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| author | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-01-25 08:47:43 -0800 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-01-25 08:47:43 -0800 |
| commit | a71af93c2cdf5001126d26c690e01f4203e8a84a (patch) | |
| tree | 411da4695176f723c1d140141b451dfbed651216 /69699-h | |
| parent | 80e6ca69758b551e2956b9f07de79a0d215c2cc3 (diff) | |
As captured January 25, 2025
Diffstat (limited to '69699-h')
| -rw-r--r-- | 69699-h/69699-h.htm | 18950 |
1 files changed, 9247 insertions, 9703 deletions
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-<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Supplement to the catalogue of seals and whales in the British Museum, by John Edward Gray</p>
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
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-<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Supplement to the catalogue of seals and whales in the British Museum</p>
-<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: John Edward Gray</p>
-<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: January 3, 2023 [eBook #69699]</p>
-<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p>
- <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)</p>
-<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUPPLEMENT TO THE CATALOGUE OF SEALS AND WHALES IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM ***</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_i"></a>[i]</span></p>
-
-<p class="titlepage larger">SUPPLEMENT<br>
-<span class="smaller"><span class="smaller">TO THE</span><br>
-CATALOGUE<br>
-<span class="smaller">OF</span></span><br>
-<span class="larger">SEALS AND WHALES</span><br>
-<span class="smaller">IN THE</span><br>
-BRITISH MUSEUM.</p>
-
-<p class="titlepage"><span class="smaller">BY</span><br>
-JOHN EDWARD GRAY, F.R.S., F.L.S., &c.</p>
-
-<p class="titlepage">LONDON:<br>
-PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.<br>
-1871.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_ii"></a>[ii]</span></p>
-
-<p class="titlepage smaller">PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,<br>
-RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_iii"></a>[iii]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak">TABLE OF CONTENTS.</h2>
-
-</div>
-
-<table class="contents">
- <tr>
- <td></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><i>Page</i></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Suborder PINNIPEDIA</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Fam. 1. <span class="smcap">Phocidæ</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Tribe I. <span class="smcap">Phocina</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">1. Callocephalus</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">2. Pagomys</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">3. Pagophilus</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">equestris. N. Pacific</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">ochotensis. N. Pacific</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">4. Halicyon</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Richardi. N. Pacific</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Pealei. Antarctic Seas?</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">5. Phoca</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">barbata. North Sea</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">naurica. N. Pacific</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Tribe II. <span class="smcap">Halichœrina</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">6. Halichœrus </td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Tribe III. <span class="smcap">Monachina</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">7. Monachus</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Tribe IV. <span class="smcap">Stenorhynchina</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">8. Stenorhynchus</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">leptonyx. Falkland Is., New Zealand</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">9. Lobodon</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">10. Leptonyx</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">11. Ommatophoca</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Tribe V. <span class="smcap">Cystophorina</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">12. Morunga</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">elephantina. Falkland Island</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">angustirostris. California</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">13. Cystophora</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Fam. 2. <span class="smcap">Trichechidæ</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">1. Trichechus</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">rosmarus</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Fam. 3. <span class="smcap">Otariadæ</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Tribe I. <span class="smcap">Otariina</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">1. Otaria</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">jubata. S. America</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Tribe II. <span class="smcap">Callorhinina</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">2. Callorhinus</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">ursinus. Kamtschatka</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Tribe III. <span class="smcap">Arctocephalina</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">3. Phocarctos</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Hookeri. Cape Horn</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">4. Arctocephalus</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">antarcticus. Cape of Good Hope</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">nigrescens. Falkland Islands</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">cinereus. Australia</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Forsteri. N. Zealand</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">falklandicus. Falkland Islands</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">nivosus. Cape of Good Hope</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Tribe IV. <span class="smcap">Zalophina</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">5. Zalophus</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Gilliespii. N. Pacific</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">6. Neophoca</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">lobata. Australia</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Tribe V. <span class="smcap">Eumetopiina</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">7. Eumetopias</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Stelleri. California</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">8. Arctophoca</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Philippii. Juan-Fernandez Island</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr class="order">
- <td>Order CETACEA</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Section I. <span class="smcap">Mysticete</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Suborder I. <span class="smcap">Balænoidea</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Fam. 1. <span class="smcap">Balænidæ</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">1. Balæna</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">mysticetus. North Sea</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">mediterranea. Mediterranean</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">angulata. North Sea?</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">nordcaper. Iceland</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">[cullamacha. N. Pacific]</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_39">39</a><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_iv"></a>[iv]</span></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">2. Neobalæna</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">marginata. New Zealand</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">3. Eubalæna</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">australis. Cape of Good Hope</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Sieboldii. Kamtschatka</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">[japonica. Japan]</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">cisarctica. Atlantic</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">4. Hunterius</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Temminckii. Cape of Good Hope </td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">biscayensis. St. Sebastian</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Swedenborgii. North Sea</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">5. Caperea</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">antipodarum. New Zealand</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">6. Macleayius</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">australiensis. Australasia</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">britannicus. Dorsetshire</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Suborder II. <span class="smcap">Balænopteroidea</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Fam. 2. <span class="smcap">Agaphelidæ</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">1. Agaphelus</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">gibbosus. N. Atlantic</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">2. Rhachianectes</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">glaucus. California</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Fam. 3. <span class="smcap">Megapteridæ</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">1. Megaptera</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">longimana. North Sea</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">novæ-zelandiæ. New Zealand</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Burmeisteri. Buenos Ayres</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">americana. Bermuda</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">kuzira. Japan</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">osphyia. Atlantic</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">versabilis. N. Pacific</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">2. Poescopia</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Lalandii. Cape of Good Hope</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">3. Eschrichtius</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">robustus. Atlantic</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Fam. 4. <span class="smcap">Physalidæ</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">1. Benedenia</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Knoxii. North Sea</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">2. Physalus</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">antiquorum. North Sea</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Duguidii. North Sea</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">patachonicus. River Plata</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">brasiliensis. Bahia</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">3. Cuvierius</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Sibbaldii. North Sea</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">4. Rudolphius</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">laticeps. North Sea</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">5. Sibbaldius</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">borealis. North Sea</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Schlegelii. Java</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">antarcticus. Buenos Ayres</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">sulphureus. N. Pacific</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">tectirostris. N. Pacific</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">tuberosus. North-east America</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Fam. 5. <span class="smcap">Balænopteridæ</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">1. Balænoptera</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">rostrata. North Sea</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">velifera. Oregon</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">2. Swinhoia</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">chinensis. Formosa</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Section II. <span class="smcap">Denticete</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Suborder III. <span class="smcap">Physeteroidea</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Fam. 6. <span class="smcap">Catodontidæ</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">1. Catodon</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">macrocephalus. Trop.</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">2. Meganeuron</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Krefftii. Australasia</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Fam. 7. <span class="smcap">Physeteridæ</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">1. Physeter</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">tursio. North Sea</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">2. Kogia</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">breviceps. Cape of Good Hope</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Macleayii. Australia, India</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">3. Euphysetes</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Grayii. Australia</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Suborder IV. <span class="smcap">Susuoidea</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Fam. 8. <span class="smcap">Platanistidæ</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">1. Platanista</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">gangetica. India</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Indi. India</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Suborder V. <span class="smcap">Delphinoidea</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Fam. 9. <span class="smcap">Iniidæ</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">1. Inia</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Geoffroyii. Brazil</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Fam. 10. <span class="smcap">Delphinidæ</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Tribe I. <span class="smcap">Stenonina</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">1. Steno</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">frontatus. Indian Ocean</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">compressus. South Sea</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">chinensis. China</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">capensis. Cape of Good Hope</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">lentiginosus. India</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_66">66</a><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_v"></a>[v]</span></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">[roseiventris. Moluccas]</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">tucuxi. Brazil</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">attenuatus. India</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">fuscus</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">[brevimanus. Singapore]</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">[coronatus. Spitzbergen]</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">[rostratus. North Sea]</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">2. Sotalia</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">guianensis. British Guiana</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Tribe II. <span class="smcap">Delphinina</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">3. Delphinus</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">longirostris. Japan, Cape of Good Hope</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">delphis. North Sea</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Moorei. S. Atlantic</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">major</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Walkeri. S. Atlantic</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Janira. Newfoundland</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">fulvifasciatus. Van Diemen’s Land</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">obliquidens. N. Pacific</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">pomeegra. India</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Forsteri</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">4. Clymenia</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">stenorhyncha</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">microps. Coast of Brazil</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Alope. Cape Horn</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Styx. West Africa</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Euphrosyne. North Sea</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">gadamu. India</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">normalis</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Doris</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">euphrosynoides</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">dorides</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">obscura. S. Pacific</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">similis. Cape of Good Hope</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">crotaphiscus</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">esthenops</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">5. Delphinapterus</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Peronii. S. Atlantic</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">6. Tursio</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">truncatus. North Sea</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">erebennus. Philadelphia</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Metis. West Africa</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Cymodoce. River Uragua</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">abusalam. Cape of Good Hope</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Eurynome. South Sea</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">catalania. N. W. Australia</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">7. Eutropia</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Dickiei. Chili</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Heavisidii. Cape seas</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Tribe III. <span class="smcap">Lagenorhynchina</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">8. Electra</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">obtusa</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Asia</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">fusiformis. India</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">acuta. North Sea</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">breviceps</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">clancula. S. Pacific</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">crucigera</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">thicolea</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">9. Feresa</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">intermedia</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">10. Leucopleurus</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">arcticus. North Sea</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">11. Lagenorhynchus</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">albirostris. North Sea</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Tribe IV. <span class="smcap">Pseudorcaina</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">12. Pseudorca</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">crassidens. North Sea</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">meridionalis. Van Diemen’s Land</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">13. Orcaella</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">brevirostris. Ganges</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">fluminalis</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Tribe V. <span class="smcap">Phocænina</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">14. Phocæna</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">communis. North Sea</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">[brachycium. Harbour of Salem]</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">[vomerina. N. Pacific]</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">15. Acanthodelphis</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">spinipinnis. Brazil</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">16. Neomeris</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">phocænoides. India</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Fam. 11. <span class="smcap">Grampidæ</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">1. Grampus</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Rissoanus. Nice</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Cuvieri. North Sea</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Richardsonii. Cape of Good Hope</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Fam. 12. <span class="smcap">Globiocephalidæ.</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">1. Globiocephalus</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">svineval. North Sea</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">[melas. Mediterranean]</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">[affinis. North Sea]</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">[intermedius. Delaware Bay]</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">[Edwardsii. South Sea]</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">[guadaloupensis. Guadaloupe]</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Grayi. Buenos Ayres</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">macrorhynchus. South Sea</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_84">84</a><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_vi"></a>[vi]</span></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">[Scammonii. N. Pacific]</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">[australis. Australia]</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">[indicus. Bengal]</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">[Sieboldii. Japan]</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">[chinensis. China]</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">[sibo. Japan]</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">2. Sphærocephalus</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">incrassatus. British Channel</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Fam. 13. <span class="smcap">Orcadæ</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">1. Orca</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">stenorhyncha. North Sea</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">capensis. Cape of Good Hope</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">africana. Algoa Bay</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">latirostris. North Sea</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">[gladiator, var. arcticus. Faroe Islands]</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">[gladiator, var. europæus. Atlantic]</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">[gladiator, var. europæus. Mediterranean]</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">magellanica. Patagonia</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">tasmanica. Tasmania</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">rectipinna. California</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">atra. Oregon</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">2. Ophysia</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">pacifica. N. Pacific</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Fam. 14. <span class="smcap">Belugidæ</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">1. Beluga</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">catodon. North Sea</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">[rhinodon. Arctic seas]</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">[declivis. Arctic seas]</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">[angustata. Arctic seas]</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">[canadensis. Canada]</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Kingii. Australia</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">2. Monodon</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">monoceros. North Sea</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Fam. 15. <span class="smcap">Pontoporiadæ</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">1. Pontoporia</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Blainvillii. S. Atlantic</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Suborder VI. <span class="smcap">Ziphioidea</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Fam. 16. <span class="smcap">Hyperoodontidæ</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">1. Hyperoodon</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">butzkopf. North Sea</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">[semijunctus. Charlestown]</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">2. Lagenocetus</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">latifrons. North Sea</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Fam. 17. <span class="smcap">Epiodontidæ</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">1. Epiodon</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Desmarestii. North Sea</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">australis. Buenos Ayres</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">2. Petrorhynchus</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">mediterraneus. Mediterranean</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">capensis. South Sea</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Fam. 18. <span class="smcap">Ziphiidæ</span></td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">1. Berardius</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">arnuxi. New Zealand</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">2. Ziphius</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Sowerbiensis. Britain</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">3. Dolichodon</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">Layardii. Cape of Good Hope</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">4. Neoziphius</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">europæus. Mediterranean</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l1">5. Dioplodon</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class="l2">sechellensis. Seychelles</td>
- <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td>
- </tr>
-</table>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1"></a>[1]</span></p>
-
-<h1><span class="smaller">SUPPLEMENT<br>
-<span class="smaller">TO THE</span><br>
-CATALOGUE<br>
-<span class="smaller">OF</span></span><br>
-SEALS AND WHALES.</h1>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<h2 class="nobreak">Suborder PINNIPEDIA.</h2>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Phocidæ, <i>Catalogue of Seals & Whales</i>, p. 1.</p>
-
-<p>Pinnipedia, <i>Illiger</i>, <i>Prodr.</i> p. 138, 1811.</p>
-
-<p>Pinnipedes, <i>Gill’s Prodomus</i>, <i>Proceedings Essex Institute</i>, vol. v. 1866.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<h3>Family 1. PHOCIDÆ.</h3>
-
-<p>Muffle hairy on the edge, and between the nostrils. Ears
-without any conch, merely a small aperture. Arms and legs very
-short; wrist very short. Toes subequal, arched, exserted. Hind
-feet large, fan-shaped; the inner and outer toes large and long,
-the three middle ones shorter. The palms and soles hairy. Claws
-distinct, sharp. Skull:—postorbital process none or obsolete; no
-alisphenoid canal; the mastoid process swollen, seeming to form
-part of the auditory bulla. The scapula expanded upwards and
-backwards towards the posterior superior angle. Testicles enclosed
-in the body of the animal, without any external scrotum.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Phocidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1869, vol. iv. pp. 268, 342, 344;
-<i>Gill</i>, <i>Proc. Essex Instit.</i> 1866, p. 5; <i>Allen</i>, <i>Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.</i>
-ii, 1870.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2"></a>[2]</span></p>
-
-<p class="break">Sect. I. <i>Cutting-teeth 6/4, curved, conical, and small. The palate produced
-nearly to the hinder molars.</i></p>
-
-<h4>Tribe I. <i>PHOCINA.</i></h4>
-
-<p>Skull tapering in front. Nose-hole moderate. Molars, except
-the first, with two roots.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Phocina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 20.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Atlantic and Arctic Seas.</p>
-
-<h5>1. CALLOCEPHALUS.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Callocephalus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 20.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<h5>2. PAGOMYS.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Pagomys, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 22.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<h5>3. PAGOPHILUS.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Pagophilus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 25.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<h6>1. Pagophilus? equestris.</h6>
-
-<p>Brown, with a ring round the head, a ring round the fore limbs,
-and a broad band round the middle, white. The female whitish
-brown, with an obscure band across the hinder part of the back.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Phoca equestris, <i>Pallas</i>, <i>Zoog. Ross.-Asiat.</i> i. p. 340; <i>Schrenck</i>,
-<i>Amur-Land</i>, p. 182, tab. 9. figs. 1-3.</p>
-
-<p>Phoca fasciata, <i>Shaw</i>, <i>Zool.</i> i. p. 276 (from the Ribbon-Seal, <i>Pennant’s
-Quad.</i> 276).</p>
-
-<p>Phoca annellata, <i>Radde</i>, <i>Reisen im Süden von Ost-Sibirien</i>, 1862, i.
-p. 296, t. 1-3.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Pacific.</p>
-
-<h6>2. Pagophilus? ochotensis.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Phoca ochotensis, <i>Pallas</i>, <i>Zoog. Ross.-Asiat.</i> i. p. 117; <i>Schrenck</i>,
-<i>Amur-Land</i>, p. 181.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Pacific.</p>
-
-<h5>4. HALICYON.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Halicyon, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 27.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<h6>1. Halicyon Richardi.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Halicyon Richardi, <i>Cat. S. & Whales</i>, p. 30.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Pacific; Columbia River.</p>
-
-<h6>2. Halicyon Pealei.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Halichœrus antarcticus, <i>T. Peale</i>, <i>U. S. Expl. Exp.</i></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Mr. Gill says that this is a typical species of <i>Phoca</i>, but appears
-to be identical with those that occur along the Californian and Oregonian
-coast, so that there must be some error as to the assigned
-habitat in the Antarctic seas—and proposes the name <i>Phoca Pealii</i>
-(Proc. Essex Instit. vol. v. p. 4).</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>[3]</span></p>
-
-<h5>5. PHOCA.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Phoca, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, pp. 6 & 31.</p>
-
-<p>Erignathus, <i>Gill</i>, 1865.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<h6>1. Phoca barbata.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Phoca barbata, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 31.</p>
-
-<p>Phoca lanica, <i>Rees</i>, <i>Cyclopædia</i>, <span class="smcap">Phoca</span> (from <i>Lepechin</i>).</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p>
-
-<h6>2. Phoca naurica.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Phoca barbata, <i>Temminck</i>, <i>Fauna Japonica</i>.</p>
-
-<p>Phoca naurica <i>et</i> Phoca albigena, <i>Pallas</i>, <i>Zoog. Ross.-Asiat.</i> i. pp.
-108, 109 (vide <i>Schrenck</i>); <i>Schrenck</i>, <i>Amur-Land</i>, p. 181.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Pacific; Japan. Mus. Leyden.</p>
-
-<h4>Tribe II. <i>HALICHŒRINA.</i></h4>
-
-<p>Muzzle broad, rounded. Skull higher in front. Nose-hole very
-large. Grinders conical; the two hinder of the upper and the
-hinder one of the lower jaw double-rooted.</p>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Atlantic and Arctic Seas.</p>
-
-<h5>6. HALICHŒRUS.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Halichœrus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, pp. 6 & 33.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class="break">Sect. II <i>Cutting-teeth four above, and four or two below.</i></p>
-
-<h4>Tribe III. <i>MONACHINA.</i></h4>
-
-<p>Cutting-teeth 4/4; upper transversely notched. Palatine bones not
-produced beyond the inner margin of the orbits.</p>
-
-<p>Inhab. Mediterranean and North Atlantic.</p>
-
-<h5>7. MONACHUS.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Monachus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, pp. 6 & 17.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<h4>Tribe IV. <i>STENORHYNCHINA.</i></h4>
-
-<p>Cutting-teeth 4/4; conical, acute. Hinder feet nearly clawless.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Stenorhynchina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 8.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Antarctic Ocean.</p>
-
-<p class="break">1. <i>Lower jaw strong, angulated behind. Grinders two-rooted, except the
-first in each jaw.</i></p>
-
-<h5>8. STENORHYNCHUS.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Stenorhynchus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 15; <i>Gill</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 10.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>[4]</span></p>
-
-<h6>1. Stenorhynchus leptonyx.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Stenorhynchus leptonyx, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 16.</p>
-
-<p>Stenorhynchus leptonyx (Sea-leopard), <i>Abbott</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1868, pp. 192
-& 527.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Falkland Islands (<i>Abbott</i>, <i>Lecomte</i>).</p>
-
-<p>This Seal appears to extend from the Antarctic seas to New Zealand,
-the shores of New South Wales, and the Falkland Islands.</p>
-
-<p class="break">2. <i>Lower jaw moderate. The three front upper and first front lower
-grinders single-rooted; the rest two-routed.</i></p>
-
-<h5>9. LOBODON.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Lobodon, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 8; <i>Gill</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 10.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class="break">3. <i>Lower jaw very weak. Front grinder in each jaw single-rooted;
-the rest two-rooted.</i></p>
-
-<h5>10. LEPTONYX.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Leptonyx, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 11; <i>Gill</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 10.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<h5>11. OMMATOPHOCA.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Ommatophoca, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 13; <i>Gill</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 10.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<h4>Tribe V. <i>CYSTOPHORINA.</i></h4>
-
-<p>Cutting-teeth 4/4; grinders with large swollen roots and a small
-compressed simple plated crown. Muffle of male with a dilatable
-appendage.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Cystophorina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 38.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<h5>12. MORUNGA.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Morunga, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 38.</p>
-
-<p>Macrorhinus, <i>Gill</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 9.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<h6>1. Morunga elephantina.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Morunga elephantina, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 39.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>One of the Falkland Islands is called Elephant Island, from the
-former abundance of Sea-elephants there; but Mr. Sclater informs
-us that when Lecomte visited it, it was “found to be quite deserted
-by this animal, which is said now to be entirely extinct in the
-Falklands, though its former abundance in certain spots is well
-known, and is further testified by remains of its bones and teeth
-met with on the shores, specimens of which were obtained and sent
-home.”—<i>P. Z. S.</i> 1868, p. 527. See Dr. Sclater’s previous
-statement, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 189.</p>
-
-<p>This latter assertion is a mistake, for the bones sent home
-were those of <i>O. jubata</i>, as is proved by the following remarks of
-Dr. Murie:—“Lecomte and his companions believed these large old<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span>
-skulls of <i>Otaria jubata</i> [which he brought home] to be those of
-the Elephant-seal (<i>Morunga elephantina</i>), as it was stated by some
-of the party that those animals formerly did exist on this island.
-One of the pilots (Louis Despreaux by name) had resided thirty-two
-years on the Falkland Islands, and he distinctly remembered shooting
-many Elephant-seals in the neighbourhood in bygone years; but
-about twelve years ago they began to get scarce and disappear.” And
-further on he observes that they are “now only rarely met with in
-the Falklands.”—<i>P. Z. S.</i> 1869, pp. 106 & 109.</p>
-
-<h6>2. Morunga angustirostris.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Macrorhinus angustirostris, <i>Gill</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 13; <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. N. Sc.
-Philad.</i> 1865, p. 51.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. California from Cape San Lucas to Point Reyes.</p>
-
-<p>Its colour is light brown when the hair is grown to the full length.
-The males are from 18 to 22 feet long. Females 10 feet long.
-Canines of the males 4 or 5 inches long.</p>
-
-<h5>13. CYSTOPHORA.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Cystophora, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 40; <i>Gill</i>, <i>l. c.</i></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class="break"><i>North Atlantic.</i></p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Callocephalus vitulinus.</li>
-<li>Callocephalus dimidiatus.</li>
-<li>Pagomys fœtidus.</li>
-<li>Pagophilus grœnlandicus.</li>
-<li>Phoca barbata.</li>
-<li>Halichœrus grypus.</li>
-<li>Cystophora cristata.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p class="center"><i>Caspian Sea and Lake Baikal.</i></p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Callocephalus caspica.</li>
-<li>*Pagomys fœtidus.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p class="center"><i>Tropical Atlantic.</i></p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Monachus tropicalis. <i>Jamaica.</i></li>
-<li>Cystophora antillarum. <i>West Indies.</i></li>
-</ul>
-
-<p class="center"><i>Mediterranean and Subtropical
-Atlantic.</i></p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Monachus albiventer.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p class="center"><i>North Pacific.</i></p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Halicyon Richardi.</li>
-<li>Halicyon? Pealii.</li>
-<li>Pagophilus? equestris.</li>
-<li>Pagophilus? ochotensis.</li>
-<li>Phoca naurica.</li>
-<li>Morunga angustirostris.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p class="center"><i>Antarctic Ocean.</i></p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Lobodon carcinophaga.</li>
-<li>Leptonyx Weddellii.</li>
-<li>Ommatophoca Rossii.</li>
-<li>Stenorhynchus leptonyx.</li>
-<li>Morunga elephantina.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p class="center"><i>New Zealand.</i></p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Stenorhynchus leptonyx.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p class="center"><i>Australia.</i></p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Stenorhynchus leptonyx.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>Family 2. TRICHECHIDÆ.</h3>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Trichechidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. Philosoph.</i> 1825, p. 348; <i>Ann. & Mag. N.
-H.</i> 1869, iv. p. 268.</p>
-
-<p>Rosmaridæ, <i>Gill</i>, <i>Proc. Essex Inst.</i> v. 1866, p. 11.</p>
-
-<p>Trichechina (part.), <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 33.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Muzzle very broad, truncate, convex, swollen above. Ears without
-any conch. Eyes prominent. Canines very large, exserted.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[6]</span>
-Cutting-teeth 4/2 in young, and 2/2 in adult; grinders all single-rooted.
-The anterior feet as large as the posterior ones; the fingers decrease
-in a curved line, destitute of claws; the hind feet with five toes, very
-gradually increasing towards the inner, all provided with claws;
-palms and soles hairy in the young, becoming chaffy. Tail rudimentary.
-Skull with no postorbital processes. A distinct alisphenoid
-canal. Mastoid process strong and salient, with its surface continuous
-with the auditory bulla. The scapula, hinder margin nearly
-straight, with the spine a short distance from and somewhat parallel
-with it. Resting on its body with the fore feet extended and the
-hind feet doubled under it, moving by the exertion of the abdominal
-muscles. (See P. Z. S. 1853, p. 112.)</p>
-
-<h4>1. TRICHECHUS.</h4>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Trichechus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 35.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<h5>1. Trichechus ⸺?</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Trichechus rosmarus, <i>Schrenck</i>, <i>Amur-Land</i>, p. 179.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Pacific.</p>
-
-<h3>Family 3. OTARIADÆ.</h3>
-
-<p>Nose simple; muffle rather large, callous above and between the
-nostrils. Ears with a cylindrical, external conch. Arms and legs
-rather elongate. The fore and hind feet fringed. Fore feet fin-like,
-with a scolloped naked membrane. Palms and soles bald,
-longitudinally grooved, more or less triangular. Fingers gradually
-diminish in size from the inner side. Hind feet elongate, narrow,
-all clawless. Toes nearly of equal length, the outer one on each
-side being rather the strongest (see Cat. Seals and Whales, p. 44,
-f. 15). Three middle toes clawed. The fur is generally provided
-with a more or less thick under-fur. Skull with a postorbital process.
-An alisphenoid canal. Mastoid process strong and salient,
-extending aloof from the auditory bulla. Cutting-teeth 6/4, upper
-often bifid; canines conical; grinders 5/5 or 6/5. The scapula is curved
-backward to the upper angle, but with its spine or crest near the
-posterior margin. Testicles enclosed in the small external scrotum.
-They walk on their fore and hind limbs; they rest with the hind
-part of the body bent down, and the legs directed forward, like the
-Morse. The females lie on their backs to receive the caresses of the
-male; and the young are born on shore and are gradually taught to
-swim.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Otariadæ, <i>Brookes, Mus. Cat.</i> 1836, pp. 18, 28; <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag.
-N. H.</i> 1869, iv. p. 268; <i>Gill</i>, <i>Proc. Essex Inst.</i> 1866, v. p. 7; <i>Allen</i>,
-<i>Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.</i> ii. p. 27.</p>
-
-<p>Arctocephalina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 44.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>The Eared Seals (Otariadæ) form a distinct family from the Earless<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[7]</span>
-Seals (Phocidæ). They have more power of using their limbs like
-the more typical mammalia, walking on them with the body raised
-from the ground; they rest with their hind limbs bent forwards.
-These habits are well shown in Dr. Forster’s figures, engraved by
-Buffon; and they have been verified by the study of the living
-Eared Seal in the Zoological Gardens. Their scrotum and genital
-organs are exposed as in the Dog.</p>
-
-<p>The <i>Otariæ</i> come to the surface during the process of mastication,
-and do not, like the Eared Seals, swallow under the water. They
-do not drink, while the common Seal occasionally sucks in water
-as a horse would. The pupils of the eyes dilate and contract to an
-enormous extent.</p>
-
-<p>The Sea-bears (<i>Otariadæ</i>) inhabit the more temperate and colder
-parts of the southern hemisphere, and the temperate and more
-northern regions of the Pacific Ocean.</p>
-
-<p>The <i>Otariæ</i> appear to make periodical migrations towards the
-south; and the Sea-lions (<i>O. jubata</i>) come to the Falkland Islands in
-November, where they remain till June or July, when the greater
-number depart; but some remain there the whole year round
-(P. Z. S. 1869, p. 108).</p>
-
-<p>Navigators, from the general external resemblance of the animals,
-have regarded the Sea-lion and Sea-bear of the northern and
-southern regions as the same animal. Pennant (who paid considerable
-attention to Seals) and most modern zoologists have done
-the same.</p>
-
-<p>Nilsson, in his excellent Monograph of the Seals, only mentions
-three species of Eared Seal:—1, <i>Otaria jubata</i>; 2, <i>O. ursina</i>; and, 3,
-<i>O. australis</i>. He believed that the first was common to the Falkland
-Islands, Chile, Brazil, New Holland, and Kamtschatka, and the
-second to Magellan’s Straits, Patagonia, New Holland, and the Cape.
-We now know that the species have a very limited geographical
-distribution.</p>
-
-<p>When I published my ‘Catalogue of the Seals in the British Museum,’
-in 1850, I was satisfied from Steller’s description that the
-species he described from the Arctic regions were distinct from those
-found in the Southern seas; and when I at last succeeded in obtaining
-specimens and skulls from the northern regions of the Pacific,
-I not only found that my idea was confirmed, but that they did not
-even belong to the same genera. I had the skulls of these species
-figured in the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ for 1859, and
-this greatly extended the knowledge of the animals. But there is
-yet much to be learnt respecting them. We do not know the species
-of Fur-seal described by Forster as inhabiting the coast of New
-Zealand.</p>
-
-<p>The skull of these animals changes so much in form as the animal
-arrives at adult and old age that it is not always easy to determine
-the species by it, unless you have a series of them, of different ages
-and states, to compare. Thus Dr. Peters, in his revision of the
-genus after the publication of my Catalogue and figures of the skulls
-in the ‘Voyage of the Erebus and Terror’ and in the ‘Proceedings<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[8]</span>
-of the Zoological Society,’ formed no less than five species from the
-skulls of the southern Sea-lion (<i>Otaria jubata</i>)—<i>O. jubata</i>, <i>O. Byronia</i>,
-<i>O. leonina</i>, <i>O. Godeffroyi</i>, and <i>O. Ulloæ</i>,—referring the first
-four to the subgenus <i>Otaria</i>, and the last to <i>Phocarctos</i> (see Monatsbericht,
-May 1866, pp. 265, 270). In his second essay, published
-a few months later (<i>ibid.</i> Nov. 1866), after his visit to London, he
-placed them all together in one subgenus (<i>Otaria</i>), and seems, by
-the way in which he has numbered four of them, to doubt their
-distinctness. It would have been better if he had at once simply
-reduced them to synonyms (as they must be reduced) and included
-with them <i>O. Ulloæ</i>, which is only the skull of a young specimen,
-such as was called <i>O. molossina</i> by Lesson and Garnet. I may
-observe that I had shown in my first ‘Catalogue of Seals’ (1850),
-from the examination of the typical skull, that two or three of
-these nominal species were only very old or young skulls of the
-southern Sea-lion.</p>
-
-<p>It is the character of the Eared Seals or <i>Otariadæ</i> to have a very
-close, soft under-fur between the roots of the longer and more rigid
-hairs. They are therefore called <i>Fur-Seals</i> by the sealers, and are
-hunted for their skin as well as for their oil. The quantity and
-fineness of the under-fur differ in the various species; and the skin
-and under-fur bear a price in the market according to the country
-and the species from which they are obtained.</p>
-
-<p>Some species of the family have so little under-fur when they
-arrive at adult age, that they are of no value in the market to be
-made into “seal-skins;” these are therefore called <i>Hair-Seals</i> by
-the sealers. They are only collected for the oil, as the skins are of
-comparatively little value.</p>
-
-<p>The skins of the Fur-Seal are much used in China, and are more
-or less the fashion in this country, sometimes being far more expensive
-than at others. The skins of the Hair-Seals are only used, like
-the skins of the Earless Seals or <i>Phocidæ</i>, for very inferior purposes,
-as covering boxes, knapsacks, &c.; but the animals are much sought
-after for the oil they afford.</p>
-
-<p>The furs of the different species of Fur-Seals are exceedingly different
-in external appearance, especially in the younger specimens,
-or when the fur is in its most perfect condition. In most species
-the hairs are much longer than the under-fur; they are flat and
-more or less rigid and crisp. In others the hairs are short, much
-softer, scarcely longer than the soft woolly under-fur; in these species
-the fur is very dense, standing nearly erect from the skin, forming
-a very soft elastic coat, as in <i>O. falklandicus</i> and <i>O. Stelleri</i>.</p>
-
-<p>The hair of <i>O. nigrescens</i> is considerably longer than that of <i>O. cinerea</i>,
-but not so harsh, the fur of the half-grown <i>O. nigrescens</i> being
-longer, sparse, flat, rather curled at the end, giving a crispness to
-the feel; while the hairs of the very young specimens are abundant,
-nearly of equal length, forming an even coat that is soft and smooth
-to the touch.</p>
-
-<p>The length, abundance, and, indeed, the presence or absence of
-the under-fur greatly depend on the season at which the specimen<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[9]</span>
-is obtained or observed. It is true that the sealers call some seals
-hair- and others fur-seals; but that is only because what they call
-hair-seals never had more than a very small quantity of under-fur
-in the fur-season; but, on the other hand, many fur-seals at some
-seasons have only a small quantity of the under-fur which is so long
-and abundant at other periods.</p>
-
-<p>Difficult as it is for the zoologist to distinguish the species by their
-external appearance, the skins of the different species of Fur-Seals
-are easily distinguished by the dealers, even when they are wet,
-showing that the practical fellmonger is in advance of the scientific
-man in such particulars, as the dealers in whalebone were in regard
-to the distinction of the species of the Whale by their baleen (see
-Zool. Erebus & Terror).</p>
-
-<p>The longer hairs of the Fur-Seals are very slender and pale-coloured
-at the basal half of their length, and thicker and darker at
-the upper half, and often have a white tip. The basal half is subcylindrical,
-the upper half is flat, tapering at each end. The absolute
-length of the under-fur differs in the various species. Judging
-from the old and young specimens of <i>A. nigrescens</i>, the hairs seem
-to be longer, both absolutely and relatively to the under-fur, in the
-young than in the adult animals. The hairs of the Hair-Seals are
-shorter, flat, channelled above, and gradually tapering from the base
-to the tip, merely contracted at the insertion into the skin. The
-breadth of the hairs seems to vary in the different species; and in
-the younger specimens there are to be observed some soft hairs like
-the under-fur of the Fur-Seals.</p>
-
-<p>The <i>Fur-Seals</i> are <i>Callorhinus ursinus</i>, <i>Arctocephalus antarcticus</i>,
-<i>A. nigrescens</i>, <i>A. cinereus</i>, <i>A. Forsteri</i>, <i>A. falklandicus</i>, <i>Eumetopias
-Stelleri</i>, <i>Arctophoca Philippii</i>.</p>
-
-<p>The <i>Hair-Seals</i> are <i>Otaria jubata</i>, <i>Phocarctos Hookeri</i>, <i>Arctocephalus
-nivosus</i>, <i>Zalophus Gilliespii</i>, <i>Neophoca lobatus</i>.</p>
-
-<p>Dr. Peters, in his two papers on the Eared Seals (<i>Otaria</i>) uses the
-length of the ears and the existence or non-existence of the under-fur,
-as well as the characters used by Mr. Gill and myself, to separate
-the species of these animals into subgenera.</p>
-
-<p>The length of the ears may probably afford good characters for
-the separation of the species and groups, if they can be observed in
-the living animals. As yet, only one species of these animals, the
-Sea-lion or Sea-bear (<i>Otaria leonina</i>), has been observed alive in
-Europe; so that Dr. Peters’s notes could only be derived from the
-examination of more or less carefully preserved skins; and, I fear,
-little dependence can be placed on them.</p>
-
-<p>The form of the hinder opening of the nostrils and the form of its
-front edge, when only one or two skulls of a species were examined,
-have been regarded as constituting a good character; but when an
-extensive series of the skulls of a single species, or of several species,
-have been examined, that part is found to vary considerably as to
-the width of its different parts, and especially in the form of its
-front edge. As far as my observations have extended, the hinder
-opening of the nostrils appears to become narrower, and especially its<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[10]</span>
-front edge, as the animal becomes adult or aged; and in the skulls
-of the younger specimens it is broader, shorter, and the front edge
-is broader and more truncated or straight, with only a slight rounding
-at the sides.</p>
-
-<p>The position of the grinders as regards the front part of the zygomatic
-arch is a good character for the distinction of the species,
-especially if a series of skulls from animals of different ages, and
-from the same locality, of each species are compared together; and
-it is the same with the rooting of the grinders themselves. But
-when adult skulls of different species are compared together, the
-forms of the skulls are so altered, the grinders generally so worn
-and altered by age, and their position in different species so similar,
-that the distinction of the species then becomes more difficult.</p>
-
-<p>The flap of thick bald skin produced beyond the hinder toes varies
-in length as compared with the toes, in the length of it before it divides
-into lobes, and the length of the lobes themselves in different
-species, and thus affords characters for their separation;
-but it is difficult to determine the proper length of it and its parts
-from a preserved specimen in the Museum. It is apt to be unnaturally
-stretched in length and width by the preparer, and it shrinks
-as it dries long after it is placed in the Museum.</p>
-
-<p>If I am not deceived by the prepared skins, the flap appears to
-be longer in the adult than in the young specimens; and judging
-from the specimens in the Museum, it is longest in <i>Callorhinus
-ursinus</i>, and it gradually becomes shorter in <i>Arctocephalus antarcticus</i>,
-<i>A. falklandicus</i>, <i>Phocarctos Hookeri</i>, <i>A. cinereus</i>, <i>Otaria jubata</i>, and
-<i>A. nigrescens</i>. It is very short in <i>Neophoca lobata</i> and <i>Eumetopias
-Stelleri</i>.</p>
-
-<p>The “Prodrome of a Monograph of the Pinnipedes,” by Mr. Theodore
-Gill, wherein he named several genera of this group, and a
-paper by Dr. Peters on the <i>Otariæ</i> of the Berlin Museum, in the
-‘Monatsbericht’ for May 1866, have induced me to reexamine the
-skulls and skeletons in the British Museum.</p>
-
-<p>I may observe that Dr. Peters considers all the Eared Seals one
-genus, but has divided them into seven subgenera, to each of which
-he gives a distinctive name. Dr. Peters’s paper is interesting as
-determining the specimens described by Pander and D’Alton, Johann
-Müller, and other German naturalists, as well as describing the
-more recently received specimens in the Berlin Museum, which
-certainly is one of the most important on the Continent.</p>
-
-<p>Captain Thomas Musgrave, in a work entitled ‘Cast away on the
-Aucklands,’ 12mo, 1866, pp. 141 and following, gives a very interesting
-account of the habits and manners of the Lion-seal, showing
-how unlike they are in their habits to the Seals without ears (Phocidæ).
-The female brings forth her young far inland, and has to
-teach them to take to the water which is to be their future home.</p>
-
-<p>Captain Weddell gives nearly the same account of the habits of
-the Fur-Seal, as does also Mr. Hamilton (in Ann. & Mag. Nat.
-Hist. 1839, p. 87).</p>
-
-<p>Mr. J. A. Allen, in the ‘Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[11]</span>
-Zoology’ at Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass., has published (1870)
-an essay on the Eared Seals (Otariadæ), with detailed descriptions
-of the North-Pacific species.</p>
-
-<p>He divides the family into subfamilies:—</p>
-
-<p>Subfam. 1. <i>Trichophocinæ</i>, without under-fur, and containing the
-genera <span class="smcap">Otaria</span>, <span class="smcap">Eumetopias</span>, <span class="smcap">Zalophus</span>.</p>
-
-<p>Subfam. 2. <i>Eulophocinæ</i>, with thick under-fur, containing <span class="smcap">Callorhinus</span>
-and <span class="smcap">Arctocephalus</span>.</p>
-
-<p>He gives figures of the skulls of different ages of the North-Pacific
-species.</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Allen had only the skins in salt and the bones of two
-North-Pacific species to study, and he does not seem to be aware
-that the abundance of the under-fur greatly depends on the season
-and age of the animal when collected; and unfortunately he seems
-to have had no specimens or skulls of the southern species to enable
-him to study their characters; yet with these limited materials he
-has ventured to propose a revision of the species of Otariadæ, and,
-from the same cause, has suggested the uniting of many incongruous
-species together. It may be very true that zoologists have erred
-(myself among the number) in making too many genera and species;
-but the correction of this error requires as much study and consideration
-of the entire subject as have been used in their determination;
-and science is not advanced by hasty alterations founded on a
-few specimens.</p>
-
-<p>The Eared Seals are collected for their oil and skins. Most of the
-species have very dense under-fur of soft erect hairs between the
-bases of the longer hairs. These are called “Fur-Seals;” and the
-skins, when deprived of their long hairs, are very valuable. The
-dressed furs of the various species and localities are of very different
-commercial and economic value. The skins of <i>Neophoca lobata</i> (of
-Australia) and <i>Phocarctos Hookeri</i> (of the Southern Ocean), being
-nearly destitute of this under-fur, are called <i>Hair-Seals</i> by the
-sealers. Their skins are of little comparative value, as they are only
-used like the skins of the Earless Seals (Phocidæ).</p>
-
-<h4><span class="smcap">Synopsis of the Genera.</span></h4>
-
-<p class="hanging">Section I. <i>Palate produced behind to a line even with the condyles of the
-jaw. Grinders 6/5·6/5. Under fur sparse.</i> Sea-lions.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging">Tribe 1. <span class="smcap">Otariina.</span></p>
-
-<p>1. <i>Otaria.</i> Antarctic Seas. East and west coast of South America.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging">Section II. <i>Palate only extended behind to a line even with the middle
-part of the zygomatic arch.</i> Sea-bears.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging">Tribe 2. <span class="smcap">Callorhinina.</span> Grinders 6/5·6/5. Skull oblong; face broad,
-shorter than the orbit; forehead arched. Flap of toes very long.</p>
-
-<p>2. <i>Callorhinus.</i> Under-fur abundant. North-west coast of America.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging">Tribe 3. <span class="smcap">Arctocephalina.</span> Grinders 6/5·6/5; face of the skull shelving<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[12]</span>
-in front; the fifth and sixth grinders behind the front of the zygomatic
-arch. Flap of toes moderate.</p>
-
-<p>3. <i>Phocarctos.</i> Grinders large, lobed, the six upper with two notches
-on the hinder edge. Under-fur sparse. South America.</p>
-
-<p>4. <i>Arctocephalus.</i> Grinders thick; crown conical. Under-fur abundant.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging">Tribe 4. <span class="smcap">Zalophina.</span> Grinders 5/5·5/5, large, thick, in a close continuous
-series; the fifth upper in front of the back edge of the zygomatic
-arch.</p>
-
-<p>5. <i>Zalophus.</i> Grinders large and thick, in a close uniform series.
-Under-fur sparse. North Pacific.</p>
-
-<p>6. <i>Neophoca.</i> Grinders large, thick, all equal, in a continuous uniform
-series. Under-fur sparse. Flap of toes very short. Australia.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging">Tribe 5. <span class="smcap">Eumetopiina.</span> Grinders 5/5·5/5, more or less far apart; the hinder
-upper behind the hinder edge of the zygomatic arch, and separated
-from the other grinders by a concave space.</p>
-
-<p>7. <i>Eumetopias.</i> Under-fur sparse. Flap of toes very short. West coast
-of North America.</p>
-
-<p>8. <i>Arctophoca.</i> Under-fur abundant. Flap of toes long. West coast
-of South America.</p>
-
-<p class="break">Sect. I. <i>The palate produced behind to a line even with the condyles. The
-palatine surface of the maxillaries extending behind the teeth and with
-its posterior processes very long. It is deeply concave behind, and
-becomes deeper as the animal increases in age. The hinder nostril is
-short, with a truncated front edge. Flap of toes rather long.</i> Sea-lions.</p>
-
-<h4>Tribe I. <i>OTARIINA.</i></h4>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Otariina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1869, vol. iv. p. 269.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<h5>1. OTARIA.</h5>
-
-<p>Grinders 6/5. In the adult skulls the fourth upper grinder is under
-the front edge of the orbit, and the sixth or last in a line with the
-back edge of the zygomatic arch. The hinder edge of the palate is
-rather in front, on the line of the condyles. The teeth in the
-younger skull are more lobed than in the adult; the upper grinders
-are also differently disposed; the third upper grinder is under the
-front edge of the orbit, and the fifth tooth is in a line with the back
-edge of the zygomatic arch, and the last or sixth tooth is far behind
-it (see skull, Cat. S. & W. p. 58, f. 18). This change is remarkable,
-as the teeth of the young and the adult <i>Zalophus Gilliespii</i> are similar
-in number and position.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Otaria (subg. Otaria), <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, p. 263.</p>
-
-<p>Otaria, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 57; <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1866,
-vol. xviii. p. 230; <i>Gill</i>, and <i>Peters</i>.</p>
-
-<p>Platyrhynchus, <i>F. Cuvier</i>.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[13]</span></p>
-
-<h6>1. Otaria jubata. <i>Sea-lion.</i></h6>
-
-<p>Fur dark brown; cheeks, temples, and sides of the forehead
-black; neck greyish brown; back of the neck yellow-brown; belly
-dusky black; hairs flat, tapering, dark brown, yellow, and whitish
-intermixed, without any under-fur.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Sea-bear, <i>Illustrated London News</i>; <i>Boy’s Own Book</i>.</p>
-
-<p>Otaria jubata, <i>label in Zoological Gardens</i>, 1865; <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.</i> 1868, i. p. 109; <i>Murie, P. Z. S.</i> 1869, p. 101, t. viii. (male,
-female, and young); <i>Abbott</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1868, p. 190; <i>Sclater</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i>
-1868, p. 528; <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsber</i>. 1866, p. 262.</p>
-
-<p>Otaria leonina, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, pp. 264, 665; <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals
-& Whales</i>, p. 59, f. 18.</p>
-
-<p>Otaria Godeffroyi, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, p. 266, t. 1.</p>
-
-<p>Otaria Byronia, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, pp. 269 & 666.</p>
-
-<p>Otaria (Phocarctos) Ulloæ, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, p. 270.</p>
-
-<p>Otaria Ulloæ, <i>Tschudi</i>, <i>Fauna Peruana</i>, pp. 135, 136, t. vi.</p>
-
-<p>Otaria (Otaria) Ulloæ, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, pp. 667 & 671.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. South America, Falkland Islands, Chili.</p>
-
-<p>The oldest of the three adult skulls in the British Museum differs
-from the other two in the pterygoid processes of the hinder edge of
-the palate being closer together than in the rest; but this character
-seems to depend on the greater age of the animal, as it differs slightly
-in the other two specimens. In all the younger specimens, varying
-greatly in size, the pterygoid processes are far apart.</p>
-
-<p>Dr. Peters considers (1) <i>Platyrhynchus leoninus</i> of F. Cuvier, (2)
-<i>Phoca Byronia</i> of Blainville, and (3) an adult specimen which is in
-the Hamburg Museum, and of which he described and figured the
-skull as <i>O. Godeffroyi</i>, to be distinct species. I cannot see any
-difference between the skull in the College of Surgeons, on which
-<i>Phoca Byronia</i> was founded, and those in the British Museum; and
-the figure of the skull described as <i>O. Godeffroyi</i> is very similar to
-the skull in the British-Museum collection which I have called
-<i>O. jubata</i>.</p>
-
-<p>This animal has the harsh fur without any under-fur of <i>Phocarctos
-Hookeri</i>; but it entirely differs from that animal in the colour
-of the fur. This cannot arise from the greater age of the animal, as
-it is not nearly so large as the half-grown <i>P. Hookeri</i> in the British
-Museum.</p>
-
-<p>In the dark blackish-brown colour of the fur and the pale-brown
-colour of the nape, and in the absence of the under-fur, this Seal
-resembles the adult <i>Neophoca lobata</i> from Australia; but in that
-species the pale colour extends all over the crown, while in the young
-male <i>Otaria jubata</i> there are only a few paler scattered hairs on the
-middle of the crown and nose.</p>
-
-<p>Dr. Murie represents the skull of a nearly full-grown male and of
-a female nearly of the same age (P. Z. S. 1869, p. 103. f. 1, 2).
-They greatly differ, the nose and the palate being much wider in
-the male than in the female, and the teeth in the male (but this
-may be only an individual peculiarity) were much worn down.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[14]</span></p>
-
-<p>He observes, “the whole of the palate is much narrower than in
-the male of the same size, especially in the maxillary region, and
-the teeth are much weaker and more sharply pointed.”</p>
-
-<p>He observes, “The young of both sexes are alike of a dark brown
-or very deep chocolate colour. The males about a year old retain
-somewhat of the chocolate tint of their youth, which, however, is
-paler, and subsequently changes annually as the coat is shed. The
-females of equal age assume a dark grey hue dorsally, while the
-abdominal parts are light yellowish. As they grow older they alter
-little.</p>
-
-<p>“Males a couple of years old or more become of a rich brown shade
-on the back and sides, and lighter or yellowish beneath. Old males
-alone are maned.</p>
-
-<p>“There is a sparse underwool on the young, which sensibly diminishes
-with age.</p>
-
-<p>“The skulls of the adult male and female differ considerably, the
-latter being comparatively the narrower of the two—the former possessing
-a somewhat different form of teeth, besides proportionally
-immense canines.</p>
-
-<p>“The teeth of <i>Otaria jubata</i> are subject occasionally to a peculiar
-wearing, of a median constricted character.</p>
-
-<p>“Between the female and male of this species there is a wide
-difference as regards the stretch of the pectoral flippers. In the
-skin of the male the breadth from tip to tip of the fore flippers is
-equal to or greater than the length of the body; in the female the
-reverse obtains. This fact points to greater strength and swimming-power
-of the former.”</p>
-
-<p class="break">Sect. II. <i>The palate rather produced behind. The front edge of the hinder
-nasal opening in a line with the middle of the zygomatic arch.</i> Sea-bears.</p>
-
-<h4>Tribe II. <i>CALLORHININA.</i></h4>
-
-<p>Grinders 6/5·6/5. Skull oblong; face broad, shorter than the orbit;
-forehead arched. See Cat. S. & W. p. 45, f. 16 (skull).</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Callorhinina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1869, vol. iv. p. 269.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<h5>2. CALLORHINUS.</h5>
-
-<p>Skull elongate; forehead rounded in front of the orbit, rather
-swollen. Palate rather concave, as wide in front as at the end of
-the tooth-line, rather narrowed behind. The sixth upper grinder
-just behind the hinder edge of the zygomatic arch; the grinders moderate,
-fifth and sixth upper and the fifth lower with two diverging
-roots. Front flapper small, narrow. Flap of toes very long.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Callorhinus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1859, p. 359; <i>Annals & Mag. N. H.</i> 1866,
-vol. xviii. p. 234; <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 44, f. 16 (skull); <i>Peters</i>.</p>
-
-<p>Arctocephalus, <i>Gill</i>!</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[15]</span></p>
-
-<h6>1. Callorhinus ursinus. <i>Northern Sea-Bear.</i></h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Phoca ursina, <i>Linn.</i>; <i>Pander & D’Alton</i>, t. 7. f. 1 (not good).</p>
-
-<p>Otaria (Callorhinus) ursina, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, pp. 273 & 672.</p>
-
-<p>Otaria Stelleri (part.), <i>Lesson & Müller</i>.</p>
-
-<p>Callorhinus ursinus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1859, p. 359, t. 58 (skull); <i>Ann.
-& Mag. N. H.</i> 1866, xviii. p. 235; <i>Cat. Seals & W.</i> p. 44, f. 16
-(skull); <i>Allen</i>, <i>Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.</i> ii. pp. 44 & 73, tab. 2 & 3.
-figs. 1-8.</p>
-
-<p>Arctocephalus ursinus, <i>Gill</i>, <i>Proc. Essex Inst.</i> vol. v. 1866, p. 13 (not
-<i>F. Cuvier</i>).</p>
-
-<p><i>Young.</i> Arctocephalus monteriensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1859, p. 358 (skin
-only).</p>
-
-<p>Arctocephalus californianus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 51 (skin
-only).</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Kamtschatka. B.M.</p>
-
-<h4>Tribe III. <i>ARCTOCEPHALINA.</i></h4>
-
-<p>Grinders 6/5·6/5; face of the skull shelving in front; the fifth and
-sixth grinders behind the front of the zygomatic arch.</p>
-
-<h5>3. PHOCARCTOS.</h5>
-
-<p>The skull elongate, forehead flat. The palate concave, deep,
-with a thickened margin on each side in front, widest in the middle
-part of the tooth-line, and gradually narrowed behind the teeth;
-the internal nares oblong, longer than broad, truncate in front, the
-front edge in a line with the orbital process of the zygomatic arch.
-Grinders large, compressed; the fifth and sixth upper behind the
-back edge of the zygomatic arch. The grinders have compressed
-roots; some of them have a very indistinct longitudinal groove on
-the side; the fifth upper grinder has two distinct roots. The ear-bones
-scarcely prominent, with a flat lower surface. Flap of toes
-moderate.</p>
-
-<p>I have not seen an adult skull of this genus. The skulls described
-are 10 inches long, but the bones are not knit (see Cat. S. & W.
-p. 47, f. 17).</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Arctocephalus § II., <i>Gray</i>, <i>Proc. Zool. Soc.</i> 1859, p. 109.</p>
-
-<p>Phocarctos, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1866, vol. xviii. p. 234.</p>
-
-<p>Otaria (part.), <i>Allen</i>, <i>Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.</i> ii. p. 44.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<h6>1. Phocarctos Hookeri. <i>The Southern Hair-Seal.</i></h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<p>Fur brown-grey, slightly grizzled, pale, nearly white beneath;
-hairs short, close-pressed, rather slender, flattened, black, with
-whitish tips, the tips becoming longer on the under part of the
-sides; feet reddish or black; whiskers black or whitish.</p>
-
-<p>Young pale yellow, varied with darker irregular patches; length
-18 inches. B.M.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[16]</span></p><div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Arctocephalus Hookeri, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Zool. Erebus and Terror</i>, t. 14, 15
-(skull); <i>Cat. Seals B. M.</i> p. 45. f. 15; <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1859, pp. 109, 360,
-<i>Cat. Seals and Whales B. M.</i> pp. 53, 54.</p>
-
-<p>Arctocephalus falklandicus, <i>Burmeister</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1866,
-xviii. t. 9. f. 1, 2, 3, 4 (skull only).</p>
-
-<p>Otaria (Phocarctos) Hookeri, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, pp. 269 & 671.</p>
-
-<p>Phocartos Hookeri, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1866, vol. xviii. p. 234
-(the Hair-Seal of the sealers).</p>
-
-<p>Otaria jubata (part.), <i>Allen</i>, <i>Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.</i> ii. p. 45.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Young or albino? entirely cream-coloured, about 2 feet long.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Eared Seal, <i>Pennant, Quad.</i> ii. p. 278.</p>
-
-<p>Phoca flavescens, <i>Shaw, Gen. Zool.</i> i. p. 200, t. 73 (from <i>Pennant</i>).</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Falkland Islands and Cape Horn.</p>
-
-<p>Pennant, in his ‘Quadrupeds,’ describes an Eared Seal, rather
-more than 2 feet long, the whole body of which was covered with
-longish hair of a whitish or cream-colour; it was brought from the
-Straits of Magellan, and preserved in Parkinson’s Museum on the
-south side of Blackfriar’s Bridge (see “Eared Seal,” Pennant’s
-Quad. ii. p. 278). Dr. Shaw, in his ‘General Zoology,’ gave the
-name of <i>Phoca flavescens</i> to this species, and figured it (i. p. 260,
-t. 73).</p>
-
-<p>This is very probably the young of the Hair-Seal of the Falklands,
-described by me as <i>Arctocephalus Hookeri</i>, which is of a pale-yellowish
-colour. Pennant does not mention the want of the
-under-fur.</p>
-
-<p>Dr. Burmeister observes:—“We have in the Museum [at Buenos
-Ayres] a young half-grown specimen [of <i>Arctocephalus falklandicus</i>]
-nearly 3 feet long. From this I have taken the skull, of which I
-send you a description and drawings” (Ann. N. H. 1866, xviii.
-p. 99, t. 9. f. 1, 2, 3, 4). From the comparison of the figures, and
-especially of the teeth and the form of the palate, with our older
-skull of <i>Arctocephalus Hookeri</i>, I have little doubt that it is the
-skull of a specimen of that species before the grinders were all developed.
-It is not the skull of <i>Otaria jubata</i>, which the other specimen
-he called <i>A. falklandicus</i> is, as proved by the form and
-position of the hinder nasal openings. The figure of the young
-skull differs from the older skull of <i>A. Hookeri</i> in the British Museum
-in having a notch in the middle, while the older skull of <i>A.
-Hookeri</i> has a conical prominence in the same place. Such differences
-are found in skulls of Seals at different ages.</p>
-
-<p>The skull of the young animal described and figured by Dr. Burmeister
-as <i>Arctocephalus falklandicus</i> (Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1866,
-xviii. p. 99, t. 9. f. 1 & 2), is probably the young skull of this
-species. It agrees with it in the elongated form of the skull, and
-in the large size and great development of the processes of the
-orbits.</p>
-
-<p>Dr. Murie regards <i>Otaria Philippii</i> as founded on the skull of
-this species (P. Z. S. 1869, p. 108).</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Allen, on the contrary, includes <i>Otaria Hookeri</i> as a synonym
-of <i>Otaria jubata</i>. One could not have a better proof of the want<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[17]</span>
-that Mr. Allen had of more materials when he undertook a revision
-of the family.</p>
-
-<h5>4. ARCTOCEPHALUS.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Arctocephalus, <i>F. Cuvier, Peters</i>.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>The face of the skull elongate, forehead flat. The palate concave,
-especially in front, with a thickened margin on each side near
-the teeth, and then narrowed behind; the internal nasal opening
-elongate, longer than broad, narrow and arched in front, the edge
-in a line with the orbital process of the zygomatic arch, which is
-large and well developed. Flap of toes moderate.</p>
-
-<p>In the adult skull of <i>A. antarctica</i>, from the Cape, the fifth
-hinder grinder has only very short rounded callous roots, which
-are slightly divided into two lobes; and the hinder sixth upper
-grinder seems to have a root of the same character. But not having
-any skulls of younger animals, I am not able to describe what are
-the forms of the roots of these two teeth in the younger state.</p>
-
-<p>In the skulls of the older specimens (which are not adult, as they
-have the sutures between the bones still distinct), the fifth and
-sixth upper grinders have two distinct diverging roots.</p>
-
-<p class="break">* <i>The fifth and sixth upper grinders with two roots (?); the sixth upper
-partly behind the hinder edge of the zygomatic arch.</i> Arctocephalus.
-(Africa.)</p>
-
-<h6>1. Arctocephalus antarcticus. <i>The Cape Fur-Seal.</i></h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Phoca antarctica, <i>Thunb.</i>, <i>Mém. Acad. Pétersb.</i> iii. p. 322; <i>Fischer’s
-Synop.</i> p. 242.</p>
-
-<p>Arctocephalus schisthyperoës, <i>Turner</i>, <i>Journ. Anat.</i> 1868, p. 113,
-f. <span class="space"> </span>.</p>
-
-<p>Arctocephalus schistuperus, <i>Günther</i>, <i>Zool. Record</i>, 1868, p. 20.</p>
-
-<p>Arctocephalus antarcticus, <i>Gray</i>; <i>Allen</i>, <i>Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.</i> ii.
-p. 45.</p>
-
-<p>Arctocephalus Delalandii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1859, t. 69 (skull); <i>Ann.
-& Mag. N. H.</i> 1866, vol. xviii. p. 235; <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 52.</p>
-
-<p>Phoca ursina, <i>Cuvier</i>, <i>Oss. Foss.</i> t. 219. f. 5.</p>
-
-<p>Arctocephalus ursinus, <i>F. Cuvier</i>, <i>Mém. Mus.</i> vol. xi. p. 205, t. 15,
-no. 1. <i>a</i>, <i>b</i>, <i>c</i> (skull).</p>
-
-<p>Otaria ursina, <i>Nilsson</i>.</p>
-
-<p>Halarctus Delalandii, <i>Gill</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 7.</p>
-
-<p>Otaria (Arctocephalus) pusilla, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, pp. 271 & 671.</p>
-
-<p><i>Junior.</i> Petit Phoque, <i>Buffon</i>, <i>H. N.</i> xiii. t. 53, = Phoca pusilla,
-<i>Schreb.</i></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. South Africa, Cape of Good Hope.</p>
-
-<p>The two adult skulls in the British Museum differ greatly in the
-width of the hinder nasal opening, in the form of the hinder lower
-lateral processes of the occipital bone, in the form of the back of
-that bone, and in the shape of the condyles.</p>
-
-<p>The skull from the Cape of Good Hope, in the Museum of
-the University of Edinburgh, was described and figured by Dr.
-Turner under the name of <i>Arctocephalus schisthyperoës</i>, in the
-‘Journal of Anatomy and Physiology,’ vol. iii. p. 113. The name<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[18]</span>
-is changed to <i>A. schistuperus</i> by Dr. Günther in the ‘Zoological
-Record’ for 1868, p. 20. It is evidently the skull of a half-grown
-animal, with all its teeth developed, but with the sutures of the
-bones still apparent. It agrees in every respect with what I
-should expect to be the form and structure of the skull of <i>Arctocephalus
-antarcticus</i> from the Cape; but unfortunately the two
-skulls of that Sea-bear from the Cape which are in the British
-Museum are from old animals; and the specimen figured by Cuvier,
-Oss. Foss. v. 220, t. 18. f. 5, is also adult. It differs from the skulls
-of the two adult specimens of that species in the British Museum
-in the hinder nasal aperture being much extended forwards and
-gradually tapering to a point in front, which reaches to the transverse
-palato-maxillary suture. This peculiarity in the form of the
-palate, which Prof. Turner has not observed in any other seal-skull,
-seems to have induced him to regard it as a distinct species.
-From the examination I have made of the skulls of Seals in the
-Museum and other collections, I am induced to believe that it
-is an individual abnormality of <i>Arctocephalus antarcticus</i>. I have
-observed a similar malformation in the palates of two other species.
-I was myself misled by their structure, before I met with the
-other examples, to regard a skull with such a deformity as a distinct
-species.</p>
-
-<p>At one time I thought that it might be a peculiarity of the
-young state, as it had up to that time only been observed in
-skulls of half-grown animals. It occurs in half-grown specimens
-of <i>Euotaria nigrescens</i>; but the skulls of the very young specimens
-of this Seal in the British Museum have the front edge
-of the hinder nasal opening truncated and slightly arched in form,
-with well-developed square palatine bones united by a central suture
-just as in the adult, but broader and straighter.</p>
-
-<p>It was this observation that induced me to return to my original
-opinion, that the skull which I had at first regarded as a young
-skull of <i>Arctocephalus monteriensis</i> (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859), and
-then as a separate species under the name of <i>A. californianus</i>
-(Cat. Seals and Whales, p. 51), was only a monstrosity of <i>A.
-monteriensis</i>, as I did in the Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1866, xviii.
-p. 232; and I am now induced to believe that <i>Arctocephalus
-schisthyperoës</i> is only an imperfectly developed skull of <i>A. antarctica</i>.</p>
-
-<p>Dr. J. R. Forster, in Cook’s voyage in 1775, observed the Eared
-Seal at the Cape of Good Hope, and called it <i>Phoca ursina</i>. Believing
-it to be the same as the Sea-bear he had observed in New
-Zealand, Thunberg, in his list of Cape Mammalia in the third
-volume of the ‘Transactions of the St. Petersburg Academy,’ iii.
