. California 48 - - Fam. 3. MEGAPTERIDÆ 50 - - 1. Megaptera 50 - - longimana. North Sea 50 - - novæ-zelandiæ. New Zealand 50 - - Burmeisteri. Buenos Ayres 50 - - americana. Bermuda 50 - - kuzira. Japan 50 - - osphyia. Atlantic 51 - - versabilis. N. Pacific 51 - - 2. Poescopia 51 - - Lalandii. Cape of Good Hope 51 - - 3. Eschrichtius 52 - - robustus. Atlantic 52 - - Fam. 4. PHYSALIDÆ 52 - - 1. Benedenia 52 - - Knoxii. North Sea 52 - - 2. Physalus 52 - - antiquorum. North Sea 53 - - Duguidii. North Sea 53 - - patachonicus. River Plata 53 - - brasiliensis. Bahia 53 - - 3. Cuvierius 54 - - Sibbaldii. North Sea 54 - - 4. Rudolphius 54 - - laticeps. North Sea 54 - - 5. Sibbaldius 55 - - borealis. North Sea 55 - - Schlegelii. Java 55 - - antarcticus. Buenos Ayres 55 - - sulphureus. N. Pacific 55 - - tectirostris. N. Pacific 56 - - tuberosus. North-east America 56 - - Fam. 5. BALÆNOPTERIDÆ 56 - - 1. Balænoptera 56 - - rostrata. North Sea 56 - - velifera. Oregon 56 - - 2. Swinhoia 57 - - chinensis. Formosa 57 - - Section II. DENTICETE 57 - - Suborder III. PHYSETEROIDEA 57 - - Fam. 6. CATODONTIDÆ 58 - - 1. Catodon 58 - - macrocephalus. Trop. 59 - - 2. Meganeuron 59 - - Krefftii. Australasia 59 - - Fam. 7. PHYSETERIDÆ 60 - - 1. Physeter 60 - - tursio. North Sea 60 - - 2. Kogia 60 - - breviceps. Cape of Good Hope 60 - - Macleayii. Australia, India 61 - - 3. Euphysetes 61 - - Grayii. Australia 61 - - Suborder IV. SUSUOIDEA 61 - - Fam. 8. PLATANISTIDÆ 62 - - 1. Platanista 62 - - gangetica. India 62 - - Indi. India 62 - - Suborder V. DELPHINOIDEA 62 - - Fam. 9. INIIDÆ 63 - - 1. Inia 63 - - Geoffroyii. Brazil 64 - - Fam. 10. DELPHINIDÆ 64 - - Tribe I. STENONINA 65 - - 1. Steno 65 - - frontatus. Indian Ocean 65 - - compressus. South Sea 65 - - chinensis. China 65 - - capensis. Cape of Good Hope 66 - - lentiginosus. India 66 - - [roseiventris. Moluccas] 66 - - tucuxi. Brazil 66 - - attenuatus. India 66 - - fuscus 66 - - [brevimanus. Singapore] 66 - - [coronatus. Spitzbergen] 66 - - [rostratus. North Sea] 67 - - 2. Sotalia 67 - - guianensis. British Guiana 67 - - Tribe II. DELPHININA 67 - - 3. Delphinus 67 - - longirostris. Japan, Cape of Good Hope 68 - - delphis. North Sea 68 - - Moorei. S. Atlantic 68 - - major 68 - - Walkeri. S. Atlantic 68 - - Janira. Newfoundland 68 - - fulvifasciatus. Van Diemen’s Land 68 - - obliquidens. N. Pacific 69 - - pomeegra. India 69 - - Forsteri 69 - - 4. Clymenia 69 - - stenorhyncha 69 - - microps. Coast of Brazil 69 - - Alope. Cape Horn 70 - - Styx. West Africa 70 - - Euphrosyne. North Sea 70 - - gadamu. India 70 - - normalis 70 - - Doris 70 - - euphrosynoides 71 - - dorides 71 - - obscura. S. Pacific 71 - - similis. Cape of Good Hope 72 - - crotaphiscus 72 - - esthenops 72 - - 5. Delphinapterus 72 - - Peronii. S. Atlantic 72 - - 6. Tursio 72 - - truncatus. North Sea 74 - - erebennus. Philadelphia 74 - - Metis. West Africa 74 - - Cymodoce. River Uragua 74 - - abusalam. Cape of Good Hope 74 - - Eurynome. South Sea 74 - - catalania. N. W. Australia 75 - - 7. Eutropia 75 - - Dickiei. Chili 75 - - Heavisidii. Cape seas 75 - - Tribe III. LAGENORHYNCHINA 75 - - 8. Electra 76 - - obtusa 76 - - Asia 76 - - fusiformis. India 76 - - acuta. North Sea 76 - - breviceps 76 - - clancula. S. Pacific 77 - - crucigera 77 - - thicolea 77 - - 9. Feresa 78 - - intermedia 78 - - 10. Leucopleurus 78 - - arcticus. North Sea 78 - - 11. Lagenorhynchus 79 - - albirostris. North Sea 79 - - Tribe IV. PSEUDORCAINA 79 - - 12. Pseudorca 79 - - crassidens. North Sea 80 - - meridionalis. Van Diemen’s Land 80 - - 13. Orcaella 80 - - brevirostris. Ganges 80 - - fluminalis 80 - - Tribe V. PHOCÆNINA 81 - - 14. Phocæna 81 - - communis. North Sea 81 - - [brachycium. Harbour of Salem] 81 - - [vomerina. N. Pacific] 81 - - 15. Acanthodelphis 81 - - spinipinnis. Brazil 81 - - 16. Neomeris 81 - - phocænoides. India 82 - - Fam. 11. GRAMPIDÆ 82 - - 1. Grampus 82 - - Rissoanus. Nice 82 - - Cuvieri. North Sea 82 - - Richardsonii. Cape of Good Hope 83 - - Fam. 12. GLOBIOCEPHALIDÆ. 83 - - 1. Globiocephalus 83 - - svineval. North Sea 83 - - [melas. Mediterranean] 83 - - [affinis. North Sea] 84 - - [intermedius. Delaware Bay] 84 - - [Edwardsii. South Sea] 84 - - [guadaloupensis. Guadaloupe] 84 - - Grayi. Buenos Ayres 84 - - macrorhynchus. South Sea 84 - - [Scammonii. N. Pacific] 85 - - [australis. Australia] 85 - - [indicus. Bengal] 85 - - [Sieboldii. Japan] 85 - - [chinensis. China] 85 - - [sibo. Japan] 85 - - 2. Sphærocephalus 85 - - incrassatus. British Channel 85 - - Fam. 13. ORCADÆ 85 - - 1. Orca 90 - - stenorhyncha. North Sea 90 - - capensis. Cape of Good Hope 90 - - africana. Algoa Bay 91 - - latirostris. North Sea 91 - - [gladiator, var. arcticus. Faroe Islands] 91 - - [gladiator, var. europæus. Atlantic] 92 - - [gladiator, var. europæus. Mediterranean] 92 - - magellanica. Patagonia 92 - - tasmanica. Tasmania 92 - - rectipinna. California 92 - - atra. Oregon 92 - - 2. Ophysia 93 - - pacifica. N. Pacific 93 - - Fam. 14. BELUGIDÆ 93 - - 1. Beluga 94 - - catodon. North Sea 94 - - [rhinodon. Arctic seas] 94 - - [declivis. Arctic seas] 94 - - [angustata. Arctic seas] 94 - - [canadensis. Canada] 94 - - Kingii. Australia 95 - - 2. Monodon 95 - - monoceros. North Sea 95 - - Fam. 15. PONTOPORIADÆ 95 - - 1. Pontoporia 95 - - Blainvillii. S. Atlantic 96 - - Suborder VI. ZIPHIOIDEA 96 - - Fam. 16. HYPEROODONTIDÆ 96 - - 1. Hyperoodon 96 - - butzkopf. North Sea 97 - - [semijunctus. Charlestown] 97 - - 2. Lagenocetus 97 - - latifrons. North Sea 97 - - Fam. 17. EPIODONTIDÆ 97 - - 1. Epiodon 98 - - Desmarestii. North Sea 98 - - australis. Buenos Ayres 98 - - 2. Petrorhynchus 98 - - mediterraneus. Mediterranean 98 - - capensis. South Sea 98 - - Fam. 18. ZIPHIIDÆ 99 - - 1. Berardius 99 - - arnuxi. New Zealand 99 - - 2. Ziphius 100 - - Sowerbiensis. Britain 101 - - 3. Dolichodon 101 - - Layardii. Cape of Good Hope 101 - - 4. Neoziphius 101 - - europæus. Mediterranean 101 - - 5. Dioplodon 102 - - sechellensis. Seychelles 102 - - - - -SUPPLEMENT TO THE CATALOGUE OF SEALS AND WHALES. - - - - -Suborder PINNIPEDIA. - - Phocidæ, _Catalogue of Seals & Whales_, p. 1. - - Pinnipedia, _Illiger_, _Prodr._ p. 138, 1811. - - Pinnipedes, _Gill’s Prodomus_, _Proceedings Essex Institute_, - vol. v. 1866. - - -Family 1. PHOCIDÆ. - -Muffle hairy on the edge, and between the nostrils. Ears without any -conch, merely a small aperture. Arms and legs very short; wrist very -short. Toes subequal, arched, exserted. Hind feet large, fan-shaped; the -inner and outer toes large and long, the three middle ones shorter. The -palms and soles hairy. Claws distinct, sharp. Skull:—postorbital process -none or obsolete; no alisphenoid canal; the mastoid process swollen, -seeming to form part of the auditory bulla. The scapula expanded upwards -and backwards towards the posterior superior angle. Testicles enclosed in -the body of the animal, without any external scrotum. - - Phocidæ, _Gray_, _Ann. & Mag. N. H._ 1869, vol. iv. pp. 268, - 342, 344; _Gill_, _Proc. Essex Instit._ 1866, p. 5; _Allen_, - _Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool._ ii, 1870. - - -Sect. I. _Cutting-teeth 6/4, curved, conical, and small. The palate -produced nearly to the hinder molars._ - - -Tribe I. _PHOCINA._ - -Skull tapering in front. Nose-hole moderate. Molars, except the first, -with two roots. - - Phocina, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 20. - -Inhab. North Atlantic and Arctic Seas. - - -1. CALLOCEPHALUS. - - Callocephalus, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 20. - - -2. PAGOMYS. - - Pagomys, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 22. - - -3. PAGOPHILUS. - - Pagophilus, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 25. - - -1. Pagophilus? equestris. - -Brown, with a ring round the head, a ring round the fore limbs, and a -broad band round the middle, white. The female whitish brown, with an -obscure band across the hinder part of the back. - - Phoca equestris, _Pallas_, _Zoog. Ross.-Asiat._ i. p. 340; - _Schrenck_, _Amur-Land_, p. 182, tab. 9. figs. 1-3. - - Phoca fasciata, _Shaw_, _Zool._ i. p. 276 (from the - Ribbon-Seal, _Pennant’s Quad._ 276). - - Phoca annellata, _Radde_, _Reisen im Süden von Ost-Sibirien_, - 1862, i. p. 296, t. 1-3. - -Inhab. North Pacific. - - -2. Pagophilus? ochotensis. - - Phoca ochotensis, _Pallas_, _Zoog. Ross.-Asiat._ i. p. 117; - _Schrenck_, _Amur-Land_, p. 181. - -Inhab. North Pacific. - - -4. HALICYON. - - Halicyon, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 27. - - -1. Halicyon Richardi. - - Halicyon Richardi, _Cat. S. & Whales_, p. 30. - -Inhab. North Pacific; Columbia River. - - -2. Halicyon Pealei. - - Halichœrus antarcticus, _T. Peale_, _U. S. Expl. Exp._ - -Mr. Gill says that this is a typical species of _Phoca_, but appears to -be identical with those that occur along the Californian and Oregonian -coast, so that there must be some error as to the assigned habitat in the -Antarctic seas—and proposes the name _Phoca Pealii_ (Proc. Essex Instit. -vol. v. p. 4). - - -5. PHOCA. - - Phoca, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, pp. 6 & 31. - - Erignathus, _Gill_, 1865. - - -1. Phoca barbata. - - Phoca barbata, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 31. - - Phoca lanica, _Rees_, _Cyclopædia_, PHOCA (from _Lepechin_). - -Inhab. North Sea. - - -2. Phoca naurica. - - Phoca barbata, _Temminck_, _Fauna Japonica_. - - Phoca naurica _et_ Phoca albigena, _Pallas_, _Zoog. - Ross.-Asiat._ i. pp. 108, 109 (vide _Schrenck_); _Schrenck_, - _Amur-Land_, p. 181. - -Inhab. North Pacific; Japan. Mus. Leyden. - - -Tribe II. _HALICHŒRINA._ - -Muzzle broad, rounded. Skull higher in front. Nose-hole very large. -Grinders conical; the two hinder of the upper and the hinder one of the -lower jaw double-rooted. - -Inhab. North Atlantic and Arctic Seas. - - -6. HALICHŒRUS. - - Halichœrus, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, pp. 6 & 33. - - -Sect. II _Cutting-teeth four above, and four or two below._ - - -Tribe III. _MONACHINA._ - -Cutting-teeth 4/4; upper transversely notched. Palatine bones not -produced beyond the inner margin of the orbits. - -Inhab. Mediterranean and North Atlantic. - - -7. MONACHUS. - - Monachus, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, pp. 6 & 17. - - -Tribe IV. _STENORHYNCHINA._ - -Cutting-teeth 4/4; conical, acute. Hinder feet nearly clawless. - - Stenorhynchina, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 8. - -Inhab. Antarctic Ocean. - - -1. _Lower jaw strong, angulated behind. Grinders two-rooted, except the -first in each jaw._ - - -8. STENORHYNCHUS. - - Stenorhynchus, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 15; _Gill_, - _l. c._ p. 10. - - -1. Stenorhynchus leptonyx. - - Stenorhynchus leptonyx, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 16. - - Stenorhynchus leptonyx (Sea-leopard), _Abbott_, _P. Z. S._ - 1868, pp. 192 & 527. - -Inhab. Falkland Islands (_Abbott_, _Lecomte_). - -This Seal appears to extend from the Antarctic seas to New Zealand, the -shores of New South Wales, and the Falkland Islands. - - -2. _Lower jaw moderate. The three front upper and first front lower -grinders single-rooted; the rest two-routed._ - - -9. LOBODON. - - Lobodon, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 8; _Gill_, _l. c._ - p. 10. - - -3. _Lower jaw very weak. Front grinder in each jaw single-rooted; the -rest two-rooted._ - - -10. LEPTONYX. - - Leptonyx, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 11; _Gill_, _l. c._ p. 10. - - -11. OMMATOPHOCA. - - Ommatophoca, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 13; _Gill_, _l. c._ p. - 10. - - -Tribe V. _CYSTOPHORINA._ - -Cutting-teeth 4/4; grinders with large swollen roots and a small -compressed simple plated crown. Muffle of male with a dilatable appendage. - - Cystophorina, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 38. - - -12. MORUNGA. - - Morunga, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 38. - - Macrorhinus, _Gill_, _l. c._ p. 9. - - -1. Morunga elephantina. - - Morunga elephantina, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 39. - -One of the Falkland Islands is called Elephant Island, from the former -abundance of Sea-elephants there; but Mr. Sclater informs us that when -Lecomte visited it, it was “found to be quite deserted by this animal, -which is said now to be entirely extinct in the Falklands, though its -former abundance in certain spots is well known, and is further testified -by remains of its bones and teeth met with on the shores, specimens of -which were obtained and sent home.”—_P. Z. S._ 1868, p. 527. See Dr. -Sclater’s previous statement, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 189. - -This latter assertion is a mistake, for the bones sent home were those of -_O. jubata_, as is proved by the following remarks of Dr. Murie:—“Lecomte -and his companions believed these large old skulls of _Otaria jubata_ -[which he brought home] to be those of the Elephant-seal (_Morunga -elephantina_), as it was stated by some of the party that those animals -formerly did exist on this island. One of the pilots (Louis Despreaux -by name) had resided thirty-two years on the Falkland Islands, and he -distinctly remembered shooting many Elephant-seals in the neighbourhood -in bygone years; but about twelve years ago they began to get scarce and -disappear.” And further on he observes that they are “now only rarely met -with in the Falklands.”—_P. Z. S._ 1869, pp. 106 & 109. - - -2. Morunga angustirostris. - - Macrorhinus angustirostris, _Gill_, _l. c._ p. 13; _Cope_, - _Proc. Acad. N. Sc. Philad._ 1865, p. 51. - -Inhab. California from Cape San Lucas to Point Reyes. - -Its colour is light brown when the hair is grown to the full length. The -males are from 18 to 22 feet long. Females 10 feet long. Canines of the -males 4 or 5 inches long. - - -13. CYSTOPHORA. - - Cystophora, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 40; _Gill_, _l. c._ - - * * * * * - -_North Atlantic._ - - Callocephalus vitulinus. - Callocephalus dimidiatus. - Pagomys fœtidus. - Pagophilus grœnlandicus. - Phoca barbata. - Halichœrus grypus. - Cystophora cristata. - -_Caspian Sea and Lake Baikal._ - - Callocephalus caspica. - *Pagomys fœtidus. - -_Tropical Atlantic._ - - Monachus tropicalis. _Jamaica._ - Cystophora antillarum. _West Indies._ - -_Mediterranean and Subtropical Atlantic._ - - Monachus albiventer. - -_North Pacific._ - - Halicyon Richardi. - Halicyon? Pealii. - Pagophilus? equestris. - Pagophilus? ochotensis. - Phoca naurica. - Morunga angustirostris. - -_Antarctic Ocean._ - - Lobodon carcinophaga. - Leptonyx Weddellii. - Ommatophoca Rossii. - Stenorhynchus leptonyx. - Morunga elephantina. - -_New Zealand._ - - Stenorhynchus leptonyx. - -_Australia._ - - Stenorhynchus leptonyx. - - -Family 2. TRICHECHIDÆ. - - Trichechidæ, _Gray_, _Ann. Philosoph._ 1825, p. 348; _Ann. & - Mag. N. H._ 1869, iv. p. 268. - - Rosmaridæ, _Gill_, _Proc. Essex Inst._ v. 1866, p. 11. - - Trichechina (part.), _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 33. - -Muzzle very broad, truncate, convex, swollen above. Ears without any -conch. Eyes prominent. Canines very large, exserted. Cutting-teeth 4/2 -in young, and 2/2 in adult; grinders all single-rooted. The anterior -feet as large as the posterior ones; the fingers decrease in a curved -line, destitute of claws; the hind feet with five toes, very gradually -increasing towards the inner, all provided with claws; palms and soles -hairy in the young, becoming chaffy. Tail rudimentary. Skull with no -postorbital processes. A distinct alisphenoid canal. Mastoid process -strong and salient, with its surface continuous with the auditory bulla. -The scapula, hinder margin nearly straight, with the spine a short -distance from and somewhat parallel with it. Resting on its body with -the fore feet extended and the hind feet doubled under it, moving by the -exertion of the abdominal muscles. (See P. Z. S. 1853, p. 112.) - - -1. TRICHECHUS. - - Trichechus, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 35. - - -1. Trichechus ⸺? - - Trichechus rosmarus, _Schrenck_, _Amur-Land_, p. 179. - -Inhab. North Pacific. - - -Family 3. OTARIADÆ. - -Nose simple; muffle rather large, callous above and between the nostrils. -Ears with a cylindrical, external conch. Arms and legs rather elongate. -The fore and hind feet fringed. Fore feet fin-like, with a scolloped -naked membrane. Palms and soles bald, longitudinally grooved, more or -less triangular. Fingers gradually diminish in size from the inner -side. Hind feet elongate, narrow, all clawless. Toes nearly of equal -length, the outer one on each side being rather the strongest (see Cat. -Seals and Whales, p. 44, f. 15). Three middle toes clawed. The fur is -generally provided with a more or less thick under-fur. Skull with a -postorbital process. An alisphenoid canal. Mastoid process strong and -salient, extending aloof from the auditory bulla. Cutting-teeth 6/4, -upper often bifid; canines conical; grinders 5/5 or 6/5. The scapula is -curved backward to the upper angle, but with its spine or crest near -the posterior margin. Testicles enclosed in the small external scrotum. -They walk on their fore and hind limbs; they rest with the hind part of -the body bent down, and the legs directed forward, like the Morse. The -females lie on their backs to receive the caresses of the male; and the -young are born on shore and are gradually taught to swim. - - Otariadæ, _Brookes, Mus. Cat._ 1836, pp. 18, 28; _Gray_, _Ann. - & Mag. N. H._ 1869, iv. p. 268; _Gill_, _Proc. Essex Inst._ - 1866, v. p. 7; _Allen_, _Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool._ ii. p. 27. - - Arctocephalina, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 44. - -The Eared Seals (Otariadæ) form a distinct family from the Earless -Seals (Phocidæ). They have more power of using their limbs like the more -typical mammalia, walking on them with the body raised from the ground; -they rest with their hind limbs bent forwards. These habits are well -shown in Dr. Forster’s figures, engraved by Buffon; and they have been -verified by the study of the living Eared Seal in the Zoological Gardens. -Their scrotum and genital organs are exposed as in the Dog. - -The _Otariæ_ come to the surface during the process of mastication, and -do not, like the Eared Seals, swallow under the water. They do not drink, -while the common Seal occasionally sucks in water as a horse would. The -pupils of the eyes dilate and contract to an enormous extent. - -The Sea-bears (_Otariadæ_) inhabit the more temperate and colder parts of -the southern hemisphere, and the temperate and more northern regions of -the Pacific Ocean. - -The _Otariæ_ appear to make periodical migrations towards the south; and -the Sea-lions (_O. jubata_) come to the Falkland Islands in November, -where they remain till June or July, when the greater number depart; but -some remain there the whole year round (P. Z. S. 1869, p. 108). - -Navigators, from the general external resemblance of the animals, have -regarded the Sea-lion and Sea-bear of the northern and southern regions -as the same animal. Pennant (who paid considerable attention to Seals) -and most modern zoologists have done the same. - -Nilsson, in his excellent Monograph of the Seals, only mentions three -species of Eared Seal:—1, _Otaria jubata_; 2, _O. ursina_; and, 3, -_O. australis_. He believed that the first was common to the Falkland -Islands, Chile, Brazil, New Holland, and Kamtschatka, and the second to -Magellan’s Straits, Patagonia, New Holland, and the Cape. We now know -that the species have a very limited geographical distribution. - -When I published my ‘Catalogue of the Seals in the British Museum,’ in -1850, I was satisfied from Steller’s description that the species he -described from the Arctic regions were distinct from those found in the -Southern seas; and when I at last succeeded in obtaining specimens and -skulls from the northern regions of the Pacific, I not only found that my -idea was confirmed, but that they did not even belong to the same genera. -I had the skulls of these species figured in the ‘Proceedings of the -Zoological Society’ for 1859, and this greatly extended the knowledge of -the animals. But there is yet much to be learnt respecting them. We do -not know the species of Fur-seal described by Forster as inhabiting the -coast of New Zealand. - -The skull of these animals changes so much in form as the animal -arrives at adult and old age that it is not always easy to determine -the species by it, unless you have a series of them, of different ages -and states, to compare. Thus Dr. Peters, in his revision of the genus -after the publication of my Catalogue and figures of the skulls in -the ‘Voyage of the Erebus and Terror’ and in the ‘Proceedings of the -Zoological Society,’ formed no less than five species from the skulls of -the southern Sea-lion (_Otaria jubata_)—_O. jubata_, _O. Byronia_, _O. -leonina_, _O. Godeffroyi_, and _O. Ulloæ_,—referring the first four to -the subgenus _Otaria_, and the last to _Phocarctos_ (see Monatsbericht, -May 1866, pp. 265, 270). In his second essay, published a few months -later (_ibid._ Nov. 1866), after his visit to London, he placed them all -together in one subgenus (_Otaria_), and seems, by the way in which he -has numbered four of them, to doubt their distinctness. It would have -been better if he had at once simply reduced them to synonyms (as they -must be reduced) and included with them _O. Ulloæ_, which is only the -skull of a young specimen, such as was called _O. molossina_ by Lesson -and Garnet. I may observe that I had shown in my first ‘Catalogue of -Seals’ (1850), from the examination of the typical skull, that two or -three of these nominal species were only very old or young skulls of the -southern Sea-lion. - -It is the character of the Eared Seals or _Otariadæ_ to have a very -close, soft under-fur between the roots of the longer and more rigid -hairs. They are therefore called _Fur-Seals_ by the sealers, and are -hunted for their skin as well as for their oil. The quantity and fineness -of the under-fur differ in the various species; and the skin and -under-fur bear a price in the market according to the country and the -species from which they are obtained. - -Some species of the family have so little under-fur when they arrive -at adult age, that they are of no value in the market to be made into -“seal-skins;” these are therefore called _Hair-Seals_ by the sealers. -They are only collected for the oil, as the skins are of comparatively -little value. - -The skins of the Fur-Seal are much used in China, and are more or less -the fashion in this country, sometimes being far more expensive than at -others. The skins of the Hair-Seals are only used, like the skins of -the Earless Seals or _Phocidæ_, for very inferior purposes, as covering -boxes, knapsacks, &c.; but the animals are much sought after for the oil -they afford. - -The furs of the different species of Fur-Seals are exceedingly different -in external appearance, especially in the younger specimens, or when -the fur is in its most perfect condition. In most species the hairs are -much longer than the under-fur; they are flat and more or less rigid -and crisp. In others the hairs are short, much softer, scarcely longer -than the soft woolly under-fur; in these species the fur is very dense, -standing nearly erect from the skin, forming a very soft elastic coat, as -in _O. falklandicus_ and _O. Stelleri_. - -The hair of _O. nigrescens_ is considerably longer than that of _O. -cinerea_, but not so harsh, the fur of the half-grown _O. nigrescens_ -being longer, sparse, flat, rather curled at the end, giving a crispness -to the feel; while the hairs of the very young specimens are abundant, -nearly of equal length, forming an even coat that is soft and smooth to -the touch. - -The length, abundance, and, indeed, the presence or absence of the -under-fur greatly depend on the season at which the specimen is obtained -or observed. It is true that the sealers call some seals hair- and others -fur-seals; but that is only because what they call hair-seals never had -more than a very small quantity of under-fur in the fur-season; but, on -the other hand, many fur-seals at some seasons have only a small quantity -of the under-fur which is so long and abundant at other periods. - -Difficult as it is for the zoologist to distinguish the species by their -external appearance, the skins of the different species of Fur-Seals are -easily distinguished by the dealers, even when they are wet, showing -that the practical fellmonger is in advance of the scientific man in -such particulars, as the dealers in whalebone were in regard to the -distinction of the species of the Whale by their baleen (see Zool. Erebus -& Terror). - -The longer hairs of the Fur-Seals are very slender and pale-coloured at -the basal half of their length, and thicker and darker at the upper half, -and often have a white tip. The basal half is subcylindrical, the upper -half is flat, tapering at each end. The absolute length of the under-fur -differs in the various species. Judging from the old and young specimens -of _A. nigrescens_, the hairs seem to be longer, both absolutely and -relatively to the under-fur, in the young than in the adult animals. -The hairs of the Hair-Seals are shorter, flat, channelled above, and -gradually tapering from the base to the tip, merely contracted at the -insertion into the skin. The breadth of the hairs seems to vary in the -different species; and in the younger specimens there are to be observed -some soft hairs like the under-fur of the Fur-Seals. - -The _Fur-Seals_ are _Callorhinus ursinus_, _Arctocephalus antarcticus_, -_A. nigrescens_, _A. cinereus_, _A. Forsteri_, _A. falklandicus_, -_Eumetopias Stelleri_, _Arctophoca Philippii_. - -The _Hair-Seals_ are _Otaria jubata_, _Phocarctos Hookeri_, -_Arctocephalus nivosus_, _Zalophus Gilliespii_, _Neophoca lobatus_. - -Dr. Peters, in his two papers on the Eared Seals (_Otaria_) uses the -length of the ears and the existence or non-existence of the under-fur, -as well as the characters used by Mr. Gill and myself, to separate the -species of these animals into subgenera. - -The length of the ears may probably afford good characters for the -separation of the species and groups, if they can be observed in the -living animals. As yet, only one species of these animals, the Sea-lion -or Sea-bear (_Otaria leonina_), has been observed alive in Europe; so -that Dr. Peters’s notes could only be derived from the examination of -more or less carefully preserved skins; and, I fear, little dependence -can be placed on them. - -The form of the hinder opening of the nostrils and the form of its front -edge, when only one or two skulls of a species were examined, have been -regarded as constituting a good character; but when an extensive series -of the skulls of a single species, or of several species, have been -examined, that part is found to vary considerably as to the width of its -different parts, and especially in the form of its front edge. As far as -my observations have extended, the hinder opening of the nostrils appears -to become narrower, and especially its front edge, as the animal becomes -adult or aged; and in the skulls of the younger specimens it is broader, -shorter, and the front edge is broader and more truncated or straight, -with only a slight rounding at the sides. - -The position of the grinders as regards the front part of the zygomatic -arch is a good character for the distinction of the species, especially -if a series of skulls from animals of different ages, and from the same -locality, of each species are compared together; and it is the same -with the rooting of the grinders themselves. But when adult skulls of -different species are compared together, the forms of the skulls are so -altered, the grinders generally so worn and altered by age, and their -position in different species so similar, that the distinction of the -species then becomes more difficult. - -The flap of thick bald skin produced beyond the hinder toes varies in -length as compared with the toes, in the length of it before it divides -into lobes, and the length of the lobes themselves in different species, -and thus affords characters for their separation; but it is difficult to -determine the proper length of it and its parts from a preserved specimen -in the Museum. It is apt to be unnaturally stretched in length and width -by the preparer, and it shrinks as it dries long after it is placed in -the Museum. - -If I am not deceived by the prepared skins, the flap appears to be -longer in the adult than in the young specimens; and judging from -the specimens in the Museum, it is longest in _Callorhinus ursinus_, -and it gradually becomes shorter in _Arctocephalus antarcticus_, _A. -falklandicus_, _Phocarctos Hookeri_, _A. cinereus_, _Otaria jubata_, and -_A. nigrescens_. It is very short in _Neophoca lobata_ and _Eumetopias -Stelleri_. - -The “Prodrome of a Monograph of the Pinnipedes,” by Mr. Theodore Gill, -wherein he named several genera of this group, and a paper by Dr. Peters -on the _Otariæ_ of the Berlin Museum, in the ‘Monatsbericht’ for May -1866, have induced me to reexamine the skulls and skeletons in the -British Museum. - -I may observe that Dr. Peters considers all the Eared Seals one genus, -but has divided them into seven subgenera, to each of which he gives a -distinctive name. Dr. Peters’s paper is interesting as determining the -specimens described by Pander and D’Alton, Johann Müller, and other -German naturalists, as well as describing the more recently received -specimens in the Berlin Museum, which certainly is one of the most -important on the Continent. - -Captain Thomas Musgrave, in a work entitled ‘Cast away on the Aucklands,’ -12mo, 1866, pp. 141 and following, gives a very interesting account of -the habits and manners of the Lion-seal, showing how unlike they are in -their habits to the Seals without ears (Phocidæ). The female brings forth -her young far inland, and has to teach them to take to the water which is -to be their future home. - -Captain Weddell gives nearly the same account of the habits of the -Fur-Seal, as does also Mr. Hamilton (in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1839, p. -87). - -Mr. J. A. Allen, in the ‘Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology’ -at Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass., has published (1870) an essay -on the Eared Seals (Otariadæ), with detailed descriptions of the -North-Pacific species. - -He divides the family into subfamilies:— - -Subfam. 1. _Trichophocinæ_, without under-fur, and containing the genera -OTARIA, EUMETOPIAS, ZALOPHUS. - -Subfam. 2. _Eulophocinæ_, with thick under-fur, containing CALLORHINUS -and ARCTOCEPHALUS. - -He gives figures of the skulls of different ages of the North-Pacific -species. - -Mr. Allen had only the skins in salt and the bones of two North-Pacific -species to study, and he does not seem to be aware that the abundance -of the under-fur greatly depends on the season and age of the animal -when collected; and unfortunately he seems to have had no specimens or -skulls of the southern species to enable him to study their characters; -yet with these limited materials he has ventured to propose a revision -of the species of Otariadæ, and, from the same cause, has suggested -the uniting of many incongruous species together. It may be very true -that zoologists have erred (myself among the number) in making too many -genera and species; but the correction of this error requires as much -study and consideration of the entire subject as have been used in their -determination; and science is not advanced by hasty alterations founded -on a few specimens. - -The Eared Seals are collected for their oil and skins. Most of the -species have very dense under-fur of soft erect hairs between the bases -of the longer hairs. These are called “Fur-Seals;” and the skins, when -deprived of their long hairs, are very valuable. The dressed furs of -the various species and localities are of very different commercial -and economic value. The skins of _Neophoca lobata_ (of Australia) and -_Phocarctos Hookeri_ (of the Southern Ocean), being nearly destitute of -this under-fur, are called _Hair-Seals_ by the sealers. Their skins are -of little comparative value, as they are only used like the skins of the -Earless Seals (Phocidæ). - - -SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. - -Section I. _Palate produced behind to a line even with the condyles of -the jaw. Grinders 6/5·6/5. Under fur sparse._ Sea-lions. - -Tribe 1. OTARIINA. - -1. _Otaria._ Antarctic Seas. East and west coast of South America. - -Section II. _Palate only extended behind to a line even with the middle -part of the zygomatic arch._ Sea-bears. - -Tribe 2. CALLORHININA. Grinders 6/5·6/5. Skull oblong; face broad, -shorter than the orbit; forehead arched. Flap of toes very long. - -2. _Callorhinus._ Under-fur abundant. North-west coast of America. - -Tribe 3. ARCTOCEPHALINA. Grinders 6/5·6/5; face of the skull shelving -in front; the fifth and sixth grinders behind the front of the zygomatic -arch. Flap of toes moderate. - -3. _Phocarctos._ Grinders large, lobed, the six upper with two notches on -the hinder edge. Under-fur sparse. South America. - -4. _Arctocephalus._ Grinders thick; crown conical. Under-fur abundant. - -Tribe 4. ZALOPHINA. Grinders 5/5·5/5, large, thick, in a close continuous -series; the fifth upper in front of the back edge of the zygomatic arch. - -5. _Zalophus._ Grinders large and thick, in a close uniform series. -Under-fur sparse. North Pacific. - -6. _Neophoca._ Grinders large, thick, all equal, in a continuous uniform -series. Under-fur sparse. Flap of toes very short. Australia. - -Tribe 5. EUMETOPIINA. Grinders 5/5·5/5, more or less far apart; the -hinder upper behind the hinder edge of the zygomatic arch, and separated -from the other grinders by a concave space. - -7. _Eumetopias._ Under-fur sparse. Flap of toes very short. West coast of -North America. - -8. _Arctophoca._ Under-fur abundant. Flap of toes long. West coast of -South America. - - -Sect. I. _The palate produced behind to a line even with the condyles. -The palatine surface of the maxillaries extending behind the teeth and -with its posterior processes very long. It is deeply concave behind, and -becomes deeper as the animal increases in age. The hinder nostril is -short, with a truncated front edge. Flap of toes rather long._ Sea-lions. - - -Tribe I. _OTARIINA._ - - Otariina, _Gray_, _Ann. & Mag. N. H._ 1869, vol. iv. p. 269. - - -1. OTARIA. - -Grinders 6/5. In the adult skulls the fourth upper grinder is under the -front edge of the orbit, and the sixth or last in a line with the back -edge of the zygomatic arch. The hinder edge of the palate is rather in -front, on the line of the condyles. The teeth in the younger skull are -more lobed than in the adult; the upper grinders are also differently -disposed; the third upper grinder is under the front edge of the orbit, -and the fifth tooth is in a line with the back edge of the zygomatic -arch, and the last or sixth tooth is far behind it (see skull, Cat. S. & -W. p. 58, f. 18). This change is remarkable, as the teeth of the young -and the adult _Zalophus Gilliespii_ are similar in number and position. - - Otaria (subg. Otaria), _Peters_, _Monatsb._ 1866, p. 263. - - Otaria, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 57; _Ann. & Mag. N. - H._ 1866, vol. xviii. p. 230; _Gill_, and _Peters_. - - Platyrhynchus, _F. Cuvier_. - - -1. Otaria jubata. _Sea-lion._ - -Fur dark brown; cheeks, temples, and sides of the forehead black; neck -greyish brown; back of the neck yellow-brown; belly dusky black; hairs -flat, tapering, dark brown, yellow, and whitish intermixed, without any -under-fur. - - Sea-bear, _Illustrated London News_; _Boy’s Own Book_. - - Otaria jubata, _label in Zoological Gardens_, 1865; _Gray_, - _Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist._ 1868, i. p. 109; _Murie, P. Z. S._ - 1869, p. 101, t. viii. (male, female, and young); _Abbott_, - _P. Z. S._ 1868, p. 190; _Sclater_, _P. Z. S._ 1868, p. 528; - _Peters_, _Monatsber_. 1866, p. 262. - - Otaria leonina, _Peters_, _Monatsb._ 1866, pp. 264, 665; - _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 59, f. 18. - - Otaria Godeffroyi, _Peters_, _Monatsb._ 1866, p. 266, t. 1. - - Otaria Byronia, _Peters_, _Monatsb._ 1866, pp. 269 & 666. - - Otaria (Phocarctos) Ulloæ, _Peters_, _Monatsb._ 1866, p. 270. - - Otaria Ulloæ, _Tschudi_, _Fauna Peruana_, pp. 135, 136, t. vi. - - Otaria (Otaria) Ulloæ, _Peters_, _Monatsb._ 1866, pp. 667 & 671. - -Inhab. South America, Falkland Islands, Chili. - -The oldest of the three adult skulls in the British Museum differs from -the other two in the pterygoid processes of the hinder edge of the palate -being closer together than in the rest; but this character seems to -depend on the greater age of the animal, as it differs slightly in the -other two specimens. In all the younger specimens, varying greatly in -size, the pterygoid processes are far apart. - -Dr. Peters considers (1) _Platyrhynchus leoninus_ of F. Cuvier, (2) -_Phoca Byronia_ of Blainville, and (3) an adult specimen which is in -the Hamburg Museum, and of which he described and figured the skull as -_O. Godeffroyi_, to be distinct species. I cannot see any difference -between the skull in the College of Surgeons, on which _Phoca Byronia_ -was founded, and those in the British Museum; and the figure of the -skull described as _O. Godeffroyi_ is very similar to the skull in the -British-Museum collection which I have called _O. jubata_. - -This animal has the harsh fur without any under-fur of _Phocarctos -Hookeri_; but it entirely differs from that animal in the colour of the -fur. This cannot arise from the greater age of the animal, as it is not -nearly so large as the half-grown _P. Hookeri_ in the British Museum. - -In the dark blackish-brown colour of the fur and the pale-brown colour -of the nape, and in the absence of the under-fur, this Seal resembles -the adult _Neophoca lobata_ from Australia; but in that species the -pale colour extends all over the crown, while in the young male _Otaria -jubata_ there are only a few paler scattered hairs on the middle of the -crown and nose. - -Dr. Murie represents the skull of a nearly full-grown male and of a -female nearly of the same age (P. Z. S. 1869, p. 103. f. 1, 2). They -greatly differ, the nose and the palate being much wider in the male -than in the female, and the teeth in the male (but this may be only an -individual peculiarity) were much worn down. - -He observes, “the whole of the palate is much narrower than in the male -of the same size, especially in the maxillary region, and the teeth are -much weaker and more sharply pointed.” - -He observes, “The young of both sexes are alike of a dark brown or very -deep chocolate colour. The males about a year old retain somewhat of the -chocolate tint of their youth, which, however, is paler, and subsequently -changes annually as the coat is shed. The females of equal age assume a -dark grey hue dorsally, while the abdominal parts are light yellowish. As -they grow older they alter little. - -“Males a couple of years old or more become of a rich brown shade on the -back and sides, and lighter or yellowish beneath. Old males alone are -maned. - -“There is a sparse underwool on the young, which sensibly diminishes with -age. - -“The skulls of the adult male and female differ considerably, the latter -being comparatively the narrower of the two—the former possessing a -somewhat different form of teeth, besides proportionally immense canines. - -“The teeth of _Otaria jubata_ are subject occasionally to a peculiar -wearing, of a median constricted character. - -“Between the female and male of this species there is a wide difference -as regards the stretch of the pectoral flippers. In the skin of the male -the breadth from tip to tip of the fore flippers is equal to or greater -than the length of the body; in the female the reverse obtains. This fact -points to greater strength and swimming-power of the former.” - - -Sect. II. _The palate rather produced behind. The front edge of the -hinder nasal opening in a line with the middle of the zygomatic arch._ -Sea-bears. - - -Tribe II. _CALLORHININA._ - -Grinders 6/5·6/5. Skull oblong; face broad, shorter than the orbit; -forehead arched. See Cat. S. & W. p. 45, f. 16 (skull). - - Callorhinina, _Gray_, _Ann. & Mag. N. H._ 1869, vol. iv. p. 269. - - -2. CALLORHINUS. - -Skull elongate; forehead rounded in front of the orbit, rather swollen. -Palate rather concave, as wide in front as at the end of the tooth-line, -rather narrowed behind. The sixth upper grinder just behind the hinder -edge of the zygomatic arch; the grinders moderate, fifth and sixth upper -and the fifth lower with two diverging roots. Front flapper small, -narrow. Flap of toes very long. - - Callorhinus, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1859, p. 359; _Annals & Mag. - N. H._ 1866, vol. xviii. p. 234; _Cat. S. & W._ p. 44, f. 16 - (skull); _Peters_. - - Arctocephalus, _Gill_! - - -1. Callorhinus ursinus. _Northern Sea-Bear._ - - B.M. - - Phoca ursina, _Linn._; _Pander & D’Alton_, t. 7. f. 1 (not - good). - - Otaria (Callorhinus) ursina, _Peters_, _Monatsb._ 1866, pp. 273 - & 672. - - Otaria Stelleri (part.), _Lesson & Müller_. - - Callorhinus ursinus, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1859, p. 359, t. 58 - (skull); _Ann. & Mag. N. H._ 1866, xviii. p. 235; _Cat. Seals & - W._ p. 44, f. 16 (skull); _Allen_, _Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool._ ii. - pp. 44 & 73, tab. 2 & 3. figs. 1-8. - - Arctocephalus ursinus, _Gill_, _Proc. Essex Inst._ vol. v. - 1866, p. 13 (not _F. Cuvier_). - - _Young._ Arctocephalus monteriensis, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1859, - p. 358 (skin only). - - Arctocephalus californianus, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. - 51 (skin only). - -Inhab. Kamtschatka. B.M. - - -Tribe III. _ARCTOCEPHALINA._ - -Grinders 6/5·6/5; face of the skull shelving in front; the fifth and -sixth grinders behind the front of the zygomatic arch. - - -3. PHOCARCTOS. - -The skull elongate, forehead flat. The palate concave, deep, with a -thickened margin on each side in front, widest in the middle part of -the tooth-line, and gradually narrowed behind the teeth; the internal -nares oblong, longer than broad, truncate in front, the front edge in -a line with the orbital process of the zygomatic arch. Grinders large, -compressed; the fifth and sixth upper behind the back edge of the -zygomatic arch. The grinders have compressed roots; some of them have a -very indistinct longitudinal groove on the side; the fifth upper grinder -has two distinct roots. The ear-bones scarcely prominent, with a flat -lower surface. Flap of toes moderate. - -I have not seen an adult skull of this genus. The skulls described are 10 -inches long, but the bones are not knit (see Cat. S. & W. p. 47, f. 17). - - Arctocephalus § II., _Gray_, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1859, p. 109. - - Phocarctos, _Gray_, _Ann. & Mag. N. H._ 1866, vol. xviii. p. - 234. - - Otaria (part.), _Allen_, _Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool._ ii. p. 44. - - -1. Phocarctos Hookeri. _The Southern Hair-Seal._ - - B.M. - -Fur brown-grey, slightly grizzled, pale, nearly white beneath; hairs -short, close-pressed, rather slender, flattened, black, with whitish -tips, the tips becoming longer on the under part of the sides; feet -reddish or black; whiskers black or whitish. - -Young pale yellow, varied with darker irregular patches; length 18 -inches. B.M. - - Arctocephalus Hookeri, _Gray_, _Zool. Erebus and Terror_, t. - 14, 15 (skull); _Cat. Seals B. M._ p. 45. f. 15; _P. Z. S._ - 1859, pp. 109, 360, _Cat. Seals and Whales B. M._ pp. 53, 54. - - Arctocephalus falklandicus, _Burmeister_, _Ann. & Mag. N. H._ - 1866, xviii. t. 9. f. 1, 2, 3, 4 (skull only). - - Otaria (Phocarctos) Hookeri, _Peters_, _Monatsb._ 1866, pp. 269 - & 671. - - Phocartos Hookeri, _Gray_, _Ann. & Mag. N. H._ 1866, vol. - xviii. p. 234 (the Hair-Seal of the sealers). - - Otaria jubata (part.), _Allen_, _Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool._ ii. p. - 45. - -Young or albino? entirely cream-coloured, about 2 feet long. - - Eared Seal, _Pennant, Quad._ ii. p. 278. - - Phoca flavescens, _Shaw, Gen. Zool._ i. p. 200, t. 73 (from - _Pennant_). - -Inhab. Falkland Islands and Cape Horn. - -Pennant, in his ‘Quadrupeds,’ describes an Eared Seal, rather more than -2 feet long, the whole body of which was covered with longish hair of a -whitish or cream-colour; it was brought from the Straits of Magellan, -and preserved in Parkinson’s Museum on the south side of Blackfriar’s -Bridge (see “Eared Seal,” Pennant’s Quad. ii. p. 278). Dr. Shaw, in his -‘General Zoology,’ gave the name of _Phoca flavescens_ to this species, -and figured it (i. p. 260, t. 73). - -This is very probably the young of the Hair-Seal of the Falklands, -described by me as _Arctocephalus Hookeri_, which is of a pale-yellowish -colour. Pennant does not mention the want of the under-fur. - -Dr. Burmeister observes:—“We have in the Museum [at Buenos Ayres] a young -half-grown specimen [of _Arctocephalus falklandicus_] nearly 3 feet long. -From this I have taken the skull, of which I send you a description and -drawings” (Ann. N. H. 1866, xviii. p. 99, t. 9. f. 1, 2, 3, 4). From -the comparison of the figures, and especially of the teeth and the form -of the palate, with our older skull of _Arctocephalus Hookeri_, I have -little doubt that it is the skull of a specimen of that species before -the grinders were all developed. It is not the skull of _Otaria jubata_, -which the other specimen he called _A. falklandicus_ is, as proved by the -form and position of the hinder nasal openings. The figure of the young -skull differs from the older skull of _A. Hookeri_ in the British Museum -in having a notch in the middle, while the older skull of _A. Hookeri_ -has a conical prominence in the same place. Such differences are found in -skulls of Seals at different ages. - -The skull of the young animal described and figured by Dr. Burmeister as -_Arctocephalus falklandicus_ (Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1866, xviii. p. 99, t. 9. -f. 1 & 2), is probably the young skull of this species. It agrees with -it in the elongated form of the skull, and in the large size and great -development of the processes of the orbits. - -Dr. Murie regards _Otaria Philippii_ as founded on the skull of this -species (P. Z. S. 1869, p. 108). - -Mr. Allen, on the contrary, includes _Otaria Hookeri_ as a synonym of -_Otaria jubata_. One could not have a better proof of the want that Mr. -Allen had of more materials when he undertook a revision of the family. - - -4. ARCTOCEPHALUS. - - Arctocephalus, _F. Cuvier, Peters_. - -The face of the skull elongate, forehead flat. The palate concave, -especially in front, with a thickened margin on each side near the teeth, -and then narrowed behind; the internal nasal opening elongate, longer -than broad, narrow and arched in front, the edge in a line with the -orbital process of the zygomatic arch, which is large and well developed. -Flap of toes moderate. - -In the adult skull of _A. antarctica_, from the Cape, the fifth hinder -grinder has only very short rounded callous roots, which are slightly -divided into two lobes; and the hinder sixth upper grinder seems to -have a root of the same character. But not having any skulls of younger -animals, I am not able to describe what are the forms of the roots of -these two teeth in the younger state. - -In the skulls of the older specimens (which are not adult, as they have -the sutures between the bones still distinct), the fifth and sixth upper -grinders have two distinct diverging roots. - - -* _The fifth and sixth upper grinders with two roots (?); the sixth upper -partly behind the hinder edge of the zygomatic arch._ Arctocephalus. -(Africa.) - - -1. Arctocephalus antarcticus. _The Cape Fur-Seal._ - - Phoca antarctica, _Thunb._, _Mém. Acad. Pétersb._ iii. p. 322; - _Fischer’s Synop._ p. 242. - - Arctocephalus schisthyperoës, _Turner_, _Journ. Anat._ 1868, p. - 113, f. ⸺. - - Arctocephalus schistuperus, _Günther_, _Zool. Record_, 1868, p. - 20. - - Arctocephalus antarcticus, _Gray_; _Allen_, _Bull. Mus. Comp. - Zool._ ii. p. 45. - - Arctocephalus Delalandii, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1859, t. 69 - (skull); _Ann. & Mag. N. H._ 1866, vol. xviii. p. 235; _Cat. S. - & W._ p. 52. - - Phoca ursina, _Cuvier_, _Oss. Foss._ t. 219. f. 5. - - Arctocephalus ursinus, _F. Cuvier_, _Mém. Mus._ vol. xi. p. - 205, t. 15, no. 1. _a_, _b_, _c_ (skull). - - Otaria ursina, _Nilsson_. - - Halarctus Delalandii, _Gill_, _l. c._ p. 7. - - Otaria (Arctocephalus) pusilla, _Peters_, _Monatsb._ 1866, pp. - 271 & 671. - - _Junior._ Petit Phoque, _Buffon_, _H. N._ xiii. t. 53, = Phoca - pusilla, _Schreb._ - -Inhab. South Africa, Cape of Good Hope. - -The two adult skulls in the British Museum differ greatly in the width -of the hinder nasal opening, in the form of the hinder lower lateral -processes of the occipital bone, in the form of the back of that bone, -and in the shape of the condyles. - -The skull from the Cape of Good Hope, in the Museum of the University -of Edinburgh, was described and figured by Dr. Turner under the name -of _Arctocephalus schisthyperoës_, in the ‘Journal of Anatomy and -Physiology,’ vol. iii. p. 113. The name is changed to _A. schistuperus_ -by Dr. Günther in the ‘Zoological Record’ for 1868, p. 20. It is -evidently the skull of a half-grown animal, with all its teeth developed, -but with the sutures of the bones still apparent. It agrees in every -respect with what I should expect to be the form and structure of the -skull of _Arctocephalus antarcticus_ from the Cape; but unfortunately the -two skulls of that Sea-bear from the Cape which are in the British Museum -are from old animals; and the specimen figured by Cuvier, Oss. Foss. -v. 220, t. 18. f. 5, is also adult. It differs from the skulls of the -two adult specimens of that species in the British Museum in the hinder -nasal aperture being much extended forwards and gradually tapering to a -point in front, which reaches to the transverse palato-maxillary suture. -This peculiarity in the form of the palate, which Prof. Turner has not -observed in any other seal-skull, seems to have induced him to regard it -as a distinct species. From the examination I have made of the skulls of -Seals in the Museum and other collections, I am induced to believe that -it is an individual abnormality of _Arctocephalus antarcticus_. I have -observed a similar malformation in the palates of two other species. -I was myself misled by their structure, before I met with the other -examples, to regard a skull with such a deformity as a distinct species. - -At one time I thought that it might be a peculiarity of the young state, -as it had up to that time only been observed in skulls of half-grown -animals. It occurs in half-grown specimens of _Euotaria nigrescens_; but -the skulls of the very young specimens of this Seal in the British Museum -have the front edge of the hinder nasal opening truncated and slightly -arched in form, with well-developed square palatine bones united by a -central suture just as in the adult, but broader and straighter. - -It was this observation that induced me to return to my original -opinion, that the skull which I had at first regarded as a young skull -of _Arctocephalus monteriensis_ (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859), and then as a -separate species under the name of _A. californianus_ (Cat. Seals and -Whales, p. 51), was only a monstrosity of _A. monteriensis_, as I did -in the Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1866, xviii. p. 232; and I am now induced -to believe that _Arctocephalus schisthyperoës_ is only an imperfectly -developed skull of _A. antarctica_. - -Dr. J. R. Forster, in Cook’s voyage in 1775, observed the Eared Seal at -the Cape of Good Hope, and called it _Phoca ursina_. Believing it to be -the same as the Sea-bear he had observed in New Zealand, Thunberg, in -his list of Cape Mammalia in the third volume of the ‘Transactions of -the St. Petersburg Academy,’ iii. 322, notices this animal under the -name of _Phoca antarctica_ (see Fischer, Syn. Mam. p. 242). Dr. Peters -has applied the name of _Otaria pusilla_ to this species, believing it -to be the _Petit Phoque_ of Buffon, which has been named _Phoca pusilla_ -by Schreber, and had before been named _Phoca parva_ by Boddaert. Buffon -says that it came either from India or the Levant; but it is not by its -description to be distinguished from a young specimen of almost any of -the species. It is as likely to have come from the Falkland Islands as -from the Cape, as the French had traffic with Les Iles Malouines, as they -call them. - -M. de Buffon describes a small Eared Seal, which he calls a “second -Phoque” (vol. xiii. p. 341, t. 43, where it is named “le petit Phoque”), -which, he was assured, came from India, but very probably came from the -Levant; and he considers it adult, because it has all its teeth. It is -only one-fifth of the size of the Seal of the European seas (Hist. Nat. -xiii. p. 344). He further speaks of it as “le petit Phoque noir des Indes -et du Levant” (p. 345). It is evidently a young Eared Seal. The figure is -probably from the skin, with the bones of the toes and jaws, presented -to the cabinet by M. Mauduit (mentioned at p. 433. n. 1273), and said to -have come from India. - -The specimen Buffon figured, then being in the Paris Museum, was thus -described by Cuvier (Oss. Foss. v. p. 220):—“Cet animal a deux pieds -de long; ses oreilles sont grandes et pointues; son pelage est fourré, -luisant, d’un brun noir très-foncé et a sa nuance blanchâtre. Le ventre -seul est brun-jaunâtre.” The teeth show that it is young. - -The figure and description of the _Petit Phoque_ of Buffon have had the -following names given to them:— - - Little Seal, _by Pennant and Shaw_. - Phoca pusilla, _Schreber_, _Säugeth_. 314 (_Peters_). - Phoca parva, _Bodd. Elench._ 78. - Otaria pusilla, _Desm. N. Dict._ - Otaria Peronii, _Desm. Mamm._ - -Fischer, in his ‘Synopsis,’ under _Phoca pusilla_, p. 252, gives the Cape -of Good Hope and Rotteness Island, on the coast of Australia, as the -habitat of the species. - -The description of Cuvier much more nearly fits that of the young -_Arctocephalus nigrescens_ from the Falkland Islands. The fur of the -young Cape Seal is dark, black above and below; the hairs are slender, -and brown (not whitish) at the base; and the underside is not yellowish -brown; so that it is very doubtful if it is the young of the Cape Seal. - -Dr. Peters, believing Buffon’s specimen to be a young Cape Seal, changed -the name of _Delalandii_ to _pusilla_. - -In the Museum are three states in flat skins:— - -1. Adult male, with slight mane, called in the sale-catalogue -“large-wig.” Fur whitish, with a few intermixed black hairs; under-fur -short, reddish. B.M. - -2. Adult, without the mane, called in the sale-catalogue “middling.” Fur -reddish white, grizzled with scattered black hairs; underside of the body -darker, reddish brown; under-fur short, reddish. B.M. - -3. Young, about 18 inches long, called in the sale-catalogue “black pup,” -from the Cape of Good Hope. Fur black, polished, soft, smooth, without -any grey tips, rather browner black beneath; under-fur brown, very -sparse; hairs slender, polished, black, with very slender brown bases. -B.M. - - -** _The fourth, fifth, and sixth upper grinders with two distinct -diverging roots: the fifth in a line with the hinder edge of the -zygomatic arch._ Euotaria. (America.) - - -2. Arctocephalus nigrescens. _The Southern Fur-Seal._ - - Arctocephalus nigrescens, _Gray_, _Zool. Erebus and Terror_, t. - ⸺; _P. Z. S._ 1850, pp. 109, 360; _Cat. Seals and Whales_, p. - 52; _Gerrard_, _Cat. of Bones_, p. 147. - - Arctocephalus (Euotaria) nigrescens, _Gray_, _Ann. & Mag. Nat. - Hist._ 1866, xviii. p. 236. - - Arctocephalus falklandicus, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 55; - _Allen_, _Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool._ ii. p. 45. - - Otaria (Arctocephalus?) falklandica, _Peters_, _Monatsb._ 1866, - p. 273. - - Otaria (Arctophoca) falklandica, _Peters_, _Monatsb._ pp. 371 & - 671. - - Otaria falklandica, _Sclater_, _P. Z. S._ 1868, p. 528; - _Abbott_, _P. Z. S._ 1868, p. 192. - - Otaria jubata (young), _B.M._ - - Euotaria nigrescens, _Gray_, _Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist._ 1868, p. - 104. - - Otaria nigrescens, _Murie_, _P. Z. S._ 1869, p. 106. - -Inhab. Falkland Islands, Volunteer Rock (_Capt. Abbott_). - -The two skulls of this species in the British Museum agree in most -particulars; but they differ considerably in the form of the hinder -nostrils. The larger one is without its upper teeth, but the forms of the -roots are well exhibited by their sockets; the front edge of the hinder -nasal opening is produced rather further forward, and is acutely angular. -The other skull, which is rather smaller and has the teeth in good -condition, has the hinder nasal opening with a slightly arched, nearly -truncated, front edge. - -Dr. Peters refers _Phoca falklandica_ (Shaw, Zool. i. p. 256) and _Otaria -falklandica_. (Hamilton, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1839, p. 81, t. 4; Jardine, -Nat. Lib. vi. p. 271, t. 25) to this species. But as neither Dr. Shaw nor -Dr. Hamilton describes the number or position of the teeth, it is not -possible to determine if this is the _Fur-Seal_ of the sealers, collected -at the Falkland Islands, more especially as the fact of the skull coming -from the Falkland Islands is not well ascertained. See the other synonyma -which have been established on the sealers’ descriptions and figures or -the skins collected for the furriers at the Falkland Islands (Gray, Cat. -Seals and Whales, pp. 55, 56). Dr. Hamilton, who prides himself on his -figure, represents the hind legs as extended behind: but they look very -awkward in that position, the stuffer having evidently had a difficulty -in extending them. - -The hair of _A. nigrescens_ is considerably longer than that of _A. -cinereus_, but not so harsh, the fur of the half-grown _A. nigrescens_ -being longer, sparse, flat, rather curled at the end, giving it a -crispness to the feel; while the hairs of the very young specimens are -abundant, nearly of equal length, forming an even coat that is soft and -smooth to the touch. - -Capt. Abbott’s young specimen in the British Museum chiefly differs from -the adult specimen in the same collection in the hairs being longer, more -erect, and with minute white tips, and in the face, throat, and chest -being rufous brown; but this reddish colour is common to the young of -several Sea-bears. - -The skulls from Desolation Island, on the south-west coast of Patagonia, -presented to the Anatomical Museum of the University of Edinburgh by the -late Professor Goodsir, evidently belong to _Euotaria nigrescens_, the -usual Fur-Seal of the Falkland Islands and other parts of the coast of -South-west America. Two of the skulls are from adult animals, are without -the lower jaws, and have only a few worn and broken teeth, having been -rolled on the beach. - -The other skull is of a young animal, exactly similar to the skull -of a young _Euotaria nigrescens_, n. 1013_e_, in the British-Museum -collection. The front edge of the hinder nostrils is as arched as in that -specimen; the teeth are rather more developed than in our skull; they -have a well-marked central lobe and a distinct small acute tubercle on -the front edge of the cingulum. - -The two adult skulls are very like the adult skull of _E. nigrescens_, -1013_d_, in the British Museum; but the opening of the internal nostrils -is narrower, and their front edge in one is not nearly so angular, and -in the other it is rather more arched than in either of the other two -skulls, showing that the size of the posterior nasal aperture and the -form of its front edge vary in different specimens of this species. - -The comparison of the young skull with the more adult one shows that the -grinders change their position considerably as regards the front edge of -the hinder nasal opening. In the young skull of _Euotaria nigrescens_ -the hinder end of the tooth-line is very near (not a quarter of an inch -from) a line level with the front edge of the internal nasal opening, -and the hinder part of the palate in front of the aperture is nearly as -broad as the middle of the palate: in the adult skull the hinder end of -the tooth-line is a full inch from the front edge of the internal nasal -opening, the hinder part of the palate is contracted toward the internal -nostril, and the internal nasal opening is lengthened and narrowed; but -the real position of the teeth, as compared with the front part of the -zygomatic arch, is little altered, though the form of the palate gives -them the appearance of being more changed than they really are. - -These skulls are interesting as showing that _Euotaria nigrescens_, like -_Otaria leonina_ and _Morunga elephantina_, is, or was, common to the -Falkland Islands and the west coast of South America. - -The chief character by which the adult skull of _Euotaria nigrescens_ -can be distinguished from the adult skull of _Arctocephalus antarcticus_ -is, that the hinder or fifth upper grinder and the penultimate or fourth -are placed rather in front of the hinder edge of the front part of the -zygomatic arch; but the position of the teeth is most distinctive in the -skull of the young animal, and loses much of its importance in comparing -old skulls together, unless the skulls and teeth are very accurately -compared; and even then the distinction is more imaginary than real. - -I cannot understand Capt. Abbott’s account of this species. He says -that “the full-grown Seal is about the size of the common English Seal. -The largest skin I have ever seen I do not think measured more than 4 -feet in length, perhaps hardly so much. The hair differs in colour, -being sometimes grey, and at other times of a brownish tint; that of -the young is of a darker brown colour.” All this agrees better with -the true _O. falklandica_; but yet he says the skin of his half-grown -specimen is now in the British Museum, and that skin is undoubtedly -_Euotaria nigrescens_. Has Mr. Abbott confounded the two species in his -mind? Or did he forget the animal? for he informed me that there were no -Sea-elephants now living on the island. (P. Z. S. 1868, p. 190.) - -“The bones of the pectoral limb of the Fur-Seal of commerce differ from -those of the Sea-lion.”