-322, notices this animal under the name of <i>Phoca antarctica</i> (see
-Fischer, Syn. Mam. p. 242). Dr. Peters has applied the name of
-<i>Otaria pusilla</i> to this species, believing it to be the <i>Petit Phoque</i> of
-Buffon, which has been named <i>Phoca pusilla</i> by Schreber, and had
-before been named <i>Phoca parva</i> by Boddaert. Buffon says that it
-came either from India or the Levant; but it is not by its description<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[19]</span>
-to be distinguished from a young specimen of almost any of
-the species. It is as likely to have come from the Falkland Islands
-as from the Cape, as the French had traffic with Les Iles Malouines,
-as they call them.</p>
-
-<p>M. de Buffon describes a small Eared Seal, which he calls a
-“second Phoque” (vol. xiii. p. 341, t. 43, where it is named “le
-petit Phoque”), which, he was assured, came from India, but very
-probably came from the Levant; and he considers it adult, because
-it has all its teeth. It is only one-fifth of the size of the
-Seal of the European seas (Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 344). He further
-speaks of it as “le petit Phoque noir des Indes et du Levant”
-(p. 345). It is evidently a young Eared Seal. The figure is probably
-from the skin, with the bones of the toes and jaws, presented
-to the cabinet by M. Mauduit (mentioned at p. 433. n. 1273),
-and said to have come from India.</p>
-
-<p>The specimen Buffon figured, then being in the Paris Museum, was
-thus described by Cuvier (Oss. Foss. v. p. 220):—“Cet animal a deux
-pieds de long; ses oreilles sont grandes et pointues; son pelage est
-fourré, luisant, d’un brun noir très-foncé et a sa nuance blanchâtre.
-Le ventre seul est brun-jaunâtre.” The teeth show that it is young.</p>
-
-<p>The figure and description of the <i>Petit Phoque</i> of Buffon have had
-the following names given to them:—</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Little Seal, <i>by Pennant and Shaw</i>.</li>
-<li>Phoca pusilla, <i>Schreber</i>, <i>Säugeth</i>. 314 (<i>Peters</i>).</li>
-<li>Phoca parva, <i>Bodd. Elench.</i> 78.</li>
-<li>Otaria pusilla, <i>Desm. N. Dict.</i></li>
-<li>Otaria Peronii, <i>Desm. Mamm.</i></li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>Fischer, in his ‘Synopsis,’ under <i>Phoca pusilla</i>, p. 252, gives the
-Cape of Good Hope and Rotteness Island, on the coast of Australia,
-as the habitat of the species.</p>
-
-<p>The description of Cuvier much more nearly fits that of the
-young <i>Arctocephalus nigrescens</i> from the Falkland Islands. The
-fur of the young Cape Seal is dark, black above and below; the
-hairs are slender, and brown (not whitish) at the base; and the
-underside is not yellowish brown; so that it is very doubtful if it
-is the young of the Cape Seal.</p>
-
-<p>Dr. Peters, believing Buffon’s specimen to be a young Cape Seal,
-changed the name of <i>Delalandii</i> to <i>pusilla</i>.</p>
-
-<p>In the Museum are three states in flat skins:—</p>
-
-<p>1. Adult male, with slight mane, called in the sale-catalogue
-“large-wig.” Fur whitish, with a few intermixed black hairs;
-under-fur short, reddish. B.M.</p>
-
-<p>2. Adult, without the mane, called in the sale-catalogue “middling.”
-Fur reddish white, grizzled with scattered black hairs;
-underside of the body darker, reddish brown; under-fur short,
-reddish. B.M.</p>
-
-<p>3. Young, about 18 inches long, called in the sale-catalogue
-“black pup,” from the Cape of Good Hope. Fur black, polished,
-soft, smooth, without any grey tips, rather browner black beneath;<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[20]</span>
-under-fur brown, very sparse; hairs slender, polished,
-black, with very slender brown bases. B.M.</p>
-
-<p class="break">** <i>The fourth, fifth, and sixth upper grinders with two distinct diverging
-roots: the fifth in a line with the hinder edge of the zygomatic arch.</i>
-Euotaria. (America.)</p>
-
-<h6>2. Arctocephalus nigrescens. <i>The Southern Fur-Seal.</i></h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Arctocephalus nigrescens, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Zool. Erebus and Terror</i>, t. <span class="space"> </span>; <i>P. Z. S.</i>
-1850, pp. 109, 360; <i>Cat. Seals and Whales</i>, p. 52; <i>Gerrard</i>, <i>Cat.
-of Bones</i>, p. 147.</p>
-
-<p>Arctocephalus (Euotaria) nigrescens, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.</i>
-1866, xviii. p. 236.</p>
-
-<p>Arctocephalus falklandicus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 55; <i>Allen</i>, <i>Bull.
-Mus. Comp. Zool.</i> ii. p. 45.</p>
-
-<p>Otaria (Arctocephalus?) falklandica, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, p. 273.</p>
-
-<p>Otaria (Arctophoca) falklandica, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> pp. 371 & 671.</p>
-
-<p>Otaria falklandica, <i>Sclater</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1868, p. 528; <i>Abbott</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i>
-1868, p. 192.</p>
-
-<p>Otaria jubata (young), <i>B.M.</i></p>
-
-<p>Euotaria nigrescens, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.</i> 1868, p. 104.</p>
-
-<p>Otaria nigrescens, <i>Murie</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1869, p. 106.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Falkland Islands, Volunteer Rock (<i>Capt. Abbott</i>).</p>
-
-<p>The two skulls of this species in the British Museum agree in
-most particulars; but they differ considerably in the form of the
-hinder nostrils. The larger one is without its upper teeth, but the
-forms of the roots are well exhibited by their sockets; the front
-edge of the hinder nasal opening is produced rather further forward,
-and is acutely angular. The other skull, which is rather
-smaller and has the teeth in good condition, has the hinder nasal
-opening with a slightly arched, nearly truncated, front edge.</p>
-
-<p>Dr. Peters refers <i>Phoca falklandica</i> (Shaw, Zool. i. p. 256) and
-<i>Otaria falklandica</i>. (Hamilton, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1839, p. 81,
-t. 4; Jardine, Nat. Lib. vi. p. 271, t. 25) to this species. But as
-neither Dr. Shaw nor Dr. Hamilton describes the number or position
-of the teeth, it is not possible to determine if this is the <i>Fur-Seal</i>
-of the sealers, collected at the Falkland Islands, more especially
-as the fact of the skull coming from the Falkland Islands is
-not well ascertained. See the other synonyma which have been
-established on the sealers’ descriptions and figures or the skins
-collected for the furriers at the Falkland Islands (Gray, Cat. Seals
-and Whales, pp. 55, 56). Dr. Hamilton, who prides himself on his
-figure, represents the hind legs as extended behind: but they look
-very awkward in that position, the stuffer having evidently had a
-difficulty in extending them.</p>
-
-<p>The hair of <i>A. nigrescens</i> is considerably longer than that of <i>A.
-cinereus</i>, but not so harsh, the fur of the half-grown <i>A. nigrescens</i>
-being longer, sparse, flat, rather curled at the end, giving it a crispness
-to the feel; while the hairs of the very young specimens are
-abundant, nearly of equal length, forming an even coat that is soft
-and smooth to the touch.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[21]</span></p>
-
-<p>Capt. Abbott’s young specimen in the British Museum chiefly
-differs from the adult specimen in the same collection in the hairs
-being longer, more erect, and with minute white tips, and in the
-face, throat, and chest being rufous brown; but this reddish colour
-is common to the young of several Sea-bears.</p>
-
-<p>The skulls from Desolation Island, on the south-west coast of
-Patagonia, presented to the Anatomical Museum of the University
-of Edinburgh by the late Professor Goodsir, evidently belong to
-<i>Euotaria nigrescens</i>, the usual Fur-Seal of the Falkland Islands and
-other parts of the coast of South-west America. Two of the
-skulls are from adult animals, are without the lower jaws, and
-have only a few worn and broken teeth, having been rolled on the
-beach.</p>
-
-<p>The other skull is of a young animal, exactly similar to the skull
-of a young <i>Euotaria nigrescens</i>, n. 1013<i>e</i>, in the British-Museum
-collection. The front edge of the hinder nostrils is as arched as in
-that specimen; the teeth are rather more developed than in our
-skull; they have a well-marked central lobe and a distinct small
-acute tubercle on the front edge of the cingulum.</p>
-
-<p>The two adult skulls are very like the adult skull of <i>E. nigrescens</i>,
-1013<i>d</i>, in the British Museum; but the opening of the internal
-nostrils is narrower, and their front edge in one is not nearly so
-angular, and in the other it is rather more arched than in either
-of the other two skulls, showing that the size of the posterior
-nasal aperture and the form of its front edge vary in different
-specimens of this species.</p>
-
-<p>The comparison of the young skull with the more adult one
-shows that the grinders change their position considerably as regards
-the front edge of the hinder nasal opening. In the young
-skull of <i>Euotaria nigrescens</i> the hinder end of the tooth-line is very
-near (not a quarter of an inch from) a line level with the front
-edge of the internal nasal opening, and the hinder part of the palate
-in front of the aperture is nearly as broad as the middle of the
-palate: in the adult skull the hinder end of the tooth-line is a full
-inch from the front edge of the internal nasal opening, the hinder
-part of the palate is contracted toward the internal nostril, and the
-internal nasal opening is lengthened and narrowed; but the real
-position of the teeth, as compared with the front part of the zygomatic
-arch, is little altered, though the form of the palate gives
-them the appearance of being more changed than they really are.</p>
-
-<p>These skulls are interesting as showing that <i>Euotaria nigrescens</i>,
-like <i>Otaria leonina</i> and <i>Morunga elephantina</i>, is, or was, common
-to the Falkland Islands and the west coast of South America.</p>
-
-<p>The chief character by which the adult skull of <i>Euotaria nigrescens</i>
-can be distinguished from the adult skull of <i>Arctocephalus
-antarcticus</i> is, that the hinder or fifth upper grinder and the penultimate
-or fourth are placed rather in front of the hinder edge of
-the front part of the zygomatic arch; but the position of the teeth is
-most distinctive in the skull of the young animal, and loses much
-of its importance in comparing old skulls together, unless the skulls<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[22]</span>
-and teeth are very accurately compared; and even then the distinction
-is more imaginary than real.</p>
-
-<p>I cannot understand Capt. Abbott’s account of this species. He
-says that “the full-grown Seal is about the size of the common
-English Seal. The largest skin I have ever seen I do not think measured
-more than 4 feet in length, perhaps hardly so much. The hair
-differs in colour, being sometimes grey, and at other times of a
-brownish tint; that of the young is of a darker brown colour.”
-All this agrees better with the true <i>O. falklandica</i>; but yet he says
-the skin of his half-grown specimen is now in the British Museum,
-and that skin is undoubtedly <i>Euotaria nigrescens</i>. Has Mr. Abbott
-confounded the two species in his mind? Or did he forget the
-animal? for he informed me that there were no Sea-elephants now
-living on the island. (P. Z. S. 1868, p. 190.)</p>
-
-<p>“The bones of the pectoral limb of the Fur-Seal of commerce differ
-from those of the Sea-lion.”—<i>Murie</i>, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 109.</p>
-
-<p>See Lecomte’s account of the habits of these animals, P. Z. S.
-1869, p. 106.</p>
-
-<p>The British Museum contains the skin and skull of a large
-blackish Eared Seal, nearly 6 feet long, that was purchased of a
-dealer as “a Fur-Seal from the Falkland Islands;” but, as the
-dealers seem always to give that as the habitat for all seal-skins
-with a distinct under-coat that come into their possession, I have
-quoted the habitat with doubt. When occupied in describing the
-Seals of the southern hemisphere for the ‘Voyage of the Erebus
-and Terror,’ I named the Seal <i>Arctocephalus nigrescens</i>, and had the
-skull figured under that name; but the plate has not yet been published,
-though copies of it have been given to Dr. Peters and other
-zoologists. In the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ for
-1859, pp. 109, 360, and in the ‘Catalogue of Seals and Whales,’
-I described the skull of this species. There is also in the Museum
-a skull of a younger animal of the same species.</p>
-
-<p>Capt. Abbott, in 1866, sent to the British Museum a large and a
-small Seal from the Falkland Islands. The large one was examined
-and determined to be the southern Sea-lion (<i>Otaria jubata</i>). The
-small one, nearly 3 feet long, was very similar in external appearance;
-and as the teeth, which could be seen without extracting the
-skull, showed that it was a young animal, it was regarded as the
-young of the Sea-lion, and it was stuffed without extracting the
-skull, and labelled as such. This specimen has been examined by
-several zoologists, among the rest by Dr. Peters, when engaged with
-his paper on Eared Seals, and has passed unchallenged until this
-time, thus showing how difficult it is to distinguish these animals
-by their external characters alone.</p>
-
-<p>Capt. Abbott, who is now residing in England, informed me that
-the smaller specimen was the Fur-Seal of the Falkland Islands,
-that it grows to about half as long again as the specimen sent, and
-that the old males are grey from the tips of the hairs. I have
-therefore had the skull extracted from the specimen; and there is
-no doubt that it is quite distinct from the Sea-lion (<i>Otaria jubata</i>);<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a>[23]</span>
-and, on more careful examination of the skin, I have little doubt,
-from the colour and the character of the fur, that it is a young specimen
-of the Seal that I described as <i>Arctocephalus nigrescens</i>. It
-is interesting as confirming the accuracy of the habitat that I received
-with that specimen, and which until this time I considered doubtful,
-as Pennant and others describe the Falkland Island Fur-Seal
-as grey, and white beneath.</p>
-
-<p>Dr. Peters, on the authority of this habitat (which I have always
-quoted with doubt), has given the name of <i>Arctophoca falklandica</i>
-to the animal and skull on which I had established my <i>Arctocephalus
-nigrescens</i>.</p>
-
-<p>In the British Museum there is the skin of a very young Seal,
-which was presented by Sir John Richardson as the Falkland
-Island Fur-Seal, with the observation appended that the adult is
-5 feet long, and its skin is worth fifteen dollars. It is without its
-skull. The fur of this young Seal is dark brown, reddish beneath,
-and very like that of the young specimen sent by Capt. Abbott; but
-the hairs are smoother, and the white tips to them are longer and
-more marked, giving the animal a more grizzled appearance.</p>
-
-<p>There is another young Eared Seal, very like the former, which
-was received with General Hardwicke’s Collection (who, no doubt,
-purchased it of a dealer), said to have come from the Cape of Good
-Hope. I suspect this habitat must be erroneous; for it is very unlike
-what I recollect of the young Cape Eared Seals, which are
-called “Black Dogs,” on account of the blackness of their colour.
-Unfortunately we have no specimen of the latter in the Museum
-collection. General Hardwicke’s specimen only differs from Sir
-John Richardson’s in being less punctulated with white; fewer
-hairs have a white tip, and the tip is shorter.</p>
-
-<p>Both these young specimens differ from the half-grown one obtained
-from Capt. Abbott, in the fur being softer and smooth to the touch;
-and Capt. Abbott’s specimen differs from the adult in the length and
-greater crispness of its fur, the fur of the old one being harsh and
-hard and closer pressed.</p>
-
-<p>In the first essay, Dr. Peters places <i>Phoca falklandica</i>, Shaw,
-and <i>Otaria nigrescens</i> together, with doubt, observing that one was
-known from the skin, and the other by the skull, overlooking the
-fact that the name <i>nigrescens</i> implied that I had seen the colour of
-the fur, which was not that given by Shaw to his animal; in his
-second essay, Dr. Shaw’s, Dr. Burmeister’s, and my animal are all
-classed together without any doubt.</p>
-
-<p>The skull of Capt. Abbott’s Fur-Seal from the Falkland Islands
-shows that it was a very young animal, which had only developed its
-first grinders, the permanent series being developed below them.
-The tentorium is bony and well developed. The teeth are the same
-in position and number as they are in the adult skull; and the
-upper ones, as far as developed, are small and conical, except the
-fifth upper grinder, which is largest, triangular, with a single subconical
-lobe on the base of the hinder edge of the cone. The lower
-canines are small, scarcely larger than the cutting-teeth, which are<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24"></a>[24]</span>
-nearly uniform in size. The lower grinders are of a much larger
-size than the upper ones in the adult skull, as if they belonged to
-the permanent series: they are of the same form as the teeth in
-adult skulls; but the central cone is higher and more acute, and the
-anterior and posterior lobes at the base of the cone are more developed
-and acute, the lobes of the last or fifth grinder being larger
-and rather on the inner surface of the tooth.</p>
-
-<p>The skull of Capt. Abbott’s animal is evidently not the same as
-the skull of a young Eared Seal described and figured by Dr. Burmeister
-as the skull of <i>Arctocephalus falklandicus</i> from the mouth
-of the Rio de la Plata, in the Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol.
-xviii. p. 99, t. 9, which, from the appearance of the grinders, I
-suspect is the young skull of <i>Phocarctos Hookeri</i>, the Hair-Seal of
-the Falkland Islands. There is a considerable difference in the
-proportions of the skull sent by Capt. Abbott from those of the one
-figured by Dr. Burmeister. In Capt. Abbott’s specimen the brain-case,
-from the back edge of the orbit to the occiput, is as long as the
-length of the face, from the same edge of the orbit to the end of the
-nose. In Dr. Burmeister’s figure, the face from the same point
-is much longer than the brain-case.</p>
-
-<p class="break">*** <i>Fourth, fifth, and sixth upper grinders with two diverging roots; the
-fifth upper grinder entirely behind the hinder edge of the zygomatic
-arch. The palate narrow.</i> Gypsophoca. (Australia.)</p>
-
-<h6>3. Arctocephalus cinereus. <i>Australian Fur-Seal.</i></h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Otaria (Arctocephalus) cinerea, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, pp. 272 &
-671.</p>
-
-<p>Arctocephalus nigrescens, <i>b</i> & <i>c</i>, <i>Gerrard</i>, <i>Cat. Bones B.M.</i> p. 147.</p>
-
-<p>Black Seal, Otaria, <i>Cat. Sidney Museum</i>, ii. p. 36.</p>
-
-<p>Arctocephalus cinereus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals and Whales</i>, p. 56; <i>Ann. &
-Mag. N. H.</i> 1866, xviii. p. 236; <i>Allen</i>, <i>Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.</i> ii.
-p. 45.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Australia (<i>John Macgillivray</i>).</p>
-
-<p>Black, greyer beneath; under-fur abundant, reddish brown.</p>
-
-<p>There are the stuffed skin, with its skull, and the bones of the
-face of another young specimen of this Seal in the British Museum,
-collected in the Australasian Sea by Mr. John Macgillivray.</p>
-
-<p>According to the observations of Dr. Peters, founded on the examination
-of the typical skulls, <i>Otaria ursina</i> of Nilsson and <i>Otaria
-Lemarii</i> of J. Müller (Arch. f. Naturg. 1841, p. 334) include the
-<i>Arctocephalus antarcticus</i> from South Africa and <i>A. cinereus</i> of Australia.</p>
-
-<p><i>Otaria Stelleri</i> of Schlegel (Fauna Japonica, t. 22. f. 55) includes
-both the Australian Eared Seals, viz. <i>Arctocephalus cinereus</i> and
-<i>Neophoca lobata</i>; and it is quite distinct from the <i>Otaria Stelleri</i> of
-Lesson and T. Müller, which is a combination of the Sea-bear and
-Sea-lion of Steller (that is to say, <i>Eumetopias Stelleri</i> and <i>Callorhinus
-ursinus</i>).</p>
-
-<p>The males of these animals are described as twice as long and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25"></a>[25]</span>
-broad (that is, four times as large) as the females. This may explain
-the difference in size of the skulls from the same localities.</p>
-
-<p>The fur changes its colour as the animal grows, the young being
-generally black; and the adult males and females also differ considerably
-in the colour of the fur.</p>
-
-<p>The skulls of the following species are not known:—</p>
-
-<h6>4. Arctocephalus Forsteri.</h6>
-
-<p>Grinders 6/5·6/5, conical.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Arctocephalus Fosteri, <i>Fischer</i>; <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.</i> 1868,
-i. p. 219.</p>
-
-<p>Phoca ursina, <i>J. R. Forster</i>.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Cloudy Bay, New Zealand.</p>
-
-<p>This animal is only known from Dr. Forster’s description and
-figure.</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Allen observes, “I can see no evidence of the New-Zealand
-Fur-Seal (of Forster) being specifically distinct from the Fur-Seal
-of Australia, <i>A. cinereus</i> (auct.).”—<i>Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.</i> ii.
-p. 15.</p>
-
-<p>At the same time Mr. Allen ventures to remark, “perhaps the <i>A.
-cinereus</i> and the <i>A. antarcticus</i> are to be referred to the <i>A. falklandicus</i>,
-in which case the habitat of this species is the southern seas
-generally” (Bull. Comp. Zool. ii. p. 45): but he does not seem to
-have had specimens of any of the three species; otherwise I do not
-think he would have ventured upon the observation.</p>
-
-<p>Unfortunately, having no skull or other parts of the Lion Seal of
-the Auckland Islands (the most southern of the New-Zealand group),
-we are not able to determine whether it is the same species as
-the Sea-lion of the southern end of the American continent (<i>Otaria
-jubata</i>), or whether it is the Sea-lion of the southern end of the
-African continent (<i>Arctocephalus antarcticus</i>), or the Sea-lion of the
-Northern Australian Seas (<i>Neophoca lobata</i>).</p>
-
-<h6>5. Arctocephalus falklandicus.</h6>
-
-<p>Fur very soft, elastic; hairs very short, exceedingly close, slender
-at the base, thicker above, with close reddish under-fur nearly as
-long as the hair; the upper surface pale, nearly uniform grey, minutely
-punctulated with white; hairs brown, upper half black, with
-minute white tips. The nose, cheeks, temples, throat, chest, sides,
-and underside of the body yellowish white.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Falkland Seal, <i>Penn.</i> <i>Quad.</i> ii.</p>
-
-<p>Phoca falklandica, <i>Shaw</i>, <i>Gen. Zool.</i> i. p. 256 (from <i>Pennant</i>).</p>
-
-<p>Otaria falklandica, <i>Desm. Mamm.</i> p. 252 (from <i>Pennant</i>; not <i>Peters</i>
-or <i>Burmeister</i>).</p>
-
-<p>Otaria Shawii, <i>Lesson</i>, <i>Dict. Class. d’H. N.</i> xiii. p. 424 (from <i>Pennant</i>).</p>
-
-<p>Arctocephalus falklandicus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Mam. in Brit. Mus., Seals</i>,
-p. 42; <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1868, i. p. 103.</p>
-
-<p>Fur-Seal of Commerce (Otaria falklandica), <i>Hamilton</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26"></a>[26]</span>
-N. H.</i> 1838, ii. p. 81, t. 41; <i>Jardine</i>, <i>Nat. Lib.</i> vi. p. 271, t. 25 (not
-<i>Peters</i>).</p>
-
-<p>Otarie de Péron, <i>Blainville</i>, <i>Journ. de Physique</i>, xci. p. 298; <i>Cuvier</i>,
-<i>Oss. Fossiles</i>, v. p. 220.</p>
-
-<p>Otaria Houvillii, <i>Lesson</i>, <i>Dict. Class. d’H. N.</i> xiii. 425.</p>
-
-<p>Phoca Houvillii, <i>Fischer</i>, <i>Syn. Mam.</i> p. 154. These three names
-are all from the same animal.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Falkland Islands (<i>Abbott</i>; <i>B.M.</i>); New Georgia.</p>
-
-<p>This is a most distinct species, and easily known from all the other
-Fur-Seals in the British Museum by the evenness, shortness, closeness,
-and elasticity of the fur, and the length of the under-fur. The
-fur is soft enough to wear as a rich fur without the removal of the
-longer hairs, which are always removed in the other Fur-Seals.
-Unfortunately the specimen is without any skull; and therefore I
-cannot give a description of the teeth, or refer it to any of the restricted
-genera of <i>Otariadæ</i>.</p>
-
-<p>Mr. R. Hamilton, in the ‘Annals of Natural History’ for 1838, ii.
-p. 81, t. 4, gives the history of the Fur-Seals of commerce and the
-method of catching them; and he deposited two specimens in the
-Museum of Edinburgh, which had been procured by Capt. Weddel.
-Mr. Abbott having informed me that what I had described under the
-name of <i>Arctocephalus falklandicus</i> is not now found in the Falkland
-Islands, and Mr. Bartlett having shown me an imperfect skin of the
-same species, which he had obtained from a fur-monger, who informed
-him that such fur-skins were only received from the Arctic
-part of the Pacific Ocean, I was induced to request Mr. Archer,
-director of the Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art, to allow me
-to examine the Seals described by Mr. Hamilton, which, on examination,
-proved to be my <i>Arctocephalus falklandicus</i>, only differing
-from the Museum specimen in the fur being considerably darker and
-harsher; and, from Capt. Weddel’s account as given in the ‘Annals,’
-these specimens came from South Georgia or South Shetland. These
-Seals, which were brought from the Antarctic Ocean, may formerly
-have inhabited the Falkland Islands, and, like the Sea-lion found
-there by Pernetty, have been destroyed or driven away. <i>Arctocephalus
-Hookeri</i> is said to be now found in the Antarctic Ocean and
-the Falkland Islands. In that case it may be the Falkland-Island
-Seal of Pennant.</p>
-
-<p>The <i>A. falklandicus</i> is very like the Fur-Seal from Australia (<i>H.
-cinereus</i>) in the length of the under-fur as compared with the length
-of the hairs, and also in the colour of the under-fur and hair; but
-the fur is much softer, and its general colour is much darker, both
-above and below.</p>
-
-<p>Pennant describes the “Falkland-Island Seal” from a specimen
-4 feet long, in the museum of the Royal Society, thus:—“Hair short,
-cinereous, tipped with dirty white;” “grinders conoid, with a small
-process on one side near the base.” It is to this description that Dr.
-Shaw applied the name of <i>Phoca falklandica</i> (Gen. Zool. i. p. 256).
-This agrees with a specimen in the Museum in all particulars. It
-certainly is not the dark blackish-brown Seal which I have described<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27"></a>[27]</span>
-as the <i>Arctocephalus nigrescens</i>, and which Dr. Peters calls <i>O. falklandica</i>.</p>
-
-<p>I sent a piece of the fur of this Seal to Dr. Peters to be compared
-with the fur of <i>O. Philippii</i>. He observes, “They appear to be
-quite different; the wool of <i>O. falklandica</i> is fair and has more
-similarity in colour to the young of <i>O. cinerea</i>. The wool of <i>O.
-Philippii</i> is entirely ferruginous red, and the longer hairs are stiffer
-and have a much shorter grey tip than in <i>O. falklandica</i>.”</p>
-
-<h6>6. Arctocephalus? nivosus. <i>Cape Hair-Seal.</i></h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<p>Fur very short, close-pressed, black, varied with close, small,
-often confluent, white spots; underside of the neck with a few
-scattered white hairs; belly red-brown (nearly bay); hairs short,
-thick, of one colour to the base; under-fur none, except a very few
-hairs on the crown of the head. Skull unknown.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Arctocephalus? nivosus, <i>Ann. & Mag, N. H.</i> 1868, i. p. 219.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Cape of Good Hope. B.M.</p>
-
-<p>Length of skin nearly 8 feet; but stretched and flattened.</p>
-
-<p>Dr. Murie (P. Z. S. 1869, p. 108) says that this is only a variety,
-seasonal, sexual, or of a different age from the specimens hitherto
-obtained.</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Allen adopts this view, never having seen the specimen, but
-changes the phrase into “a previously known species” (Bull. Mus.
-Comp. Zool. ii. p. 18); but neither of them mentions the species to
-which he refers it.</p>
-
-<p>But surely Mr. Allen does not mean that it is only a variety of
-the skins which were received with it from the Cape of Good Hope;
-for, if that were the case, the species would belong to one of his subfamilies,
-and the variety to the other.</p>
-
-<p>In the form and length of the hair it is very different from <i>Arctocephalus
-antarcticus</i>; and it is almost destitute of under-fur, except
-on the crown of the head.</p>
-
-<h4>Tribe IV. <i>ZALOPHINA.</i></h4>
-
-<p>Grinders 5/5·5/5, large, thick, in a close continuous series; the fifth
-upper in front of the back edge of the zygomatic arch.</p>
-
-<p>In the younger skull the grinders are placed rather further back,
-the hinder part of the upper grinder being behind the back edge of
-the zygomatic arch. The grinders all single-rooted, as the last or
-sixth grinder in each jaw, which is generally two-rooted, is absent.
-The face of the skull is considerably produced, and the forehead is
-flat.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Zalophina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann, & Mag. N. H.</i> 1869, iv. p. 269.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<h5>5. ZALOPHUS.</h5>
-
-<p>Palate concave, narrow in front, wider at the line of the last
-grinder, and then contracted behind. The hinder nares narrow,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28"></a>[28]</span>
-elongate, twice as long as wide, acutely arched in front, front edge
-in a line with the front edge of the orbital process of the malar bone.
-Under-fur sparse.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Zalophus, <i>Gill</i>; <i>Peters</i>; <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1866, xviii. p. 231.</p>
-
-<p>Arctocephalus § <i>b</i>**, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 55.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<h6>1. Zalophus Gilliespii. <i>Californian Hair-Seal.</i></h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Otaria Gilliespii, <i>Macbain</i>.</p>
-
-<p>Arctocephalus Gilliespii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1859, t. 70 (skull); <i>Cat. S. &
-W.</i> p. 55.</p>
-
-<p>Zalophus Gilliespii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1866, xviii. p. 231;
-<i>Allen</i>, <i>Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.</i> ii. pp. 33 & 44; <i>Gill</i>, <i>Proc. Essex
-Inst.</i> 1866, v. p. 13.</p>
-
-<p>Arctocephalus (Zalophus) Gilliespii, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, pp. 275
-& 671.</p>
-
-<p>? Otaria Stelleri, <i>Schlegel</i>, fide <i>Peters</i>.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Pacific, South California (Brit. Mus.); Japan (fide
-<i>Peters</i>).</p>
-
-<p>I have not seen any skull or specimens from Japan; so that I am
-not quite sure that the specimens from the coast of Asia are the same
-as those from the west coast of America.</p>
-
-<h5>6. NEOPHOCA.</h5>
-
-<p>Palate concave, broad, as broad before as at the hinder part of
-the tooth-line, then rather suddenly contracted. The hinder nares
-broad, rather longer than broad, with the front edge broadly arched,
-which is further back than the front edge of the orbital process of
-the zygomatic arch, or malar bone, which is thick and flat. Fur
-with very little under-fur. Flap of toes moderate.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Arctocephalus § <i>b</i>***, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 57.</p>
-
-<p>Otaria, § Zalophus (part.), <i>Peters</i>.</p>
-
-<p>Neophoca, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1866, xviii. p. 231.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<h6>1. Neophoca lobata. <i>Australian Hair-Seal.</i></h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Arctocephalus lobatus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Spic. Zool.</i> 1828, t. 4. f. 2 (teeth); <i>Cat.
-S. & W.</i> p. 50; <i>Zool. E. & T. Mamm.</i> t. 16, 17. f. 3-5 (skull); <i>Gould</i>,
-<i>Mamm. Austr.</i> iii. t. 49; <i>Peters</i>.</p>
-
-<p>Otaria australis, <i>Quoy & Gaim.</i> <i>Astrol.</i> t. 14, 15. f. 3, 4 (skull).</p>
-
-<p>Arctocephalus australis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 57.</p>
-
-<p>Neophoca lobatus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1866, xviii. p. 231.</p>
-
-<p>Otaria (Zalophus) lobata, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsbr.</i> 1866 pp. 276 & 671.</p>
-
-<p>Zalophus lobatus, <i>Allen</i>, <i>Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.</i> ii. p. 44.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>The upper grinders all single-rooted, the root of the last two (the
-fourth and fifth) being rather compressed, with an obscure central
-longitudinal groove on the inner side; the first two grinders of the
-lower jaw with oblong, the last three with compressed roots, and the
-fourth and fifth with a slight longitudinal groove on the side.</p>
-
-<p>In the younger skulls the roots of the grinders are more oblong,
-less compressed, and do not show the lateral grooves, as far as the
-teeth can be seen without being drawn from the sockets. In the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29"></a>[29]</span>
-front part of the younger skull, which was received from Mr. Gould,
-the teeth are placed rather further back than in the adult skull from
-North Australia received from Capt. Grey, the hinder part of the
-fifth tooth being behind the back edge of the zygomatic arch.</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Allen thinks that this is undoubtedly the <i>O. cinerea</i> of Desmarest,
-from Péron; but it is not the <i>O. cinerea</i> of Quoy & Gaimard
-(see obs. on Péron’s Seal in the Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 57).</p>
-
-<h4>Tribe V. <i>EUMETOPIINA.</i></h4>
-
-<p>Grinders 5/5·5/5, more or less far apart; the hinder upper behind the
-hinder edge of the zygomatic arch, and separated from the other
-grinders by a concave space.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Eumetopiina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1869, iv. p. 269.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<h5>7. EUMETOPIAS.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Eumetopias, <i>Gill</i>, <i>Peters</i>.</p>
-
-<p>Arctocephalus § <i>a</i>***, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 51.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Fur without any under-fur. Palate flattish or rather concave in
-front, as wide in front as at the end of the tooth-line, and then
-slightly narrowed behind. Posterior nares oblong, elongate, broadly
-truncated in front, the front edge being behind the line of the orbital
-process of the zygomatic arch. The grinders have large oblong
-roots; the second, third, and fourth upper ones have a subcentral
-longitudinal groove on the outer side, and a less marked one on their
-inner surface; the inner side of all but the first of the lower ones
-are similarly grooved; the fifth upper grinder (or, more properly, the
-sixth in the normal series) has two distinct roots. The lower jaw
-much more elongate than that of <i>Otaria jubata</i>, the hinder angle
-more oblique, and the lower margin long and straight. Flap of toes
-short.</p>
-
-<p>The skull of the young animal, which was sent by Mr. A. S.
-Taylor to Mr. Gurney from California, and which I first described,
-with doubt, as <i>Arctocephalus monteriensis</i>, junior (P. Z. S. 1859,
-p. 357), and which in the ‘Catalogue of Seals and Whales’ I named
-<i>A. californianus</i> (see p. 51), agrees in every respect in its dentition
-with the large skull which we received from California, and which
-I described and figured as <i>A. monteriensis</i> (P. Z. S. 1859, p. 358,
-t. 72); but it differs greatly in the form of the hinder nares, which
-are extended much more forwards, so that the front end, which is
-very narrow and acute, is much in front of the prominence of the
-orbit of the zygomatic arch, being, in fact, about in a line with the
-middle of the lower edge of the orbital cavity.</p>
-
-<p>This skull is evidently that of a very young animal; for the bones
-are separate; but it has the same number and disposition of the teeth
-as the large skull. There is the same wide space between the fourth
-and fifth upper grinders; but there is at the back edge of the fourth
-grinder, on the right side of the skull, a small pit, from which, no<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30"></a>[30]</span>
-doubt, a small rudimentary tooth has fallen out; and there is a much
-wider but shallow pit on the other side, which may have been produced
-by the loss of a rudimentary tooth; the last upper grinder
-has a large swollen undivided root. If this is a young skull of
-<i>Eumetopias monteriensis</i>, that species is curious for having the teeth
-in the old and young skulls in the same situation as regards the
-bones of the face.</p>
-
-<p>The adult skull and the young one were from the same locality,
-and, I believe, collected by the same person; and this being the
-case, I am inclined to regard them as the same, only showing a
-curious peculiarity in the growth of the animal, and also showing
-that the form and position of the hinder nostril probably varies as
-the animal increases in age.</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Gill considers Steller’s Sea-bear (<i>Callorhinus ursinus</i>) to be
-the type of M. F. Cuvier’s genus <i>Arctocephalus</i>, and therefore abolishes
-<i>Callorhinus</i> and gives the new name of <i>Halarctus</i> to the true
-<i>Arctocephali</i>—thus unnecessarily adding to the confusion of the
-generic names of these animals. He fell into this mistake by not
-observing that <i>Phoca ursina</i>, and even <i>Otaria ursina</i>, had been
-applied to several species from very different localities, that F.
-Cuvier established his genus on the skull of <i>P. ursina</i> of Forster,
-from the Cape, which he (M. Cuvier) had named <i>Phoca Delalandii</i>,
-and that F. Cuvier does not figure a skull of the Sea-bear of Steller:
-indeed the French collection did not at that time, nor does it even
-now, possess one; and I feel assured that, if it had, F. Cuvier would,
-according to his custom, have established for it a genus distinct from
-<i>Arctocephalus</i>, the skulls of the two genera being of such distinct
-forms.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Eumetopias Stelleri. <i>Northern Sea-lion or Fur-Seal.</i></h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Arctocephalus monteriensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & W.</i> p. 49; <i>P. Z. S.</i>
-1859, t. 72 (skull).</p>
-
-<p>Eumetopias californiana, <i>Gill</i>, <i>Proc. Essex Inst.</i> 1866, v. p. 13.</p>
-
-<p>Otaria Stelleri, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 60; <i>Peters</i>; <i>Müller</i>?</p>
-
-<p>Otaria (Eumetopias) Stelleri, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, pp. 274 & 671.</p>
-
-<p>Eumetopias Stelleri, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag.</i> 1866, vol. xviii. p. 233;
-<i>Allen</i>, <i>Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.</i> vol. ii. pp. 44, 46, tab. 1 & 2
-(skull &c.).</p>
-
-<p>Leo marinus, <i>Steller</i>.</p>
-
-<p>Phoca jubata, <i>Pander & D’Alton</i>, t. 3. f. <i>d</i>, <i>e</i>, <i>f</i> (skull, not good).</p>
-
-<p><i>Junior.</i> Arctocephalus californianus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 51 (skull
-only).</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. California; Behring’s Straits.</p>
-
-<p>The skin of the young specimen which Mr. Gurney gave to the
-Museum along with what was said by Mr. Taylor to be its skull
-(see ‘Cat. Seals & Whales,’ p. 51) was the only skin then known to
-exist in museums; and consequently I described the fur of the genus
-from this skin as having abundant under-fur (see Proc. Zool. Soc.
-1859, p. 358). Dr. Peters having discovered Pander and D’Alton’s
-animal and skull in the Paris Museum, he observed that the adult<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31"></a>[31]</span>
-animal was entirely without under-fur—a fact which has been confirmed
-by Mr. Allen, who suggests that the skin of the young received
-from Monterey is the skin of the young <i>Eumetopias Stelleri</i>,
-which, I think, is very probable. But this only shows the difficulties
-that must occur in the study of animals from the very imperfect materials
-which until lately existed.</p>
-
-<p>The Sea-lion of Steller has been one of the zoological paradoxes.
-Professor Nilsson, like most preceding authors, regarded it as a variety
-of the <i>Otaria jubata</i>; and therefore I supposed it might be a
-second species of the restricted genus <i>Otaria</i>. Dr. Peters has solved
-the enigma by uniting it and the Seal which I described from California,
-observing that the skull in the Berlin Museum, figured by
-D’Alton under the name of “Steller’s Sea-lion” (<i>Phoca jubata</i>), was
-received from Kamtschatka, and a second skull of an old male in the
-Berlin Museum was received from Mr. Brandt as coming from
-Behring’s Straits.</p>
-
-<p>The figure of Pander and D’Alton is so imperfect that it would
-have been impossible to determine the species it represents without
-the examination of the original skull; and then one sees that it
-may have been intended for the species to which it is referred. The
-same observation is applicable to the figure of the skull of Steller’s
-Sea-bear.</p>
-
-<p>It is to be regretted that these skulls escaped the researches of
-Professor Nilsson, who visited most museums in Europe to examine
-the typical specimens.</p>
-
-<p>The specimen of <i>Callorhinus ursinus</i> now in the Museum was received
-from St. Petersburg as <i>Otaria leonina</i>, or <i>Leo marinus</i> of
-Steller, from Behring’s Straits; so they evidently confound two
-species under that name.</p>
-
-<h5>8. ARCTOPHOCA.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Arctophoca, <i>Peters</i>.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Dr. Peters described this subgenus from a specimen sent from
-Chili by Dr. Philippi. It chiefly differs from <i>Zalophus</i> in the palate
-being much narrower, but rather wider behind, and the teeth rather
-far apart. I have not seen any skull agreeing with these characters.</p>
-
-<p>“With abundant under-fur.”</p>
-
-<p>According to figures, the form of the skull and the large size of
-the orbit are very similar to those of <i>Phocarctos Hookeri</i>, but the
-number and form of the teeth are different.</p>
-
-<p>In the ‘Monatsbericht,’ May 1866, p. 276, t. 2. <i>a</i>, <i>b</i>, <i>c</i>, Dr.
-Peters described and figured with considerable detail a skull of a
-Sea-bear (sent to the Berlin Museum by Dr. Philippi, who obtained
-it at Juan Fernandez Island) under the name of <i>Otaria Philippi</i>,
-forming for it a subgenus which he calls <i>Arctophoca</i>. In his revision
-of that paper, published in the same work for November 1866,
-p. 671, he places it as a synonym or subspecies of what he calls
-<i>Otaria falklandica</i>, which is my <i>Arctocephalus nigrescens</i>, and not<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32"></a>[32]</span>
-the <i>Otaria falklandica</i> of Shaw nor the <i>O. falklandica</i> of Burmeister
-as Dr. Peters supposes, as I have shown above. In this paper he
-removes <i>Otaria falklandica</i> (that is, <i>nigrescens</i>) from the subgenus
-<i>Phocarctos</i>, to which he referred it in his first paper, and places it in
-his subgenus <i>Arctophoca</i>.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Arctophoca Philippii. <i>Chilian Fur-Seal.</i></h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Otaria (Arctophoca) Philippii, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsbericht</i>, May 1866,
-p. 276, t. 2 (skull), September 1866, p. 671.</p>
-
-<p>Otaria Hookeri, var., <i>Murie</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1869, p. 108!</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Juan Fernandez Island (<i>Philippi</i>; in Mus. Berl.).</p>
-
-<p>Above black-grey, more greyish yellow on the head and neck,
-brownish black <i>beneath</i>; the base of the limbs of a rusty brown,
-shining; lips and lower jaw principally rusty brown; hair of beard
-in six rows, partly black, partly quite white, partly black with
-white base. The outbristling (prominent bristly) pointed hairs are
-rusty brown at the base, black at the end, on the back mostly with
-very short rusty-yellowish points, and on the head and neck with
-somewhat longer ones. On the sides of the belly the ends of the coarser
-pointed hairs are either uniformly brownish black, or are very short
-rusty-red ones. The thick under-hair is rusty red. The hairs on
-the upper surface of the neck are 22 millims. long; those on the
-middle of the back 18, and those on the middle of the belly 11 to
-12. The dense short hair on the back of the hand extends only to
-the <i>middle</i> of the same, not extending to the ends of the fingers, the
-ends of which are furnished with very small nails. In like manner,
-the very similar hair on the back of the foot does not extend
-to the last “Phalangen?” of the middle toe. The nail of
-the large outer toe is small, flat, and cut off short outside; that
-of the fifth inner toe is a little larger and cut off abruptly on the
-inner side. The very developed long nails of the three centre toes
-are of the form of keeled tegulæ, and remote along their whole
-length by the emarginations of the skin of the foot. The skin-flaps
-of the foot are equally long; and usually those of the centre
-toes are much smaller than the side ones, of which the outside
-one (the great toe) is the broadest. The scrotum, under the anus,
-is bare.—<i>Peters</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 277.</p>
-
-<p>I have not seen this skull; but I believe the alteration Dr. Peters
-made in his second paper is a mistake. The figure of the skull of his
-<i>Otaria Philippii</i> has no resemblance to the skull of my <i>O. nigrescens</i>.
-It is more nearly allied to the skull of <i>O. Stelleri</i> from California, agreeing
-with it in having a vacant space with a pit in the bone between the
-fourth and fifth upper grinders on each side, looking as if a grinder
-had fallen out and the cavity had been filled up. The subgenus
-<i>Arctophoca</i> of Dr. Peters’s first essay, not as modified in his second
-one to contain <i>O. falklandica</i> (<i>nigrescens</i>), chiefly differs from Gill’s
-genus <i>Eumetopias</i> (which was formed on my description and figure of
-the skull of <i>O. Stelleri</i> or <i>californiana</i>) in the fifth upper grinder
-not being so far back, but in a line with the back edge of the orbital<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33"></a>[33]</span>
-process of the zygomatic arch instead of far behind it, as it is in
-<i>Eumetopias</i>.</p>
-
-<p>Dr. Murie, most curiously, considers the skull described by Dr.
-Peters to be the same as I have described as <i>O. Hookeri</i> (P. Z. S.
-1869, p. 108).</p>
-
-<p>Dr. Burmeister considered it <i>O. falklandica</i> of Shaw; and Mr.
-Allen (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. vol. ii. p. 13) agrees in this opinion;
-but further on (p. 15) he observes that both Dr. Gray and Dr. Murie
-have “evidently overlooked the fact that Dr. Peters expressly states
-that <i>O. Philippii</i> has a <i>thick under-fur</i>, whereas both the <i>O. Stelleri</i>
-and the <i>O. Hookeri</i> are true <i>hair</i> Seals.” But, in fact, this statement
-is a mistake as regards me; I never said that <i>O. Philippii</i> was the
-same as <i>O. Stelleri</i>, but only that its skull was most nearly allied to
-it, which I still maintain.</p>
-
-<p class="break"><i>Antarctic Ocean and South Seas.</i></p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Otaria jubata. <i>S. America and islands.</i></li>
-<li>Phocarctos Hookeri.</li>
-<li>Arctocephalus nigrescens.</li>
-<li>A. falklandicus.</li>
-<li>Arctophoca Philippii. <i>S. America.</i></li>
-<li>Arctocephalus antarcticus. <i>Africa.</i></li>
-<li>A. nivosus. <i>Africa.</i></li>
-<li>A. cinereus. <i>Australia.</i></li>
-<li>A. Forsteri. <i>New Zealand.</i></li>
-<li>Neophoca lobata. <i>Australia.</i></li>
-</ul>
-
-<p class="center"><i>North Pacific and West Arctic Ocean.</i></p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Callorhinus ursinus. <i>West coast of America.</i></li>
-<li>Zalophus Gilliespii. <i>West coast of America and Japan?</i></li>
-<li>Eumetopias Stelleri. <i>West coast of America.</i></li>
-</ul>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34"></a>[34]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak">Order CETACEA.</h2>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Teeth all similar, conical, sometimes not developed. Palate often
-furnished with transverse plates of baleen or whalebone. Body fish-shaped,
-smooth, bald. Limbs clawless; fore limbs fin-shaped; hinder
-united, forming a forked horizontal fin. Nostrils enlarged into
-blowers. Teats two, inguinal.—Carnivorous.</p>
-
-<p>They may be divided by the form of the pectoral fin, thus:—</p>
-
-<p>I. <i>Pectoral fin broad, truncated or rounded at the end; fingers 5, shorter
-than the arm-bones, subequal, gradually shorter in the series.</i>—<span class="smcap">Balænidæ</span>,
-<span class="smcap">Catodontidæ</span>, <span class="smcap">Susoidea</span>, <span class="smcap">Orcadæ</span>, <span class="smcap">Belugidæ</span>, <span class="smcap">Pontoporiadæ</span>,
-<span class="smcap">Hyperoodontidæ</span>, <span class="smcap">Epiodontidæ</span>, <span class="smcap">Ziphiidæ</span>.</p>
-
-<p>II. <i>Pectoral fin elongate, obliquely truncated on the inner side; fingers 5,
-elongate, longer than the arm-bones, the second and third much longer than
-the rest.</i>—<span class="smcap">Iniidæ</span>, <span class="smcap">Delphinidæ</span>, <span class="smcap">Grampidæ</span>, <span class="smcap">Globiocephalidæ</span>.</p>
-
-<p>III. <i>Pectoral fin elongate, truncated on the inner side; fingers 4, subequal,
-more or less elongate.</i>—<span class="smcap">Agaphælidæ</span>, <span class="smcap">Megapteridæ</span>, <span class="smcap">Physalidæ</span>,
-<span class="smcap">Balænopteridæ</span>.</p>
-
-<p>By the adhesion or non-adhesion of the cervical vertebræ, thus:—</p>
-
-<p>1. Atlas distinct, the other six cervical vertebræ united by their bodies
-and spines into a single mass.</p>
-
-<p><i>Mysticetes.</i></p>
-
-<p><i>Denticetes.</i></p>
-
-<ul>
-<li><span class="smcap">Catodontidæ.</span></li>
-<li><span class="smcap">Grampidæ.</span></li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>2. Atlas and cervical vertebræ all united into one solid mass.</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li><span class="smcap">Balænidæ.</span></li>
-<li><span class="smcap">Balænopteridæ.</span></li>
-<li><span class="smcap">Physeteridæ.</span></li>
-<li><span class="smcap">Hyperoodontidæ</span></li>
-<li>(?) <span class="smcap">Ziphiidæ.</span></li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>3. The atlas, axis, and generally one or two other vertebræ united; the
-hinder ones sometimes free.</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li><span class="smcap">Megapteridæ.</span></li>
-<li><span class="smcap">Epiodontidæ.</span></li>
-<li>? <span class="smcap">Ziphiidæ.</span></li>
-<li><span class="smcap">Delphinidæ.</span></li>
-<li><span class="smcap">Globiocephalidæ.</span></li>
-<li><span class="smcap">Orcadæ.</span></li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>4. Atlas and the other cervical vertebræ entirely free.</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li><span class="smcap">Physalidæ.</span></li>
-<li><span class="smcap">Agaphelidæ.</span></li>
-<li><span class="smcap">Platanistidæ.</span></li>
-<li><span class="smcap">Iniidæ.</span></li>
-<li><span class="smcap">Pontoporiadæ.</span></li>
-<li><span class="smcap">Belugidæ.</span></li>
-</ul>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35"></a>[35]</span></p>
-
-<h2>Section I. MYSTICETE (<i>cf.</i> p. 57).</h2>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Mysticete, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales B. M.</i> pp. 61, 68; <i>Synops.
-Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 1.</p>
-
-<p>Mystacoceti or Balænoidea, <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. p. 110.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Head large, depressed. Teeth rudimentary; they never cut the
-gums. Palate with transverse, fringed, horny plates of baleen.
-Nostrils separate, longitudinal. Gullet very contracted. Tympanic
-bones simple, large, cochleate, attached to an expanding periotic
-bone, which forms part of the skull.</p>
-
-<p>The baleen of the different Whales may be divided by its structure,
-by its form, and by its colour. The form and structure often go
-together.</p>
-
-<p>The baleen consists of two parts:—1, the outer layer, called the
-enamel coat; and, 2, the central fibres, which form the fringe on
-the inner edge of the blade: both are well seen in cross sections
-under the microscope. The outer coat or enamel differs in thickness
-in the different kinds. Thus it is very thick and forms the greater
-part of the blade in the Greenland Whale; and in different kinds it
-gradually becomes thinner, until it only forms a thin coat over the
-central fibres. The central longitudinal fibres differ in thickness
-and in number. When they are very slender, as in the Greenland
-Whale, they form only a single layer between the two coats of enamel,
-and their produced ends make a very fine, long, flaccid fringe to
-the inner edge of the blade. In other Whales they are very numerous,
-in many series, and form a considerable part of the thickness
-of the whalebone, and make a more or less broad and rigid fringe
-to the blade. In some the fibres are so thick and rigid that they do
-not droop, but form an erect ragged edge to the short and broad
-blade, so rigid, indeed, that the fibres of this kind of whalebone are
-used to make brushes and brooms.</p>
-
-<p>The whalebone varies in form, from being narrow, elongate, many
-times as long as it is broad at the base, by many gradations, according
-to the families or genera, until it is not longer than broad.
-The longest blades have the most enamel and the finest and most
-flaccid fibres, which, on the other hand, gradually (as it belongs to
-different genera) become coarser and more rigid as the whalebone
-diminishes in length compared with its breadth.</p>
-
-<p>The whalebone or baleen offers exceedingly good and permanent
-characters for the distinction and characters of the species when
-its structure and form and colour are properly studied. It is
-stated that sometimes the character of the whalebone is changed by
-its preparation, as, for example, being soaked in water for some time
-before it is brought to this country; but the soaking, although it may
-slightly alter the surface and make the enamel coat rather thinner,
-does not alter the general form or microscopic structure of the
-blades.</p>
-
-<p>In my essay on Whales in the ‘Zoology of the Erebus & Terror,’<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_36"></a>[36]</span>
-1846, I separated the Right Whales, or Balænidæ, into two divisions—the
-one having very slender, long, polished whalebone with a single
-series of fringe, and the second with coarser, shorter, and broader
-whalebone and a thick coarse fringe. The first was afterwards
-called <i>Balæna</i>, and the second <i>Eubalæna</i>. M. Beneden seems
-inclined to adopt this division (see ‘Ostéographie,’ Cétacés, p. 144),
-observing that the former are confined to the Arctic regions and
-the other to the more temperate zones; but this is not correct,
-for <i>Balæna marginata</i>, as I stated in my first essay, has the whalebone
-quite as polished and as fine as that of the Greenland Whale.
-It lives on the west coast of Australia and New Zealand, in company
-with the Black Whale of Australia and the Black Whale of
-New Zealand (both of which, I have no doubt, have short coarse
-whalebone). The Whale of the most northern parts of the Pacific
-yields the north-west-coast whalebone, which is of a very coarse
-character.</p>
-
-<p>The first section of Whales, with long, slender, elastic, polished,
-finely fringed whalebone, contains two genera, <i>Balæna</i> and <i>Neobalæna</i>.</p>
-
-<p>The Whales of the second section, which have rough, brittle whalebone,
-with a thick fringe of coarse hairs, includes four genera, viz.
-<i>Eubalæna</i>, <i>Hunterius</i>, <i>Caperea</i>, and <i>Macleayius</i>.</p>
-
-<p>It is very true that I have only seen the whalebone in one of these
-genera, <i>Eubalæna</i>, in connexion with the bones of the animal; but
-as “the South-sea whalers” (that is to say, those who fish in the
-Southern and Pacific oceans) have only brought various examples of
-this kind of whalebone from any of their voyages (except a few
-blades of the whalebone of <i>B. marginata</i>, which they call “sea-tassel”),
-we may naturally conclude that all the large Right Whales
-found in those seas have this kind of whalebone.</p>
-
-<h2>Suborder I. BALÆNOIDEA (<i>cf.</i> p. 46).</h2>
-
-<p>Head large. Body stout. Dorsal fin none. Chest and belly
-smooth, without plaits. Pectoral fin broad, truncated; fingers 5,
-graduated. Arm-bones very short, thick; radius and humerus of
-equal length. Baleen elongate, slender. Tympanic bones rhombic.
-Cervical vertebræ united.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Balænoidea, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 1.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<h3>Family 1. BALÆNIDÆ. <i>Right Whales.</i></h3>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Balænidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales B. M.</i> pp. 61, 75; <i>Synops.
-Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 1; <i>Lilljeborg</i>, <i>N. Acta Upsal.</i> 1867, vi.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Head very large, and body short. Dorsal fin none. Belly smooth.
-Baleen elongate, slender. Vertebræ of the neck anchylosed. Pectoral<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37"></a>[37]</span>
-fin broad, truncated at the end; fingers 5. Tympanic bones
-rhombic; maxillary bones narrow.</p>
-
-<p>Capt. Maury’s Whale-Charts show that Right Whales are found
-in almost all seas, from the poles to within 35 or 30 degrees of latitude
-on each side of the equator. An experienced whaler observes
-that “Right Whales are as seldom seen in that belt as Sperm-Whales
-are found out of it.” Capt. Maury justly observes, the torrid zone
-is to these animals “forbidden ground, and it is as physically impossible
-for them to cross the equator as it would be to cross a sea of
-flame. In short, these researches show that there is a belt of from
-two to three thousand miles in breadth, and reaching from one side
-of the ocean to the other, in which the Right Whale is never found.”—<i>Maury</i>,
-<i>Whale-Charts</i>, p. 233.</p>
-
-<p>Prof. Van Beneden, in a paper to the Royal Belgian Academy, and
-reproduced enlarged in the ‘Ostéographie—Cétacés,’ gives a geographical
-distribution of Whales. He acknowledges only six species,
-having the following distribution:—</p>
-
-<p>1. <i>B. mysticetus.</i> The Arctic Ocean on both sides of Greenland,
-and on the coast of Siberia to the Sea of Okhotsk.</p>
-
-<p>2. <i>B. biscayensis.</i> The North Atlantic, from latitude 65° to 45°,
-and a belt across the Atlantic to the coast of the United States, from
-lat. 45° to 50°.</p>
-
-<p>3. <i>B. japonica.</i> A band across the North Pacific from lat. 60° to
-45° on the west coast of America and 45° to 30° on the coast of
-Japan.</p>
-
-<p>4. <i>B. australis.</i> A belt across the South Atlantic, from lat. 25°
-to 30° on the south-west coast of Africa and lat. 35° to 50° on the
-coast of South America.</p>
-
-<p>5. <i>B. antipodarum.</i> In a similar belt across the South Pacific
-from the west coast of South America, in lat. 45°, to New Zealand.</p>
-
-<p>6. A species which he does not name, said to inhabit a belt from
-Natal to the south-east part of Australia, about lat. 30°.</p>
-
-<p>See Dr. Gray’s observations on this theory, Ann. & Mag. Nat.
-Hist. 1868, vol. i. p. 242, and 1870, vol. vi. p. 193, in which he observes
-“I think I have proved that M. van Beneden’s theory is
-entirely unsupported by facts.”</p>
-
-<p class="break">I. <i>Baleen thin, polished, with a thick enamel on each side and a fine elongate
-slender fringe</i> (cf. <a href="#Page_42">p. 42</a>).</p>
-
-<h5>1. BALÆNA.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Balæna, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 79; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 1; <i>Lilljeborg</i>,
-<i>N. Acta Upsal.</i> vi. 1867.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>First rib slender, narrow, and undivided at the vertebral end.
-Tympanic bones square; aperture nearly as long as the bone. There
-is at the end of the radius and at the end of the cubitus a large cartilaginous
-compartment which corresponds with the radial and cubital
-bone, and has not even a bony nucleus; between these two
-cartilages is an intermediate cartilage; below these are two or three<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38"></a>[38]</span>
-carpals. Cervical vertebræ united by their bodies. Upper lateral
-process of atlas broad at the base, compressed, rather narrow, and
-rounded at the end; the lower lateral process elongate, subcylindrical,
-angulated at the lower side of the base (see Cat. Whales, p. 84,
-f. 4; Ostéogr. Cét. t. 4. f. 5-9). The lower process of the second
-and third elongate and produced; the upper process of the second,
-fifth, sixth, and seventh elongate, produced, and bent forward.
-Bladebone with a large, compressed, elongate acromion (Ostéogr.
-Cét. t. 4. f. 26). Carpus cartilaginous, with three small carpal bones
-(Ostéogr. Cét. t. 4. f. 27).</p>
-
-<h6>1. Balæna mysticetus.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Balæna mysticetus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 81, 370, figs. 1, 2, 4, 5; <i>Synops.
-Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 1, t. 1. f. 4 (baleen); <i>R. Brown</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1868,
-p. 534.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p>
-
-<p>Dr. Robert Brown gives an account and notes of the habits and
-migrations of this animal. He observes:—“Where the Whale goes
-to in winter is still unknown. It is said that it leaves Davis Strait
-about the month of November, and produces young in the St. Lawrence
-River, between Quebec and Camaroa, returning to Davis Strait
-in the spring. At all events, early in the year they are found on
-the coast of Labrador, where the English whalers occasionally attack
-them; but the ships arrive generally too late, and the weather at
-that season is too tempestuous to render the ‘south-west fishing’
-very attractive.... It is said that early in September they enter
-Cumberland (Hogarth’s) Sound in great numbers, and remain until
-it is completely frozen up, which, according to the Eskimo account,
-is not until January.... They enter the Sound again in the spring,
-and remain until the heat of summer has melted off the land-floes
-in these comparatively southern latitudes. It thus appears that
-they winter and produce their young all along the broken water off
-the southern coasts of Hudson’s Strait, Davis Strait, and Labrador.”</p>
-
-<p>He continues, “I am strongly of belief that the Whales of the
-Spitzbergen sea never, as a body, visit Davis Strait, but winter
-somewhere in the open water at the southern edge of the northern
-ice-fields. The Whales are being gradually driven further north.”</p>
-
-<h6>2. Balæna mediterranea.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Balæna mediterranea, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.</i> 1870, vi. pp. 198,
-200.</p>
-
-<p>Baleine, <i>Lacépède</i>, <i>Cétacés</i>, tab. 7. fig. 1.</p>
-
-<p>Balæna biscayensis (part.), <i>Van Beneden</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> tab. 7. fig. 1
-(animal), figs. 8-11 (nuchal vertebræ), figs. 2, 3 (? vertebræ).</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Mediterranean, I. St. Marguerite (<i>Lacépède</i>).</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39"></a>[39]</span></p>
-
-<h5>3. Balæna angulata.</h5>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Balæna, mysticetus, var. angulata, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 86,
-f. 5 (ear-bones).</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Sea? Ear-bones, British Museum.</p>
-
-<h6>4. Balæna nordcaper.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Balæna nordcaper, <i>Bonnat</i>.</p>
-
-<p>Balæna islandica, <i>Brisson</i>.</p>
-
-<p>Balæna biscayensis, <i>Eschricht</i>.</p>
-
-<p>Balæna mysticetus, var., <i>Brown</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1868. p. 546.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Iceland. Called “Slet-bag.”</p>
-
-<p>It has been ascertained, “1st, that it is much more active than the
-Greenland Whale, much quicker and more violent in its movements,
-and accordingly both more difficult and dangerous to capture; 2nd,
-that it is smaller (it being, however, impossible to give an exact
-statement of its length) and has much less blubber; 3rd, that its
-head is shorter, and that its whalebone is comparatively small and
-scarcely more than half the length of that of the <i>B. mysticetus</i>;
-4th, that it is regularly infested with a cirriped belonging to the
-genus <i>Coronula</i>, and that it belongs to the temperate North Atlantic
-as exclusively as the <i>B. mysticetus</i> belongs to the icy sea.”—<i>Dr.
-Brown</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1868, p. 546.</p>
-
-<p>Dr. Brown says that barnacles are looked upon as a sign of age in
-a Whale; and he considers that a considerable portion of the description
-of the <i>nordcaper</i> corresponds with what he has said of the
-Spitsbergen whale (P. Z. S. 1868, p. 547).</p>
-
-<p>See also:—</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>1. Balæna mysticetus, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. N. S. Philad.</i> 1869, pp. 17 &
-35.</p>
-
-<p>The Bow-headed Whale, Scammond, <i>American whalers</i>.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Behring’s Straits.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>2. Balæna kuliomoch, <i>Chamisso</i>, <i>Nov. Acta Natur.</i> tab. 7. fig. 1; <i>Gray</i>,
-<i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1870, vi. p. 202.</p>
-
-<p>Balæna cullamacha, <i>Chamisso</i>, <i>Nov. Act.</i> xii. p. 251, t. <span class="space"> </span>; <i>Cope</i>,
-<i>Proc. Acad. Phil.</i> 1868, p. 225, 1869, pp. 14, 17 & 40, fig. 4.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Pacific.</p>
-
-<p>From wooden model made by the Aleutians.</p>
-
-<h5>2. NEOBALÆNA.</h5>
-
-<p>Skull rather depressed; brain-cavity nearly as long as the beak,
-depressed, much expanded on the sides, with a very deep notch on
-the middle of each side over the condyles of the lower jaw, and with
-a subtriangular crown-plate. The nose as broad as the expanded
-brain-cavity at the base, regularly attenuated to a fine point in front,
-and slightly arched downwards. Lower jaw laminar, compressed,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40"></a>[40]</span>
-high; the upper edge thin, and inflexed the greater part of its
-length, erect in front; the lower edge inflexed in front, the rest of
-the edge being simple. The baleen elongate, slender, several times
-as long as broad, with a fringe of a single series of fine fibres; enamelled
-surface smooth and polished, thick.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp71" id="figure01-02" style="max-width: 28.125em;">
- <img class="w100" src="images/figure01-02.jpg" alt="">
- <p class="caption">Figs. 1 & 2. Side view and top view of the skull of
-<i>Neobalæna marginata</i>, from Dr. Hector’s figures.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<h6>1. Neobalæna marginata.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Balæna marginata, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales Brit. Mus.</i> p. 90; <i>Hector</i>,
-<i>Proc. & Trans. of the New-Zealand Institute</i>, 1869, t. 2 <span class="allsmcap">B</span>. f. 1-4;
-<i>Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.</i> 1870, v. p. 221, and vi. p. 155, figs. 1 & 2.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. New Zealand; Island of Kawau (<i>Sir G. Grey</i>). Mus.