—_Murie_, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 109. - -See Lecomte’s account of the habits of these animals, P. Z. S. 1869, p. -106. - -The British Museum contains the skin and skull of a large blackish -Eared Seal, nearly 6 feet long, that was purchased of a dealer as “a -Fur-Seal from the Falkland Islands;” but, as the dealers seem always to -give that as the habitat for all seal-skins with a distinct under-coat -that come into their possession, I have quoted the habitat with doubt. -When occupied in describing the Seals of the southern hemisphere for -the ‘Voyage of the Erebus and Terror,’ I named the Seal _Arctocephalus -nigrescens_, and had the skull figured under that name; but the plate has -not yet been published, though copies of it have been given to Dr. Peters -and other zoologists. In the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ -for 1859, pp. 109, 360, and in the ‘Catalogue of Seals and Whales,’ I -described the skull of this species. There is also in the Museum a skull -of a younger animal of the same species. - -Capt. Abbott, in 1866, sent to the British Museum a large and a small -Seal from the Falkland Islands. The large one was examined and determined -to be the southern Sea-lion (_Otaria jubata_). The small one, nearly 3 -feet long, was very similar in external appearance; and as the teeth, -which could be seen without extracting the skull, showed that it was a -young animal, it was regarded as the young of the Sea-lion, and it was -stuffed without extracting the skull, and labelled as such. This specimen -has been examined by several zoologists, among the rest by Dr. Peters, -when engaged with his paper on Eared Seals, and has passed unchallenged -until this time, thus showing how difficult it is to distinguish these -animals by their external characters alone. - -Capt. Abbott, who is now residing in England, informed me that the -smaller specimen was the Fur-Seal of the Falkland Islands, that it grows -to about half as long again as the specimen sent, and that the old males -are grey from the tips of the hairs. I have therefore had the skull -extracted from the specimen; and there is no doubt that it is quite -distinct from the Sea-lion (_Otaria jubata_); and, on more careful -examination of the skin, I have little doubt, from the colour and the -character of the fur, that it is a young specimen of the Seal that I -described as _Arctocephalus nigrescens_. It is interesting as confirming -the accuracy of the habitat that I received with that specimen, and which -until this time I considered doubtful, as Pennant and others describe the -Falkland Island Fur-Seal as grey, and white beneath. - -Dr. Peters, on the authority of this habitat (which I have always quoted -with doubt), has given the name of _Arctophoca falklandica_ to the animal -and skull on which I had established my _Arctocephalus nigrescens_. - -In the British Museum there is the skin of a very young Seal, which was -presented by Sir John Richardson as the Falkland Island Fur-Seal, with -the observation appended that the adult is 5 feet long, and its skin is -worth fifteen dollars. It is without its skull. The fur of this young -Seal is dark brown, reddish beneath, and very like that of the young -specimen sent by Capt. Abbott; but the hairs are smoother, and the -white tips to them are longer and more marked, giving the animal a more -grizzled appearance. - -There is another young Eared Seal, very like the former, which was -received with General Hardwicke’s Collection (who, no doubt, purchased -it of a dealer), said to have come from the Cape of Good Hope. I suspect -this habitat must be erroneous; for it is very unlike what I recollect -of the young Cape Eared Seals, which are called “Black Dogs,” on account -of the blackness of their colour. Unfortunately we have no specimen of -the latter in the Museum collection. General Hardwicke’s specimen only -differs from Sir John Richardson’s in being less punctulated with white; -fewer hairs have a white tip, and the tip is shorter. - -Both these young specimens differ from the half-grown one obtained from -Capt. Abbott, in the fur being softer and smooth to the touch; and Capt. -Abbott’s specimen differs from the adult in the length and greater -crispness of its fur, the fur of the old one being harsh and hard and -closer pressed. - -In the first essay, Dr. Peters places _Phoca falklandica_, Shaw, and -_Otaria nigrescens_ together, with doubt, observing that one was known -from the skin, and the other by the skull, overlooking the fact that -the name _nigrescens_ implied that I had seen the colour of the fur, -which was not that given by Shaw to his animal; in his second essay, Dr. -Shaw’s, Dr. Burmeister’s, and my animal are all classed together without -any doubt. - -The skull of Capt. Abbott’s Fur-Seal from the Falkland Islands shows that -it was a very young animal, which had only developed its first grinders, -the permanent series being developed below them. The tentorium is bony -and well developed. The teeth are the same in position and number as -they are in the adult skull; and the upper ones, as far as developed, -are small and conical, except the fifth upper grinder, which is largest, -triangular, with a single subconical lobe on the base of the hinder -edge of the cone. The lower canines are small, scarcely larger than the -cutting-teeth, which are nearly uniform in size. The lower grinders are -of a much larger size than the upper ones in the adult skull, as if they -belonged to the permanent series: they are of the same form as the teeth -in adult skulls; but the central cone is higher and more acute, and the -anterior and posterior lobes at the base of the cone are more developed -and acute, the lobes of the last or fifth grinder being larger and rather -on the inner surface of the tooth. - -The skull of Capt. Abbott’s animal is evidently not the same as the -skull of a young Eared Seal described and figured by Dr. Burmeister as -the skull of _Arctocephalus falklandicus_ from the mouth of the Rio de -la Plata, in the Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xviii. p. 99, t. 9, -which, from the appearance of the grinders, I suspect is the young skull -of _Phocarctos Hookeri_, the Hair-Seal of the Falkland Islands. There is -a considerable difference in the proportions of the skull sent by Capt. -Abbott from those of the one figured by Dr. Burmeister. In Capt. Abbott’s -specimen the brain-case, from the back edge of the orbit to the occiput, -is as long as the length of the face, from the same edge of the orbit to -the end of the nose. In Dr. Burmeister’s figure, the face from the same -point is much longer than the brain-case. - - -*** _Fourth, fifth, and sixth upper grinders with two diverging roots; -the fifth upper grinder entirely behind the hinder edge of the zygomatic -arch. The palate narrow._ Gypsophoca. (Australia.) - - -3. Arctocephalus cinereus. _Australian Fur-Seal._ - - Otaria (Arctocephalus) cinerea, _Peters_, _Monatsb._ 1866, pp. - 272 & 671. - - Arctocephalus nigrescens, _b_ & _c_, _Gerrard_, _Cat. Bones - B.M._ p. 147. - - Black Seal, Otaria, _Cat. Sidney Museum_, ii. p. 36. - - Arctocephalus cinereus, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals and Whales_, p. 56; - _Ann. & Mag. N. H._ 1866, xviii. p. 236; _Allen_, _Bull. Mus. - Comp. Zool._ ii. p. 45. - -Inhab. Australia (_John Macgillivray_). - -Black, greyer beneath; under-fur abundant, reddish brown. - -There are the stuffed skin, with its skull, and the bones of the face of -another young specimen of this Seal in the British Museum, collected in -the Australasian Sea by Mr. John Macgillivray. - -According to the observations of Dr. Peters, founded on the examination -of the typical skulls, _Otaria ursina_ of Nilsson and _Otaria Lemarii_ -of J. Müller (Arch. f. Naturg. 1841, p. 334) include the _Arctocephalus -antarcticus_ from South Africa and _A. cinereus_ of Australia. - -_Otaria Stelleri_ of Schlegel (Fauna Japonica, t. 22. f. 55) includes -both the Australian Eared Seals, viz. _Arctocephalus cinereus_ and -_Neophoca lobata_; and it is quite distinct from the _Otaria Stelleri_ of -Lesson and T. Müller, which is a combination of the Sea-bear and Sea-lion -of Steller (that is to say, _Eumetopias Stelleri_ and _Callorhinus -ursinus_). - -The males of these animals are described as twice as long and broad -(that is, four times as large) as the females. This may explain the -difference in size of the skulls from the same localities. - -The fur changes its colour as the animal grows, the young being generally -black; and the adult males and females also differ considerably in the -colour of the fur. - -The skulls of the following species are not known:— - - -4. Arctocephalus Forsteri. - -Grinders 6/5·6/5, conical. - - Arctocephalus Fosteri, _Fischer_; _Gray_, _Ann. & Mag. Nat. - Hist._ 1868, i. p. 219. - - Phoca ursina, _J. R. Forster_. - -Inhab. Cloudy Bay, New Zealand. - -This animal is only known from Dr. Forster’s description and figure. - -Mr. Allen observes, “I can see no evidence of the New-Zealand Fur-Seal -(of Forster) being specifically distinct from the Fur-Seal of Australia, -_A. cinereus_ (auct.).”—_Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool._ ii. p. 15. - -At the same time Mr. Allen ventures to remark, “perhaps the _A. cinereus_ -and the _A. antarcticus_ are to be referred to the _A. falklandicus_, in -which case the habitat of this species is the southern seas generally” -(Bull. Comp. Zool. ii. p. 45): but he does not seem to have had specimens -of any of the three species; otherwise I do not think he would have -ventured upon the observation. - -Unfortunately, having no skull or other parts of the Lion Seal of the -Auckland Islands (the most southern of the New-Zealand group), we are -not able to determine whether it is the same species as the Sea-lion -of the southern end of the American continent (_Otaria jubata_), or -whether it is the Sea-lion of the southern end of the African continent -(_Arctocephalus antarcticus_), or the Sea-lion of the Northern Australian -Seas (_Neophoca lobata_). - - -5. Arctocephalus falklandicus. - -Fur very soft, elastic; hairs very short, exceedingly close, slender at -the base, thicker above, with close reddish under-fur nearly as long -as the hair; the upper surface pale, nearly uniform grey, minutely -punctulated with white; hairs brown, upper half black, with minute white -tips. The nose, cheeks, temples, throat, chest, sides, and underside of -the body yellowish white. - - Falkland Seal, _Penn._ _Quad._ ii. - - Phoca falklandica, _Shaw_, _Gen. Zool._ i. p. 256 (from - _Pennant_). - - Otaria falklandica, _Desm. Mamm._ p. 252 (from _Pennant_; not - _Peters_ or _Burmeister_). - - Otaria Shawii, _Lesson_, _Dict. Class. d’H. N._ xiii. p. 424 - (from _Pennant_). - - Arctocephalus falklandicus, _Gray_, _Cat. Mam. in Brit. Mus., - Seals_, p. 42; _Ann. & Mag. N. H._ 1868, i. p. 103. - - Fur-Seal of Commerce (Otaria falklandica), _Hamilton_, _Ann. & - Mag. N. H._ 1838, ii. p. 81, t. 41; _Jardine_, _Nat. Lib._ vi. - p. 271, t. 25 (not _Peters_). - - Otarie de Péron, _Blainville_, _Journ. de Physique_, xci. p. - 298; _Cuvier_, _Oss. Fossiles_, v. p. 220. - - Otaria Houvillii, _Lesson_, _Dict. Class. d’H. N._ xiii. 425. - - Phoca Houvillii, _Fischer_, _Syn. Mam._ p. 154. These three - names are all from the same animal. - -Inhab. Falkland Islands (_Abbott_; _B.M._); New Georgia. - -This is a most distinct species, and easily known from all the other -Fur-Seals in the British Museum by the evenness, shortness, closeness, -and elasticity of the fur, and the length of the under-fur. The fur is -soft enough to wear as a rich fur without the removal of the longer -hairs, which are always removed in the other Fur-Seals. Unfortunately the -specimen is without any skull; and therefore I cannot give a description -of the teeth, or refer it to any of the restricted genera of _Otariadæ_. - -Mr. R. Hamilton, in the ‘Annals of Natural History’ for 1838, ii. p. 81, -t. 4, gives the history of the Fur-Seals of commerce and the method of -catching them; and he deposited two specimens in the Museum of Edinburgh, -which had been procured by Capt. Weddel. Mr. Abbott having informed me -that what I had described under the name of _Arctocephalus falklandicus_ -is not now found in the Falkland Islands, and Mr. Bartlett having shown -me an imperfect skin of the same species, which he had obtained from -a fur-monger, who informed him that such fur-skins were only received -from the Arctic part of the Pacific Ocean, I was induced to request Mr. -Archer, director of the Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art, to allow me -to examine the Seals described by Mr. Hamilton, which, on examination, -proved to be my _Arctocephalus falklandicus_, only differing from the -Museum specimen in the fur being considerably darker and harsher; and, -from Capt. Weddel’s account as given in the ‘Annals,’ these specimens -came from South Georgia or South Shetland. These Seals, which were -brought from the Antarctic Ocean, may formerly have inhabited the -Falkland Islands, and, like the Sea-lion found there by Pernetty, have -been destroyed or driven away. _Arctocephalus Hookeri_ is said to be now -found in the Antarctic Ocean and the Falkland Islands. In that case it -may be the Falkland-Island Seal of Pennant. - -The _A. falklandicus_ is very like the Fur-Seal from Australia (_H. -cinereus_) in the length of the under-fur as compared with the length of -the hairs, and also in the colour of the under-fur and hair; but the fur -is much softer, and its general colour is much darker, both above and -below. - -Pennant describes the “Falkland-Island Seal” from a specimen 4 feet -long, in the museum of the Royal Society, thus:—“Hair short, cinereous, -tipped with dirty white;” “grinders conoid, with a small process on one -side near the base.” It is to this description that Dr. Shaw applied the -name of _Phoca falklandica_ (Gen. Zool. i. p. 256). This agrees with -a specimen in the Museum in all particulars. It certainly is not the -dark blackish-brown Seal which I have described as the _Arctocephalus -nigrescens_, and which Dr. Peters calls _O. falklandica_. - -I sent a piece of the fur of this Seal to Dr. Peters to be compared -with the fur of _O. Philippii_. He observes, “They appear to be quite -different; the wool of _O. falklandica_ is fair and has more similarity -in colour to the young of _O. cinerea_. The wool of _O. Philippii_ is -entirely ferruginous red, and the longer hairs are stiffer and have a -much shorter grey tip than in _O. falklandica_.” - - -6. Arctocephalus? nivosus. _Cape Hair-Seal._ - - B.M. - -Fur very short, close-pressed, black, varied with close, small, often -confluent, white spots; underside of the neck with a few scattered white -hairs; belly red-brown (nearly bay); hairs short, thick, of one colour -to the base; under-fur none, except a very few hairs on the crown of the -head. Skull unknown. - - Arctocephalus? nivosus, _Ann. & Mag, N. H._ 1868, i. p. 219. - -Inhab. Cape of Good Hope. B.M. - -Length of skin nearly 8 feet; but stretched and flattened. - -Dr. Murie (P. Z. S. 1869, p. 108) says that this is only a variety, -seasonal, sexual, or of a different age from the specimens hitherto -obtained. - -Mr. Allen adopts this view, never having seen the specimen, but changes -the phrase into “a previously known species” (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ii. -p. 18); but neither of them mentions the species to which he refers it. - -But surely Mr. Allen does not mean that it is only a variety of the skins -which were received with it from the Cape of Good Hope; for, if that were -the case, the species would belong to one of his subfamilies, and the -variety to the other. - -In the form and length of the hair it is very different from -_Arctocephalus antarcticus_; and it is almost destitute of under-fur, -except on the crown of the head. - - -Tribe IV. _ZALOPHINA._ - -Grinders 5/5·5/5, large, thick, in a close continuous series; the fifth -upper in front of the back edge of the zygomatic arch. - -In the younger skull the grinders are placed rather further back, the -hinder part of the upper grinder being behind the back edge of the -zygomatic arch. The grinders all single-rooted, as the last or sixth -grinder in each jaw, which is generally two-rooted, is absent. The face -of the skull is considerably produced, and the forehead is flat. - - Zalophina, _Gray_, _Ann, & Mag. N. H._ 1869, iv. p. 269. - - -5. ZALOPHUS. - -Palate concave, narrow in front, wider at the line of the last grinder, -and then contracted behind. The hinder nares narrow, elongate, twice -as long as wide, acutely arched in front, front edge in a line with the -front edge of the orbital process of the malar bone. Under-fur sparse. - - Zalophus, _Gill_; _Peters_; _Gray_, _Ann. & Mag. N. H._ 1866, - xviii. p. 231. - - Arctocephalus § _b_**, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 55. - - -1. Zalophus Gilliespii. _Californian Hair-Seal._ - - Otaria Gilliespii, _Macbain_. - - Arctocephalus Gilliespii, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1859, t. 70 - (skull); _Cat. S. & W._ p. 55. - - Zalophus Gilliespii, _Gray_, _Ann. & Mag. N. H._ 1866, xviii. - p. 231; _Allen_, _Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool._ ii. pp. 33 & 44; - _Gill_, _Proc. Essex Inst._ 1866, v. p. 13. - - Arctocephalus (Zalophus) Gilliespii, _Peters_, _Monatsb._ 1866, - pp. 275 & 671. - - ? Otaria Stelleri, _Schlegel_, fide _Peters_. - -Inhab. North Pacific, South California (Brit. Mus.); Japan (fide -_Peters_). - -I have not seen any skull or specimens from Japan; so that I am not quite -sure that the specimens from the coast of Asia are the same as those from -the west coast of America. - - -6. NEOPHOCA. - -Palate concave, broad, as broad before as at the hinder part of the -tooth-line, then rather suddenly contracted. The hinder nares broad, -rather longer than broad, with the front edge broadly arched, which is -further back than the front edge of the orbital process of the zygomatic -arch, or malar bone, which is thick and flat. Fur with very little -under-fur. Flap of toes moderate. - - Arctocephalus § _b_***, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 57. - - Otaria, § Zalophus (part.), _Peters_. - - Neophoca, _Gray_, _Ann. & Mag. N. H._ 1866, xviii. p. 231. - - -1. Neophoca lobata. _Australian Hair-Seal._ - - Arctocephalus lobatus, _Gray_, _Spic. Zool._ 1828, t. 4. f. 2 - (teeth); _Cat. S. & W._ p. 50; _Zool. E. & T. Mamm._ t. 16, 17. - f. 3-5 (skull); _Gould_, _Mamm. Austr._ iii. t. 49; _Peters_. - - Otaria australis, _Quoy & Gaim._ _Astrol._ t. 14, 15. f. 3, 4 - (skull). - - Arctocephalus australis, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 57. - - Neophoca lobatus, _Gray_, _Ann. & Mag. N. H._ 1866, xviii. p. - 231. - - Otaria (Zalophus) lobata, _Peters_, _Monatsbr._ 1866 pp. 276 & - 671. - - Zalophus lobatus, _Allen_, _Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool._ ii. p. 44. - -The upper grinders all single-rooted, the root of the last two (the -fourth and fifth) being rather compressed, with an obscure central -longitudinal groove on the inner side; the first two grinders of the -lower jaw with oblong, the last three with compressed roots, and the -fourth and fifth with a slight longitudinal groove on the side. - -In the younger skulls the roots of the grinders are more oblong, less -compressed, and do not show the lateral grooves, as far as the teeth can -be seen without being drawn from the sockets. In the front part of the -younger skull, which was received from Mr. Gould, the teeth are placed -rather further back than in the adult skull from North Australia received -from Capt. Grey, the hinder part of the fifth tooth being behind the back -edge of the zygomatic arch. - -Mr. Allen thinks that this is undoubtedly the _O. cinerea_ of Desmarest, -from Péron; but it is not the _O. cinerea_ of Quoy & Gaimard (see obs. on -Péron’s Seal in the Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 57). - - -Tribe V. _EUMETOPIINA._ - -Grinders 5/5·5/5, more or less far apart; the hinder upper behind the -hinder edge of the zygomatic arch, and separated from the other grinders -by a concave space. - - Eumetopiina, _Gray_, _Ann. & Mag. N. H._ 1869, iv. p. 269. - - -7. EUMETOPIAS. - - Eumetopias, _Gill_, _Peters_. - - Arctocephalus § _a_***, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 51. - -Fur without any under-fur. Palate flattish or rather concave in front, as -wide in front as at the end of the tooth-line, and then slightly narrowed -behind. Posterior nares oblong, elongate, broadly truncated in front, the -front edge being behind the line of the orbital process of the zygomatic -arch. The grinders have large oblong roots; the second, third, and fourth -upper ones have a subcentral longitudinal groove on the outer side, and -a less marked one on their inner surface; the inner side of all but the -first of the lower ones are similarly grooved; the fifth upper grinder -(or, more properly, the sixth in the normal series) has two distinct -roots. The lower jaw much more elongate than that of _Otaria jubata_, the -hinder angle more oblique, and the lower margin long and straight. Flap -of toes short. - -The skull of the young animal, which was sent by Mr. A. S. Taylor to -Mr. Gurney from California, and which I first described, with doubt, as -_Arctocephalus monteriensis_, junior (P. Z. S. 1859, p. 357), and which -in the ‘Catalogue of Seals and Whales’ I named _A. californianus_ (see p. -51), agrees in every respect in its dentition with the large skull which -we received from California, and which I described and figured as _A. -monteriensis_ (P. Z. S. 1859, p. 358, t. 72); but it differs greatly in -the form of the hinder nares, which are extended much more forwards, so -that the front end, which is very narrow and acute, is much in front of -the prominence of the orbit of the zygomatic arch, being, in fact, about -in a line with the middle of the lower edge of the orbital cavity. - -This skull is evidently that of a very young animal; for the bones are -separate; but it has the same number and disposition of the teeth as the -large skull. There is the same wide space between the fourth and fifth -upper grinders; but there is at the back edge of the fourth grinder, on -the right side of the skull, a small pit, from which, no doubt, a small -rudimentary tooth has fallen out; and there is a much wider but shallow -pit on the other side, which may have been produced by the loss of a -rudimentary tooth; the last upper grinder has a large swollen undivided -root. If this is a young skull of _Eumetopias monteriensis_, that species -is curious for having the teeth in the old and young skulls in the same -situation as regards the bones of the face. - -The adult skull and the young one were from the same locality, and, I -believe, collected by the same person; and this being the case, I am -inclined to regard them as the same, only showing a curious peculiarity -in the growth of the animal, and also showing that the form and position -of the hinder nostril probably varies as the animal increases in age. - -Mr. Gill considers Steller’s Sea-bear (_Callorhinus ursinus_) to be the -type of M. F. Cuvier’s genus _Arctocephalus_, and therefore abolishes -_Callorhinus_ and gives the new name of _Halarctus_ to the true -_Arctocephali_—thus unnecessarily adding to the confusion of the generic -names of these animals. He fell into this mistake by not observing that -_Phoca ursina_, and even _Otaria ursina_, had been applied to several -species from very different localities, that F. Cuvier established his -genus on the skull of _P. ursina_ of Forster, from the Cape, which he (M. -Cuvier) had named _Phoca Delalandii_, and that F. Cuvier does not figure -a skull of the Sea-bear of Steller: indeed the French collection did not -at that time, nor does it even now, possess one; and I feel assured that, -if it had, F. Cuvier would, according to his custom, have established for -it a genus distinct from _Arctocephalus_, the skulls of the two genera -being of such distinct forms. - - -1. Eumetopias Stelleri. _Northern Sea-lion or Fur-Seal._ - - Arctocephalus monteriensis, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & W._ p. 49; - _P. Z. S._ 1859, t. 72 (skull). - - Eumetopias californiana, _Gill_, _Proc. Essex Inst._ 1866, v. - p. 13. - - Otaria Stelleri, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 60; _Peters_; - _Müller_? - - Otaria (Eumetopias) Stelleri, _Peters_, _Monatsb._ 1866, pp. - 274 & 671. - - Eumetopias Stelleri, _Gray_, _Ann. & Mag._ 1866, vol. xviii. - p. 233; _Allen_, _Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool._ vol. ii. pp. 44, 46, - tab. 1 & 2 (skull &c.). - - Leo marinus, _Steller_. - - Phoca jubata, _Pander & D’Alton_, t. 3. f. _d_, _e_, _f_ - (skull, not good). - - _Junior._ Arctocephalus californianus, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ - p. 51 (skull only). - -Inhab. California; Behring’s Straits. - -The skin of the young specimen which Mr. Gurney gave to the Museum along -with what was said by Mr. Taylor to be its skull (see ‘Cat. Seals & -Whales,’ p. 51) was the only skin then known to exist in museums; and -consequently I described the fur of the genus from this skin as having -abundant under-fur (see Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 358). Dr. Peters having -discovered Pander and D’Alton’s animal and skull in the Paris Museum, he -observed that the adult animal was entirely without under-fur—a fact -which has been confirmed by Mr. Allen, who suggests that the skin of -the young received from Monterey is the skin of the young _Eumetopias -Stelleri_, which, I think, is very probable. But this only shows the -difficulties that must occur in the study of animals from the very -imperfect materials which until lately existed. - -The Sea-lion of Steller has been one of the zoological paradoxes. -Professor Nilsson, like most preceding authors, regarded it as a variety -of the _Otaria jubata_; and therefore I supposed it might be a second -species of the restricted genus _Otaria_. Dr. Peters has solved the -enigma by uniting it and the Seal which I described from California, -observing that the skull in the Berlin Museum, figured by D’Alton under -the name of “Steller’s Sea-lion” (_Phoca jubata_), was received from -Kamtschatka, and a second skull of an old male in the Berlin Museum was -received from Mr. Brandt as coming from Behring’s Straits. - -The figure of Pander and D’Alton is so imperfect that it would have been -impossible to determine the species it represents without the examination -of the original skull; and then one sees that it may have been intended -for the species to which it is referred. The same observation is -applicable to the figure of the skull of Steller’s Sea-bear. - -It is to be regretted that these skulls escaped the researches of -Professor Nilsson, who visited most museums in Europe to examine the -typical specimens. - -The specimen of _Callorhinus ursinus_ now in the Museum was received from -St. Petersburg as _Otaria leonina_, or _Leo marinus_ of Steller, from -Behring’s Straits; so they evidently confound two species under that name. - - -8. ARCTOPHOCA. - - Arctophoca, _Peters_. - -Dr. Peters described this subgenus from a specimen sent from Chili by Dr. -Philippi. It chiefly differs from _Zalophus_ in the palate being much -narrower, but rather wider behind, and the teeth rather far apart. I have -not seen any skull agreeing with these characters. - -“With abundant under-fur.” - -According to figures, the form of the skull and the large size of the -orbit are very similar to those of _Phocarctos Hookeri_, but the number -and form of the teeth are different. - -In the ‘Monatsbericht,’ May 1866, p. 276, t. 2. _a_, _b_, _c_, Dr. Peters -described and figured with considerable detail a skull of a Sea-bear -(sent to the Berlin Museum by Dr. Philippi, who obtained it at Juan -Fernandez Island) under the name of _Otaria Philippi_, forming for it -a subgenus which he calls _Arctophoca_. In his revision of that paper, -published in the same work for November 1866, p. 671, he places it as a -synonym or subspecies of what he calls _Otaria falklandica_, which is my -_Arctocephalus nigrescens_, and not the _Otaria falklandica_ of Shaw -nor the _O. falklandica_ of Burmeister as Dr. Peters supposes, as I have -shown above. In this paper he removes _Otaria falklandica_ (that is, -_nigrescens_) from the subgenus _Phocarctos_, to which he referred it in -his first paper, and places it in his subgenus _Arctophoca_. - - -1. Arctophoca Philippii. _Chilian Fur-Seal._ - - Otaria (Arctophoca) Philippii, _Peters_, _Monatsbericht_, May - 1866, p. 276, t. 2 (skull), September 1866, p. 671. - - Otaria Hookeri, var., _Murie_, _P. Z. S._ 1869, p. 108! - -Inhab. Juan Fernandez Island (_Philippi_; in Mus. Berl.). - -Above black-grey, more greyish yellow on the head and neck, brownish -black _beneath_; the base of the limbs of a rusty brown, shining; lips -and lower jaw principally rusty brown; hair of beard in six rows, partly -black, partly quite white, partly black with white base. The outbristling -(prominent bristly) pointed hairs are rusty brown at the base, black -at the end, on the back mostly with very short rusty-yellowish points, -and on the head and neck with somewhat longer ones. On the sides of the -belly the ends of the coarser pointed hairs are either uniformly brownish -black, or are very short rusty-red ones. The thick under-hair is rusty -red. The hairs on the upper surface of the neck are 22 millims. long; -those on the middle of the back 18, and those on the middle of the belly -11 to 12. The dense short hair on the back of the hand extends only to -the _middle_ of the same, not extending to the ends of the fingers, the -ends of which are furnished with very small nails. In like manner, the -very similar hair on the back of the foot does not extend to the last -“Phalangen?” of the middle toe. The nail of the large outer toe is small, -flat, and cut off short outside; that of the fifth inner toe is a little -larger and cut off abruptly on the inner side. The very developed long -nails of the three centre toes are of the form of keeled tegulæ, and -remote along their whole length by the emarginations of the skin of the -foot. The skin-flaps of the foot are equally long; and usually those of -the centre toes are much smaller than the side ones, of which the outside -one (the great toe) is the broadest. The scrotum, under the anus, is -bare.—_Peters_, _l. c._ p. 277. - -I have not seen this skull; but I believe the alteration Dr. Peters made -in his second paper is a mistake. The figure of the skull of his _Otaria -Philippii_ has no resemblance to the skull of my _O. nigrescens_. It -is more nearly allied to the skull of _O. Stelleri_ from California, -agreeing with it in having a vacant space with a pit in the bone between -the fourth and fifth upper grinders on each side, looking as if a -grinder had fallen out and the cavity had been filled up. The subgenus -_Arctophoca_ of Dr. Peters’s first essay, not as modified in his second -one to contain _O. falklandica_ (_nigrescens_), chiefly differs from -Gill’s genus _Eumetopias_ (which was formed on my description and figure -of the skull of _O. Stelleri_ or _californiana_) in the fifth upper -grinder not being so far back, but in a line with the back edge of the -orbital process of the zygomatic arch instead of far behind it, as it is -in _Eumetopias_. - -Dr. Murie, most curiously, considers the skull described by Dr. Peters to -be the same as I have described as _O. Hookeri_ (P. Z. S. 1869, p. 108). - -Dr. Burmeister considered it _O. falklandica_ of Shaw; and Mr. Allen -(Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. vol. ii. p. 13) agrees in this opinion; but -further on (p. 15) he observes that both Dr. Gray and Dr. Murie have -“evidently overlooked the fact that Dr. Peters expressly states that _O. -Philippii_ has a _thick under-fur_, whereas both the _O. Stelleri_ and -the _O. Hookeri_ are true _hair_ Seals.” But, in fact, this statement is -a mistake as regards me; I never said that _O. Philippii_ was the same -as _O. Stelleri_, but only that its skull was most nearly allied to it, -which I still maintain. - - * * * * * - -_Antarctic Ocean and South Seas._ - - Otaria jubata. _S. America and islands._ - Phocarctos Hookeri. - Arctocephalus nigrescens. - A. falklandicus. - Arctophoca Philippii. _S. America._ - Arctocephalus antarcticus. _Africa._ - A. nivosus. _Africa._ - A. cinereus. _Australia._ - A. Forsteri. _New Zealand._ - Neophoca lobata. _Australia._ - -_North Pacific and West Arctic Ocean._ - - Callorhinus ursinus. _West coast of America._ - Zalophus Gilliespii. _West coast of America and Japan?_ - Eumetopias Stelleri. _West coast of America._ - - - - -Order CETACEA. - - -Teeth all similar, conical, sometimes not developed. Palate often -furnished with transverse plates of baleen or whalebone. Body -fish-shaped, smooth, bald. Limbs clawless; fore limbs fin-shaped; hinder -united, forming a forked horizontal fin. Nostrils enlarged into blowers. -Teats two, inguinal.—Carnivorous. - -They may be divided by the form of the pectoral fin, thus:— - -I. _Pectoral fin broad, truncated or rounded at the end; fingers -5, shorter than the arm-bones, subequal, gradually shorter in the -series._—BALÆNIDÆ, CATODONTIDÆ, SUSOIDEA, ORCADÆ, BELUGIDÆ, PONTOPORIADÆ, -HYPEROODONTIDÆ, EPIODONTIDÆ, ZIPHIIDÆ. - -II. _Pectoral fin elongate, obliquely truncated on the inner side; -fingers 5, elongate, longer than the arm-bones, the second and third much -longer than the rest._—INIIDÆ, DELPHINIDÆ, GRAMPIDÆ, GLOBIOCEPHALIDÆ. - -III. _Pectoral fin elongate, truncated on the inner side; fingers 4, -subequal, more or less elongate._—AGAPHÆLIDÆ, MEGAPTERIDÆ, PHYSALIDÆ, -BALÆNOPTERIDÆ. - -By the adhesion or non-adhesion of the cervical vertebræ, thus:— - -1. Atlas distinct, the other six cervical vertebræ united by their bodies -and spines into a single mass. - -_Mysticetes._ - -_Denticetes._ - - CATODONTIDÆ. - GRAMPIDÆ. - -2. Atlas and cervical vertebræ all united into one solid mass. - - BALÆNIDÆ. - BALÆNOPTERIDÆ. - PHYSETERIDÆ. - HYPEROODONTIDÆ - (?) ZIPHIIDÆ. - -3. The atlas, axis, and generally one or two other vertebræ united; the -hinder ones sometimes free. - - MEGAPTERIDÆ. - EPIODONTIDÆ. - ? ZIPHIIDÆ. - DELPHINIDÆ. - GLOBIOCEPHALIDÆ. - ORCADÆ. - -4. Atlas and the other cervical vertebræ entirely free. - - PHYSALIDÆ. - AGAPHELIDÆ. - PLATANISTIDÆ. - INIIDÆ. - PONTOPORIADÆ. - BELUGIDÆ. - - -Section I. MYSTICETE (_cf._ p. 57). - - Mysticete, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales B. M._ pp. 61, 68; - _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 1. - - Mystacoceti or Balænoidea, _Flower_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. p. - 110. - -Head large, depressed. Teeth rudimentary; they never cut the gums. Palate -with transverse, fringed, horny plates of baleen. Nostrils separate, -longitudinal. Gullet very contracted. Tympanic bones simple, large, -cochleate, attached to an expanding periotic bone, which forms part of -the skull. - -The baleen of the different Whales may be divided by its structure, by -its form, and by its colour. The form and structure often go together. - -The baleen consists of two parts:—1, the outer layer, called the enamel -coat; and, 2, the central fibres, which form the fringe on the inner edge -of the blade: both are well seen in cross sections under the microscope. -The outer coat or enamel differs in thickness in the different kinds. -Thus it is very thick and forms the greater part of the blade in the -Greenland Whale; and in different kinds it gradually becomes thinner, -until it only forms a thin coat over the central fibres. The central -longitudinal fibres differ in thickness and in number. When they are very -slender, as in the Greenland Whale, they form only a single layer between -the two coats of enamel, and their produced ends make a very fine, long, -flaccid fringe to the inner edge of the blade. In other Whales they -are very numerous, in many series, and form a considerable part of the -thickness of the whalebone, and make a more or less broad and rigid -fringe to the blade. In some the fibres are so thick and rigid that they -do not droop, but form an erect ragged edge to the short and broad blade, -so rigid, indeed, that the fibres of this kind of whalebone are used to -make brushes and brooms. - -The whalebone varies in form, from being narrow, elongate, many times as -long as it is broad at the base, by many gradations, according to the -families or genera, until it is not longer than broad. The longest blades -have the most enamel and the finest and most flaccid fibres, which, on -the other hand, gradually (as it belongs to different genera) become -coarser and more rigid as the whalebone diminishes in length compared -with its breadth. - -The whalebone or baleen offers exceedingly good and permanent characters -for the distinction and characters of the species when its structure -and form and colour are properly studied. It is stated that sometimes -the character of the whalebone is changed by its preparation, as, for -example, being soaked in water for some time before it is brought to this -country; but the soaking, although it may slightly alter the surface and -make the enamel coat rather thinner, does not alter the general form or -microscopic structure of the blades. - -In my essay on Whales in the ‘Zoology of the Erebus & Terror,’ 1846, -I separated the Right Whales, or Balænidæ, into two divisions—the one -having very slender, long, polished whalebone with a single series of -fringe, and the second with coarser, shorter, and broader whalebone and -a thick coarse fringe. The first was afterwards called _Balæna_, and -the second _Eubalæna_. M. Beneden seems inclined to adopt this division -(see ‘Ostéographie,’ Cétacés, p. 144), observing that the former are -confined to the Arctic regions and the other to the more temperate -zones; but this is not correct, for _Balæna marginata_, as I stated in -my first essay, has the whalebone quite as polished and as fine as that -of the Greenland Whale. It lives on the west coast of Australia and New -Zealand, in company with the Black Whale of Australia and the Black -Whale of New Zealand (both of which, I have no doubt, have short coarse -whalebone). The Whale of the most northern parts of the Pacific yields -the north-west-coast whalebone, which is of a very coarse character. - -The first section of Whales, with long, slender, elastic, polished, -finely fringed whalebone, contains two genera, _Balæna_ and _Neobalæna_. - -The Whales of the second section, which have rough, brittle whalebone, -with a thick fringe of coarse hairs, includes four genera, viz. -_Eubalæna_, _Hunterius_, _Caperea_, and _Macleayius_. - -It is very true that I have only seen the whalebone in one of these -genera, _Eubalæna_, in connexion with the bones of the animal; but as -“the South-sea whalers” (that is to say, those who fish in the Southern -and Pacific oceans) have only brought various examples of this kind of -whalebone from any of their voyages (except a few blades of the whalebone -of _B. marginata_, which they call “sea-tassel”), we may naturally -conclude that all the large Right Whales found in those seas have this -kind of whalebone. - - -Suborder I. BALÆNOIDEA (_cf._ p. 46). - -Head large. Body stout. Dorsal fin none. Chest and belly smooth, without -plaits. Pectoral fin broad, truncated; fingers 5, graduated. Arm-bones -very short, thick; radius and humerus of equal length. Baleen elongate, -slender. Tympanic bones rhombic. Cervical vertebræ united. - - Balænoidea, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 1. - - -Family 1. BALÆNIDÆ. _Right Whales._ - - Balænidæ, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales B. M._ pp. 61, 75; - _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 1; _Lilljeborg_, _N. Acta Upsal._ - 1867, vi. - -Head very large, and body short. Dorsal fin none. Belly smooth. Baleen -elongate, slender. Vertebræ of the neck anchylosed. Pectoral fin broad, -truncated at the end; fingers 5. Tympanic bones rhombic; maxillary bones -narrow. - -Capt. Maury’s Whale-Charts show that Right Whales are found in almost all -seas, from the poles to within 35 or 30 degrees of latitude on each side -of the equator. An experienced whaler observes that “Right Whales are -as seldom seen in that belt as Sperm-Whales are found out of it.” Capt. -Maury justly observes, the torrid zone is to these animals “forbidden -ground, and it is as physically impossible for them to cross the equator -as it would be to cross a sea of flame. In short, these researches show -that there is a belt of from two to three thousand miles in breadth, and -reaching from one side of the ocean to the other, in which the Right -Whale is never found.”—_Maury_, _Whale-Charts_, p. 233. - -Prof. Van Beneden, in a paper to the Royal Belgian Academy, and -reproduced enlarged in the ‘Ostéographie—Cétacés,’ gives a geographical -distribution of Whales. He acknowledges only six species, having the -following distribution:— - -1. _B. mysticetus._ The Arctic Ocean on both sides of Greenland, and on -the coast of Siberia to the Sea of Okhotsk. - -2. _B. biscayensis._ The North Atlantic, from latitude 65° to 45°, and a -belt across the Atlantic to the coast of the United States, from lat. 45° -to 50°. - -3. _B. japonica._ A band across the North Pacific from lat. 60° to 45° on -the west coast of America and 45° to 30° on the coast of Japan. - -4. _B. australis._ A belt across the South Atlantic, from lat. 25° to 30° -on the south-west coast of Africa and lat. 35° to 50° on the coast of -South America. - -5. _B. antipodarum._ In a similar belt across the South Pacific from the -west coast of South America, in lat. 45°, to New Zealand. - -6. A species which he does not name, said to inhabit a belt from Natal to -the south-east part of Australia, about lat. 30°. - -See Dr. Gray’s observations on this theory, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1868, -vol. i. p. 242, and 1870, vol. vi. p. 193, in which he observes “I think -I have proved that M. van Beneden’s theory is entirely unsupported by -facts.” - - -I. _Baleen thin, polished, with a thick enamel on each side and a fine -elongate slender fringe_ (cf. p. 42). - - -1. BALÆNA. - - Balæna, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 79; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 1; - _Lilljeborg_, _N. Acta Upsal._ vi. 1867. - -First rib slender, narrow, and undivided at the vertebral end. Tympanic -bones square; aperture nearly as long as the bone. There is at the -end of the radius and at the end of the cubitus a large cartilaginous -compartment which corresponds with the radial and cubital bone, and has -not even a bony nucleus; between these two cartilages is an intermediate -cartilage; below these are two or three carpals. Cervical vertebræ -united by their bodies. Upper lateral process of atlas broad at the base, -compressed, rather narrow, and rounded at the end; the lower lateral -process elongate, subcylindrical, angulated at the lower side of the base -(see Cat. Whales, p. 84, f. 4; Ostéogr. Cét. t. 4. f. 5-9). The lower -process of the second and third elongate and produced; the upper process -of the second, fifth, sixth, and seventh elongate, produced, and bent -forward. Bladebone with a large, compressed, elongate acromion (Ostéogr. -Cét. t. 4. f. 26). Carpus cartilaginous, with three small carpal bones -(Ostéogr. Cét. t. 4. f. 27). - - -1. Balæna mysticetus. - - B.M. - - Balæna mysticetus, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 81, 370, figs. 1, 2, 4, - 5; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 1, t. 1. f. 4 (baleen); _R. - Brown_, _P. Z. S._ 1868, p. 534. - -Inhab. North Sea. - -Dr. Robert Brown gives an account and notes of the habits and migrations -of this animal. He observes:—“Where the Whale goes to in winter is still -unknown. It is said that it leaves Davis Strait about the month of -November, and produces young in the St. Lawrence River, between Quebec -and Camaroa, returning to Davis Strait in the spring. At all events, -early in the year they are found on the coast of Labrador, where the -English whalers occasionally attack them; but the ships arrive generally -too late, and the weather at that season is too tempestuous to render -the ‘south-west fishing’ very attractive.... It is said that early in -September they enter Cumberland (Hogarth’s) Sound in great numbers, -and remain until it is completely frozen up, which, according to the -Eskimo account, is not until January.... They enter the Sound again -in the spring, and remain until the heat of summer has melted off the -land-floes in these comparatively southern latitudes. It thus appears -that they winter and produce their young all along the broken water off -the southern coasts of Hudson’s Strait, Davis Strait, and Labrador.” - -He continues, “I am strongly of belief that the Whales of the Spitzbergen -sea never, as a body, visit Davis Strait, but winter somewhere in the -open water at the southern edge of the northern ice-fields. The Whales -are being gradually driven further north.” - - -2. Balæna mediterranea. - - Balæna mediterranea, _Gray_, _Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist._ 1870, vi. - pp. 198, 200. - - Baleine, _Lacépède_, _Cétacés_, tab. 7. fig. 1. - - Balæna biscayensis (part.), _Van Beneden_, _Ostéogr. Cét._ tab. - 7. fig. 1 (animal), figs. 8-11 (nuchal vertebræ), figs. 2, 3 (? - vertebræ). - -Inhab. Mediterranean, I. St. Marguerite (_Lacépède_). - - -3. Balæna angulata. - - B.M. - - Balæna, mysticetus, var. angulata, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & - Whales_, p. 86, f. 5 (ear-bones). - -Inhab. North Sea? Ear-bones, British Museum. - - -4. Balæna nordcaper. - - Balæna nordcaper, _Bonnat_. - - Balæna islandica, _Brisson_. - - Balæna biscayensis, _Eschricht_. - - Balæna mysticetus, var., _Brown_, _P. Z. S._ 1868. p. 546. - -Inhab. Iceland. Called “Slet-bag.” - -It has been ascertained, “1st, that it is much more active than the -Greenland Whale, much quicker and more violent in its movements, and -accordingly both more difficult and dangerous to capture; 2nd, that it -is smaller (it being, however, impossible to give an exact statement of -its length) and has much less blubber; 3rd, that its head is shorter, and -that its whalebone is comparatively small and scarcely more than half the -length of that of the _B. mysticetus_; 4th, that it is regularly infested -with a cirriped belonging to the genus _Coronula_, and that it belongs -to the temperate North Atlantic as exclusively as the _B. mysticetus_ -belongs to the icy sea.”—_Dr. Brown_, _P. Z. S._ 1868, p. 546. - -Dr. Brown says that barnacles are looked upon as a sign of age in a -Whale; and he considers that a considerable portion of the description -of the _nordcaper_ corresponds with what he has said of the Spitsbergen -whale (P. Z. S. 1868, p. 547). - -See also:— - - 1. Balæna mysticetus, _Cope_, _Proc. Acad. N. S. Philad._ 1869, - pp. 17 & 35. - - The Bow-headed Whale, Scammond, _American whalers_. - -Inhab. Behring’s Straits. - - 2. Balæna kuliomoch, _Chamisso_, _Nov. Acta Natur._ tab. 7. - fig. 1; _Gray_, _Ann. & Mag. N. H._ 1870, vi. p. 202. - - Balæna cullamacha, _Chamisso_, _Nov. Act._ xii. p. 251, t. ⸺; - _Cope_, _Proc. Acad. Phil._ 1868, p. 225, 1869, pp. 14, 17 & - 40, fig. 4. - -Inhab. North Pacific. - -From wooden model made by the Aleutians. - - -2. NEOBALÆNA. - -Skull rather depressed; brain-cavity nearly as long as the beak, -depressed, much expanded on the sides, with a very deep notch on the -middle of each side over the condyles of the lower jaw, and with a -subtriangular crown-plate. The nose as broad as the expanded brain-cavity -at the base, regularly attenuated to a fine point in front, and slightly -arched downwards. Lower jaw laminar, compressed, high; the upper edge -thin, and inflexed the greater part of its length, erect in front; the -lower edge inflexed in front, the rest of the edge being simple. The -baleen elongate, slender, several times as long as broad, with a fringe -of a single series of fine fibres; enamelled surface smooth and polished, -thick. - -[Illustration: Figs. 1 & 2. Side view and top view of the skull of -_Neobalæna marginata_, from Dr. Hector’s figures.] - - -1. Neobalæna marginata. - - B.M. - - Balæna marginata, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales Brit. Mus._ p. - 90; _Hector_, _Proc. & Trans. of the New-Zealand Institute_, - 1869, t. 2 B. f. 1-4; _Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist._ 1870, v. p. 221, - and vi. p. 155, figs. 1 & 2. - -Inhab. New Zealand; Island of Kawau (_Sir G. Grey_). Mus. Wellington. - -In width and general form the beak of the skull is somewhat like the beak -of some of the Finner Whales; but it does not at all justify Mr. Knox’s -idea that _Balæna marginata_ is a Finner. But this difference of skull -makes us more anxious to have the description of the entire animal and -its skeleton, as the animal may prove to be the type of a new family of -Whales, between the true Whales and Finners. - -This pigmy whale, which is not more than 15 or 16 feet long, is a -representative in the Southern Ocean of the gigantic Right Whale of -the Greenland seas. It has the most beautiful, the most flexible, most -elastic, and the toughest whalebone or baleen yet discovered; and if -this were of larger size, it would fetch a much higher price than the -whalebone of the Greenland Whale, the latter being three or four times -the value of the brittle coarse whalebone of the _Eubalænæ_ or Right -Whales of the Southern and Pacific Oceans. The trade of the Continental -nations being chiefly confined to their colonies, or their merchants -obtaining the whalebone that is used in their manufactures second-hand, -there are not in the market the varieties of whalebone and finner-bone -which we have in this country, where the whalebone and finner-bone -from different localities bear each a different value. This perhaps -explains why the Continental zoologists (as Eschricht) who have paid -attention to the structure of whales have not paid sufficient attention -to the characters afforded by the shape, structure, and colour of this -substance, to which I called their attention more than twenty years -ago, and showed its value as a character for distinguishing the genera -and species. It has been a fertile subject of reproach to me that I -established some species on the characters afforded by this substance; -but I need only mention, as a proof of the little attention Van Beneden -has paid to this part of my work, that in his book on the anatomy of -Whales, now in progress, after saying that I have established the species -_Balæna marginata_ on three blades of whalebone, he says I have called it -_Eubalæna marginata_, thus confounding it with the Whales with brittle -and coarse whalebone—whereas the chief reason that induced me to consider -the blades to belong to a distinct species was their very fine and tough -structure. The accuracy of the determination is now proved by the very -different form of its skull from that of any other known Whale. In the -same manner, the _Physalus antarcticus_, also established on finner-bone -or baleen imported from New Zealand, has been proved to be a very -distinct species of that genus, named Sulphur-bottoms by the whalers. - -From the description given at page 90 of the British-Museum ‘Catalogue of -Seals and Whales,’ there is no doubt that the baleen corresponds with the -above species. The specimen was obtained at Kawau Island by Sir George -Grey, and appears to be unique, as the species has hitherto only been -known from the baleen. - -The dimensions are as follows:— - - lbs. - Weight of cranium 58 - Weight of lower jaw 13 - - ft. in. - Length 4 9 - Fronto-nasal section 2 10 - To centre of orbit 3 10 - Width at orbit 2 5 - Width at mastoid process 2 7 - - in. lin. - Lower jaw, high 3 11 - Depth (greatest) 8 0 - Baleen 29 inches long, 3½ inches in extreme width. - Black margin from ¼ to ⅜ inch. - -“Knox now admits that this is not the Sulphur-bottom, which he says is -the Trigger of the New-Zealand whalers. He fancies that _B. marginata_ -may be the true Finner of the south. I will try to find some more of the -bones.”—_Trans. New Zeal. Inst._ 1870, p. 26. - -This Whale, from the form and structure of the whalebone, cannot be a -Finner, but is certainly, as I arranged it, a true Right Whale, very -nearly allied to the Right Whale of Greenland, and of a very small size. -The bones of this Whale would be a most valuable addition to the British -Museum or any zoological museum. They appear not to be uncommon in the -Kawau Islands; and the measurements of the skull are a valuable addition -to our knowledge of the species. - -This small Right Whale of the Antarctic Sea is the representative of the -Right Whale in the Arctic Sea, and, judging from the length of the head, -cannot be more than 14 or 15 feet long, while the Greenland Whale is from -50 to 65 feet long. - - -II. _Baleen thick, not polished, with a thin enamel coat on each side, -and a coarse thick fringe_ (cf. p. 37). - - -3. EUBALÆNA. - - Eubalæna, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 91; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. - 1; _Lilljeborg_, _N. Acta Upsal._ vi. 1867; _Flower_, _Trans. - Zool. Soc._ vi. p. 115. - -First rib broad at the vertebral end. Tympanic bone square; aperture -nearly as long as the bone. The first six cervical vertebræ all united -by their bodies. The upper lateral process of the atlas subcylindrical, -narrow at the base, recurved and rounded at the end; the lower lateral -process narrow at the base, swollen and rounded at the end (Ostéog. Cét. -t. 1. f. 19). Carpus cartilaginous, with six carpal bones, a radius -and cubitus, one radial and one cubital and two carpals in the second -range (Ostéog. Cét. t. 1. f. 1). Scapula as long as broad, with a small -cylindrical coracoid process, rounded at the end. Five phalanges to the -middle finger, four to the index and ring fingers, four to the little -finger, and two to the thumb. The first rib is simple at the upper and -thin at the free edge. The nasal bone rhomboidal, moderate. Vertebræ -50-59. - - -1. Eubalæna australis. - - B.M. - - Eubalæna australis, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 91, fig. 6; _Synops. - Whales & Dolph._ p. 1. - - Balæna australis, _Cuv._, _Oss. Foss._ v. t. 25-27. - - Balæna capensis, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ t. 1. f. 3 - (baleen). - -Inhab. Cape of Good Hope. - - -2. Eubalæna Sieboldii. - - Eubalæna Sieboldii, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 96; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 1, t. 1. f. 2 (baleen). - - Balæna japonica, _Gray_, _Zool. Ereb. & Ter._ p. 15, tab. 1*. - fig. 2 (baleen). - - Balæna alutiensis, _Meyer_; _Van Beneden_, _Bull. Acad. - Belgique_, xx. 1866, no. 14. [Both from the North-west-Coast - whalebone of commerce, which is quite distinct from the - South-sea whalebone, brought from the Cape.] - - Balæna japonica, _Eschricht_, _Vid. Selsk. Skrivt._ ser. 5. - ix. p. 1, Kjöbenh. 1869, pl. 1 (skull of fœtus), pl. 2 (head); - _Gray_, _Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist._ 1870, vi. p. 202. - -Inhab. Kamtschatka. Skeleton of fœtus 5¼ feet long, in Mus. Copenhagen. - -See also the following doubtful species:— - - 1. Balæna japonica, _Lacépède_, _Mém. Mus._ iv. p. 473. - - Balæna lunulata, _Lacép._ _Mém. Mus._ iv. p. 475. - -These two are from Chinese, or, rather, Japanese drawings. - - 2. Balæna australis, _Temminck_, _Fauna Japonica_, Taf. 28 & 29 - (not _Desmoulins_). - - Balæna Sieboldii, _Gray_, _Ann. & Mag. N. H._ 1864, xiv. p. 349. - -From a model made by the Japanese in porcelain clay. - - -3. Eubalæna? cisarctica. - - Eubalæna? cisarctica, _Cope_. - - Balæna cisarctica, _Cope_, _Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad._ 1865, - p. 1; _Gray_, _Ann. & Mag. N. H._ 1868, i. pp. 244 & 247, 1870, - vi. p. 200. - - Balæna biscayensis, _Van Beneden_, _Ostéogr. Cét._ t. 7. figs. - 4, 5, 6 (ear-bones only). - -Inhab. Atlantic. - -“There is a skeleton of the _Balæna cisarctica_ in the Museum of the -Academy of an individual of 37 feet, and a ramus mandibuli 16 feet in -length, indicating a total of 68 feet, adult size. A scapula in the -Museum, Rutger’s College, New Brunswick, N. J., measures 36 inches in -height, and 48·5 inches in width, indicating an adult of 57 feet in -length. A young individual of 45 feet, line-measurement, awaits mounting -in the Museum Compar. Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. Of this individual I will -shortly give a detailed description in an essay on the species. Like the -other specimens, it presents a strong acromion. The phalanges of the -manus exhibited an important difference from those of _B. australis_. In -it they number respectively 2, 5, 6, 3, 3, while Cuvier gives (Oss. Foss. -227. 23) 2, 5, 6, 5, 4.” - - -4. HUNTERIUS. - - Hunterius, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 78, 98; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 1; _Lilljeborg_, _N. Acta Upsal._ vi. 1867. - -First rib broad, with a double head at the vertebral end. Tympanic bones -square; aperture nearly as long as the bone. Vertebræ 57 or 58; the five -first cervical united. Five phalanges in the fourth or ring finger, and -four to the second, third, and fifth fingers. The first rib bifid and -articulated to the first two dorsals, or the last cervical and the first -dorsal; the second rib very thick at the free end. The nasal bones very -large. - - -1. Hunterius Temminckii. - - Hunterius Temminckii, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 98, fig. 8; _Synops. - Whales & Dolph._ p. 1; _Ann. & Mag. N. H._ 1870, p. 191. - - Balæna australis, _Temm._ _F. Japon._ t. 28, 29. - - Balæna australis, var., _Van Ben._ _Ostéogr. Cét._ p. 35. - -Inhab. Cape of Good Hope. - -M. van Beneden regards the character on which this genus is established -as merely a variation of _Balæna australis_ (Ostéog. Cét. p. 35). - -The skeleton was sent from the Cape of Good Hope by Dr. Horstock. It is -described by Schlegel, Abhand. Gebiete der Zool. 1841, p. 37 (Flower, P. -Z. S. 1864). - - -2. Hunterius biscayensis. - - Hunterius biscayensis, _Gray_, _Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist._ 1868, - i. p. 244; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 2. - - Balæna biscayensis, _Eschricht_, _Compt. Rendus_, 1860, _Act. - Soc. Linn. Bordeaux_, xiii.; _Gray_, _Ann. & Mag. N. H._ 1870, - p. 200 (not _Van Beneden_). - - Balæna eubalæna, _Flower_, _P. Z. S._ 1864, p. 391. - -Inhab. St. Sebastian. Skeleton of very young animal in Mus. Copenhagen, -from the Museum of Pampeluna. - -Mr. Flower informs me that this skeleton belongs to the genus -_Hunterius_, which has brittle whalebone, with a large coarse fringe -(which easily splits into strips), and a bifid first rib. - - -3. Hunterius Swedenborgii. - - Hunterius Swedenborgii, _Lilljeborg_, _N. Act. A. Sci. Upsal._ - vi. 1867, p. 35, t. 9, 10, 11 (skeleton); _Gray_, _Synops. - Whales & Dolph._ p. 1. - -Inhab. North Sea; Sweden (subfossil). - - -5. CAPEREA. - - Caperea, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 78, 101; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ - p. 2; _Lilljeborg_, _N. Acta Upsal._ vi. 1867. - -First rib ⸺? Baleen ⸺? Tympanic bones irregular, rhombic; aperture -irregular, much contracted at the upper end; the wide part not half the -length of the bone. “Cervical vertebræ all united. First rib single -at the upper, and very broad at the lower end. Bladebone (acromion) -rudimentary. Coracoid process none.”