-Wellington.</p>
-
-<p>In width and general form the beak of the skull is somewhat
-like the beak of some of the Finner Whales; but it does not at all
-justify Mr. Knox’s idea that <i>Balæna marginata</i> is a Finner. But
-this difference of skull makes us more anxious to have the description<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41"></a>[41]</span>
-of the entire animal and its skeleton, as the animal may prove
-to be the type of a new family of Whales, between the true Whales
-and Finners.</p>
-
-<p>This pigmy whale, which is not more than 15 or 16 feet long, is
-a representative in the Southern Ocean of the gigantic Right Whale
-of the Greenland seas. It has the most beautiful, the most flexible,
-most elastic, and the toughest whalebone or baleen yet discovered;
-and if this were of larger size, it would fetch a much higher price than
-the whalebone of the Greenland Whale, the latter being three or four
-times the value of the brittle coarse whalebone of the <i>Eubalænæ</i> or
-Right Whales of the Southern and Pacific Oceans. The trade of the
-Continental nations being chiefly confined to their colonies, or their
-merchants obtaining the whalebone that is used in their manufactures
-second-hand, there are not in the market the varieties of whalebone
-and finner-bone which we have in this country, where the whalebone
-and finner-bone from different localities bear each a different
-value. This perhaps explains why the Continental zoologists (as
-Eschricht) who have paid attention to the structure of whales have
-not paid sufficient attention to the characters afforded by the shape,
-structure, and colour of this substance, to which I called their attention
-more than twenty years ago, and showed its value as a character
-for distinguishing the genera and species. It has been a
-fertile subject of reproach to me that I established some species on
-the characters afforded by this substance; but I need only mention, as
-a proof of the little attention Van Beneden has paid to this part of
-my work, that in his book on the anatomy of Whales, now in progress,
-after saying that I have established the species <i>Balæna marginata</i>
-on three blades of whalebone, he says I have called it <i>Eubalæna
-marginata</i>, thus confounding it with the Whales with brittle
-and coarse whalebone—whereas the chief reason that induced me to
-consider the blades to belong to a distinct species was their very fine
-and tough structure. The accuracy of the determination is now proved
-by the very different form of its skull from that of any other known
-Whale. In the same manner, the <i>Physalus antarcticus</i>, also established
-on finner-bone or baleen imported from New Zealand, has
-been proved to be a very distinct species of that genus, named Sulphur-bottoms
-by the whalers.</p>
-
-<p>From the description given at page 90 of the British-Museum
-‘Catalogue of Seals and Whales,’ there is no doubt that the baleen
-corresponds with the above species. The specimen was obtained at
-Kawau Island by Sir George Grey, and appears to be unique, as the
-species has hitherto only been known from the baleen.</p>
-
-<p>The dimensions are as follows:—</p>
-
-<table>
- <tr>
- <th></th>
- <th class="tdr">lbs.</th>
- <th></th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Weight of cranium</td>
- <td class="tdr">58</td>
- <td class="tdr"></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Weight of lower jaw</td>
- <td class="tdr">13</td>
- <td class="tdr"></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th></th>
- <th class="tdr">ft.</th>
- <th class="tdr">in.</th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Length</td>
- <td class="tdr">4</td>
- <td class="tdr">9</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Fronto-nasal section</td>
- <td class="tdr">2</td>
- <td class="tdr">10<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_42"></a>[42]</span></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>To centre of orbit</td>
- <td class="tdr">3</td>
- <td class="tdr">10</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Width at orbit</td>
- <td class="tdr">2</td>
- <td class="tdr">5</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Width at mastoid process</td>
- <td class="tdr">2</td>
- <td class="tdr">7</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th></th>
- <th class="tdr">in.</th>
- <th class="tdr">lin.</th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Lower jaw, high</td>
- <td class="tdr">3</td>
- <td class="tdr">11</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Depth (greatest)</td>
- <td class="tdr">8</td>
- <td class="tdr">0</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td colspan="3">Baleen 29 inches long, 3½ inches in extreme width.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td colspan="3">Black margin from ¼ to ⅜ inch.</td>
- </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>“Knox now admits that this is not the Sulphur-bottom, which he
-says is the Trigger of the New-Zealand whalers. He fancies that
-<i>B. marginata</i> may be the true Finner of the south. I will try to
-find some more of the bones.”—<i>Trans. New Zeal. Inst.</i> 1870,
-p. 26.</p>
-
-<p>This Whale, from the form and structure of the whalebone, cannot
-be a Finner, but is certainly, as I arranged it, a true Right
-Whale, very nearly allied to the Right Whale of Greenland, and of
-a very small size. The bones of this Whale would be a most valuable
-addition to the British Museum or any zoological museum.
-They appear not to be uncommon in the Kawau Islands; and the
-measurements of the skull are a valuable addition to our knowledge
-of the species.</p>
-
-<p>This small Right Whale of the Antarctic Sea is the representative
-of the Right Whale in the Arctic Sea, and, judging from the length
-of the head, cannot be more than 14 or 15 feet long, while the
-Greenland Whale is from 50 to 65 feet long.</p>
-
-<p class="break">II. <i>Baleen thick, not polished, with a thin enamel coat on each side, and a
-coarse thick fringe</i> (cf. <a href="#Page_37">p. 37</a>).</p>
-
-<h5>3. EUBALÆNA.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Eubalæna, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 91; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 1; <i>Lilljeborg</i>,
-<i>N. Acta Upsal.</i> vi. 1867; <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. p. 115.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>First rib broad at the vertebral end. Tympanic bone square;
-aperture nearly as long as the bone. The first six cervical vertebræ
-all united by their bodies. The upper lateral process of the
-atlas subcylindrical, narrow at the base, recurved and rounded at the
-end; the lower lateral process narrow at the base, swollen and
-rounded at the end (Ostéog. Cét. t. 1. f. 19). Carpus cartilaginous,
-with six carpal bones, a radius and cubitus, one radial and one cubital
-and two carpals in the second range (Ostéog. Cét. t. 1. f. 1).
-Scapula as long as broad, with a small cylindrical coracoid process,
-rounded at the end. Five phalanges to the middle finger, four to
-the index and ring fingers, four to the little finger, and two to the
-thumb. The first rib is simple at the upper and thin at the free
-edge. The nasal bone rhomboidal, moderate. Vertebræ 50-59.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43"></a>[43]</span></p>
-
-<h6>1. Eubalæna australis.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Eubalæna australis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 91, fig. 6; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i>
-p. 1.</p>
-
-<p>Balæna australis, <i>Cuv.</i>, <i>Oss. Foss.</i> v. t. 25-27.</p>
-
-<p>Balæna capensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> t. 1. f. 3 (baleen).</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Cape of Good Hope.</p>
-
-<h6>2. Eubalæna Sieboldii.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Eubalæna Sieboldii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 96; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 1,
-t. 1. f. 2 (baleen).</p>
-
-<p>Balæna japonica, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Zool. Ereb. & Ter.</i> p. 15, tab. 1*. fig. 2 (baleen).</p>
-
-<p>Balæna alutiensis, <i>Meyer</i>; <i>Van Beneden</i>, <i>Bull. Acad. Belgique</i>, xx.
-1866, no. 14. [Both from the North-west-Coast whalebone of commerce,
-which is quite distinct from the South-sea whalebone,
-brought from the Cape.]</p>
-
-<p>Balæna japonica, <i>Eschricht</i>, <i>Vid. Selsk. Skrivt.</i> ser. 5. ix. p. 1, Kjöbenh.
-1869, pl. 1 (skull of fœtus), pl. 2 (head); <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. Nat.
-Hist.</i> 1870, vi. p. 202.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Kamtschatka. Skeleton of fœtus 5¼ feet long, in Mus.
-Copenhagen.</p>
-
-<p>See also the following doubtful species:—</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>1. Balæna japonica, <i>Lacépède</i>, <i>Mém. Mus.</i> iv. p. 473.</p>
-
-<p>Balæna lunulata, <i>Lacép.</i> <i>Mém. Mus.</i> iv. p. 475.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>These two are from Chinese, or, rather, Japanese drawings.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>2. Balæna australis, <i>Temminck</i>, <i>Fauna Japonica</i>, Taf. 28 & 29 (not <i>Desmoulins</i>).</p>
-
-<p>Balæna Sieboldii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1864, xiv. p. 349.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>From a model made by the Japanese in porcelain clay.</p>
-
-<h6>3. Eubalæna? cisarctica.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Eubalæna? cisarctica, <i>Cope</i>.</p>
-
-<p>Balæna cisarctica, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad.</i> 1865, p. 1; <i>Gray</i>,
-<i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1868, i. pp. 244 & 247, 1870, vi. p. 200.</p>
-
-<p>Balæna biscayensis, <i>Van Beneden</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 7. figs. 4, 5, 6 (ear-bones
-only).</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Atlantic.</p>
-
-<p>“There is a skeleton of the <i>Balæna cisarctica</i> in the Museum of
-the Academy of an individual of 37 feet, and a ramus mandibuli
-16 feet in length, indicating a total of 68 feet, adult size. A scapula
-in the Museum, Rutger’s College, New Brunswick, N. J., measures
-36 inches in height, and 48·5 inches in width, indicating an
-adult of 57 feet in length. A young individual of 45 feet, line-measurement,
-awaits mounting in the Museum Compar. Zoology,
-Cambridge, Mass. Of this individual I will shortly give a detailed
-description in an essay on the species. Like the other specimens,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_44"></a>[44]</span>
-it presents a strong acromion. The phalanges of the manus exhibited
-an important difference from those of <i>B. australis</i>. In it they
-number respectively 2, 5, 6, 3, 3, while Cuvier gives (Oss. Foss.
-227. 23) 2, 5, 6, 5, 4.”</p>
-
-<h5>4. HUNTERIUS.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Hunterius, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 78, 98; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 1;
-<i>Lilljeborg</i>, <i>N. Acta Upsal.</i> vi. 1867.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>First rib broad, with a double head at the vertebral end. Tympanic
-bones square; aperture nearly as long as the bone. Vertebræ
-57 or 58; the five first cervical united. Five phalanges in the
-fourth or ring finger, and four to the second, third, and fifth fingers.
-The first rib bifid and articulated to the first two dorsals, or the last
-cervical and the first dorsal; the second rib very thick at the free
-end. The nasal bones very large.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Hunterius Temminckii.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Hunterius Temminckii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 98, fig. 8; <i>Synops. Whales &
-Dolph.</i> p. 1; <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1870, p. 191.</p>
-
-<p>Balæna australis, <i>Temm.</i> <i>F. Japon.</i> t. 28, 29.</p>
-
-<p>Balæna australis, var., <i>Van Ben.</i> <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> p. 35.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Cape of Good Hope.</p>
-
-<p>M. van Beneden regards the character on which this genus is
-established as merely a variation of <i>Balæna australis</i> (Ostéog. Cét.
-p. 35).</p>
-
-<p>The skeleton was sent from the Cape of Good Hope by Dr. Horstock.
-It is described by Schlegel, Abhand. Gebiete der Zool. 1841,
-p. 37 (Flower, P. Z. S. 1864).</p>
-
-<h6>2. Hunterius biscayensis.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Hunterius biscayensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.</i> 1868, i. p. 244;
-<i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2.</p>
-
-<p>Balæna biscayensis, <i>Eschricht</i>, <i>Compt. Rendus</i>, 1860, <i>Act. Soc. Linn.
-Bordeaux</i>, xiii.; <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1870, p. 200 (not <i>Van
-Beneden</i>).</p>
-
-<p>Balæna eubalæna, <i>Flower</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1864, p. 391.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. St. Sebastian. Skeleton of very young animal in Mus.
-Copenhagen, from the Museum of Pampeluna.</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Flower informs me that this skeleton belongs to the genus
-<i>Hunterius</i>, which has brittle whalebone, with a large coarse fringe
-(which easily splits into strips), and a bifid first rib.</p>
-
-<h6>3. Hunterius Swedenborgii.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Hunterius Swedenborgii, <i>Lilljeborg</i>, <i>N. Act. A. Sci. Upsal.</i> vi. 1867,
-p. 35, t. 9, 10, 11 (skeleton); <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 1.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Sea; Sweden (subfossil).</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45"></a>[45]</span></p>
-
-<h5>5. CAPEREA.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Caperea, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 78, 101; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2; <i>Lilljeborg</i>,
-<i>N. Acta Upsal.</i> vi. 1867.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>First rib ⸺? Baleen ⸺? Tympanic bones irregular,
-rhombic; aperture irregular, much contracted at the upper end;
-the wide part not half the length of the bone. “Cervical vertebræ
-all united. First rib single at the upper, and very broad at the
-lower end. Bladebone (acromion) rudimentary. Coracoid process
-none.”—<i>Lilljeborg.</i></p>
-
-<p>Vertebræ 55; the seven cervical all soldered by their bodies, and
-the spinous processes of the first five united into a single crest, and
-of the two last into a separate crest; each has a distinct upper lateral
-process and, except the seventh, a distinct lateral process. Upper
-lateral process of the atlas narrow, square, reflexed, and bent upwards;
-lower one thick, enlarged, and rounded at the end (Ostéogr.
-Cét. t. 3. f. 4, 5). Scapula with only a slight ridge in the place of
-the acromion (Ostéogr. Cét. t. 3. f. 7). Carpus cartilaginous, with
-five small bones. Skull with a slender arched beak. Lower jaw
-subcylindrical, thick near the condyle, rather attenuated in front.</p>
-
-<p>The first rib is very narrow above, and gradually becomes very
-broad below and deeply notched on the lower edge, which embraces
-nearly the whole length of the sternum; upper end with a single
-head. Second rib equally large at the free end, and not notched.
-Phalanges 1, 4, 5, 4, 3.</p>
-
-<p>I believe that the “<i>bonnet</i>” of the Sandwich-Islands whalers is
-only the “<i>topknot</i>” of the old male whale of this genus, or of a
-nearly allied species.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Caperea antipodarum.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Caperea antipodarum, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 101, f. 9; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i>
-P. 2.</p>
-
-<p>Balæna australis, <i>Desm. Diction</i>.</p>
-
-<p>Balæna antipodarum, <i>Van Ben.</i> <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> p. 46, t. 3; <i>Gray</i>, <i>Dieffenbach</i>,
-t. 1.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. New Zealand. Skeleton, Mus. Paris.</p>
-
-<p>The seven cervical vertebræ are completely soldered by their bodies;
-and the first five spinal apophyses form a continuous crest, and the
-two last form a separate crest (Ostéogr. Cét. t. 3. f. 4, 5). The
-petrous portion of the skull short, small. The bladebone longer
-than broad, with only a slight indication of a process on the front
-edge. Upper lateral process of the axis square, bent back; lower
-process rounded at the end and prominent.</p>
-
-<h5>6. MACLEAYIUS.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Macleayius, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 103, 371; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Cervical vertebræ united into a single mass; upper lateral process
-of the atlas very broad, compressed, occupying the greater part of
-the side, truncated at the end. Lower margin close on the lower<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_46"></a>[46]</span>
-lateral process. Lower lateral process elongate, compressed, rather
-swollen in the middle, truncated at the end and bent forward, the
-upper processes of the second and third cervical vertebræ forming a
-crest (Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 105, f. 10, 11, and p. 372, f. 74, 75).
-Baleen ⸺?</p>
-
-<h6>1. Macleayius australiensis.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Macleayius australiensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 105 (figs. 10, 11), 371 (figs. 74,
-75); <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Australian seas.</p>
-
-<p>Atlas vertebra—the width, measuring from the extremity of the
-lower processes, 28½ inches; width of the atlas 25 inches; height
-from the base of atlas to top of crest 18 inches. Thickness of last
-cervical vertebra 10 inches.</p>
-
-<h6>2. Macleayius britannicus.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Macleayius britannicus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1870, vi. pp. 198
-& 204.</p>
-
-<p>Balæna biscayensis, <i>Van Beneden</i> (part.), <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> tab. 7. fig. 7
-(copied from <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 83, fig. 3).</p>
-
-<p>Balæna britannica, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1870, vi. p. 200.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire.</p>
-
-<p>Cervical vertebræ of <i>Balæna</i> from Lyme Regis (Gray, Cat. Seals
-& Whales, p. 83, f. 3) copied on plate of <i>Balæna biscayensis</i>, Ostéog.
-Cét. t. 7. f. 7. Dredged up at Lyme Regis. The lateral processes of
-this bone are much more like those of <i>Macleayius australiensis</i> than
-those of any other species; yet it differs in the outer edge of the
-broad lateral process being oblique, narrowed towards the base, and
-in the lower lateral process being shorter, turned up at the end, and
-the outer end obliquely truncated and subangular below. This
-massive vertebra has no affinity with <i>B. biscayensis</i>, and indicates
-the existence of a completely different new species of Right Whales,
-which appears to be an inhabitant of our seas.</p>
-
-<h2>Suborder II. BALÆNOPTEROIDEA (<i>cf.</i> p. 36).</h2>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Balænopteridæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 61, 106.</p>
-
-<p>Balænopteroidea, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p 2.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Head moderate. Body elongate. Dorsal fin distinct, rarely
-wanting. Belly longitudinally plaited, rarely smooth. Baleen
-short, broad. Maxillary bones broad. Pectoral fin lanceolate;
-arms elongate; radius and ulna much longer than the humerus.
-Fingers 4, subequal. Vertebræ of the neck free, or partially
-united. Tympanic bones oblong or ovate.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47"></a>[47]</span></p>
-
-<h3>Family 2. AGAPHELIDÆ. <i>Scrag Whales.</i></h3>
-
-<p>Head moderate; body elongate; hinder part of the back keeled
-and notched. Cervical vertebræ free. Pectoral fin lanceolate.
-Fingers 4. Throat without plaits. No dorsal fin. Ribs single-headed.</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Cope “mentioned that he had an opportunity of examining a
-portion of a specimen of the Scrag Whale of Dudley, <i>Balæna gibbosa</i>
-of Erxleben, and ascertained that it represented a genus not previously
-known. It was a Fin-back Whale; but without dorsal fin or
-throat-folds, resembling superficially the genus <i>Balæna</i>. The <i>baleen
-short and curved</i>. The genus was called <i>Agaphelus</i>.”</p>
-
-<h5>1. AGAPHELUS.</h5>
-
-<p>Cervical vertebræ free. Fingers 4. Throat without plaits. No
-dorsal fin. Ribs single-headed. Scapula with acromion (Cope,
-Proc. Soc. N. Sc. Phil. 1869, p. 16).</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Agaphelus, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Soc. N. Sc. Phil.</i> 1868, pp. 159, 225; <i>Gray</i>,
-<i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1870, vi. p. 200.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>“Fingers four, elongate. Cervical vertebræ ⸺? Lumbar
-and anterior caudal vertebræ longer than their greatest diameter.
-Dorsal fin wanting. Gular and pectoral region without folds. Scapula
-with well-developed acromion and coracoid. Baleen narrow,
-short, curved.</p>
-
-<p>“The baleen is peculiar; throughout the length of the maxillary
-bone it nowhere exceeded one foot in length, and the width of the
-band, or length of the base of each plate, four inches. It is of a
-creamy white; the fringe very coarse, white, and resembling hogs’
-bristles.</p>
-
-<p>“The ear-bone is much compressed, with an inferior carina,
-towards which the lip of dense bone is suddenly decurved. The
-longitudinal opening is much contracted, especially anteriorly, where
-the bone is pinched up into a keel; and there is no abrupt concavity
-of the inner lip at that point. External surface not very rugose.
-Total length 3 in. 2·5 lines.</p>
-
-<p>“The scapula preserved is low and elongate, with well-developed
-acromion and coracoid process. It is evidently of the type of <i>Balænoptera</i>
-and <i>Physalus</i>; the ulna and radius relatively less elongate
-than in <i>Sibbaldius laticeps</i> and <i>borealis</i>, being 1·5 as long as the
-humerus, thus resembling <i>Physalus</i>.</p>
-
-<p>“The four fingers, with the second much the longest, form a fin
-of the type of those genera.</p>
-
-<p>“The ear-bone is much more compressed than in <i>Physalus antiquorum</i>
-or <i>Sibbaldius laticeps</i>.</p>
-
-<p>“The mandibular ramus is rather massive, moderately curved, and
-with a more elevated coronoid process than in any Whale that I have
-seen.</p>
-
-<p>“The greatest peculiarity is in the form of the lumbar and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_48"></a>[48]</span>
-anterior caudal vertebræ; they are of a much more elongate form
-than any I have seen or found figured, excepting those of the <i>Balænoptera
-rostrata</i> (as figured by Gaimard in ‘Voyage de la Recherche’),
-which, however, are relatively shorter. Those of the present species
-are of greater length than transverse diameter, the lumbars most
-elongate; all furnished with an acute hypapophysial keel and concave
-sides, and entirely transverse diapophyses. This peculiarity is
-consistent with the account of my informant, who stated the animal
-to have been of an unusually elongate and slender form. When it
-came ashore it had perhaps been dead ten days; the flukes and
-muscular region as far as the third caudal vertebra had been devoured,
-probably by Sharks and Killers, and the abdominal region
-much lacerated; the edge of a fin preserved was slit by the teeth of
-some carnivorous enemy. The measurement from the end of the
-muzzle to the end of the third caudal was 35 feet, which may be
-reduced to 33 feet axial. Up to this point the dorsal line was, according
-to my informant, entirely smooth, without knob or fin, or
-scar of one; hence I suppose the fin (if present) to have been situated,
-as in <i>Sibbaldius</i> &c., at the posterior fourth of the length, and
-not, as in <i>Balænoptera</i>, on the posterior third. It may then be safely
-assumed, bearing in mind the form of vertebræ, that ten feet of the
-whale’s length had been removed, making in all 43 feet. That the
-species attains over 50 feet is probable, as the present individual
-was quite young, the epiphyses separating from the vertebræ with
-the greatest ease. The slender form of the animal is corroborated
-by the slenderness and slight curvature of the ribs, one attached
-beneath the scapula, probably the second, being narrower than the
-corresponding ones in <i>Sibbaldius</i>. I therefore think it most probable
-that in this form the anterior ribs are single-headed.”—<i>Cope</i>, <i>l. c.</i>
-p. 223.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Agaphelus gibbosus. <i>The Scrag Whale.</i></h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Agaphelus gibbosus, <i>Cope</i>.</p>
-
-<p>Balæna gibbosa, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 90.</p>
-
-<p>Scrag Whale, <i>Dudley</i>, <i>Phil. Trans.</i> xxxiii. p. 259.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Atlantic.</p>
-
-<h5>2. RHACHIANECTES.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Rhachianectes, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. N. Sc. Philad.</i> 1869, pp. 14 & 15.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Cervical vertebræ free. Throat without plaits. Dorsal fin
-none. Scapula without acromion.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Rhachianectes glaucus. <i>The Californian Grey Whale.</i></h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Rhachianectes glaucus, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. N. Sc. Philad.</i> 1869, pp. 17
-& 40, fig. 8.</p>
-
-<p>Agaphelus glaucus, <i>Cope</i>, <i>ibid.</i> 1868, p. 225.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. California, San Francisco.</p>
-
-<p>“The points in which this species differs from those of the genus
-<i>Balæna</i> previously known are numerous, and will no doubt be increased
-on a further knowledge of the animal.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_49"></a>[49]</span></p>
-
-<p>“The head, between one-fourth and one-fifth of the total length,
-allies it to the shorter-headed species. From the <i>B. australis</i> the
-number of dorsal vertebræ, and the colour and shortness of the baleen,
-distinguish it; and no doubt other features will be brought out when
-we are acquainted with the Cape species. The dorsal serration is
-not known to occur in any species of the genus <i>Balæna</i>, though said
-to be characteristic of the <i>A. gibbosus</i>, whose characters I have just
-given.</p>
-
-<p>“Two <i>Balænæ</i> have been described as inhabiting the North Pacific
-Ocean, <i>Balæna Sieboldii</i>, Gray (Catal. Cet. 1865, p. 96), and <i>Balæna
-cullamach</i>, Chamisso (Nov. Act. Acad. Cæs. xii. p. 251, tab.)</p>
-
-<p>“Both have been established on figures carved by the natives, of
-the Japanese and Aleutian Islands respectively, the former under the
-supervision of a naturalist, the traveller Siebold. The carving of
-the <i>B. cullamach</i>, judging from the figure given by Chamisso, can
-but doubtfully represent any species; but if the species exist, it will
-rest on the following diagnosis of its describer:—‘Rictu amplo forma
-litteræ S curvato, elasmiis maximis atro-cæruleis, spiraculis flexuosis,
-in medio capite, tuberculo in apice rostri (ex imagine), pectore pinnisque
-pectoralibus albis, dorso gibboso sexpinnato.’</p>
-
-<p>“These are, however, true <i>Balænæ</i>. A species of <i>Agaphelus</i>
-exists in the Kamtschatkan seas, according to Pallas, who, however,
-derives his information solely from wooden models made by the
-Aleutian Islanders. This is not sufficient basis for an introduction
-to the scientific system; yet Pallas indulges in applying to it the name
-<i>Balæna agamachschik</i>. The pectoral limb of this species is said,
-however, to be white, with the underside of the flukes, characters
-not found in the <i>A. glaucus</i>. Dr. Gray has already (Cat. Brit. Mus.)
-indicated that this, if reliable, indicates a genus unknown to him.</p>
-
-<p>“The <i>Agaphelus glaucus</i> is the Grey Whale of the coasts of California.
-Two specimens have been examined by my friend Wm. H.
-Dall, of the scientific staff of the U. S. Russian-American Telegraph
-Expedition, one of them near Monterey; and descriptions, as complete
-as the state of the specimens would allow, were made.</p>
-
-<p>“These, which were sent to the Smithsonian Institution, and
-placed in my hands by Prof. Baird, are quite sufficient to indicate a
-Whale of a species hitherto unnoticed, and to render certain its
-future identification.</p>
-
-<p>“Dorsal vertebræ and ribs 13; lumbar and caudal (those in the
-fluke cut off with it) 28. Scapula, breadth and height not very
-different, with a short broad coracoid process; its head opposite first
-rib. Apparently only four fingers, of which the second is the longest.
-145 laminæ of baleen on each side, the longest 18 inches long;
-colour bright yellow.”—<i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad.</i> 1868, p. 226.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_50"></a>[50]</span></p>
-
-<h3>Family 3. MEGAPTERIDÆ. <i>Humpbacked Whales.</i></h3>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Megapterina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 113.</p>
-
-<p>Megapteridæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Dorsal fin low, broad; pectoral fin very long, with four very long
-fingers of many phalanges. Vertebræ 50 or 60; cervical vertebræ
-often anchylosed. Lateral process of the axis tardily ossified. Neural
-canal large, high, triangular. Ribs 14 or 15.</p>
-
-<h5>1. MEGAPTERA.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Megaptera, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 113, 117; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2;
-<i>Lilljeborg</i>, <i>N. Acta Upsal.</i> 1867, vi.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Bladebone without acromion or coracoid process. Body of cervical
-vertebræ subcircular.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Megaptera longimana.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Megaptera longimana, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 119 (fig.), 373; <i>Synops. Whales
-& Dolph.</i> p. 2.</p>
-
-<p>Megaptera boops, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> tab. 30 (baleen and
-jaws with rudimentary teeth), t. 33. f. 12 (vertebra).</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p>
-
-<h6>2. Megaptera Novæ-Zelandiæ.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Megaptera Novæ-Zelandiæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 128, fig. 20; <i>Synops. Whales
-& Dolph.</i> p. 2.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. New Zealand. Ear-bones in Brit. Mus.</p>
-
-<h6>3. Megaptera? Burmeisteri.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Megaptera? Burmeisteri, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 129.</p>
-
-<p>Megaptera Lalandii (part.), <i>Van Beneden</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Buenos Ayres. Skeleton, Mus. Buenos Ayres.</p>
-
-<h6>4. Megaptera americana.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Megaptera americana, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 129.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Bermuda.</p>
-
-<p>“The <i>norwega</i> is a Humpback which has the belly white and
-smooth (?), back very dark bluish, length 50 to 55 feet. This whale
-gives more oil than the mystica.”—<i>Hartt</i>, <i>Geology & Physical Geography
-of Brazil</i>, p. 182.</p>
-
-<p>“The whalebone is short, and sells well. The beach on which the
-whales are cut up is strewed during the season with bones. There
-must be the bones of 500 whales on the spot. The fishery is carried
-on at Bahia on a much larger scale than at Caravellas.”—<i>L. c.</i> p. 185.</p>
-
-<h6>5. Megaptera kuzira.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Megaptera kuzira, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 130.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Japan. Skull, Mus. Leyden.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_51"></a>[51]</span></p>
-
-<h6>6. Megaptera osphyia.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Megaptera osphyia, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1865, p. 4.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Atlantic. Skeleton. Mus. Niagara.</p>
-
-<p>“A second and more full examination of the <i>Megaptera osphyia</i>,
-Cope, furnishes the following additional points and characters. The
-specimen is young, and measures in its present condition 34 feet.
-It has, however, lost a considerable number of caudal vertebræ, and,
-from the posterior part of the column, of intervertebral cartilages
-also; add to this the shrinking of the cartilages preserved, and the
-increase of length would perhaps amount to 8 feet, giving 42 in all.
-The asserted length of 50 feet, line measurement, which I quoted in
-my original description, is no doubt an exaggeration.</p>
-
-<p>“The glenoid process is margined by an angular prominence, the
-rudiment of the coracoid, precisely as in the <i>M. brasiliensis</i>. The
-diapophysis of the atlas is a flat vertical plate, extending from opposite
-the base of the <i>foramen dentatum</i> to opposite the widest point
-of the spinal canal; inferior posterior outline of the atlas broad,
-slightly concave mesially. The mandible is peculiar in the strong
-angular process, which extends from behind, round the side, projecting
-as far as the condyle, and separated from it by a deep groove.
-The third and fourth cervicals are united by the neural arch. The
-first rib is very broad at the extremity; length 37 inches, width at
-end 8·22 inches. The orbital processes of the frontal bone are not
-contracted at the extremities as in <i>M. longimana</i>, but are more as in
-<i>Balænopteræ</i>; entire width over and within edge of orbit 15½ in.;
-length to vertical plate of maxillary 31 inches. The baleen measures
-2 feet in length, is black, with three rows of coarse bristles.
-Its base is one curve; its length is spirally twisted. The species is
-probably one of the largest of the <i>Balænidæ</i>.”—<i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad.
-Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1868, p. 194.</p>
-
-<h6>7. Megaptera versabilis.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Megaptera versabilis, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Pr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.</i> 1869, p. 17,
-figs. 5 & 6.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Pacific, Californian coast.</p>
-
-<h5>2. POESCOPIA.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Poescopia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 113; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Bladebone with small coracoid process. Body of cervical vertebræ
-nearly square.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Poescopia Lalandii.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Poescopia Lalandii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 126 (fig. 19, p. 125), 373; <i>Synops.
-Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2, tab. 33. f. 3, 4 (vertebræ, from <i>Cuvier</i>).</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Cape of Good Hope. Skeleton, Mus. Paris.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_52"></a>[52]</span></p>
-
-<h5>3. ESCHRICHTIUS.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Eschrichtius, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 113, 131; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2;
-<i>Lilljeborg</i>, <i>N. Acta Upsal.</i> vi. p. 12, 1867.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Bladebone with large coracoid process. Body of cervical vertebræ
-separate, small, roundish-oblong. The neural canal very broad and
-high.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Eschrichtius robustus.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Eschrichtius robustus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 133 (fig.), 373; <i>Synops. Whales
-& Dolph.</i> p. 2; <i>Lilljeborg</i>, <i>N. Acta Upsal.</i> 1867, vi. p. 16, t. 1-8;
-<i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1865, p. 4.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Sea; coast of Devonshire, Sweden; Atlantic.</p>
-
-<p>“The <i>Eschrichtius robustus</i> is admitted on the evidence of a ramus
-of the under jaw in the Museum, Rutger’s College, which is of peculiar
-form, and closely resembles the figure given by Lilljeborg of
-that portion of this rare species.”—<i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad.</i>
-1868, p. 194.</p>
-
-<h3>Family 4. PHYSALIDÆ. <i>Finner Whales.</i></h3>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Physalina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 114, 134.</p>
-
-<p>Physalinidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Dorsal fin high, erect, compressed, falcate, about three-fourths the
-entire length from the nose. Pectoral fin moderate, with four short
-fingers of four or six phalanges. Vertebræ 55 or 64. Cervical vertebræ
-not anchylosed. Neural canal oblong, transverse.</p>
-
-<p class="break">* <i>Vertebræ 60 or 64; first rib single-headed</i> (cf. <a href="#Page_54">p. 54</a>).</p>
-
-<h5>1. BENEDENIA.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Benedenia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 114, 135; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Rostrum of skull narrow, attenuated, with straight slanting edges.
-Second cervical vertebra with two short truncated lateral processes.
-The first rib single-headed.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Benedenia Knoxii.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Benedenia Knoxii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 138, figs. 24-26; <i>Synops. Whales
-& Dolph.</i> p. 2.</p>
-
-<p>Benedenia boops, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> tab. 32. f. 1, 2 (cervical
-vertebræ).</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Sea, coast of Wales.</p>
-
-<h5>2. PHYSALUS.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Physalus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 114, 139; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2;
-<i>Lilljeborg</i>, <i>N. Acta Upsal.</i> 1867, p. 72.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Rostrum of the skull narrow, attenuated, with straight sloping
-sides. Second cervical vertebra with a broad lateral process, with a
-large perforation at the base. First rib single-headed. Sternum<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_53"></a>[53]</span>
-trifoliate, with a long slender hind process. Fingers shorter than
-the forearm-bones. Scapula very broad; acromion and coracoid
-process well developed.</p>
-
-<p class="break">† <i>Lateral rings of the second cervical vertebra as long as the diameter of the
-body of the vertebra.</i>—Gray, <i>l. c.</i> p. 374; Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 2.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Physalus antiquorum.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<p>Ribs 14·14.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Physalus antiquorum, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 144 (figs. 29-32), 374; <i>Synops.
-Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2, t. 1. f. 6 (baleen), t. 32. f. 5, 6 (cervical
-vertebræ); <i>Flower</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1869, p. 604, pl. 47 (male).</p>
-
-<p>Balænoptera musculus, <i>Van Beneden</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 12 & t. 13.
-figs. 11-24.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Sea, Greenland, Hampshire, &c.</p>
-
-<h6>2. Physalus Duguidii.</h6>
-
-<p>Ribs 15·15.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Physalus Duguidii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 158, figs. 33-35; <i>Synops. Whales &
-Dolph.</i> p. 2.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Sea, Orkneys.</p>
-
-<p class="break">†† <i>The lateral rings of the cervical vertebræ shorter than the diameter of the
-bodies of the vertebræ.</i>—Gray, <i>l. c.</i> p. 374; Synops. Whales & Dolph.
-p. 2.</p>
-
-<h6>3. Physalus patachonicus.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Physalus patachonicus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 374, figs. 76-86; <i>Synops. Whales
-& Dolph.</i> p. 2.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. River Plata.</p>
-
-<h6>4. Physalus brasiliensis.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Physalus brasiliensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 162.</p>
-
-<p>Balænoptera brasiliensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Zool. Ereb. & Ter.</i> p. 5.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Bahia.</p>
-
-<p>“<i>Mystica</i> differs from the <i>norwega</i> in having the back black and the
-belly and throat furrowed. Sometimes there are white spots on the
-side.</p>
-
-<p>“The first Whales appear in the Abrolhos waters at about the end
-of May, and they stay until October. The females often bring young
-calves with them, and appear to seek the shelter of the reefs. The
-headquarters of the Abrolhos fishery is at Caravellas, or, rather, at
-the mouth of the river Caravellas, where are situated the armações
-or trying-houses.”—<i>E. Hartt</i>, <i>Geology and Physical Geography of
-Brazil</i>, p. 182.</p>
-
-<p>“The fishery begins at Bahia, according to Castelnau (Expédition
-dans l’Amérique du Sud, tome i. p. 750), about the 13th of June,
-and lasts till the 21st September. At Caravellas I was assured that
-the Whales always appeared later than at Bahia, and the fishery does
-not always begin until the last week in June, continuing through
-the month of September.”—<i>E. Hartt.</i></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_54"></a>[54]</span></p>
-
-<h5>3. CUVIERIUS.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Cuvierius, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 114, 164; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Rostrum of the skull broad, the outer sides curved, especially in
-front. The second cervical vertebra with two short, thick lateral
-processes. First rib single-headed. Sternum oblong-ovate, transverse.
-Hands elongate; fingers slender, second finger much longer
-than the forearm-bone. Scapula with a broad acromion and a rudimentary
-coracoid.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Cuvierius Sibbaldii.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Cuvierius Sibbaldii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 380; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p>
-
-<p>Cuvierius latirostris, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 165.</p>
-
-<p>Physalus Sibbaldii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 160 (fig. 36), 380.</p>
-
-<p>Balænoptera Sibbaldii, <i>Van Beneden</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 12 & t. 13.
-figs. 25-34.</p>
-
-<p>Balænoptera carolinæ, <i>Malm</i>, <i>Monog. Illust.</i> t. 44.</p>
-
-<p>Balænoptera musculus, <i>Sars</i>, <i>Vid. Selsk. Forhand.</i> 1865, t. 1, 2, & 3.</p>
-
-<p>“Steypireyör,” <i>Reinhardt</i>, <i>Vidensk. Meddel.</i> 1867; <i>Ann. N. Hist.</i>
-1868.</p>
-
-<p>The Grey Fin Whale, <i>Turner</i>, <i>Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin.</i> 1869, p. 34 (from
-Londonderry).</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Sea. Mus. Hull.</p>
-
-<p>The great northern Rorqual of Knox probably belongs to this
-species. Its skeleton is in the Edinburgh Museum.</p>
-
-<p class="break">** <i>Vertebræ 58-60. First and second ribs double-headed</i> (cf. <a href="#Page_52">p. 52</a>);
-<i>second cervical vertebræ with a broad lateral process, perforated at
-the base. Lower jaw compressed, with distinct coronoid process.</i>—Sibbaldius,
-<i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 114, 169; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p>
-
-<h5>4. RUDOLPHIUS.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Rudolphius, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 170; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p>
-
-<p>Sibbaldius, <i>Lilljeborg</i>, <i>Nova Acta Upsal.</i> vi. 1867.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Dorsal fin compressed, falcate, two-thirds the entire length from
-the nose. Ribs 13·13; first rib short, dilated at the external end.
-Sternum elongate, not narrow at posterior lobe. Fingers elongate;
-the second finger rather shorter than the forearm-bone. Scapula
-very broad, with a large broad acromion process and a moderate
-coracoid one.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Rudolphius laticeps.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Sibbaldius laticeps, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 170, figs. 37, 38.</p>
-
-<p>Rudolphius laticeps, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p>
-
-<p>Balænoptera laticeps, <i>Van Beneden</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 10 & t. 11. figs.
-11-35.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p>
-
-<p>Nose of skull more than twice the length of brain-cavity from the
-nasal bones.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_55"></a>[55]</span></p>
-
-<h5>5. SIBBALDIUS.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Sibbaldius, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 175, 1865; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p>
-
-<p>Flowerius, <i>Lilljeborg</i>, <i>Nova Acta Upsal.</i> vi. 1867.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Dorsal fin very small, far behind, and placed on a thick prominence.
-Ribs 14·14; first short, sternal end very broad and deeply
-notched. Sternum trifoliate, with a short broad hinder lobe. Scapula
-broad, with very long acromion and short slender coracoid process.
-Fingers ⸺?</p>
-
-<h6>1. Sibbaldius borealis.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Sibbaldius borealis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 175, fig. 39; <i>Synops. Whales &
-Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p>
-
-<p>Flowerius gigas, <i>Lilljeborg</i>, <i>Nova Acta Upsal.</i> vi. 1867.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Flower considers <i>B. borealis</i>, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
-Philad. 1866, p. 297, from North Atlantic, as very nearly allied to
-<i>Balænoptera Schlegelii</i>.</p>
-
-<h6>2. Sibbaldius Schlegelii.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Sibbaldius Schlegelii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 178, figs. 40-48; <i>Synops. Whales
-& Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p>
-
-<p>Balænoptera Schlegelii, <i>Van Beneden</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 14 & 15.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Java.</p>
-
-<p>Cervical vertebræ separate (t. 14. f. 5-12); the second with a
-broad short lateral expansion, having a moderate-sized oblong perforation.
-Beak of skull very long, three and a half times the length
-of the brain-cavity.</p>
-
-<h6>3. Sibbaldius? antarcticus.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Sibbaldius? antarcticus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 381, fig. 87; <i>Synops. Whales &
-Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p>
-
-<p>Balænoptera antarctica, <i>Van Beneden</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> p. 234.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Buenos Ayres.</p>
-
-<p>Van Beneden regards it as a doubtful species.</p>
-
-<h6>4. Sibbaldius sulphureus.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Sibbaldius sulphureus, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1869,
-pp. 10, 19, f. 11.</p>
-
-<p>Sulphur-bottom <i>of the Whalers on the North-west Coast</i>.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Dorsal fin very far back.</p>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Pacific, north-west coast of America, California.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_56"></a>[56]</span></p>
-
-<h6>5. Sibbaldius tectirostris.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Sibbaldius tectirostris, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1869, p. 7.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Pacific. Skeleton, Mus. Philad.</p>
-
-<h6>6. Sibbaldius tuberosus.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Sibbaldius tuberosus, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1867, p. <span class="space"> </span>.</p>
-
-<p>Sibbaldius laticeps, <i>Cope</i>, <i>l. c.</i> 1866, p. 297.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North-east coast of America.</p>
-
-<h3>Family 5. BALÆNOPTERIDÆ. <i>Pike Whales.</i></h3>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Balænopterina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 114.</p>
-
-<p>Balænoptera, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 114; <i>Lilljeborg</i>, <i>Nova Acta Upsal.</i> vi.</p>
-
-<p>Balænopteridæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Dorsal fin high, erect, compressed, about two-thirds of the entire
-length from the nose. Pectoral fin moderate, with four short
-fingers. Vertebræ 50; cervical vertebræ sometimes anchylosed.
-Neural canal broad, trigonal. Ribs 11·11. The second cervical
-vertebra with a broad lateral expansion, perforated at the base.
-First rib single-headed. Lower jaw with a conical coronoid process.</p>
-
-<h5>1. BALÆNOPTERA.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Balænoptera, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 114, 186; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p>
-
-<p>Fabricia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 382.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>The lower lateral processes of the third to the seventh cervical vertebræ
-with an angular projection on the lower edges. Fingers short,
-the length of the forearm-bone.</p>
-
-<p>Scapula broad; acromion and coracoid elongate, slender.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Balænoptera rostrata.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Balænoptera rostrata, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 188, figs. 49-53; <i>Synops. Whales
-& Dolph.</i> p. 3, t. 1. f. 5 (baleen), t. 2 (skull), t. 32. f. 3, 4 (cervical
-vertebræ); <i>Van Beneden</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 12 & t. 13. figs. 1-10.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p>
-
-<h6>2. Balænoptera velifera.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Balænoptera velifera, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1869, p. 18,
-f. 9, 10.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Dorsal fin large.</p>
-
-<p>Inhab. Oregon (Finner Whale); California, Queen Charlotte’s
-Sound.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_57"></a>[57]</span></p>
-
-<h5>2. SWINHOIA.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Swinhoia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 382; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>The lower lateral processes of the third to the sixth cervical vertebræ
-slender, regularly curved, without any prominent angle on the
-lower edge.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Swinhoia chinensis.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Balænoptera Swinhoei, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 382, figs. 88-93.</p>
-
-<p>Swinhoia chinensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Formosa.</p>
-
-<h2>Section II. DENTICETE (<i>cf.</i> p. 35).</h2>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Denticete, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 62, 194; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p>
-
-<p>Odontoceti <i>or</i> Delphinoidea, <i>Flower</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 111.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Teeth well developed in one or both jaws, sometimes deciduous.
-Palate without baleen. Head large or moderate, compressed. Tympanic
-bones two, dissimilar, separate, becoming united, sunk in a
-cavity in the base of the skull. Gullet large.</p>
-
-<p>The suborders in this section have certain relations to each other
-by which they may be arranged in two parallel series:—</p>
-
-<table>
- <tr>
- <th></th>
- <th>A. Nostrils separate, elongated.</th>
- <th>B. Nostrils united, transverse.</th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Teeth only in the lower jaw. Cervical vertebræ often united</td>
- <td>Physeteroidea.</td>
- <td>Ziphioidea.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Teeth well developed in both jaws. Jaws beaked</td>
- <td>Susuoidea.</td>
- <td>Delphinoidea.</td>
- </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p class="break">Division I. <i>Nostrils longitudinal, parallel or diverging; each covered
-with a valve</i> (cf. <a href="#Page_62">p. 62</a>).</p>
-
-<h2>Suborder III. PHYSETEROIDEA.</h2>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Physeteroidea, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 195; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p>
-
-<p>Physeteridæ (Physeterinæ), <i>Flower</i>, <i>Tr. Zool. Soc.</i> vol. vi. p. 113.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Head blunt. Nostrils longitudinal, parallel, or diverging, each
-covered with a valve, the right often obliterated. Teeth many in
-the lower jaw, fitting into holes in the gums of the upper one.
-Lachrymal bone none distinct. “Costal cartilages not ossified. The
-hinder ribs losing their tubercular and retaining their capitular articulation
-with the vertebræ. The greater number of the cervical
-vertebræ ankylosed together. Pterygoid bones thick, produced
-backwards, meeting in the middle line, and not involuted to form<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_58"></a>[58]</span>
-the outer wall of the postpalatine air-sinus. Symphysis of mandible
-of moderate or excessive length. No functional teeth in the
-upper jaw. Mandibular teeth various, often much reduced in number.
-Lachrymal bones usually large and distinct. Bones of the
-skull raised so as to form an elevated prominence or crest behind
-the anterior nares. Orbit of small or moderate size. Pectoral limbs
-small. Dorsal fin usually present.”—<i>Flower.</i></p>
-
-<h3>Family 6. CATODONTIDÆ.</h3>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Catodontina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 386, 387.</p>
-
-<p>Catodontidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Head compressed, truncated in front, very large. Blowers separate,
-linear, in front of the upper part of the head. Mouth inferior,
-linear. Pectoral fin short, broad, truncate. Dorsal hump rounded.
-Skull elongate. Crown concave, surrounded by a high perpendicular
-wall formed by the doubled-up maxilla and occipital bones. Upper
-jaw toothless. Atlas free; rest of cervical vertebræ united by their
-bodies and spines into a consolidated mass.</p>
-
-<h5>1. CATODON.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Catodon, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 196, 386, 387; Synops. Whales & Dolph.
-p. 3.</p>
-
-<p>Physeter, <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vol. vi. p. 309.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>The atlas vertebra transverse, nearly twice as broad as high; the
-central canal subtrigonal, narrow below. Skull nearly one-third the
-entire length of the body. Lachrymal bone wanting. The zygomatic
-process is formed of the malar bone. Vertebral column rough
-and rather spongy. Vertebræ 50: 7 cervical, 11 dorsal, 8 lumbar,
-24 caudal. The atlas separate; the other 6 cervical united by their
-bodies and spines into one consolidated mass, and sometimes united
-to the first dorsal vertebra. The atlas subquadrangular, broader
-than long. The transverse process truncated. Upper edge nearly
-straight, lower slightly curved. Neural canal triangular, one of the
-angles directed downwards. The thyro-hyal triangular, thick in
-front, thinner behind; the basihyal broad and flat. The basihyal
-and thyro-hyal united. The ribs long, all but the first slender
-and light. The first rib is short, broad, and very thick near the
-lower end. Sternum large, triangular, the apex turned backwards.
-The broad front end nearly straight, composed of two large anterior
-and a small posterior piece. Pectoral limb small. Scapula higher
-than broad; outer surface concave, inner convex. Acromion very
-large, dilated at the end. Coracoid large, narrow, and about half
-the length of the acromion. Humerus compressed. Radius and
-ulna not quite so long as the humerus, often united at the ends and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_59"></a>[59]</span>
-separate in the middle. The carpus wide and short. The carpal
-bones six, nearly in a single row. The fingers five, all well developed,
-the second, third, and fourth not differing greatly in length,
-the fourth the shortest; the first consisting of two, the second and
-third of six, the fourth of five, and the fifth of four joints; the
-second finger two-thirds the length of the arm-bones.</p>
-
-<p>The skull of the young animal is much shorter and broader than
-in the adult (Flower, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vi. tab. 57).</p>
-
-<h6>1. Catodon macrocephalus.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Catodon macrocephalus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 196 (f. 54), 202, 387; <i>Synops.
-Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p>
-
-<p>Physeter macrocephalus, <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vol. vi. p. 309,
-tab. 55 to 61, and woodcuts.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Tropical seas, accidentally in the temperate ones.</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Flower (Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vi.) considers <i>C. australis</i>,
-Gray, <i>l. c.</i> p. 206, fig. 55, the same species; and certainly there does
-not appear to be any character in the skeleton to divide them.</p>
-
-<p>Maury remarks:—“The Sperm-Whale, according to the result of
-this chart, appears never to double the Cape of Good Hope. It
-doubles Cape Horn. Since this fish delights in warm water, shall
-we not expect to find off Cape Horn an under-current of warm
-water heavier with its salt?”—<i>Maury</i>, <i>Whale-Charts</i>, p. 267.</p>
-
-<p>How far the species indicated range beyond the habitats whence
-they were received is yet to be discovered and recorded. No doubt
-their range is influenced by many local circumstances (peculiarities
-in the currents, and disposition of the food) that are not easily observed
-or understood.</p>
-
-<h5>2. MEGANEURON.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Meganeuron, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 386, 387; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>The atlas vertebra subcircular, rather broader than high. The
-central canal subcircular, in the middle of the body, widened
-above.</p>
-
-<p>The rest of the animal not known; it is placed in <i>Catodontidæ</i>
-because this family is the only one that has the atlas separate from
-the cervical vertebræ and of the simple form.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Meganeuron Krefftii.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Meganeuron Krefftii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1865, p. 440; <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>,
-p. 388, figs. 94-97; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Australian seas.</p>
-
-<p>Atlas 13 inches wide.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_60"></a>[60]</span></p>
-
-<h3>Family 7. PHYSETERIDÆ.</h3>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Physeterina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 386, 390.</p>
-
-<p>Physeteridæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Head depressed, rounded in front. Blowers linear (often only
-the one on the left side open), at the back of the forehead. Mouth
-small, inferior, rounded. Dorsal fin compressed, falcate. Pectoral
-fin elongate, falcate. Skull short; crown concave; hinder part of
-the wall formed by the maxillaries, and divided, as it were, into two
-subequal parts by a central bony ridge, which is more or less twisted
-towards the right side. Upper jaw toothless. Atlas and cervical
-vertebræ all united into a solid mass.</p>
-
-<h5>1. PHYSETER.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Physeter, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 196, 210, 386; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i>
-p. 4.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Head large, rather depressed in front. Skull ⸺?</p>
-
-<p>Only known from Sibbald’s description, which, like his others, is
-very specific; and all his other accounts of animals have been proved
-to be correct.</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Flower has no faith in Sibbald’s account of this animal, and
-says, “If the Linnæan genus <i>Physeter</i> is to be kept in abeyance
-until the rediscovery of Sibbald’s ‘<i>Balæna macrocephala tripinna</i>,’ it
-is to be feared that it may ultimately disappear altogether from zoological
-literature.”—<i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vol. vi. p. 369.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Physeter tursio.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Physeter tursio, <i>Linn.</i>, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 212; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Sea, Scotland (<i>Sibbald</i>, 1687). Length 52 or 53
-feet.</p>
-
-<h5>2. KOGIA.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Kogia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 196, 215, 386, 391; <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i>
-vol. vi. p. 114.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Head moderate, blunt and high in front; left blower only open.
-Skull short and broad; the septum that divides the crown of the
-skull very sinuous, folded so as to form a funnel-shaped cavity.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Kogia breviceps.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Kogia breviceps, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 217, 391; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i>
-p. 4.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Cape of Good Hope.</p>
-
-<p>Perhaps the next is the same species.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_61"></a>[61]</span></p>
-
-<h6>2. Kogia Macleayii.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Kogia Macleayii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 391; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p>
-
-<p>Physeter simus, <i>Owen</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vol. vi. p. 30, t. 10, 11, 12,
-13, ♀ (not skeleton, t. 11. f. 2).</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Australia, India. Length 10 feet, young.</p>
-
-<p>The difference between <i>Kogia</i> and <i>Euphysetes</i> does not depend on
-the sex of the animals. Mr. Krefft described a male, and Professor
-Owen a female specimen; the latter mistook the two drawings of
-the same specimen for the two sexes, deceived by certain additions
-surreptitiously made to Mr. Elliot’s drawings; but the additions,
-especially the penis, are not represented on the plates, and the artist
-(Mr. Willis) says he received no directions to leave out any part of
-the drawing, and accurately copied them. The measurements given
-in the paper do not agree with those in Mr. Elliot’s notes made from
-the living animal; and reference to them would have prevented all
-this confusion.</p>
-
-<h5>3. EUPHYSETES.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Euphysetes, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 196, 215, 386, 392; <i>Synops. Whales &
-Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Head moderate, blunt and high in front. Skull short and broad.
-The septum that divides the cavity of the crown of the skull simple,
-longitudinal, only slightly curved.</p>
-
-<p>Vertebræ 51: cervical 7 (all united into one mass), dorsal 14,
-caudal 40. Basihyal broad and flat, as in <i>Catodon</i>.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Euphysetes Grayii.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Euphysetes Grayii, <i>MacLeay</i>; <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 218, 392; <i>Synops.
-Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p>
-
-<p>Physeter simus, <i>Owen</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vol. vi. t. 11. f. 2 (skeleton
-only).</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Australia.</p>
-
-<h2>Suborder IV. SUSUOIDEA.</h2>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Susuoidea, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Head beaked. Nostrils longitudinal, each covered with a valve
-(the right often obliterated). Teeth in upper and lower jaws, compressed.
-Crown of skull covered with a bony arch. Pectoral fin
-broad, truncate. Fingers 4, nearly equal, the outer the shortest.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_62"></a>[62]</span></p>
-
-<h3>Family 8. PLATANISTIDÆ.</h3>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Platanistidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 62, 220; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p>
-
-<p>Platanistinæ, <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vol. vi. p. 114.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Head long-beaked. Jaws slender, compressed. Skull—crown covered
-with the converging arch and reflexed edges of the maxillaries.</p>
-
-<p>“Costal cartilages not ossified. The tubercular and capitular
-articulations of the ribs blending together posteriorly. Cervical
-vertebræ all free. Pterygoid bones thin, not conforming in their
-mode of arrangement with either of the other sections. Jaws very
-long and narrow; both with numerous teeth having compressed
-fangs. Symphysis of mandible very long, exceeding half the length
-of the entire ramus. Orbit very small. Lachrymal bones not distinct
-from the jugal. Pectoral limbs large. Dorsal fin rudimentary.
-Maxillary bones supporting large bony incurved crests.
-No cingulum or tubercle at the base of the crown of the teeth.
-Pectoral fins truncated. Visual organs rudimentary. External
-respiratory aperture longitudinal, linear.”—<i>Flower.</i></p>
-
-<h5>1. PLATANISTA.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Platanista, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 221; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Vertebræ 51: cervical 7, all separate; dorsal 11; lumbar 8;
-caudal 25.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Platanista gangetica.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Platanista gangetica, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 223; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i>
-p 4.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. India, Ganges.</p>
-
-<h6>2. Platanista Indi.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Platanista Indi, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 224; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. India, Indus.</p>
-
-<p class="break">Division II. <i>Nostrils both united into a single central transverse or crescent-shaped
-blower on the back of the crown</i> (cf. <a href="#Page_57">p. 57</a>).</p>
-
-<h2>Suborder V. DELPHINOIDEA.</h2>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Delphinoidea, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Nostrils two, united into a single central transverse or crescentic
-blower on the back of the crown. Teeth in both jaws, permanent,
-or rarely deciduous by age. Pectoral fin lanceolate, ovate, or truncated.
-Head generally beaked. Dorsal fin falcate or wanting.
-Skull beaked; maxillary bone spread out over the orbit.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_63"></a>[63]</span></p>
-
-<p class="break">I. <i>Pectoral fin elongate, obliquely truncated on the inner side. Fingers elongate,
-longer than the arm-bones, unequal; the second and third much
-the longest; the rest short. Forearm-bones close together, only separated
-by a straight line. Carpal bones moderate, 5 or 7</i> (cf. <a href="#Page_85">p. 85</a>).</p>
-
-<p class="break">A. <i>Pectoral fin on the side of the body. Second and third fingers of six or
-eight phalanges</i> (cf. <a href="#Page_82">p. 82</a>).</p>
-
-<h3>Family 9. INIIDÆ.</h3>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Iniidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 62, 226; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p>
-
-<p>Platanistidæ (Iniinæ), <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vol. vi. p. 114.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Fluviatile. Head beaked; beak bristly. Teeth in the jaws, rugulose,
-crowns with an internal lobe; permanent. Pectoral fin
-large, elongate, subfalcate. Back keeled behind, without any dorsal
-fin. Skull—jaw compressed; symphysis of lower jaw elongate, extending
-for more than half its length. Overlooking the form of the
-blower, Mr. Flower places this genus with Platanistidæ.</p>
-
-<p>Vertebræ 41. C. 7. D. 13. L. 3. C. 18. The smallest number
-of any Cetacean known.</p>
-
-<p>“Costal cartilages not ossified. The tubercular and capitular articulations
-of the ribs blending together posteriorly. Cervical vertebræ
-all free. Pterygoid bones thin, not conforming in their mode
-of arrangement with either of the other sections. Jaws very long
-and narrow, both with numerous teeth having compressed fangs.
-Symphysis of mandible very long, exceeding half the length of the
-entire ramus. Orbit very small. Lachrymal bones not distinct
-from the jugal. Pectoral limbs large. Dorsal fin rudimentary.”—<i>Flower.</i></p>
-
-<p>“Maxillary crests absent, or very slightly developed. Many of
-the teeth with a complete cingulum or a distinct tubercle at the
-base of the crown. Pectoral fin ovate, obtusely pointed.”—<i>Flower.</i></p>
-
-<h5>1. INIA.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Inia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 226; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4; <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans.
-Zool. Soc.</i> vi. p. 87.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Cervical vertebræ free: the first with an inferior posterior process,
-bifid at the end; lateral processes very short: the second
-with a strong dorsal process. Dorsal vertebræ with very high dorsal
-processes. Scapula very high, with very long acromion and coracoid
-processes. The arm-bone short. Forearms thick and short,
-scarcely so long as the upper arm-bone. Metacarpal bones seven,
-imbedded in cartilage. The second and third fingers very long, with
-six phalanges; the first finger very short, of two phalanges; the
-fourth strong, short, about as long as the first two phalanges of the
-third finger, of four phalanges; the fifth finger very short, slender,
-of three phalanges. The breast-bone ovate, scutate, notched in
-front.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_64"></a>[64]</span></p>
-
-<h6>1. Inia Geoffroyii.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Inia Geoffroyii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 226, 393; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i>
-p. 4; <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. p. 87, t. 25, 26, 27 (skeleton).</p>
-
-<p>Delphinus amazonicus, <i>Spix</i>, <i>Reise in Brasil.</i> t. iii. pp. 1119 and 1113,
-fig. 34 (bad).</p>
-
-<p>Inia Geoffrensis, <i>D’Orbigny</i>, <i>in Ann. Mus. Paris</i>, vol. iii. p. 23; <i>Gervais</i>,
-<i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. xxxii.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Brazil, river Amazon.</p>
-
-<p>“The number of the teeth in the different specimens of <i>Inia</i> examined
-shows a considerable range of variation, presuming that they
-all belong to one species. In the one now described there are
-R. 26, L. 26 / R. 25, L. 27 = 104. The larger specimen in the British Museum,
-from Ega, has 28-28/26-27 = 109, and also two minute rudimentary teeth
-in the gum behind the last in the left maxilla. In the smaller skull
-from the same place there are 29-26/28-27 = 110. In the skull in the
-Paris Museum, brought by D’Orbigny, there are, according to Gervais,
-33-33/33-33 = 132; but in the type specimen in the same museum,
-taken from Lisbon, the number is given by De Bainville as
-26-26/26-26 = 104. In the Berlin skull the teeth are 34-32/33-32 = 131. Von
-Martius, in his diagnosis of the species, gives 28-28/29-29 = 114.”—<i>Flower.</i></p>
-
-<h3>Family 10. DELPHINIDÆ.</h3>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Delphinidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 228, 393; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4;
-<i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. p. 113.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Head beaked. Teeth in both jaws, conical or compressed, permanent,
-without any internal lobe, occupying nearly the whole
-length of the jaws. Back rounded, with a falcate dorsal fin; rarely
-absent. Skull with the maxilla expanded over the orbit, and more
-or less turned up on the edges.</p>
-
-<p>“Costal cartilages firmly ossified. Posterior ribs losing their capitular
-articulation, and only uniting with the transverse processes of
-the vertebræ by the tubercle. Anterior (2-6) cervical, in most, ankylosed
-together. Pterygoid bones short, thin, involuted to form,
-with a process of the palatine bone, the outer wall of the postpalatine
-air-sinus. Numerous teeth in both jaws (<i>Monodon</i> excepted),
-sometimes deciduous. Symphysis of mandible short or moderate,
-never exceeding one-third the length of the ramus. Bones of the
-skull not raised into a distinct crest behind the anterior nares.
-Orbit of moderate size. Lachrymal bones not distinct from the
-jugal. Pectoral limbs varying much in form and size. Dorsal fin
-usually present.”—<i>Flower.</i></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_65"></a>[65]</span></p>
-
-<h4>Tribe I. <i>STENONINA.</i></h4>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Stenonina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 5.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Head beaked, teeth conical. Beak of the skull elongate, slender,
-compressed. Nasal triangle short. Symphysis of the lower jaw
-elongate.</p>
-
-<h5>1. STENO.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Steno, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, pp. 230, 232, 393, 394; <i>Synops.
-Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 5.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Beak of the skull compressed, higher than broad. Symphysis of
-the lower jaw long. Marine and fluviatile. “Pectoral fin moderately
-long, triangular, obtusely pointed at the end. First digit short,
-without any bony phalange; the second with six, the third five,
-the fourth two, and the fifth one phalange. The carpal bones all
-separated by broad cartilages. Scapula oblique, truncated at the
-posterior angle. Acromion broad, and coracoid rather small.”—<i>Flower.</i></p>
-
-<p class="break">a. <i>Skull large, solid; the beak compressed, high.</i></p>
-
-<p class="break">* <i>Teeth large, conical, about two in an inch of the length of the margin
-of the jaw.</i></p>
-
-<h6>1. Steno frontatus.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Steno frontatus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 233. n. 3; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 5,
-t. 21. f. 7, 8.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Beak of the skull short; the front part thick, high, and blunt.
-Teeth 24·24, large, two in an inch.</p>
-
-<p>Inhab. Indian Ocean.</p>
-
-<h6>2. Steno compressus.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Steno compressus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 233. n. 4; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i>
-p. 5, t. 27.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Beak of the skull elongate, compressed, attenuated in front. Teeth
-26·26, large, two in an inch (Zool. E. & T. t. 27).</p>
-
-<p>Inhab. South Sea.</p>
-
-<p><i>Steno rostratus</i> appears to belong to this section.</p>
-
-<p class="break">** <i>Teeth three in an inch.</i></p>
-
-<h6>3. Steno chinensis.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Delphinus chinensis, <i>Osbeck’s China</i>; <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 266.</p>
-
-<p>Delphinus sinenis, <i>Desmarest</i>, <i>Mam.</i> p. 514; <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool.
-Soc.</i> vol. vii. p. 151, t. 17, 18 (skeleton).</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Vertebræ 51:—C. 7. D. 12. L. 10. C. 22.</p>
-
-<p>Inhab. China, Canton (<i>Osbeck</i>), Formosa (<i>Swinhoe</i>).</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_66"></a>[66]</span></p>
-
-<p class="break">b. <i>Skull small, rather spongy. Teeth small, slender, attenuated, about four
-or five in an inch of the length of the margin of the jaw.</i></p>
-
-<p class="break">* <i>Beak of the skull elongate, compressed, much attenuated and acute in
-front. Teeth four in an inch.</i></p>
-
-<h6>4. Steno capensis.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Steno capensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 394. n. 4**; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 5.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Cape of Good Hope.</p>
-
-<h6>5. Steno lentiginosus.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Steno lentiginosus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 394. n. 4**; <i>Synops. Whales &
-Dolph.</i> p. 5; <i>Owen</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. t. 5. f. 2, 3.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. India (<i>W. Elliot</i>). Skull, B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>1. Steno roseiventris, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 233. no. 2.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Moluccas. Skull not seen by me.</p>
-
-<p class="break">** <i>Beak of the skull short, compressed, much attenuated and acute in front.
-Teeth five in an inch. Flesh-coloured. Fluviatile.</i> Tucuxa.</p>
-
-<h6>6. Steno tucuxi.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Steno tucuxi, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 236, 394; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 5.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Brazil, river Amazons, 1500 miles from the sea (<i>Bates</i>).</p>
-
-<p>See also <i>S. (?) fluviatilis</i> and <i>S. (?) pallidus</i>, Gray, <i>l. c.</i> p. 237;
-same locality, if distinct.</p>
-
-<p class="break">*** <i>Beak of the skull elongate, rather depressed, broad, slightly compressed
-on the sides. Teeth small, five in an inch.</i> Stenella.</p>
-
-<h6>7. Steno attenuatus.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Steno attenuatus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 235, 395; <i>Syn. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 5.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. India.</p>
-
-<p>The beak of the skull flattened (Zool. E. & T. t. 28).</p>
-
-<p>This section is nearly intermediate between <i>Steno</i> and <i>Clymenia</i>.</p>
-
-<h6>8. Steno fuscus.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Steno fuscus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 5, t. 26. f. 1.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Only known from a fœtus in spirits.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>2. Steno? brevimanus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 236.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Banda, Singapore. Teeth 36/36.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>3. Steno? coronatus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 238.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Spitzbergen (<i>Fréminville</i>). Not seen since 1806, and no
-remains of it in any museum.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_67"></a>[67]</span></p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>4. Steno? rostratus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 238.</p>
-
-<p>Dauphin de Breda, <i>Cuvier</i>, <i>Oss. Foss.</i> vol v. p. 400.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p>
-
-<h5>2. SOTALIA.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Sotalia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 393, 401; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Dorsal fin distinct. Beak depressed, rather longer than the brain-cavity.
-Teeth slender, conical. Palate flat behind. Pectoral fin
-ovate, obliquely truncated at the end; hand shorter than the arm-bones.
-Carpal bones small. Scapula broad. Acromion broad.</p>
-
-<p>Vertebræ 55:—C. 7. D. 12. L. 14. C. 22.</p>
-
-<p>Scarcely distinct from <i>Steno</i>.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Sotalia guianensis.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Sotalia guianensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 401; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6.</p>
-
-<p>Tursio guianensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 257.</p>
-
-<p>Delphinus guianensis, <i>Van Beneden</i>, <i>Mém. Acad. Brux.</i> p. 27, t. 2
-(skeleton), tom. xvi. tab. 2. figs. 1 and 2.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. British Guiana.</p>
-
-<p>Teeth 28 or 29. Pectoral fin very broad: fingers five; the index
-the longest, the thumb and little finger the least developed. The
-caudal vertebræ very strong. The first two of the cervical vertebræ
-united, the five others separate. Sternum in three pieces.</p>
-
-<h4>Tribe II. DELPHININA.</h4>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Delphinina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 5.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Head beaked. Teeth conical. Beak of the skull elongate, longer
-than the brain-cavity, depressed, broad, shelving on the sides. Nasal
-triangle short. Symphysis of the lower jaw very short, sloping.
-Dorsal fin subcentral, rarely wanting.</p>
-
-<p class="break">a. <i>Beak elongate. Palate with a deep groove on each side behind.</i></p>
-
-<h5>3. DELPHINUS.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Delphinus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 230, 239, 393; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i>
-p. 5.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Beak elongate. Dorsal fin distinct. Teeth small, slender, five or
-six in an inch. Fingers elongate, unequal; the second much the
-longest, 8- or 9-jointed; third elongate, about three-fourths the
-length; the rest short.</p>
-
-<p>Fœtus and tongue figured, t. 26. f. 2 of Synops. Whales and
-Dolph.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_68"></a>[68]</span></p>
-
-<p class="break">* <i>Beak of skull twice as long as the brain-case. Teeth 55/55 or 56/56.</i></p>
-
-<h6>1. Delphinus longirostris.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Delphinus longirostris, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 241. no. 2; <i>Synops. Whales &
-Dolph.</i> p. 5.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Southern Ocean; Cape of Good Hope; Japan; Malabar.</p>
-
-<p class="break">** <i>Beak of skull once and a half the length of the brain-case.
-Teeth 45/45 to 50/50.</i></p>
-
-<h6>2. Delphinus delphis.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Delphinus delphis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 242 (n. 3), 396; <i>Synops. Whales &
-Dolph.</i> p. 5; <i>Reinhardt</i>, <i>Vidensk. Meddel.</i> 1866, t. 1.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Black, sides grey, beneath white.</p>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Sea; North Atlantic; Mediterranean.</p>
-
-<p>Vertebræ 75:—C. 7. D. 13. L. 24. C. 31.</p>
-
-<h6>3. Delphinus Moorei.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Delphinus Moorei, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 396, fig. 99; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i>
-p. 5.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. South Atlantic.</p>
-
-<h6>4. Delphinus major.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Delphinus major, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 396; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 5.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. ⸺?</p>
-
-<h6>5. Delphinus Walkeri.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Delphinus Walkeri, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 397, fig. 100; <i>Synops. Whales &
-Dolph.</i> p. 5.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. South Atlantic.</p>
-
-<p>Burmeister (‘Anales Mus. Buenos Ayres,’ i. p. 306) erroneously
-considers it a synonym of <i>D. microps</i>, which is a <i>Clymenia</i>.</p>
-
-<h6>6. Delphinus Janira.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Delphinus Janira, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 245, 398; <i>Zool. Ereb. & Terror</i>, t. 23;
-<i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 5, t. 23.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Newfoundland.</p>
-
-<h6>7. Delphinus fulvifasciatus.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Delphinus fulvifasciatus, <i>Pucheran</i>, <i>Voy. Dumont d’Urville, Mamm.</i>
-t. 21. f. 1, t. 23. f. 1, 2 (skull); <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 252.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Van Diemen’s Land.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_69"></a>[69]</span></p>
-
-<h6>8. Delphinus obliquidens.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Delphinus obliquidens, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad.</i> 1869, p. 12.</p>
-
-<p>Lagenorhynchus obliquidens, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad.</i> 1865,
-p. 177.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Pacific. Bottle-nose.</p>
-
-<h6>9. Delphinus pomeegra.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Delphinus pomeegra, <i>Owen</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. t. 6. f. 3, t. 8; <i>Gray</i>,
-<i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 5.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. India (<i>W. Elliot</i>) Skull, Brit. Mus.</p>
-
-<h6>10. Delphinus Forsteri.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Delphinus Forsteri, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6, t. 24 (copied
-from <i>Forster’s drawing</i>).</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Skull not known.</p>
-
-<p class="break">b. <i>Beak elongate. Palate flat behind, without any lateral groove.</i></p>
-
-<h5>4. CLYMENIA.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Clymene, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 249; <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1864, p. 237,
-1866, p. 214.</p>
-
-<p>Clymenia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Beak of skull elongate, depressed. Teeth small, slender. Nasal
-triangle moderate. Dorsal fin distinct. Pectoral fin falcate; hand
-larger than the forearm-bones. Skull elongate, slender; brain-case
-spherical; beak slender, elongate, longer than the brain-case; intermaxillaries
-convex. Teeth small, slender, five or six in an inch.
-The symphysis of the lower jaw short. The blowers are moderate.</p>
-
-<p class="break">* <i>Beak of the skull twice as long as the brain-case. Teeth five in an inch.</i>
-Micropia.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Clymenia stenorhyncha.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Clymene stenorhyncha, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 214.</p>
-
-<p>Clymenia stenorhyncha, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6.</p>
-
-<p>Delphinus stenorhynchus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 396. n. 1*.</p>
-
-<p>Delphinus microps, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 240.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class="break">** <i>Beak of the skull once and three-quarters the length of the brain-cavity.
-Teeth six in an inch.</i> Euphrosyne.</p>
-
-<h6>2. Clymenia microps.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Clymene microps, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 214.</p>
-
-<p>Clymenia microps, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6.</p>
-
-<p>Delphinus microps, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> pp. 240, 395; <i>Zool. Ereb. &
-Ter.</i> t. 25.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Coast of Brazil.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_70"></a>[70]</span></p>
-
-<h6>3. Clymenia Alope.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Clymene Alope, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 214.</p>
-
-<p>Clymenia Alope, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6, t. 32.</p>
-
-<p>Delphinus Alope, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> pp. 252, 399.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Cape Horn.</p>
-
-<h6>4. Clymenia Styx.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Delphinus Styx, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 250.</p>
-
-<p>Clymenia Styx, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6, t. 21.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. West Africa, North Pacific.</p>
-
-<h6>5. Clymenia Euphrosyne.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Clymene Euphrosyne, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 214.</p>
-
-<p>Clymenia Euphrosyne, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6, t. 22 &
-t. 31.</p>
-
-<p>Delphinus Euphrosyne, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 251; <i>Zool. Ereb. & Ter.</i> t. 22.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p>
-
-<p class="break">*** <i>Beak of the skull once and a half the length of the brain-case. Teeth
-large, four in an inch.</i> Gadamu.</p>
-
-<h6>6. Clymenia gadamu.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Clymenia gadamu, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6.</p>
-
-<p>Delphinus gadamu, <i>Owen</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. t. 3 (animal), & t. 4
-(skull).</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. India (<i>W. Elliot</i>). Two skulls, Brit. Mus.</p>
-
-<p class="break">**** <i>Beak of the skull once and a half or once and one-third the length of
-the brain-case. Teeth five or six in an inch.</i> Clymenia.</p>
-
-<h6>7. Clymenia normalis.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Clymene normalis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 214.</p>
-
-<p>Clymenia normalis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6.</p>
-
-<p>Delphinus Clymene, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 249.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Beak of the skull once and a half the length of the brain-case,
-and as long as twice and one-half the width at the notch. Teeth 40,
-nearly six in an inch.</p>
-
-<p class="break">***** <i>Beak of the skull once and one-half the length of the brain-case, and
-as long as twice and a half the width at the notch. Teeth five in an inch.</i></p>
-
-<h6>8. Clymenia Doris.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Tursio Doris, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 255; <i>Zool. Ereb. & Ter.</i> t. 20.</p>
-
-<p>Clymenia Doris, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6, t. 20.</p>
-
-<p>Clymene Doris, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 214.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_71"></a>[71]</span></p>
-
-<h6>9. Clymenia euphrosynoides.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Clymenia euphrosynoides, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6.</p>
-
-<p>Delphinus Euphrosyne, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> t. 31 (skull); <i>Owen</i>, <i>Trans. Zool.
-Soc.</i> vi. t. 8. f. 5.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class="break">****** <i>Beak of the skull once and one-third the length of the brain-case,
-and as long as twice and one-third the width at the notch. Teeth five
-in an inch.</i></p>
-
-<h6>10. Clymenia dorides.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Tursio dorides, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. &. W.</i> p. 400.</p>
-
-<p>Clymene dorides, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 215.</p>
-
-<p>Clymenia dorides, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. ⸺?</p>
-
-<p class="break">******* <i>Beak of the skull once and one-sixth the length of the brain-case,
-and as long as twice and one-half the width at the notch. Teeth five or
-six in an inch. The aperture of the blower large.</i></p>
-
-<h6>11. Clymenia obscura. (Fig. 3.)</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Tursio obscurus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> pp. 264, 400; <i>Zool. E. & T.</i> t. 16.</p>
-
-<p>Clymene obscura, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 215, 1868, p. 147, fig. 1.</p>
-
-<p>Clymenia obscura, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6, t. 16 (skull).</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. South Pacific.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp93" id="figure03-04" style="max-width: 31.25em;">
- <img class="w100" src="images/figure03-04.jpg" alt="">
- <p class="caption">Pterygoid bones and hinder nasal opening of skull.</p>
- <p class="caption">Fig. 3. <i>Clymenia obscura.</i> Fig. 4. <i>Clymenia similis.</i></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_72"></a>[72]</span></p>
-
-<h6>12. Clymenia similis. (Fig. 4.)</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Clymene similis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1868, p. 147, fig. 2.</p>
-
-<p>Clymenia similis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Skull like <i>C. obscura</i>, but palate contracted behind; side of pterygoid
-bone keeled.</p>
-
-<p>Inhab. Cape of Good Hope.</p>
-
-<p class="break">******** ⸺?</p>
-
-<h6>13. Clymenia crotaphiscus.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Clymenia crotaphiscus, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad.</i> 1865, p. 13.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Supraoccipital rounded in profile; diameter of temporal fossa
-shorter than the preorbital process; beak very flat, two and a half
-times the breadth at notch; a keel in front of the nasal meatus.</p>
-
-<p>Inhab. Unknown.</p>
-
-<h6>14. Clymenia esthenops.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Clymenia esthenops, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad.</i> 1865, p. 12.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Outline from foramen to crest curved; cranium rounded; temporal
-fossa much longer than the postorbital process; width of the
-muzzle at notch two and a half times or less in the length.</p>
-
-<p>Inhab. Unknown.</p>
-
-<p><i>Var.</i> Width of muzzle at notch nearly three times in the length;
-triangle long.</p>
-
-<p>Inhab. Unknown.</p>
-
-<h5>5. DELPHINAPTERUS.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Delphinapterus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat, Seals & Whales,</i> p, 276; <i>Synops. Whales
-& Dolph.</i> p. 6.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Beak of skull elongate, depressed. Teeth small, slender. Dorsal
-fin none. Bladebone very broad, nearly semicircular.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Delphinapterus Peronii.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Delphinapterus Peronii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 276; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i>
-p. 6, t. 15 (animal).</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. South Atlantic, New Guinea.</p>
-
-<p class="break">c. <i>Beak short, thick. Palate flat behind, without any lateral groove.</i></p>
-
-<h5>6. TURSIO.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Tursio, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 254, 400; <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 215; <i>Synops.
-Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p><i>Beak of the skull only rather longer than the brain-case, conical,
-convex above, rounded. Teeth large. Skull high. The skull large,
-thick, heavy, with a high swollen brain-cavity.</i> The beak rather
-longer than the brain-case, broad, conical, stout, shelving on the
-sides. Teeth large, 22/22 or 22/25. The blower large. Nasal triangle
-produced considerably before the notch.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_73"></a>[73]</span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure05-06" style="max-width: 50em;">
- <img class="w100" src="images/figure05-06.jpg" alt="">
- <p class="caption">Fig. 5. Skull of <i>Tursio truncatus</i> (♂), adult.</p>
- <p class="caption">Fig. 6. Under surface of the upper jaw, showing the worn surface.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_74"></a>[74]</span></p>
-
-<p>Vertebræ 62:—C. 7. D. 13. L. 17. C. 25.</p>
-
-<p>Second finger very long; third shorter. Breast-bone formed of
-three pieces, linear, dilated in front.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Tursio truncatus. (Figs. 5 & 6.)</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Tursio truncatus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 258, 400. no. 6; <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 215,
-1868, p. 561, figs. 1, 2; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6, (D. tursio)
-t. 10. f. 1.</p>
-
-<p>Tursiops tursio, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> tab. 34. figs. 3-9.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Sea and Mediterranean. Coast of France and Cette
-(<i>Gervais</i>).</p>
-
-<h6>2. Tursio erebennus.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Delphinus erebennus, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad.</i></p>
-
-<p>Delphinus tursio, <i>Cope</i>, <i>l. c.</i> 1865, p. 199.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Teeth. 23/22; premaxillaries forming an elevated rounded ridge.</p>
-
-<p>Inhab. Philadelphia.</p>
-
-<h6>3. Tursio Metis.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Tursio Metis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 256. no. 3; <i>Zool. Ereb. & Ter.</i> t. 18;
-<i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 215, 1868, p. 362; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7,
-t. 18.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. West Africa.</p>
-
-<h6>4. Tursio Cymodoce.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Tursio Cymodoce, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 257. no. 4; <i>Zool. Ereb. & Ter.</i> t. 19;
-<i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 215; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7, t. 19.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. River Uragua. Mus. Buenos Ayres.</p>
-
-<h6>5. Tursio abusalam.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Tursio abusalam, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 261. no. 7.</p>
-
-<p>Tursiops aduncus, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 34. figs. 1 & 2.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Cape of Good Hope (<i>Gervais</i>); Red Sea (<i>Ehrenberg</i>).</p>
-
-<p>Rather larger than <i>Tursiops tursio</i>. Teeth acute.</p>
-
-<h6>6. Tursio Eurynome.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Tursio Eurynome, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 261. no. 8; <i>Zool. Ereb. & Ter.</i> t. 17;
-<i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 215; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7, t. 17.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. South Sea; India?, Bay of Bengal.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_75"></a>[75]</span></p>
-
-<h6>7. Tursio catalania.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Tursio catalania, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 262. no. 10; <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 215;
-<i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North-west coast of Australia.</p>
-
-<p>These skulls are all very much alike.</p>
-
-<h5>7. EUTROPIA.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Eutropia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 262; <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 215; <i>Synops. Whales
-& Dolph.</i> p. 7.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Beak of the skull only rather longer than the brain-case. Skull
-depressed, thick, with the sides rather bent down behind the notch.
-The beak depressed, broad, rounded on the sides, rather longer than
-the length of the brain-case; the intermaxillaries flat, rather broad.
-Teeth small, slender, five or six in an inch.</p>
-
-<p>The skull bears a considerable affinity to the skulls of <i>Phocæna</i>,
-<i>Neomeris</i>, <i>Beluga</i>, and <i>Monodon</i> in the bending down of the sides.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Eutropia Dickiei.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Eutropia Dickiei, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 215; <i>Synops. Whales &
-Dolph.</i> p. 7, t. 34.</p>
-
-<p>Tursio Eutropia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1862, p. 145; <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 262,
-no. 9.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. South Pacific Ocean, Chili.</p>
-
-<h6>2. Eutropia Heavisidii.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Eutropia Heavisidii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 215; <i>Synops. Whales
-& Dolph.</i> p. 7.</p>
-
-<p>Tursio Heavisidii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 263.</p>
-
-<p>Cephalorhynchus Heavisidii, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ost. Cét.</i> tab. 36. fig. 1 (skull).</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Cape seas.</p>
-
-<p>Vertebræ 65:—C. 7. D. 13. L. 15. C. 30.</p>
-
-<p>The <i>D. cephalorhynchus</i> of F. Cuvier, judging from the figure of
-the skull given by Schlegel, appears also to belong to this genus.</p>
-
-<p>See <i>Stigmatias</i> (<i>Amblyodon</i>), Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
-1866, p. 294.</p>
-
-<h4>Tribe III. LAGENORHYNCHINA.</h4>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Lagenorhynchus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 267; <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i>
-tab. 36.</p>
-
-<p>Lagenorhynchina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Head attenuated, beaked. Teeth conical. Beak of the skull as long
-as the length of the brain-case, broad, flat above, edges slightly
-reflexed and bent up in front of the notch. Nasal triangle elongate.
-Symphysis of the lower jaw short.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_76"></a>[76]</span></p>
-
-<h5>8. ELECTRA.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Electra, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 268; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>The beak of the skull very flat above, with the edges in front of
-the notches bent up. Teeth-line stopping considerably short of
-the notch.</p>
-
-<p class="break">* <i>Beak of the skull rather longer (about one-third) than the length of the
-brain-case. Teeth moderate, four in an inch, those of the lower jaw
-rather larger.</i></p>
-
-<h6>1. Electra obtusa.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Lagenorhynchus Electra, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 268; <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 216;
-<i>Zool. E. & T.</i> t. 13.</p>
-
-<p>Electra obtusa, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synopsis of Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7, t. 13 (skull).</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Beak tapering, rounded in front.</p>
-
-<p>Inhab. ⸺?</p>
-
-<h6>2. Electra Asia.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Lagenorhynchus Asia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 269. no. 3; <i>Zool. E. & T.</i> t. 14;
-<i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> tab. 36. fig. 6.</p>
-
-<p>Electra Asia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7, t. 14 (skull).</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Beak attenuated, acute in front.</p>
-
-<p>Inhab. ⸺?</p>
-
-<h6>3. Electra fusiformis.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Electra fusiformis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7.</p>
-
-<p>Delphinus fusiformis, <i>Owen</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. t. 5. f. 1, t. 7
-(skull).</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Beak broad, and rounded in front.</p>
-
-<p>Inhab. India (<i>W. Elliot</i>). B.M.</p>
-
-<h6>4. Electra acuta.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Electra acuta, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7.</p>
-
-<p>Lagenorhynchus acutus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 270. no. 4.</p>
-
-<p>Delphinus Eschrichti, <i>Poelman</i>, <i>Ac. Roy. Belgique</i>, 1864, vol. xvii.
-t. 1.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p>
-
-<p>According to Schlegel’s figure of the skull, it should be arranged
-in this section.</p>
-
-<h6>5. Electra breviceps.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Lagenorhynchus breviceps, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> tab. 36. fig. 3.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. ⸺?</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_77"></a>[77]</span></p>
-
-<p class="break">** <i>Beak of the skull rather shorter than the length of the brain-cavity.
-Teeth small, five or six in an inch.</i></p>
-
-<h6>6. Electra clancula.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Electra clancula, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7, t. 35.</p>
-
-<p>Lagenorhynchus clanculus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 271. no. 5; <i>Hector</i>,
-<i>Trans. New-Zealand Instit.</i> 1870, p. 27.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Beak of the skull broad behind, once and three-fourths the
-width of the notch in length. Teeth five in an inch.</p>
-
-<p>Inhab. South Pacific Ocean.</p>
-
-<p>In the Museum of Wellington, New Zealand, a complete skeleton.</p>
-
-<table>
- <tr>
- <th></th>
- <th class="tdr">ft.</th>
- <th class="tdr">in.</th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Total length</td>
- <td class="tdr">5</td>
- <td class="tdr">1·0</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Cervical vertebræ seven, anchylosed</td>
- <td class="tdr">0</td>
- <td class="tdr">1·3</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Dorsals fourteen</td>
- <td class="tdr">0</td>
- <td class="tdr">11·5</td>
- </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>Lumbar and caudal forty-eight, thirty-four of which have processes,
-and may be considered lumbars.</p>
-
-<table>
- <tr>
- <th></th>
- <th class="tdr">in.</th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Skull:—</td>
- <td></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Length, total</td>
- <td class="tdr">14·0</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Length of beak</td>
- <td class="tdr">7·5</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Width at notch</td>
- <td class="tdr">3·5</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Width at orbits</td>
- <td class="tdr">6·0</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Width of intermaxillary at blow-hole</td>
- <td class="tdr">2·7</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Width at middle of beak</td>
- <td class="tdr">2·5</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Height of occiput</td>
- <td class="tdr">5·7</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Length of flappers</td>
- <td class="tdr">12·0</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Scapula, transverse diameter</td>
- <td class="tdr">4·5</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Scapula, longitudinal diameter</td>
- <td class="tdr">6·5</td>
- </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>This specimen was harpooned outside Wellington Harbour, and
-appears to be the common Dolphin of the coast.</p>
-
-<p>Lower jaws of two others.</p>
-
-<h6>7. Electra crucigera.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Lagenorhynchus cruciger, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> tab. 36. fig. 3.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<h6>8. Electra thicolea.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Electra thicolea, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7, t. 36.</p>
-
-<p>Lagenorhynchus thicolea, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 271. no. 7.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Beak of the skull narrow behind, twice as long as the width at
-the notch. Teeth small, six in an inch.</p>
-
-<p>Inhab. West coast of North America.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_78"></a>[78]</span></p>
-
-<h5>9. FERESA.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Orca (Feresa), <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1870, p. 77.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>The beak of the skull from the notch rather shorter than from
-the notch to the condyle, depressed, flat above, gradually tapering
-in front; the width at the notch two-thirds of the entire length of
-the beak. Lower jaw slender, narrow and thin in front, teeth not
-reaching the notch.</p>
-
-<p>This reexamination has convinced me, and also, I believe, Mr.
-Flower, that the skull described under the name of <i>Orca intermedia</i>
-belongs to a very small species, and is not “the skull of a very
-young individual, probably of one of the large species,” as Mr.
-Flower supposed, apparently from the examination of the figure
-(see Flower, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 425). Indeed, when the animal
-is known, I should not be at all astonished if it should prove to be
-a species of <i>Electra</i> rather than of <i>Orca</i>, or perhaps a new genus.</p>
-
-<p>This skull has many resemblances to those of some of the species
-of <i>Electra</i>; the teeth are much smaller than those of <i>Orca</i>.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Feresa intermedia.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Orca intermedia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 283; <i>Zool. Erebus
-and Terror</i>, p. 34, tab. 8 (skull); <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1870, p. 77.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. ⸺?</p>
-
-<p>This is the skull of a full-grown animal, and yet it is not so
-large as the skull of a newly born specimen of <i>Orca</i>. Mr. Flower,
-judging from the figure, believed it to be the skull of a very young
-animal; but on examining the skull along with me he became
-satisfied, from the solidity and definite form of the bones, that it is
-the skull of a full-grown though not aged specimen.</p>
-
-<h5>10. LEUCOPLEURUS.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Leucopleurus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 216; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i>
-p. 7.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Beak of the skull rather flat above and elongate, bent up on the
-edge in front of the notch, narrow behind, as long as, or slightly
-longer than, the length of the brain-case. Teeth-line reaching
-nearly to the notch. Teeth small, five in an inch. First and second
-cervical vertebræ united by their bodies, third and fourth by the
-spinous processes.</p>
-
-<p>Vertebræ 81:—C. 7. D. 15. L. and C. 59.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Leucopleurus arcticus.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Leucopleurus arcticus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7, t. 6.
-f. 3-5 (fœtus), t. 12 (skull), t. 26. f. 3 (tongue).</p>
-
-<p>Lagenorhynchus leucopleurus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 273. no. 9;
-<i>Gervais, Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 36. fig. 4.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_79"></a>[79]</span></p>
-
-<p>Beak of the skull twice as long as the width at the notch. Teeth
-small, five in an inch.</p>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p>
-
-<h5>11. LAGENORHYNCHUS.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Lagenorhynchus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 216; <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 272;
-<i>Synops. Whales &. Dolph.</i> p. 7.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Beak of the skull rather flat above, bent up on the edges in front
-of the notch, deep, broad behind, rather shorter than the length of
-brain-case. Teeth-line reaching nearly to the notch, large, three
-in an inch. First and second cervical vertebræ united by their
-bodies; the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh free.</p>
-
-<p>Vertebræ 88:—C. 7. D. 14. L. and C. 67.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Lagenorhynchus albirostris.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Lagenorhynchus albirostris, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 272. no. 8; <i>Synops.
-Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8, t. 10. f. 2, t. 11 (skull); <i>Gervais, Ostéogr.
-Cét.</i> tab. 36. fig. 5.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>The beak of the skull once and one-half as long as the width at
-the notch.</p>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Sea, Yarmouth.</p>
-
-<h4>Tribe IV. <i>PSEUDORCAINA.</i></h4>
-
-<p>Head rounded in front, very convex, not beaked. Teeth conical.
-Beak of the skull depressed, broad, scarcely so long as the brain-cavity.</p>
-
-<h5>12. PSEUDORCA.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Pseudorca, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Head rounded, convex; body moderate; dorsal fin moderate, in
-the centre of the back; arm-bones very short and thick, the humerus
-rather the shortest.</p>
-
-<p>Triangle in front of the blowers flat. Teeth large, conical, acute,
-permanent. Pectoral fin falcate. Arm-bone short, broad. Metacarpal
-bones five, close together. Fingers very unequal, second and
-third much longer than the rest, six- or seven-jointed; first finger
-very short, two-jointed; third finger short, four-jointed, rather
-longer than the first two joints of the third finger. Tooth-line of
-the upper jaw nearly to the notch; of the lower jaw rather shorter.
-Lower jaw strong. Symphysis short, about as long as the space
-occupied by the first four teeth. Teeth large, conical, simple.</p>
-
-<p>Vertebræ 50:—C. 7. D. 10. L. 9. C. 24.</p>
-
-<p>The first to the sixth cervical vertebræ united by their bodies<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_80"></a>[80]</span>
-and dorsal processes. Bladebone broad, with large coracoid and
-acromion processes, which are much nearer together than usual.</p>
-
-<p class="break">* <i>Beak blunt, truncated in front.</i> Pseudorca.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Pseudorca crassidens.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Pseudorca crassidens, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 290. no. 1; <i>Synops.
-Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8; <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 50. f. 7-17.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Beak about two-thirds the length of the brain-cavity, broad,
-rather tapering on the sides, truncated in front; teeth 8.</p>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p>
-
-<p class="break">** <i>Beak narrow, tapering, and rounded in front.</i> Neoorca.</p>
-
-<h6>2. Pseudorca meridionalis.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Pseudorca meridionalis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 291. no. 2, figs. 58, 59; <i>Synops.
-Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8; <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 50.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Beak as long as the brain-cavity, tapering on the side, and
-rounded in front. Teeth 8.</p>
-
-<p>Inhab. Van Diemen’s Land.</p>
-
-<h5>13. ORCAELLA.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Orcaella, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 285; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Head blunt, rounded, very convex. Body moderate. Dorsal fin
-moderate, more or less behind the middle of the back; the pectoral
-fin broad. Skull:—brain-case subglobular; beak very short, two-thirds
-the length of the brain-case, tapering, flat above. Intermaxillary
-half as wide as beak. Teeth small, conical, 12·12 / 12·12 or 14·14 / 14·14.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Orcaella brevirostris.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Orcaella brevirostris, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 285; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i>
-p. 7; <i>Anderson’s Icon. ined.</i> (animal and skull).</p>
-
-<p>Phocæna brevirostris, <i>Owen</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. t. 9.</p>
-
-<p>Globiocephalus indicus (part.), <i>Blyth</i>.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Black; body stout; dorsal fin subcentral.</p>
-
-<p>Inhab. Estuaries of the Ganges (<i>Dr. Anderson</i>); Madras (<i>Elliot</i>).</p>
-
-<h6>2. Orcaella fluminalis.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Orcaella fluminalis, <i>Anderson’s MS. & Icon. ined.</i></p>
-
-<p>Dolphin of the Irawady, <i>Anderson</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1870, pp. 220, 544.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>“Body slender, dirty white; dorsal fin more posterior.”</p>
-
-<p>Inhab. River Irawady, deep channels, from 300 to 1000 miles
-from the sea (<i>Dr. Anderson</i>).</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_81"></a>[81]</span></p>
-
-<h4>Tribe V. PHOCÆNINA.</h4>
-
-<p>Lateral wings of the maxilla shelving down over the orbit. Triangle
-in front of the blower convex. Teeth compressed.</p>
-
-<h5>14. PHOCÆNA.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Phocæna, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 301; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Dorsal fin distinct, in the middle of the back, with a series of small
-spines on the upper part of its front edge. Teeth all compressed,
-truncate.</p>
-
-<p>Vertebræ 64 to 66:—C. 7. D. 13. L. and C. 44 to 46.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Phocæna communis.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Phocæna communis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 302; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8.</p>
-
-<p>Var.? Phocæna tuberculifera, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 304.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>1. Phocæna brachycium, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. N. Sc. Phil.</i> 1865, p. 6; 1869,
-p. 28.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Harbour of Salem.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>2. Phocæna vomerina, <i>Gill</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. N. S. Philad.</i> 1865; <i>Cope</i>,
-<i>Proc. Acad. N. S. Philad.</i> 1869, p. 13.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Pacific. The Bay Porpoise.</p>
-
-<h5>15. ACANTHODELPHIS.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Acanthodelphis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> 304; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Dorsal fin distinct, rather behind the middle of the back. Back,
-in front of the dorsal fin, with a single, and the upper part of the
-front edge of the dorsal fin with three series of oblong keeled
-tubercles. Teeth compressed, front one rather conical.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Acanthodelphis spinipinnis.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Acanthodelphis spinipinnis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 304; <i>Synops. Whales &
-Dolph.</i> p. 8.</p>
-
-<p>Phocæna spinipinnis, <i>Burmeister</i>, <i>Anales Mus. Buenos Ayres</i>, vol. i.
-t. 23 (animal), 24 (skull).</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Coast of Brazil.</p>
-
-<h5>16. NEOMERIS.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Neomeris, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 306; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Dorsal fin none. Head rounded. Teeth compressed, slightly
-notched in the middle of the crown. Pectoral fin ovate-falcate.
-The blade bone triangular, with a large coracoid and acromion
-process. The forearm-bones close together, linear. Metacarpal bones
-five, large. The hand rather large; the second and third fingers<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_82"></a>[82]</span>
-elongate, nearly equal, as long as the arm-bones, the fourth finger
-shorter, the first shorter, and the fifth very short.</p>
-
-<p>Vertebræ 63:—C. 7. D. 13. L. and C. 43.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Neomeris phocænoides.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Neomeris phocænoides, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 306; <i>Synops, Whales & Dolph.</i>
-p. 8.</p>
-
-<p>“Delphinapterus molagan,” <i>Owen</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. p. 24, a name
-given to a manuscript note of Mr. Elliot’s!</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Indian Ocean; Bengal; Cape of Good Hope; Japan.</p>
-
-<p>Schlegel (Fauna Japonica, Mammalia, tab. v.) gives a detailed
-figure of the skull, the dorsal vertebræ, the chest-bone, and the fore
-limb of this animal.</p>
-
-<p class="break">B. <i>Pectoral fin low down on the side of the body. The second and third
-fingers very long, of nine or twelve phalanges</i> (cf. <a href="#Page_63">p. 63</a>).</p>
-
-<h3>Family 11. GRAMPIDÆ.</h3>
-
-<p>Head rounded; forehead rather convex. Teeth conical; of upper
-jaw early deciduous, of lower jaw only in the front over the short
-symphysis. Dorsal fin low, rather behind the middle of the back.
-Pectoral fins ovate, elongate. Skull depressed, with the lateral
-expansions horizontal, rather thickened and bent up over the orbit
-and slightly dilated and bent down over the notch. Intermaxillaries
-dilated, swollen in front of the blower. Atlas free; rest of cervical
-vertebræ and dorsal processes united. The arm-bones short. Two
-middle fingers elongated, subequal, of eight or nine phalanges; the
-other fingers very short, of two or three phalanges. The breast-bone
-single, broad in front.</p>
-
-<h5>1. GRAMPUS.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Grampus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 230, 295, 393; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 9.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class="break">† <i>Triangle in front of the blowers elongate, produced in front over the
-vomer. Bladebone triangular, the height about two-thirds the
-width. Beak of skull narrow, more contracted for two-thirds of its
-length.</i></p>
-
-<h6>1. Grampus Rissoanus.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Grampus Rissoanus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 298; <i>Gervais</i>,
-<i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 54. figs. 1-6; <i>Murie</i>, <i>Journ. Anat. & Physiol.</i> 1870,
-v. p. 129, t. 5 (good).</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Beak of skull rather broad or gradually tapering towards the
-front; intermaxillaries rather broad; bladebone triangular, the
-height three-fourths the width.</p>
-
-<p>Inhab. Nice.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_83"></a>[83]</span></p>
-
-<h6>2. Grampus Cuvieri.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Grampus Cuvieri, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 295, fig. 60; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i>
-p. 9.</p>
-
-<p>Grampus griseus, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 54. figs. 1-6.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Sea, Hampshire.</p>
-
-<p class="break">†† <i>Triangle in front of the blowers short, broad.</i></p>
-
-<h6>3. Grampus Richardsonii.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Grampus Richardsonii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 299; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i>
-p. 9.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Cape of Good Hope.</p>
-
-<h3>Family 12. GLOBIOCEPHALIDÆ.</h3>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Globiocephalidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 62, 313; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Head blunt, very much swollen. Teeth in the front part of both
-jaws, cylindrical, simple; symphysis very short, shorter than the
-tooth-line. Dorsal fin falcate. Pectoral fin low down on the sides
-of the body; fingers elongate, many-jointed. Atlas and the rest of
-cervical vertebræ united, or the hinder one free. Scapula triangular,
-with large coracoid and acromion processes. Arm-bones very short.
-Metacarpal bones in cartilage. The two middle fingers very long,
-of twelve to ten joints; the rest of the fingers short, of three or
-four phalanges; index finger short, slender, four-jointed; ring-finger
-shorter, three-jointed; little finger very short, of one phalange.
-Breast-bone of three separate pierced pieces; the hinder
-one narrow.</p>
-
-<h5>1. GLOBIOCEPHALUS.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Globiocephalus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 313; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Skull:—palate flat; beak rather tapering in front. First to sixth
-cervical vertebræ anchylosed into one mass, seventh free.</p>
-
-<p>Vertebræ 58 or 59:—C. 7. D. 11. L. and C. 40 or 41.</p>
-
-<p class="break">* <i>Black, with a white streak beneath.</i></p>
-
-<h6>1. Globiocephalus svineval.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Globiocephalus svineval, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> 314; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i>
-p. 8.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Sea, coast of England. The Pilot Whale.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>1. Globiocephalus melas, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 51.</p>
-
-<p>Delphinus globiceps, <i>Risso</i>, <i>Europe Mérid.</i> vol. iii. f. 1.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Mediterranean.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_84"></a>[84]</span></p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>2. Globiocephalus affinis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 317.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>3. Globiocephalus intermedius, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 318.</p>
-
-<p>Globiocephalus, n. sp., <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. N. Sc. Phil.</i> 1865, p. 7.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Delaware Bay. Teeth six above.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>4. Globiocephalus Edwardsii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 320.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. South Sea. Cape of Good Hope.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>5. Globiocephalus guadaloupensis.</p>
-
-<p>Globiocephalus intermedius, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. (skull).</p>
-
-<p>Globiocephalus intermedius (part.), <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 319.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Guadaloupe. Mus. Paris.</p>
-
-<h6>2. Globiocephalus Grayi.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Globiocephalus Grayi, <i>Burmeister</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1868, i. p. 52,
-t. 2. f. 2, 3; <i>Anales Mus. Buenos Ayres</i>; <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales &
-Dolph.</i> p. 9.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Buenos Ayres.</p>
-
-<p class="break">** <i>Black, or only slightly paler beneath.</i></p>
-
-<h6>3. Globiocephalus macrorhynchus.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Globiocephalus macrorhynchus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 320; <i>Synops. Whales &
-Dolph.</i> p. 9; <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 52. f. 4; <i>Hector</i>, <i>Trans. New-Zealand
-Instit.</i> 1870, p. 38.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. South Sea. New Zealand (<i>Gervais</i>).</p>
-
-<p>“Two skulls in the Colonial Museum, Wellington, New Zealand,
-one in longitudinal section; one lower jaw; six cervical, four lumbar,
-thirteen caudal vertebræ; two scapulæ; two hyoids. Both
-skulls are of the same dimensions:—</p>
-
-<table>
- <tr>
- <th></th>
- <th>inches.</th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>“Length</td>
- <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">26</span></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Length of nose</td>
- <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">15</span></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Length of tooth-series</td>
- <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">8</span></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Length of lower jaw</td>
- <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">15</span></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td colspan="2">(This is of a different individual.)</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Width at notch</td>
- <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">11</span></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Width at orbit</td>
- <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">17</span></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Width of intermaxillary at blow-hole</td>
- <td class="tdr">7·5</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Width at middle of nose</td>
- <td class="tdr">9·5</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Height of occiput</td>
- <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">14</span></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Scapula, transverse diameter</td>
- <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">15</span></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Scapula, longitudinal diameter</td>
- <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">12</span></td>
- </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>“Hyoid arch 11 inches wide by 7 inches high.</p>
-
-<p>“Sternum 10 × 7 inches—with three sternal ribs, each 7 inches
-long.</p>
-
-<p>“The first rib is 10 inches from head to tip, but is bent with an
-arch of 5 inches.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_85"></a>[85]</span></p>
-
-<p>“The atlas, axis, and three other cervicals are anchylosed. The
-compound cervicals have a conjoined length of 4 inches. Vertical
-diameter of foramen magnum 2½ inches. Conjoined length of the
-four lumbers 8 inches; height, including spinous processes, 8·5
-inches. Caudal apparatus, of thirteen segments, 16 inches; two of
-these are anchylosed. Teeth 9-9/8-8”.—<i>Hector.</i></p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>6. Globiocephalus Scammonii, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Ac. N. S. Philad.</i> 1869, p. 11.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Black above and below.</p>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Pacific.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>7. Globiocephalus australis.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Coast of Australia. In Museum of Sydney.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>8. Globiocephalus indicus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 322.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Bay of Bengal. Black fish.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>9. Globiocephalus Sieboldii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 323.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Japan.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>10. Globiocephalus chinensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 323.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. China.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>11. Globiocephalus sibo, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 323 (<i>sub</i> G. Sieboldii).</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Japan. Called “Sibo golo.” Purple, with a white spot
-behind the dorsal fin.</p>
-
-<h5>2. SPHÆROCEPHALUS.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Sphærocephalus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 323; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 9.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Palate of the skull convex, shelving on the sides. Beak oblong,
-of nearly the same width the greater part of its length.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Sphærocephalus incrassatus.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Sphærocephalus incrassatus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 324, figs. 63 & 64; <i>Synops.
-Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 9.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. British Channel, Bridport.</p>
-
-<p class="break">II. <i>Pectoral fin broad, rounded or truncated at the end; hand shorter than
-the arm-bones; second finger the longest, the rest gradually shorter;
-phalanges of the second finger six or eight</i> (cf. <a href="#Page_63">p. 63</a>).</p>
-
-<h3>Family 13. ORCADÆ.</h3>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Orca, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 278; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i>
-p. 8.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Head rounded, scarcely beaked. Dorsal fin falcate. Skull heavy;
-wings of sides expanded; beak short, broad; triangle in front of
-the blowers flat. Lower jaw thick in front; symphysis short.
-Teeth large.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_86"></a>[86]</span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp48" id="figure07" style="max-width: 21.875em;">
- <img class="w100" src="images/figure07.jpg" alt="">
- <p class="caption">Fig. 7.</p>
- <p class="caption"><i>Orca stenorhyncha.</i></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_87"></a>[87]</span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp48" id="figure08" style="max-width: 21.875em;">
- <img class="w100" src="images/figure08.jpg" alt="">
- <p class="caption">Fig. 8.</p>
- <p class="caption"><i>Orca capensis.</i></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_88"></a>[88]</span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp48" id="figure09" style="max-width: 25em;">
- <img class="w100" src="images/figure09.jpg" alt="">
- <p class="caption">Fig. 9.</p>
- <p class="caption"><i>Orca stenorhyncha.</i></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_89"></a>[89]</span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp48" id="figure10" style="max-width: 28.125em;">
- <img class="w100" src="images/figure10.jpg" alt="">
- <p class="caption">Fig. 10.</p>
- <p class="caption"><i>Orca capensis.</i></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_90"></a>[90]</span></p>
-
-<p>Vertebræ 51 or 52:—C. 7. D. 11 or 12. L. and C. 33.</p>
-
-<p>The first three cervical vertebræ united into one mass by their
-bodies and dorsal processes, the rest more or less free. Pectoral
-fin broad and rounded at the end. “Carpal bone single, in a large
-mass of cartilage.”</p>
-
-<h5>1. ORCA.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Orca, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1870, p. 70.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Beak of the skull from the notch before the orbit the same length
-as from the notch to the condyles; the width at the notch three-fifths
-of the length of the beak. The occipital end of the skull
-slightly concave. Condyles of moderate size. Lower jaw broad on
-the sides, very thick and solid in front.</p>
-
-<p class="break">A. <i>The beak of the skull tapering and narrow in front, end narrow.</i>
-Gladiator.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Orca stenorhyncha. (Figs. 7 & 9.)</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Orca stenorhyncha, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1870, p. 71, figs. 1 & 3 (skull).</p>
-
-<p>Orca gladiator, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 279.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Sea. Skeleton from Weymouth, and a skull from
-the English coast. B.M.</p>
-
-<p>Intermaxillaries narrow in the middle and rather dilated in front;
-but the extent of dilatation varies in the two specimens.</p>
-
-<p>The examination of the four skulls of <i>Orca</i> found on the English
-coast show they belong to two very distinct species, one with a much
-more attenuated beak than the other.</p>
-
-<p class="break">B. <i>Beak of the skull spatulate; sides of the hinder half nearly parallel, of
-the front half arched and converging; end rounded, middle rather wider
-than at the notch.</i> Orca.</p>
-
-<h6>2. Orca capensis. (Figs. 8 & 10.)</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Orca capensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 283; P. Z. S. 1870, p. 71,
-figs. 2 & 4.</p>
-
-<p>Delphinus orca, <i>Owen</i>.</p>
-
-<p>Grampus gladiator, <i>Smith</i>, <i>South-African Zool.</i> p. 126.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Cape of Good Hope (<i>Viney</i>, B.M.; <i>Villette</i>, Mus. Coll.
-Surg. no. 1139); Seychelles Islands (<i>Swinburne Ward</i>).</p>
-
-<p>In the Cape specimen the intermaxillaries are nearly of the same
-width in the whole of their length; in the Seychelles skull they are
-contracted in the greater part of their length, and rather dilated in
-front.</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Swinburne Ward has kindly sent a very beautiful skull of a
-“Killer” taken in the sea near the Seychelle Islands.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_91"></a>[91]</span></p>
-
-<p>To determine this skull I have been induced to compare the skulls
-of the genus in the British Museum, which it is very necessary to do
-from time to time, as specimens gradually accumulate, and often
-arrive when I am occupied on other subjects, and consequently are
-put aside for future examination.</p>
-
-<p>In this examination I have observed that in the ‘Catalogue of
-Seals and Whales’ I have confounded with the skull described under
-the name of <i>Orca capensis</i> one from the North Pacific, the former
-being the true <i>Orca capensis</i>, and the skull now received from the
-Seychelles Islands being of the same species.</p>
-
-<p>The skull figured in the ‘Zoology of the Erebus and Terror’ under
-the name of <i>O. capensis</i> is from a specimen received from the Zoological
-Society, to which it was presented by Capt. Delville, who said
-he obtained it in the North Pacific (?). It is quite a different species,
-for which I propose the name of <i>Orca pacifica</i>. I doubt its being
-from the <i>North</i> Pacific, as I believe there is a skull of the same
-species in the Paris Museum, collected by M. Eydoux, and said to
-have come from Chili.</p>
-
-<h6>3. Orca africana.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Orca gladiator, var. australis, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 47. f. 2.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Algoa Bay.</p>
-
-<p>Skull much smaller, 24 inches long.</p>
-
-<h6>4. Orca latirostris.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Orca latirostris, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1870, p. 76.</p>
-
-<p>Orca gladiator, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 48. f. 2, 3.</p>
-
-<p>Delphinus orca, <i>Cuv.</i> <i>Oss. Foss.</i> v. tab. 22. fig. 4 (skull).</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>The skull very similar to that of the Cape species, but much
-smaller; but the beak is rather narrower, the intermaxillaries moderately
-broad, slightly dilated in front.</p>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p>
-
-<p>An adult skull from the coast of Essex (361 <i>a</i>), and another without
-the lower jaw, are in the British Museum.</p>
-
-<p>These skulls of the smaller British, or, rather, European <i>Orca</i> are
-distinguishable from those of <i>O. gladiator</i> by the smaller size and
-the broader, rounder nose—and from the skulls of the Cape-of-Good-Hope
-species by being of a much smaller species, and having a depressed
-crown of the head.</p>
-
-<p>I believe the skull figured under the name of <i>Delphinus orca</i> by
-Cuvier, Oss. Foss. vol. v. tab. 22. figs. 3, 4, represents this species,
-from the form of the beak and the narrowness of the occiput: this
-figure has been copied by various British and other authors.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>1. Orca gladiator, var. arcticus (O. Eschrichtii), <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i>
-t. 47. fig. 3.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Faroe Islands.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_92"></a>[92]</span></p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>2. Orca gladiator, var. europæus, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 47. f. 4.</p>
-
-<p>Orca gladiator, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>l. c.</i> t. 48. f. 1.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. the Atlantic.</p>
-
-<p>Skull about 40 inches long.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>3. Orca gladiator, var. europæus, <i>Van Beneden & Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i>
-t. 47. f. 5.</p>
-
-<p>Delphinus orca, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Zool. et Paléont. Française</i>, t. 37. f. 3, 4.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Mediterranean, Cette.</p>
-
-<p>Skull about 22 inches long. It is about the same size as the <i>Orca</i>
-from Algoa Bay; but the brain-cavity is rather broader and the
-beak is not so acute in front.</p>
-
-<p>Gervais, in the ‘Zoology and Paleontology of France,’ figures the
-skull of a young <i>Delphinus orca</i>, taken on the coast of Cette, which
-is now in the Museum of Paris. It appears to belong to this species;
-or it may be that the <i>Orca</i> of the Mediterranean does not grow
-to the usual size; or, again, it may be of a different species; for the
-skull is only fifty-eight centimetres long and thirty broad.</p>
-
-<h6>5. Orca magellanica.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Orca magellanica, <i>Burmeister</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.</i> ser. 3. xviii.
-p. 101, t. 9. f. 5; <i>An. Mus. Publ. de Buenos Ayres</i>, i. p. 373, tab. 22;
-<i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8; <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1870, p. 76.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Patagonia. Mus. Buenos Ayres.</p>
-
-<p>This species, according to the figure, is very like <i>Orca latirostris</i>.</p>
-
-<h6>6. Orca tasmanica.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Orca gladiator, var. australis, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 47. fig. 1.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Tasmania. Skull about 32 inches long.</p>
-
-<h6>7. Orca rectipinna.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Orca rectipinna, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1869, p. 12.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>No white spot behind eye.</p>
-
-<p>Inhab. California.</p>
-
-<h6>8. Orca atra.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Orca ater, <i>Cope</i>, <i>l. c.</i> 1869, p. 12.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Black above and below, with white spot behind eye.</p>
-
-<p>Inhab. Oregon, Aleutian Islands.</p>
-
-<p>The following are the measurements of the different skulls of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_93"></a>[93]</span>
-genus in the collection of the British Museum; they were carefully
-taken with calipers by Mr. Edward Gerrard.</p>
-
-<table class="borders">
- <tr>
- <th class="bb"></th>
- <th class="bb" colspan="4"><i>O. stenorhyncha.</i></th>
- <th class="bb" colspan="2"><i>O. capensis.</i></th>
- <th class="bb" colspan="2"><i>O. latirostris.</i></th>
- <th class="bb" colspan="2"><i>O. pacifica.</i></th>
- <th class="bb" colspan="2"><i>O. intermedia.</i></th>
- </tr>
- <tr class="smaller">
- <th></th>
- <th colspan="2">361 <i>b</i>.</th>
- <th colspan="2">361 <i>c</i>.</th>
- <th colspan="2">1065 <i>b</i>, <i>c</i>.</th>
- <th colspan="2">361 <i>a</i>.</th>
- <th colspan="2">1065 <i>a</i>.</th>
- <th colspan="2">362 <i>a</i>.</th>
- </tr>
- <tr class="smaller">
- <th></th>
- <th class="br0">in.</th>
- <th class="bl0">lin.</th>
- <th class="br0">in.</th>
- <th class="bl0">lin.</th>
- <th class="br0">in.</th>
- <th class="bl0">lin.</th>
- <th class="br0">in.</th>
- <th class="bl0">lin.</th>
- <th class="br0">in.</th>
- <th class="bl0">lin.</th>
- <th class="br0">in.</th>
- <th class="bl0">lin.</th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Length from end of nasal to centre of occipital condyle</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">35</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">0</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">37</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">0</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">39</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">0</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">33</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">0</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">36</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">6</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">14</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">0</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Length of nose</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">17</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">6</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">18</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">6</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">22</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">6</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">17</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">0</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">18</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">0</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">7</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">0</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><span class="space3"> </span> of tooth-line</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">13</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">6</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">14</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">0</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">16</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">0</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">13</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">0</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">14</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">6</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">4</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">9</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><span class="space3"> </span> of lower jaw</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">27</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">6</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">30</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">0</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">31</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">0</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">26</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">0</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">29</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">6</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">11</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">3</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Breadth at the notch</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">10</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">6</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">11</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">0</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">12</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">0</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">10</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">0</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">12</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">6</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">4</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">9</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><span class="space3"> </span> at the orbit</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">18</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">0</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">19</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">6</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">20</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">0</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">18</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">0</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">21</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">0</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">8</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">6</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><span class="space3"> </span> at temple above</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">18</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">0</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">19</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">6</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">20</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">0</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">18</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">0</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">20</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">0</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">9</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">0</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><span class="space3"> </span> at middle of beak</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">9</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">0</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">10</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">0</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">11</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">0</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">9</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">6</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">10</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">0</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">3</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">6</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><span class="space3"> </span> at intermaxillaries</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">3</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">3</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">3</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">3</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">4</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">6</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">3</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">3</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">3</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">6</td>
- <td class="tdr br0">0</td>
- <td class="tdr bl0">9</td>
- </tr>
-</table>
-
-<h5>2. OPHYSIA.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Ophysia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1870, p. 76; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Skull:—beak from the notch before the orbit the same length as
-from the notch to the condyle; width at the notch two-thirds the
-entire length of the beak. Intermaxillaries very narrow, slightly
-dilated in front; brain-cavity broad; occiput deeply concave. Lower
-jaw very broad on the sides, very thick and solid in front.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Ophysia pacifica.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Ophysia pacifica, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1870, p. 76.</p>
-
-<p>Delphinus globiceps, <i>Grant</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1833, p. 65.</p>
-
-<p>Delphinus orca, <i>Eydoux</i>, <i>Mus. Paris</i>.</p>
-
-<p>Orca capensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Zool. Ereb. & Terr.</i> p. 34, tab. 9, not <i>Cat. Seals
-& Whales</i>, p. 283; <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 48. fig. 1.</p>
-
-<p>Orca (Ophysia) capensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8, tab. 9
-(skull).</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Pacific (<i>Capt. Delville, R.N.</i>).</p>
-
-<p>Skull, from the Zoological Society’s collection.</p>
-
-<h3>Family 14. BELUGIDÆ.</h3>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Beluginæ, <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. p. 115.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Head rounded in front. Teeth in both jaws more or less early
-deciduous, rarely wanting or, rather, not developed. Back without
-any dorsal fin. Pectoral fin small, ovate. Skull with the lateral
-expansion of the maxilla over the orbit, and the side of the beak,
-shelving downwards. Fingers short; index and middle fingers
-nearly the same length, the rest rather shorter; phalanges 2, 5, 6, 4, 3.
-Cervical vertebræ generally free; the second with a large dorsal
-process.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_94"></a>[94]</span></p>
-
-<p>“The Narwhal and the <i>Beluga</i> appear to separate themselves
-from all the rest, by certain well-marked structural conditions,
-especially the characters of the cervical vertebræ. As these two
-animals are in almost every part of their skeleton nearly identical,
-even to the number of the vertebræ and phalanges, I am disposed to
-look upon the exceptional dentition of the former as an aberration of
-secondary importance, and to unite the two genera into a distinct
-subfamily, placing it next to the Platanistidæ.”—<i>Flower</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 114.</p>
-
-<h5>1. BELUGA.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Beluga, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> pp. 231, 306, 393; <i>Synops. Whales &
-Dolph.</i> p. 9.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Lateral wing of the maxilla over the orbit shelving downward.
-Teeth conical in both jaws, early deciduous. Male without any
-spiral horn-like tooth. Fingers short. Metacarpal bones surrounded
-with cartilage. Bladebone with large coracoid and acromion processes.
-Second cervical vertebra with a large dorsal process.</p>
-
-<p>Vertebræ 50:—C. 7. D. 10. L. and C. 33.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Beluga catodon.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Beluga catodon, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 307, fig. 61; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i>
-p. 9, tab. 29. f. 3 (tongue).</p>
-
-<p>Delphinus canadensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> t. 5 (head false,
-with beak).</p>
-
-<p>Beluga albicans, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 44. f. 1-5.</p>
-
-<p>Delphinapterus, <i>Lucas</i>, <i>Vidensk. Selsk. Skr.</i> Række 5, Band ix. tab. 8
-(skull and teeth, showing how they are worn).</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Sea, mouths of rivers.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>1. Beluga rhinodon, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1865, p. 5,
-1869, p. 13, fig. 1.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Arctic seas.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>2. Beluga declivis, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1865, p. 5, 1869,
-p. 14.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Arctic seas.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>3. Beluga angustata, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1869, p. 20,
-figs. 2 & 3.</p>
-
-<p>Beluga concreta, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1865, p. 5.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Arctic seas.</p>
-
-<p>These are probably varieties of <i>B. catodon</i>, showing that the attachment
-of the cervical vertebræ, the number of ribs, and the form
-of the acromion are liable to vary.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>4. Beluga canadensis, <i>Wyman</i>, <i>Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.</i> 1865.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Canada.</p>
-
-<p>I believe it to be the same as the former.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_95"></a>[95]</span></p>
-
-<h6>2. Beluga Kingii.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Beluga Kingii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 309; <i>Synops. Whales &. Dolph.</i>
-p. 9, t. 7.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Australia.</p>
-
-<h5>2. MONODON.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Monodon, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 231, 310; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 9.</p>
-
-<p>Monoceros, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 393.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Lateral expansion over the orbit shelving down. Teeth in both
-jaws very early deciduous. Male with one, rarely two, very long,
-projecting, spiral tusks in the left side of the upper jaw. Cervical
-vertebræ:—first free, thin; second and third united by the spinal
-processes. Bladebone with large coracoid and acromion processes.
-Fingers short.</p>
-
-<p>Vertebræ 50:—C. 7. D. 11. L. 6. C. 26.</p>
-
-<p>“In the skeleton of two males in the Museum of the College of
-Surgeons, the bodies of the second and third cervical vertebræ are
-firmly united.”—<i>Flower.</i></p>
-
-<h6>1. Monodon monoceros.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Monodon monoceros, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 311; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 9;
-<i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 44. f. 6-9.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p>
-
-<h3>Family 15. PONTOPORIADÆ.</h3>
-
-<p>Head long-beaked. Beak slender, smooth. Nostrils on the
-nape, crescent-shaped. Teeth in both jaws permanent, conical, with
-a swollen ring round the base. Dorsal fin short, trigonal. Pectoral
-fin short, truncated. Fingers 5, nearly equal; the thumb very
-short, of one joint; the index finger the longest, the rest gradually
-shorter to the little finger. Bladebone broad, with two ridges.
-Skull long-beaked, the beak compressed. Lower jaws united together
-nearly to the base. Cartilages of ribs ossified.</p>
-
-<p>Vertebræ 42:—C. 7. D. 10. L. 7. C. 18.</p>
-
-<h5>1. PONTOPORIA.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Pontoporia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> pp. 230, 231 & 393; <i>Synops. Whales
-& Dolph.</i> p. 5; <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. p. 87; <i>Burmeister</i>, <i>An.
-Mus. P. Buenos Ayres</i>, p. 389.</p>
-
-<p>Stenodelphis, <i>Gervais</i>, 1847.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Beak of the skull high, compressed. Symphysis of the lower jaw
-very long.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_96"></a>[96]</span></p>
-
-<h6>1. Pontoporia Blainvillii.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Pontoporia Blainvillii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 231; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i>
-p. 5, t. 29 (skull); <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. p. 106, t. 28 (skull);
-<i>Burmeister</i>, <i>An. Mus. P. Buenos Ayres</i>, i. p. 387, tab. 23 (animal),
-tab. 25 & 26 (skeleton).</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. South Atlantic, Monte Video.</p>
-
-<p>The animal figured by Gervais as <i>Delphinus (Stenodelphis) Blainvillii</i>
-(Voy. Amér. Mérid. t. 23) differs from Burmeister’s figure in
-having an elongated subfalcate pectoral fin, and a higher dorsal, and
-a broad white streak, commencing from the blower and extending
-down the back to near the tail. If this is not a figure of the animal
-seen at sea, which I suspect it must be, it must be a different species.</p>
-
-<h2>Suborder VI. ZIPHIOIDEA.</h2>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Ziphiidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 326.</p>
-
-<p>Ziphioidea, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 9.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Head beaked. Nostrils two, united into a single transverse or
-crescent-like blower on the centre of the back of the crown. Teeth
-only in the front or sides of the lower jaw, fitting into pits in the
-upper one. Dorsal fin falcate. Pectoral fin ovate, small, low down
-on the side of the body: fingers short, 4- or 5-jointed; second
-and third the longest; fourth rather shorter; first and fifth rather
-short. Cervical vertebræ more or less united into one mass.</p>
-
-<h3>Family 16. HYPEROODONTIDÆ.</h3>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Hyperoodontina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 327.</p>
-
-<p>Hyperoodontidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 9.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Blower lunate. Beak of the skull with a high crest on each side
-above, formed by the elevation of the maxillary bones in front of the
-blower. Teeth 2 or 4, in front of the lower jaw, conical. Cervical
-vertebræ united into one mass.</p>
-
-<h5>1. HYPEROODON.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Hyperoodon, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 327, 328; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 9.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Beak of the skull bent downwards: crest of the back of the beak
-sharp-edged, above as high as the occiput.</p>
-
-<p>Vertebræ 44 or 45:—C. 7 (all united into one solid mass). D. 9.
-L. 10. C. 18 or 19.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_97"></a>[97]</span></p>
-
-<h6>1. Hyperoodon butzkopf.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Hyperoodon butzkopf, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 330; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i>
-p. 9, t. 3.</p>
-
-<p>Hyperoodon rostratum, <i>Reinhardt</i>, <i>in Eschricht’s Vid. Selsk.</i> v. t. 7
-(male fœtus and skeleton); <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> t. 3.
-f. 1-4.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>1. Hyperoodon semijunctus, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1865,
-p. 15 (280), 1869, p. 21.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Charlestown Harbour.</p>
-
-<p>Most likely a variety of <i>H. butzkopf</i>.</p>
-
-<h5>2. LAGENOCETUS.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Lagenocetus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 327, 336; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 9.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Beak of the skull straight, erect, very large, flattened, higher than
-the occiput.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Lagenocetus latifrons.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Lagenocetus latifrons, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 339; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i>
-p. 9.</p>
-
-<p>Hyperoodon latifrons, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Zool. Ereb. & Ter.</i> t. 24; <i>Reinhardt</i>, <i>in
-Eschricht’s Vidensk. Selsk. Skr.</i> v. t. 6 (skull).</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p>
-
-<p>“Plate 6 represents the skull of a male of <i>Hyperoodon latifrons</i>
-(Gray), from the Färöer, of which the complete skeleton, 25 feet
-long, is preserved in the University’s Museum.</p>
-
-<p>“Eschricht believed, as is known, that <i>H. latifrons</i> was established
-on a very old male of the common Dögling, <i>Hyperoodon rostratus</i>;
-but Gray’s species must now be regarded as well grounded.</p>
-
-<p>“Plate 7 represents the male (fœtus) of the common <i>H. rostratus</i>.
-All figures of half the natural size.”—<i>Reinhardt.</i></p>
-
-<h3>Family 17. EPIODONTIDÆ.</h3>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Epiodontina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 327.</p>
-
-<p>Epiodontidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 9.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Blower lunate. Skull:—beak simple; maxillaries not dilated
-above; intermaxillaries enlarged behind, forming a more or less
-deep cavity round the nostrils. Teeth 2 or 4 in front of the lower
-jaw, conical or cylindrical. Cervical vertebræ:—first, second, and
-third united into one mass, which is produced and truncated above;
-the rest thin, free.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_98"></a>[98]</span></p>
-
-<h5>1. EPIODON.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Epiodon, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 327, 340; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 10.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Skull:—vomer simple, small; intermaxillaries elevated, and forming
-a moderately deep, well-marked basin round the nostrils.