—_Lilljeborg._ - -Vertebræ 55; the seven cervical all soldered by their bodies, and the -spinous processes of the first five united into a single crest, and of -the two last into a separate crest; each has a distinct upper lateral -process and, except the seventh, a distinct lateral process. Upper -lateral process of the atlas narrow, square, reflexed, and bent upwards; -lower one thick, enlarged, and rounded at the end (Ostéogr. Cét. t. 3. -f. 4, 5). Scapula with only a slight ridge in the place of the acromion -(Ostéogr. Cét. t. 3. f. 7). Carpus cartilaginous, with five small bones. -Skull with a slender arched beak. Lower jaw subcylindrical, thick near -the condyle, rather attenuated in front. - -The first rib is very narrow above, and gradually becomes very broad -below and deeply notched on the lower edge, which embraces nearly the -whole length of the sternum; upper end with a single head. Second rib -equally large at the free end, and not notched. Phalanges 1, 4, 5, 4, 3. - -I believe that the “_bonnet_” of the Sandwich-Islands whalers is only the -“_topknot_” of the old male whale of this genus, or of a nearly allied -species. - - -1. Caperea antipodarum. - - B.M. - - Caperea antipodarum, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 101, f. 9; _Synops. - Whales & Dolph._ P. 2. - - Balæna australis, _Desm. Diction_. - - Balæna antipodarum, _Van Ben._ _Ostéogr. Cét._ p. 46, t. 3; - _Gray_, _Dieffenbach_, t. 1. - -Inhab. New Zealand. Skeleton, Mus. Paris. - -The seven cervical vertebræ are completely soldered by their bodies; and -the first five spinal apophyses form a continuous crest, and the two last -form a separate crest (Ostéogr. Cét. t. 3. f. 4, 5). The petrous portion -of the skull short, small. The bladebone longer than broad, with only a -slight indication of a process on the front edge. Upper lateral process -of the axis square, bent back; lower process rounded at the end and -prominent. - - -6. MACLEAYIUS. - - Macleayius, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 103, 371; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 2. - -Cervical vertebræ united into a single mass; upper lateral process of the -atlas very broad, compressed, occupying the greater part of the side, -truncated at the end. Lower margin close on the lower lateral process. -Lower lateral process elongate, compressed, rather swollen in the middle, -truncated at the end and bent forward, the upper processes of the second -and third cervical vertebræ forming a crest (Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 105, -f. 10, 11, and p. 372, f. 74, 75). Baleen ⸺? - - -1. Macleayius australiensis. - - Macleayius australiensis, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 105 (figs. 10, - 11), 371 (figs. 74, 75); _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 2. - -Inhab. Australian seas. - -Atlas vertebra—the width, measuring from the extremity of the lower -processes, 28½ inches; width of the atlas 25 inches; height from the base -of atlas to top of crest 18 inches. Thickness of last cervical vertebra -10 inches. - - -2. Macleayius britannicus. - - B.M. - - Macleayius britannicus, _Gray_, _Ann. & Mag. N. H._ 1870, vi. - pp. 198 & 204. - - Balæna biscayensis, _Van Beneden_ (part.), _Ostéogr. Cét._ tab. - 7. fig. 7 (copied from _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 83, - fig. 3). - - Balæna britannica, _Gray_, _Ann. & Mag. N. H._ 1870, vi. p. 200. - -Inhab. Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire. - -Cervical vertebræ of _Balæna_ from Lyme Regis (Gray, Cat. Seals & Whales, -p. 83, f. 3) copied on plate of _Balæna biscayensis_, Ostéog. Cét. t. -7. f. 7. Dredged up at Lyme Regis. The lateral processes of this bone -are much more like those of _Macleayius australiensis_ than those of any -other species; yet it differs in the outer edge of the broad lateral -process being oblique, narrowed towards the base, and in the lower -lateral process being shorter, turned up at the end, and the outer end -obliquely truncated and subangular below. This massive vertebra has -no affinity with _B. biscayensis_, and indicates the existence of a -completely different new species of Right Whales, which appears to be an -inhabitant of our seas. - - -Suborder II. BALÆNOPTEROIDEA (_cf._ p. 36). - - Balænopteridæ, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 61, 106. - - Balænopteroidea, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p 2. - -Head moderate. Body elongate. Dorsal fin distinct, rarely wanting. Belly -longitudinally plaited, rarely smooth. Baleen short, broad. Maxillary -bones broad. Pectoral fin lanceolate; arms elongate; radius and ulna much -longer than the humerus. Fingers 4, subequal. Vertebræ of the neck free, -or partially united. Tympanic bones oblong or ovate. - - -Family 2. AGAPHELIDÆ. _Scrag Whales._ - -Head moderate; body elongate; hinder part of the back keeled and notched. -Cervical vertebræ free. Pectoral fin lanceolate. Fingers 4. Throat -without plaits. No dorsal fin. Ribs single-headed. - -Mr. Cope “mentioned that he had an opportunity of examining a portion of -a specimen of the Scrag Whale of Dudley, _Balæna gibbosa_ of Erxleben, -and ascertained that it represented a genus not previously known. It was -a Fin-back Whale; but without dorsal fin or throat-folds, resembling -superficially the genus _Balæna_. The _baleen short and curved_. The -genus was called _Agaphelus_.” - - -1. AGAPHELUS. - -Cervical vertebræ free. Fingers 4. Throat without plaits. No dorsal fin. -Ribs single-headed. Scapula with acromion (Cope, Proc. Soc. N. Sc. Phil. -1869, p. 16). - - Agaphelus, _Cope_, _Proc. Soc. N. Sc. Phil._ 1868, pp. 159, - 225; _Gray_, _Ann. & Mag. N. H._ 1870, vi. p. 200. - -“Fingers four, elongate. Cervical vertebræ ⸺? Lumbar and anterior caudal -vertebræ longer than their greatest diameter. Dorsal fin wanting. Gular -and pectoral region without folds. Scapula with well-developed acromion -and coracoid. Baleen narrow, short, curved. - -“The baleen is peculiar; throughout the length of the maxillary bone it -nowhere exceeded one foot in length, and the width of the band, or length -of the base of each plate, four inches. It is of a creamy white; the -fringe very coarse, white, and resembling hogs’ bristles. - -“The ear-bone is much compressed, with an inferior carina, towards which -the lip of dense bone is suddenly decurved. The longitudinal opening is -much contracted, especially anteriorly, where the bone is pinched up into -a keel; and there is no abrupt concavity of the inner lip at that point. -External surface not very rugose. Total length 3 in. 2·5 lines. - -“The scapula preserved is low and elongate, with well-developed acromion -and coracoid process. It is evidently of the type of _Balænoptera_ -and _Physalus_; the ulna and radius relatively less elongate than in -_Sibbaldius laticeps_ and _borealis_, being 1·5 as long as the humerus, -thus resembling _Physalus_. - -“The four fingers, with the second much the longest, form a fin of the -type of those genera. - -“The ear-bone is much more compressed than in _Physalus antiquorum_ or -_Sibbaldius laticeps_. - -“The mandibular ramus is rather massive, moderately curved, and with a -more elevated coronoid process than in any Whale that I have seen. - -“The greatest peculiarity is in the form of the lumbar and anterior -caudal vertebræ; they are of a much more elongate form than any I have -seen or found figured, excepting those of the _Balænoptera rostrata_ (as -figured by Gaimard in ‘Voyage de la Recherche’), which, however, are -relatively shorter. Those of the present species are of greater length -than transverse diameter, the lumbars most elongate; all furnished with -an acute hypapophysial keel and concave sides, and entirely transverse -diapophyses. This peculiarity is consistent with the account of my -informant, who stated the animal to have been of an unusually elongate -and slender form. When it came ashore it had perhaps been dead ten days; -the flukes and muscular region as far as the third caudal vertebra had -been devoured, probably by Sharks and Killers, and the abdominal region -much lacerated; the edge of a fin preserved was slit by the teeth of -some carnivorous enemy. The measurement from the end of the muzzle to -the end of the third caudal was 35 feet, which may be reduced to 33 feet -axial. Up to this point the dorsal line was, according to my informant, -entirely smooth, without knob or fin, or scar of one; hence I suppose -the fin (if present) to have been situated, as in _Sibbaldius_ &c., at -the posterior fourth of the length, and not, as in _Balænoptera_, on the -posterior third. It may then be safely assumed, bearing in mind the form -of vertebræ, that ten feet of the whale’s length had been removed, making -in all 43 feet. That the species attains over 50 feet is probable, as -the present individual was quite young, the epiphyses separating from -the vertebræ with the greatest ease. The slender form of the animal -is corroborated by the slenderness and slight curvature of the ribs, -one attached beneath the scapula, probably the second, being narrower -than the corresponding ones in _Sibbaldius_. I therefore think it most -probable that in this form the anterior ribs are single-headed.”—_Cope_, -_l. c._ p. 223. - - -1. Agaphelus gibbosus. _The Scrag Whale._ - - Agaphelus gibbosus, _Cope_. - - Balæna gibbosa, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 90. - - Scrag Whale, _Dudley_, _Phil. Trans._ xxxiii. p. 259. - -Inhab. North Atlantic. - - -2. RHACHIANECTES. - - Rhachianectes, _Cope_, _Proc. Acad. N. Sc. Philad._ 1869, pp. - 14 & 15. - -Cervical vertebræ free. Throat without plaits. Dorsal fin none. Scapula -without acromion. - - -1. Rhachianectes glaucus. _The Californian Grey Whale._ - - Rhachianectes glaucus, _Cope_, _Proc. Acad. N. Sc. Philad._ - 1869, pp. 17 & 40, fig. 8. - - Agaphelus glaucus, _Cope_, _ibid._ 1868, p. 225. - -Inhab. California, San Francisco. - -“The points in which this species differs from those of the genus -_Balæna_ previously known are numerous, and will no doubt be increased on -a further knowledge of the animal. - -“The head, between one-fourth and one-fifth of the total length, -allies it to the shorter-headed species. From the _B. australis_ the -number of dorsal vertebræ, and the colour and shortness of the baleen, -distinguish it; and no doubt other features will be brought out when -we are acquainted with the Cape species. The dorsal serration is not -known to occur in any species of the genus _Balæna_, though said to be -characteristic of the _A. gibbosus_, whose characters I have just given. - -“Two _Balænæ_ have been described as inhabiting the North Pacific -Ocean, _Balæna Sieboldii_, Gray (Catal. Cet. 1865, p. 96), and _Balæna -cullamach_, Chamisso (Nov. Act. Acad. Cæs. xii. p. 251, tab.) - -“Both have been established on figures carved by the natives, of the -Japanese and Aleutian Islands respectively, the former under the -supervision of a naturalist, the traveller Siebold. The carving of the -_B. cullamach_, judging from the figure given by Chamisso, can but -doubtfully represent any species; but if the species exist, it will rest -on the following diagnosis of its describer:—‘Rictu amplo forma litteræ -S curvato, elasmiis maximis atro-cæruleis, spiraculis flexuosis, in -medio capite, tuberculo in apice rostri (ex imagine), pectore pinnisque -pectoralibus albis, dorso gibboso sexpinnato.’ - -“These are, however, true _Balænæ_. A species of _Agaphelus_ exists in -the Kamtschatkan seas, according to Pallas, who, however, derives his -information solely from wooden models made by the Aleutian Islanders. -This is not sufficient basis for an introduction to the scientific -system; yet Pallas indulges in applying to it the name _Balæna -agamachschik_. The pectoral limb of this species is said, however, to be -white, with the underside of the flukes, characters not found in the _A. -glaucus_. Dr. Gray has already (Cat. Brit. Mus.) indicated that this, if -reliable, indicates a genus unknown to him. - -“The _Agaphelus glaucus_ is the Grey Whale of the coasts of California. -Two specimens have been examined by my friend Wm. H. Dall, of the -scientific staff of the U. S. Russian-American Telegraph Expedition, one -of them near Monterey; and descriptions, as complete as the state of the -specimens would allow, were made. - -“These, which were sent to the Smithsonian Institution, and placed -in my hands by Prof. Baird, are quite sufficient to indicate a Whale -of a species hitherto unnoticed, and to render certain its future -identification. - -“Dorsal vertebræ and ribs 13; lumbar and caudal (those in the fluke -cut off with it) 28. Scapula, breadth and height not very different, -with a short broad coracoid process; its head opposite first rib. -Apparently only four fingers, of which the second is the longest. 145 -laminæ of baleen on each side, the longest 18 inches long; colour bright -yellow.”—_Cope_, _Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad._ 1868, p. 226. - - -Family 3. MEGAPTERIDÆ. _Humpbacked Whales._ - - Megapterina, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 113. - - Megapteridæ, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 2. - -Dorsal fin low, broad; pectoral fin very long, with four very long -fingers of many phalanges. Vertebræ 50 or 60; cervical vertebræ often -anchylosed. Lateral process of the axis tardily ossified. Neural canal -large, high, triangular. Ribs 14 or 15. - - -1. MEGAPTERA. - - Megaptera, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 113, 117; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 2; _Lilljeborg_, _N. Acta Upsal._ 1867, vi. - -Bladebone without acromion or coracoid process. Body of cervical vertebræ -subcircular. - - -1. Megaptera longimana. - - B.M. - - Megaptera longimana, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 119 (fig.), 373; - _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 2. - - Megaptera boops, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ tab. - 30 (baleen and jaws with rudimentary teeth), t. 33. f. 12 - (vertebra). - -Inhab. North Sea. - - -2. Megaptera Novæ-Zelandiæ. - - B.M. - - Megaptera Novæ-Zelandiæ, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 128, fig. 20; - _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 2. - -Inhab. New Zealand. Ear-bones in Brit. Mus. - - -3. Megaptera? Burmeisteri. - - Megaptera? Burmeisteri, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 129. - - Megaptera Lalandii (part.), _Van Beneden_, _Ostéogr. Cét._ - -Inhab. Buenos Ayres. Skeleton, Mus. Buenos Ayres. - - -4. Megaptera americana. - - Megaptera americana, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 129. - -Inhab. Bermuda. - -“The _norwega_ is a Humpback which has the belly white and smooth (?), -back very dark bluish, length 50 to 55 feet. This whale gives more oil -than the mystica.”—_Hartt_, _Geology & Physical Geography of Brazil_, p. -182. - -“The whalebone is short, and sells well. The beach on which the whales -are cut up is strewed during the season with bones. There must be the -bones of 500 whales on the spot. The fishery is carried on at Bahia on a -much larger scale than at Caravellas.”—_L. c._ p. 185. - - -5. Megaptera kuzira. - - Megaptera kuzira, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 130. - -Inhab. Japan. Skull, Mus. Leyden. - - -6. Megaptera osphyia. - - Megaptera osphyia, _Cope_, _Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad._ - 1865, p. 4. - -Inhab. Atlantic. Skeleton. Mus. Niagara. - -“A second and more full examination of the _Megaptera osphyia_, Cope, -furnishes the following additional points and characters. The specimen is -young, and measures in its present condition 34 feet. It has, however, -lost a considerable number of caudal vertebræ, and, from the posterior -part of the column, of intervertebral cartilages also; add to this the -shrinking of the cartilages preserved, and the increase of length would -perhaps amount to 8 feet, giving 42 in all. The asserted length of 50 -feet, line measurement, which I quoted in my original description, is no -doubt an exaggeration. - -“The glenoid process is margined by an angular prominence, the rudiment -of the coracoid, precisely as in the _M. brasiliensis_. The diapophysis -of the atlas is a flat vertical plate, extending from opposite the base -of the _foramen dentatum_ to opposite the widest point of the spinal -canal; inferior posterior outline of the atlas broad, slightly concave -mesially. The mandible is peculiar in the strong angular process, -which extends from behind, round the side, projecting as far as the -condyle, and separated from it by a deep groove. The third and fourth -cervicals are united by the neural arch. The first rib is very broad at -the extremity; length 37 inches, width at end 8·22 inches. The orbital -processes of the frontal bone are not contracted at the extremities -as in _M. longimana_, but are more as in _Balænopteræ_; entire width -over and within edge of orbit 15½ in.; length to vertical plate of -maxillary 31 inches. The baleen measures 2 feet in length, is black, -with three rows of coarse bristles. Its base is one curve; its length -is spirally twisted. The species is probably one of the largest of the -_Balænidæ_.”—_Cope_, _Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad._ 1868, p. 194. - - -7. Megaptera versabilis. - - Megaptera versabilis, _Cope_, _Pr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil._ 1869, - p. 17, figs. 5 & 6. - -Inhab. North Pacific, Californian coast. - - -2. POESCOPIA. - - Poescopia, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 113; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. - 2. - -Bladebone with small coracoid process. Body of cervical vertebræ nearly -square. - - -1. Poescopia Lalandii. - - B.M. - - Poescopia Lalandii, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 126 (fig. 19, p. - 125), 373; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 2, tab. 33. f. 3, 4 - (vertebræ, from _Cuvier_). - -Inhab. Cape of Good Hope. Skeleton, Mus. Paris. - - -3. ESCHRICHTIUS. - - Eschrichtius, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 113, 131; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 2; _Lilljeborg_, _N. Acta Upsal._ vi. p. 12, 1867. - -Bladebone with large coracoid process. Body of cervical vertebræ -separate, small, roundish-oblong. The neural canal very broad and high. - - -1. Eschrichtius robustus. - - B.M. - - Eschrichtius robustus, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 133 (fig.), 373; - _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 2; _Lilljeborg_, _N. Acta Upsal._ - 1867, vi. p. 16, t. 1-8; _Cope_, _Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. - Philad._ 1865, p. 4. - -Inhab. North Sea; coast of Devonshire, Sweden; Atlantic. - -“The _Eschrichtius robustus_ is admitted on the evidence of a ramus of -the under jaw in the Museum, Rutger’s College, which is of peculiar form, -and closely resembles the figure given by Lilljeborg of that portion of -this rare species.”—_Cope_, _Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad._ 1868, p. 194. - - -Family 4. PHYSALIDÆ. _Finner Whales._ - - Physalina, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 114, 134. - - Physalinidæ, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 2. - -Dorsal fin high, erect, compressed, falcate, about three-fourths the -entire length from the nose. Pectoral fin moderate, with four short -fingers of four or six phalanges. Vertebræ 55 or 64. Cervical vertebræ -not anchylosed. Neural canal oblong, transverse. - - -* _Vertebræ 60 or 64; first rib single-headed_ (cf. p. 54). - - -1. BENEDENIA. - - Benedenia, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 114, 135; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 2. - -Rostrum of skull narrow, attenuated, with straight slanting edges. Second -cervical vertebra with two short truncated lateral processes. The first -rib single-headed. - - -1. Benedenia Knoxii. - - B.M. - - Benedenia Knoxii, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 138, figs. 24-26; - _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 2. - - Benedenia boops, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ tab. 32. f. - 1, 2 (cervical vertebræ). - -Inhab. North Sea, coast of Wales. - - -2. PHYSALUS. - - Physalus, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 114, 139; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 2; _Lilljeborg_, _N. Acta Upsal._ 1867, p. 72. - -Rostrum of the skull narrow, attenuated, with straight sloping sides. -Second cervical vertebra with a broad lateral process, with a large -perforation at the base. First rib single-headed. Sternum trifoliate, -with a long slender hind process. Fingers shorter than the forearm-bones. -Scapula very broad; acromion and coracoid process well developed. - - -† _Lateral rings of the second cervical vertebra as long as the diameter -of the body of the vertebra._—Gray, _l. c._ p. 374; Synops. Whales & -Dolph. p. 2. - - -1. Physalus antiquorum. - - B.M. - -Ribs 14·14. - - Physalus antiquorum, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 144 (figs. 29-32), - 374; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 2, t. 1. f. 6 (baleen), t. - 32. f. 5, 6 (cervical vertebræ); _Flower_, _P. Z. S._ 1869, p. - 604, pl. 47 (male). - - Balænoptera musculus, _Van Beneden_, _Ostéogr. Cét._ t. 12 & t. - 13. figs. 11-24. - -Inhab. North Sea, Greenland, Hampshire, &c. - - -2. Physalus Duguidii. - -Ribs 15·15. - - Physalus Duguidii, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 158, figs. 33-35; - _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 2. - -Inhab. North Sea, Orkneys. - - -†† _The lateral rings of the cervical vertebræ shorter than the diameter -of the bodies of the vertebræ._—Gray, _l. c._ p. 374; Synops. Whales & -Dolph. p. 2. - - -3. Physalus patachonicus. - - Physalus patachonicus, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 374, figs. 76-86; - _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 2. - -Inhab. River Plata. - - -4. Physalus brasiliensis. - - B.M. - - Physalus brasiliensis, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 162. - - Balænoptera brasiliensis, _Gray_, _Zool. Ereb. & Ter._ p. 5. - -Inhab. Bahia. - -“_Mystica_ differs from the _norwega_ in having the back black and the -belly and throat furrowed. Sometimes there are white spots on the side. - -“The first Whales appear in the Abrolhos waters at about the end of May, -and they stay until October. The females often bring young calves with -them, and appear to seek the shelter of the reefs. The headquarters of -the Abrolhos fishery is at Caravellas, or, rather, at the mouth of the -river Caravellas, where are situated the armações or trying-houses.”—_E. -Hartt_, _Geology and Physical Geography of Brazil_, p. 182. - -“The fishery begins at Bahia, according to Castelnau (Expédition dans -l’Amérique du Sud, tome i. p. 750), about the 13th of June, and lasts -till the 21st September. At Caravellas I was assured that the Whales -always appeared later than at Bahia, and the fishery does not always -begin until the last week in June, continuing through the month of -September.”—_E. Hartt._ - - -3. CUVIERIUS. - - Cuvierius, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 114, 164; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 3. - -Rostrum of the skull broad, the outer sides curved, especially in -front. The second cervical vertebra with two short, thick lateral -processes. First rib single-headed. Sternum oblong-ovate, transverse. -Hands elongate; fingers slender, second finger much longer than the -forearm-bone. Scapula with a broad acromion and a rudimentary coracoid. - - -1. Cuvierius Sibbaldii. - - B.M. - - Cuvierius Sibbaldii, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 380; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 3. - - Cuvierius latirostris, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 165. - - Physalus Sibbaldii, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 160 (fig. 36), 380. - - Balænoptera Sibbaldii, _Van Beneden_, _Ostéogr. Cét._ t. 12 & - t. 13. figs. 25-34. - - Balænoptera carolinæ, _Malm_, _Monog. Illust._ t. 44. - - Balænoptera musculus, _Sars_, _Vid. Selsk. Forhand._ 1865, t. - 1, 2, & 3. - - “Steypireyör,” _Reinhardt_, _Vidensk. Meddel._ 1867; _Ann. N. - Hist._ 1868. - - The Grey Fin Whale, _Turner_, _Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin._ 1869, p. - 34 (from Londonderry). - -Inhab. North Sea. Mus. Hull. - -The great northern Rorqual of Knox probably belongs to this species. Its -skeleton is in the Edinburgh Museum. - - -** _Vertebræ 58-60. First and second ribs double-headed_ (cf. p. 52); -_second cervical vertebræ with a broad lateral process, perforated at the -base. Lower jaw compressed, with distinct coronoid process._—Sibbaldius, -_Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 114, 169; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 3. - - -4. RUDOLPHIUS. - - Rudolphius, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 170; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ - p. 3. - - Sibbaldius, _Lilljeborg_, _Nova Acta Upsal._ vi. 1867. - -Dorsal fin compressed, falcate, two-thirds the entire length from the -nose. Ribs 13·13; first rib short, dilated at the external end. Sternum -elongate, not narrow at posterior lobe. Fingers elongate; the second -finger rather shorter than the forearm-bone. Scapula very broad, with a -large broad acromion process and a moderate coracoid one. - - -1. Rudolphius laticeps. - - B.M. - - Sibbaldius laticeps, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 170, figs. 37, 38. - - Rudolphius laticeps, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 3. - - Balænoptera laticeps, _Van Beneden_, _Ostéogr. Cét._ t. 10 & t. - 11. figs. 11-35. - -Inhab. North Sea. - -Nose of skull more than twice the length of brain-cavity from the nasal -bones. - - -5. SIBBALDIUS. - - Sibbaldius, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 175, 1865; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 3. - - Flowerius, _Lilljeborg_, _Nova Acta Upsal._ vi. 1867. - -Dorsal fin very small, far behind, and placed on a thick prominence. Ribs -14·14; first short, sternal end very broad and deeply notched. Sternum -trifoliate, with a short broad hinder lobe. Scapula broad, with very long -acromion and short slender coracoid process. Fingers ⸺? - - -1. Sibbaldius borealis. - - Sibbaldius borealis, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 175, fig. 39; _Synops. - Whales & Dolph._ p. 3. - - Flowerius gigas, _Lilljeborg_, _Nova Acta Upsal._ vi. 1867. - -Inhab. North Sea. - -Mr. Flower considers _B. borealis_, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. -1866, p. 297, from North Atlantic, as very nearly allied to _Balænoptera -Schlegelii_. - - -2. Sibbaldius Schlegelii. - - Sibbaldius Schlegelii, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 178, figs. 40-48; - _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 3. - - Balænoptera Schlegelii, _Van Beneden_, _Ostéogr. Cét._ t. 14 & - 15. - -Inhab. Java. - -Cervical vertebræ separate (t. 14. f. 5-12); the second with a broad -short lateral expansion, having a moderate-sized oblong perforation. Beak -of skull very long, three and a half times the length of the brain-cavity. - - -3. Sibbaldius? antarcticus. - - Sibbaldius? antarcticus, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 381, fig. 87; - _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 3. - - Balænoptera antarctica, _Van Beneden_, _Ostéogr. Cét._ p. 234. - -Inhab. Buenos Ayres. - -Van Beneden regards it as a doubtful species. - - -4. Sibbaldius sulphureus. - - Sibbaldius sulphureus, _Cope_, _Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad._ - 1869, pp. 10, 19, f. 11. - - Sulphur-bottom _of the Whalers on the North-west Coast_. - -Dorsal fin very far back. - -Inhab. North Pacific, north-west coast of America, California. - - -5. Sibbaldius tectirostris. - - Sibbaldius tectirostris, _Cope_, _Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. - Philad._ 1869, p. 7. - -Inhab. North Pacific. Skeleton, Mus. Philad. - - -6. Sibbaldius tuberosus. - - Sibbaldius tuberosus, _Cope_, _Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad._ - 1867, p. ⸺. - - Sibbaldius laticeps, _Cope_, _l. c._ 1866, p. 297. - -Inhab. North-east coast of America. - - -Family 5. BALÆNOPTERIDÆ. _Pike Whales._ - - Balænopterina, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 114. - - Balænoptera, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 114; _Lilljeborg_, _Nova Acta - Upsal._ vi. - - Balænopteridæ, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 3. - -Dorsal fin high, erect, compressed, about two-thirds of the entire length -from the nose. Pectoral fin moderate, with four short fingers. Vertebræ -50; cervical vertebræ sometimes anchylosed. Neural canal broad, trigonal. -Ribs 11·11. The second cervical vertebra with a broad lateral expansion, -perforated at the base. First rib single-headed. Lower jaw with a conical -coronoid process. - - -1. BALÆNOPTERA. - - Balænoptera, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 114, 186; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 3. - - Fabricia, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 382. - -The lower lateral processes of the third to the seventh cervical vertebræ -with an angular projection on the lower edges. Fingers short, the length -of the forearm-bone. - -Scapula broad; acromion and coracoid elongate, slender. - - -1. Balænoptera rostrata. - - B.M. - - Balænoptera rostrata, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 188, figs. 49-53; - _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 3, t. 1. f. 5 (baleen), t. 2 - (skull), t. 32. f. 3, 4 (cervical vertebræ); _Van Beneden_, - _Ostéogr. Cét._ t. 12 & t. 13. figs. 1-10. - -Inhab. North Sea. - - -2. Balænoptera velifera. - - Balænoptera velifera, _Cope_, _Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad._ - 1869, p. 18, f. 9, 10. - -Dorsal fin large. - -Inhab. Oregon (Finner Whale); California, Queen Charlotte’s Sound. - - -2. SWINHOIA. - - Swinhoia, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 382; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. - 3. - -The lower lateral processes of the third to the sixth cervical vertebræ -slender, regularly curved, without any prominent angle on the lower edge. - - -1. Swinhoia chinensis. - - B.M. - - Balænoptera Swinhoei, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 382, figs. 88-93. - - Swinhoia chinensis, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 3. - -Inhab. Formosa. - - -Section II. DENTICETE (_cf._ p. 35). - - Denticete, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 62, 194; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 3. - - Odontoceti _or_ Delphinoidea, _Flower_, _l. c._ p. 111. - -Teeth well developed in one or both jaws, sometimes deciduous. Palate -without baleen. Head large or moderate, compressed. Tympanic bones two, -dissimilar, separate, becoming united, sunk in a cavity in the base of -the skull. Gullet large. - -The suborders in this section have certain relations to each other by -which they may be arranged in two parallel series:— - - | A. Nostrils | B. Nostrils - | separate, | united, - | elongated. | transverse. - | | - Teeth only in the lower jaw. Cervical | | - vertebræ often united | Physeteroidea. | Ziphioidea. - Teeth well developed in both jaws. | | - Jaws beaked | Susuoidea. | Delphinoidea. - - -Division I. _Nostrils longitudinal, parallel or diverging; each covered -with a valve_ (cf. p. 62). - - -Suborder III. PHYSETEROIDEA. - - Physeteroidea, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 195; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 3. - - Physeteridæ (Physeterinæ), _Flower_, _Tr. Zool. Soc._ vol. vi. - p. 113. - -Head blunt. Nostrils longitudinal, parallel, or diverging, each covered -with a valve, the right often obliterated. Teeth many in the lower -jaw, fitting into holes in the gums of the upper one. Lachrymal bone -none distinct. “Costal cartilages not ossified. The hinder ribs losing -their tubercular and retaining their capitular articulation with the -vertebræ. The greater number of the cervical vertebræ ankylosed together. -Pterygoid bones thick, produced backwards, meeting in the middle line, -and not involuted to form the outer wall of the postpalatine air-sinus. -Symphysis of mandible of moderate or excessive length. No functional -teeth in the upper jaw. Mandibular teeth various, often much reduced in -number. Lachrymal bones usually large and distinct. Bones of the skull -raised so as to form an elevated prominence or crest behind the anterior -nares. Orbit of small or moderate size. Pectoral limbs small. Dorsal fin -usually present.”—_Flower._ - - -Family 6. CATODONTIDÆ. - - Catodontina, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 386, 387. - - Catodontidæ, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 3. - -Head compressed, truncated in front, very large. Blowers separate, -linear, in front of the upper part of the head. Mouth inferior, linear. -Pectoral fin short, broad, truncate. Dorsal hump rounded. Skull elongate. -Crown concave, surrounded by a high perpendicular wall formed by the -doubled-up maxilla and occipital bones. Upper jaw toothless. Atlas free; -rest of cervical vertebræ united by their bodies and spines into a -consolidated mass. - - -1. CATODON. - - Catodon, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 196, 386, 387; Synops. Whales & - Dolph. p. 3. - - Physeter, _Flower_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. vi. p. 309. - -The atlas vertebra transverse, nearly twice as broad as high; the central -canal subtrigonal, narrow below. Skull nearly one-third the entire -length of the body. Lachrymal bone wanting. The zygomatic process is -formed of the malar bone. Vertebral column rough and rather spongy. -Vertebræ 50: 7 cervical, 11 dorsal, 8 lumbar, 24 caudal. The atlas -separate; the other 6 cervical united by their bodies and spines into one -consolidated mass, and sometimes united to the first dorsal vertebra. -The atlas subquadrangular, broader than long. The transverse process -truncated. Upper edge nearly straight, lower slightly curved. Neural -canal triangular, one of the angles directed downwards. The thyro-hyal -triangular, thick in front, thinner behind; the basihyal broad and flat. -The basihyal and thyro-hyal united. The ribs long, all but the first -slender and light. The first rib is short, broad, and very thick near -the lower end. Sternum large, triangular, the apex turned backwards. The -broad front end nearly straight, composed of two large anterior and a -small posterior piece. Pectoral limb small. Scapula higher than broad; -outer surface concave, inner convex. Acromion very large, dilated at the -end. Coracoid large, narrow, and about half the length of the acromion. -Humerus compressed. Radius and ulna not quite so long as the humerus, -often united at the ends and separate in the middle. The carpus wide -and short. The carpal bones six, nearly in a single row. The fingers -five, all well developed, the second, third, and fourth not differing -greatly in length, the fourth the shortest; the first consisting of two, -the second and third of six, the fourth of five, and the fifth of four -joints; the second finger two-thirds the length of the arm-bones. - -The skull of the young animal is much shorter and broader than in the -adult (Flower, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vi. tab. 57). - - -1. Catodon macrocephalus. - - B.M. - - Catodon macrocephalus, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 196 (f. 54), 202, - 387; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 4. - - Physeter macrocephalus, _Flower_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. vi. - p. 309, tab. 55 to 61, and woodcuts. - -Inhab. Tropical seas, accidentally in the temperate ones. - -Mr. Flower (Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vi.) considers _C. australis_, Gray, -_l. c._ p. 206, fig. 55, the same species; and certainly there does not -appear to be any character in the skeleton to divide them. - -Maury remarks:—“The Sperm-Whale, according to the result of this chart, -appears never to double the Cape of Good Hope. It doubles Cape Horn. -Since this fish delights in warm water, shall we not expect to find off -Cape Horn an under-current of warm water heavier with its salt?”—_Maury_, -_Whale-Charts_, p. 267. - -How far the species indicated range beyond the habitats whence they were -received is yet to be discovered and recorded. No doubt their range is -influenced by many local circumstances (peculiarities in the currents, -and disposition of the food) that are not easily observed or understood. - - -2. MEGANEURON. - - Meganeuron, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 386, 387; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 4. - -The atlas vertebra subcircular, rather broader than high. The central -canal subcircular, in the middle of the body, widened above. - -The rest of the animal not known; it is placed in _Catodontidæ_ because -this family is the only one that has the atlas separate from the cervical -vertebræ and of the simple form. - - -1. Meganeuron Krefftii. - - Meganeuron Krefftii, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1865, p. 440; _Cat. - Seals & Whales_, p. 388, figs. 94-97; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ - p. 4. - -Inhab. Australian seas. - -Atlas 13 inches wide. - - -Family 7. PHYSETERIDÆ. - - Physeterina, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 386, 390. - - Physeteridæ, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 4. - -Head depressed, rounded in front. Blowers linear (often only the one -on the left side open), at the back of the forehead. Mouth small, -inferior, rounded. Dorsal fin compressed, falcate. Pectoral fin elongate, -falcate. Skull short; crown concave; hinder part of the wall formed by -the maxillaries, and divided, as it were, into two subequal parts by a -central bony ridge, which is more or less twisted towards the right side. -Upper jaw toothless. Atlas and cervical vertebræ all united into a solid -mass. - - -1. PHYSETER. - - Physeter, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 196, 210, 386; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 4. - -Head large, rather depressed in front. Skull ⸺? - -Only known from Sibbald’s description, which, like his others, is very -specific; and all his other accounts of animals have been proved to be -correct. - -Mr. Flower has no faith in Sibbald’s account of this animal, and says, -“If the Linnæan genus _Physeter_ is to be kept in abeyance until the -rediscovery of Sibbald’s ‘_Balæna macrocephala tripinna_,’ it is to -be feared that it may ultimately disappear altogether from zoological -literature.”—_Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. vi. p. 369. - - -1. Physeter tursio. - - Physeter tursio, _Linn._, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 212; _Synops. - Whales & Dolph._ p. 4. - -Inhab. North Sea, Scotland (_Sibbald_, 1687). Length 52 or 53 feet. - - -2. KOGIA. - - Kogia, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 196, 215, 386, 391; _Flower_, - _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. vi. p. 114. - -Head moderate, blunt and high in front; left blower only open. Skull -short and broad; the septum that divides the crown of the skull very -sinuous, folded so as to form a funnel-shaped cavity. - - -1. Kogia breviceps. - - Kogia breviceps, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 217, 391; _Synops. Whales - & Dolph._ p. 4. - -Inhab. Cape of Good Hope. - -Perhaps the next is the same species. - - -2. Kogia Macleayii. - - B.M. - - Kogia Macleayii, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 391; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 4. - - Physeter simus, _Owen_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. vi. p. 30, t. - 10, 11, 12, 13, ♀ (not skeleton, t. 11. f. 2). - -Inhab. Australia, India. Length 10 feet, young. - -The difference between _Kogia_ and _Euphysetes_ does not depend on the -sex of the animals. Mr. Krefft described a male, and Professor Owen a -female specimen; the latter mistook the two drawings of the same specimen -for the two sexes, deceived by certain additions surreptitiously made to -Mr. Elliot’s drawings; but the additions, especially the penis, are not -represented on the plates, and the artist (Mr. Willis) says he received -no directions to leave out any part of the drawing, and accurately copied -them. The measurements given in the paper do not agree with those in Mr. -Elliot’s notes made from the living animal; and reference to them would -have prevented all this confusion. - - -3. EUPHYSETES. - - Euphysetes, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 196, 215, 386, 392; _Synops. - Whales & Dolph._ p. 4. - -Head moderate, blunt and high in front. Skull short and broad. The septum -that divides the cavity of the crown of the skull simple, longitudinal, -only slightly curved. - -Vertebræ 51: cervical 7 (all united into one mass), dorsal 14, caudal 40. -Basihyal broad and flat, as in _Catodon_. - - -1. Euphysetes Grayii. - - Euphysetes Grayii, _MacLeay_; _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 218, 392; - _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 4. - - Physeter simus, _Owen_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. vi. t. 11. f. - 2 (skeleton only). - -Inhab. Australia. - - -Suborder IV. SUSUOIDEA. - - Susuoidea, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 4. - -Head beaked. Nostrils longitudinal, each covered with a valve (the right -often obliterated). Teeth in upper and lower jaws, compressed. Crown of -skull covered with a bony arch. Pectoral fin broad, truncate. Fingers 4, -nearly equal, the outer the shortest. - - -Family 8. PLATANISTIDÆ. - - Platanistidæ, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 62, 220; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 4. - - Platanistinæ, _Flower_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. vi. p. 114. - -Head long-beaked. Jaws slender, compressed. Skull—crown covered with the -converging arch and reflexed edges of the maxillaries. - -“Costal cartilages not ossified. The tubercular and capitular -articulations of the ribs blending together posteriorly. Cervical -vertebræ all free. Pterygoid bones thin, not conforming in their mode of -arrangement with either of the other sections. Jaws very long and narrow; -both with numerous teeth having compressed fangs. Symphysis of mandible -very long, exceeding half the length of the entire ramus. Orbit very -small. Lachrymal bones not distinct from the jugal. Pectoral limbs large. -Dorsal fin rudimentary. Maxillary bones supporting large bony incurved -crests. No cingulum or tubercle at the base of the crown of the teeth. -Pectoral fins truncated. Visual organs rudimentary. External respiratory -aperture longitudinal, linear.”—_Flower._ - - -1. PLATANISTA. - - Platanista, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 221; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ - p. 4. - -Vertebræ 51: cervical 7, all separate; dorsal 11; lumbar 8; caudal 25. - - -1. Platanista gangetica. - - Platanista gangetica, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 223; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p 4. - -Inhab. India, Ganges. - - -2. Platanista Indi. - - Platanista Indi, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 224; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 4. - -Inhab. India, Indus. - - -Division II. _Nostrils both united into a single central transverse or -crescent-shaped blower on the back of the crown_ (cf. p. 57). - - -Suborder V. DELPHINOIDEA. - - Delphinoidea, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 4. - -Nostrils two, united into a single central transverse or crescentic -blower on the back of the crown. Teeth in both jaws, permanent, or rarely -deciduous by age. Pectoral fin lanceolate, ovate, or truncated. Head -generally beaked. Dorsal fin falcate or wanting. Skull beaked; maxillary -bone spread out over the orbit. - - -I. _Pectoral fin elongate, obliquely truncated on the inner side. Fingers -elongate, longer than the arm-bones, unequal; the second and third much -the longest; the rest short. Forearm-bones close together, only separated -by a straight line. Carpal bones moderate, 5 or 7_ (cf. p. 85). - - -A. _Pectoral fin on the side of the body. Second and third fingers of six -or eight phalanges_ (cf. p. 82). - - -Family 9. INIIDÆ. - - Iniidæ, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 62, 226; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ - p. 4. - - Platanistidæ (Iniinæ), _Flower_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. vi. - p. 114. - -Fluviatile. Head beaked; beak bristly. Teeth in the jaws, rugulose, -crowns with an internal lobe; permanent. Pectoral fin large, elongate, -subfalcate. Back keeled behind, without any dorsal fin. Skull—jaw -compressed; symphysis of lower jaw elongate, extending for more than half -its length. Overlooking the form of the blower, Mr. Flower places this -genus with Platanistidæ. - -Vertebræ 41. C. 7. D. 13. L. 3. C. 18. The smallest number of any -Cetacean known. - -“Costal cartilages not ossified. The tubercular and capitular -articulations of the ribs blending together posteriorly. Cervical -vertebræ all free. Pterygoid bones thin, not conforming in their mode of -arrangement with either of the other sections. Jaws very long and narrow, -both with numerous teeth having compressed fangs. Symphysis of mandible -very long, exceeding half the length of the entire ramus. Orbit very -small. Lachrymal bones not distinct from the jugal. Pectoral limbs large. -Dorsal fin rudimentary.”—_Flower._ - -“Maxillary crests absent, or very slightly developed. Many of the teeth -with a complete cingulum or a distinct tubercle at the base of the crown. -Pectoral fin ovate, obtusely pointed.”—_Flower._ - - -1. INIA. - - Inia, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 226; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 4; - _Flower_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. p. 87. - -Cervical vertebræ free: the first with an inferior posterior process, -bifid at the end; lateral processes very short: the second with a strong -dorsal process. Dorsal vertebræ with very high dorsal processes. Scapula -very high, with very long acromion and coracoid processes. The arm-bone -short. Forearms thick and short, scarcely so long as the upper arm-bone. -Metacarpal bones seven, imbedded in cartilage. The second and third -fingers very long, with six phalanges; the first finger very short, of -two phalanges; the fourth strong, short, about as long as the first two -phalanges of the third finger, of four phalanges; the fifth finger very -short, slender, of three phalanges. The breast-bone ovate, scutate, -notched in front. - - -1. Inia Geoffroyii. - - Inia Geoffroyii, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 226, 393; _Synops. Whales - & Dolph._ p. 4; _Flower_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. p. 87, t. 25, - 26, 27 (skeleton). - - Delphinus amazonicus, _Spix_, _Reise in Brasil._ t. iii. pp. - 1119 and 1113, fig. 34 (bad). - - Inia Geoffrensis, _D’Orbigny_, _in Ann. Mus. Paris_, vol. iii. - p. 23; _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ t. xxxii. - -Inhab. Brazil, river Amazon. - -“The number of the teeth in the different specimens of _Inia_ examined -shows a considerable range of variation, presuming that they all belong -to one species. In the one now described there are R. 26, L. 26 / R. -25, L. 27 = 104. The larger specimen in the British Museum, from Ega, -has 28-28/26-27 = 109, and also two minute rudimentary teeth in the gum -behind the last in the left maxilla. In the smaller skull from the same -place there are 29-26/28-27 = 110. In the skull in the Paris Museum, -brought by D’Orbigny, there are, according to Gervais, 33-33/33-33 = -132; but in the type specimen in the same museum, taken from Lisbon, the -number is given by De Bainville as 26-26/26-26 = 104. In the Berlin skull -the teeth are 34-32/33-32 = 131. Von Martius, in his diagnosis of the -species, gives 28-28/29-29 = 114.”—_Flower._ - - -Family 10. DELPHINIDÆ. - - Delphinidæ, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 228, 393; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 4; _Flower_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. p. 113. - -Head beaked. Teeth in both jaws, conical or compressed, permanent, -without any internal lobe, occupying nearly the whole length of the jaws. -Back rounded, with a falcate dorsal fin; rarely absent. Skull with the -maxilla expanded over the orbit, and more or less turned up on the edges. - -“Costal cartilages firmly ossified. Posterior ribs losing their capitular -articulation, and only uniting with the transverse processes of the -vertebræ by the tubercle. Anterior (2-6) cervical, in most, ankylosed -together. Pterygoid bones short, thin, involuted to form, with a process -of the palatine bone, the outer wall of the postpalatine air-sinus. -Numerous teeth in both jaws (_Monodon_ excepted), sometimes deciduous. -Symphysis of mandible short or moderate, never exceeding one-third the -length of the ramus. Bones of the skull not raised into a distinct crest -behind the anterior nares. Orbit of moderate size. Lachrymal bones not -distinct from the jugal. Pectoral limbs varying much in form and size. -Dorsal fin usually present.”—_Flower._ - - -Tribe I. _STENONINA._ - - Stenonina, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 5. - -Head beaked, teeth conical. Beak of the skull elongate, slender, -compressed. Nasal triangle short. Symphysis of the lower jaw elongate. - - -1. STENO. - - Steno, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, pp. 230, 232, 393, 394; - _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 5. - -Beak of the skull compressed, higher than broad. Symphysis of the -lower jaw long. Marine and fluviatile. “Pectoral fin moderately long, -triangular, obtusely pointed at the end. First digit short, without any -bony phalange; the second with six, the third five, the fourth two, -and the fifth one phalange. The carpal bones all separated by broad -cartilages. Scapula oblique, truncated at the posterior angle. Acromion -broad, and coracoid rather small.”—_Flower._ - - -a. _Skull large, solid; the beak compressed, high._ - - -* _Teeth large, conical, about two in an inch of the length of the margin -of the jaw._ - - -1. Steno frontatus. - - B.M. - - Steno frontatus, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 233. n. 3; _Synops. Whales - & Dolph._ p. 5, t. 21. f. 7, 8. - -Beak of the skull short; the front part thick, high, and blunt. Teeth -24·24, large, two in an inch. - -Inhab. Indian Ocean. - - -2. Steno compressus. - - B.M. - - Steno compressus, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 233. n. 4; _Synops. Whales - & Dolph._ p. 5, t. 27. - -Beak of the skull elongate, compressed, attenuated in front. Teeth 26·26, -large, two in an inch (Zool. E. & T. t. 27). - -Inhab. South Sea. - -_Steno rostratus_ appears to belong to this section. - - -** _Teeth three in an inch._ - - -3. Steno chinensis. - - Delphinus chinensis, _Osbeck’s China_; _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ - p. 266. - - Delphinus sinenis, _Desmarest_, _Mam._ p. 514; _Flower_, - _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. vii. p. 151, t. 17, 18 (skeleton). - -Vertebræ 51:—C. 7. D. 12. L. 10. C. 22. - -Inhab. China, Canton (_Osbeck_), Formosa (_Swinhoe_). - - -b. _Skull small, rather spongy. Teeth small, slender, attenuated, about -four or five in an inch of the length of the margin of the jaw._ - - -* _Beak of the skull elongate, compressed, much attenuated and acute in -front. Teeth four in an inch._ - - -4. Steno capensis. - - B.M. - - Steno capensis, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 394. n. 4**; _Synops. Whales - & Dolph._ p. 5. - -Inhab. Cape of Good Hope. - - -5. Steno lentiginosus. - - B.M. - - Steno lentiginosus, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 394. n. 4**; _Synops. - Whales & Dolph._ p. 5; _Owen_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. t. 5. f. - 2, 3. - -Inhab. India (_W. Elliot_). Skull, B.M. - - 1. Steno roseiventris, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 233. no. 2. - -Inhab. Moluccas. Skull not seen by me. - - -** _Beak of the skull short, compressed, much attenuated and acute in -front. Teeth five in an inch. Flesh-coloured. Fluviatile._ Tucuxa. - - -6. Steno tucuxi. - - B.M. - - Steno tucuxi, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 236, 394; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 5. - -Inhab. Brazil, river Amazons, 1500 miles from the sea (_Bates_). - -See also _S. (?) fluviatilis_ and _S. (?) pallidus_, Gray, _l. c._ p. -237; same locality, if distinct. - - -*** _Beak of the skull elongate, rather depressed, broad, slightly -compressed on the sides. Teeth small, five in an inch._ Stenella. - - -7. Steno attenuatus. - - B.M. - - Steno attenuatus, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 235, 395; _Syn. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 5. - -Inhab. India. - -The beak of the skull flattened (Zool. E. & T. t. 28). - -This section is nearly intermediate between _Steno_ and _Clymenia_. - - -8. Steno fuscus. - - B.M. - - Steno fuscus, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 5, t. 26. f. - 1. - -Only known from a fœtus in spirits. - - 2. Steno? brevimanus, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 236. - -Inhab. Banda, Singapore. Teeth 36/36. - - 3. Steno? coronatus, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 238. - -Inhab. Spitzbergen (_Fréminville_). Not seen since 1806, and no remains -of it in any museum. - - 4. Steno? rostratus, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 238. - - Dauphin de Breda, _Cuvier_, _Oss. Foss._ vol v. p. 400. - -Inhab. North Sea. - - -2. SOTALIA. - - Sotalia, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 393, 401; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 6. - -Dorsal fin distinct. Beak depressed, rather longer than the brain-cavity. -Teeth slender, conical. Palate flat behind. Pectoral fin ovate, obliquely -truncated at the end; hand shorter than the arm-bones. Carpal bones -small. Scapula broad. Acromion broad. - -Vertebræ 55:—C. 7. D. 12. L. 14. C. 22. - -Scarcely distinct from _Steno_. - - -1. Sotalia guianensis. - - Sotalia guianensis, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 401; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 6. - - Tursio guianensis, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 257. - - Delphinus guianensis, _Van Beneden_, _Mém. Acad. Brux._ p. 27, - t. 2 (skeleton), tom. xvi. tab. 2. figs. 1 and 2. - -Inhab. British Guiana. - -Teeth 28 or 29. Pectoral fin very broad: fingers five; the index the -longest, the thumb and little finger the least developed. The caudal -vertebræ very strong. The first two of the cervical vertebræ united, the -five others separate. Sternum in three pieces. - - -Tribe II. DELPHININA. - - Delphinina, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 5. - -Head beaked. Teeth conical. Beak of the skull elongate, longer than the -brain-cavity, depressed, broad, shelving on the sides. Nasal triangle -short. Symphysis of the lower jaw very short, sloping. Dorsal fin -subcentral, rarely wanting. - - -a. _Beak elongate. Palate with a deep groove on each side behind._ - - -3. DELPHINUS. - - Delphinus, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 230, 239, 393; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 5. - -Beak elongate. Dorsal fin distinct. Teeth small, slender, five or six in -an inch. Fingers elongate, unequal; the second much the longest, 8- or -9-jointed; third elongate, about three-fourths the length; the rest short. - -Fœtus and tongue figured, t. 26. f. 2 of Synops. Whales and Dolph. - - -* _Beak of skull twice as long as the brain-case. Teeth 55/55 or 56/56._ - - -1. Delphinus longirostris. - - B.M. - - Delphinus longirostris, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 241. no. 2; _Synops. - Whales & Dolph._ p. 5. - -Inhab. Southern Ocean; Cape of Good Hope; Japan; Malabar. - - -** _Beak of skull once and a half the length of the brain-case. Teeth -45/45 to 50/50._ - - -2. Delphinus delphis. - - B.M. - - Delphinus delphis, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 242 (n. 3), 396; - _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 5; _Reinhardt_, _Vidensk. Meddel._ - 1866, t. 1. - -Black, sides grey, beneath white. - -Inhab. North Sea; North Atlantic; Mediterranean. - -Vertebræ 75:—C. 7. D. 13. L. 24. C. 31. - - -3. Delphinus Moorei. - - Delphinus Moorei, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 396, fig. 99; _Synops. - Whales & Dolph._ p. 5. - -Inhab. South Atlantic. - - -4. Delphinus major. - - B.M. - - Delphinus major, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 396; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 5. - -Inhab. ⸺? - - -5. Delphinus Walkeri. - - Delphinus Walkeri, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 397, fig. 100; _Synops. - Whales & Dolph._ p. 5. - -Inhab. South Atlantic. - -Burmeister (‘Anales Mus. Buenos Ayres,’ i. p. 306) erroneously considers -it a synonym of _D. microps_, which is a _Clymenia_. - - -6. Delphinus Janira. - - B.M. - - Delphinus Janira, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 245, 398; _Zool. Ereb. & - Terror_, t. 23; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 5, t. 23. - -Inhab. Newfoundland. - - -7. Delphinus fulvifasciatus. - - B.M. - - Delphinus fulvifasciatus, _Pucheran_, _Voy. Dumont d’Urville, - Mamm._ t. 21. f. 1, t. 23. f. 1, 2 (skull); _Gray_, _Cat. Seals - & Whales_, p. 252. - -Inhab. Van Diemen’s Land. - - -8. Delphinus obliquidens. - - Delphinus obliquidens, _Cope_, _Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad._ - 1869, p. 12. - - Lagenorhynchus obliquidens, _Cope_, _Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. - Philad._ 1865, p. 177. - -Inhab. North Pacific. Bottle-nose. - - -9. Delphinus pomeegra. - - B.M. - - Delphinus pomeegra, _Owen_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. t. 6. f. 3, - t. 8; _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 5. - -Inhab. India (_W. Elliot_) Skull, Brit. Mus. - - -10. Delphinus Forsteri. - - Delphinus Forsteri, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6, t. - 24 (copied from _Forster’s drawing_). - -Skull not known. - - -b. _Beak elongate. Palate flat behind, without any lateral groove._ - - -4. CLYMENIA. - - Clymene, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 249; _P. Z. S._ - 1864, p. 237, 1866, p. 214. - - Clymenia, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6. - -Beak of skull elongate, depressed. Teeth small, slender. Nasal triangle -moderate. Dorsal fin distinct. Pectoral fin falcate; hand larger than -the forearm-bones. Skull elongate, slender; brain-case spherical; beak -slender, elongate, longer than the brain-case; intermaxillaries convex. -Teeth small, slender, five or six in an inch. The symphysis of the lower -jaw short. The blowers are moderate. - - -* _Beak of the skull twice as long as the brain-case. Teeth five in an -inch._ Micropia. - - -1. Clymenia stenorhyncha. - - B.M. - - Clymene stenorhyncha, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 214. - - Clymenia stenorhyncha, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6. - - Delphinus stenorhynchus, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 396. n. 1*. - - Delphinus microps, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 240. - - -** _Beak of the skull once and three-quarters the length of the -brain-cavity. Teeth six in an inch._ Euphrosyne. - - -2. Clymenia microps. - - B.M. - - Clymene microps, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 214. - - Clymenia microps, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6. - - Delphinus microps, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ pp. 240, 395; _Zool. - Ereb. & Ter._ t. 25. - -Inhab. Coast of Brazil. - - -3. Clymenia Alope. - - B.M. - - Clymene Alope, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 214. - - Clymenia Alope, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6, t. 32. - - Delphinus Alope, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ pp. 252, 399. - -Inhab. Cape Horn. - - -4. Clymenia Styx. - - B.M. - - Delphinus Styx, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 250. - - Clymenia Styx, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6, t. 21. - -Inhab. West Africa, North Pacific. - - -5. Clymenia Euphrosyne. - - B.M. - - Clymene Euphrosyne, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 214. - - Clymenia Euphrosyne, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6, t. - 22 & t. 31. - - Delphinus Euphrosyne, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 251; _Zool. Ereb. & - Ter._ t. 22. - -Inhab. North Sea. - - -*** _Beak of the skull once and a half the length of the brain-case. -Teeth large, four in an inch._ Gadamu. - - -6. Clymenia gadamu. - - B.M. - - Clymenia gadamu, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6. - - Delphinus gadamu, _Owen_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. t. 3 - (animal), & t. 4 (skull). - -Inhab. India (_W. Elliot_). Two skulls, Brit. Mus. - - -**** _Beak of the skull once and a half or once and one-third the length -of the brain-case. Teeth five or six in an inch._ Clymenia. - - -7. Clymenia normalis. - - B.M. - - Clymene normalis, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 214. - - Clymenia normalis, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6. - - Delphinus Clymene, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 249. - -Beak of the skull once and a half the length of the brain-case, and as -long as twice and one-half the width at the notch. Teeth 40, nearly six -in an inch. - - -***** _Beak of the skull once and one-half the length of the brain-case, -and as long as twice and a half the width at the notch. Teeth five in an -inch._ - - -8. Clymenia Doris. - - B.M. - - Tursio Doris, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 255; _Zool. Ereb. & Ter._ t. - 20. - - Clymenia