-Fingers 5; carpal bones 6; phalanges 2, 3, 4, 3, 3. Sternal bones
-separate from the front, lanceolate. Vertebra 42; the “front
-caudal with chevron bones. First four cervical vertebræ united by
-their bodies into one mass” (Ostéog. Cét. t. 22. f. 4).</p>
-
-<h6>1. Epiodon Desmarestii.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Epiodon Desmarestii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 341; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i>
-p. 10.</p>
-
-<p>Ziphius aresques, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cétac.</i> t. 21. f. 1-4.</p>
-
-<p>Ziphius decavirostris (de Z. aresques), <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 22.
-f. 4-11.</p>
-
-<p>Ziphius cavirostris, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Zool. et Paléon. Française</i>, t. 38. f. 1,
-t. 39, f. 2-7.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. North Sea and Mediterranean, Hérault.</p>
-
-<h6>2. Epiodon australis.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Ziphiorrhynchus cryptodon, <i>Burmeister</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1866. xvii.
-p. 94, t. 3.</p>
-
-<p>Epiodon cryptodon, <i>Burm.</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 303, t. 6; <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales &
-Dolph.</i> p. 10.</p>
-
-<p>Delphinorhynchus australis, <i>Burmeister</i>, <i>Zeitsch. Nat.</i> vol. xxvi. 1865,
-p. 262; <i>An. Mus. Buenos Ayres</i>, t. 15-21.</p>
-
-<p>Ziphius de Buenos Ayres, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 31. f. 5.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Buenos Ayres.</p>
-
-<p>Vertebræ 49: cervical 7, dorsal 10, lumbar 12, caudal 20.</p>
-
-<h5>2. PETRORHYNCHUS.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Petrorhynchus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> pp. 327, 342; <i>Synops. Whales
-& Dolph.</i> p. 10.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Skull trigonal. Vomer swollen, forming a large, elongated tubercle
-between the callous intermaxillaries. Intermaxillaries forming
-a deep basin round the nostrils.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Petrorhynchus mediterraneus.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Ziphius cavirostris, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Zool. et Paléon. Franç.</i> t. 38. f. 2, t. 39.
-f. 1.</p>
-
-<p>Ziphius du Canton Gironde, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 21. fig. 6.</p>
-
-<p>Ziphius fos. des Bouches du Rhône, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 21. f. 7.</p>
-
-<p>Ziphius de Corse, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 21. figs. 8, 9.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Mediterranean.</p>
-
-<h6>2. Petrorhynchus capensis.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Petrorhynchus capensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 346, figs. 67, 68; <i>Synops.
-Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 10.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_99"></a>[99]</span></p>
-
-<p>Ziphius indicus, <i>Van Beneden</i>; <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 346, fig. 69.</p>
-
-<p>Ziphius du Cap-de-Bonne-Espérance, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 21.
-f. 10.</p>
-
-<p>Ziphius de la mer des Indes, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 21. f. 11-13.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. South Sea. Cape sea (<i>H. Layard</i>).</p>
-
-<p>Though M. van Beneden’s figure (copied in Cat. Seals & Whales,
-p. 347. f. 69) is so unlike the figure of <i>Petrorhynchus capensis</i> in
-the Cat. Seals & Whales, pp. 344 & 345. figs. 67 & 68, yet the cast of
-the beak of M. van Beneden’s specimen resembles the latter figure
-and our specimen.</p>
-
-<h3>Family 18. ZIPHIIDÆ.</h3>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Ziphiina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> pp. 327, 348.</p>
-
-<p>Ziphiidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 10.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Skull beaked. Maxillaries not dilated above. Intermaxillaries
-linear, rather swollen on the sides of the nostrils. Teeth on the
-sides of the lower jaw compressed. Cervical vertebræ more or less
-united into a consolidated mass.</p>
-
-<p class="break">* <i>Symphysis of the lower jaw produced behind the teeth.</i></p>
-
-<h5>1. BERARDIUS.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Berardius, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 327, 348; <i>Synops. Whales. & Dolph.</i> p. 10.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Teeth 2·2, in the front of the sides of the lower jaw, conical, compressed.
-Lower jaw gradually tapering in front. Symphysis moderately
-long, as far from the hinder tooth as from the tip.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Berardius arnuxi.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Berardius arnuxi, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 348, fig. 70; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i>
-p. 10; <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 23 (skull).</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. New Zealand.</p>
-
-<p>“Skull and lower jaw, a cervical vertebra, scapula, hyoid, paddles,
-and pelvic bones of one individual.</p>
-
-<p>“Single tooth of another individual, weight 206 grains.</p>
-
-<table>
- <tr>
- <th></th>
- <th>in.</th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>“Length of head</td>
- <td class="tdr">23½</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Length of nose</td>
- <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">17</span></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Length of dental groove</td>
- <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">7</span></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Length of lower jaw</td>
- <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">19</span></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Width at notch</td>
- <td class="tdr">5½</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Width at orbits</td>
- <td class="tdr">9½</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Width of intermaxillary at blow-holes</td>
- <td class="tdr">4½</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Width of nose</td>
- <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">2</span></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>Height of occiput</td>
- <td class="tdr">9½</td>
- </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>“One small tooth imbedded close to the tip of lower jaw on left
-side, 1 inch high, weight 38⅘ grains, irregular triangular shape.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_100"></a>[100]</span></p>
-
-<p>“This is the skull of a young animal. A groove containing
-a strong ligament connecting the muscle of the forehead with
-the snout is deeply imbedded in the intermaxillary groove. The
-snout is described as long and flexible. Atlas and axis anchylosed.
-Length of cervical vertebræ 3⁷⁄₁₀ inches. Scapula, longitudinal
-diameter 10 inches, transverse diameter 6 inches. Paddles,
-length 14 inches, width 3½ inches. Hyoid arch 5½ × 4 inches
-high. Pelvic bones 2½ inches.</p>
-
-<p>“The specimen was cast on the beach on the west coast, and
-prepared by Dr. Knox.”—<i>Hector.</i></p>
-
-<p>“Your <i>Berardius</i> proves to be quite different from the first one
-we got, both in the dentition and form of the skull. We have had
-several good papers on it from Dr. Knox. He has made a beautiful
-preparation, showing that the tooth does not pass through the
-gum.”—<i>Dr. Hector</i>, letter dated 30th October, 1870.</p>
-
-<p>“A fine specimen of <i>Berardius arnuxi</i> has been cast ashore on
-the coast of Canterbury, New Zealand. It was made into a skeleton,
-which is now in the museum at Canterbury. The skeleton is
-complete, only wanting one of the pelvic bones. It was 30 feet
-long, and a young animal; not a single epiphysis is anchylosed.
-The cervical vertebræ, which, in the old animal evidently form a
-compact mass, are still partly free; the first three vertebræ (including
-the atlas) anchylosed, and of these the first two completely,
-and of the second and third the neural arches are as yet not completely
-united into one bone. It has ten ribs.”—<i>Julius Haast.</i></p>
-
-<p>The animal was 30 feet 6 inches long.</p>
-
-<p>Deep velvet-black, belly greyish, tail with two falcate lobes
-6½ feet broad. The pectoral fins are little above the middle of
-the body, 17 inches broad and 19 inches long, of a triangular form.
-Dorsal fin small, falcate, not very far from the chin (?). “The
-animal has the power of protruding the four teeth at will.” They
-live on cephalopods. The stomach contained about a half-bushel of
-the horny beaks of the <i>Octopus</i>, which were nearly all the same
-size. It was evidently a young animal, as all the disk-like epiphyses
-of the vertebræ are still separate, as was the case with
-the limb-bones.</p>
-
-<p>The seven cervical vertebræ were beginning to coalesce; the first
-three are already anchylosed, the first two completely, and the
-second and third only partially, as the neural arches and transverse
-processes are not yet united in one bone. It has ten dorsal vertebræ;
-the lumbar and caudal vertebræ were not observed. (Dr.
-Haast, Annals & Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct. 1870.)</p>
-
-<p class="break">** <i>Symphysis of the lower jaw to or nearly to the teeth.</i></p>
-
-<h5>2. ZIPHIUS.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Ziphius, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 327, 348; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 10.</p>
-
-<p>Micropteron, <i>Flower</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 328.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Teeth 2, in the middle of the sides of the lower jaw. Teeth of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_101"></a>[101]</span>
-the male large, short, compressed, truncated at the end; of female
-small, curved. Lower jaw often with sundry rudimentary teeth,
-gradually tapering in front; symphysis elongate, and reaching to
-the middle of the teeth in the male, and beyond it in the female.
-Cervical vertebræ free. Scapula with large coracoid and acromion
-processes.</p>
-
-<p>Vertebræ 46:—C. 7. D. 10. L. 10. C. 19.</p>
-
-<p>“<i>Micropteron</i>: cervical vertebræ all united in one solid mass.”—<i>Flower</i>,
-<i>l. c.</i> p. 328.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Ziphius Sowerbiensis.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Ziphius Sowerbiensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 350, fig. 71; <i>Synops. Whales &
-Dolph.</i> p. 10, tab. 5. f. 3, 4 (skull).</p>
-
-<p>Mesoplodon Sowerbiensis, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 22 & 23 (skull and
-ear-bone); <i>Van Beneden</i>, <i>Mém. de l’Acad. Brux.</i> vol. x. t. 3.</p>
-
-<p>Dioplodon Sowerbiensis, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Zool. et Paléont. Française</i>, t. 30.
-f. 1.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. British Channel. Irish Sea.</p>
-
-<h5>3. DOLICHODON.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Dolichodon, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 353; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 10.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Teeth 2, in the middle of the sides of the lower jaw. Teeth (of
-male) very long, strap-shaped, produced, arched obliquely, truncated
-at the end, with a conical process on the front of the terminal
-edge. Lower jaw weak, very slender in front. Symphysis elongate.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Dolichodon Layardii.</h6>
-
-<p class="right">B.M.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Ziphius Layardii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 353, fig. 72.</p>
-
-<p>Dolichodon Layardii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 10.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Cape of Good Hope (<i>H. Layard</i>).</p>
-
-<h5>4. NEOZIPHIUS.</h5>
-
-<p>Teeth 2, in the front of the lower jaw, with a compressed,
-short, triangular crown. Lower jaw strong, rather narrow in the
-middle, and suddenly tapering in front of the tooth. Symphysis
-to the back edge of the teeth.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Neoziphius europæus.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Dioplodon europæus, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 24 (skull).</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Mediterranean.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_102"></a>[102]</span></p>
-
-<h5>5. DIOPLODON.</h5>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Dioplodon, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 327, 355; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 10.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Teeth 2 or 4, conical, in the middle of the sides of the lower jaw.
-Lower jaw broad behind, suddenly contracted in front. Symphysis
-moderate, not reaching halfway to the teeth.</p>
-
-<h6>1. Dioplodon sechellensis.</h6>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Ziphius sechellensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> t. 6. f. 1, 2
-(skull).</p>
-
-<p>Dioplodon sechellensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 355; <i>Synops. Whales
-& Dolph.</i> p. 10, t. 5. f. 4; <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1870, vi. p. 343, fig.
-(skeleton); <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 25 (skull).</p>
-
-<p>Dioplodon densirostris, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Zool. Paléont. Franç.</i> t. 43. f. 3-6.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="figleft illowp16" id="figure11" style="max-width: 9.375em;">
- <img class="w100" src="images/figure11.jpg" alt="">
- <p class="caption">Fig. 11.</p>
- <p class="caption"><i>Dioplodon sechellensis.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-<p>Inhab. Seychelles. Mus. Paris. Lord Howe’s Island (<i>Krefft</i>).</p>
-
-<p>The form of the lower jaw gives a very peculiar appearance to
-the skeleton. The cervical vertebræ are united together by their
-bodies and large dorsal spines, the latter forming a thick conical
-process. The bodies of the dorsal vertebræ are very small, enlarging
-in size towards the tail; they are thirty-six in number.
-The four terminal caudal ones are very small, forming a kind
-of cylindrical process. There are eight chevron bones. The thoracic
-cavity is small. There are twelve ribs on each side. The
-dorsal processes of the first eighteen vertebræ have an anterior basal
-process, which becomes gradually smaller.</p>
-
-<p>Upper arm-bone very slender, slightly curved; the lower arm-bones
-moderate, straight, parallel to each other, and rather longer
-than the upper arm-bone. The ribs very broad at the upper end,
-and gradually tapering towards the chest, where they are nearly
-cylindrical.</p>
-
-<p>“The total length of the skeleton, without cartilage, is 14 feet
-8 inches; the head measures 2 feet 5½ inches in length, and the
-lower jaw 2 feet 3 inches in length. The first three cervical vertebræ
-are anchylosed; the next one is more or less free; and the
-remaining three are anchylosed again. The dorsals are ten in
-number, the last bearing a short rib 8 inches in length. Five of
-these ribs are jointed direct to the sternum; the following two meet
-the cartilage of the fifth rib.</p>
-
-<p>“The sternum is composed of four pieces, 20 inches long, with a
-width of between 5 and 7 inches. It is not yet sufficiently cleaned
-to enable me to have it photographed; this, however, will be done as
-soon as possible, and copies forwarded to the Society. The lumbars
-number twenty, the last nine having V-bones attached. The fifth
-lumbar is 17½ inches high, 4 inches wide at the top, and 11¾ inches
-at the base, including the side processes. The eleventh lumbar is
-the widest, being 4¾ inches at the top. The caudals probably
-amounted to 13; but five of these are missing; the basal one is very
-small, about the size of a pea; and as it was firmly attached to the
-second last, there can be no mistake about it.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_103"></a>[103]</span></p>
-
-<p>“The head is 2 feet 5½ inches long
-and 14 inches across at the widest
-part; the lower jaw 2 feet 3 inches
-long and 6¼ inches high behind the
-tooth. The left tooth measures 6 inches
-in length, 3⅜ inches in width, and is
-1¾ inch thick [not well represented in
-the figure]. The space between the
-teeth measures 7¼ inches. The limbs
-are very imperfect; all the smaller
-bones are missing; and there is only
-a part of one scapula. I did not find
-the pelvic bones.</p>
-
-<p>“This animal was captured about
-a year ago, near Lord Howe’s Island.”—<i>Krefft</i>,
-P. Z. S. 1870, p. 426.</p>
-
-<p class="titlepage">THE END.</p>
-
-<p class="center">PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,<br>
-RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.</p>
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+} + +.space { + margin-left: 1em; +} + +.space3 { + margin-left: 3em; +} + +.titlepage { + text-align: center; + margin-top: 3em; + text-indent: 0em; + clear: both; +} + +.x-ebookmaker img { + max-width: 100%; + width: auto; + height: auto; +} + +.x-ebookmaker .blockquote { + margin: 1.5em 5%; +} + +/* Illustration classes */ +.illowp100 {width: 100%;} +.illowp16 {width: 16%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp16 {width: 100%;} +.illowp48 {width: 48%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp48 {width: 100%;} +.illowp71 {width: 71%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp71 {width: 100%;} +.illowp93 {width: 93%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp93 {width: 100%;} + </style> + </head> +<body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 69699 ***</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_i"></a>[i]</span></p> + +<p class="titlepage larger">SUPPLEMENT<br> +<span class="smaller"><span class="smaller">TO THE</span><br> +CATALOGUE<br> +<span class="smaller">OF</span></span><br> +<span class="larger">SEALS AND WHALES</span><br> +<span class="smaller">IN THE</span><br> +BRITISH MUSEUM.</p> + +<p class="titlepage"><span class="smaller">BY</span><br> +JOHN EDWARD GRAY, F.R.S., F.L.S., &c.</p> + +<p class="titlepage">LONDON:<br> +PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.<br> +1871.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_ii"></a>[ii]</span></p> + +<p class="titlepage smaller">PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,<br> +RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_iii"></a>[iii]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak">TABLE OF CONTENTS.</h2> + +</div> + +<table class="contents"> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td class="tdpg"><i>Page</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Suborder PINNIPEDIA</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Fam. 1. <span class="smcap">Phocidæ</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Tribe I. <span class="smcap">Phocina</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">1. Callocephalus</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">2. Pagomys</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">3. Pagophilus</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">equestris. N. Pacific</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">ochotensis. N. Pacific</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">4. Halicyon</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Richardi. N. Pacific</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Pealei. Antarctic Seas?</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">5. Phoca</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">barbata. North Sea</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">naurica. N. Pacific</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Tribe II. <span class="smcap">Halichœrina</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">6. Halichœrus </td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Tribe III. <span class="smcap">Monachina</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">7. Monachus</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Tribe IV. <span class="smcap">Stenorhynchina</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">8. Stenorhynchus</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">leptonyx. Falkland Is., New Zealand</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">9. Lobodon</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">10. Leptonyx</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">11. Ommatophoca</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Tribe V. <span class="smcap">Cystophorina</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">12. Morunga</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">elephantina. Falkland Island</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">angustirostris. California</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">13. Cystophora</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Fam. 2. <span class="smcap">Trichechidæ</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">1. Trichechus</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">rosmarus</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Fam. 3. <span class="smcap">Otariadæ</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Tribe I. <span class="smcap">Otariina</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">1. Otaria</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">jubata. S. America</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Tribe II. <span class="smcap">Callorhinina</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">2. Callorhinus</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">ursinus. Kamtschatka</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Tribe III. <span class="smcap">Arctocephalina</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">3. Phocarctos</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Hookeri. Cape Horn</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">4. Arctocephalus</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">antarcticus. Cape of Good Hope</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">nigrescens. Falkland Islands</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">cinereus. Australia</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Forsteri. N. Zealand</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">falklandicus. Falkland Islands</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">nivosus. Cape of Good Hope</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Tribe IV. <span class="smcap">Zalophina</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">5. Zalophus</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Gilliespii. N. Pacific</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">6. Neophoca</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">lobata. Australia</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Tribe V. <span class="smcap">Eumetopiina</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">7. Eumetopias</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Stelleri. California</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">8. Arctophoca</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Philippii. Juan-Fernandez Island</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td> + </tr> + <tr class="order"> + <td>Order CETACEA</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Section I. <span class="smcap">Mysticete</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Suborder I. <span class="smcap">Balænoidea</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Fam. 1. <span class="smcap">Balænidæ</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">1. Balæna</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">mysticetus. North Sea</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">mediterranea. Mediterranean</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">angulata. North Sea?</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">nordcaper. Iceland</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">[cullamacha. N. Pacific]</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_39">39</a><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_iv"></a>[iv]</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">2. Neobalæna</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">marginata. New Zealand</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">3. Eubalæna</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">australis. Cape of Good Hope</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Sieboldii. Kamtschatka</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">[japonica. Japan]</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">cisarctica. Atlantic</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">4. Hunterius</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Temminckii. Cape of Good Hope </td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">biscayensis. St. Sebastian</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Swedenborgii. North Sea</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">5. Caperea</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">antipodarum. New Zealand</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">6. Macleayius</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">australiensis. Australasia</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">britannicus. Dorsetshire</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Suborder II. <span class="smcap">Balænopteroidea</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Fam. 2. <span class="smcap">Agaphelidæ</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">1. Agaphelus</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">gibbosus. N. Atlantic</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">2. Rhachianectes</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">glaucus. California</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Fam. 3. <span class="smcap">Megapteridæ</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">1. Megaptera</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">longimana. North Sea</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">novæ-zelandiæ. New Zealand</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Burmeisteri. Buenos Ayres</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">americana. Bermuda</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">kuzira. Japan</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">osphyia. Atlantic</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">versabilis. N. Pacific</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">2. Poescopia</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Lalandii. Cape of Good Hope</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">3. Eschrichtius</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">robustus. Atlantic</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Fam. 4. <span class="smcap">Physalidæ</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">1. Benedenia</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Knoxii. North Sea</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">2. Physalus</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">antiquorum. North Sea</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Duguidii. North Sea</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">patachonicus. River Plata</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">brasiliensis. Bahia</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">3. Cuvierius</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Sibbaldii. North Sea</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">4. Rudolphius</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">laticeps. North Sea</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">5. Sibbaldius</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">borealis. North Sea</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Schlegelii. Java</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">antarcticus. Buenos Ayres</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">sulphureus. N. Pacific</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">tectirostris. N. Pacific</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">tuberosus. North-east America</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Fam. 5. <span class="smcap">Balænopteridæ</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">1. Balænoptera</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">rostrata. North Sea</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">velifera. Oregon</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">2. Swinhoia</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">chinensis. Formosa</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Section II. <span class="smcap">Denticete</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Suborder III. <span class="smcap">Physeteroidea</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Fam. 6. <span class="smcap">Catodontidæ</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">1. Catodon</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">macrocephalus. Trop.</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">2. Meganeuron</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Krefftii. Australasia</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Fam. 7. <span class="smcap">Physeteridæ</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">1. Physeter</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">tursio. North Sea</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">2. Kogia</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">breviceps. Cape of Good Hope</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Macleayii. Australia, India</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">3. Euphysetes</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Grayii. Australia</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Suborder IV. <span class="smcap">Susuoidea</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Fam. 8. <span class="smcap">Platanistidæ</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">1. Platanista</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">gangetica. India</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Indi. India</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Suborder V. <span class="smcap">Delphinoidea</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Fam. 9. <span class="smcap">Iniidæ</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">1. Inia</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Geoffroyii. Brazil</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Fam. 10. <span class="smcap">Delphinidæ</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Tribe I. <span class="smcap">Stenonina</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">1. Steno</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">frontatus. Indian Ocean</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">compressus. South Sea</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">chinensis. China</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">capensis. Cape of Good Hope</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">lentiginosus. India</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_66">66</a><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_v"></a>[v]</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">[roseiventris. Moluccas]</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">tucuxi. Brazil</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">attenuatus. India</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">fuscus</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">[brevimanus. Singapore]</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">[coronatus. Spitzbergen]</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">[rostratus. North Sea]</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">2. Sotalia</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">guianensis. British Guiana</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Tribe II. <span class="smcap">Delphinina</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">3. Delphinus</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">longirostris. Japan, Cape of Good Hope</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">delphis. North Sea</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Moorei. S. Atlantic</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">major</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Walkeri. S. Atlantic</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Janira. Newfoundland</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">fulvifasciatus. Van Diemen’s Land</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">obliquidens. N. Pacific</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">pomeegra. India</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Forsteri</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">4. Clymenia</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">stenorhyncha</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">microps. Coast of Brazil</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Alope. Cape Horn</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Styx. West Africa</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Euphrosyne. North Sea</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">gadamu. India</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">normalis</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Doris</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">euphrosynoides</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">dorides</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">obscura. S. Pacific</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">similis. Cape of Good Hope</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">crotaphiscus</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">esthenops</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">5. Delphinapterus</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Peronii. S. Atlantic</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">6. Tursio</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">truncatus. North Sea</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">erebennus. Philadelphia</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Metis. West Africa</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Cymodoce. River Uragua</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">abusalam. Cape of Good Hope</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Eurynome. South Sea</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">catalania. N. W. Australia</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">7. Eutropia</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Dickiei. Chili</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Heavisidii. Cape seas</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Tribe III. <span class="smcap">Lagenorhynchina</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">8. Electra</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">obtusa</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Asia</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">fusiformis. India</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">acuta. North Sea</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">breviceps</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">clancula. S. Pacific</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">crucigera</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">thicolea</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">9. Feresa</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">intermedia</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">10. Leucopleurus</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">arcticus. North Sea</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">11. Lagenorhynchus</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">albirostris. North Sea</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Tribe IV. <span class="smcap">Pseudorcaina</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">12. Pseudorca</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">crassidens. North Sea</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">meridionalis. Van Diemen’s Land</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">13. Orcaella</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">brevirostris. Ganges</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">fluminalis</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Tribe V. <span class="smcap">Phocænina</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">14. Phocæna</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">communis. North Sea</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">[brachycium. Harbour of Salem]</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">[vomerina. N. Pacific]</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">15. Acanthodelphis</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">spinipinnis. Brazil</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">16. Neomeris</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">phocænoides. India</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Fam. 11. <span class="smcap">Grampidæ</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">1. Grampus</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Rissoanus. Nice</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Cuvieri. North Sea</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Richardsonii. Cape of Good Hope</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Fam. 12. <span class="smcap">Globiocephalidæ.</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">1. Globiocephalus</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">svineval. North Sea</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">[melas. Mediterranean]</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">[affinis. North Sea]</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">[intermedius. Delaware Bay]</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">[Edwardsii. South Sea]</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">[guadaloupensis. Guadaloupe]</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Grayi. Buenos Ayres</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">macrorhynchus. South Sea</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_84">84</a><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_vi"></a>[vi]</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">[Scammonii. N. Pacific]</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">[australis. Australia]</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">[indicus. Bengal]</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">[Sieboldii. Japan]</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">[chinensis. China]</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">[sibo. Japan]</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">2. Sphærocephalus</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">incrassatus. British Channel</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Fam. 13. <span class="smcap">Orcadæ</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">1. Orca</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">stenorhyncha. North Sea</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">capensis. Cape of Good Hope</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">africana. Algoa Bay</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">latirostris. North Sea</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">[gladiator, var. arcticus. Faroe Islands]</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">[gladiator, var. europæus. Atlantic]</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">[gladiator, var. europæus. Mediterranean]</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">magellanica. Patagonia</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">tasmanica. Tasmania</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">rectipinna. California</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">atra. Oregon</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">2. Ophysia</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">pacifica. N. Pacific</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Fam. 14. <span class="smcap">Belugidæ</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">1. Beluga</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">catodon. North Sea</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">[rhinodon. Arctic seas]</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">[declivis. Arctic seas]</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">[angustata. Arctic seas]</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">[canadensis. Canada]</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Kingii. Australia</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">2. Monodon</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">monoceros. North Sea</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Fam. 15. <span class="smcap">Pontoporiadæ</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">1. Pontoporia</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Blainvillii. S. Atlantic</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Suborder VI. <span class="smcap">Ziphioidea</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Fam. 16. <span class="smcap">Hyperoodontidæ</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">1. Hyperoodon</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">butzkopf. North Sea</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">[semijunctus. Charlestown]</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">2. Lagenocetus</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">latifrons. North Sea</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Fam. 17. <span class="smcap">Epiodontidæ</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">1. Epiodon</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Desmarestii. North Sea</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">australis. Buenos Ayres</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">2. Petrorhynchus</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">mediterraneus. Mediterranean</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">capensis. South Sea</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Fam. 18. <span class="smcap">Ziphiidæ</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">1. Berardius</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">arnuxi. New Zealand</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">2. Ziphius</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Sowerbiensis. Britain</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">3. Dolichodon</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">Layardii. Cape of Good Hope</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">4. Neoziphius</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">europæus. Mediterranean</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l1">5. Dioplodon</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="l2">sechellensis. Seychelles</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1"></a>[1]</span></p> + +<h1><span class="smaller">SUPPLEMENT<br> +<span class="smaller">TO THE</span><br> +CATALOGUE<br> +<span class="smaller">OF</span></span><br> +SEALS AND WHALES.</h1> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2 class="nobreak">Suborder PINNIPEDIA.</h2> + +</div> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Phocidæ, <i>Catalogue of Seals & Whales</i>, p. 1.</p> + +<p>Pinnipedia, <i>Illiger</i>, <i>Prodr.</i> p. 138, 1811.</p> + +<p>Pinnipedes, <i>Gill’s Prodomus</i>, <i>Proceedings Essex Institute</i>, vol. v. 1866.</p> + +</div> + +<h3>Family 1. PHOCIDÆ.</h3> + +<p>Muffle hairy on the edge, and between the nostrils. Ears +without any conch, merely a small aperture. Arms and legs very +short; wrist very short. Toes subequal, arched, exserted. Hind +feet large, fan-shaped; the inner and outer toes large and long, +the three middle ones shorter. The palms and soles hairy. Claws +distinct, sharp. Skull:—postorbital process none or obsolete; no +alisphenoid canal; the mastoid process swollen, seeming to form +part of the auditory bulla. The scapula expanded upwards and +backwards towards the posterior superior angle. Testicles enclosed +in the body of the animal, without any external scrotum.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Phocidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1869, vol. iv. pp. 268, 342, 344; +<i>Gill</i>, <i>Proc. Essex Instit.</i> 1866, p. 5; <i>Allen</i>, <i>Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.</i> +ii, 1870.</p> + +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2"></a>[2]</span></p> + +<p class="break">Sect. I. <i>Cutting-teeth 6/4, curved, conical, and small. The palate produced +nearly to the hinder molars.</i></p> + +<h4>Tribe I. <i>PHOCINA.</i></h4> + +<p>Skull tapering in front. Nose-hole moderate. Molars, except +the first, with two roots.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Phocina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 20.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Atlantic and Arctic Seas.</p> + +<h5>1. CALLOCEPHALUS.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Callocephalus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 20.</p> + +</div> + +<h5>2. PAGOMYS.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Pagomys, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 22.</p> + +</div> + +<h5>3. PAGOPHILUS.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Pagophilus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 25.</p> + +</div> + +<h6>1. Pagophilus? equestris.</h6> + +<p>Brown, with a ring round the head, a ring round the fore limbs, +and a broad band round the middle, white. The female whitish +brown, with an obscure band across the hinder part of the back.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Phoca equestris, <i>Pallas</i>, <i>Zoog. Ross.-Asiat.</i> i. p. 340; <i>Schrenck</i>, +<i>Amur-Land</i>, p. 182, tab. 9. figs. 1-3.</p> + +<p>Phoca fasciata, <i>Shaw</i>, <i>Zool.</i> i. p. 276 (from the Ribbon-Seal, <i>Pennant’s +Quad.</i> 276).</p> + +<p>Phoca annellata, <i>Radde</i>, <i>Reisen im Süden von Ost-Sibirien</i>, 1862, i. +p. 296, t. 1-3.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Pacific.</p> + +<h6>2. Pagophilus? ochotensis.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Phoca ochotensis, <i>Pallas</i>, <i>Zoog. Ross.-Asiat.</i> i. p. 117; <i>Schrenck</i>, +<i>Amur-Land</i>, p. 181.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Pacific.</p> + +<h5>4. HALICYON.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Halicyon, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 27.</p> + +</div> + +<h6>1. Halicyon Richardi.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Halicyon Richardi, <i>Cat. S. & Whales</i>, p. 30.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Pacific; Columbia River.</p> + +<h6>2. Halicyon Pealei.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Halichœrus antarcticus, <i>T. Peale</i>, <i>U. S. Expl. Exp.</i></p> + +</div> + +<p>Mr. Gill says that this is a typical species of <i>Phoca</i>, but appears +to be identical with those that occur along the Californian and Oregonian +coast, so that there must be some error as to the assigned +habitat in the Antarctic seas—and proposes the name <i>Phoca Pealii</i> +(Proc. Essex Instit. vol. v. p. 4).</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>[3]</span></p> + +<h5>5. PHOCA.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Phoca, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, pp. 6 & 31.</p> + +<p>Erignathus, <i>Gill</i>, 1865.</p> + +</div> + +<h6>1. Phoca barbata.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Phoca barbata, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 31.</p> + +<p>Phoca lanica, <i>Rees</i>, <i>Cyclopædia</i>, <span class="smcap">Phoca</span> (from <i>Lepechin</i>).</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p> + +<h6>2. Phoca naurica.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Phoca barbata, <i>Temminck</i>, <i>Fauna Japonica</i>.</p> + +<p>Phoca naurica <i>et</i> Phoca albigena, <i>Pallas</i>, <i>Zoog. Ross.-Asiat.</i> i. pp. +108, 109 (vide <i>Schrenck</i>); <i>Schrenck</i>, <i>Amur-Land</i>, p. 181.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Pacific; Japan. Mus. Leyden.</p> + +<h4>Tribe II. <i>HALICHŒRINA.</i></h4> + +<p>Muzzle broad, rounded. Skull higher in front. Nose-hole very +large. Grinders conical; the two hinder of the upper and the +hinder one of the lower jaw double-rooted.</p> + +<p>Inhab. North Atlantic and Arctic Seas.</p> + +<h5>6. HALICHŒRUS.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Halichœrus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, pp. 6 & 33.</p> + +</div> + +<p class="break">Sect. II <i>Cutting-teeth four above, and four or two below.</i></p> + +<h4>Tribe III. <i>MONACHINA.</i></h4> + +<p>Cutting-teeth 4/4; upper transversely notched. Palatine bones not +produced beyond the inner margin of the orbits.</p> + +<p>Inhab. Mediterranean and North Atlantic.</p> + +<h5>7. MONACHUS.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Monachus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, pp. 6 & 17.</p> + +</div> + +<h4>Tribe IV. <i>STENORHYNCHINA.</i></h4> + +<p>Cutting-teeth 4/4; conical, acute. Hinder feet nearly clawless.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Stenorhynchina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 8.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Antarctic Ocean.</p> + +<p class="break">1. <i>Lower jaw strong, angulated behind. Grinders two-rooted, except the +first in each jaw.</i></p> + +<h5>8. STENORHYNCHUS.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Stenorhynchus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 15; <i>Gill</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 10.</p> + +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>[4]</span></p> + +<h6>1. Stenorhynchus leptonyx.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Stenorhynchus leptonyx, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 16.</p> + +<p>Stenorhynchus leptonyx (Sea-leopard), <i>Abbott</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1868, pp. 192 +& 527.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Falkland Islands (<i>Abbott</i>, <i>Lecomte</i>).</p> + +<p>This Seal appears to extend from the Antarctic seas to New Zealand, +the shores of New South Wales, and the Falkland Islands.</p> + +<p class="break">2. <i>Lower jaw moderate. The three front upper and first front lower +grinders single-rooted; the rest two-routed.</i></p> + +<h5>9. LOBODON.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Lobodon, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 8; <i>Gill</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 10.</p> + +</div> + +<p class="break">3. <i>Lower jaw very weak. Front grinder in each jaw single-rooted; +the rest two-rooted.</i></p> + +<h5>10. LEPTONYX.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Leptonyx, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 11; <i>Gill</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 10.</p> + +</div> + +<h5>11. OMMATOPHOCA.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Ommatophoca, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 13; <i>Gill</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 10.</p> + +</div> + +<h4>Tribe V. <i>CYSTOPHORINA.</i></h4> + +<p>Cutting-teeth 4/4; grinders with large swollen roots and a small +compressed simple plated crown. Muffle of male with a dilatable +appendage.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Cystophorina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 38.</p> + +</div> + +<h5>12. MORUNGA.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Morunga, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 38.</p> + +<p>Macrorhinus, <i>Gill</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 9.</p> + +</div> + +<h6>1. Morunga elephantina.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Morunga elephantina, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 39.</p> + +</div> + +<p>One of the Falkland Islands is called Elephant Island, from the +former abundance of Sea-elephants there; but Mr. Sclater informs +us that when Lecomte visited it, it was “found to be quite deserted +by this animal, which is said now to be entirely extinct in the +Falklands, though its former abundance in certain spots is well +known, and is further testified by remains of its bones and teeth +met with on the shores, specimens of which were obtained and sent +home.”—<i>P. Z. S.</i> 1868, p. 527. See Dr. Sclater’s previous +statement, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 189.</p> + +<p>This latter assertion is a mistake, for the bones sent home +were those of <i>O. jubata</i>, as is proved by the following remarks of +Dr. Murie:—“Lecomte and his companions believed these large old<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span> +skulls of <i>Otaria jubata</i> [which he brought home] to be those of +the Elephant-seal (<i>Morunga elephantina</i>), as it was stated by some +of the party that those animals formerly did exist on this island. +One of the pilots (Louis Despreaux by name) had resided thirty-two +years on the Falkland Islands, and he distinctly remembered shooting +many Elephant-seals in the neighbourhood in bygone years; but +about twelve years ago they began to get scarce and disappear.” And +further on he observes that they are “now only rarely met with in +the Falklands.”—<i>P. Z. S.</i> 1869, pp. 106 & 109.</p> + +<h6>2. Morunga angustirostris.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Macrorhinus angustirostris, <i>Gill</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 13; <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. N. Sc. +Philad.</i> 1865, p. 51.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. California from Cape San Lucas to Point Reyes.</p> + +<p>Its colour is light brown when the hair is grown to the full length. +The males are from 18 to 22 feet long. Females 10 feet long. +Canines of the males 4 or 5 inches long.</p> + +<h5>13. CYSTOPHORA.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Cystophora, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 40; <i>Gill</i>, <i>l. c.</i></p> + +</div> + +<p class="break"><i>North Atlantic.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>Callocephalus vitulinus.</li> +<li>Callocephalus dimidiatus.</li> +<li>Pagomys fœtidus.</li> +<li>Pagophilus grœnlandicus.</li> +<li>Phoca barbata.</li> +<li>Halichœrus grypus.</li> +<li>Cystophora cristata.</li> +</ul> + +<p class="center"><i>Caspian Sea and Lake Baikal.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>Callocephalus caspica.</li> +<li>*Pagomys fœtidus.</li> +</ul> + +<p class="center"><i>Tropical Atlantic.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>Monachus tropicalis. <i>Jamaica.</i></li> +<li>Cystophora antillarum. <i>West Indies.</i></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center"><i>Mediterranean and Subtropical +Atlantic.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>Monachus albiventer.</li> +</ul> + +<p class="center"><i>North Pacific.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>Halicyon Richardi.</li> +<li>Halicyon? Pealii.</li> +<li>Pagophilus? equestris.</li> +<li>Pagophilus? ochotensis.</li> +<li>Phoca naurica.</li> +<li>Morunga angustirostris.</li> +</ul> + +<p class="center"><i>Antarctic Ocean.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>Lobodon carcinophaga.</li> +<li>Leptonyx Weddellii.</li> +<li>Ommatophoca Rossii.</li> +<li>Stenorhynchus leptonyx.</li> +<li>Morunga elephantina.</li> +</ul> + +<p class="center"><i>New Zealand.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>Stenorhynchus leptonyx.</li> +</ul> + +<p class="center"><i>Australia.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>Stenorhynchus leptonyx.</li> +</ul> + +<h3>Family 2. TRICHECHIDÆ.</h3> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Trichechidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. Philosoph.</i> 1825, p. 348; <i>Ann. & Mag. N. +H.</i> 1869, iv. p. 268.</p> + +<p>Rosmaridæ, <i>Gill</i>, <i>Proc. Essex Inst.</i> v. 1866, p. 11.</p> + +<p>Trichechina (part.), <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 33.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Muzzle very broad, truncate, convex, swollen above. Ears without +any conch. Eyes prominent. Canines very large, exserted.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[6]</span> +Cutting-teeth 4/2 in young, and 2/2 in adult; grinders all single-rooted. +The anterior feet as large as the posterior ones; the fingers decrease +in a curved line, destitute of claws; the hind feet with five toes, very +gradually increasing towards the inner, all provided with claws; +palms and soles hairy in the young, becoming chaffy. Tail rudimentary. +Skull with no postorbital processes. A distinct alisphenoid +canal. Mastoid process strong and salient, with its surface continuous +with the auditory bulla. The scapula, hinder margin nearly +straight, with the spine a short distance from and somewhat parallel +with it. Resting on its body with the fore feet extended and the +hind feet doubled under it, moving by the exertion of the abdominal +muscles. (See P. Z. S. 1853, p. 112.)</p> + +<h4>1. TRICHECHUS.</h4> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Trichechus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 35.</p> + +</div> + +<h5>1. Trichechus ⸺?</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Trichechus rosmarus, <i>Schrenck</i>, <i>Amur-Land</i>, p. 179.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Pacific.</p> + +<h3>Family 3. OTARIADÆ.</h3> + +<p>Nose simple; muffle rather large, callous above and between the +nostrils. Ears with a cylindrical, external conch. Arms and legs +rather elongate. The fore and hind feet fringed. Fore feet fin-like, +with a scolloped naked membrane. Palms and soles bald, +longitudinally grooved, more or less triangular. Fingers gradually +diminish in size from the inner side. Hind feet elongate, narrow, +all clawless. Toes nearly of equal length, the outer one on each +side being rather the strongest (see Cat. Seals and Whales, p. 44, +f. 15). Three middle toes clawed. The fur is generally provided +with a more or less thick under-fur. Skull with a postorbital process. +An alisphenoid canal. Mastoid process strong and salient, +extending aloof from the auditory bulla. Cutting-teeth 6/4, upper +often bifid; canines conical; grinders 5/5 or 6/5. The scapula is curved +backward to the upper angle, but with its spine or crest near the +posterior margin. Testicles enclosed in the small external scrotum. +They walk on their fore and hind limbs; they rest with the hind +part of the body bent down, and the legs directed forward, like the +Morse. The females lie on their backs to receive the caresses of the +male; and the young are born on shore and are gradually taught to +swim.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Otariadæ, <i>Brookes, Mus. Cat.</i> 1836, pp. 18, 28; <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. +N. H.</i> 1869, iv. p. 268; <i>Gill</i>, <i>Proc. Essex Inst.</i> 1866, v. p. 7; <i>Allen</i>, +<i>Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.</i> ii. p. 27.</p> + +<p>Arctocephalina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 44.</p> + +</div> + +<p>The Eared Seals (Otariadæ) form a distinct family from the Earless<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[7]</span> +Seals (Phocidæ). They have more power of using their limbs like +the more typical mammalia, walking on them with the body raised +from the ground; they rest with their hind limbs bent forwards. +These habits are well shown in Dr. Forster’s figures, engraved by +Buffon; and they have been verified by the study of the living +Eared Seal in the Zoological Gardens. Their scrotum and genital +organs are exposed as in the Dog.</p> + +<p>The <i>Otariæ</i> come to the surface during the process of mastication, +and do not, like the Eared Seals, swallow under the water. They +do not drink, while the common Seal occasionally sucks in water +as a horse would. The pupils of the eyes dilate and contract to an +enormous extent.</p> + +<p>The Sea-bears (<i>Otariadæ</i>) inhabit the more temperate and colder +parts of the southern hemisphere, and the temperate and more +northern regions of the Pacific Ocean.</p> + +<p>The <i>Otariæ</i> appear to make periodical migrations towards the +south; and the Sea-lions (<i>O. jubata</i>) come to the Falkland Islands in +November, where they remain till June or July, when the greater +number depart; but some remain there the whole year round +(P. Z. S. 1869, p. 108).</p> + +<p>Navigators, from the general external resemblance of the animals, +have regarded the Sea-lion and Sea-bear of the northern and +southern regions as the same animal. Pennant (who paid considerable +attention to Seals) and most modern zoologists have done +the same.</p> + +<p>Nilsson, in his excellent Monograph of the Seals, only mentions +three species of Eared Seal:—1, <i>Otaria jubata</i>; 2, <i>O. ursina</i>; and, 3, +<i>O. australis</i>. He believed that the first was common to the Falkland +Islands, Chile, Brazil, New Holland, and Kamtschatka, and the +second to Magellan’s Straits, Patagonia, New Holland, and the Cape. +We now know that the species have a very limited geographical +distribution.</p> + +<p>When I published my ‘Catalogue of the Seals in the British Museum,’ +in 1850, I was satisfied from Steller’s description that the +species he described from the Arctic regions were distinct from those +found in the Southern seas; and when I at last succeeded in obtaining +specimens and skulls from the northern regions of the Pacific, +I not only found that my idea was confirmed, but that they did not +even belong to the same genera. I had the skulls of these species +figured in the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ for 1859, and +this greatly extended the knowledge of the animals. But there is +yet much to be learnt respecting them. We do not know the species +of Fur-seal described by Forster as inhabiting the coast of New +Zealand.</p> + +<p>The skull of these animals changes so much in form as the animal +arrives at adult and old age that it is not always easy to determine +the species by it, unless you have a series of them, of different ages +and states, to compare. Thus Dr. Peters, in his revision of the +genus after the publication of my Catalogue and figures of the skulls +in the ‘Voyage of the Erebus and Terror’ and in the ‘Proceedings<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[8]</span> +of the Zoological Society,’ formed no less than five species from the +skulls of the southern Sea-lion (<i>Otaria jubata</i>)—<i>O. jubata</i>, <i>O. Byronia</i>, +<i>O. leonina</i>, <i>O. Godeffroyi</i>, and <i>O. Ulloæ</i>,—referring the first +four to the subgenus <i>Otaria</i>, and the last to <i>Phocarctos</i> (see Monatsbericht, +May 1866, pp. 265, 270). In his second essay, published +a few months later (<i>ibid.</i> Nov. 1866), after his visit to London, he +placed them all together in one subgenus (<i>Otaria</i>), and seems, by +the way in which he has numbered four of them, to doubt their +distinctness. It would have been better if he had at once simply +reduced them to synonyms (as they must be reduced) and included +with them <i>O. Ulloæ</i>, which is only the skull of a young specimen, +such as was called <i>O. molossina</i> by Lesson and Garnet. I may +observe that I had shown in my first ‘Catalogue of Seals’ (1850), +from the examination of the typical skull, that two or three of +these nominal species were only very old or young skulls of the +southern Sea-lion.</p> + +<p>It is the character of the Eared Seals or <i>Otariadæ</i> to have a very +close, soft under-fur between the roots of the longer and more rigid +hairs. They are therefore called <i>Fur-Seals</i> by the sealers, and are +hunted for their skin as well as for their oil. The quantity and +fineness of the under-fur differ in the various species; and the skin +and under-fur bear a price in the market according to the country +and the species from which they are obtained.</p> + +<p>Some species of the family have so little under-fur when they +arrive at adult age, that they are of no value in the market to be +made into “seal-skins;” these are therefore called <i>Hair-Seals</i> by +the sealers. They are only collected for the oil, as the skins are of +comparatively little value.</p> + +<p>The skins of the Fur-Seal are much used in China, and are more +or less the fashion in this country, sometimes being far more expensive +than at others. The skins of the Hair-Seals are only used, like +the skins of the Earless Seals or <i>Phocidæ</i>, for very inferior purposes, +as covering boxes, knapsacks, &c.; but the animals are much sought +after for the oil they afford.</p> + +<p>The furs of the different species of Fur-Seals are exceedingly different +in external appearance, especially in the younger specimens, +or when the fur is in its most perfect condition. In most species +the hairs are much longer than the under-fur; they are flat and +more or less rigid and crisp. In others the hairs are short, much +softer, scarcely longer than the soft woolly under-fur; in these species +the fur is very dense, standing nearly erect from the skin, forming +a very soft elastic coat, as in <i>O. falklandicus</i> and <i>O. Stelleri</i>.</p> + +<p>The hair of <i>O. nigrescens</i> is considerably longer than that of <i>O. cinerea</i>, +but not so harsh, the fur of the half-grown <i>O. nigrescens</i> being +longer, sparse, flat, rather curled at the end, giving a crispness to +the feel; while the hairs of the very young specimens are abundant, +nearly of equal length, forming an even coat that is soft and smooth +to the touch.</p> + +<p>The length, abundance, and, indeed, the presence or absence of +the under-fur greatly depend on the season at which the specimen<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[9]</span> +is obtained or observed. It is true that the sealers call some seals +hair- and others fur-seals; but that is only because what they call +hair-seals never had more than a very small quantity of under-fur +in the fur-season; but, on the other hand, many fur-seals at some +seasons have only a small quantity of the under-fur which is so long +and abundant at other periods.</p> + +<p>Difficult as it is for the zoologist to distinguish the species by their +external appearance, the skins of the different species of Fur-Seals +are easily distinguished by the dealers, even when they are wet, +showing that the practical fellmonger is in advance of the scientific +man in such particulars, as the dealers in whalebone were in regard +to the distinction of the species of the Whale by their baleen (see +Zool. Erebus & Terror).</p> + +<p>The longer hairs of the Fur-Seals are very slender and pale-coloured +at the basal half of their length, and thicker and darker at +the upper half, and often have a white tip. The basal half is subcylindrical, +the upper half is flat, tapering at each end. The absolute +length of the under-fur differs in the various species. Judging +from the old and young specimens of <i>A. nigrescens</i>, the hairs seem +to be longer, both absolutely and relatively to the under-fur, in the +young than in the adult animals. The hairs of the Hair-Seals are +shorter, flat, channelled above, and gradually tapering from the base +to the tip, merely contracted at the insertion into the skin. The +breadth of the hairs seems to vary in the different species; and in +the younger specimens there are to be observed some soft hairs like +the under-fur of the Fur-Seals.</p> + +<p>The <i>Fur-Seals</i> are <i>Callorhinus ursinus</i>, <i>Arctocephalus antarcticus</i>, +<i>A. nigrescens</i>, <i>A. cinereus</i>, <i>A. Forsteri</i>, <i>A. falklandicus</i>, <i>Eumetopias +Stelleri</i>, <i>Arctophoca Philippii</i>.</p> + +<p>The <i>Hair-Seals</i> are <i>Otaria jubata</i>, <i>Phocarctos Hookeri</i>, <i>Arctocephalus +nivosus</i>, <i>Zalophus Gilliespii</i>, <i>Neophoca lobatus</i>.</p> + +<p>Dr. Peters, in his two papers on the Eared Seals (<i>Otaria</i>) uses the +length of the ears and the existence or non-existence of the under-fur, +as well as the characters used by Mr. Gill and myself, to separate +the species of these animals into subgenera.</p> + +<p>The length of the ears may probably afford good characters for +the separation of the species and groups, if they can be observed in +the living animals. As yet, only one species of these animals, the +Sea-lion or Sea-bear (<i>Otaria leonina</i>), has been observed alive in +Europe; so that Dr. Peters’s notes could only be derived from the +examination of more or less carefully preserved skins; and, I fear, +little dependence can be placed on them.</p> + +<p>The form of the hinder opening of the nostrils and the form of its +front edge, when only one or two skulls of a species were examined, +have been regarded as constituting a good character; but when an +extensive series of the skulls of a single species, or of several species, +have been examined, that part is found to vary considerably as to +the width of its different parts, and especially in the form of its +front edge. As far as my observations have extended, the hinder +opening of the nostrils appears to become narrower, and especially its<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[10]</span> +front edge, as the animal becomes adult or aged; and in the skulls +of the younger specimens it is broader, shorter, and the front edge +is broader and more truncated or straight, with only a slight rounding +at the sides.</p> + +<p>The position of the grinders as regards the front part of the zygomatic +arch is a good character for the distinction of the species, +especially if a series of skulls from animals of different ages, and +from the same locality, of each species are compared together; and +it is the same with the rooting of the grinders themselves. But +when adult skulls of different species are compared together, the +forms of the skulls are so altered, the grinders generally so worn +and altered by age, and their position in different species so similar, +that the distinction of the species then becomes more difficult.</p> + +<p>The flap of thick bald skin produced beyond the hinder toes varies +in length as compared with the toes, in the length of it before it divides +into lobes, and the length of the lobes themselves in different +species, and thus affords characters for their separation; +but it is difficult to determine the proper length of it and its parts +from a preserved specimen in the Museum. It is apt to be unnaturally +stretched in length and width by the preparer, and it shrinks +as it dries long after it is placed in the Museum.</p> + +<p>If I am not deceived by the prepared skins, the flap appears to +be longer in the adult than in the young specimens; and judging +from the specimens in the Museum, it is longest in <i>Callorhinus +ursinus</i>, and it gradually becomes shorter in <i>Arctocephalus antarcticus</i>, +<i>A. falklandicus</i>, <i>Phocarctos Hookeri</i>, <i>A. cinereus</i>, <i>Otaria jubata</i>, and +<i>A. nigrescens</i>. It is very short in <i>Neophoca lobata</i> and <i>Eumetopias +Stelleri</i>.</p> + +<p>The “Prodrome of a Monograph of the Pinnipedes,” by Mr. Theodore +Gill, wherein he named several genera of this group, and a +paper by Dr. Peters on the <i>Otariæ</i> of the Berlin Museum, in the +‘Monatsbericht’ for May 1866, have induced me to reexamine the +skulls and skeletons in the British Museum.</p> + +<p>I may observe that Dr. Peters considers all the Eared Seals one +genus, but has divided them into seven subgenera, to each of which +he gives a distinctive name. Dr. Peters’s paper is interesting as +determining the specimens described by Pander and D’Alton, Johann +Müller, and other German naturalists, as well as describing the +more recently received specimens in the Berlin Museum, which +certainly is one of the most important on the Continent.</p> + +<p>Captain Thomas Musgrave, in a work entitled ‘Cast away on the +Aucklands,’ 12mo, 1866, pp. 141 and following, gives a very interesting +account of the habits and manners of the Lion-seal, showing +how unlike they are in their habits to the Seals without ears (Phocidæ). +The female brings forth her young far inland, and has to +teach them to take to the water which is to be their future home.</p> + +<p>Captain Weddell gives nearly the same account of the habits of +the Fur-Seal, as does also Mr. Hamilton (in Ann. & Mag. Nat. +Hist. 1839, p. 87).</p> + +<p>Mr. J. A. Allen, in the ‘Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[11]</span> +Zoology’ at Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass., has published (1870) +an essay on the Eared Seals (Otariadæ), with detailed descriptions +of the North-Pacific species.</p> + +<p>He divides the family into subfamilies:—</p> + +<p>Subfam. 1. <i>Trichophocinæ</i>, without under-fur, and containing the +genera <span class="smcap">Otaria</span>, <span class="smcap">Eumetopias</span>, <span class="smcap">Zalophus</span>.</p> + +<p>Subfam. 2. <i>Eulophocinæ</i>, with thick under-fur, containing <span class="smcap">Callorhinus</span> +and <span class="smcap">Arctocephalus</span>.</p> + +<p>He gives figures of the skulls of different ages of the North-Pacific +species.</p> + +<p>Mr. Allen had only the skins in salt and the bones of two +North-Pacific species to study, and he does not seem to be aware +that the abundance of the under-fur greatly depends on the season +and age of the animal when collected; and unfortunately he seems +to have had no specimens or skulls of the southern species to enable +him to study their characters; yet with these limited materials he +has ventured to propose a revision of the species of Otariadæ, and, +from the same cause, has suggested the uniting of many incongruous +species together. It may be very true that zoologists have erred +(myself among the number) in making too many genera and species; +but the correction of this error requires as much study and consideration +of the entire subject as have been used in their determination; +and science is not advanced by hasty alterations founded on a +few specimens.</p> + +<p>The Eared Seals are collected for their oil and skins. Most of the +species have very dense under-fur of soft erect hairs between the +bases of the longer hairs. These are called “Fur-Seals;” and the +skins, when deprived of their long hairs, are very valuable. The +dressed furs of the various species and localities are of very different +commercial and economic value. The skins of <i>Neophoca lobata</i> (of +Australia) and <i>Phocarctos Hookeri</i> (of the Southern Ocean), being +nearly destitute of this under-fur, are called <i>Hair-Seals</i> by the +sealers. Their skins are of little comparative value, as they are only +used like the skins of the Earless Seals (Phocidæ).</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Synopsis of the Genera.</span></h4> + +<p class="hanging">Section I. <i>Palate produced behind to a line even with the condyles of the +jaw. Grinders 6/5·6/5. Under fur sparse.</i> Sea-lions.</p> + +<p class="hanging">Tribe 1. <span class="smcap">Otariina.</span></p> + +<p>1. <i>Otaria.</i> Antarctic Seas. East and west coast of South America.</p> + +<p class="hanging">Section II. <i>Palate only extended behind to a line even with the middle +part of the zygomatic arch.</i> Sea-bears.</p> + +<p class="hanging">Tribe 2. <span class="smcap">Callorhinina.</span> Grinders 6/5·6/5. Skull oblong; face broad, +shorter than the orbit; forehead arched. Flap of toes very long.</p> + +<p>2. <i>Callorhinus.</i> Under-fur abundant. North-west coast of America.</p> + +<p class="hanging">Tribe 3. <span class="smcap">Arctocephalina.</span> Grinders 6/5·6/5; face of the skull shelving<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[12]</span> +in front; the fifth and sixth grinders behind the front of the zygomatic +arch. Flap of toes moderate.</p> + +<p>3. <i>Phocarctos.</i> Grinders large, lobed, the six upper with two notches +on the hinder edge. Under-fur sparse. South America.</p> + +<p>4. <i>Arctocephalus.</i> Grinders thick; crown conical. Under-fur abundant.</p> + +<p class="hanging">Tribe 4. <span class="smcap">Zalophina.</span> Grinders 5/5·5/5, large, thick, in a close continuous +series; the fifth upper in front of the back edge of the zygomatic +arch.</p> + +<p>5. <i>Zalophus.</i> Grinders large and thick, in a close uniform series. +Under-fur sparse. North Pacific.</p> + +<p>6. <i>Neophoca.</i> Grinders large, thick, all equal, in a continuous uniform +series. Under-fur sparse. Flap of toes very short. Australia.</p> + +<p class="hanging">Tribe 5. <span class="smcap">Eumetopiina.</span> Grinders 5/5·5/5, more or less far apart; the hinder +upper behind the hinder edge of the zygomatic arch, and separated +from the other grinders by a concave space.</p> + +<p>7. <i>Eumetopias.</i> Under-fur sparse. Flap of toes very short. West coast +of North America.</p> + +<p>8. <i>Arctophoca.</i> Under-fur abundant. Flap of toes long. West coast +of South America.</p> + +<p class="break">Sect. I. <i>The palate produced behind to a line even with the condyles. The +palatine surface of the maxillaries extending behind the teeth and with +its posterior processes very long. It is deeply concave behind, and +becomes deeper as the animal increases in age. The hinder nostril is +short, with a truncated front edge. Flap of toes rather long.</i> Sea-lions.</p> + +<h4>Tribe I. <i>OTARIINA.</i></h4> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Otariina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1869, vol. iv. p. 269.</p> + +</div> + +<h5>1. OTARIA.</h5> + +<p>Grinders 6/5. In the adult skulls the fourth upper grinder is under +the front edge of the orbit, and the sixth or last in a line with the +back edge of the zygomatic arch. The hinder edge of the palate is +rather in front, on the line of the condyles. The teeth in the +younger skull are more lobed than in the adult; the upper grinders +are also differently disposed; the third upper grinder is under the +front edge of the orbit, and the fifth tooth is in a line with the back +edge of the zygomatic arch, and the last or sixth tooth is far behind +it (see skull, Cat. S. & W. p. 58, f. 18). This change is remarkable, +as the teeth of the young and the adult <i>Zalophus Gilliespii</i> are similar +in number and position.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Otaria (subg. Otaria), <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, p. 263.</p> + +<p>Otaria, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 57; <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1866, +vol. xviii. p. 230; <i>Gill</i>, and <i>Peters</i>.</p> + +<p>Platyrhynchus, <i>F. Cuvier</i>.</p> + +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[13]</span></p> + +<h6>1. Otaria jubata. <i>Sea-lion.