Doris, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6, t. 20. - - Clymene Doris, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 214. - - -9. Clymenia euphrosynoides. - - B.M. - - Clymenia euphrosynoides, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6. - - Delphinus Euphrosyne, _Gray_, _l. c._ t. 31 (skull); _Owen_, - _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. t. 8. f. 5. - - -****** _Beak of the skull once and one-third the length of the brain-case, -and as long as twice and one-third the width at the notch. Teeth five -in an inch._ - - -10. Clymenia dorides. - - B.M. - - Tursio dorides, _Gray_, _Cat. S. &. W._ p. 400. - - Clymene dorides, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 215. - - Clymenia dorides, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6. - -Inhab. ⸺? - - -******* _Beak of the skull once and one-sixth the length of the brain-case, -and as long as twice and one-half the width at the notch. Teeth five or -six in an inch. The aperture of the blower large._ - - -11. Clymenia obscura. (Fig. 3.) - - B.M. - - Tursio obscurus, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ pp. 264, 400; _Zool. E. - & T._ t. 16. - - Clymene obscura, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 215, 1868, p. 147, - fig. 1. - - Clymenia obscura, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6, t. 16 - (skull). - -Inhab. South Pacific. - -[Illustration: Pterygoid bones and hinder nasal opening of skull. - -Fig. 3. _Clymenia obscura._ - -Fig. 4. _Clymenia similis._] - - -12. Clymenia similis. (Fig. 4.) - - B.M. - - Clymene similis, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1868, p. 147, fig. 2. - - Clymenia similis, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6. - -Skull like _C. obscura_, but palate contracted behind; side of pterygoid -bone keeled. - -Inhab. Cape of Good Hope. - - -******** ⸺? - - -13. Clymenia crotaphiscus. - - Clymenia crotaphiscus, _Cope_, _Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad._ - 1865, p. 13. - -Supraoccipital rounded in profile; diameter of temporal fossa shorter -than the preorbital process; beak very flat, two and a half times the -breadth at notch; a keel in front of the nasal meatus. - -Inhab. Unknown. - - -14. Clymenia esthenops. - - Clymenia esthenops, _Cope_, _Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad._ 1865, - p. 12. - -Outline from foramen to crest curved; cranium rounded; temporal fossa -much longer than the postorbital process; width of the muzzle at notch -two and a half times or less in the length. - -Inhab. Unknown. - -_Var._ Width of muzzle at notch nearly three times in the length; -triangle long. - -Inhab. Unknown. - - -5. DELPHINAPTERUS. - - Delphinapterus, _Gray_, _Cat, Seals & Whales,_ p, 276; _Synops. - Whales & Dolph._ p. 6. - -Beak of skull elongate, depressed. Teeth small, slender. Dorsal fin none. -Bladebone very broad, nearly semicircular. - - -1. Delphinapterus Peronii. - - Delphinapterus Peronii, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 276; _Synops. Whales - & Dolph._ p. 6, t. 15 (animal). - -Inhab. South Atlantic, New Guinea. - - -c. _Beak short, thick. Palate flat behind, without any lateral groove._ - - -6. TURSIO. - - Tursio, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 254, 400; _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 215; - _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6. - -_Beak of the skull only rather longer than the brain-case, conical, -convex above, rounded. Teeth large. Skull high. The skull large, thick, -heavy, with a high swollen brain-cavity._ The beak rather longer than the -brain-case, broad, conical, stout, shelving on the sides. Teeth large, -22/22 or 22/25. The blower large. Nasal triangle produced considerably -before the notch. - -[Illustration: Fig. 5. Skull of _Tursio truncatus_ (♂), adult. - -Fig. 6. Under surface of the upper jaw, showing the worn surface.] - -Vertebræ 62:—C. 7. D. 13. L. 17. C. 25. - -Second finger very long; third shorter. Breast-bone formed of three -pieces, linear, dilated in front. - - -1. Tursio truncatus. (Figs. 5 & 6.) - - B.M. - - Tursio truncatus, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 258, 400. no. 6; _P. Z. - S._ 1866, p. 215, 1868, p. 561, figs. 1, 2; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 6, (D. tursio) t. 10. f. 1. - - Tursiops tursio, _Gervais_, _Ostéogr. Cét._ tab. 34. figs. 3-9. - -Inhab. North Sea and Mediterranean. Coast of France and Cette (_Gervais_). - - -2. Tursio erebennus. - - Delphinus erebennus, _Cope_, _Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad._ - - Delphinus tursio, _Cope_, _l. c._ 1865, p. 199. - -Teeth. 23/22; premaxillaries forming an elevated rounded ridge. - -Inhab. Philadelphia. - - -3. Tursio Metis. - - B.M. - - Tursio Metis, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 256. no. 3; _Zool. Ereb. & - Ter._ t. 18; _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 215, 1868, p. 362; _Synops. - Whales & Dolph._ p. 7, t. 18. - -Inhab. West Africa. - - -4. Tursio Cymodoce. - - B.M. - - Tursio Cymodoce, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 257. no. 4; _Zool. Ereb. & - Ter._ t. 19; _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 215; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ - p. 7, t. 19. - -Inhab. River Uragua. Mus. Buenos Ayres. - - -5. Tursio abusalam. - - Tursio abusalam, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 261. no. 7. - - Tursiops aduncus, _Gervais_, _Ostéogr. Cét._ t. 34. figs. 1 & 2. - -Inhab. Cape of Good Hope (_Gervais_); Red Sea (_Ehrenberg_). - -Rather larger than _Tursiops tursio_. Teeth acute. - - -6. Tursio Eurynome. - - B.M. - - Tursio Eurynome, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 261. no. 8; _Zool. Ereb. & - Ter._ t. 17; _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 215; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ - p. 7, t. 17. - -Inhab. South Sea; India?, Bay of Bengal. - - -7. Tursio catalania. - - B.M. - - Tursio catalania, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 262. no. 10; _P. Z. S._ - 1866, p. 215; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 7. - -Inhab. North-west coast of Australia. - -These skulls are all very much alike. - - -7. EUTROPIA. - - Eutropia, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 262; _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 215; - _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 7. - -Beak of the skull only rather longer than the brain-case. Skull -depressed, thick, with the sides rather bent down behind the notch. The -beak depressed, broad, rounded on the sides, rather longer than the -length of the brain-case; the intermaxillaries flat, rather broad. Teeth -small, slender, five or six in an inch. - -The skull bears a considerable affinity to the skulls of _Phocæna_, -_Neomeris_, _Beluga_, and _Monodon_ in the bending down of the sides. - - -1. Eutropia Dickiei. - - B.M. - - Eutropia Dickiei, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 215; _Synops. - Whales & Dolph._ p. 7, t. 34. - - Tursio Eutropia, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1862, p. 145; _Cat. S. & - W._ p. 262, no. 9. - -Inhab. South Pacific Ocean, Chili. - - -2. Eutropia Heavisidii. - - B.M. - - Eutropia Heavisidii, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 215; _Synops. - Whales & Dolph._ p. 7. - - Tursio Heavisidii, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 263. - - Cephalorhynchus Heavisidii, _Gervais_, _Ost. Cét._ tab. 36. - fig. 1 (skull). - -Inhab. Cape seas. - -Vertebræ 65:—C. 7. D. 13. L. 15. C. 30. - -The _D. cephalorhynchus_ of F. Cuvier, judging from the figure of the -skull given by Schlegel, appears also to belong to this genus. - -See _Stigmatias_ (_Amblyodon_), Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1866, -p. 294. - - -Tribe III. LAGENORHYNCHINA. - - Lagenorhynchus, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 267; _Gervais_, - _Ostéogr. Cét._ tab. 36. - - Lagenorhynchina, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 7. - -Head attenuated, beaked. Teeth conical. Beak of the skull as long as the -length of the brain-case, broad, flat above, edges slightly reflexed and -bent up in front of the notch. Nasal triangle elongate. Symphysis of the -lower jaw short. - - -8. ELECTRA. - - Electra, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 268; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 7. - -The beak of the skull very flat above, with the edges in front of the -notches bent up. Teeth-line stopping considerably short of the notch. - - -* _Beak of the skull rather longer (about one-third) than the length of -the brain-case. Teeth moderate, four in an inch, those of the lower jaw -rather larger._ - - -1. Electra obtusa. - - B.M. - - Lagenorhynchus Electra, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 268; _P. Z. S._ - 1866, p. 216; _Zool. E. & T._ t. 13. - - Electra obtusa, _Gray_, _Synopsis of Whales & Dolph._ p. 7, t. - 13 (skull). - -Beak tapering, rounded in front. - -Inhab. ⸺? - - -2. Electra Asia. - - B.M. - - Lagenorhynchus Asia, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 269. no. 3; _Zool. E. & - T._ t. 14; _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ tab. 36. fig. 6. - - Electra Asia, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 7, t. 14 - (skull). - -Beak attenuated, acute in front. - -Inhab. ⸺? - - -3. Electra fusiformis. - - B.M. - - Electra fusiformis, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 7. - - Delphinus fusiformis, _Owen_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. t. 5. f. - 1, t. 7 (skull). - -Beak broad, and rounded in front. - -Inhab. India (_W. Elliot_). B.M. - - -4. Electra acuta. - - Electra acuta, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 7. - - Lagenorhynchus acutus, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 270. no. 4. - - Delphinus Eschrichti, _Poelman_, _Ac. Roy. Belgique_, 1864, - vol. xvii. t. 1. - -Inhab. North Sea. - -According to Schlegel’s figure of the skull, it should be arranged in -this section. - - -5. Electra breviceps. - - Lagenorhynchus breviceps, _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ tab. 36. - fig. 3. - -Inhab. ⸺? - - -** _Beak of the skull rather shorter than the length of the brain-cavity. -Teeth small, five or six in an inch._ - - -6. Electra clancula. - - B.M. - - Electra clancula, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 7, t. 35. - - Lagenorhynchus clanculus, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 271. no. 5; - _Hector_, _Trans. New-Zealand Instit._ 1870, p. 27. - -Beak of the skull broad behind, once and three-fourths the width of the -notch in length. Teeth five in an inch. - -Inhab. South Pacific Ocean. - -In the Museum of Wellington, New Zealand, a complete skeleton. - - ft. in. - - Total length 5 1·0 - Cervical vertebræ seven, anchylosed 0 1·3 - Dorsals fourteen 0 11·5 - -Lumbar and caudal forty-eight, thirty-four of which have processes, and -may be considered lumbars. - - in. - Skull:— - Length, total 14·0 - Length of beak 7·5 - Width at notch 3·5 - Width at orbits 6·0 - Width of intermaxillary at blow-hole 2·7 - Width at middle of beak 2·5 - Height of occiput 5·7 - Length of flappers 12·0 - Scapula, transverse diameter 4·5 - Scapula, longitudinal diameter 6·5 - -This specimen was harpooned outside Wellington Harbour, and appears to be -the common Dolphin of the coast. - -Lower jaws of two others. - - -7. Electra crucigera. - - Lagenorhynchus cruciger, _Gervais_, _Ostéogr. Cét._ tab. 36. - fig. 3. - - -8. Electra thicolea. - - B.M. - - Electra thicolea, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 7, t. 36. - - Lagenorhynchus thicolea, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 271. no. 7. - -Beak of the skull narrow behind, twice as long as the width at the notch. -Teeth small, six in an inch. - -Inhab. West coast of North America. - - -9. FERESA. - - Orca (Feresa), _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1870, p. 77. - -The beak of the skull from the notch rather shorter than from the notch -to the condyle, depressed, flat above, gradually tapering in front; the -width at the notch two-thirds of the entire length of the beak. Lower jaw -slender, narrow and thin in front, teeth not reaching the notch. - -This reexamination has convinced me, and also, I believe, Mr. Flower, -that the skull described under the name of _Orca intermedia_ belongs to -a very small species, and is not “the skull of a very young individual, -probably of one of the large species,” as Mr. Flower supposed, apparently -from the examination of the figure (see Flower, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 425). -Indeed, when the animal is known, I should not be at all astonished if -it should prove to be a species of _Electra_ rather than of _Orca_, or -perhaps a new genus. - -This skull has many resemblances to those of some of the species of -_Electra_; the teeth are much smaller than those of _Orca_. - - -1. Feresa intermedia. - - B.M. - - Orca intermedia, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 283; _Zool. - Erebus and Terror_, p. 34, tab. 8 (skull); _P. Z. S._ 1870, p. - 77. - -Inhab. ⸺? - -This is the skull of a full-grown animal, and yet it is not so large as -the skull of a newly born specimen of _Orca_. Mr. Flower, judging from -the figure, believed it to be the skull of a very young animal; but on -examining the skull along with me he became satisfied, from the solidity -and definite form of the bones, that it is the skull of a full-grown -though not aged specimen. - - -10. LEUCOPLEURUS. - - Leucopleurus, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 216; _Synops. Whales - & Dolph._ p. 7. - -Beak of the skull rather flat above and elongate, bent up on the edge in -front of the notch, narrow behind, as long as, or slightly longer than, -the length of the brain-case. Teeth-line reaching nearly to the notch. -Teeth small, five in an inch. First and second cervical vertebræ united -by their bodies, third and fourth by the spinous processes. - -Vertebræ 81:—C. 7. D. 15. L. and C. 59. - - -1. Leucopleurus arcticus. - - B.M. - - Leucopleurus arcticus, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 7, - t. 6. f. 3-5 (fœtus), t. 12 (skull), t. 26. f. 3 (tongue). - - Lagenorhynchus leucopleurus, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 273. no. - 9; _Gervais, Ostéogr. Cét._ t. 36. fig. 4. - -Beak of the skull twice as long as the width at the notch. Teeth small, -five in an inch. - -Inhab. North Sea. - - -11. LAGENORHYNCHUS. - - Lagenorhynchus, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 216; _Cat. S. & W._ - p. 272; _Synops. Whales &. Dolph._ p. 7. - -Beak of the skull rather flat above, bent up on the edges in front of the -notch, deep, broad behind, rather shorter than the length of brain-case. -Teeth-line reaching nearly to the notch, large, three in an inch. First -and second cervical vertebræ united by their bodies; the third, fourth, -fifth, sixth, and seventh free. - -Vertebræ 88:—C. 7. D. 14. L. and C. 67. - - -1. Lagenorhynchus albirostris. - - B.M. - - Lagenorhynchus albirostris, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 272. no. - 8; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 8, t. 10. f. 2, t. 11 (skull); - _Gervais, Ostéogr. Cét._ tab. 36. fig. 5. - -The beak of the skull once and one-half as long as the width at the notch. - -Inhab. North Sea, Yarmouth. - - -Tribe IV. _PSEUDORCAINA._ - -Head rounded in front, very convex, not beaked. Teeth conical. Beak of -the skull depressed, broad, scarcely so long as the brain-cavity. - - -12. PSEUDORCA. - - Pseudorca, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 8. - -Head rounded, convex; body moderate; dorsal fin moderate, in the centre -of the back; arm-bones very short and thick, the humerus rather the -shortest. - -Triangle in front of the blowers flat. Teeth large, conical, acute, -permanent. Pectoral fin falcate. Arm-bone short, broad. Metacarpal -bones five, close together. Fingers very unequal, second and third much -longer than the rest, six- or seven-jointed; first finger very short, -two-jointed; third finger short, four-jointed, rather longer than the -first two joints of the third finger. Tooth-line of the upper jaw -nearly to the notch; of the lower jaw rather shorter. Lower jaw strong. -Symphysis short, about as long as the space occupied by the first four -teeth. Teeth large, conical, simple. - -Vertebræ 50:—C. 7. D. 10. L. 9. C. 24. - -The first to the sixth cervical vertebræ united by their bodies and -dorsal processes. Bladebone broad, with large coracoid and acromion -processes, which are much nearer together than usual. - - -* _Beak blunt, truncated in front._ Pseudorca. - - -1. Pseudorca crassidens. - - Pseudorca crassidens, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 290. no. 1; - _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 8; _Gervais_, _Ostéogr. Cét._ t. - 50. f. 7-17. - -Beak about two-thirds the length of the brain-cavity, broad, rather -tapering on the sides, truncated in front; teeth 8. - -Inhab. North Sea. - - -** _Beak narrow, tapering, and rounded in front._ Neoorca. - - -2. Pseudorca meridionalis. - - B.M. - - Pseudorca meridionalis, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 291. no. 2, figs. - 58, 59; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 8; _Gervais_, _Ostéogr. - Cét._ t. 50. - -Beak as long as the brain-cavity, tapering on the side, and rounded in -front. Teeth 8. - -Inhab. Van Diemen’s Land. - - -13. ORCAELLA. - - Orcaella, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 285; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. - 7. - -Head blunt, rounded, very convex. Body moderate. Dorsal fin moderate, -more or less behind the middle of the back; the pectoral fin broad. -Skull:—brain-case subglobular; beak very short, two-thirds the length -of the brain-case, tapering, flat above. Intermaxillary half as wide as -beak. Teeth small, conical, 12·12 / 12·12 or 14·14 / 14·14. - - -1. Orcaella brevirostris. - - B.M. - - Orcaella brevirostris, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 285; _Synops. Whales - & Dolph._ p. 7; _Anderson’s Icon. ined._ (animal and skull). - - Phocæna brevirostris, _Owen_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. t. 9. - - Globiocephalus indicus (part.), _Blyth_. - -Black; body stout; dorsal fin subcentral. - -Inhab. Estuaries of the Ganges (_Dr. Anderson_); Madras (_Elliot_). - - -2. Orcaella fluminalis. - - Orcaella fluminalis, _Anderson’s MS. & Icon. ined._ - - Dolphin of the Irawady, _Anderson_, _P. Z. S._ 1870, pp. 220, - 544. - -“Body slender, dirty white; dorsal fin more posterior.” - -Inhab. River Irawady, deep channels, from 300 to 1000 miles from the sea -(_Dr. Anderson_). - - -Tribe V. PHOCÆNINA. - -Lateral wings of the maxilla shelving down over the orbit. Triangle in -front of the blower convex. Teeth compressed. - - -14. PHOCÆNA. - - Phocæna, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 301; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 8. - -Dorsal fin distinct, in the middle of the back, with a series of small -spines on the upper part of its front edge. Teeth all compressed, -truncate. - -Vertebræ 64 to 66:—C. 7. D. 13. L. and C. 44 to 46. - - -1. Phocæna communis. - - Phocæna communis, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 302; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 8. - - Var.? Phocæna tuberculifera, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 304. - -Inhab. North Sea. - - 1. Phocæna brachycium, _Cope_, _Proc. Acad. N. Sc. Phil._ 1865, - p. 6; 1869, p. 28. - -Inhab. Harbour of Salem. - - 2. Phocæna vomerina, _Gill_, _Proc. Acad. N. S. Philad._ 1865; - _Cope_, _Proc. Acad. N. S. Philad._ 1869, p. 13. - -Inhab. North Pacific. The Bay Porpoise. - - -15. ACANTHODELPHIS. - - Acanthodelphis, _Gray_, _l. c._ 304; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ - p. 8. - -Dorsal fin distinct, rather behind the middle of the back. Back, in front -of the dorsal fin, with a single, and the upper part of the front edge -of the dorsal fin with three series of oblong keeled tubercles. Teeth -compressed, front one rather conical. - - -1. Acanthodelphis spinipinnis. - - Acanthodelphis spinipinnis, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 304; _Synops. - Whales & Dolph._ p. 8. - - Phocæna spinipinnis, _Burmeister_, _Anales Mus. Buenos Ayres_, - vol. i. t. 23 (animal), 24 (skull). - -Inhab. Coast of Brazil. - - -16. NEOMERIS. - - Neomeris, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 306; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. - 8. - -Dorsal fin none. Head rounded. Teeth compressed, slightly notched in -the middle of the crown. Pectoral fin ovate-falcate. The blade bone -triangular, with a large coracoid and acromion process. The forearm-bones -close together, linear. Metacarpal bones five, large. The hand rather -large; the second and third fingers elongate, nearly equal, as long as -the arm-bones, the fourth finger shorter, the first shorter, and the -fifth very short. - -Vertebræ 63:—C. 7. D. 13. L. and C. 43. - - -1. Neomeris phocænoides. - - Neomeris phocænoides, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 306; _Synops, Whales & - Dolph._ p. 8. - - “Delphinapterus molagan,” _Owen_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. p. - 24, a name given to a manuscript note of Mr. Elliot’s! - -Inhab. Indian Ocean; Bengal; Cape of Good Hope; Japan. - -Schlegel (Fauna Japonica, Mammalia, tab. v.) gives a detailed figure of -the skull, the dorsal vertebræ, the chest-bone, and the fore limb of this -animal. - - -B. _Pectoral fin low down on the side of the body. The second and third -fingers very long, of nine or twelve phalanges_ (cf. p. 63). - - -Family 11. GRAMPIDÆ. - -Head rounded; forehead rather convex. Teeth conical; of upper jaw early -deciduous, of lower jaw only in the front over the short symphysis. -Dorsal fin low, rather behind the middle of the back. Pectoral fins -ovate, elongate. Skull depressed, with the lateral expansions horizontal, -rather thickened and bent up over the orbit and slightly dilated and -bent down over the notch. Intermaxillaries dilated, swollen in front of -the blower. Atlas free; rest of cervical vertebræ and dorsal processes -united. The arm-bones short. Two middle fingers elongated, subequal, of -eight or nine phalanges; the other fingers very short, of two or three -phalanges. The breast-bone single, broad in front. - - -1. GRAMPUS. - - Grampus, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 230, 295, 393; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 9. - - -† _Triangle in front of the blowers elongate, produced in front over the -vomer. Bladebone triangular, the height about two-thirds the width. Beak -of skull narrow, more contracted for two-thirds of its length._ - - -1. Grampus Rissoanus. - - Grampus Rissoanus, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 298; - _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ t. 54. figs. 1-6; _Murie_, _Journ. - Anat. & Physiol._ 1870, v. p. 129, t. 5 (good). - -Beak of skull rather broad or gradually tapering towards the front; -intermaxillaries rather broad; bladebone triangular, the height -three-fourths the width. - -Inhab. Nice. - - -2. Grampus Cuvieri. - - B.M. - - Grampus Cuvieri, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 295, fig. 60; _Synops. - Whales & Dolph._ p. 9. - - Grampus griseus, _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ t. 54. figs. 1-6. - -Inhab. North Sea, Hampshire. - - -†† _Triangle in front of the blowers short, broad._ - - -3. Grampus Richardsonii. - - Grampus Richardsonii, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 299; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 9. - -Inhab. Cape of Good Hope. - - -Family 12. GLOBIOCEPHALIDÆ. - - Globiocephalidæ, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 62, 313; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 8. - -Head blunt, very much swollen. Teeth in the front part of both jaws, -cylindrical, simple; symphysis very short, shorter than the tooth-line. -Dorsal fin falcate. Pectoral fin low down on the sides of the body; -fingers elongate, many-jointed. Atlas and the rest of cervical vertebræ -united, or the hinder one free. Scapula triangular, with large coracoid -and acromion processes. Arm-bones very short. Metacarpal bones in -cartilage. The two middle fingers very long, of twelve to ten joints; -the rest of the fingers short, of three or four phalanges; index finger -short, slender, four-jointed; ring-finger shorter, three-jointed; little -finger very short, of one phalange. Breast-bone of three separate pierced -pieces; the hinder one narrow. - - -1. GLOBIOCEPHALUS. - - Globiocephalus, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 313; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 8. - -Skull:—palate flat; beak rather tapering in front. First to sixth -cervical vertebræ anchylosed into one mass, seventh free. - -Vertebræ 58 or 59:—C. 7. D. 11. L. and C. 40 or 41. - - -* _Black, with a white streak beneath._ - - -1. Globiocephalus svineval. - - B.M. - - Globiocephalus svineval, _Gray_, _l. c._ 314; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 8. - -Inhab. North Sea, coast of England. The Pilot Whale. - - 1. Globiocephalus melas, _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ t. 51. - - Delphinus globiceps, _Risso_, _Europe Mérid._ vol. iii. f. 1. - -Inhab. Mediterranean. - - 2. Globiocephalus affinis, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 317. - -Inhab. North Sea. - - 3. Globiocephalus intermedius, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 318. - - Globiocephalus, n. sp., _Cope_, _Proc. Acad. N. Sc. Phil._ - 1865, p. 7. - -Inhab. Delaware Bay. Teeth six above. - - 4. Globiocephalus Edwardsii, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 320. - -Inhab. South Sea. Cape of Good Hope. - - 5. Globiocephalus guadaloupensis. - - Globiocephalus intermedius, _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ t. - (skull). - - Globiocephalus intermedius (part.), _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. - 319. - -Inhab. Guadaloupe. Mus. Paris. - - -2. Globiocephalus Grayi. - - Globiocephalus Grayi, _Burmeister_, _Ann. & Mag. N. H._ 1868, - i. p. 52, t. 2. f. 2, 3; _Anales Mus. Buenos Ayres_; _Gray_, - _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 9. - -Inhab. Buenos Ayres. - - -** _Black, or only slightly paler beneath._ - - -3. Globiocephalus macrorhynchus. - - B.M. - - Globiocephalus macrorhynchus, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 320; _Synops. - Whales & Dolph._ p. 9; _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ t. 52. f. 4; - _Hector_, _Trans. New-Zealand Instit._ 1870, p. 38. - -Inhab. South Sea. New Zealand (_Gervais_). - -“Two skulls in the Colonial Museum, Wellington, New Zealand, one in -longitudinal section; one lower jaw; six cervical, four lumbar, thirteen -caudal vertebræ; two scapulæ; two hyoids. Both skulls are of the same -dimensions:— - - inches. - - “Length 26 - Length of nose 15 - Length of tooth-series 8 - Length of lower jaw 15 - (This is of a different individual.) - Width at notch 11 - Width at orbit 17 - Width of intermaxillary at blow-hole 7·5 - Width at middle of nose 9·5 - Height of occiput 14 - Scapula, transverse diameter 15 - Scapula, longitudinal diameter 12 - -“Hyoid arch 11 inches wide by 7 inches high. - -“Sternum 10 × 7 inches—with three sternal ribs, each 7 inches long. - -“The first rib is 10 inches from head to tip, but is bent with an arch of -5 inches. - -“The atlas, axis, and three other cervicals are anchylosed. The compound -cervicals have a conjoined length of 4 inches. Vertical diameter of -foramen magnum 2½ inches. Conjoined length of the four lumbers 8 inches; -height, including spinous processes, 8·5 inches. Caudal apparatus, -of thirteen segments, 16 inches; two of these are anchylosed. Teeth -9-9/8-8”.