</i></h6> + +<p>Fur dark brown; cheeks, temples, and sides of the forehead +black; neck greyish brown; back of the neck yellow-brown; belly +dusky black; hairs flat, tapering, dark brown, yellow, and whitish +intermixed, without any under-fur.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Sea-bear, <i>Illustrated London News</i>; <i>Boy’s Own Book</i>.</p> + +<p>Otaria jubata, <i>label in Zoological Gardens</i>, 1865; <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.</i> 1868, i. p. 109; <i>Murie, P. Z. S.</i> 1869, p. 101, t. viii. (male, +female, and young); <i>Abbott</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1868, p. 190; <i>Sclater</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> +1868, p. 528; <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsber</i>. 1866, p. 262.</p> + +<p>Otaria leonina, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, pp. 264, 665; <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals +& Whales</i>, p. 59, f. 18.</p> + +<p>Otaria Godeffroyi, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, p. 266, t. 1.</p> + +<p>Otaria Byronia, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, pp. 269 & 666.</p> + +<p>Otaria (Phocarctos) Ulloæ, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, p. 270.</p> + +<p>Otaria Ulloæ, <i>Tschudi</i>, <i>Fauna Peruana</i>, pp. 135, 136, t. vi.</p> + +<p>Otaria (Otaria) Ulloæ, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, pp. 667 & 671.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. South America, Falkland Islands, Chili.</p> + +<p>The oldest of the three adult skulls in the British Museum differs +from the other two in the pterygoid processes of the hinder edge of +the palate being closer together than in the rest; but this character +seems to depend on the greater age of the animal, as it differs slightly +in the other two specimens. In all the younger specimens, varying +greatly in size, the pterygoid processes are far apart.</p> + +<p>Dr. Peters considers (1) <i>Platyrhynchus leoninus</i> of F. Cuvier, (2) +<i>Phoca Byronia</i> of Blainville, and (3) an adult specimen which is in +the Hamburg Museum, and of which he described and figured the +skull as <i>O. Godeffroyi</i>, to be distinct species. I cannot see any +difference between the skull in the College of Surgeons, on which +<i>Phoca Byronia</i> was founded, and those in the British Museum; and +the figure of the skull described as <i>O. Godeffroyi</i> is very similar to +the skull in the British-Museum collection which I have called +<i>O. jubata</i>.</p> + +<p>This animal has the harsh fur without any under-fur of <i>Phocarctos +Hookeri</i>; but it entirely differs from that animal in the colour +of the fur. This cannot arise from the greater age of the animal, as +it is not nearly so large as the half-grown <i>P. Hookeri</i> in the British +Museum.</p> + +<p>In the dark blackish-brown colour of the fur and the pale-brown +colour of the nape, and in the absence of the under-fur, this Seal +resembles the adult <i>Neophoca lobata</i> from Australia; but in that +species the pale colour extends all over the crown, while in the young +male <i>Otaria jubata</i> there are only a few paler scattered hairs on the +middle of the crown and nose.</p> + +<p>Dr. Murie represents the skull of a nearly full-grown male and of +a female nearly of the same age (P. Z. S. 1869, p. 103. f. 1, 2). +They greatly differ, the nose and the palate being much wider in +the male than in the female, and the teeth in the male (but this +may be only an individual peculiarity) were much worn down.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[14]</span></p> + +<p>He observes, “the whole of the palate is much narrower than in +the male of the same size, especially in the maxillary region, and +the teeth are much weaker and more sharply pointed.”</p> + +<p>He observes, “The young of both sexes are alike of a dark brown +or very deep chocolate colour. The males about a year old retain +somewhat of the chocolate tint of their youth, which, however, is +paler, and subsequently changes annually as the coat is shed. The +females of equal age assume a dark grey hue dorsally, while the +abdominal parts are light yellowish. As they grow older they alter +little.</p> + +<p>“Males a couple of years old or more become of a rich brown shade +on the back and sides, and lighter or yellowish beneath. Old males +alone are maned.</p> + +<p>“There is a sparse underwool on the young, which sensibly diminishes +with age.</p> + +<p>“The skulls of the adult male and female differ considerably, the +latter being comparatively the narrower of the two—the former possessing +a somewhat different form of teeth, besides proportionally +immense canines.</p> + +<p>“The teeth of <i>Otaria jubata</i> are subject occasionally to a peculiar +wearing, of a median constricted character.</p> + +<p>“Between the female and male of this species there is a wide +difference as regards the stretch of the pectoral flippers. In the +skin of the male the breadth from tip to tip of the fore flippers is +equal to or greater than the length of the body; in the female the +reverse obtains. This fact points to greater strength and swimming-power +of the former.”</p> + +<p class="break">Sect. II. <i>The palate rather produced behind. The front edge of the hinder +nasal opening in a line with the middle of the zygomatic arch.</i> Sea-bears.</p> + +<h4>Tribe II. <i>CALLORHININA.</i></h4> + +<p>Grinders 6/5·6/5. Skull oblong; face broad, shorter than the orbit; +forehead arched. See Cat. S. & W. p. 45, f. 16 (skull).</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Callorhinina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1869, vol. iv. p. 269.</p> + +</div> + +<h5>2. CALLORHINUS.</h5> + +<p>Skull elongate; forehead rounded in front of the orbit, rather +swollen. Palate rather concave, as wide in front as at the end of +the tooth-line, rather narrowed behind. The sixth upper grinder +just behind the hinder edge of the zygomatic arch; the grinders moderate, +fifth and sixth upper and the fifth lower with two diverging +roots. Front flapper small, narrow. Flap of toes very long.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Callorhinus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1859, p. 359; <i>Annals & Mag. N. H.</i> 1866, +vol. xviii. p. 234; <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 44, f. 16 (skull); <i>Peters</i>.</p> + +<p>Arctocephalus, <i>Gill</i>!</p> + +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[15]</span></p> + +<h6>1. Callorhinus ursinus. <i>Northern Sea-Bear.</i></h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Phoca ursina, <i>Linn.</i>; <i>Pander & D’Alton</i>, t. 7. f. 1 (not good).</p> + +<p>Otaria (Callorhinus) ursina, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, pp. 273 & 672.</p> + +<p>Otaria Stelleri (part.), <i>Lesson & Müller</i>.</p> + +<p>Callorhinus ursinus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1859, p. 359, t. 58 (skull); <i>Ann. +& Mag. N. H.</i> 1866, xviii. p. 235; <i>Cat. Seals & W.</i> p. 44, f. 16 +(skull); <i>Allen</i>, <i>Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.</i> ii. pp. 44 & 73, tab. 2 & 3. +figs. 1-8.</p> + +<p>Arctocephalus ursinus, <i>Gill</i>, <i>Proc. Essex Inst.</i> vol. v. 1866, p. 13 (not +<i>F. Cuvier</i>).</p> + +<p><i>Young.</i> Arctocephalus monteriensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1859, p. 358 (skin +only).</p> + +<p>Arctocephalus californianus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 51 (skin +only).</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Kamtschatka. B.M.</p> + +<h4>Tribe III. <i>ARCTOCEPHALINA.</i></h4> + +<p>Grinders 6/5·6/5; face of the skull shelving in front; the fifth and +sixth grinders behind the front of the zygomatic arch.</p> + +<h5>3. PHOCARCTOS.</h5> + +<p>The skull elongate, forehead flat. The palate concave, deep, +with a thickened margin on each side in front, widest in the middle +part of the tooth-line, and gradually narrowed behind the teeth; +the internal nares oblong, longer than broad, truncate in front, the +front edge in a line with the orbital process of the zygomatic arch. +Grinders large, compressed; the fifth and sixth upper behind the +back edge of the zygomatic arch. The grinders have compressed +roots; some of them have a very indistinct longitudinal groove on +the side; the fifth upper grinder has two distinct roots. The ear-bones +scarcely prominent, with a flat lower surface. Flap of toes +moderate.</p> + +<p>I have not seen an adult skull of this genus. The skulls described +are 10 inches long, but the bones are not knit (see Cat. S. & W. +p. 47, f. 17).</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Arctocephalus § II., <i>Gray</i>, <i>Proc. Zool. Soc.</i> 1859, p. 109.</p> + +<p>Phocarctos, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1866, vol. xviii. p. 234.</p> + +<p>Otaria (part.), <i>Allen</i>, <i>Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.</i> ii. p. 44.</p> + +</div> + +<h6>1. Phocarctos Hookeri. <i>The Southern Hair-Seal.</i></h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<p>Fur brown-grey, slightly grizzled, pale, nearly white beneath; +hairs short, close-pressed, rather slender, flattened, black, with +whitish tips, the tips becoming longer on the under part of the +sides; feet reddish or black; whiskers black or whitish.</p> + +<p>Young pale yellow, varied with darker irregular patches; length +18 inches. B.M.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[16]</span></p><div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Arctocephalus Hookeri, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Zool. Erebus and Terror</i>, t. 14, 15 +(skull); <i>Cat. Seals B. M.</i> p. 45. f. 15; <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1859, pp. 109, 360, +<i>Cat. Seals and Whales B. M.</i> pp. 53, 54.</p> + +<p>Arctocephalus falklandicus, <i>Burmeister</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1866, +xviii. t. 9. f. 1, 2, 3, 4 (skull only).</p> + +<p>Otaria (Phocarctos) Hookeri, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, pp. 269 & 671.</p> + +<p>Phocartos Hookeri, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1866, vol. xviii. p. 234 +(the Hair-Seal of the sealers).</p> + +<p>Otaria jubata (part.), <i>Allen</i>, <i>Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.</i> ii. p. 45.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Young or albino? entirely cream-coloured, about 2 feet long.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Eared Seal, <i>Pennant, Quad.</i> ii. p. 278.</p> + +<p>Phoca flavescens, <i>Shaw, Gen. Zool.</i> i. p. 200, t. 73 (from <i>Pennant</i>).</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Falkland Islands and Cape Horn.</p> + +<p>Pennant, in his ‘Quadrupeds,’ describes an Eared Seal, rather +more than 2 feet long, the whole body of which was covered with +longish hair of a whitish or cream-colour; it was brought from the +Straits of Magellan, and preserved in Parkinson’s Museum on the +south side of Blackfriar’s Bridge (see “Eared Seal,” Pennant’s +Quad. ii. p. 278). Dr. Shaw, in his ‘General Zoology,’ gave the +name of <i>Phoca flavescens</i> to this species, and figured it (i. p. 260, +t. 73).</p> + +<p>This is very probably the young of the Hair-Seal of the Falklands, +described by me as <i>Arctocephalus Hookeri</i>, which is of a pale-yellowish +colour. Pennant does not mention the want of the +under-fur.</p> + +<p>Dr. Burmeister observes:—“We have in the Museum [at Buenos +Ayres] a young half-grown specimen [of <i>Arctocephalus falklandicus</i>] +nearly 3 feet long. From this I have taken the skull, of which I +send you a description and drawings” (Ann. N. H. 1866, xviii. +p. 99, t. 9. f. 1, 2, 3, 4). From the comparison of the figures, and +especially of the teeth and the form of the palate, with our older +skull of <i>Arctocephalus Hookeri</i>, I have little doubt that it is the +skull of a specimen of that species before the grinders were all developed. +It is not the skull of <i>Otaria jubata</i>, which the other specimen +he called <i>A. falklandicus</i> is, as proved by the form and +position of the hinder nasal openings. The figure of the young +skull differs from the older skull of <i>A. Hookeri</i> in the British Museum +in having a notch in the middle, while the older skull of <i>A. +Hookeri</i> has a conical prominence in the same place. Such differences +are found in skulls of Seals at different ages.</p> + +<p>The skull of the young animal described and figured by Dr. Burmeister +as <i>Arctocephalus falklandicus</i> (Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1866, +xviii. p. 99, t. 9. f. 1 & 2), is probably the young skull of this +species. It agrees with it in the elongated form of the skull, and +in the large size and great development of the processes of the +orbits.</p> + +<p>Dr. Murie regards <i>Otaria Philippii</i> as founded on the skull of +this species (P. Z. S. 1869, p. 108).</p> + +<p>Mr. Allen, on the contrary, includes <i>Otaria Hookeri</i> as a synonym +of <i>Otaria jubata</i>. One could not have a better proof of the want<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[17]</span> +that Mr. Allen had of more materials when he undertook a revision +of the family.</p> + +<h5>4. ARCTOCEPHALUS.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Arctocephalus, <i>F. Cuvier, Peters</i>.</p> + +</div> + +<p>The face of the skull elongate, forehead flat. The palate concave, +especially in front, with a thickened margin on each side near +the teeth, and then narrowed behind; the internal nasal opening +elongate, longer than broad, narrow and arched in front, the edge +in a line with the orbital process of the zygomatic arch, which is +large and well developed. Flap of toes moderate.</p> + +<p>In the adult skull of <i>A. antarctica</i>, from the Cape, the fifth +hinder grinder has only very short rounded callous roots, which +are slightly divided into two lobes; and the hinder sixth upper +grinder seems to have a root of the same character. But not having +any skulls of younger animals, I am not able to describe what are +the forms of the roots of these two teeth in the younger state.</p> + +<p>In the skulls of the older specimens (which are not adult, as they +have the sutures between the bones still distinct), the fifth and +sixth upper grinders have two distinct diverging roots.</p> + +<p class="break">* <i>The fifth and sixth upper grinders with two roots (?); the sixth upper +partly behind the hinder edge of the zygomatic arch.</i> Arctocephalus. +(Africa.)</p> + +<h6>1. Arctocephalus antarcticus. <i>The Cape Fur-Seal.</i></h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Phoca antarctica, <i>Thunb.</i>, <i>Mém. Acad. Pétersb.</i> iii. p. 322; <i>Fischer’s +Synop.</i> p. 242.</p> + +<p>Arctocephalus schisthyperoës, <i>Turner</i>, <i>Journ. Anat.</i> 1868, p. 113, +f. <span class="space"> </span>.</p> + +<p>Arctocephalus schistuperus, <i>Günther</i>, <i>Zool. Record</i>, 1868, p. 20.</p> + +<p>Arctocephalus antarcticus, <i>Gray</i>; <i>Allen</i>, <i>Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.</i> ii. +p. 45.</p> + +<p>Arctocephalus Delalandii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1859, t. 69 (skull); <i>Ann. +& Mag. N. H.</i> 1866, vol. xviii. p. 235; <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 52.</p> + +<p>Phoca ursina, <i>Cuvier</i>, <i>Oss. Foss.</i> t. 219. f. 5.</p> + +<p>Arctocephalus ursinus, <i>F. Cuvier</i>, <i>Mém. Mus.</i> vol. xi. p. 205, t. 15, +no. 1. <i>a</i>, <i>b</i>, <i>c</i> (skull).</p> + +<p>Otaria ursina, <i>Nilsson</i>.</p> + +<p>Halarctus Delalandii, <i>Gill</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 7.</p> + +<p>Otaria (Arctocephalus) pusilla, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, pp. 271 & 671.</p> + +<p><i>Junior.</i> Petit Phoque, <i>Buffon</i>, <i>H. N.</i> xiii. t. 53, = Phoca pusilla, +<i>Schreb.</i></p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. South Africa, Cape of Good Hope.</p> + +<p>The two adult skulls in the British Museum differ greatly in the +width of the hinder nasal opening, in the form of the hinder lower +lateral processes of the occipital bone, in the form of the back of +that bone, and in the shape of the condyles.</p> + +<p>The skull from the Cape of Good Hope, in the Museum of +the University of Edinburgh, was described and figured by Dr. +Turner under the name of <i>Arctocephalus schisthyperoës</i>, in the +‘Journal of Anatomy and Physiology,’ vol. iii. p. 113. The name<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[18]</span> +is changed to <i>A. schistuperus</i> by Dr. Günther in the ‘Zoological +Record’ for 1868, p. 20. It is evidently the skull of a half-grown +animal, with all its teeth developed, but with the sutures of the +bones still apparent. It agrees in every respect with what I +should expect to be the form and structure of the skull of <i>Arctocephalus +antarcticus</i> from the Cape; but unfortunately the two +skulls of that Sea-bear from the Cape which are in the British +Museum are from old animals; and the specimen figured by Cuvier, +Oss. Foss. v. 220, t. 18. f. 5, is also adult. It differs from the skulls +of the two adult specimens of that species in the British Museum +in the hinder nasal aperture being much extended forwards and +gradually tapering to a point in front, which reaches to the transverse +palato-maxillary suture. This peculiarity in the form of the +palate, which Prof. Turner has not observed in any other seal-skull, +seems to have induced him to regard it as a distinct species. +From the examination I have made of the skulls of Seals in the +Museum and other collections, I am induced to believe that it +is an individual abnormality of <i>Arctocephalus antarcticus</i>. I have +observed a similar malformation in the palates of two other species. +I was myself misled by their structure, before I met with the +other examples, to regard a skull with such a deformity as a distinct +species.</p> + +<p>At one time I thought that it might be a peculiarity of the +young state, as it had up to that time only been observed in +skulls of half-grown animals. It occurs in half-grown specimens +of <i>Euotaria nigrescens</i>; but the skulls of the very young specimens +of this Seal in the British Museum have the front edge +of the hinder nasal opening truncated and slightly arched in form, +with well-developed square palatine bones united by a central suture +just as in the adult, but broader and straighter.</p> + +<p>It was this observation that induced me to return to my original +opinion, that the skull which I had at first regarded as a young +skull of <i>Arctocephalus monteriensis</i> (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859), and +then as a separate species under the name of <i>A. californianus</i> +(Cat. Seals and Whales, p. 51), was only a monstrosity of <i>A. +monteriensis</i>, as I did in the Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1866, xviii. +p. 232; and I am now induced to believe that <i>Arctocephalus +schisthyperoës</i> is only an imperfectly developed skull of <i>A. antarctica</i>.</p> + +<p>Dr. J. R. Forster, in Cook’s voyage in 1775, observed the Eared +Seal at the Cape of Good Hope, and called it <i>Phoca ursina</i>. Believing +it to be the same as the Sea-bear he had observed in New +Zealand, Thunberg, in his list of Cape Mammalia in the third +volume of the ‘Transactions of the St. Petersburg Academy,’ iii. +322, notices this animal under the name of <i>Phoca antarctica</i> (see +Fischer, Syn. Mam. p. 242). Dr. Peters has applied the name of +<i>Otaria pusilla</i> to this species, believing it to be the <i>Petit Phoque</i> of +Buffon, which has been named <i>Phoca pusilla</i> by Schreber, and had +before been named <i>Phoca parva</i> by Boddaert. Buffon says that it +came either from India or the Levant; but it is not by its description<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[19]</span> +to be distinguished from a young specimen of almost any of +the species. It is as likely to have come from the Falkland Islands +as from the Cape, as the French had traffic with Les Iles Malouines, +as they call them.</p> + +<p>M. de Buffon describes a small Eared Seal, which he calls a +“second Phoque” (vol. xiii. p. 341, t. 43, where it is named “le +petit Phoque”), which, he was assured, came from India, but very +probably came from the Levant; and he considers it adult, because +it has all its teeth. It is only one-fifth of the size of the +Seal of the European seas (Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 344). He further +speaks of it as “le petit Phoque noir des Indes et du Levant” +(p. 345). It is evidently a young Eared Seal. The figure is probably +from the skin, with the bones of the toes and jaws, presented +to the cabinet by M. Mauduit (mentioned at p. 433. n. 1273), +and said to have come from India.</p> + +<p>The specimen Buffon figured, then being in the Paris Museum, was +thus described by Cuvier (Oss. Foss. v. p. 220):—“Cet animal a deux +pieds de long; ses oreilles sont grandes et pointues; son pelage est +fourré, luisant, d’un brun noir très-foncé et a sa nuance blanchâtre. +Le ventre seul est brun-jaunâtre.” The teeth show that it is young.</p> + +<p>The figure and description of the <i>Petit Phoque</i> of Buffon have had +the following names given to them:—</p> + +<ul> +<li>Little Seal, <i>by Pennant and Shaw</i>.</li> +<li>Phoca pusilla, <i>Schreber</i>, <i>Säugeth</i>. 314 (<i>Peters</i>).</li> +<li>Phoca parva, <i>Bodd. Elench.</i> 78.</li> +<li>Otaria pusilla, <i>Desm. N. Dict.</i></li> +<li>Otaria Peronii, <i>Desm. Mamm.</i></li> +</ul> + +<p>Fischer, in his ‘Synopsis,’ under <i>Phoca pusilla</i>, p. 252, gives the +Cape of Good Hope and Rotteness Island, on the coast of Australia, +as the habitat of the species.</p> + +<p>The description of Cuvier much more nearly fits that of the +young <i>Arctocephalus nigrescens</i> from the Falkland Islands. The +fur of the young Cape Seal is dark, black above and below; the +hairs are slender, and brown (not whitish) at the base; and the +underside is not yellowish brown; so that it is very doubtful if it +is the young of the Cape Seal.</p> + +<p>Dr. Peters, believing Buffon’s specimen to be a young Cape Seal, +changed the name of <i>Delalandii</i> to <i>pusilla</i>.</p> + +<p>In the Museum are three states in flat skins:—</p> + +<p>1. Adult male, with slight mane, called in the sale-catalogue +“large-wig.” Fur whitish, with a few intermixed black hairs; +under-fur short, reddish. B.M.</p> + +<p>2. Adult, without the mane, called in the sale-catalogue “middling.” +Fur reddish white, grizzled with scattered black hairs; +underside of the body darker, reddish brown; under-fur short, +reddish. B.M.</p> + +<p>3. Young, about 18 inches long, called in the sale-catalogue +“black pup,” from the Cape of Good Hope. Fur black, polished, +soft, smooth, without any grey tips, rather browner black beneath;<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[20]</span> +under-fur brown, very sparse; hairs slender, polished, +black, with very slender brown bases. B.M.</p> + +<p class="break">** <i>The fourth, fifth, and sixth upper grinders with two distinct diverging +roots: the fifth in a line with the hinder edge of the zygomatic arch.</i> +Euotaria. (America.)</p> + +<h6>2. Arctocephalus nigrescens. <i>The Southern Fur-Seal.</i></h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Arctocephalus nigrescens, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Zool. Erebus and Terror</i>, t. <span class="space"> </span>; <i>P. Z. S.</i> +1850, pp. 109, 360; <i>Cat. Seals and Whales</i>, p. 52; <i>Gerrard</i>, <i>Cat. +of Bones</i>, p. 147.</p> + +<p>Arctocephalus (Euotaria) nigrescens, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.</i> +1866, xviii. p. 236.</p> + +<p>Arctocephalus falklandicus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 55; <i>Allen</i>, <i>Bull. +Mus. Comp. Zool.</i> ii. p. 45.</p> + +<p>Otaria (Arctocephalus?) falklandica, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, p. 273.</p> + +<p>Otaria (Arctophoca) falklandica, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> pp. 371 & 671.</p> + +<p>Otaria falklandica, <i>Sclater</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1868, p. 528; <i>Abbott</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> +1868, p. 192.</p> + +<p>Otaria jubata (young), <i>B.M.</i></p> + +<p>Euotaria nigrescens, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.</i> 1868, p. 104.</p> + +<p>Otaria nigrescens, <i>Murie</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1869, p. 106.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Falkland Islands, Volunteer Rock (<i>Capt. Abbott</i>).</p> + +<p>The two skulls of this species in the British Museum agree in +most particulars; but they differ considerably in the form of the +hinder nostrils. The larger one is without its upper teeth, but the +forms of the roots are well exhibited by their sockets; the front +edge of the hinder nasal opening is produced rather further forward, +and is acutely angular. The other skull, which is rather +smaller and has the teeth in good condition, has the hinder nasal +opening with a slightly arched, nearly truncated, front edge.</p> + +<p>Dr. Peters refers <i>Phoca falklandica</i> (Shaw, Zool. i. p. 256) and +<i>Otaria falklandica</i>. (Hamilton, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1839, p. 81, +t. 4; Jardine, Nat. Lib. vi. p. 271, t. 25) to this species. But as +neither Dr. Shaw nor Dr. Hamilton describes the number or position +of the teeth, it is not possible to determine if this is the <i>Fur-Seal</i> +of the sealers, collected at the Falkland Islands, more especially +as the fact of the skull coming from the Falkland Islands is +not well ascertained. See the other synonyma which have been +established on the sealers’ descriptions and figures or the skins +collected for the furriers at the Falkland Islands (Gray, Cat. Seals +and Whales, pp. 55, 56). Dr. Hamilton, who prides himself on his +figure, represents the hind legs as extended behind: but they look +very awkward in that position, the stuffer having evidently had a +difficulty in extending them.</p> + +<p>The hair of <i>A. nigrescens</i> is considerably longer than that of <i>A. +cinereus</i>, but not so harsh, the fur of the half-grown <i>A. nigrescens</i> +being longer, sparse, flat, rather curled at the end, giving it a crispness +to the feel; while the hairs of the very young specimens are +abundant, nearly of equal length, forming an even coat that is soft +and smooth to the touch.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[21]</span></p> + +<p>Capt. Abbott’s young specimen in the British Museum chiefly +differs from the adult specimen in the same collection in the hairs +being longer, more erect, and with minute white tips, and in the +face, throat, and chest being rufous brown; but this reddish colour +is common to the young of several Sea-bears.</p> + +<p>The skulls from Desolation Island, on the south-west coast of +Patagonia, presented to the Anatomical Museum of the University +of Edinburgh by the late Professor Goodsir, evidently belong to +<i>Euotaria nigrescens</i>, the usual Fur-Seal of the Falkland Islands and +other parts of the coast of South-west America. Two of the +skulls are from adult animals, are without the lower jaws, and +have only a few worn and broken teeth, having been rolled on the +beach.</p> + +<p>The other skull is of a young animal, exactly similar to the skull +of a young <i>Euotaria nigrescens</i>, n. 1013<i>e</i>, in the British-Museum +collection. The front edge of the hinder nostrils is as arched as in +that specimen; the teeth are rather more developed than in our +skull; they have a well-marked central lobe and a distinct small +acute tubercle on the front edge of the cingulum.</p> + +<p>The two adult skulls are very like the adult skull of <i>E. nigrescens</i>, +1013<i>d</i>, in the British Museum; but the opening of the internal +nostrils is narrower, and their front edge in one is not nearly so +angular, and in the other it is rather more arched than in either +of the other two skulls, showing that the size of the posterior +nasal aperture and the form of its front edge vary in different +specimens of this species.</p> + +<p>The comparison of the young skull with the more adult one +shows that the grinders change their position considerably as regards +the front edge of the hinder nasal opening. In the young +skull of <i>Euotaria nigrescens</i> the hinder end of the tooth-line is very +near (not a quarter of an inch from) a line level with the front +edge of the internal nasal opening, and the hinder part of the palate +in front of the aperture is nearly as broad as the middle of the +palate: in the adult skull the hinder end of the tooth-line is a full +inch from the front edge of the internal nasal opening, the hinder +part of the palate is contracted toward the internal nostril, and the +internal nasal opening is lengthened and narrowed; but the real +position of the teeth, as compared with the front part of the zygomatic +arch, is little altered, though the form of the palate gives +them the appearance of being more changed than they really are.</p> + +<p>These skulls are interesting as showing that <i>Euotaria nigrescens</i>, +like <i>Otaria leonina</i> and <i>Morunga elephantina</i>, is, or was, common +to the Falkland Islands and the west coast of South America.</p> + +<p>The chief character by which the adult skull of <i>Euotaria nigrescens</i> +can be distinguished from the adult skull of <i>Arctocephalus +antarcticus</i> is, that the hinder or fifth upper grinder and the penultimate +or fourth are placed rather in front of the hinder edge of +the front part of the zygomatic arch; but the position of the teeth is +most distinctive in the skull of the young animal, and loses much +of its importance in comparing old skulls together, unless the skulls<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[22]</span> +and teeth are very accurately compared; and even then the distinction +is more imaginary than real.</p> + +<p>I cannot understand Capt. Abbott’s account of this species. He +says that “the full-grown Seal is about the size of the common +English Seal. The largest skin I have ever seen I do not think measured +more than 4 feet in length, perhaps hardly so much. The hair +differs in colour, being sometimes grey, and at other times of a +brownish tint; that of the young is of a darker brown colour.” +All this agrees better with the true <i>O. falklandica</i>; but yet he says +the skin of his half-grown specimen is now in the British Museum, +and that skin is undoubtedly <i>Euotaria nigrescens</i>. Has Mr. Abbott +confounded the two species in his mind? Or did he forget the +animal? for he informed me that there were no Sea-elephants now +living on the island. (P. Z. S. 1868, p. 190.)</p> + +<p>“The bones of the pectoral limb of the Fur-Seal of commerce differ +from those of the Sea-lion.”—<i>Murie</i>, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 109.</p> + +<p>See Lecomte’s account of the habits of these animals, P. Z. S. +1869, p. 106.</p> + +<p>The British Museum contains the skin and skull of a large +blackish Eared Seal, nearly 6 feet long, that was purchased of a +dealer as “a Fur-Seal from the Falkland Islands;” but, as the +dealers seem always to give that as the habitat for all seal-skins +with a distinct under-coat that come into their possession, I have +quoted the habitat with doubt. When occupied in describing the +Seals of the southern hemisphere for the ‘Voyage of the Erebus +and Terror,’ I named the Seal <i>Arctocephalus nigrescens</i>, and had the +skull figured under that name; but the plate has not yet been published, +though copies of it have been given to Dr. Peters and other +zoologists. In the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ for +1859, pp. 109, 360, and in the ‘Catalogue of Seals and Whales,’ +I described the skull of this species. There is also in the Museum +a skull of a younger animal of the same species.</p> + +<p>Capt. Abbott, in 1866, sent to the British Museum a large and a +small Seal from the Falkland Islands. The large one was examined +and determined to be the southern Sea-lion (<i>Otaria jubata</i>). The +small one, nearly 3 feet long, was very similar in external appearance; +and as the teeth, which could be seen without extracting the +skull, showed that it was a young animal, it was regarded as the +young of the Sea-lion, and it was stuffed without extracting the +skull, and labelled as such. This specimen has been examined by +several zoologists, among the rest by Dr. Peters, when engaged with +his paper on Eared Seals, and has passed unchallenged until this +time, thus showing how difficult it is to distinguish these animals +by their external characters alone.</p> + +<p>Capt. Abbott, who is now residing in England, informed me that +the smaller specimen was the Fur-Seal of the Falkland Islands, +that it grows to about half as long again as the specimen sent, and +that the old males are grey from the tips of the hairs. I have +therefore had the skull extracted from the specimen; and there is +no doubt that it is quite distinct from the Sea-lion (<i>Otaria jubata</i>);<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a>[23]</span> +and, on more careful examination of the skin, I have little doubt, +from the colour and the character of the fur, that it is a young specimen +of the Seal that I described as <i>Arctocephalus nigrescens</i>. It +is interesting as confirming the accuracy of the habitat that I received +with that specimen, and which until this time I considered doubtful, +as Pennant and others describe the Falkland Island Fur-Seal +as grey, and white beneath.</p> + +<p>Dr. Peters, on the authority of this habitat (which I have always +quoted with doubt), has given the name of <i>Arctophoca falklandica</i> +to the animal and skull on which I had established my <i>Arctocephalus +nigrescens</i>.</p> + +<p>In the British Museum there is the skin of a very young Seal, +which was presented by Sir John Richardson as the Falkland +Island Fur-Seal, with the observation appended that the adult is +5 feet long, and its skin is worth fifteen dollars. It is without its +skull. The fur of this young Seal is dark brown, reddish beneath, +and very like that of the young specimen sent by Capt. Abbott; but +the hairs are smoother, and the white tips to them are longer and +more marked, giving the animal a more grizzled appearance.</p> + +<p>There is another young Eared Seal, very like the former, which +was received with General Hardwicke’s Collection (who, no doubt, +purchased it of a dealer), said to have come from the Cape of Good +Hope. I suspect this habitat must be erroneous; for it is very unlike +what I recollect of the young Cape Eared Seals, which are +called “Black Dogs,” on account of the blackness of their colour. +Unfortunately we have no specimen of the latter in the Museum +collection. General Hardwicke’s specimen only differs from Sir +John Richardson’s in being less punctulated with white; fewer +hairs have a white tip, and the tip is shorter.</p> + +<p>Both these young specimens differ from the half-grown one obtained +from Capt. Abbott, in the fur being softer and smooth to the touch; +and Capt. Abbott’s specimen differs from the adult in the length and +greater crispness of its fur, the fur of the old one being harsh and +hard and closer pressed.</p> + +<p>In the first essay, Dr. Peters places <i>Phoca falklandica</i>, Shaw, +and <i>Otaria nigrescens</i> together, with doubt, observing that one was +known from the skin, and the other by the skull, overlooking the +fact that the name <i>nigrescens</i> implied that I had seen the colour of +the fur, which was not that given by Shaw to his animal; in his +second essay, Dr. Shaw’s, Dr. Burmeister’s, and my animal are all +classed together without any doubt.</p> + +<p>The skull of Capt. Abbott’s Fur-Seal from the Falkland Islands +shows that it was a very young animal, which had only developed its +first grinders, the permanent series being developed below them. +The tentorium is bony and well developed. The teeth are the same +in position and number as they are in the adult skull; and the +upper ones, as far as developed, are small and conical, except the +fifth upper grinder, which is largest, triangular, with a single subconical +lobe on the base of the hinder edge of the cone. The lower +canines are small, scarcely larger than the cutting-teeth, which are<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24"></a>[24]</span> +nearly uniform in size. The lower grinders are of a much larger +size than the upper ones in the adult skull, as if they belonged to +the permanent series: they are of the same form as the teeth in +adult skulls; but the central cone is higher and more acute, and the +anterior and posterior lobes at the base of the cone are more developed +and acute, the lobes of the last or fifth grinder being larger +and rather on the inner surface of the tooth.</p> + +<p>The skull of Capt. Abbott’s animal is evidently not the same as +the skull of a young Eared Seal described and figured by Dr. Burmeister +as the skull of <i>Arctocephalus falklandicus</i> from the mouth +of the Rio de la Plata, in the Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. +xviii. p. 99, t. 9, which, from the appearance of the grinders, I +suspect is the young skull of <i>Phocarctos Hookeri</i>, the Hair-Seal of +the Falkland Islands. There is a considerable difference in the +proportions of the skull sent by Capt. Abbott from those of the one +figured by Dr. Burmeister. In Capt. Abbott’s specimen the brain-case, +from the back edge of the orbit to the occiput, is as long as the +length of the face, from the same edge of the orbit to the end of the +nose. In Dr. Burmeister’s figure, the face from the same point +is much longer than the brain-case.</p> + +<p class="break">*** <i>Fourth, fifth, and sixth upper grinders with two diverging roots; the +fifth upper grinder entirely behind the hinder edge of the zygomatic +arch. The palate narrow.</i> Gypsophoca. (Australia.)</p> + +<h6>3. Arctocephalus cinereus. <i>Australian Fur-Seal.</i></h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Otaria (Arctocephalus) cinerea, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, pp. 272 & +671.</p> + +<p>Arctocephalus nigrescens, <i>b</i> & <i>c</i>, <i>Gerrard</i>, <i>Cat. Bones B.M.</i> p. 147.</p> + +<p>Black Seal, Otaria, <i>Cat. Sidney Museum</i>, ii. p. 36.</p> + +<p>Arctocephalus cinereus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals and Whales</i>, p. 56; <i>Ann. & +Mag. N. H.</i> 1866, xviii. p. 236; <i>Allen</i>, <i>Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.</i> ii. +p. 45.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Australia (<i>John Macgillivray</i>).</p> + +<p>Black, greyer beneath; under-fur abundant, reddish brown.</p> + +<p>There are the stuffed skin, with its skull, and the bones of the +face of another young specimen of this Seal in the British Museum, +collected in the Australasian Sea by Mr. John Macgillivray.</p> + +<p>According to the observations of Dr. Peters, founded on the examination +of the typical skulls, <i>Otaria ursina</i> of Nilsson and <i>Otaria +Lemarii</i> of J. Müller (Arch. f. Naturg. 1841, p. 334) include the +<i>Arctocephalus antarcticus</i> from South Africa and <i>A. cinereus</i> of Australia.</p> + +<p><i>Otaria Stelleri</i> of Schlegel (Fauna Japonica, t. 22. f. 55) includes +both the Australian Eared Seals, viz. <i>Arctocephalus cinereus</i> and +<i>Neophoca lobata</i>; and it is quite distinct from the <i>Otaria Stelleri</i> of +Lesson and T. Müller, which is a combination of the Sea-bear and +Sea-lion of Steller (that is to say, <i>Eumetopias Stelleri</i> and <i>Callorhinus +ursinus</i>).</p> + +<p>The males of these animals are described as twice as long and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25"></a>[25]</span> +broad (that is, four times as large) as the females. This may explain +the difference in size of the skulls from the same localities.</p> + +<p>The fur changes its colour as the animal grows, the young being +generally black; and the adult males and females also differ considerably +in the colour of the fur.</p> + +<p>The skulls of the following species are not known:—</p> + +<h6>4. Arctocephalus Forsteri.</h6> + +<p>Grinders 6/5·6/5, conical.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Arctocephalus Fosteri, <i>Fischer</i>; <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.</i> 1868, +i. p. 219.</p> + +<p>Phoca ursina, <i>J. R. Forster</i>.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Cloudy Bay, New Zealand.</p> + +<p>This animal is only known from Dr. Forster’s description and +figure.</p> + +<p>Mr. Allen observes, “I can see no evidence of the New-Zealand +Fur-Seal (of Forster) being specifically distinct from the Fur-Seal +of Australia, <i>A. cinereus</i> (auct.).”—<i>Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.</i> ii. +p. 15.</p> + +<p>At the same time Mr. Allen ventures to remark, “perhaps the <i>A. +cinereus</i> and the <i>A. antarcticus</i> are to be referred to the <i>A. falklandicus</i>, +in which case the habitat of this species is the southern seas +generally” (Bull. Comp. Zool. ii. p. 45): but he does not seem to +have had specimens of any of the three species; otherwise I do not +think he would have ventured upon the observation.</p> + +<p>Unfortunately, having no skull or other parts of the Lion Seal of +the Auckland Islands (the most southern of the New-Zealand group), +we are not able to determine whether it is the same species as +the Sea-lion of the southern end of the American continent (<i>Otaria +jubata</i>), or whether it is the Sea-lion of the southern end of the +African continent (<i>Arctocephalus antarcticus</i>), or the Sea-lion of the +Northern Australian Seas (<i>Neophoca lobata</i>).</p> + +<h6>5. Arctocephalus falklandicus.</h6> + +<p>Fur very soft, elastic; hairs very short, exceedingly close, slender +at the base, thicker above, with close reddish under-fur nearly as +long as the hair; the upper surface pale, nearly uniform grey, minutely +punctulated with white; hairs brown, upper half black, with +minute white tips. The nose, cheeks, temples, throat, chest, sides, +and underside of the body yellowish white.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Falkland Seal, <i>Penn.</i> <i>Quad.</i> ii.</p> + +<p>Phoca falklandica, <i>Shaw</i>, <i>Gen. Zool.</i> i. p. 256 (from <i>Pennant</i>).</p> + +<p>Otaria falklandica, <i>Desm. Mamm.</i> p. 252 (from <i>Pennant</i>; not <i>Peters</i> +or <i>Burmeister</i>).</p> + +<p>Otaria Shawii, <i>Lesson</i>, <i>Dict. Class. d’H. N.</i> xiii. p. 424 (from <i>Pennant</i>).</p> + +<p>Arctocephalus falklandicus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Mam. in Brit. Mus., Seals</i>, +p. 42; <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1868, i. p. 103.</p> + +<p>Fur-Seal of Commerce (Otaria falklandica), <i>Hamilton</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26"></a>[26]</span> +N. H.</i> 1838, ii. p. 81, t. 41; <i>Jardine</i>, <i>Nat. Lib.</i> vi. p. 271, t. 25 (not +<i>Peters</i>).</p> + +<p>Otarie de Péron, <i>Blainville</i>, <i>Journ. de Physique</i>, xci. p. 298; <i>Cuvier</i>, +<i>Oss. Fossiles</i>, v. p. 220.</p> + +<p>Otaria Houvillii, <i>Lesson</i>, <i>Dict. Class. d’H. N.</i> xiii. 425.</p> + +<p>Phoca Houvillii, <i>Fischer</i>, <i>Syn. Mam.</i> p. 154. These three names +are all from the same animal.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Falkland Islands (<i>Abbott</i>; <i>B.M.</i>); New Georgia.</p> + +<p>This is a most distinct species, and easily known from all the other +Fur-Seals in the British Museum by the evenness, shortness, closeness, +and elasticity of the fur, and the length of the under-fur. The +fur is soft enough to wear as a rich fur without the removal of the +longer hairs, which are always removed in the other Fur-Seals. +Unfortunately the specimen is without any skull; and therefore I +cannot give a description of the teeth, or refer it to any of the restricted +genera of <i>Otariadæ</i>.</p> + +<p>Mr. R. Hamilton, in the ‘Annals of Natural History’ for 1838, ii. +p. 81, t. 4, gives the history of the Fur-Seals of commerce and the +method of catching them; and he deposited two specimens in the +Museum of Edinburgh, which had been procured by Capt. Weddel. +Mr. Abbott having informed me that what I had described under the +name of <i>Arctocephalus falklandicus</i> is not now found in the Falkland +Islands, and Mr. Bartlett having shown me an imperfect skin of the +same species, which he had obtained from a fur-monger, who informed +him that such fur-skins were only received from the Arctic +part of the Pacific Ocean, I was induced to request Mr. Archer, +director of the Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art, to allow me +to examine the Seals described by Mr. Hamilton, which, on examination, +proved to be my <i>Arctocephalus falklandicus</i>, only differing +from the Museum specimen in the fur being considerably darker and +harsher; and, from Capt. Weddel’s account as given in the ‘Annals,’ +these specimens came from South Georgia or South Shetland. These +Seals, which were brought from the Antarctic Ocean, may formerly +have inhabited the Falkland Islands, and, like the Sea-lion found +there by Pernetty, have been destroyed or driven away. <i>Arctocephalus +Hookeri</i> is said to be now found in the Antarctic Ocean and +the Falkland Islands. In that case it may be the Falkland-Island +Seal of Pennant.</p> + +<p>The <i>A. falklandicus</i> is very like the Fur-Seal from Australia (<i>H. +cinereus</i>) in the length of the under-fur as compared with the length +of the hairs, and also in the colour of the under-fur and hair; but +the fur is much softer, and its general colour is much darker, both +above and below.</p> + +<p>Pennant describes the “Falkland-Island Seal” from a specimen +4 feet long, in the museum of the Royal Society, thus:—“Hair short, +cinereous, tipped with dirty white;” “grinders conoid, with a small +process on one side near the base.” It is to this description that Dr. +Shaw applied the name of <i>Phoca falklandica</i> (Gen. Zool. i. p. 256). +This agrees with a specimen in the Museum in all particulars. It +certainly is not the dark blackish-brown Seal which I have described<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27"></a>[27]</span> +as the <i>Arctocephalus nigrescens</i>, and which Dr. Peters calls <i>O. falklandica</i>.</p> + +<p>I sent a piece of the fur of this Seal to Dr. Peters to be compared +with the fur of <i>O. Philippii</i>. He observes, “They appear to be +quite different; the wool of <i>O. falklandica</i> is fair and has more +similarity in colour to the young of <i>O. cinerea</i>. The wool of <i>O. +Philippii</i> is entirely ferruginous red, and the longer hairs are stiffer +and have a much shorter grey tip than in <i>O. falklandica</i>.”</p> + +<h6>6. Arctocephalus? nivosus. <i>Cape Hair-Seal.</i></h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<p>Fur very short, close-pressed, black, varied with close, small, +often confluent, white spots; underside of the neck with a few +scattered white hairs; belly red-brown (nearly bay); hairs short, +thick, of one colour to the base; under-fur none, except a very few +hairs on the crown of the head. Skull unknown.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Arctocephalus? nivosus, <i>Ann. & Mag, N. H.</i> 1868, i. p. 219.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Cape of Good Hope. B.M.</p> + +<p>Length of skin nearly 8 feet; but stretched and flattened.</p> + +<p>Dr. Murie (P. Z. S. 1869, p. 108) says that this is only a variety, +seasonal, sexual, or of a different age from the specimens hitherto +obtained.</p> + +<p>Mr. Allen adopts this view, never having seen the specimen, but +changes the phrase into “a previously known species” (Bull. Mus. +Comp. Zool. ii. p. 18); but neither of them mentions the species to +which he refers it.</p> + +<p>But surely Mr. Allen does not mean that it is only a variety of +the skins which were received with it from the Cape of Good Hope; +for, if that were the case, the species would belong to one of his subfamilies, +and the variety to the other.</p> + +<p>In the form and length of the hair it is very different from <i>Arctocephalus +antarcticus</i>; and it is almost destitute of under-fur, except +on the crown of the head.</p> + +<h4>Tribe IV. <i>ZALOPHINA.</i></h4> + +<p>Grinders 5/5·5/5, large, thick, in a close continuous series; the fifth +upper in front of the back edge of the zygomatic arch.</p> + +<p>In the younger skull the grinders are placed rather further back, +the hinder part of the upper grinder being behind the back edge of +the zygomatic arch. The grinders all single-rooted, as the last or +sixth grinder in each jaw, which is generally two-rooted, is absent. +The face of the skull is considerably produced, and the forehead is +flat.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Zalophina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann, & Mag. N. H.</i> 1869, iv. p. 269.</p> + +</div> + +<h5>5. ZALOPHUS.</h5> + +<p>Palate concave, narrow in front, wider at the line of the last +grinder, and then contracted behind. The hinder nares narrow,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28"></a>[28]</span> +elongate, twice as long as wide, acutely arched in front, front edge +in a line with the front edge of the orbital process of the malar bone. +Under-fur sparse.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Zalophus, <i>Gill</i>; <i>Peters</i>; <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1866, xviii. p. 231.</p> + +<p>Arctocephalus § <i>b</i>**, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 55.</p> + +</div> + +<h6>1. Zalophus Gilliespii. <i>Californian Hair-Seal.</i></h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Otaria Gilliespii, <i>Macbain</i>.</p> + +<p>Arctocephalus Gilliespii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1859, t. 70 (skull); <i>Cat. S. & +W.</i> p. 55.</p> + +<p>Zalophus Gilliespii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1866, xviii. p. 231; +<i>Allen</i>, <i>Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.</i> ii. pp. 33 & 44; <i>Gill</i>, <i>Proc. Essex +Inst.</i> 1866, v. p. 13.</p> + +<p>Arctocephalus (Zalophus) Gilliespii, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, pp. 275 +& 671.</p> + +<p>? Otaria Stelleri, <i>Schlegel</i>, fide <i>Peters</i>.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Pacific, South California (Brit. Mus.); Japan (fide +<i>Peters</i>).</p> + +<p>I have not seen any skull or specimens from Japan; so that I am +not quite sure that the specimens from the coast of Asia are the same +as those from the west coast of America.</p> + +<h5>6. NEOPHOCA.</h5> + +<p>Palate concave, broad, as broad before as at the hinder part of +the tooth-line, then rather suddenly contracted. The hinder nares +broad, rather longer than broad, with the front edge broadly arched, +which is further back than the front edge of the orbital process of +the zygomatic arch, or malar bone, which is thick and flat. Fur +with very little under-fur. Flap of toes moderate.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Arctocephalus § <i>b</i>***, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 57.</p> + +<p>Otaria, § Zalophus (part.), <i>Peters</i>.</p> + +<p>Neophoca, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1866, xviii. p. 231.</p> + +</div> + +<h6>1. Neophoca lobata. <i>Australian Hair-Seal.</i></h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Arctocephalus lobatus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Spic. Zool.</i> 1828, t. 4. f. 2 (teeth); <i>Cat. +S. & W.</i> p. 50; <i>Zool. E. & T. Mamm.</i> t. 16, 17. f. 3-5 (skull); <i>Gould</i>, +<i>Mamm. Austr.</i> iii. t. 49; <i>Peters</i>.</p> + +<p>Otaria australis, <i>Quoy & Gaim.</i> <i>Astrol.</i> t. 14, 15. f. 3, 4 (skull).</p> + +<p>Arctocephalus australis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 57.</p> + +<p>Neophoca lobatus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1866, xviii. p. 231.</p> + +<p>Otaria (Zalophus) lobata, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsbr.</i> 1866 pp. 276 & 671.</p> + +<p>Zalophus lobatus, <i>Allen</i>, <i>Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.</i> ii. p. 44.</p> + +</div> + +<p>The upper grinders all single-rooted, the root of the last two (the +fourth and fifth) being rather compressed, with an obscure central +longitudinal groove on the inner side; the first two grinders of the +lower jaw with oblong, the last three with compressed roots, and the +fourth and fifth with a slight longitudinal groove on the side.</p> + +<p>In the younger skulls the roots of the grinders are more oblong, +less compressed, and do not show the lateral grooves, as far as the +teeth can be seen without being drawn from the sockets. In the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29"></a>[29]</span> +front part of the younger skull, which was received from Mr. Gould, +the teeth are placed rather further back than in the adult skull from +North Australia received from Capt. Grey, the hinder part of the +fifth tooth being behind the back edge of the zygomatic arch.</p> + +<p>Mr. Allen thinks that this is undoubtedly the <i>O. cinerea</i> of Desmarest, +from Péron; but it is not the <i>O. cinerea</i> of Quoy & Gaimard +(see obs. on Péron’s Seal in the Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 57).</p> + +<h4>Tribe V. <i>EUMETOPIINA.</i></h4> + +<p>Grinders 5/5·5/5, more or less far apart; the hinder upper behind the +hinder edge of the zygomatic arch, and separated from the other +grinders by a concave space.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Eumetopiina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1869, iv. p. 269.</p> + +</div> + +<h5>7. EUMETOPIAS.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Eumetopias, <i>Gill</i>, <i>Peters</i>.</p> + +<p>Arctocephalus § <i>a</i>***, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 51.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Fur without any under-fur. Palate flattish or rather concave in +front, as wide in front as at the end of the tooth-line, and then +slightly narrowed behind. Posterior nares oblong, elongate, broadly +truncated in front, the front edge being behind the line of the orbital +process of the zygomatic arch. The grinders have large oblong +roots; the second, third, and fourth upper ones have a subcentral +longitudinal groove on the outer side, and a less marked one on their +inner surface; the inner side of all but the first of the lower ones +are similarly grooved; the fifth upper grinder (or, more properly, the +sixth in the normal series) has two distinct roots. The lower jaw +much more elongate than that of <i>Otaria jubata</i>, the hinder angle +more oblique, and the lower margin long and straight. Flap of toes +short.</p> + +<p>The skull of the young animal, which was sent by Mr. A. S. +Taylor to Mr. Gurney from California, and which I first described, +with doubt, as <i>Arctocephalus monteriensis</i>, junior (P. Z. S. 1859, +p. 357), and which in the ‘Catalogue of Seals and Whales’ I named +<i>A. californianus</i> (see p. 51), agrees in every respect in its dentition +with the large skull which we received from California, and which +I described and figured as <i>A. monteriensis</i> (P. Z. S. 1859, p. 358, +t. 72); but it differs greatly in the form of the hinder nares, which +are extended much more forwards, so that the front end, which is +very narrow and acute, is much in front of the prominence of the +orbit of the zygomatic arch, being, in fact, about in a line with the +middle of the lower edge of the orbital cavity.</p> + +<p>This skull is evidently that of a very young animal; for the bones +are separate; but it has the same number and disposition of the teeth +as the large skull. There is the same wide space between the fourth +and fifth upper grinders; but there is at the back edge of the fourth +grinder, on the right side of the skull, a small pit, from which, no<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30"></a>[30]</span> +doubt, a small rudimentary tooth has fallen out; and there is a much +wider but shallow pit on the other side, which may have been produced +by the loss of a rudimentary tooth; the last upper grinder +has a large swollen undivided root. If this is a young skull of +<i>Eumetopias monteriensis</i>, that species is curious for having the teeth +in the old and young skulls in the same situation as regards the +bones of the face.</p> + +<p>The adult skull and the young one were from the same locality, +and, I believe, collected by the same person; and this being the +case, I am inclined to regard them as the same, only showing a +curious peculiarity in the growth of the animal, and also showing +that the form and position of the hinder nostril probably varies as +the animal increases in age.</p> + +<p>Mr. Gill considers Steller’s Sea-bear (<i>Callorhinus ursinus</i>) to be +the type of M. F. Cuvier’s genus <i>Arctocephalus</i>, and therefore abolishes +<i>Callorhinus</i> and gives the new name of <i>Halarctus</i> to the true +<i>Arctocephali</i>—thus unnecessarily adding to the confusion of the +generic names of these animals. He fell into this mistake by not +observing that <i>Phoca ursina</i>, and even <i>Otaria ursina</i>, had been +applied to several species from very different localities, that F. +Cuvier established his genus on the skull of <i>P. ursina</i> of Forster, +from the Cape, which he (M. Cuvier) had named <i>Phoca Delalandii</i>, +and that F. Cuvier does not figure a skull of the Sea-bear of Steller: +indeed the French collection did not at that time, nor does it even +now, possess one; and I feel assured that, if it had, F. Cuvier would, +according to his custom, have established for it a genus distinct from +<i>Arctocephalus</i>, the skulls of the two genera being of such distinct +forms.</p> + +<h6>1. Eumetopias Stelleri. <i>Northern Sea-lion or Fur-Seal.</i></h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Arctocephalus monteriensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & W.</i> p. 49; <i>P. Z. S.</i> +1859, t. 72 (skull).</p> + +<p>Eumetopias californiana, <i>Gill</i>, <i>Proc. Essex Inst.</i> 1866, v. p. 13.</p> + +<p>Otaria Stelleri, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 60; <i>Peters</i>; <i>Müller</i>?</p> + +<p>Otaria (Eumetopias) Stelleri, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsb.</i> 1866, pp. 274 & 671.</p> + +<p>Eumetopias Stelleri, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag.</i> 1866, vol. xviii. p. 233; +<i>Allen</i>, <i>Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.</i> vol. ii. pp. 44, 46, tab. 1 & 2 +(skull &c.).</p> + +<p>Leo marinus, <i>Steller</i>.</p> + +<p>Phoca jubata, <i>Pander & D’Alton</i>, t. 3. f. <i>d</i>, <i>e</i>, <i>f</i> (skull, not good).</p> + +<p><i>Junior.</i> Arctocephalus californianus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 51 (skull +only).</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. California; Behring’s Straits.</p> + +<p>The skin of the young specimen which Mr. Gurney gave to the +Museum along with what was said by Mr. Taylor to be its skull +(see ‘Cat. Seals & Whales,’ p. 51) was the only skin then known to +exist in museums; and consequently I described the fur of the genus +from this skin as having abundant under-fur (see Proc. Zool. Soc. +1859, p. 358). Dr. Peters having discovered Pander and D’Alton’s +animal and skull in the Paris Museum, he observed that the adult<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31"></a>[31]</span> +animal was entirely without under-fur—a fact which has been confirmed +by Mr. Allen, who suggests that the skin of the young received +from Monterey is the skin of the young <i>Eumetopias Stelleri</i>, +which, I think, is very probable. But this only shows the difficulties +that must occur in the study of animals from the very imperfect materials +which until lately existed.</p> + +<p>The Sea-lion of Steller has been one of the zoological paradoxes. +Professor Nilsson, like most preceding authors, regarded it as a variety +of the <i>Otaria jubata</i>; and therefore I supposed it might be a +second species of the restricted genus <i>Otaria</i>. Dr. Peters has solved +the enigma by uniting it and the Seal which I described from California, +observing that the skull in the Berlin Museum, figured by +D’Alton under the name of “Steller’s Sea-lion” (<i>Phoca jubata</i>), was +received from Kamtschatka, and a second skull of an old male in the +Berlin Museum was received from Mr. Brandt as coming from +Behring’s Straits.</p> + +<p>The figure of Pander and D’Alton is so imperfect that it would +have been impossible to determine the species it represents without +the examination of the original skull; and then one sees that it +may have been intended for the species to which it is referred. The +same observation is applicable to the figure of the skull of Steller’s +Sea-bear.</p> + +<p>It is to be regretted that these skulls escaped the researches of +Professor Nilsson, who visited most museums in Europe to examine +the typical specimens.</p> + +<p>The specimen of <i>Callorhinus ursinus</i> now in the Museum was received +from St. Petersburg as <i>Otaria leonina</i>, or <i>Leo marinus</i> of +Steller, from Behring’s Straits; so they evidently confound two +species under that name.</p> + +<h5>8. ARCTOPHOCA.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Arctophoca, <i>Peters</i>.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Dr. Peters described this subgenus from a specimen sent from +Chili by Dr. Philippi. It chiefly differs from <i>Zalophus</i> in the palate +being much narrower, but rather wider behind, and the teeth rather +far apart. I have not seen any skull agreeing with these characters.</p> + +<p>“With abundant under-fur.”</p> + +<p>According to figures, the form of the skull and the large size of +the orbit are very similar to those of <i>Phocarctos Hookeri</i>, but the +number and form of the teeth are different.</p> + +<p>In the ‘Monatsbericht,’ May 1866, p. 276, t. 2. <i>a</i>, <i>b</i>, <i>c</i>, Dr. +Peters described and figured with considerable detail a skull of a +Sea-bear (sent to the Berlin Museum by Dr. Philippi, who obtained +it at Juan Fernandez Island) under the name of <i>Otaria Philippi</i>, +forming for it a subgenus which he calls <i>Arctophoca</i>. In his revision +of that paper, published in the same work for November 1866, +p. 671, he places it as a synonym or subspecies of what he calls +<i>Otaria falklandica</i>, which is my <i>Arctocephalus nigrescens</i>, and not<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32"></a>[32]</span> +the <i>Otaria falklandica</i> of Shaw nor the <i>O. falklandica</i> of Burmeister +as Dr. Peters supposes, as I have shown above. In this paper he +removes <i>Otaria falklandica</i> (that is, <i>nigrescens</i>) from the subgenus +<i>Phocarctos</i>, to which he referred it in his first paper, and places it in +his subgenus <i>Arctophoca</i>.</p> + +<h6>1. Arctophoca Philippii. <i>Chilian Fur-Seal.</i></h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Otaria (Arctophoca) Philippii, <i>Peters</i>, <i>Monatsbericht</i>, May 1866, +p. 276, t. 2 (skull), September 1866, p. 671.</p> + +<p>Otaria Hookeri, var., <i>Murie</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1869, p. 108!</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Juan Fernandez Island (<i>Philippi</i>; in Mus. Berl.).</p> + +<p>Above black-grey, more greyish yellow on the head and neck, +brownish black <i>beneath</i>; the base of the limbs of a rusty brown, +shining; lips and lower jaw principally rusty brown; hair of beard +in six rows, partly black, partly quite white, partly black with +white base. The outbristling (prominent bristly) pointed hairs are +rusty brown at the base, black at the end, on the back mostly with +very short rusty-yellowish points, and on the head and neck with +somewhat longer ones. On the sides of the belly the ends of the coarser +pointed hairs are either uniformly brownish black, or are very short +rusty-red ones. The thick under-hair is rusty red. The hairs on +the upper surface of the neck are 22 millims. long; those on the +middle of the back 18, and those on the middle of the belly 11 to +12. The dense short hair on the back of the hand extends only to +the <i>middle</i> of the same, not extending to the ends of the fingers, the +ends of which are furnished with very small nails. In like manner, +the very similar hair on the back of the foot does not extend +to the last “Phalangen?” of the middle toe. The nail of +the large outer toe is small, flat, and cut off short outside; that +of the fifth inner toe is a little larger and cut off abruptly on the +inner side. The very developed long nails of the three centre toes +are of the form of keeled tegulæ, and remote along their whole +length by the emarginations of the skin of the foot. The skin-flaps +of the foot are equally long; and usually those of the centre +toes are much smaller than the side ones, of which the outside +one (the great toe) is the broadest. The scrotum, under the anus, +is bare.—<i>Peters</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 277.</p> + +<p>I have not seen this skull; but I believe the alteration Dr. Peters +made in his second paper is a mistake. The figure of the skull of his +<i>Otaria Philippii</i> has no resemblance to the skull of my <i>O. nigrescens</i>. +It is more nearly allied to the skull of <i>O. Stelleri</i> from California, agreeing +with it in having a vacant space with a pit in the bone between the +fourth and fifth upper grinders on each side, looking as if a grinder +had fallen out and the cavity had been filled up. The subgenus +<i>Arctophoca</i> of Dr. Peters’s first essay, not as modified in his second +one to contain <i>O. falklandica</i> (<i>nigrescens</i>), chiefly differs from Gill’s +genus <i>Eumetopias</i> (which was formed on my description and figure of +the skull of <i>O. Stelleri</i> or <i>californiana</i>) in the fifth upper grinder +not being so far back, but in a line with the back edge of the orbital<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33"></a>[33]</span> +process of the zygomatic arch instead of far behind it, as it is in +<i>Eumetopias</i>.</p> + +<p>Dr. Murie, most curiously, considers the skull described by Dr. +Peters to be the same as I have described as <i>O. Hookeri</i> (P. Z. S. +1869, p. 108).</p> + +<p>Dr. Burmeister considered it <i>O. falklandica</i> of Shaw; and Mr. +Allen (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. vol. ii. p. 13) agrees in this opinion; +but further on (p. 15) he observes that both Dr. Gray and Dr. Murie +have “evidently overlooked the fact that Dr. Peters expressly states +that <i>O. Philippii</i> has a <i>thick under-fur</i>, whereas both the <i>O. Stelleri</i> +and the <i>O. Hookeri</i> are true <i>hair</i> Seals.” But, in fact, this statement +is a mistake as regards me; I never said that <i>O. Philippii</i> was the +same as <i>O. Stelleri</i>, but only that its skull was most nearly allied to +it, which I still maintain.</p> + +<p class="break"><i>Antarctic Ocean and South Seas.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>Otaria jubata. <i>S. America and islands.</i></li> +<li>Phocarctos Hookeri.</li> +<li>Arctocephalus nigrescens.</li> +<li>A. falklandicus.</li> +<li>Arctophoca Philippii. <i>S. America.</i></li> +<li>Arctocephalus antarcticus. <i>Africa.</i></li> +<li>A. nivosus. <i>Africa.</i></li> +<li>A. cinereus. <i>Australia.</i></li> +<li>A. Forsteri. <i>New Zealand.</i></li> +<li>Neophoca lobata. <i>Australia.</i></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center"><i>North Pacific and West Arctic Ocean.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>Callorhinus ursinus. <i>West coast of America.</i></li> +<li>Zalophus Gilliespii. <i>West coast of America and Japan?</i></li> +<li>Eumetopias Stelleri. <i>West coast of America.</i></li> +</ul> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34"></a>[34]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak">Order CETACEA.</h2> + +</div> + +<p>Teeth all similar, conical, sometimes not developed. Palate often +furnished with transverse plates of baleen or whalebone. Body fish-shaped, +smooth, bald. Limbs clawless; fore limbs fin-shaped; hinder +united, forming a forked horizontal fin. Nostrils enlarged into +blowers. Teats two, inguinal.—Carnivorous.</p> + +<p>They may be divided by the form of the pectoral fin, thus:—</p> + +<p>I. <i>Pectoral fin broad, truncated or rounded at the end; fingers 5, shorter +than the arm-bones, subequal, gradually shorter in the series.</i>—<span class="smcap">Balænidæ</span>, +<span class="smcap">Catodontidæ</span>, <span class="smcap">Susoidea</span>, <span class="smcap">Orcadæ</span>, <span class="smcap">Belugidæ</span>, <span class="smcap">Pontoporiadæ</span>, +<span class="smcap">Hyperoodontidæ</span>, <span class="smcap">Epiodontidæ</span>, <span class="smcap">Ziphiidæ</span>.</p> + +<p>II. <i>Pectoral fin elongate, obliquely truncated on the inner side; fingers 5, +elongate, longer than the arm-bones, the second and third much longer than +the rest.</i>—<span class="smcap">Iniidæ</span>, <span class="smcap">Delphinidæ</span>, <span class="smcap">Grampidæ</span>, <span class="smcap">Globiocephalidæ</span>.</p> + +<p>III. <i>Pectoral fin elongate, truncated on the inner side; fingers 4, subequal, +more or less elongate.</i>—<span class="smcap">Agaphælidæ</span>, <span class="smcap">Megapteridæ</span>, <span class="smcap">Physalidæ</span>, +<span class="smcap">Balænopteridæ</span>.</p> + +<p>By the adhesion or non-adhesion of the cervical vertebræ, thus:—</p> + +<p>1. Atlas distinct, the other six cervical vertebræ united by their bodies +and spines into a single mass.</p> + +<p><i>Mysticetes.</i></p> + +<p><i>Denticetes.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li><span class="smcap">Catodontidæ.</span></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Grampidæ.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p>2. Atlas and cervical vertebræ all united into one solid mass.</p> + +<ul> +<li><span class="smcap">Balænidæ.</span></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Balænopteridæ.</span></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Physeteridæ.</span></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Hyperoodontidæ</span></li> +<li>(?) <span class="smcap">Ziphiidæ.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p>3. The atlas, axis, and generally one or two other vertebræ united; the +hinder ones sometimes free.</p> + +<ul> +<li><span class="smcap">Megapteridæ.</span></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Epiodontidæ.</span></li> +<li>? <span class="smcap">Ziphiidæ.</span></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Delphinidæ.</span></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Globiocephalidæ.</span></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Orcadæ.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p>4. Atlas and the other cervical vertebræ entirely free.</p> + +<ul> +<li><span class="smcap">Physalidæ.</span></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Agaphelidæ.</span></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Platanistidæ.</span></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Iniidæ.</span></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Pontoporiadæ.</span></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Belugidæ.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35"></a>[35]</span></p> + +<h2>Section I. MYSTICETE (<i>cf.</i> p. 57).</h2> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Mysticete, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales B. M.</i> pp. 61, 68; <i>Synops. +Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 1.</p> + +<p>Mystacoceti or Balænoidea, <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. p. 110.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Head large, depressed. Teeth rudimentary; they never cut the +gums. Palate with transverse, fringed, horny plates of baleen. +Nostrils separate, longitudinal. Gullet very contracted. Tympanic +bones simple, large, cochleate, attached to an expanding periotic +bone, which forms part of the skull.</p> + +<p>The baleen of the different Whales may be divided by its structure, +by its form, and by its colour. The form and structure often go +together.</p> + +<p>The baleen consists of two parts:—1, the outer layer, called the +enamel coat; and, 2, the central fibres, which form the fringe on +the inner edge of the blade: both are well seen in cross sections +under the microscope. The outer coat or enamel differs in thickness +in the different kinds. Thus it is very thick and forms the greater +part of the blade in the Greenland Whale; and in different kinds it +gradually becomes thinner, until it only forms a thin coat over the +central fibres. The central longitudinal fibres differ in thickness +and in number. When they are very slender, as in the Greenland +Whale, they form only a single layer between the two coats of enamel, +and their produced ends make a very fine, long, flaccid fringe to +the inner edge of the blade. In other Whales they are very numerous, +in many series, and form a considerable part of the thickness +of the whalebone, and make a more or less broad and rigid fringe +to the blade. In some the fibres are so thick and rigid that they do +not droop, but form an erect ragged edge to the short and broad +blade, so rigid, indeed, that the fibres of this kind of whalebone are +used to make brushes and brooms.</p> + +<p>The whalebone varies in form, from being narrow, elongate, many +times as long as it is broad at the base, by many gradations, according +to the families or genera, until it is not longer than broad. +The longest blades have the most enamel and the finest and most +flaccid fibres, which, on the other hand, gradually (as it belongs to +different genera) become coarser and more rigid as the whalebone +diminishes in length compared with its breadth.</p> + +<p>The whalebone or baleen offers exceedingly good and permanent +characters for the distinction and characters of the species when +its structure and form and colour are properly studied. It is +stated that sometimes the character of the whalebone is changed by +its preparation, as, for example, being soaked in water for some time +before it is brought to this country; but the soaking, although it may +slightly alter the surface and make the enamel coat rather thinner, +does not alter the general form or microscopic structure of the +blades.</p> + +<p>In my essay on Whales in the ‘Zoology of the Erebus & Terror,’<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_36"></a>[36]</span> +1846, I separated the Right Whales, or Balænidæ, into two divisions—the +one having very slender, long, polished whalebone with a single +series of fringe, and the second with coarser, shorter, and broader +whalebone and a thick coarse fringe. The first was afterwards +called <i>Balæna</i>, and the second <i>Eubalæna</i>. M. Beneden seems +inclined to adopt this division (see ‘Ostéographie,’ Cétacés, p. 144), +observing that the former are confined to the Arctic regions and +the other to the more temperate zones; but this is not correct, +for <i>Balæna marginata</i>, as I stated in my first essay, has the whalebone +quite as polished and as fine as that of the Greenland Whale. +It lives on the west coast of Australia and New Zealand, in company +with the Black Whale of Australia and the Black Whale of +New Zealand (both of which, I have no doubt, have short coarse +whalebone). The Whale of the most northern parts of the Pacific +yields the north-west-coast whalebone, which is of a very coarse +character.</p> + +<p>The first section of Whales, with long, slender, elastic, polished, +finely fringed whalebone, contains two genera, <i>Balæna</i> and <i>Neobalæna</i>.</p> + +<p>The Whales of the second section, which have rough, brittle whalebone, +with a thick fringe of coarse hairs, includes four genera, viz. +<i>Eubalæna</i>, <i>Hunterius</i>, <i>Caperea</i>, and <i>Macleayius</i>.</p> + +<p>It is very true that I have only seen the whalebone in one of these +genera, <i>Eubalæna</i>, in connexion with the bones of the animal; but +as “the South-sea whalers” (that is to say, those who fish in the +Southern and Pacific oceans) have only brought various examples of +this kind of whalebone from any of their voyages (except a few +blades of the whalebone of <i>B. marginata</i>, which they call “sea-tassel”), +we may naturally conclude that all the large Right Whales +found in those seas have this kind of whalebone.</p> + +<h2>Suborder I. BALÆNOIDEA (<i>cf.</i> p. 46).</h2> + +<p>Head large. Body stout. Dorsal fin none. Chest and belly +smooth, without plaits. Pectoral fin broad, truncated; fingers 5, +graduated. Arm-bones very short, thick; radius and humerus of +equal length. Baleen elongate, slender. Tympanic bones rhombic. +Cervical vertebræ united.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Balænoidea, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 1.</p> + +</div> + +<h3>Family 1. BALÆNIDÆ. <i>Right Whales.</i></h3> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Balænidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales B. M.</i> pp. 61, 75; <i>Synops. +Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 1; <i>Lilljeborg</i>, <i>N. Acta Upsal.</i> 1867, vi.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Head very large, and body short. Dorsal fin none. Belly smooth. +Baleen elongate, slender. Vertebræ of the neck anchylosed. Pectoral<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37"></a>[37]</span> +fin broad, truncated at the end; fingers 5. Tympanic bones +rhombic; maxillary bones narrow.</p> + +<p>Capt. Maury’s Whale-Charts show that Right Whales are found +in almost all seas, from the poles to within 35 or 30 degrees of latitude +on each side of the equator. An experienced whaler observes +that “Right Whales are as seldom seen in that belt as Sperm-Whales +are found out of it.” Capt. Maury justly observes, the torrid zone +is to these animals “forbidden ground, and it is as physically impossible +for them to cross the equator as it would be to cross a sea of +flame. In short, these researches show that there is a belt of from +two to three thousand miles in breadth, and reaching from one side +of the ocean to the other, in which the Right Whale is never found.”—<i>Maury</i>, +<i>Whale-Charts</i>, p. 233.</p> + +<p>Prof. Van Beneden, in a paper to the Royal Belgian Academy, and +reproduced enlarged in the ‘Ostéographie—Cétacés,’ gives a geographical +distribution of Whales. He acknowledges only six species, +having the following distribution:—</p> + +<p>1. <i>B. mysticetus.</i> The Arctic Ocean on both sides of Greenland, +and on the coast of Siberia to the Sea of Okhotsk.</p> + +<p>2. <i>B. biscayensis.</i> The North Atlantic, from latitude 65° to 45°, +and a belt across the Atlantic to the coast of the United States, from +lat. 45° to 50°.</p> + +<p>3. <i>B. japonica.</i> A band across the North Pacific from lat. 60° to +45° on the west coast of America and 45° to 30° on the coast of +Japan.</p> + +<p>4. <i>B. australis.</i> A belt across the South Atlantic, from lat. 25° +to 30° on the south-west coast of Africa and lat. 35° to 50° on the +coast of South America.</p> + +<p>5. <i>B. antipodarum.</i> In a similar belt across the South Pacific +from the west coast of South America, in lat. 45°, to New Zealand.</p> + +<p>6. A species which he does not name, said to inhabit a belt from +Natal to the south-east part of Australia, about lat. 30°.</p> + +<p>See Dr. Gray’s observations on this theory, Ann. & Mag. Nat. +Hist. 1868, vol. i. p. 242, and 1870, vol. vi. p. 193, in which he observes +“I think I have proved that M. van Beneden’s theory is +entirely unsupported by facts.”</p> + +<p class="break">I. <i>Baleen thin, polished, with a thick enamel on each side and a fine elongate +slender fringe</i> (cf. <a href="#Page_42">p. 42</a>).</p> + +<h5>1. BALÆNA.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Balæna, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 79; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 1; <i>Lilljeborg</i>, +<i>N. Acta Upsal.</i> vi. 1867.</p> + +</div> + +<p>First rib slender, narrow, and undivided at the vertebral end. +Tympanic bones square; aperture nearly as long as the bone. There +is at the end of the radius and at the end of the cubitus a large cartilaginous +compartment which corresponds with the radial and cubital +bone, and has not even a bony nucleus; between these two +cartilages is an intermediate cartilage; below these are two or three<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38"></a>[38]</span> +carpals. Cervical vertebræ united by their bodies. Upper lateral +process of atlas broad at the base, compressed, rather narrow, and +rounded at the end; the lower lateral process elongate, subcylindrical, +angulated at the lower side of the base (see Cat. Whales, p. 84, +f. 4; Ostéogr. Cét. t. 4. f. 5-9). The lower process of the second +and third elongate and produced; the upper process of the second, +fifth, sixth, and seventh elongate, produced, and bent forward. +Bladebone with a large, compressed, elongate acromion (Ostéogr. +Cét. t. 4. f. 26). Carpus cartilaginous, with three small carpal bones +(Ostéogr. Cét. t. 4. f. 27).</p> + +<h6>1. Balæna mysticetus.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Balæna mysticetus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 81, 370, figs. 1, 2, 4, 5; <i>Synops. +Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 1, t. 1. f. 4 (baleen); <i>R. Brown</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1868, +p. 534.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p> + +<p>Dr. Robert Brown gives an account and notes of the habits and +migrations of this animal. He observes:—“Where the Whale goes +to in winter is still unknown. It is said that it leaves Davis Strait +about the month of November, and produces young in the St. Lawrence +River, between Quebec and Camaroa, returning to Davis Strait +in the spring. At all events, early in the year they are found on +the coast of Labrador, where the English whalers occasionally attack +them; but the ships arrive generally too late, and the weather at +that season is too tempestuous to render the ‘south-west fishing’ +very attractive.... It is said that early in September they enter +Cumberland (Hogarth’s) Sound in great numbers, and remain until +it is completely frozen up, which, according to the Eskimo account, +is not until January.... They enter the Sound again in the spring, +and remain until the heat of summer has melted off the land-floes +in these comparatively southern latitudes. It thus appears that +they winter and produce their young all along the broken water off +the southern coasts of Hudson’s Strait, Davis Strait, and Labrador.”</p> + +<p>He continues, “I am strongly of belief that the Whales of the +Spitzbergen sea never, as a body, visit Davis Strait, but winter +somewhere in the open water at the southern edge of the northern +ice-fields. The Whales are being gradually driven further north.”</p> + +<h6>2. Balæna mediterranea.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Balæna mediterranea, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.</i> 1870, vi. pp. 198, +200.</p> + +<p>Baleine, <i>Lacépède</i>, <i>Cétacés</i>, tab. 7. fig. 1.</p> + +<p>Balæna biscayensis (part.), <i>Van Beneden</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> tab. 7. fig. 1 +(animal), figs. 8-11 (nuchal vertebræ), figs. 2, 3 (? vertebræ).</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Mediterranean, I. St. Marguerite (<i>Lacépède</i>).</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39"></a>[39]</span></p> + +<h5>3. Balæna angulata.</h5> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Balæna, mysticetus, var. angulata, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 86, +f. 5 (ear-bones).</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Sea? Ear-bones, British Museum.</p> + +<h6>4. Balæna nordcaper.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Balæna nordcaper, <i>Bonnat</i>.</p> + +<p>Balæna islandica, <i>Brisson</i>.</p> + +<p>Balæna biscayensis, <i>Eschricht</i>.</p> + +<p>Balæna mysticetus, var., <i>Brown</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1868. p. 546.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Iceland. Called “Slet-bag.”</p> + +<p>It has been ascertained, “1st, that it is much more active than the +Greenland Whale, much quicker and more violent in its movements, +and accordingly both more difficult and dangerous to capture; 2nd, +that it is smaller (it being, however, impossible to give an exact +statement of its length) and has much less blubber; 3rd, that its +head is shorter, and that its whalebone is comparatively small and +scarcely more than half the length of that of the <i>B. mysticetus</i>; +4th, that it is regularly infested with a cirriped belonging to the +genus <i>Coronula</i>, and that it belongs to the temperate North Atlantic +as exclusively as the <i>B. mysticetus</i> belongs to the icy sea.”—<i>Dr. +Brown</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1868, p. 546.</p> + +<p>Dr. Brown says that barnacles are looked upon as a sign of age in +a Whale; and he considers that a considerable portion of the description +of the <i>nordcaper</i> corresponds with what he has said of the +Spitsbergen whale (P. Z. S. 1868, p. 547).</p> + +<p>See also:—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>1. Balæna mysticetus, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. N. S. Philad.</i> 1869, pp. 17 & +35.</p> + +<p>The Bow-headed Whale, Scammond, <i>American whalers</i>.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Behring’s Straits.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>2. Balæna kuliomoch, <i>Chamisso</i>, <i>Nov. Acta Natur.</i> tab. 7. fig. 1; <i>Gray</i>, +<i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1870, vi. p. 202.</p> + +<p>Balæna cullamacha, <i>Chamisso</i>, <i>Nov. Act.</i> xii. p. 251, t. <span class="space"> </span>; <i>Cope</i>, +<i>Proc. Acad. Phil.</i> 1868, p. 225, 1869, pp. 14, 17 & 40, fig. 4.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Pacific.</p> + +<p>From wooden model made by the Aleutians.</p> + +<h5>2. NEOBALÆNA.</h5> + +<p>Skull rather depressed; brain-cavity nearly as long as the beak, +depressed, much expanded on the sides, with a very deep notch on +the middle of each side over the condyles of the lower jaw, and with +a subtriangular crown-plate. The nose as broad as the expanded +brain-cavity at the base, regularly attenuated to a fine point in front, +and slightly arched downwards. Lower jaw laminar, compressed,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40"></a>[40]</span> +high; the upper edge thin, and inflexed the greater part of its +length, erect in front; the lower edge inflexed in front, the rest of +the edge being simple. The baleen elongate, slender, several times +as long as broad, with a fringe of a single series of fine fibres; enamelled +surface smooth and polished, thick.</p> + +<div class="figcenter illowp71" id="figure01-02" style="max-width: 28.125em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/figure01-02.jpg" alt=""> + <p class="caption">Figs. 1 & 2. Side view and top view of the skull of +<i>Neobalæna marginata</i>, from Dr. Hector’s figures.</p> + +</div> + +<h6>1. Neobalæna marginata.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Balæna marginata, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales Brit. Mus.</i> p. 90; <i>Hector</i>, +<i>Proc. & Trans. of the New-Zealand Institute</i>, 1869, t. 2 <span class="allsmcap">B</span>. f. 1-4; +<i>Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.</i> 1870, v. p. 221, and vi. p. 155, figs. 1 & 2.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. New Zealand; Island of Kawau (<i>Sir G. Grey</i>). Mus. +Wellington.</p> + +<p>In width and general form the beak of the skull is somewhat +like the beak of some of the Finner Whales; but it does not at all +justify Mr. Knox’s idea that <i>Balæna marginata</i> is a Finner. But +this difference of skull makes us more anxious to have the description<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41"></a>[41]</span> +of the entire animal and its skeleton, as the animal may prove +to be the type of a new family of Whales, between the true Whales +and Finners.</p> + +<p>This pigmy whale, which is not more than 15 or 16 feet long, is +a representative in the Southern Ocean of the gigantic Right Whale +of the Greenland seas. It has the most beautiful, the most flexible, +most elastic, and the toughest whalebone or baleen yet discovered; +and if this were of larger size, it would fetch a much higher price than +the whalebone of the Greenland Whale, the latter being three or four +times the value of the brittle coarse whalebone of the <i>Eubalænæ</i> or +Right Whales of the Southern and Pacific Oceans. The trade of the +Continental nations being chiefly confined to their colonies, or their +merchants obtaining the whalebone that is used in their manufactures +second-hand, there are not in the market the varieties of whalebone +and finner-bone which we have in this country, where the whalebone +and finner-bone from different localities bear each a different +value. This perhaps explains why the Continental zoologists (as +Eschricht) who have paid attention to the structure of whales have +not paid sufficient attention to the characters afforded by the shape, +structure, and colour of this substance, to which I called their attention +more than twenty years ago, and showed its value as a character +for distinguishing the genera and species. It has been a +fertile subject of reproach to me that I established some species on +the characters afforded by this substance; but I need only mention, as +a proof of the little attention Van Beneden has paid to this part of +my work, that in his book on the anatomy of Whales, now in progress, +after saying that I have established the species <i>Balæna marginata</i> +on three blades of whalebone, he says I have called it <i>Eubalæna +marginata</i>, thus confounding it with the Whales with brittle +and coarse whalebone—whereas the chief reason that induced me to +consider the blades to belong to a distinct species was their very fine +and tough structure. The accuracy of the determination is now proved +by the very different form of its skull from that of any other known +Whale. In the same manner, the <i>Physalus antarcticus</i>, also established +on finner-bone or baleen imported from New Zealand, has +been proved to be a very distinct species of that genus, named Sulphur-bottoms +by the whalers.</p> + +<p>From the description given at page 90 of the British-Museum +‘Catalogue of Seals and Whales,’ there is no doubt that the baleen +corresponds with the above species. The specimen was obtained at +Kawau Island by Sir George Grey, and appears to be unique, as the +species has hitherto only been known from the baleen.</p> + +<p>The dimensions are as follows:—</p> + +<table> + <tr> + <th></th> + <th class="tdr">lbs.</th> + <th></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Weight of cranium</td> + <td class="tdr">58</td> + <td class="tdr"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Weight of lower jaw</td> + <td class="tdr">13</td> + <td class="tdr"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th></th> + <th class="tdr">ft.</th> + <th class="tdr">in.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Length</td> + <td class="tdr">4</td> + <td class="tdr">9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Fronto-nasal section</td> + <td class="tdr">2</td> + <td class="tdr">10<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_42"></a>[42]</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>To centre of orbit</td> + <td class="tdr">3</td> + <td class="tdr">10</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Width at orbit</td> + <td class="tdr">2</td> + <td class="tdr">5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Width at mastoid process</td> + <td class="tdr">2</td> + <td class="tdr">7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th></th> + <th class="tdr">in.</th> + <th class="tdr">lin.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Lower jaw, high</td> + <td class="tdr">3</td> + <td class="tdr">11</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Depth (greatest)</td> + <td class="tdr">8</td> + <td class="tdr">0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3">Baleen 29 inches long, 3½ inches in extreme width.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3">Black margin from ¼ to ⅜ inch.</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>“Knox now admits that this is not the Sulphur-bottom, which he +says is the Trigger of the New-Zealand whalers. He fancies that +<i>B. marginata</i> may be the true Finner of the south. I will try to +find some more of the bones.”—<i>Trans. New Zeal. Inst.</i> 1870, +p. 26.</p> + +<p>This Whale, from the form and structure of the whalebone, cannot +be a Finner, but is certainly, as I arranged it, a true Right +Whale, very nearly allied to the Right Whale of Greenland, and of +a very small size. The bones of this Whale would be a most valuable +addition to the British Museum or any zoological museum. +They appear not to be uncommon in the Kawau Islands; and the +measurements of the skull are a valuable addition to our knowledge +of the species.</p> + +<p>This small Right Whale of the Antarctic Sea is the representative +of the Right Whale in the Arctic Sea, and, judging from the length +of the head, cannot be more than 14 or 15 feet long, while the +Greenland Whale is from 50 to 65 feet long.</p> + +<p class="break">II. <i>Baleen thick, not polished, with a thin enamel coat on each side, and a +coarse thick fringe</i> (cf. <a href="#Page_37">p. 37</a>).</p> + +<h5>3. EUBALÆNA.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Eubalæna, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 91; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 1; <i>Lilljeborg</i>, +<i>N. Acta Upsal.</i> vi. 1867; <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. p. 115.</p> + +</div> + +<p>First rib broad at the vertebral end. Tympanic bone square; +aperture nearly as long as the bone. The first six cervical vertebræ +all united by their bodies. The upper lateral process of the +atlas subcylindrical, narrow at the base, recurved and rounded at the +end; the lower lateral process narrow at the base, swollen and +rounded at the end (Ostéog. Cét. t. 1. f. 19). Carpus cartilaginous, +with six carpal bones, a radius and cubitus, one radial and one cubital +and two carpals in the second range (Ostéog. Cét. t. 1. f. 1). +Scapula as long as broad, with a small cylindrical coracoid process, +rounded at the end. Five phalanges to the middle finger, four to +the index and ring fingers, four to the little finger, and two to the +thumb. The first rib is simple at the upper and thin at the free +edge. The nasal bone rhomboidal, moderate. Vertebræ 50-59.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43"></a>[43]</span></p> + +<h6>1. Eubalæna australis.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Eubalæna australis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 91, fig. 6; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> +p. 1.</p> + +<p>Balæna australis, <i>Cuv.</i>, <i>Oss. Foss.</i> v. t. 25-27.</p> + +<p>Balæna capensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> t. 1. f. 3 (baleen).</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Cape of Good Hope.</p> + +<h6>2. Eubalæna Sieboldii.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Eubalæna Sieboldii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 96; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 1, +t. 1. f. 2 (baleen).</p> + +<p>Balæna japonica, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Zool. Ereb. & Ter.</i> p. 15, tab. 1*. fig. 2 (baleen).</p> + +<p>Balæna alutiensis, <i>Meyer</i>; <i>Van Beneden</i>, <i>Bull. Acad. Belgique</i>, xx. +1866, no. 14. [Both from the North-west-Coast whalebone of commerce, +which is quite distinct from the South-sea whalebone, +brought from the Cape.]</p> + +<p>Balæna japonica, <i>Eschricht</i>, <i>Vid. Selsk. Skrivt.</i> ser. 5. ix. p. 1, Kjöbenh. +1869, pl. 1 (skull of fœtus), pl. 2 (head); <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. Nat. +Hist.</i> 1870, vi. p. 202.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Kamtschatka. Skeleton of fœtus 5¼ feet long, in Mus. +Copenhagen.</p> + +<p>See also the following doubtful species:—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>1. Balæna japonica, <i>Lacépède</i>, <i>Mém. Mus.</i> iv. p. 473.</p> + +<p>Balæna lunulata, <i>Lacép.</i> <i>Mém. Mus.</i> iv. p. 475.</p> + +</div> + +<p>These two are from Chinese, or, rather, Japanese drawings.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>2. Balæna australis, <i>Temminck</i>, <i>Fauna Japonica</i>, Taf. 28 & 29 (not <i>Desmoulins</i>).</p> + +<p>Balæna Sieboldii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1864, xiv. p. 349.</p> + +</div> + +<p>From a model made by the Japanese in porcelain clay.</p> + +<h6>3. Eubalæna? cisarctica.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Eubalæna? cisarctica, <i>Cope</i>.</p> + +<p>Balæna cisarctica, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad.</i> 1865, p. 1; <i>Gray</i>, +<i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1868, i. pp. 244 & 247, 1870, vi. p. 200.</p> + +<p>Balæna biscayensis, <i>Van Beneden</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 7. figs. 4, 5, 6 (ear-bones +only).</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Atlantic.</p> + +<p>“There is a skeleton of the <i>Balæna cisarctica</i> in the Museum of +the Academy of an individual of 37 feet, and a ramus mandibuli +16 feet in length, indicating a total of 68 feet, adult size. A scapula +in the Museum, Rutger’s College, New Brunswick, N. J., measures +36 inches in height, and 48·5 inches in width, indicating an +adult of 57 feet in length. A young individual of 45 feet, line-measurement, +awaits mounting in the Museum Compar. Zoology, +Cambridge, Mass. Of this individual I will shortly give a detailed +description in an essay on the species. Like the other specimens,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_44"></a>[44]</span> +it presents a strong acromion. The phalanges of the manus exhibited +an important difference from those of <i>B. australis</i>. In it they +number respectively 2, 5, 6, 3, 3, while Cuvier gives (Oss. Foss. +227. 23) 2, 5, 6, 5, 4.”</p> + +<h5>4. HUNTERIUS.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Hunterius, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 78, 98; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 1; +<i>Lilljeborg</i>, <i>N. Acta Upsal.</i> vi. 1867.</p> + +</div> + +<p>First rib broad, with a double head at the vertebral end. Tympanic +bones square; aperture nearly as long as the bone. Vertebræ +57 or 58; the five first cervical united. Five phalanges in the +fourth or ring finger, and four to the second, third, and fifth fingers. +The first rib bifid and articulated to the first two dorsals, or the last +cervical and the first dorsal; the second rib very thick at the free +end. The nasal bones very large.</p> + +<h6>1. Hunterius Temminckii.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Hunterius Temminckii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 98, fig. 8; <i>Synops. Whales & +Dolph.</i> p. 1; <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1870, p. 191.</p> + +<p>Balæna australis, <i>Temm.</i> <i>F. Japon.</i> t. 28, 29.</p> + +<p>Balæna australis, var., <i>Van Ben.</i> <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> p. 35.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Cape of Good Hope.</p> + +<p>M. van Beneden regards the character on which this genus is +established as merely a variation of <i>Balæna australis</i> (Ostéog. Cét. +p. 35).</p> + +<p>The skeleton was sent from the Cape of Good Hope by Dr. Horstock. +It is described by Schlegel, Abhand. Gebiete der Zool. 1841, +p. 37 (Flower, P. Z. S. 1864).</p> + +<h6>2. Hunterius biscayensis.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Hunterius biscayensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.</i> 1868, i. p. 244; +<i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2.</p> + +<p>Balæna biscayensis, <i>Eschricht</i>, <i>Compt. Rendus</i>, 1860, <i>Act. Soc. Linn. +Bordeaux</i>, xiii.; <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1870, p. 200 (not <i>Van +Beneden</i>).</p> + +<p>Balæna eubalæna, <i>Flower</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1864, p. 391.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. St. Sebastian. Skeleton of very young animal in Mus. +Copenhagen, from the Museum of Pampeluna.</p> + +<p>Mr. Flower informs me that this skeleton belongs to the genus +<i>Hunterius</i>, which has brittle whalebone, with a large coarse fringe +(which easily splits into strips), and a bifid first rib.</p> + +<h6>3. Hunterius Swedenborgii.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Hunterius Swedenborgii, <i>Lilljeborg</i>, <i>N. Act. A. Sci. Upsal.</i> vi. 1867, +p. 35, t. 9, 10, 11 (skeleton); <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 1.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Sea; Sweden (subfossil).</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45"></a>[45]</span></p> + +<h5>5. CAPEREA.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Caperea, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 78, 101; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2; <i>Lilljeborg</i>, +<i>N. Acta Upsal.</i> vi. 1867.</p> + +</div> + +<p>First rib ⸺? Baleen ⸺? Tympanic bones irregular, +rhombic; aperture irregular, much contracted at the upper end; +the wide part not half the length of the bone. “Cervical vertebræ +all united. First rib single at the upper, and very broad at the +lower end. Bladebone (acromion) rudimentary. Coracoid process +none.”—<i>Lilljeborg.</i></p> + +<p>Vertebræ 55; the seven cervical all soldered by their bodies, and +the spinous processes of the first five united into a single crest, and +of the two last into a separate crest; each has a distinct upper lateral +process and, except the seventh, a distinct lateral process. Upper +lateral process of the atlas narrow, square, reflexed, and bent upwards; +lower one thick, enlarged, and rounded at the end (Ostéogr. +Cét. t. 3. f. 4, 5). Scapula with only a slight ridge in the place of +the acromion (Ostéogr. Cét. t. 3. f. 7). Carpus cartilaginous, with +five small bones. Skull with a slender arched beak. Lower jaw +subcylindrical, thick near the condyle, rather attenuated in front.</p> + +<p>The first rib is very narrow above, and gradually becomes very +broad below and deeply notched on the lower edge, which embraces +nearly the whole length of the sternum; upper end with a single +head. Second rib equally large at the free end, and not notched. +Phalanges 1, 4, 5, 4, 3.</p> + +<p>I believe that the “<i>bonnet</i>” of the Sandwich-Islands whalers is +only the “<i>topknot</i>” of the old male whale of this genus, or of a +nearly allied species.</p> + +<h6>1. Caperea antipodarum.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Caperea antipodarum, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 101, f. 9; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> +P. 2.</p> + +<p>Balæna australis, <i>Desm. Diction</i>.</p> + +<p>Balæna antipodarum, <i>Van Ben.</i> <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> p. 46, t. 3; <i>Gray</i>, <i>Dieffenbach</i>, +t. 1.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. New Zealand. Skeleton, Mus. Paris.</p> + +<p>The seven cervical vertebræ are completely soldered by their bodies; +and the first five spinal apophyses form a continuous crest, and the +two last form a separate crest (Ostéogr. Cét. t. 3. f. 4, 5). The +petrous portion of the skull short, small. The bladebone longer +than broad, with only a slight indication of a process on the front +edge. Upper lateral process of the axis square, bent back; lower +process rounded at the end and prominent.</p> + +<h5>6. MACLEAYIUS.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Macleayius, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 103, 371; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Cervical vertebræ united into a single mass; upper lateral process +of the atlas very broad, compressed, occupying the greater part of +the side, truncated at the end. Lower margin close on the lower<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_46"></a>[46]</span> +lateral process. Lower lateral process elongate, compressed, rather +swollen in the middle, truncated at the end and bent forward, the +upper processes of the second and third cervical vertebræ forming a +crest (Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 105, f. 10, 11, and p. 372, f. 74, 75). +Baleen ⸺?</p> + +<h6>1. Macleayius australiensis.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Macleayius australiensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 105 (figs. 10, 11), 371 (figs. 74, +75); <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Australian seas.</p> + +<p>Atlas vertebra—the width, measuring from the extremity of the +lower processes, 28½ inches; width of the atlas 25 inches; height +from the base of atlas to top of crest 18 inches. Thickness of last +cervical vertebra 10 inches.</p> + +<h6>2. Macleayius britannicus.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Macleayius britannicus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1870, vi. pp. 198 +& 204.</p> + +<p>Balæna biscayensis, <i>Van Beneden</i> (part.), <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> tab. 7. fig. 7 +(copied from <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 83, fig. 3).</p> + +<p>Balæna britannica, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1870, vi. p. 200.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire.</p> + +<p>Cervical vertebræ of <i>Balæna</i> from Lyme Regis (Gray, Cat. Seals +& Whales, p. 83, f. 3) copied on plate of <i>Balæna biscayensis</i>, Ostéog. +Cét. t. 7. f. 7. Dredged up at Lyme Regis. The lateral processes of +this bone are much more like those of <i>Macleayius australiensis</i> than +those of any other species; yet it differs in the outer edge of the +broad lateral process being oblique, narrowed towards the base, and +in the lower lateral process being shorter, turned up at the end, and +the outer end obliquely truncated and subangular below. This +massive vertebra has no affinity with <i>B. biscayensis</i>, and indicates +the existence of a completely different new species of Right Whales, +which appears to be an inhabitant of our seas.</p> + +<h2>Suborder II. BALÆNOPTEROIDEA (<i>cf.</i> p. 36).</h2> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Balænopteridæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 61, 106.</p> + +<p>Balænopteroidea, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p 2.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Head moderate. Body elongate. Dorsal fin distinct, rarely +wanting. Belly longitudinally plaited, rarely smooth. Baleen +short, broad. Maxillary bones broad. Pectoral fin lanceolate; +arms elongate; radius and ulna much longer than the humerus. +Fingers 4, subequal. Vertebræ of the neck free, or partially +united. Tympanic bones oblong or ovate.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47"></a>[47]</span></p> + +<h3>Family 2. AGAPHELIDÆ. <i>Scrag Whales.</i></h3> + +<p>Head moderate; body elongate; hinder part of the back keeled +and notched. Cervical vertebræ free. Pectoral fin lanceolate. +Fingers 4. Throat without plaits. No dorsal fin. Ribs single-headed.</p> + +<p>Mr. Cope “mentioned that he had an opportunity of examining a +portion of a specimen of the Scrag Whale of Dudley, <i>Balæna gibbosa</i> +of Erxleben, and ascertained that it represented a genus not previously +known. It was a Fin-back Whale; but without dorsal fin or +throat-folds, resembling superficially the genus <i>Balæna</i>. The <i>baleen +short and curved</i>. The genus was called <i>Agaphelus</i>.”</p> + +<h5>1. AGAPHELUS.</h5> + +<p>Cervical vertebræ free. Fingers 4. Throat without plaits. No +dorsal fin. Ribs single-headed. Scapula with acromion (Cope, +Proc. Soc. N. Sc. Phil. 1869, p. 16).</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Agaphelus, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Soc. N. Sc. Phil.</i> 1868, pp. 159, 225; <i>Gray</i>, +<i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1870, vi. p. 200.</p> + +</div> + +<p>“Fingers four, elongate. Cervical vertebræ ⸺? Lumbar +and anterior caudal vertebræ longer than their greatest diameter. +Dorsal fin wanting. Gular and pectoral region without folds. Scapula +with well-developed acromion and coracoid. Baleen narrow, +short, curved.</p> + +<p>“The baleen is peculiar; throughout the length of the maxillary +bone it nowhere exceeded one foot in length, and the width of the +band, or length of the base of each plate, four inches. It is of a +creamy white; the fringe very coarse, white, and resembling hogs’ +bristles.</p> + +<p>“The ear-bone is much compressed, with an inferior carina, +towards which the lip of dense bone is suddenly decurved. The +longitudinal opening is much contracted, especially anteriorly, where +the bone is pinched up into a keel; and there is no abrupt concavity +of the inner lip at that point. External surface not very rugose. +Total length 3 in. 2·5 lines.</p> + +<p>“The scapula preserved is low and elongate, with well-developed +acromion and coracoid process. It is evidently of the type of <i>Balænoptera</i> +and <i>Physalus</i>; the ulna and radius relatively less elongate +than in <i>Sibbaldius laticeps</i> and <i>borealis</i>, being 1·5 as long as the +humerus, thus resembling <i>Physalus</i>.</p> + +<p>“The four fingers, with the second much the longest, form a fin +of the type of those genera.</p> + +<p>“The ear-bone is much more compressed than in <i>Physalus antiquorum</i> +or <i>Sibbaldius laticeps</i>.</p> + +<p>“The mandibular ramus is rather massive, moderately curved, and +with a more elevated coronoid process than in any Whale that I have +seen.</p> + +<p>“The greatest peculiarity is in the form of the lumbar and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_48"></a>[48]</span> +anterior caudal vertebræ; they are of a much more elongate form +than any I have seen or found figured, excepting those of the <i>Balænoptera +rostrata</i> (as figured by Gaimard in ‘Voyage de la Recherche’), +which, however, are relatively shorter. Those of the present species +are of greater length than transverse diameter, the lumbars most +elongate; all furnished with an acute hypapophysial keel and concave +sides, and entirely transverse diapophyses. This peculiarity is +consistent with the account of my informant, who stated the animal +to have been of an unusually elongate and slender form. When it +came ashore it had perhaps been dead ten days; the flukes and +muscular region as far as the third caudal vertebra had been devoured, +probably by Sharks and Killers, and the abdominal region +much lacerated; the edge of a fin preserved was slit by the teeth of +some carnivorous enemy. The measurement from the end of the +muzzle to the end of the third caudal was 35 feet, which may be +reduced to 33 feet axial. Up to this point the dorsal line was, according +to my informant, entirely smooth, without knob or fin, or +scar of one; hence I suppose the fin (if present) to have been situated, +as in <i>Sibbaldius</i> &c., at the posterior fourth of the length, and +not, as in <i>Balænoptera</i>, on the posterior third. It may then be safely +assumed, bearing in mind the form of vertebræ, that ten feet of the +whale’s length had been removed, making in all 43 feet. That the +species attains over 50 feet is probable, as the present individual +was quite young, the epiphyses separating from the vertebræ with +the greatest ease. The slender form of the animal is corroborated +by the slenderness and slight curvature of the ribs, one attached +beneath the scapula, probably the second, being narrower than the +corresponding ones in <i>Sibbaldius</i>. I therefore think it most probable +that in this form the anterior ribs are single-headed.”—<i>Cope</i>, <i>l. c.</i> +p. 223.</p> + +<h6>1. Agaphelus gibbosus. <i>The Scrag Whale.</i></h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Agaphelus gibbosus, <i>Cope</i>.</p> + +<p>Balæna gibbosa, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 90.</p> + +<p>Scrag Whale, <i>Dudley</i>, <i>Phil. Trans.</i> xxxiii. p. 259.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Atlantic.</p> + +<h5>2. RHACHIANECTES.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Rhachianectes, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. N. Sc. Philad.</i> 1869, pp. 14 & 15.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Cervical vertebræ free. Throat without plaits. Dorsal fin +none. Scapula without acromion.</p> + +<h6>1. Rhachianectes glaucus. <i>The Californian Grey Whale.</i></h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Rhachianectes glaucus, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. N. Sc. Philad.</i> 1869, pp. 17 +& 40, fig. 8.</p> + +<p>Agaphelus glaucus, <i>Cope</i>, <i>ibid.</i> 1868, p. 225.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. California, San Francisco.</p> + +<p>“The points in which this species differs from those of the genus +<i>Balæna</i> previously known are numerous, and will no doubt be increased +on a further knowledge of the animal.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_49"></a>[49]</span></p> + +<p>“The head, between one-fourth and one-fifth of the total length, +allies it to the shorter-headed species. From the <i>B. australis</i> the +number of dorsal vertebræ, and the colour and shortness of the baleen, +distinguish it; and no doubt other features will be brought out when +we are acquainted with the Cape species. The dorsal serration is +not known to occur in any species of the genus <i>Balæna</i>, though said +to be characteristic of the <i>A. gibbosus</i>, whose characters I have just +given.</p> + +<p>“Two <i>Balænæ</i> have been described as inhabiting the North Pacific +Ocean, <i>Balæna Sieboldii</i>, Gray (Catal. Cet. 1865, p. 96), and <i>Balæna +cullamach</i>, Chamisso (Nov. Act. Acad. Cæs. xii. p. 251, tab.)</p> + +<p>“Both have been established on figures carved by the natives, of +the Japanese and Aleutian Islands respectively, the former under the +supervision of a naturalist, the traveller Siebold. The carving of +the <i>B. cullamach</i>, judging from the figure given by Chamisso, can +but doubtfully represent any species; but if the species exist, it will +rest on the following diagnosis of its describer:—‘Rictu amplo forma +litteræ S curvato, elasmiis maximis atro-cæruleis, spiraculis flexuosis, +in medio capite, tuberculo in apice rostri (ex imagine), pectore pinnisque +pectoralibus albis, dorso gibboso sexpinnato.’</p> + +<p>“These are, however, true <i>Balænæ</i>. A species of <i>Agaphelus</i> +exists in the Kamtschatkan seas, according to Pallas, who, however, +derives his information solely from wooden models made by the +Aleutian Islanders. This is not sufficient basis for an introduction +to the scientific system; yet Pallas indulges in applying to it the name +<i>Balæna agamachschik</i>. The pectoral limb of this species is said, +however, to be white, with the underside of the flukes, characters +not found in the <i>A. glaucus</i>. Dr. Gray has already (Cat. Brit. Mus.) +indicated that this, if reliable, indicates a genus unknown to him.</p> + +<p>“The <i>Agaphelus glaucus</i> is the Grey Whale of the coasts of California. +Two specimens have been examined by my friend Wm. H. +Dall, of the scientific staff of the U. S. Russian-American Telegraph +Expedition, one of them near Monterey; and descriptions, as complete +as the state of the specimens would allow, were made.</p> + +<p>“These, which were sent to the Smithsonian Institution, and +placed in my hands by Prof. Baird, are quite sufficient to indicate a +Whale of a species hitherto unnoticed, and to render certain its +future identification.</p> + +<p>“Dorsal vertebræ and ribs 13; lumbar and caudal (those in the +fluke cut off with it) 28. Scapula, breadth and height not very +different, with a short broad coracoid process; its head opposite first +rib. Apparently only four fingers, of which the second is the longest. +145 laminæ of baleen on each side, the longest 18 inches long; +colour bright yellow.”—<i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad.</i> 1868, p. 226.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_50"></a>[50]</span></p> + +<h3>Family 3. MEGAPTERIDÆ. <i>Humpbacked Whales.</i></h3> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Megapterina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 113.</p> + +<p>Megapteridæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Dorsal fin low, broad; pectoral fin very long, with four very long +fingers of many phalanges. Vertebræ 50 or 60; cervical vertebræ +often anchylosed. Lateral process of the axis tardily ossified. Neural +canal large, high, triangular. Ribs 14 or 15.</p> + +<h5>1. MEGAPTERA.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Megaptera, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 113, 117; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2; +<i>Lilljeborg</i>, <i>N. Acta Upsal.</i> 1867, vi.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Bladebone without acromion or coracoid process. Body of cervical +vertebræ subcircular.</p> + +<h6>1. Megaptera longimana.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Megaptera longimana, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 119 (fig.), 373; <i>Synops. Whales +& Dolph.</i> p. 2.</p> + +<p>Megaptera boops, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> tab. 30 (baleen and +jaws with rudimentary teeth), t. 33. f. 12 (vertebra).</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p> + +<h6>2. Megaptera Novæ-Zelandiæ.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Megaptera Novæ-Zelandiæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 128, fig. 20; <i>Synops. Whales +& Dolph.</i> p. 2.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. New Zealand. Ear-bones in Brit. Mus.</p> + +<h6>3. Megaptera? Burmeisteri.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Megaptera? Burmeisteri, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 129.</p> + +<p>Megaptera Lalandii (part.), <i>Van Beneden</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i></p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Buenos Ayres. Skeleton, Mus. Buenos Ayres.</p> + +<h6>4. Megaptera americana.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Megaptera americana, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 129.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Bermuda.</p> + +<p>“The <i>norwega</i> is a Humpback which has the belly white and +smooth (?), back very dark bluish, length 50 to 55 feet. This whale +gives more oil than the mystica.”—<i>Hartt</i>, <i>Geology & Physical Geography +of Brazil</i>, p. 182.</p> + +<p>“The whalebone is short, and sells well. The beach on which the +whales are cut up is strewed during the season with bones. There +must be the bones of 500 whales on the spot. The fishery is carried +on at Bahia on a much larger scale than at Caravellas.”—<i>L. c.</i> p. 185.</p> + +<h6>5. Megaptera kuzira.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Megaptera kuzira, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 130.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Japan. Skull, Mus. Leyden.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_51"></a>[51]</span></p> + +<h6>6. Megaptera osphyia.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Megaptera osphyia, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1865, p. 4.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Atlantic. Skeleton. Mus. Niagara.</p> + +<p>“A second and more full examination of the <i>Megaptera osphyia</i>, +Cope, furnishes the following additional points and characters. The +specimen is young, and measures in its present condition 34 feet. +It has, however, lost a considerable number of caudal vertebræ, and, +from the posterior part of the column, of intervertebral cartilages +also; add to this the shrinking of the cartilages preserved, and the +increase of length would perhaps amount to 8 feet, giving 42 in all. +The asserted length of 50 feet, line measurement, which I quoted in +my original description, is no doubt an exaggeration.</p> + +<p>“The glenoid process is margined by an angular prominence, the +rudiment of the coracoid, precisely as in the <i>M. brasiliensis</i>. The +diapophysis of the atlas is a flat vertical plate, extending from opposite +the base of the <i>foramen dentatum</i> to opposite the widest point +of the spinal canal; inferior posterior outline of the atlas broad, +slightly concave mesially. The mandible is peculiar in the strong +angular process, which extends from behind, round the side, projecting +as far as the condyle, and separated from it by a deep groove. +The third and fourth cervicals are united by the neural arch. The +first rib is very broad at the extremity; length 37 inches, width at +end 8·22 inches. The orbital processes of the frontal bone are not +contracted at the extremities as in <i>M. longimana</i>, but are more as in +<i>Balænopteræ</i>; entire width over and within edge of orbit 15½ in.; +length to vertical plate of maxillary 31 inches. The baleen measures +2 feet in length, is black, with three rows of coarse bristles. +Its base is one curve; its length is spirally twisted. The species is +probably one of the largest of the <i>Balænidæ</i>.”—<i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. +Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1868, p. 194.</p> + +<h6>7. Megaptera versabilis.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Megaptera versabilis, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Pr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.</i> 1869, p. 17, +figs. 5 & 6.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Pacific, Californian coast.</p> + +<h5>2. POESCOPIA.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Poescopia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 113; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Bladebone with small coracoid process. Body of cervical vertebræ +nearly square.</p> + +<h6>1. Poescopia Lalandii.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Poescopia Lalandii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 126 (fig. 19, p. 125), 373; <i>Synops. +Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2, tab. 33. f. 3, 4 (vertebræ, from <i>Cuvier</i>).</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Cape of Good Hope. Skeleton, Mus. Paris.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_52"></a>[52]</span></p> + +<h5>3. ESCHRICHTIUS.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Eschrichtius, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 113, 131; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2; +<i>Lilljeborg</i>, <i>N. Acta Upsal.</i> vi. p. 12, 1867.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Bladebone with large coracoid process. Body of cervical vertebræ +separate, small, roundish-oblong. The neural canal very broad and +high.</p> + +<h6>1. Eschrichtius robustus.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Eschrichtius robustus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 133 (fig.), 373; <i>Synops. Whales +& Dolph.</i> p. 2; <i>Lilljeborg</i>, <i>N. Acta Upsal.</i> 1867, vi. p. 16, t. 1-8; +<i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1865, p. 4.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Sea; coast of Devonshire, Sweden; Atlantic.</p> + +<p>“The <i>Eschrichtius robustus</i> is admitted on the evidence of a ramus +of the under jaw in the Museum, Rutger’s College, which is of peculiar +form, and closely resembles the figure given by Lilljeborg of +that portion of this rare species.”—<i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad.</i> +1868, p. 194.</p> + +<h3>Family 4. PHYSALIDÆ. <i>Finner Whales.</i></h3> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Physalina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 114, 134.</p> + +<p>Physalinidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Dorsal fin high, erect, compressed, falcate, about three-fourths the +entire length from the nose. Pectoral fin moderate, with four short +fingers of four or six phalanges. Vertebræ 55 or 64. Cervical vertebræ +not anchylosed. Neural canal oblong, transverse.</p> + +<p class="break">* <i>Vertebræ 60 or 64; first rib single-headed</i> (cf. <a href="#Page_54">p. 54</a>).</p> + +<h5>1. BENEDENIA.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Benedenia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 114, 135; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Rostrum of skull narrow, attenuated, with straight slanting edges. +Second cervical vertebra with two short truncated lateral processes. +The first rib single-headed.</p> + +<h6>1. Benedenia Knoxii.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Benedenia Knoxii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 138, figs. 24-26; <i>Synops. Whales +& Dolph.</i> p. 2.</p> + +<p>Benedenia boops, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> tab. 32. f. 1, 2 (cervical +vertebræ).</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Sea, coast of Wales.</p> + +<h5>2. PHYSALUS.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Physalus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 114, 139; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2; +<i>Lilljeborg</i>, <i>N. Acta Upsal.</i> 1867, p. 72.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Rostrum of the skull narrow, attenuated, with straight sloping +sides. Second cervical vertebra with a broad lateral process, with a +large perforation at the base. First rib single-headed. Sternum<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_53"></a>[53]</span> +trifoliate, with a long slender hind process. Fingers shorter than +the forearm-bones. Scapula very broad; acromion and coracoid +process well developed.</p> + +<p class="break">† <i>Lateral rings of the second cervical vertebra as long as the diameter of the +body of the vertebra.</i>—Gray, <i>l. c.</i> p. 374; Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 2.</p> + +<h6>1. Physalus antiquorum.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<p>Ribs 14·14.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Physalus antiquorum, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 144 (figs. 29-32), 374; <i>Synops. +Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 2, t. 1. f. 6 (baleen), t. 32. f. 5, 6 (cervical +vertebræ); <i>Flower</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1869, p. 604, pl. 47 (male).</p> + +<p>Balænoptera musculus, <i>Van Beneden</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 12 & t. 13. +figs. 11-24.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Sea, Greenland, Hampshire, &c.</p> + +<h6>2. Physalus Duguidii.</h6> + +<p>Ribs 15·15.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Physalus Duguidii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 158, figs. 33-35; <i>Synops. Whales & +Dolph.</i> p. 2.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Sea, Orkneys.</p> + +<p class="break">†† <i>The lateral rings of the cervical vertebræ shorter than the diameter of the +bodies of the vertebræ.</i>—Gray, <i>l. c.</i> p. 374; Synops. Whales & Dolph. +p. 2.</p> + +<h6>3. Physalus patachonicus.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Physalus patachonicus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 374, figs. 76-86; <i>Synops. Whales +& Dolph.</i> p. 2.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. River Plata.</p> + +<h6>4. Physalus brasiliensis.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Physalus brasiliensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 162.</p> + +<p>Balænoptera brasiliensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Zool. Ereb. & Ter.</i> p. 5.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Bahia.</p> + +<p>“<i>Mystica</i> differs from the <i>norwega</i> in having the back black and the +belly and throat furrowed. Sometimes there are white spots on the +side.</p> + +<p>“The first Whales appear in the Abrolhos waters at about the end +of May, and they stay until October. The females often bring young +calves with them, and appear to seek the shelter of the reefs. The +headquarters of the Abrolhos fishery is at Caravellas, or, rather, at +the mouth of the river Caravellas, where are situated the armações +or trying-houses.”—<i>E. Hartt</i>, <i>Geology and Physical Geography of +Brazil</i>, p. 182.</p> + +<p>“The fishery begins at Bahia, according to Castelnau (Expédition +dans l’Amérique du Sud, tome i. p. 750), about the 13th of June, +and lasts till the 21st September. At Caravellas I was assured that +the Whales always appeared later than at Bahia, and the fishery does +not always begin until the last week in June, continuing through +the month of September.”—<i>E. Hartt.</i></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_54"></a>[54]</span></p> + +<h5>3. CUVIERIUS.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Cuvierius, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 114, 164; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Rostrum of the skull broad, the outer sides curved, especially in +front. The second cervical vertebra with two short, thick lateral +processes. First rib single-headed. Sternum oblong-ovate, transverse. +Hands elongate; fingers slender, second finger much longer +than the forearm-bone. Scapula with a broad acromion and a rudimentary +coracoid.</p> + +<h6>1. Cuvierius Sibbaldii.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Cuvierius Sibbaldii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 380; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p> + +<p>Cuvierius latirostris, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 165.</p> + +<p>Physalus Sibbaldii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 160 (fig. 36), 380.</p> + +<p>Balænoptera Sibbaldii, <i>Van Beneden</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 12 & t. 13. +figs. 25-34.</p> + +<p>Balænoptera carolinæ, <i>Malm</i>, <i>Monog. Illust.</i> t. 44.</p> + +<p>Balænoptera musculus, <i>Sars</i>, <i>Vid. Selsk. Forhand.</i> 1865, t. 1, 2, & 3.</p> + +<p>“Steypireyör,” <i>Reinhardt</i>, <i>Vidensk. Meddel.</i> 1867; <i>Ann. N. Hist.</i> +1868.</p> + +<p>The Grey Fin Whale, <i>Turner</i>, <i>Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin.</i> 1869, p. 34 (from +Londonderry).</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Sea. Mus. Hull.</p> + +<p>The great northern Rorqual of Knox probably belongs to this +species. Its skeleton is in the Edinburgh Museum.</p> + +<p class="break">** <i>Vertebræ 58-60. First and second ribs double-headed</i> (cf. <a href="#Page_52">p. 52</a>); +<i>second cervical vertebræ with a broad lateral process, perforated at +the base. Lower jaw compressed, with distinct coronoid process.</i>—Sibbaldius, +<i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 114, 169; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p> + +<h5>4. RUDOLPHIUS.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Rudolphius, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 170; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p> + +<p>Sibbaldius, <i>Lilljeborg</i>, <i>Nova Acta Upsal.</i> vi. 1867.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Dorsal fin compressed, falcate, two-thirds the entire length from +the nose. Ribs 13·13; first rib short, dilated at the external end. +Sternum elongate, not narrow at posterior lobe. Fingers elongate; +the second finger rather shorter than the forearm-bone. Scapula +very broad, with a large broad acromion process and a moderate +coracoid one.</p> + +<h6>1. Rudolphius laticeps.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Sibbaldius laticeps, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 170, figs. 37, 38.</p> + +<p>Rudolphius laticeps, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p> + +<p>Balænoptera laticeps, <i>Van Beneden</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 10 & t. 11. figs. +11-35.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p> + +<p>Nose of skull more than twice the length of brain-cavity from the +nasal bones.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_55"></a>[55]</span></p> + +<h5>5. SIBBALDIUS.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Sibbaldius, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 175, 1865; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p> + +<p>Flowerius, <i>Lilljeborg</i>, <i>Nova Acta Upsal.</i> vi. 1867.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Dorsal fin very small, far behind, and placed on a thick prominence. +Ribs 14·14; first short, sternal end very broad and deeply +notched. Sternum trifoliate, with a short broad hinder lobe. Scapula +broad, with very long acromion and short slender coracoid process. +Fingers ⸺?</p> + +<h6>1. Sibbaldius borealis.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Sibbaldius borealis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 175, fig. 39; <i>Synops. Whales & +Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p> + +<p>Flowerius gigas, <i>Lilljeborg</i>, <i>Nova Acta Upsal.</i> vi. 1867.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p> + +<p>Mr. Flower considers <i>B. borealis</i>, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. +Philad. 1866, p. 297, from North Atlantic, as very nearly allied to +<i>Balænoptera Schlegelii</i>.</p> + +<h6>2. Sibbaldius Schlegelii.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Sibbaldius Schlegelii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 178, figs. 40-48; <i>Synops. Whales +& Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p> + +<p>Balænoptera Schlegelii, <i>Van Beneden</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 14 & 15.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Java.</p> + +<p>Cervical vertebræ separate (t. 14. f. 5-12); the second with a +broad short lateral expansion, having a moderate-sized oblong perforation. +Beak of skull very long, three and a half times the length +of the brain-cavity.</p> + +<h6>3. Sibbaldius? antarcticus.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Sibbaldius? antarcticus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 381, fig. 87; <i>Synops. Whales & +Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p> + +<p>Balænoptera antarctica, <i>Van Beneden</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> p. 234.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Buenos Ayres.</p> + +<p>Van Beneden regards it as a doubtful species.</p> + +<h6>4. Sibbaldius sulphureus.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Sibbaldius sulphureus, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1869, +pp. 10, 19, f. 11.</p> + +<p>Sulphur-bottom <i>of the Whalers on the North-west Coast</i>.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Dorsal fin very far back.</p> + +<p>Inhab. North Pacific, north-west coast of America, California.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_56"></a>[56]</span></p> + +<h6>5. Sibbaldius tectirostris.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Sibbaldius tectirostris, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1869, p. 7.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Pacific. Skeleton, Mus. Philad.</p> + +<h6>6. Sibbaldius tuberosus.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Sibbaldius tuberosus, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1867, p. <span class="space"> </span>.</p> + +<p>Sibbaldius laticeps, <i>Cope</i>, <i>l. c.</i> 1866, p. 297.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North-east coast of America.</p> + +<h3>Family 5. BALÆNOPTERIDÆ. <i>Pike Whales.</i></h3> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Balænopterina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 114.</p> + +<p>Balænoptera, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 114; <i>Lilljeborg</i>, <i>Nova Acta Upsal.</i> vi.</p> + +<p>Balænopteridæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Dorsal fin high, erect, compressed, about two-thirds of the entire +length from the nose. Pectoral fin moderate, with four short +fingers. Vertebræ 50; cervical vertebræ sometimes anchylosed. +Neural canal broad, trigonal. Ribs 11·11. The second cervical +vertebra with a broad lateral expansion, perforated at the base. +First rib single-headed. Lower jaw with a conical coronoid process.</p> + +<h5>1. BALÆNOPTERA.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Balænoptera, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 114, 186; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p> + +<p>Fabricia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 382.</p> + +</div> + +<p>The lower lateral processes of the third to the seventh cervical vertebræ +with an angular projection on the lower edges. Fingers short, +the length of the forearm-bone.</p> + +<p>Scapula broad; acromion and coracoid elongate, slender.</p> + +<h6>1. Balænoptera rostrata.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Balænoptera rostrata, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 188, figs. 49-53; <i>Synops. Whales +& Dolph.</i> p. 3, t. 1. f. 5 (baleen), t. 2 (skull), t. 32. f. 3, 4 (cervical +vertebræ); <i>Van Beneden</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 12 & t. 13. figs. 1-10.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p> + +<h6>2. Balænoptera velifera.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Balænoptera velifera, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1869, p. 18, +f. 9, 10.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Dorsal fin large.</p> + +<p>Inhab. Oregon (Finner Whale); California, Queen Charlotte’s +Sound.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_57"></a>[57]</span></p> + +<h5>2. SWINHOIA.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Swinhoia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 382; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p> + +</div> + +<p>The lower lateral processes of the third to the sixth cervical vertebræ +slender, regularly curved, without any prominent angle on the +lower edge.</p> + +<h6>1. Swinhoia chinensis.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Balænoptera Swinhoei, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 382, figs. 88-93.</p> + +<p>Swinhoia chinensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Formosa.</p> + +<h2>Section II. DENTICETE (<i>cf.</i> p. 35).</h2> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Denticete, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 62, 194; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p> + +<p>Odontoceti <i>or</i> Delphinoidea, <i>Flower</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 111.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Teeth well developed in one or both jaws, sometimes deciduous. +Palate without baleen. Head large or moderate, compressed. Tympanic +bones two, dissimilar, separate, becoming united, sunk in a +cavity in the base of the skull. Gullet large.</p> + +<p>The suborders in this section have certain relations to each other +by which they may be arranged in two parallel series:—</p> + +<table> + <tr> + <th></th> + <th>A. Nostrils separate, elongated.</th> + <th>B. Nostrils united, transverse.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Teeth only in the lower jaw. Cervical vertebræ often united</td> + <td>Physeteroidea.</td> + <td>Ziphioidea.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Teeth well developed in both jaws. Jaws beaked</td> + <td>Susuoidea.</td> + <td>Delphinoidea.</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p class="break">Division I. <i>Nostrils longitudinal, parallel or diverging; each covered +with a valve</i> (cf. <a href="#Page_62">p. 62</a>).</p> + +<h2>Suborder III. PHYSETEROIDEA.</h2> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Physeteroidea, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 195; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p> + +<p>Physeteridæ (Physeterinæ), <i>Flower</i>, <i>Tr. Zool. Soc.</i> vol. vi. p. 113.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Head blunt. Nostrils longitudinal, parallel, or diverging, each +covered with a valve, the right often obliterated. Teeth many in +the lower jaw, fitting into holes in the gums of the upper one. +Lachrymal bone none distinct. “Costal cartilages not ossified. The +hinder ribs losing their tubercular and retaining their capitular articulation +with the vertebræ. The greater number of the cervical +vertebræ ankylosed together. Pterygoid bones thick, produced +backwards, meeting in the middle line, and not involuted to form<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_58"></a>[58]</span> +the outer wall of the postpalatine air-sinus. Symphysis of mandible +of moderate or excessive length. No functional teeth in the +upper jaw. Mandibular teeth various, often much reduced in number. +Lachrymal bones usually large and distinct. Bones of the +skull raised so as to form an elevated prominence or crest behind +the anterior nares. Orbit of small or moderate size. Pectoral limbs +small. Dorsal fin usually present.”—<i>Flower.</i></p> + +<h3>Family 6. CATODONTIDÆ.</h3> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Catodontina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 386, 387.</p> + +<p>Catodontidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 3.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Head compressed, truncated in front, very large. Blowers separate, +linear, in front of the upper part of the head. Mouth inferior, +linear. Pectoral fin short, broad, truncate. Dorsal hump rounded. +Skull elongate. Crown concave, surrounded by a high perpendicular +wall formed by the doubled-up maxilla and occipital bones. Upper +jaw toothless. Atlas free; rest of cervical vertebræ united by their +bodies and spines into a consolidated mass.</p> + +<h5>1. CATODON.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Catodon, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 196, 386, 387; Synops. Whales & Dolph. +p. 3.</p> + +<p>Physeter, <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vol. vi. p. 309.</p> + +</div> + +<p>The atlas vertebra transverse, nearly twice as broad as high; the +central canal subtrigonal, narrow below. Skull nearly one-third the +entire length of the body. Lachrymal bone wanting. The zygomatic +process is formed of the malar bone. Vertebral column rough +and rather spongy. Vertebræ 50: 7 cervical, 11 dorsal, 8 lumbar, +24 caudal. The atlas separate; the other 6 cervical united by their +bodies and spines into one consolidated mass, and sometimes united +to the first dorsal vertebra. The atlas subquadrangular, broader +than long. The transverse process truncated. Upper edge nearly +straight, lower slightly curved. Neural canal triangular, one of the +angles directed downwards. The thyro-hyal triangular, thick in +front, thinner behind; the basihyal broad and flat. The basihyal +and thyro-hyal united. The ribs long, all but the first slender +and light. The first rib is short, broad, and very thick near the +lower end. Sternum large, triangular, the apex turned backwards. +The broad front end nearly straight, composed of two large anterior +and a small posterior piece. Pectoral limb small. Scapula higher +than broad; outer surface concave, inner convex. Acromion very +large, dilated at the end. Coracoid large, narrow, and about half +the length of the acromion. Humerus compressed. Radius and +ulna not quite so long as the humerus, often united at the ends and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_59"></a>[59]</span> +separate in the middle. The carpus wide and short. The carpal +bones six, nearly in a single row. The fingers five, all well developed, +the second, third, and fourth not differing greatly in length, +the fourth the shortest; the first consisting of two, the second and +third of six, the fourth of five, and the fifth of four joints; the +second finger two-thirds the length of the arm-bones.</p> + +<p>The skull of the young animal is much shorter and broader than +in the adult (Flower, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vi. tab. 57).</p> + +<h6>1. Catodon macrocephalus.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Catodon macrocephalus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 196 (f. 54), 202, 387; <i>Synops. +Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p> + +<p>Physeter macrocephalus, <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vol. vi. p. 309, +tab. 55 to 61, and woodcuts.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Tropical seas, accidentally in the temperate ones.</p> + +<p>Mr. Flower (Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vi.) considers <i>C. australis</i>, +Gray, <i>l. c.</i> p. 206, fig. 55, the same species; and certainly there does +not appear to be any character in the skeleton to divide them.</p> + +<p>Maury remarks:—“The Sperm-Whale, according to the result of +this chart, appears never to double the Cape of Good Hope. It +doubles Cape Horn. Since this fish delights in warm water, shall +we not expect to find off Cape Horn an under-current of warm +water heavier with its salt?”—<i>Maury</i>, <i>Whale-Charts</i>, p. 267.</p> + +<p>How far the species indicated range beyond the habitats whence +they were received is yet to be discovered and recorded. No doubt +their range is influenced by many local circumstances (peculiarities +in the currents, and disposition of the food) that are not easily observed +or understood.</p> + +<h5>2. MEGANEURON.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Meganeuron, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 386, 387; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p> + +</div> + +<p>The atlas vertebra subcircular, rather broader than high. The +central canal subcircular, in the middle of the body, widened +above.</p> + +<p>The rest of the animal not known; it is placed in <i>Catodontidæ</i> +because this family is the only one that has the atlas separate from +the cervical vertebræ and of the simple form.</p> + +<h6>1. Meganeuron Krefftii.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Meganeuron Krefftii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1865, p. 440; <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, +p. 388, figs. 94-97; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Australian seas.</p> + +<p>Atlas 13 inches wide.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_60"></a>[60]</span></p> + +<h3>Family 7. PHYSETERIDÆ.</h3> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Physeterina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 386, 390.</p> + +<p>Physeteridæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Head depressed, rounded in front. Blowers linear (often only +the one on the left side open), at the back of the forehead. Mouth +small, inferior, rounded. Dorsal fin compressed, falcate. Pectoral +fin elongate, falcate. Skull short; crown concave; hinder part of +the wall formed by the maxillaries, and divided, as it were, into two +subequal parts by a central bony ridge, which is more or less twisted +towards the right side. Upper jaw toothless. Atlas and cervical +vertebræ all united into a solid mass.</p> + +<h5>1. PHYSETER.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Physeter, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 196, 210, 386; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> +p. 4.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Head large, rather depressed in front. Skull ⸺?</p> + +<p>Only known from Sibbald’s description, which, like his others, is +very specific; and all his other accounts of animals have been proved +to be correct.</p> + +<p>Mr. Flower has no faith in Sibbald’s account of this animal, and +says, “If the Linnæan genus <i>Physeter</i> is to be kept in abeyance +until the rediscovery of Sibbald’s ‘<i>Balæna macrocephala tripinna</i>,’ it +is to be feared that it may ultimately disappear altogether from zoological +literature.”—<i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vol. vi. p. 369.</p> + +<h6>1. Physeter tursio.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Physeter tursio, <i>Linn.</i>, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 212; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Sea, Scotland (<i>Sibbald</i>, 1687). Length 52 or 53 +feet.</p> + +<h5>2. KOGIA.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Kogia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 196, 215, 386, 391; <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> +vol. vi. p. 114.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Head moderate, blunt and high in front; left blower only open. +Skull short and broad; the septum that divides the crown of the +skull very sinuous, folded so as to form a funnel-shaped cavity.</p> + +<h6>1. Kogia breviceps.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Kogia breviceps, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 217, 391; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> +p. 4.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Cape of Good Hope.</p> + +<p>Perhaps the next is the same species.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_61"></a>[61]</span></p> + +<h6>2. Kogia Macleayii.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Kogia Macleayii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 391; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p> + +<p>Physeter simus, <i>Owen</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vol. vi. p. 30, t. 10, 11, 12, +13, ♀ (not skeleton, t. 11. f. 2).</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Australia, India. Length 10 feet, young.</p> + +<p>The difference between <i>Kogia</i> and <i>Euphysetes</i> does not depend on +the sex of the animals. Mr. Krefft described a male, and Professor +Owen a female specimen; the latter mistook the two drawings of +the same specimen for the two sexes, deceived by certain additions +surreptitiously made to Mr. Elliot’s drawings; but the additions, +especially the penis, are not represented on the plates, and the artist +(Mr. Willis) says he received no directions to leave out any part of +the drawing, and accurately copied them. The measurements given +in the paper do not agree with those in Mr. Elliot’s notes made from +the living animal; and reference to them would have prevented all +this confusion.</p> + +<h5>3. EUPHYSETES.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Euphysetes, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 196, 215, 386, 392; <i>Synops. Whales & +Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Head moderate, blunt and high in front. Skull short and broad. +The septum that divides the cavity of the crown of the skull simple, +longitudinal, only slightly curved.</p> + +<p>Vertebræ 51: cervical 7 (all united into one mass), dorsal 14, +caudal 40. Basihyal broad and flat, as in <i>Catodon</i>.</p> + +<h6>1. Euphysetes Grayii.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Euphysetes Grayii, <i>MacLeay</i>; <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 218, 392; <i>Synops. +Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p> + +<p>Physeter simus, <i>Owen</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vol. vi. t. 11. f. 2 (skeleton +only).</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Australia.</p> + +<h2>Suborder IV. SUSUOIDEA.</h2> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Susuoidea, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Head beaked. Nostrils longitudinal, each covered with a valve +(the right often obliterated). Teeth in upper and lower jaws, compressed. +Crown of skull covered with a bony arch. Pectoral fin +broad, truncate. Fingers 4, nearly equal, the outer the shortest.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_62"></a>[62]</span></p> + +<h3>Family 8. PLATANISTIDÆ.</h3> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Platanistidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 62, 220; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p> + +<p>Platanistinæ, <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vol. vi. p. 114.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Head long-beaked. Jaws slender, compressed. Skull—crown covered +with the converging arch and reflexed edges of the maxillaries.</p> + +<p>“Costal cartilages not ossified. The tubercular and capitular +articulations of the ribs blending together posteriorly. Cervical +vertebræ all free. Pterygoid bones thin, not conforming in their +mode of arrangement with either of the other sections. Jaws very +long and narrow; both with numerous teeth having compressed +fangs. Symphysis of mandible very long, exceeding half the length +of the entire ramus. Orbit very small. Lachrymal bones not distinct +from the jugal. Pectoral limbs large. Dorsal fin rudimentary. +Maxillary bones supporting large bony incurved crests. +No cingulum or tubercle at the base of the crown of the teeth. +Pectoral fins truncated. Visual organs rudimentary. External +respiratory aperture longitudinal, linear.”—<i>Flower.</i></p> + +<h5>1. PLATANISTA.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Platanista, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 221; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Vertebræ 51: cervical 7, all separate; dorsal 11; lumbar 8; +caudal 25.</p> + +<h6>1. Platanista gangetica.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Platanista gangetica, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 223; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> +p 4.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. India, Ganges.</p> + +<h6>2. Platanista Indi.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Platanista Indi, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 224; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. India, Indus.</p> + +<p class="break">Division II. <i>Nostrils both united into a single central transverse or crescent-shaped +blower on the back of the crown</i> (cf. <a href="#Page_57">p. 57</a>).</p> + +<h2>Suborder V. DELPHINOIDEA.</h2> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Delphinoidea, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Nostrils two, united into a single central transverse or crescentic +blower on the back of the crown. Teeth in both jaws, permanent, +or rarely deciduous by age. Pectoral fin lanceolate, ovate, or truncated. +Head generally beaked. Dorsal fin falcate or wanting. +Skull beaked; maxillary bone spread out over the orbit.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_63"></a>[63]</span></p> + +<p class="break">I. <i>Pectoral fin elongate, obliquely truncated on the inner side. Fingers elongate, +longer than the arm-bones, unequal; the second and third much +the longest; the rest short. Forearm-bones close together, only separated +by a straight line. Carpal bones moderate, 5 or 7</i> (cf. <a href="#Page_85">p. 85</a>).</p> + +<p class="break">A. <i>Pectoral fin on the side of the body. Second and third fingers of six or +eight phalanges</i> (cf. <a href="#Page_82">p. 82</a>).</p> + +<h3>Family 9. INIIDÆ.</h3> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Iniidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 62, 226; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4.</p> + +<p>Platanistidæ (Iniinæ), <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vol. vi. p. 114.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Fluviatile. Head beaked; beak bristly. Teeth in the jaws, rugulose, +crowns with an internal lobe; permanent. Pectoral fin +large, elongate, subfalcate. Back keeled behind, without any dorsal +fin. Skull—jaw compressed; symphysis of lower jaw elongate, extending +for more than half its length. Overlooking the form of the +blower, Mr. Flower places this genus with Platanistidæ.</p> + +<p>Vertebræ 41. C. 7. D. 13. L. 3. C. 18. The smallest number +of any Cetacean known.</p> + +<p>“Costal cartilages not ossified. The tubercular and capitular articulations +of the ribs blending together posteriorly. Cervical vertebræ +all free. Pterygoid bones thin, not conforming in their mode +of arrangement with either of the other sections. Jaws very long +and narrow, both with numerous teeth having compressed fangs. +Symphysis of mandible very long, exceeding half the length of the +entire ramus. Orbit very small. Lachrymal bones not distinct +from the jugal. Pectoral limbs large. Dorsal fin rudimentary.”—<i>Flower.</i></p> + +<p>“Maxillary crests absent, or very slightly developed. Many of +the teeth with a complete cingulum or a distinct tubercle at the +base of the crown. Pectoral fin ovate, obtusely pointed.”—<i>Flower.</i></p> + +<h5>1. INIA.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Inia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 226; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4; <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. +Zool. Soc.</i> vi. p. 87.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Cervical vertebræ free: the first with an inferior posterior process, +bifid at the end; lateral processes very short: the second +with a strong dorsal process. Dorsal vertebræ with very high dorsal +processes. Scapula very high, with very long acromion and coracoid +processes. The arm-bone short. Forearms thick and short, +scarcely so long as the upper arm-bone. Metacarpal bones seven, +imbedded in cartilage. The second and third fingers very long, with +six phalanges; the first finger very short, of two phalanges; the +fourth strong, short, about as long as the first two phalanges of the +third finger, of four phalanges; the fifth finger very short, slender, +of three phalanges. The breast-bone ovate, scutate, notched in +front.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_64"></a>[64]</span></p> + +<h6>1. Inia Geoffroyii.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Inia Geoffroyii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 226, 393; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> +p. 4; <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. p. 87, t. 25, 26, 27 (skeleton).</p> + +<p>Delphinus amazonicus, <i>Spix</i>, <i>Reise in Brasil.</i> t. iii. pp. 1119 and 1113, +fig. 34 (bad).</p> + +<p>Inia Geoffrensis, <i>D’Orbigny</i>, <i>in Ann. Mus. Paris</i>, vol. iii. p. 23; <i>Gervais</i>, +<i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. xxxii.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Brazil, river Amazon.