—_Hector._ - - 6. Globiocephalus Scammonii, _Cope_, _Proc. Ac. N. S. Philad._ - 1869, p. 11. - -Black above and below. - -Inhab. North Pacific. - - 7. Globiocephalus australis. - -Inhab. Coast of Australia. In Museum of Sydney. - - 8. Globiocephalus indicus, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 322. - -Inhab. Bay of Bengal. Black fish. - - 9. Globiocephalus Sieboldii, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 323. - -Inhab. Japan. - - 10. Globiocephalus chinensis, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 323. - -Inhab. China. - - 11. Globiocephalus sibo, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 323 (_sub_ G. - Sieboldii). - -Inhab. Japan. Called “Sibo golo.” Purple, with a white spot behind the -dorsal fin. - - -2. SPHÆROCEPHALUS. - - Sphærocephalus, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 323; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 9. - -Palate of the skull convex, shelving on the sides. Beak oblong, of nearly -the same width the greater part of its length. - - -1. Sphærocephalus incrassatus. - - B.M. - - Sphærocephalus incrassatus, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 324, figs. 63 & - 64; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 9. - -Inhab. British Channel, Bridport. - - -II. _Pectoral fin broad, rounded or truncated at the end; hand shorter -than the arm-bones; second finger the longest, the rest gradually -shorter; phalanges of the second finger six or eight_ (cf. p. 63). - - -Family 13. ORCADÆ. - - Orca, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 278; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 8. - -Head rounded, scarcely beaked. Dorsal fin falcate. Skull heavy; wings of -sides expanded; beak short, broad; triangle in front of the blowers flat. -Lower jaw thick in front; symphysis short. Teeth large. - -[Illustration: Fig. 7. - -_Orca stenorhyncha._] - -[Illustration: Fig. 8. - -_Orca capensis._] - -[Illustration: Fig. 9. - -_Orca stenorhyncha._] - -[Illustration: Fig. 10. - -_Orca capensis._] - -Vertebræ 51 or 52:—C. 7. D. 11 or 12. L. and C. 33. - -The first three cervical vertebræ united into one mass by their bodies -and dorsal processes, the rest more or less free. Pectoral fin broad and -rounded at the end. “Carpal bone single, in a large mass of cartilage.” - - -1. ORCA. - - Orca, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1870, p. 70. - -Beak of the skull from the notch before the orbit the same length as -from the notch to the condyles; the width at the notch three-fifths of -the length of the beak. The occipital end of the skull slightly concave. -Condyles of moderate size. Lower jaw broad on the sides, very thick and -solid in front. - - -A. _The beak of the skull tapering and narrow in front, end narrow._ -Gladiator. - - -1. Orca stenorhyncha. (Figs. 7 & 9.) - - B.M. - - Orca stenorhyncha, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1870, p. 71, figs. 1 & 3 - (skull). - - Orca gladiator, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 279. - -Inhab. North Sea. Skeleton from Weymouth, and a skull from the English -coast. B.M. - -Intermaxillaries narrow in the middle and rather dilated in front; but -the extent of dilatation varies in the two specimens. - -The examination of the four skulls of _Orca_ found on the English coast -show they belong to two very distinct species, one with a much more -attenuated beak than the other. - - -B. _Beak of the skull spatulate; sides of the hinder half nearly -parallel, of the front half arched and converging; end rounded, middle -rather wider than at the notch._ Orca. - - -2. Orca capensis. (Figs. 8 & 10.) - - B.M. - - Orca capensis, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 283; P. Z. S. - 1870, p. 71, figs. 2 & 4. - - Delphinus orca, _Owen_. - - Grampus gladiator, _Smith_, _South-African Zool._ p. 126. - -Inhab. Cape of Good Hope (_Viney_, B.M.; _Villette_, Mus. Coll. Surg. no. -1139); Seychelles Islands (_Swinburne Ward_). - -In the Cape specimen the intermaxillaries are nearly of the same width in -the whole of their length; in the Seychelles skull they are contracted in -the greater part of their length, and rather dilated in front. - -Mr. Swinburne Ward has kindly sent a very beautiful skull of a “Killer” -taken in the sea near the Seychelle Islands. - -To determine this skull I have been induced to compare the skulls of the -genus in the British Museum, which it is very necessary to do from time -to time, as specimens gradually accumulate, and often arrive when I am -occupied on other subjects, and consequently are put aside for future -examination. - -In this examination I have observed that in the ‘Catalogue of Seals and -Whales’ I have confounded with the skull described under the name of -_Orca capensis_ one from the North Pacific, the former being the true -_Orca capensis_, and the skull now received from the Seychelles Islands -being of the same species. - -The skull figured in the ‘Zoology of the Erebus and Terror’ under the -name of _O. capensis_ is from a specimen received from the Zoological -Society, to which it was presented by Capt. Delville, who said he -obtained it in the North Pacific (?). It is quite a different species, -for which I propose the name of _Orca pacifica_. I doubt its being from -the _North_ Pacific, as I believe there is a skull of the same species -in the Paris Museum, collected by M. Eydoux, and said to have come from -Chili. - - -3. Orca africana. - - Orca gladiator, var. australis, _Gervais_, _Ostéogr. Cét._ t. - 47. f. 2. - -Inhab. Algoa Bay. - -Skull much smaller, 24 inches long. - - -4. Orca latirostris. - - B.M. - - Orca latirostris, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1870, p. 76. - - Orca gladiator, _Gervais_, _Ostéogr. Cét._ t. 48. f. 2, 3. - - Delphinus orca, _Cuv._ _Oss. Foss._ v. tab. 22. fig. 4 (skull). - -The skull very similar to that of the Cape species, but much smaller; -but the beak is rather narrower, the intermaxillaries moderately broad, -slightly dilated in front. - -Inhab. North Sea. - -An adult skull from the coast of Essex (361 _a_), and another without the -lower jaw, are in the British Museum. - -These skulls of the smaller British, or, rather, European _Orca_ are -distinguishable from those of _O. gladiator_ by the smaller size and -the broader, rounder nose—and from the skulls of the Cape-of-Good-Hope -species by being of a much smaller species, and having a depressed crown -of the head. - -I believe the skull figured under the name of _Delphinus orca_ by Cuvier, -Oss. Foss. vol. v. tab. 22. figs. 3, 4, represents this species, from the -form of the beak and the narrowness of the occiput: this figure has been -copied by various British and other authors. - - 1. Orca gladiator, var. arcticus (O. Eschrichtii), _Gervais_, - _Ostéogr. Cét._ t. 47. fig. 3. - -Inhab. Faroe Islands. - - 2. Orca gladiator, var. europæus, _Gervais_, _Ostéogr. Cét._ t. - 47. f. 4. - - Orca gladiator, _Gervais_, _l. c._ t. 48. f. 1. - -Inhab. the Atlantic. - -Skull about 40 inches long. - - 3. Orca gladiator, var. europæus, _Van Beneden & Gervais_, - _Ostéogr. Cét._ t. 47. f. 5. - - Delphinus orca, _Gervais_, _Zool. et Paléont. Française_, t. - 37. f. 3, 4. - -Inhab. Mediterranean, Cette. - -Skull about 22 inches long. It is about the same size as the _Orca_ from -Algoa Bay; but the brain-cavity is rather broader and the beak is not so -acute in front. - -Gervais, in the ‘Zoology and Paleontology of France,’ figures the skull -of a young _Delphinus orca_, taken on the coast of Cette, which is now -in the Museum of Paris. It appears to belong to this species; or it -may be that the _Orca_ of the Mediterranean does not grow to the usual -size; or, again, it may be of a different species; for the skull is only -fifty-eight centimetres long and thirty broad. - - -5. Orca magellanica. - - Orca magellanica, _Burmeister_, _Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist._ ser. - 3. xviii. p. 101, t. 9. f. 5; _An. Mus. Publ. de Buenos Ayres_, - i. p. 373, tab. 22; _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 8; _P. - Z. S._ 1870, p. 76. - -Inhab. Patagonia. Mus. Buenos Ayres. - -This species, according to the figure, is very like _Orca latirostris_. - - -6. Orca tasmanica. - - Orca gladiator, var. australis, _Gervais_, _Ostéogr. Cét._ t. - 47. fig. 1. - -Inhab. Tasmania. Skull about 32 inches long. - - -7. Orca rectipinna. - - Orca rectipinna, _Cope_, _Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad._ 1869, - p. 12. - -No white spot behind eye. - -Inhab. California. - - -8. Orca atra. - - Orca ater, _Cope_, _l. c._ 1869, p. 12. - -Black above and below, with white spot behind eye. - -Inhab. Oregon, Aleutian Islands. - -The following are the measurements of the different skulls of the genus -in the collection of the British Museum; they were carefully taken with -calipers by Mr. Edward Gerrard. - - +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ - | _O. intermedia._| - | _O. pacifica._| | - | _O. latirostris._| | | - | _O. capensis._| | | | - | _O. stenorhyncha._| | | | | - +---------------------+---------------+---------+-------+-------+-------+ - | | 361 | 361 | 1065 | 361 | 1065 | 362 | - | | _b_. | _c_. |_b_, _c_.| _a_. | _a_. | _a_. | - | |in. |in. | in. |in. |in. |in. | - | | lin.| lin.| lin.| lin.| lin.| lin.| - |Length from end of | | | | | | | - | nasal to centre of | | | | | | | - | occipital condyle | 35 0 | 37 0 | 39 0 | 33 0 | 36 6 | 14 0 | - |Length | | | | | | | - | of nose | 17 6 | 18 6 | 22 6 | 17 0 | 18 0 | 7 0 | - | of tooth-line | 13 6 | 14 0 | 16 0 | 13 0 | 14 6 | 4 9 | - | of lower jaw | 27 6 | 30 0 | 31 0 | 26 0 | 29 6 | 11 3 | - |Breadth | | | | | | | - | at the notch | 10 6 | 11 0 | 12 0 | 10 0 | 12 6 | 4 9 | - | at the orbit | 18 0 | 19 6 | 20 0 | 18 0 | 21 0 | 8 6 | - | at temple above | 18 0 | 19 6 | 20 0 | 18 0 | 20 0 | 9 0 | - | at middle of beak | 9 0 | 10 0 | 11 0 | 9 6 | 10 0 | 3 6 | - | at intermaxillaries| 3 3 | 3 3 | 4 6 | 3 3 | 3 6 | 0 9 | - +---------------------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+-------+ - - -2. OPHYSIA. - - Ophysia, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1870, p. 76; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 8. - -Skull:—beak from the notch before the orbit the same length as from the -notch to the condyle; width at the notch two-thirds the entire length -of the beak. Intermaxillaries very narrow, slightly dilated in front; -brain-cavity broad; occiput deeply concave. Lower jaw very broad on the -sides, very thick and solid in front. - - -1. Ophysia pacifica. - - B.M. - - Ophysia pacifica, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1870, p. 76. - - Delphinus globiceps, _Grant_, _P. Z. S._ 1833, p. 65. - - Delphinus orca, _Eydoux_, _Mus. Paris_. - - Orca capensis, _Gray_, _Zool. Ereb. & Terr._ p. 34, tab. 9, not - _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 283; _Gervais_, _Ostéogr. Cét._ t. - 48. fig. 1. - - Orca (Ophysia) capensis, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. - 8, tab. 9 (skull). - -Inhab. North Pacific (_Capt. Delville, R.N._). - -Skull, from the Zoological Society’s collection. - - -Family 14. BELUGIDÆ. - - Beluginæ, _Flower_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. p. 115. - -Head rounded in front. Teeth in both jaws more or less early deciduous, -rarely wanting or, rather, not developed. Back without any dorsal fin. -Pectoral fin small, ovate. Skull with the lateral expansion of the -maxilla over the orbit, and the side of the beak, shelving downwards. -Fingers short; index and middle fingers nearly the same length, the rest -rather shorter; phalanges 2, 5, 6, 4, 3. Cervical vertebræ generally -free; the second with a large dorsal process. - -“The Narwhal and the _Beluga_ appear to separate themselves from all -the rest, by certain well-marked structural conditions, especially the -characters of the cervical vertebræ. As these two animals are in almost -every part of their skeleton nearly identical, even to the number of -the vertebræ and phalanges, I am disposed to look upon the exceptional -dentition of the former as an aberration of secondary importance, and to -unite the two genera into a distinct subfamily, placing it next to the -Platanistidæ.”—_Flower_, _l. c._ p. 114. - - -1. BELUGA. - - Beluga, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ pp. 231, 306, 393; _Synops. - Whales & Dolph._ p. 9. - -Lateral wing of the maxilla over the orbit shelving downward. Teeth -conical in both jaws, early deciduous. Male without any spiral horn-like -tooth. Fingers short. Metacarpal bones surrounded with cartilage. -Bladebone with large coracoid and acromion processes. Second cervical -vertebra with a large dorsal process. - -Vertebræ 50:—C. 7. D. 10. L. and C. 33. - - -1. Beluga catodon. - - B.M. - - Beluga catodon, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 307, fig. 61; _Synops. - Whales & Dolph._ p. 9, tab. 29. f. 3 (tongue). - - Delphinus canadensis, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ t. 5 - (head false, with beak). - - Beluga albicans, _Gervais_, _Ostéogr. Cét._ t. 44. f. 1-5. - - Delphinapterus, _Lucas_, _Vidensk. Selsk. Skr._ Række 5, Band - ix. tab. 8 (skull and teeth, showing how they are worn). - -Inhab. North Sea, mouths of rivers. - - 1. Beluga rhinodon, _Cope_, _Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad._ - 1865, p. 5, 1869, p. 13, fig. 1. - -Inhab. Arctic seas. - - 2. Beluga declivis, _Cope_, _Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad._ - 1865, p. 5, 1869, p. 14. - -Inhab. Arctic seas. - - 3. Beluga angustata, _Cope_, _Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad._ - 1869, p. 20, figs. 2 & 3. - - Beluga concreta, _Cope_, _Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad._ 1865, - p. 5. - -Inhab. Arctic seas. - -These are probably varieties of _B. catodon_, showing that the attachment -of the cervical vertebræ, the number of ribs, and the form of the -acromion are liable to vary. - - 4. Beluga canadensis, _Wyman_, _Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist._ - 1865. - -Inhab. Canada. - -I believe it to be the same as the former. - - -2. Beluga Kingii. - - Beluga Kingii, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 309; _Synops. Whales - &. Dolph._ p. 9, t. 7. - -Inhab. Australia. - - -2. MONODON. - - Monodon, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 231, 310; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 9. - - Monoceros, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 393. - -Lateral expansion over the orbit shelving down. Teeth in both jaws very -early deciduous. Male with one, rarely two, very long, projecting, spiral -tusks in the left side of the upper jaw. Cervical vertebræ:—first free, -thin; second and third united by the spinal processes. Bladebone with -large coracoid and acromion processes. Fingers short. - -Vertebræ 50:—C. 7. D. 11. L. 6. C. 26. - -“In the skeleton of two males in the Museum of the College of Surgeons, -the bodies of the second and third cervical vertebræ are firmly -united.”—_Flower._ - - -1. Monodon monoceros. - - B.M. - - Monodon monoceros, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 311; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 9; _Gervais_, _Ostéogr. Cét._ t. 44. f. 6-9. - -Inhab. North Sea. - - -Family 15. PONTOPORIADÆ. - -Head long-beaked. Beak slender, smooth. Nostrils on the nape, -crescent-shaped. Teeth in both jaws permanent, conical, with a swollen -ring round the base. Dorsal fin short, trigonal. Pectoral fin short, -truncated. Fingers 5, nearly equal; the thumb very short, of one joint; -the index finger the longest, the rest gradually shorter to the little -finger. Bladebone broad, with two ridges. Skull long-beaked, the beak -compressed. Lower jaws united together nearly to the base. Cartilages of -ribs ossified. - -Vertebræ 42:—C. 7. D. 10. L. 7. C. 18. - - -1. PONTOPORIA. - - Pontoporia, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ pp. 230, 231 & 393; _Synops. - Whales & Dolph._ p. 5; _Flower_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. p. 87; - _Burmeister_, _An. Mus. P. Buenos Ayres_, p. 389. - - Stenodelphis, _Gervais_, 1847. - -Beak of the skull high, compressed. Symphysis of the lower jaw very long. - - -1. Pontoporia Blainvillii. - - B.M. - - Pontoporia Blainvillii, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 231; _Synops. Whales - & Dolph._ p. 5, t. 29 (skull); _Flower_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ - vi. p. 106, t. 28 (skull); _Burmeister_, _An. Mus. P. Buenos - Ayres_, i. p. 387, tab. 23 (animal), tab. 25 & 26 (skeleton). - -Inhab. South Atlantic, Monte Video. - -The animal figured by Gervais as _Delphinus (Stenodelphis) Blainvillii_ -(Voy. Amér. Mérid. t. 23) differs from Burmeister’s figure in having an -elongated subfalcate pectoral fin, and a higher dorsal, and a broad white -streak, commencing from the blower and extending down the back to near -the tail. If this is not a figure of the animal seen at sea, which I -suspect it must be, it must be a different species. - - -Suborder VI. ZIPHIOIDEA. - - Ziphiidæ, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 326. - - Ziphioidea, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 9. - -Head beaked. Nostrils two, united into a single transverse or -crescent-like blower on the centre of the back of the crown. Teeth only -in the front or sides of the lower jaw, fitting into pits in the upper -one. Dorsal fin falcate. Pectoral fin ovate, small, low down on the -side of the body: fingers short, 4- or 5-jointed; second and third the -longest; fourth rather shorter; first and fifth rather short. Cervical -vertebræ more or less united into one mass. - - -Family 16. HYPEROODONTIDÆ. - - Hyperoodontina, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 327. - - Hyperoodontidæ, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 9. - -Blower lunate. Beak of the skull with a high crest on each side above, -formed by the elevation of the maxillary bones in front of the blower. -Teeth 2 or 4, in front of the lower jaw, conical. Cervical vertebræ -united into one mass. - - -1. HYPEROODON. - - Hyperoodon, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 327, 328; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 9. - -Beak of the skull bent downwards: crest of the back of the beak -sharp-edged, above as high as the occiput. - -Vertebræ 44 or 45:—C. 7 (all united into one solid mass). D. 9. L. 10. C. -18 or 19. - - -1. Hyperoodon butzkopf. - - B.M. - - Hyperoodon butzkopf, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 330; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 9, t. 3. - - Hyperoodon rostratum, _Reinhardt_, _in Eschricht’s Vid. Selsk._ - v. t. 7 (male fœtus and skeleton); _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ t. 3. f. 1-4. - -Inhab. North Sea. - - 1. Hyperoodon semijunctus, _Cope_, _Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. - Philad._ 1865, p. 15 (280), 1869, p. 21. - -Inhab. Charlestown Harbour. - -Most likely a variety of _H. butzkopf_. - - -2. LAGENOCETUS. - - Lagenocetus, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 327, 336; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 9. - -Beak of the skull straight, erect, very large, flattened, higher than the -occiput. - - -1. Lagenocetus latifrons. - - B.M. - - Lagenocetus latifrons, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 339; _Synops. Whales - & Dolph._ p. 9. - - Hyperoodon latifrons, _Gray_, _Zool. Ereb. & Ter._ t. 24; - _Reinhardt_, _in Eschricht’s Vidensk. Selsk. Skr._ v. t. 6 - (skull). - -Inhab. North Sea. - -“Plate 6 represents the skull of a male of _Hyperoodon latifrons_ (Gray), -from the Färöer, of which the complete skeleton, 25 feet long, is -preserved in the University’s Museum. - -“Eschricht believed, as is known, that _H. latifrons_ was established on -a very old male of the common Dögling, _Hyperoodon rostratus_; but Gray’s -species must now be regarded as well grounded. - -“Plate 7 represents the male (fœtus) of the common _H. rostratus_. All -figures of half the natural size.”—_Reinhardt._ - - -Family 17. EPIODONTIDÆ. - - Epiodontina, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 327. - - Epiodontidæ, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 9. - -Blower lunate. Skull:—beak simple; maxillaries not dilated above; -intermaxillaries enlarged behind, forming a more or less deep cavity -round the nostrils. Teeth 2 or 4 in front of the lower jaw, conical or -cylindrical. Cervical vertebræ:—first, second, and third united into one -mass, which is produced and truncated above; the rest thin, free. - - -1. EPIODON. - - Epiodon, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 327, 340; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 10. - -Skull:—vomer simple, small; intermaxillaries elevated, and forming a -moderately deep, well-marked basin round the nostrils. Fingers 5; carpal -bones 6; phalanges 2, 3, 4, 3, 3. Sternal bones separate from the front, -lanceolate. Vertebra 42; the “front caudal with chevron bones. First four -cervical vertebræ united by their bodies into one mass” (Ostéog. Cét. t. -22. f. 4). - - -1. Epiodon Desmarestii. - - Epiodon Desmarestii, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 341; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 10. - - Ziphius aresques, _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cétac._ t. 21. f. 1-4. - - Ziphius decavirostris (de Z. aresques), _Gervais_, _Ostéog. - Cét._ t. 22. f. 4-11. - - Ziphius cavirostris, _Gervais_, _Zool. et Paléon. Française_, - t. 38. f. 1, t. 39, f. 2-7. - -Inhab. North Sea and Mediterranean, Hérault. - - -2. Epiodon australis. - - Ziphiorrhynchus cryptodon, _Burmeister_, _Ann. & Mag. N. H._ - 1866. xvii. p. 94, t. 3. - - Epiodon cryptodon, _Burm._, _l. c._ p. 303, t. 6; _Gray_, - _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 10. - - Delphinorhynchus australis, _Burmeister_, _Zeitsch. Nat._ vol. - xxvi. 1865, p. 262; _An. Mus. Buenos Ayres_, t. 15-21. - - Ziphius de Buenos Ayres, _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ t. 31. f. 5. - -Inhab. Buenos Ayres. - -Vertebræ 49: cervical 7, dorsal 10, lumbar 12, caudal 20. - - -2. PETRORHYNCHUS. - - Petrorhynchus, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ pp. 327, 342; _Synops. - Whales & Dolph._ p. 10. - -Skull trigonal. Vomer swollen, forming a large, elongated tubercle -between the callous intermaxillaries. Intermaxillaries forming a deep -basin round the nostrils. - - -1. Petrorhynchus mediterraneus. - - Ziphius cavirostris, _Gervais_, _Zool. et Paléon. Franç._ t. - 38. f. 2, t. 39. f. 1. - - Ziphius du Canton Gironde, _Ostéog. Cét._ t. 21. fig. 6. - - Ziphius fos. des Bouches du Rhône, _Ostéog. Cét._ t. 21. f. 7. - - Ziphius de Corse, _Ostéog. Cét._ t. 21. figs. 8, 9. - -Inhab. Mediterranean. - - -2. Petrorhynchus capensis. - - B.M. - - Petrorhynchus capensis, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 346, figs. 67, 68; - _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 10. - - Ziphius indicus, _Van Beneden_; _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 346, - fig. 69. - - Ziphius du Cap-de-Bonne-Espérance, _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ t. - 21. f. 10. - - Ziphius de la mer des Indes, _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ t. 21. - f. 11-13. - -Inhab. South Sea. Cape sea (_H. Layard_). - -Though M. van Beneden’s figure (copied in Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 347. f. -69) is so unlike the figure of _Petrorhynchus capensis_ in the Cat. Seals -& Whales, pp. 344 & 345. figs. 67 & 68, yet the cast of the beak of M. -van Beneden’s specimen resembles the latter figure and our specimen. - - -Family 18. ZIPHIIDÆ. - - Ziphiina, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ pp. 327, 348. - - Ziphiidæ, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 10. - -Skull beaked. Maxillaries not dilated above. Intermaxillaries linear, -rather swollen on the sides of the nostrils. Teeth on the sides of the -lower jaw compressed. Cervical vertebræ more or less united into a -consolidated mass. - - -* _Symphysis of the lower jaw produced behind the teeth._ - - -1. BERARDIUS. - - Berardius, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 327, 348; _Synops. Whales. & - Dolph._ p. 10. - -Teeth 2·2, in the front of the sides of the lower jaw, conical, -compressed. Lower jaw gradually tapering in front. Symphysis moderately -long, as far from the hinder tooth as from the tip. - - -1. Berardius arnuxi. - - Berardius arnuxi, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 348, fig. 70; _Synops. - Whales & Dolph._ p. 10; _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ t. 23 (skull). - -Inhab. New Zealand. - -“Skull and lower jaw, a cervical vertebra, scapula, hyoid, paddles, and -pelvic bones of one individual. - -“Single tooth of another individual, weight 206 grains. - - in. - “Length of head 23½ - Length of nose 17 - Length of dental groove 7 - Length of lower jaw 19 - Width at notch 5½ - Width at orbits 9½ - Width of intermaxillary at blow-holes 4½ - Width of nose 2 - Height of occiput 9½ - -“One small tooth imbedded close to the tip of lower jaw on left side, 1 -inch high, weight 38⅘ grains, irregular triangular shape. - -“This is the skull of a young animal. A groove containing a strong -ligament connecting the muscle of the forehead with the snout is deeply -imbedded in the intermaxillary groove. The snout is described as long and -flexible. Atlas and axis anchylosed. Length of cervical vertebræ 3⁷⁄₁₀ -inches. Scapula, longitudinal diameter 10 inches, transverse diameter 6 -inches. Paddles, length 14 inches, width 3½ inches. Hyoid arch 5½ × 4 -inches high. Pelvic bones 2½ inches. - -“The specimen was cast on the beach on the west coast, and prepared by -Dr. Knox.”—_Hector._ - -“Your _Berardius_ proves to be quite different from the first one we got, -both in the dentition and form of the skull. We have had several good -papers on it from Dr. Knox. He has made a beautiful preparation, showing -that the tooth does not pass through the gum.”—_Dr. Hector_, letter dated -30th October, 1870. - -“A fine specimen of _Berardius arnuxi_ has been cast ashore on the coast -of Canterbury, New Zealand. It was made into a skeleton, which is now in -the museum at Canterbury. The skeleton is complete, only wanting one of -the pelvic bones. It was 30 feet long, and a young animal; not a single -epiphysis is anchylosed. The cervical vertebræ, which, in the old animal -evidently form a compact mass, are still partly free; the first three -vertebræ (including the atlas) anchylosed, and of these the first two -completely, and of the second and third the neural arches are as yet not -completely united into one bone. It has ten ribs.”—_Julius Haast._ - -The animal was 30 feet 6 inches long. - -Deep velvet-black, belly greyish, tail with two falcate lobes 6½ feet -broad. The pectoral fins are little above the middle of the body, 17 -inches broad and 19 inches long, of a triangular form. Dorsal fin small, -falcate, not very far from the chin (?). “The animal has the power of -protruding the four teeth at will.” They live on cephalopods. The stomach -contained about a half-bushel of the horny beaks of the _Octopus_, which -were nearly all the same size. It was evidently a young animal, as all -the disk-like epiphyses of the vertebræ are still separate, as was the -case with the limb-bones. - -The seven cervical vertebræ were beginning to coalesce; the first three -are already anchylosed, the first two completely, and the second and -third only partially, as the neural arches and transverse processes are -not yet united in one bone. It has ten dorsal vertebræ; the lumbar and -caudal vertebræ were not observed. (Dr. Haast, Annals & Mag. Nat. Hist., -Oct. 1870.) - - -** _Symphysis of the lower jaw to or nearly to the teeth._ - - -2. ZIPHIUS. - - Ziphius, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 327, 348; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 10. - - Micropteron, _Flower_, _l. c._ p. 328. - -Teeth 2, in the middle of the sides of the lower jaw. Teeth of the male -large, short, compressed, truncated at the end; of female small, curved. -Lower jaw often with sundry rudimentary teeth, gradually tapering in -front; symphysis elongate, and reaching to the middle of the teeth in the -male, and beyond it in the female. Cervical vertebræ free. Scapula with -large coracoid and acromion processes. - -Vertebræ 46:—C. 7. D. 10. L. 10. C. 19. - -“_Micropteron_: cervical vertebræ all united in one solid -mass.”—_Flower_, _l. c._ p. 328. - - -1. Ziphius Sowerbiensis. - - B.M. - - Ziphius Sowerbiensis, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 350, fig. 71; _Synops. - Whales & Dolph._ p. 10, tab. 5. f. 3, 4 (skull). - - Mesoplodon Sowerbiensis, _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ t. 22 & 23 - (skull and ear-bone); _Van Beneden_, _Mém. de l’Acad. Brux._ - vol. x. t. 3. - - Dioplodon Sowerbiensis, _Gervais_, _Zool. et Paléont. - Française_, t. 30. f. 1. - -Inhab. British Channel. Irish Sea. - - -3. DOLICHODON. - - Dolichodon, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 353; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ - p. 10. - -Teeth 2, in the middle of the sides of the lower jaw. Teeth (of male) -very long, strap-shaped, produced, arched obliquely, truncated at the -end, with a conical process on the front of the terminal edge. Lower jaw -weak, very slender in front. Symphysis elongate. - - -1. Dolichodon Layardii. - - B.M. - - Ziphius Layardii, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 353, fig. 72. - - Dolichodon Layardii, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 10. - -Inhab. Cape of Good Hope (_H. Layard_). - - -4. NEOZIPHIUS. - -Teeth 2, in the front of the lower jaw, with a compressed, short, -triangular crown. Lower jaw strong, rather narrow in the middle, and -suddenly tapering in front of the tooth. Symphysis to the back edge of -the teeth. - - -1. Neoziphius europæus. - - Dioplodon europæus, _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ t. 24 (skull). - -Inhab. Mediterranean. - - -5. DIOPLODON. - - Dioplodon, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 327, 355; _Synops. Whales & - Dolph._ p. 10. - -Teeth 2 or 4, conical, in the middle of the sides of the lower jaw. Lower -jaw broad behind, suddenly contracted in front. Symphysis moderate, not -reaching halfway to the teeth. - - -1. Dioplodon sechellensis. - - Ziphius sechellensis, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ t. 6. - f. 1, 2 (skull). - - Dioplodon sechellensis, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 355; _Synops. - Whales & Dolph._ p. 10, t. 5. f. 4; _Ann. & Mag. N. H._ 1870, - vi. p. 343, fig. (skeleton); _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ t. 25 - (skull). - - Dioplodon densirostris, _Gervais_, _Zool. Paléont. Franç._ t. - 43. f. 3-6. - -[Illustration: Fig. 11. - -_Dioplodon sechellensis._] - -Inhab. Seychelles. Mus. Paris. Lord Howe’s Island (_Krefft_). - -The form of the lower jaw gives a very peculiar appearance to the -skeleton. The cervical vertebræ are united together by their bodies and -large dorsal spines, the latter forming a thick conical process. The -bodies of the dorsal vertebræ are very small, enlarging in size towards -the tail; they are thirty-six in number. The four terminal caudal ones -are very small, forming a kind of cylindrical process. There are eight -chevron bones. The thoracic cavity is small. There are twelve ribs on -each side. The dorsal processes of the first eighteen vertebræ have an -anterior basal process, which becomes gradually smaller. - -Upper arm-bone very slender, slightly curved; the lower arm-bones -moderate, straight, parallel to each other, and rather longer than the -upper arm-bone. The ribs very broad at the upper end, and gradually -tapering towards the chest, where they are nearly cylindrical. - -“The total length of the skeleton, without cartilage, is 14 feet 8 -inches; the head measures 2 feet 5½ inches in length, and the lower -jaw 2 feet 3 inches in length. The first three cervical vertebræ are -anchylosed; the next one is more or less free; and the remaining three -are anchylosed again. The dorsals are ten in number, the last bearing a -short rib 8 inches in length. Five of these ribs are jointed direct to -the sternum; the following two meet the cartilage of the fifth rib. - -“The sternum is composed of four pieces, 20 inches long, with a width of -between 5 and 7 inches. It is not yet sufficiently cleaned to enable me -to have it photographed; this, however, will be done as soon as possible, -and copies forwarded to the Society. The lumbars number twenty, the last -nine having V-bones attached. The fifth lumbar is 17½ inches high, 4 -inches wide at the top, and 11¾ inches at the base, including the side -processes. The eleventh lumbar is the widest, being 4¾ inches at the top. -The caudals probably amounted to 13; but five of these are missing; the -basal one is very small, about the size of a pea; and as it was firmly -attached to the second last, there can be no mistake about it. - -“The head is 2 feet 5½ inches long and 14 inches across at the widest -part; the lower jaw 2 feet 3 inches long and 6¼ inches high behind the -tooth. The left tooth measures 6 inches in length, 3⅜ inches in width, -and is 1¾ inch thick [not well represented in the figure]. The space -between the teeth measures 7¼ inches. The limbs are very imperfect; all -the smaller bones are missing; and there is only a part of one scapula. I -did not find the pelvic bones. - -“This animal was captured about a year ago, near Lord Howe’s -Island.”—_Krefft_, P. Z. 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