</p> + +<p>“The number of the teeth in the different specimens of <i>Inia</i> examined +shows a considerable range of variation, presuming that they +all belong to one species. In the one now described there are +R. 26, L. 26 / R. 25, L. 27 = 104. The larger specimen in the British Museum, +from Ega, has 28-28/26-27 = 109, and also two minute rudimentary teeth +in the gum behind the last in the left maxilla. In the smaller skull +from the same place there are 29-26/28-27 = 110. In the skull in the +Paris Museum, brought by D’Orbigny, there are, according to Gervais, +33-33/33-33 = 132; but in the type specimen in the same museum, +taken from Lisbon, the number is given by De Bainville as +26-26/26-26 = 104. In the Berlin skull the teeth are 34-32/33-32 = 131. Von +Martius, in his diagnosis of the species, gives 28-28/29-29 = 114.”—<i>Flower.</i></p> + +<h3>Family 10. DELPHINIDÆ.</h3> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Delphinidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 228, 393; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 4; +<i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. p. 113.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Head beaked. Teeth in both jaws, conical or compressed, permanent, +without any internal lobe, occupying nearly the whole +length of the jaws. Back rounded, with a falcate dorsal fin; rarely +absent. Skull with the maxilla expanded over the orbit, and more +or less turned up on the edges.</p> + +<p>“Costal cartilages firmly ossified. Posterior ribs losing their capitular +articulation, and only uniting with the transverse processes of +the vertebræ by the tubercle. Anterior (2-6) cervical, in most, ankylosed +together. Pterygoid bones short, thin, involuted to form, +with a process of the palatine bone, the outer wall of the postpalatine +air-sinus. Numerous teeth in both jaws (<i>Monodon</i> excepted), +sometimes deciduous. Symphysis of mandible short or moderate, +never exceeding one-third the length of the ramus. Bones of the +skull not raised into a distinct crest behind the anterior nares. +Orbit of moderate size. Lachrymal bones not distinct from the +jugal. Pectoral limbs varying much in form and size. Dorsal fin +usually present.”—<i>Flower.</i></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_65"></a>[65]</span></p> + +<h4>Tribe I. <i>STENONINA.</i></h4> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Stenonina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 5.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Head beaked, teeth conical. Beak of the skull elongate, slender, +compressed. Nasal triangle short. Symphysis of the lower jaw +elongate.</p> + +<h5>1. STENO.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Steno, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, pp. 230, 232, 393, 394; <i>Synops. +Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 5.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Beak of the skull compressed, higher than broad. Symphysis of +the lower jaw long. Marine and fluviatile. “Pectoral fin moderately +long, triangular, obtusely pointed at the end. First digit short, +without any bony phalange; the second with six, the third five, +the fourth two, and the fifth one phalange. The carpal bones all +separated by broad cartilages. Scapula oblique, truncated at the +posterior angle. Acromion broad, and coracoid rather small.”—<i>Flower.</i></p> + +<p class="break">a. <i>Skull large, solid; the beak compressed, high.</i></p> + +<p class="break">* <i>Teeth large, conical, about two in an inch of the length of the margin +of the jaw.</i></p> + +<h6>1. Steno frontatus.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Steno frontatus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 233. n. 3; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 5, +t. 21. f. 7, 8.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Beak of the skull short; the front part thick, high, and blunt. +Teeth 24·24, large, two in an inch.</p> + +<p>Inhab. Indian Ocean.</p> + +<h6>2. Steno compressus.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Steno compressus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 233. n. 4; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> +p. 5, t. 27.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Beak of the skull elongate, compressed, attenuated in front. Teeth +26·26, large, two in an inch (Zool. E. & T. t. 27).</p> + +<p>Inhab. South Sea.</p> + +<p><i>Steno rostratus</i> appears to belong to this section.</p> + +<p class="break">** <i>Teeth three in an inch.</i></p> + +<h6>3. Steno chinensis.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Delphinus chinensis, <i>Osbeck’s China</i>; <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 266.</p> + +<p>Delphinus sinenis, <i>Desmarest</i>, <i>Mam.</i> p. 514; <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. +Soc.</i> vol. vii. p. 151, t. 17, 18 (skeleton).</p> + +</div> + +<p>Vertebræ 51:—C. 7. D. 12. L. 10. C. 22.</p> + +<p>Inhab. China, Canton (<i>Osbeck</i>), Formosa (<i>Swinhoe</i>).</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_66"></a>[66]</span></p> + +<p class="break">b. <i>Skull small, rather spongy. Teeth small, slender, attenuated, about four +or five in an inch of the length of the margin of the jaw.</i></p> + +<p class="break">* <i>Beak of the skull elongate, compressed, much attenuated and acute in +front. Teeth four in an inch.</i></p> + +<h6>4. Steno capensis.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Steno capensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 394. n. 4**; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 5.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Cape of Good Hope.</p> + +<h6>5. Steno lentiginosus.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Steno lentiginosus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 394. n. 4**; <i>Synops. Whales & +Dolph.</i> p. 5; <i>Owen</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. t. 5. f. 2, 3.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. India (<i>W. Elliot</i>). Skull, B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>1. Steno roseiventris, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 233. no. 2.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Moluccas. Skull not seen by me.</p> + +<p class="break">** <i>Beak of the skull short, compressed, much attenuated and acute in front. +Teeth five in an inch. Flesh-coloured. Fluviatile.</i> Tucuxa.</p> + +<h6>6. Steno tucuxi.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Steno tucuxi, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 236, 394; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 5.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Brazil, river Amazons, 1500 miles from the sea (<i>Bates</i>).</p> + +<p>See also <i>S. (?) fluviatilis</i> and <i>S. (?) pallidus</i>, Gray, <i>l. c.</i> p. 237; +same locality, if distinct.</p> + +<p class="break">*** <i>Beak of the skull elongate, rather depressed, broad, slightly compressed +on the sides. Teeth small, five in an inch.</i> Stenella.</p> + +<h6>7. Steno attenuatus.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Steno attenuatus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 235, 395; <i>Syn. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 5.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. India.</p> + +<p>The beak of the skull flattened (Zool. E. & T. t. 28).</p> + +<p>This section is nearly intermediate between <i>Steno</i> and <i>Clymenia</i>.</p> + +<h6>8. Steno fuscus.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Steno fuscus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 5, t. 26. f. 1.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Only known from a fœtus in spirits.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>2. Steno? brevimanus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 236.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Banda, Singapore. Teeth 36/36.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>3. Steno? coronatus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 238.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Spitzbergen (<i>Fréminville</i>). Not seen since 1806, and no +remains of it in any museum.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_67"></a>[67]</span></p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>4. Steno? rostratus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 238.</p> + +<p>Dauphin de Breda, <i>Cuvier</i>, <i>Oss. Foss.</i> vol v. p. 400.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p> + +<h5>2. SOTALIA.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Sotalia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 393, 401; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Dorsal fin distinct. Beak depressed, rather longer than the brain-cavity. +Teeth slender, conical. Palate flat behind. Pectoral fin +ovate, obliquely truncated at the end; hand shorter than the arm-bones. +Carpal bones small. Scapula broad. Acromion broad.</p> + +<p>Vertebræ 55:—C. 7. D. 12. L. 14. C. 22.</p> + +<p>Scarcely distinct from <i>Steno</i>.</p> + +<h6>1. Sotalia guianensis.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Sotalia guianensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 401; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6.</p> + +<p>Tursio guianensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 257.</p> + +<p>Delphinus guianensis, <i>Van Beneden</i>, <i>Mém. Acad. Brux.</i> p. 27, t. 2 +(skeleton), tom. xvi. tab. 2. figs. 1 and 2.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. British Guiana.</p> + +<p>Teeth 28 or 29. Pectoral fin very broad: fingers five; the index +the longest, the thumb and little finger the least developed. The +caudal vertebræ very strong. The first two of the cervical vertebræ +united, the five others separate. Sternum in three pieces.</p> + +<h4>Tribe II. DELPHININA.</h4> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Delphinina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 5.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Head beaked. Teeth conical. Beak of the skull elongate, longer +than the brain-cavity, depressed, broad, shelving on the sides. Nasal +triangle short. Symphysis of the lower jaw very short, sloping. +Dorsal fin subcentral, rarely wanting.</p> + +<p class="break">a. <i>Beak elongate. Palate with a deep groove on each side behind.</i></p> + +<h5>3. DELPHINUS.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Delphinus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 230, 239, 393; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> +p. 5.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Beak elongate. Dorsal fin distinct. Teeth small, slender, five or +six in an inch. Fingers elongate, unequal; the second much the +longest, 8- or 9-jointed; third elongate, about three-fourths the +length; the rest short.</p> + +<p>Fœtus and tongue figured, t. 26. f. 2 of Synops. Whales and +Dolph.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_68"></a>[68]</span></p> + +<p class="break">* <i>Beak of skull twice as long as the brain-case. Teeth 55/55 or 56/56.</i></p> + +<h6>1. Delphinus longirostris.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Delphinus longirostris, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 241. no. 2; <i>Synops. Whales & +Dolph.</i> p. 5.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Southern Ocean; Cape of Good Hope; Japan; Malabar.</p> + +<p class="break">** <i>Beak of skull once and a half the length of the brain-case. +Teeth 45/45 to 50/50.</i></p> + +<h6>2. Delphinus delphis.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Delphinus delphis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 242 (n. 3), 396; <i>Synops. Whales & +Dolph.</i> p. 5; <i>Reinhardt</i>, <i>Vidensk. Meddel.</i> 1866, t. 1.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Black, sides grey, beneath white.</p> + +<p>Inhab. North Sea; North Atlantic; Mediterranean.</p> + +<p>Vertebræ 75:—C. 7. D. 13. L. 24. C. 31.</p> + +<h6>3. Delphinus Moorei.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Delphinus Moorei, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 396, fig. 99; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> +p. 5.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. South Atlantic.</p> + +<h6>4. Delphinus major.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Delphinus major, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 396; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 5.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. ⸺?</p> + +<h6>5. Delphinus Walkeri.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Delphinus Walkeri, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 397, fig. 100; <i>Synops. Whales & +Dolph.</i> p. 5.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. South Atlantic.</p> + +<p>Burmeister (‘Anales Mus. Buenos Ayres,’ i. p. 306) erroneously +considers it a synonym of <i>D. microps</i>, which is a <i>Clymenia</i>.</p> + +<h6>6. Delphinus Janira.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Delphinus Janira, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 245, 398; <i>Zool. Ereb. & Terror</i>, t. 23; +<i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 5, t. 23.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Newfoundland.</p> + +<h6>7. Delphinus fulvifasciatus.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Delphinus fulvifasciatus, <i>Pucheran</i>, <i>Voy. Dumont d’Urville, Mamm.</i> +t. 21. f. 1, t. 23. f. 1, 2 (skull); <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 252.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Van Diemen’s Land.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_69"></a>[69]</span></p> + +<h6>8. Delphinus obliquidens.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Delphinus obliquidens, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad.</i> 1869, p. 12.</p> + +<p>Lagenorhynchus obliquidens, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad.</i> 1865, +p. 177.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Pacific. Bottle-nose.</p> + +<h6>9. Delphinus pomeegra.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Delphinus pomeegra, <i>Owen</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. t. 6. f. 3, t. 8; <i>Gray</i>, +<i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 5.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. India (<i>W. Elliot</i>) Skull, Brit. Mus.</p> + +<h6>10. Delphinus Forsteri.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Delphinus Forsteri, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6, t. 24 (copied +from <i>Forster’s drawing</i>).</p> + +</div> + +<p>Skull not known.</p> + +<p class="break">b. <i>Beak elongate. Palate flat behind, without any lateral groove.</i></p> + +<h5>4. CLYMENIA.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Clymene, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 249; <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1864, p. 237, +1866, p. 214.</p> + +<p>Clymenia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Beak of skull elongate, depressed. Teeth small, slender. Nasal +triangle moderate. Dorsal fin distinct. Pectoral fin falcate; hand +larger than the forearm-bones. Skull elongate, slender; brain-case +spherical; beak slender, elongate, longer than the brain-case; intermaxillaries +convex. Teeth small, slender, five or six in an inch. +The symphysis of the lower jaw short. The blowers are moderate.</p> + +<p class="break">* <i>Beak of the skull twice as long as the brain-case. Teeth five in an inch.</i> +Micropia.</p> + +<h6>1. Clymenia stenorhyncha.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Clymene stenorhyncha, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 214.</p> + +<p>Clymenia stenorhyncha, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6.</p> + +<p>Delphinus stenorhynchus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 396. n. 1*.</p> + +<p>Delphinus microps, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 240.</p> + +</div> + +<p class="break">** <i>Beak of the skull once and three-quarters the length of the brain-cavity. +Teeth six in an inch.</i> Euphrosyne.</p> + +<h6>2. Clymenia microps.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Clymene microps, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 214.</p> + +<p>Clymenia microps, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6.</p> + +<p>Delphinus microps, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> pp. 240, 395; <i>Zool. Ereb. & +Ter.</i> t. 25.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Coast of Brazil.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_70"></a>[70]</span></p> + +<h6>3. Clymenia Alope.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Clymene Alope, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 214.</p> + +<p>Clymenia Alope, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6, t. 32.</p> + +<p>Delphinus Alope, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> pp. 252, 399.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Cape Horn.</p> + +<h6>4. Clymenia Styx.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Delphinus Styx, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 250.</p> + +<p>Clymenia Styx, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6, t. 21.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. West Africa, North Pacific.</p> + +<h6>5. Clymenia Euphrosyne.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Clymene Euphrosyne, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 214.</p> + +<p>Clymenia Euphrosyne, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6, t. 22 & +t. 31.</p> + +<p>Delphinus Euphrosyne, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 251; <i>Zool. Ereb. & Ter.</i> t. 22.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p> + +<p class="break">*** <i>Beak of the skull once and a half the length of the brain-case. Teeth +large, four in an inch.</i> Gadamu.</p> + +<h6>6. Clymenia gadamu.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Clymenia gadamu, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6.</p> + +<p>Delphinus gadamu, <i>Owen</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. t. 3 (animal), & t. 4 +(skull).</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. India (<i>W. Elliot</i>). Two skulls, Brit. Mus.</p> + +<p class="break">**** <i>Beak of the skull once and a half or once and one-third the length of +the brain-case. Teeth five or six in an inch.</i> Clymenia.</p> + +<h6>7. Clymenia normalis.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Clymene normalis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 214.</p> + +<p>Clymenia normalis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6.</p> + +<p>Delphinus Clymene, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 249.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Beak of the skull once and a half the length of the brain-case, +and as long as twice and one-half the width at the notch. Teeth 40, +nearly six in an inch.</p> + +<p class="break">***** <i>Beak of the skull once and one-half the length of the brain-case, and +as long as twice and a half the width at the notch. Teeth five in an inch.</i></p> + +<h6>8. Clymenia Doris.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Tursio Doris, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 255; <i>Zool. Ereb. & Ter.</i> t. 20.</p> + +<p>Clymenia Doris, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6, t. 20.</p> + +<p>Clymene Doris, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 214.</p> + +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_71"></a>[71]</span></p> + +<h6>9. Clymenia euphrosynoides.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Clymenia euphrosynoides, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6.</p> + +<p>Delphinus Euphrosyne, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> t. 31 (skull); <i>Owen</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. +Soc.</i> vi. t. 8. f. 5.</p> + +</div> + +<p class="break">****** <i>Beak of the skull once and one-third the length of the brain-case, +and as long as twice and one-third the width at the notch. Teeth five +in an inch.</i></p> + +<h6>10. Clymenia dorides.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Tursio dorides, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. &. W.</i> p. 400.</p> + +<p>Clymene dorides, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 215.</p> + +<p>Clymenia dorides, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. ⸺?</p> + +<p class="break">******* <i>Beak of the skull once and one-sixth the length of the brain-case, +and as long as twice and one-half the width at the notch. Teeth five or +six in an inch. The aperture of the blower large.</i></p> + +<h6>11. Clymenia obscura. (Fig. 3.)</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Tursio obscurus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> pp. 264, 400; <i>Zool. E. & T.</i> t. 16.</p> + +<p>Clymene obscura, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 215, 1868, p. 147, fig. 1.</p> + +<p>Clymenia obscura, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6, t. 16 (skull).</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. South Pacific.</p> + +<div class="figcenter illowp93" id="figure03-04" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/figure03-04.jpg" alt=""> + <p class="caption">Pterygoid bones and hinder nasal opening of skull.</p> + <p class="caption">Fig. 3. <i>Clymenia obscura.</i> Fig. 4. <i>Clymenia similis.</i></p> + +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_72"></a>[72]</span></p> + +<h6>12. Clymenia similis. (Fig. 4.)</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Clymene similis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1868, p. 147, fig. 2.</p> + +<p>Clymenia similis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Skull like <i>C. obscura</i>, but palate contracted behind; side of pterygoid +bone keeled.</p> + +<p>Inhab. Cape of Good Hope.</p> + +<p class="break">******** ⸺?</p> + +<h6>13. Clymenia crotaphiscus.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Clymenia crotaphiscus, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad.</i> 1865, p. 13.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Supraoccipital rounded in profile; diameter of temporal fossa +shorter than the preorbital process; beak very flat, two and a half +times the breadth at notch; a keel in front of the nasal meatus.</p> + +<p>Inhab. Unknown.</p> + +<h6>14. Clymenia esthenops.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Clymenia esthenops, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad.</i> 1865, p. 12.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Outline from foramen to crest curved; cranium rounded; temporal +fossa much longer than the postorbital process; width of the +muzzle at notch two and a half times or less in the length.</p> + +<p>Inhab. Unknown.</p> + +<p><i>Var.</i> Width of muzzle at notch nearly three times in the length; +triangle long.</p> + +<p>Inhab. Unknown.</p> + +<h5>5. DELPHINAPTERUS.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Delphinapterus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat, Seals & Whales,</i> p, 276; <i>Synops. Whales +& Dolph.</i> p. 6.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Beak of skull elongate, depressed. Teeth small, slender. Dorsal +fin none. Bladebone very broad, nearly semicircular.</p> + +<h6>1. Delphinapterus Peronii.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Delphinapterus Peronii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 276; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> +p. 6, t. 15 (animal).</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. South Atlantic, New Guinea.</p> + +<p class="break">c. <i>Beak short, thick. Palate flat behind, without any lateral groove.</i></p> + +<h5>6. TURSIO.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Tursio, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 254, 400; <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 215; <i>Synops. +Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6.</p> + +</div> + +<p><i>Beak of the skull only rather longer than the brain-case, conical, +convex above, rounded. Teeth large. Skull high. The skull large, +thick, heavy, with a high swollen brain-cavity.</i> The beak rather +longer than the brain-case, broad, conical, stout, shelving on the +sides. Teeth large, 22/22 or 22/25. The blower large. Nasal triangle +produced considerably before the notch.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_73"></a>[73]</span></p> + +<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure05-06" style="max-width: 50em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/figure05-06.jpg" alt=""> + <p class="caption">Fig. 5. Skull of <i>Tursio truncatus</i> (♂), adult.</p> + <p class="caption">Fig. 6. Under surface of the upper jaw, showing the worn surface.</p> + +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_74"></a>[74]</span></p> + +<p>Vertebræ 62:—C. 7. D. 13. L. 17. C. 25.</p> + +<p>Second finger very long; third shorter. Breast-bone formed of +three pieces, linear, dilated in front.</p> + +<h6>1. Tursio truncatus. (Figs. 5 & 6.)</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Tursio truncatus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 258, 400. no. 6; <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 215, +1868, p. 561, figs. 1, 2; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 6, (D. tursio) +t. 10. f. 1.</p> + +<p>Tursiops tursio, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> tab. 34. figs. 3-9.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Sea and Mediterranean. Coast of France and Cette +(<i>Gervais</i>).</p> + +<h6>2. Tursio erebennus.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Delphinus erebennus, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad.</i></p> + +<p>Delphinus tursio, <i>Cope</i>, <i>l. c.</i> 1865, p. 199.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Teeth. 23/22; premaxillaries forming an elevated rounded ridge.</p> + +<p>Inhab. Philadelphia.</p> + +<h6>3. Tursio Metis.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Tursio Metis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 256. no. 3; <i>Zool. Ereb. & Ter.</i> t. 18; +<i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 215, 1868, p. 362; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7, +t. 18.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. West Africa.</p> + +<h6>4. Tursio Cymodoce.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Tursio Cymodoce, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 257. no. 4; <i>Zool. Ereb. & Ter.</i> t. 19; +<i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 215; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7, t. 19.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. River Uragua. Mus. Buenos Ayres.</p> + +<h6>5. Tursio abusalam.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Tursio abusalam, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 261. no. 7.</p> + +<p>Tursiops aduncus, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 34. figs. 1 & 2.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Cape of Good Hope (<i>Gervais</i>); Red Sea (<i>Ehrenberg</i>).</p> + +<p>Rather larger than <i>Tursiops tursio</i>. Teeth acute.</p> + +<h6>6. Tursio Eurynome.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Tursio Eurynome, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 261. no. 8; <i>Zool. Ereb. & Ter.</i> t. 17; +<i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 215; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7, t. 17.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. South Sea; India?, Bay of Bengal.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_75"></a>[75]</span></p> + +<h6>7. Tursio catalania.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Tursio catalania, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 262. no. 10; <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 215; +<i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North-west coast of Australia.</p> + +<p>These skulls are all very much alike.</p> + +<h5>7. EUTROPIA.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Eutropia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 262; <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 215; <i>Synops. Whales +& Dolph.</i> p. 7.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Beak of the skull only rather longer than the brain-case. Skull +depressed, thick, with the sides rather bent down behind the notch. +The beak depressed, broad, rounded on the sides, rather longer than +the length of the brain-case; the intermaxillaries flat, rather broad. +Teeth small, slender, five or six in an inch.</p> + +<p>The skull bears a considerable affinity to the skulls of <i>Phocæna</i>, +<i>Neomeris</i>, <i>Beluga</i>, and <i>Monodon</i> in the bending down of the sides.</p> + +<h6>1. Eutropia Dickiei.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Eutropia Dickiei, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 215; <i>Synops. Whales & +Dolph.</i> p. 7, t. 34.</p> + +<p>Tursio Eutropia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1862, p. 145; <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 262, +no. 9.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. South Pacific Ocean, Chili.</p> + +<h6>2. Eutropia Heavisidii.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Eutropia Heavisidii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 215; <i>Synops. Whales +& Dolph.</i> p. 7.</p> + +<p>Tursio Heavisidii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 263.</p> + +<p>Cephalorhynchus Heavisidii, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ost. Cét.</i> tab. 36. fig. 1 (skull).</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Cape seas.</p> + +<p>Vertebræ 65:—C. 7. D. 13. L. 15. C. 30.</p> + +<p>The <i>D. cephalorhynchus</i> of F. Cuvier, judging from the figure of +the skull given by Schlegel, appears also to belong to this genus.</p> + +<p>See <i>Stigmatias</i> (<i>Amblyodon</i>), Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. +1866, p. 294.</p> + +<h4>Tribe III. LAGENORHYNCHINA.</h4> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Lagenorhynchus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 267; <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> +tab. 36.</p> + +<p>Lagenorhynchina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Head attenuated, beaked. Teeth conical. Beak of the skull as long +as the length of the brain-case, broad, flat above, edges slightly +reflexed and bent up in front of the notch. Nasal triangle elongate. +Symphysis of the lower jaw short.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_76"></a>[76]</span></p> + +<h5>8. ELECTRA.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Electra, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 268; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7.</p> + +</div> + +<p>The beak of the skull very flat above, with the edges in front of +the notches bent up. Teeth-line stopping considerably short of +the notch.</p> + +<p class="break">* <i>Beak of the skull rather longer (about one-third) than the length of the +brain-case. Teeth moderate, four in an inch, those of the lower jaw +rather larger.</i></p> + +<h6>1. Electra obtusa.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Lagenorhynchus Electra, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 268; <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 216; +<i>Zool. E. & T.</i> t. 13.</p> + +<p>Electra obtusa, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synopsis of Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7, t. 13 (skull).</p> + +</div> + +<p>Beak tapering, rounded in front.</p> + +<p>Inhab. ⸺?</p> + +<h6>2. Electra Asia.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Lagenorhynchus Asia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 269. no. 3; <i>Zool. E. & T.</i> t. 14; +<i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> tab. 36. fig. 6.</p> + +<p>Electra Asia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7, t. 14 (skull).</p> + +</div> + +<p>Beak attenuated, acute in front.</p> + +<p>Inhab. ⸺?</p> + +<h6>3. Electra fusiformis.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Electra fusiformis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7.</p> + +<p>Delphinus fusiformis, <i>Owen</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. t. 5. f. 1, t. 7 +(skull).</p> + +</div> + +<p>Beak broad, and rounded in front.</p> + +<p>Inhab. India (<i>W. Elliot</i>). B.M.</p> + +<h6>4. Electra acuta.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Electra acuta, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7.</p> + +<p>Lagenorhynchus acutus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 270. no. 4.</p> + +<p>Delphinus Eschrichti, <i>Poelman</i>, <i>Ac. Roy. Belgique</i>, 1864, vol. xvii. +t. 1.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p> + +<p>According to Schlegel’s figure of the skull, it should be arranged +in this section.</p> + +<h6>5. Electra breviceps.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Lagenorhynchus breviceps, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> tab. 36. fig. 3.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. ⸺?</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_77"></a>[77]</span></p> + +<p class="break">** <i>Beak of the skull rather shorter than the length of the brain-cavity. +Teeth small, five or six in an inch.</i></p> + +<h6>6. Electra clancula.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Electra clancula, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7, t. 35.</p> + +<p>Lagenorhynchus clanculus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 271. no. 5; <i>Hector</i>, +<i>Trans. New-Zealand Instit.</i> 1870, p. 27.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Beak of the skull broad behind, once and three-fourths the +width of the notch in length. Teeth five in an inch.</p> + +<p>Inhab. South Pacific Ocean.</p> + +<p>In the Museum of Wellington, New Zealand, a complete skeleton.</p> + +<table> + <tr> + <th></th> + <th class="tdr">ft.</th> + <th class="tdr">in.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Total length</td> + <td class="tdr">5</td> + <td class="tdr">1·0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Cervical vertebræ seven, anchylosed</td> + <td class="tdr">0</td> + <td class="tdr">1·3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Dorsals fourteen</td> + <td class="tdr">0</td> + <td class="tdr">11·5</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>Lumbar and caudal forty-eight, thirty-four of which have processes, +and may be considered lumbars.</p> + +<table> + <tr> + <th></th> + <th class="tdr">in.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Skull:—</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Length, total</td> + <td class="tdr">14·0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Length of beak</td> + <td class="tdr">7·5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Width at notch</td> + <td class="tdr">3·5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Width at orbits</td> + <td class="tdr">6·0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Width of intermaxillary at blow-hole</td> + <td class="tdr">2·7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Width at middle of beak</td> + <td class="tdr">2·5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Height of occiput</td> + <td class="tdr">5·7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Length of flappers</td> + <td class="tdr">12·0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Scapula, transverse diameter</td> + <td class="tdr">4·5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Scapula, longitudinal diameter</td> + <td class="tdr">6·5</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>This specimen was harpooned outside Wellington Harbour, and +appears to be the common Dolphin of the coast.</p> + +<p>Lower jaws of two others.</p> + +<h6>7. Electra crucigera.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Lagenorhynchus cruciger, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> tab. 36. fig. 3.</p> + +</div> + +<h6>8. Electra thicolea.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Electra thicolea, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7, t. 36.</p> + +<p>Lagenorhynchus thicolea, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 271. no. 7.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Beak of the skull narrow behind, twice as long as the width at +the notch. Teeth small, six in an inch.</p> + +<p>Inhab. West coast of North America.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_78"></a>[78]</span></p> + +<h5>9. FERESA.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Orca (Feresa), <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1870, p. 77.</p> + +</div> + +<p>The beak of the skull from the notch rather shorter than from +the notch to the condyle, depressed, flat above, gradually tapering +in front; the width at the notch two-thirds of the entire length of +the beak. Lower jaw slender, narrow and thin in front, teeth not +reaching the notch.</p> + +<p>This reexamination has convinced me, and also, I believe, Mr. +Flower, that the skull described under the name of <i>Orca intermedia</i> +belongs to a very small species, and is not “the skull of a very +young individual, probably of one of the large species,” as Mr. +Flower supposed, apparently from the examination of the figure +(see Flower, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 425). Indeed, when the animal +is known, I should not be at all astonished if it should prove to be +a species of <i>Electra</i> rather than of <i>Orca</i>, or perhaps a new genus.</p> + +<p>This skull has many resemblances to those of some of the species +of <i>Electra</i>; the teeth are much smaller than those of <i>Orca</i>.</p> + +<h6>1. Feresa intermedia.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Orca intermedia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 283; <i>Zool. Erebus +and Terror</i>, p. 34, tab. 8 (skull); <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1870, p. 77.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. ⸺?</p> + +<p>This is the skull of a full-grown animal, and yet it is not so +large as the skull of a newly born specimen of <i>Orca</i>. Mr. Flower, +judging from the figure, believed it to be the skull of a very young +animal; but on examining the skull along with me he became +satisfied, from the solidity and definite form of the bones, that it is +the skull of a full-grown though not aged specimen.</p> + +<h5>10. LEUCOPLEURUS.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Leucopleurus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 216; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> +p. 7.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Beak of the skull rather flat above and elongate, bent up on the +edge in front of the notch, narrow behind, as long as, or slightly +longer than, the length of the brain-case. Teeth-line reaching +nearly to the notch. Teeth small, five in an inch. First and second +cervical vertebræ united by their bodies, third and fourth by the +spinous processes.</p> + +<p>Vertebræ 81:—C. 7. D. 15. L. and C. 59.</p> + +<h6>1. Leucopleurus arcticus.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Leucopleurus arcticus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7, t. 6. +f. 3-5 (fœtus), t. 12 (skull), t. 26. f. 3 (tongue).</p> + +<p>Lagenorhynchus leucopleurus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 273. no. 9; +<i>Gervais, Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 36. fig. 4.</p> + +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_79"></a>[79]</span></p> + +<p>Beak of the skull twice as long as the width at the notch. Teeth +small, five in an inch.</p> + +<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p> + +<h5>11. LAGENORHYNCHUS.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Lagenorhynchus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1866, p. 216; <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 272; +<i>Synops. Whales &. Dolph.</i> p. 7.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Beak of the skull rather flat above, bent up on the edges in front +of the notch, deep, broad behind, rather shorter than the length of +brain-case. Teeth-line reaching nearly to the notch, large, three +in an inch. First and second cervical vertebræ united by their +bodies; the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh free.</p> + +<p>Vertebræ 88:—C. 7. D. 14. L. and C. 67.</p> + +<h6>1. Lagenorhynchus albirostris.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Lagenorhynchus albirostris, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 272. no. 8; <i>Synops. +Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8, t. 10. f. 2, t. 11 (skull); <i>Gervais, Ostéogr. +Cét.</i> tab. 36. fig. 5.</p> + +</div> + +<p>The beak of the skull once and one-half as long as the width at +the notch.</p> + +<p>Inhab. North Sea, Yarmouth.</p> + +<h4>Tribe IV. <i>PSEUDORCAINA.</i></h4> + +<p>Head rounded in front, very convex, not beaked. Teeth conical. +Beak of the skull depressed, broad, scarcely so long as the brain-cavity.</p> + +<h5>12. PSEUDORCA.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Pseudorca, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Head rounded, convex; body moderate; dorsal fin moderate, in +the centre of the back; arm-bones very short and thick, the humerus +rather the shortest.</p> + +<p>Triangle in front of the blowers flat. Teeth large, conical, acute, +permanent. Pectoral fin falcate. Arm-bone short, broad. Metacarpal +bones five, close together. Fingers very unequal, second and +third much longer than the rest, six- or seven-jointed; first finger +very short, two-jointed; third finger short, four-jointed, rather +longer than the first two joints of the third finger. Tooth-line of +the upper jaw nearly to the notch; of the lower jaw rather shorter. +Lower jaw strong. Symphysis short, about as long as the space +occupied by the first four teeth. Teeth large, conical, simple.</p> + +<p>Vertebræ 50:—C. 7. D. 10. L. 9. C. 24.</p> + +<p>The first to the sixth cervical vertebræ united by their bodies<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_80"></a>[80]</span> +and dorsal processes. Bladebone broad, with large coracoid and +acromion processes, which are much nearer together than usual.</p> + +<p class="break">* <i>Beak blunt, truncated in front.</i> Pseudorca.</p> + +<h6>1. Pseudorca crassidens.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Pseudorca crassidens, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 290. no. 1; <i>Synops. +Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8; <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 50. f. 7-17.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Beak about two-thirds the length of the brain-cavity, broad, +rather tapering on the sides, truncated in front; teeth 8.</p> + +<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p> + +<p class="break">** <i>Beak narrow, tapering, and rounded in front.</i> Neoorca.</p> + +<h6>2. Pseudorca meridionalis.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Pseudorca meridionalis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 291. no. 2, figs. 58, 59; <i>Synops. +Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8; <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 50.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Beak as long as the brain-cavity, tapering on the side, and +rounded in front. Teeth 8.</p> + +<p>Inhab. Van Diemen’s Land.</p> + +<h5>13. ORCAELLA.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Orcaella, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 285; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 7.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Head blunt, rounded, very convex. Body moderate. Dorsal fin +moderate, more or less behind the middle of the back; the pectoral +fin broad. Skull:—brain-case subglobular; beak very short, two-thirds +the length of the brain-case, tapering, flat above. Intermaxillary +half as wide as beak. Teeth small, conical, 12·12 / 12·12 or 14·14 / 14·14.</p> + +<h6>1. Orcaella brevirostris.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Orcaella brevirostris, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 285; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> +p. 7; <i>Anderson’s Icon. ined.</i> (animal and skull).</p> + +<p>Phocæna brevirostris, <i>Owen</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. t. 9.</p> + +<p>Globiocephalus indicus (part.), <i>Blyth</i>.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Black; body stout; dorsal fin subcentral.</p> + +<p>Inhab. Estuaries of the Ganges (<i>Dr. Anderson</i>); Madras (<i>Elliot</i>).</p> + +<h6>2. Orcaella fluminalis.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Orcaella fluminalis, <i>Anderson’s MS. & Icon. ined.</i></p> + +<p>Dolphin of the Irawady, <i>Anderson</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1870, pp. 220, 544.</p> + +</div> + +<p>“Body slender, dirty white; dorsal fin more posterior.”</p> + +<p>Inhab. River Irawady, deep channels, from 300 to 1000 miles +from the sea (<i>Dr. Anderson</i>).</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_81"></a>[81]</span></p> + +<h4>Tribe V. PHOCÆNINA.</h4> + +<p>Lateral wings of the maxilla shelving down over the orbit. Triangle +in front of the blower convex. Teeth compressed.</p> + +<h5>14. PHOCÆNA.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Phocæna, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 301; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Dorsal fin distinct, in the middle of the back, with a series of small +spines on the upper part of its front edge. Teeth all compressed, +truncate.</p> + +<p>Vertebræ 64 to 66:—C. 7. D. 13. L. and C. 44 to 46.</p> + +<h6>1. Phocæna communis.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Phocæna communis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 302; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8.</p> + +<p>Var.? Phocæna tuberculifera, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 304.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>1. Phocæna brachycium, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. N. Sc. Phil.</i> 1865, p. 6; 1869, +p. 28.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Harbour of Salem.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>2. Phocæna vomerina, <i>Gill</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. N. S. Philad.</i> 1865; <i>Cope</i>, +<i>Proc. Acad. N. S. Philad.</i> 1869, p. 13.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Pacific. The Bay Porpoise.</p> + +<h5>15. ACANTHODELPHIS.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Acanthodelphis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> 304; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Dorsal fin distinct, rather behind the middle of the back. Back, +in front of the dorsal fin, with a single, and the upper part of the +front edge of the dorsal fin with three series of oblong keeled +tubercles. Teeth compressed, front one rather conical.</p> + +<h6>1. Acanthodelphis spinipinnis.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Acanthodelphis spinipinnis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 304; <i>Synops. Whales & +Dolph.</i> p. 8.</p> + +<p>Phocæna spinipinnis, <i>Burmeister</i>, <i>Anales Mus. Buenos Ayres</i>, vol. i. +t. 23 (animal), 24 (skull).</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Coast of Brazil.</p> + +<h5>16. NEOMERIS.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Neomeris, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 306; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Dorsal fin none. Head rounded. Teeth compressed, slightly +notched in the middle of the crown. Pectoral fin ovate-falcate. +The blade bone triangular, with a large coracoid and acromion +process. The forearm-bones close together, linear. Metacarpal bones +five, large. The hand rather large; the second and third fingers<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_82"></a>[82]</span> +elongate, nearly equal, as long as the arm-bones, the fourth finger +shorter, the first shorter, and the fifth very short.</p> + +<p>Vertebræ 63:—C. 7. D. 13. L. and C. 43.</p> + +<h6>1. Neomeris phocænoides.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Neomeris phocænoides, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 306; <i>Synops, Whales & Dolph.</i> +p. 8.</p> + +<p>“Delphinapterus molagan,” <i>Owen</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. p. 24, a name +given to a manuscript note of Mr. Elliot’s!</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Indian Ocean; Bengal; Cape of Good Hope; Japan.</p> + +<p>Schlegel (Fauna Japonica, Mammalia, tab. v.) gives a detailed +figure of the skull, the dorsal vertebræ, the chest-bone, and the fore +limb of this animal.</p> + +<p class="break">B. <i>Pectoral fin low down on the side of the body. The second and third +fingers very long, of nine or twelve phalanges</i> (cf. <a href="#Page_63">p. 63</a>).</p> + +<h3>Family 11. GRAMPIDÆ.</h3> + +<p>Head rounded; forehead rather convex. Teeth conical; of upper +jaw early deciduous, of lower jaw only in the front over the short +symphysis. Dorsal fin low, rather behind the middle of the back. +Pectoral fins ovate, elongate. Skull depressed, with the lateral +expansions horizontal, rather thickened and bent up over the orbit +and slightly dilated and bent down over the notch. Intermaxillaries +dilated, swollen in front of the blower. Atlas free; rest of cervical +vertebræ and dorsal processes united. The arm-bones short. Two +middle fingers elongated, subequal, of eight or nine phalanges; the +other fingers very short, of two or three phalanges. The breast-bone +single, broad in front.</p> + +<h5>1. GRAMPUS.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Grampus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 230, 295, 393; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 9.</p> + +</div> + +<p class="break">† <i>Triangle in front of the blowers elongate, produced in front over the +vomer. Bladebone triangular, the height about two-thirds the +width. Beak of skull narrow, more contracted for two-thirds of its +length.</i></p> + +<h6>1. Grampus Rissoanus.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Grampus Rissoanus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 298; <i>Gervais</i>, +<i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 54. figs. 1-6; <i>Murie</i>, <i>Journ. Anat. & Physiol.</i> 1870, +v. p. 129, t. 5 (good).</p> + +</div> + +<p>Beak of skull rather broad or gradually tapering towards the +front; intermaxillaries rather broad; bladebone triangular, the +height three-fourths the width.</p> + +<p>Inhab. Nice.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_83"></a>[83]</span></p> + +<h6>2. Grampus Cuvieri.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Grampus Cuvieri, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 295, fig. 60; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> +p. 9.</p> + +<p>Grampus griseus, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 54. figs. 1-6.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Sea, Hampshire.</p> + +<p class="break">†† <i>Triangle in front of the blowers short, broad.</i></p> + +<h6>3. Grampus Richardsonii.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Grampus Richardsonii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 299; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> +p. 9.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Cape of Good Hope.</p> + +<h3>Family 12. GLOBIOCEPHALIDÆ.</h3> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Globiocephalidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 62, 313; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Head blunt, very much swollen. Teeth in the front part of both +jaws, cylindrical, simple; symphysis very short, shorter than the +tooth-line. Dorsal fin falcate. Pectoral fin low down on the sides +of the body; fingers elongate, many-jointed. Atlas and the rest of +cervical vertebræ united, or the hinder one free. Scapula triangular, +with large coracoid and acromion processes. Arm-bones very short. +Metacarpal bones in cartilage. The two middle fingers very long, +of twelve to ten joints; the rest of the fingers short, of three or +four phalanges; index finger short, slender, four-jointed; ring-finger +shorter, three-jointed; little finger very short, of one phalange. +Breast-bone of three separate pierced pieces; the hinder +one narrow.</p> + +<h5>1. GLOBIOCEPHALUS.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Globiocephalus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 313; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Skull:—palate flat; beak rather tapering in front. First to sixth +cervical vertebræ anchylosed into one mass, seventh free.</p> + +<p>Vertebræ 58 or 59:—C. 7. D. 11. L. and C. 40 or 41.</p> + +<p class="break">* <i>Black, with a white streak beneath.</i></p> + +<h6>1. Globiocephalus svineval.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Globiocephalus svineval, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> 314; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> +p. 8.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Sea, coast of England. The Pilot Whale.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>1. Globiocephalus melas, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 51.</p> + +<p>Delphinus globiceps, <i>Risso</i>, <i>Europe Mérid.</i> vol. iii. f. 1.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Mediterranean.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_84"></a>[84]</span></p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>2. Globiocephalus affinis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 317.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>3. Globiocephalus intermedius, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 318.</p> + +<p>Globiocephalus, n. sp., <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. N. Sc. Phil.</i> 1865, p. 7.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Delaware Bay. Teeth six above.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>4. Globiocephalus Edwardsii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 320.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. South Sea. Cape of Good Hope.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>5. Globiocephalus guadaloupensis.</p> + +<p>Globiocephalus intermedius, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. (skull).</p> + +<p>Globiocephalus intermedius (part.), <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 319.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Guadaloupe. Mus. Paris.</p> + +<h6>2. Globiocephalus Grayi.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Globiocephalus Grayi, <i>Burmeister</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1868, i. p. 52, +t. 2. f. 2, 3; <i>Anales Mus. Buenos Ayres</i>; <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & +Dolph.</i> p. 9.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Buenos Ayres.</p> + +<p class="break">** <i>Black, or only slightly paler beneath.</i></p> + +<h6>3. Globiocephalus macrorhynchus.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Globiocephalus macrorhynchus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 320; <i>Synops. Whales & +Dolph.</i> p. 9; <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 52. f. 4; <i>Hector</i>, <i>Trans. New-Zealand +Instit.</i> 1870, p. 38.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. South Sea. New Zealand (<i>Gervais</i>).</p> + +<p>“Two skulls in the Colonial Museum, Wellington, New Zealand, +one in longitudinal section; one lower jaw; six cervical, four lumbar, +thirteen caudal vertebræ; two scapulæ; two hyoids. Both +skulls are of the same dimensions:—</p> + +<table> + <tr> + <th></th> + <th>inches.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>“Length</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">26</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Length of nose</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">15</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Length of tooth-series</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">8</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Length of lower jaw</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">15</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="2">(This is of a different individual.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Width at notch</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">11</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Width at orbit</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">17</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Width of intermaxillary at blow-hole</td> + <td class="tdr">7·5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Width at middle of nose</td> + <td class="tdr">9·5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Height of occiput</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">14</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Scapula, transverse diameter</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">15</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Scapula, longitudinal diameter</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">12</span></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>“Hyoid arch 11 inches wide by 7 inches high.</p> + +<p>“Sternum 10 × 7 inches—with three sternal ribs, each 7 inches +long.</p> + +<p>“The first rib is 10 inches from head to tip, but is bent with an +arch of 5 inches.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_85"></a>[85]</span></p> + +<p>“The atlas, axis, and three other cervicals are anchylosed. The +compound cervicals have a conjoined length of 4 inches. Vertical +diameter of foramen magnum 2½ inches. Conjoined length of the +four lumbers 8 inches; height, including spinous processes, 8·5 +inches. Caudal apparatus, of thirteen segments, 16 inches; two of +these are anchylosed. Teeth 9-9/8-8”.—<i>Hector.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>6. Globiocephalus Scammonii, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Ac. N. S. Philad.</i> 1869, p. 11.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Black above and below.</p> + +<p>Inhab. North Pacific.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>7. Globiocephalus australis.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Coast of Australia. In Museum of Sydney.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>8. Globiocephalus indicus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 322.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Bay of Bengal. Black fish.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>9. Globiocephalus Sieboldii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 323.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Japan.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>10. Globiocephalus chinensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 323.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. China.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>11. Globiocephalus sibo, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 323 (<i>sub</i> G. Sieboldii).</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Japan. Called “Sibo golo.” Purple, with a white spot +behind the dorsal fin.</p> + +<h5>2. SPHÆROCEPHALUS.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Sphærocephalus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 323; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 9.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Palate of the skull convex, shelving on the sides. Beak oblong, +of nearly the same width the greater part of its length.</p> + +<h6>1. Sphærocephalus incrassatus.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Sphærocephalus incrassatus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 324, figs. 63 & 64; <i>Synops. +Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 9.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. British Channel, Bridport.</p> + +<p class="break">II. <i>Pectoral fin broad, rounded or truncated at the end; hand shorter than +the arm-bones; second finger the longest, the rest gradually shorter; +phalanges of the second finger six or eight</i> (cf. <a href="#Page_63">p. 63</a>).</p> + +<h3>Family 13. ORCADÆ.</h3> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Orca, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 278; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> +p. 8.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Head rounded, scarcely beaked. Dorsal fin falcate. Skull heavy; +wings of sides expanded; beak short, broad; triangle in front of +the blowers flat. Lower jaw thick in front; symphysis short. +Teeth large.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_86"></a>[86]</span></p> + +<div class="figcenter illowp48" id="figure07" style="max-width: 21.875em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/figure07.jpg" alt=""> + <p class="caption">Fig. 7.</p> + <p class="caption"><i>Orca stenorhyncha.</i></p> + +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_87"></a>[87]</span></p> + +<div class="figcenter illowp48" id="figure08" style="max-width: 21.875em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/figure08.jpg" alt=""> + <p class="caption">Fig. 8.</p> + <p class="caption"><i>Orca capensis.</i></p> + +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_88"></a>[88]</span></p> + +<div class="figcenter illowp48" id="figure09" style="max-width: 25em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/figure09.jpg" alt=""> + <p class="caption">Fig. 9.</p> + <p class="caption"><i>Orca stenorhyncha.</i></p> + +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_89"></a>[89]</span></p> + +<div class="figcenter illowp48" id="figure10" style="max-width: 28.125em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/figure10.jpg" alt=""> + <p class="caption">Fig. 10.</p> + <p class="caption"><i>Orca capensis.</i></p> + +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_90"></a>[90]</span></p> + +<p>Vertebræ 51 or 52:—C. 7. D. 11 or 12. L. and C. 33.</p> + +<p>The first three cervical vertebræ united into one mass by their +bodies and dorsal processes, the rest more or less free. Pectoral +fin broad and rounded at the end. “Carpal bone single, in a large +mass of cartilage.”</p> + +<h5>1. ORCA.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Orca, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1870, p. 70.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Beak of the skull from the notch before the orbit the same length +as from the notch to the condyles; the width at the notch three-fifths +of the length of the beak. The occipital end of the skull +slightly concave. Condyles of moderate size. Lower jaw broad on +the sides, very thick and solid in front.</p> + +<p class="break">A. <i>The beak of the skull tapering and narrow in front, end narrow.</i> +Gladiator.</p> + +<h6>1. Orca stenorhyncha. (Figs. 7 & 9.)</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Orca stenorhyncha, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1870, p. 71, figs. 1 & 3 (skull).</p> + +<p>Orca gladiator, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 279.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Sea. Skeleton from Weymouth, and a skull from +the English coast. B.M.</p> + +<p>Intermaxillaries narrow in the middle and rather dilated in front; +but the extent of dilatation varies in the two specimens.</p> + +<p>The examination of the four skulls of <i>Orca</i> found on the English +coast show they belong to two very distinct species, one with a much +more attenuated beak than the other.</p> + +<p class="break">B. <i>Beak of the skull spatulate; sides of the hinder half nearly parallel, of +the front half arched and converging; end rounded, middle rather wider +than at the notch.</i> Orca.</p> + +<h6>2. Orca capensis. (Figs. 8 & 10.)</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Orca capensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. Seals & Whales</i>, p. 283; P. Z. S. 1870, p. 71, +figs. 2 & 4.</p> + +<p>Delphinus orca, <i>Owen</i>.</p> + +<p>Grampus gladiator, <i>Smith</i>, <i>South-African Zool.</i> p. 126.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Cape of Good Hope (<i>Viney</i>, B.M.; <i>Villette</i>, Mus. Coll. +Surg. no. 1139); Seychelles Islands (<i>Swinburne Ward</i>).</p> + +<p>In the Cape specimen the intermaxillaries are nearly of the same +width in the whole of their length; in the Seychelles skull they are +contracted in the greater part of their length, and rather dilated in +front.</p> + +<p>Mr. Swinburne Ward has kindly sent a very beautiful skull of a +“Killer” taken in the sea near the Seychelle Islands.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_91"></a>[91]</span></p> + +<p>To determine this skull I have been induced to compare the skulls +of the genus in the British Museum, which it is very necessary to do +from time to time, as specimens gradually accumulate, and often +arrive when I am occupied on other subjects, and consequently are +put aside for future examination.</p> + +<p>In this examination I have observed that in the ‘Catalogue of +Seals and Whales’ I have confounded with the skull described under +the name of <i>Orca capensis</i> one from the North Pacific, the former +being the true <i>Orca capensis</i>, and the skull now received from the +Seychelles Islands being of the same species.</p> + +<p>The skull figured in the ‘Zoology of the Erebus and Terror’ under +the name of <i>O. capensis</i> is from a specimen received from the Zoological +Society, to which it was presented by Capt. Delville, who said +he obtained it in the North Pacific (?). It is quite a different species, +for which I propose the name of <i>Orca pacifica</i>. I doubt its being +from the <i>North</i> Pacific, as I believe there is a skull of the same +species in the Paris Museum, collected by M. Eydoux, and said to +have come from Chili.</p> + +<h6>3. Orca africana.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Orca gladiator, var. australis, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 47. f. 2.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Algoa Bay.</p> + +<p>Skull much smaller, 24 inches long.</p> + +<h6>4. Orca latirostris.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Orca latirostris, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1870, p. 76.</p> + +<p>Orca gladiator, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 48. f. 2, 3.</p> + +<p>Delphinus orca, <i>Cuv.</i> <i>Oss. Foss.</i> v. tab. 22. fig. 4 (skull).</p> + +</div> + +<p>The skull very similar to that of the Cape species, but much +smaller; but the beak is rather narrower, the intermaxillaries moderately +broad, slightly dilated in front.</p> + +<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p> + +<p>An adult skull from the coast of Essex (361 <i>a</i>), and another without +the lower jaw, are in the British Museum.</p> + +<p>These skulls of the smaller British, or, rather, European <i>Orca</i> are +distinguishable from those of <i>O. gladiator</i> by the smaller size and +the broader, rounder nose—and from the skulls of the Cape-of-Good-Hope +species by being of a much smaller species, and having a depressed +crown of the head.</p> + +<p>I believe the skull figured under the name of <i>Delphinus orca</i> by +Cuvier, Oss. Foss. vol. v. tab. 22. figs. 3, 4, represents this species, +from the form of the beak and the narrowness of the occiput: this +figure has been copied by various British and other authors.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>1. Orca gladiator, var. arcticus (O. Eschrichtii), <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> +t. 47. fig. 3.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Faroe Islands.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_92"></a>[92]</span></p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>2. Orca gladiator, var. europæus, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 47. f. 4.</p> + +<p>Orca gladiator, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>l. c.</i> t. 48. f. 1.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. the Atlantic.</p> + +<p>Skull about 40 inches long.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>3. Orca gladiator, var. europæus, <i>Van Beneden & Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> +t. 47. f. 5.</p> + +<p>Delphinus orca, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Zool. et Paléont. Française</i>, t. 37. f. 3, 4.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Mediterranean, Cette.</p> + +<p>Skull about 22 inches long. It is about the same size as the <i>Orca</i> +from Algoa Bay; but the brain-cavity is rather broader and the +beak is not so acute in front.</p> + +<p>Gervais, in the ‘Zoology and Paleontology of France,’ figures the +skull of a young <i>Delphinus orca</i>, taken on the coast of Cette, which +is now in the Museum of Paris. It appears to belong to this species; +or it may be that the <i>Orca</i> of the Mediterranean does not grow +to the usual size; or, again, it may be of a different species; for the +skull is only fifty-eight centimetres long and thirty broad.</p> + +<h6>5. Orca magellanica.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Orca magellanica, <i>Burmeister</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.</i> ser. 3. xviii. +p. 101, t. 9. f. 5; <i>An. Mus. Publ. de Buenos Ayres</i>, i. p. 373, tab. 22; +<i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8; <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1870, p. 76.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Patagonia. Mus. Buenos Ayres.</p> + +<p>This species, according to the figure, is very like <i>Orca latirostris</i>.</p> + +<h6>6. Orca tasmanica.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Orca gladiator, var. australis, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 47. fig. 1.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Tasmania. Skull about 32 inches long.</p> + +<h6>7. Orca rectipinna.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Orca rectipinna, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1869, p. 12.</p> + +</div> + +<p>No white spot behind eye.</p> + +<p>Inhab. California.</p> + +<h6>8. Orca atra.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Orca ater, <i>Cope</i>, <i>l. c.</i> 1869, p. 12.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Black above and below, with white spot behind eye.</p> + +<p>Inhab. Oregon, Aleutian Islands.</p> + +<p>The following are the measurements of the different skulls of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_93"></a>[93]</span> +genus in the collection of the British Museum; they were carefully +taken with calipers by Mr. Edward Gerrard.</p> + +<table class="borders"> + <tr> + <th class="bb"></th> + <th class="bb" colspan="4"><i>O. stenorhyncha.</i></th> + <th class="bb" colspan="2"><i>O. capensis.</i></th> + <th class="bb" colspan="2"><i>O. latirostris.</i></th> + <th class="bb" colspan="2"><i>O. pacifica.</i></th> + <th class="bb" colspan="2"><i>O. intermedia.</i></th> + </tr> + <tr class="smaller"> + <th></th> + <th colspan="2">361 <i>b</i>.</th> + <th colspan="2">361 <i>c</i>.</th> + <th colspan="2">1065 <i>b</i>, <i>c</i>.</th> + <th colspan="2">361 <i>a</i>.</th> + <th colspan="2">1065 <i>a</i>.</th> + <th colspan="2">362 <i>a</i>.</th> + </tr> + <tr class="smaller"> + <th></th> + <th class="br0">in.</th> + <th class="bl0">lin.</th> + <th class="br0">in.</th> + <th class="bl0">lin.</th> + <th class="br0">in.</th> + <th class="bl0">lin.</th> + <th class="br0">in.</th> + <th class="bl0">lin.</th> + <th class="br0">in.</th> + <th class="bl0">lin.</th> + <th class="br0">in.</th> + <th class="bl0">lin.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Length from end of nasal to centre of occipital condyle</td> + <td class="tdr br0">35</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> + <td class="tdr br0">37</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> + <td class="tdr br0">39</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> + <td class="tdr br0">33</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> + <td class="tdr br0">36</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">6</td> + <td class="tdr br0">14</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Length of nose</td> + <td class="tdr br0">17</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">6</td> + <td class="tdr br0">18</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">6</td> + <td class="tdr br0">22</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">6</td> + <td class="tdr br0">17</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> + <td class="tdr br0">18</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> + <td class="tdr br0">7</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="space3"> </span> of tooth-line</td> + <td class="tdr br0">13</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">6</td> + <td class="tdr br0">14</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> + <td class="tdr br0">16</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> + <td class="tdr br0">13</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> + <td class="tdr br0">14</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">6</td> + <td class="tdr br0">4</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="space3"> </span> of lower jaw</td> + <td class="tdr br0">27</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">6</td> + <td class="tdr br0">30</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> + <td class="tdr br0">31</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> + <td class="tdr br0">26</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> + <td class="tdr br0">29</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">6</td> + <td class="tdr br0">11</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Breadth at the notch</td> + <td class="tdr br0">10</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">6</td> + <td class="tdr br0">11</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> + <td class="tdr br0">12</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> + <td class="tdr br0">10</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> + <td class="tdr br0">12</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">6</td> + <td class="tdr br0">4</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="space3"> </span> at the orbit</td> + <td class="tdr br0">18</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> + <td class="tdr br0">19</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">6</td> + <td class="tdr br0">20</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> + <td class="tdr br0">18</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> + <td class="tdr br0">21</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> + <td class="tdr br0">8</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="space3"> </span> at temple above</td> + <td class="tdr br0">18</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> + <td class="tdr br0">19</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">6</td> + <td class="tdr br0">20</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> + <td class="tdr br0">18</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> + <td class="tdr br0">20</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> + <td class="tdr br0">9</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="space3"> </span> at middle of beak</td> + <td class="tdr br0">9</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> + <td class="tdr br0">10</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> + <td class="tdr br0">11</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> + <td class="tdr br0">9</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">6</td> + <td class="tdr br0">10</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">0</td> + <td class="tdr br0">3</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="space3"> </span> at intermaxillaries</td> + <td class="tdr br0">3</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">3</td> + <td class="tdr br0">3</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">3</td> + <td class="tdr br0">4</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">6</td> + <td class="tdr br0">3</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">3</td> + <td class="tdr br0">3</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">6</td> + <td class="tdr br0">0</td> + <td class="tdr bl0">9</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<h5>2. OPHYSIA.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Ophysia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1870, p. 76; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Skull:—beak from the notch before the orbit the same length as +from the notch to the condyle; width at the notch two-thirds the +entire length of the beak. Intermaxillaries very narrow, slightly +dilated in front; brain-cavity broad; occiput deeply concave. Lower +jaw very broad on the sides, very thick and solid in front.</p> + +<h6>1. Ophysia pacifica.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Ophysia pacifica, <i>Gray</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1870, p. 76.</p> + +<p>Delphinus globiceps, <i>Grant</i>, <i>P. Z. S.</i> 1833, p. 65.</p> + +<p>Delphinus orca, <i>Eydoux</i>, <i>Mus. Paris</i>.</p> + +<p>Orca capensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Zool. Ereb. & Terr.</i> p. 34, tab. 9, not <i>Cat. Seals +& Whales</i>, p. 283; <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 48. fig. 1.</p> + +<p>Orca (Ophysia) capensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 8, tab. 9 +(skull).</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Pacific (<i>Capt. Delville, R.N.</i>).</p> + +<p>Skull, from the Zoological Society’s collection.</p> + +<h3>Family 14. BELUGIDÆ.</h3> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Beluginæ, <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. p. 115.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Head rounded in front. Teeth in both jaws more or less early +deciduous, rarely wanting or, rather, not developed. Back without +any dorsal fin. Pectoral fin small, ovate. Skull with the lateral +expansion of the maxilla over the orbit, and the side of the beak, +shelving downwards. Fingers short; index and middle fingers +nearly the same length, the rest rather shorter; phalanges 2, 5, 6, 4, 3. +Cervical vertebræ generally free; the second with a large dorsal +process.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_94"></a>[94]</span></p> + +<p>“The Narwhal and the <i>Beluga</i> appear to separate themselves +from all the rest, by certain well-marked structural conditions, +especially the characters of the cervical vertebræ. As these two +animals are in almost every part of their skeleton nearly identical, +even to the number of the vertebræ and phalanges, I am disposed to +look upon the exceptional dentition of the former as an aberration of +secondary importance, and to unite the two genera into a distinct +subfamily, placing it next to the Platanistidæ.”—<i>Flower</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 114.</p> + +<h5>1. BELUGA.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Beluga, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> pp. 231, 306, 393; <i>Synops. Whales & +Dolph.</i> p. 9.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Lateral wing of the maxilla over the orbit shelving downward. +Teeth conical in both jaws, early deciduous. Male without any +spiral horn-like tooth. Fingers short. Metacarpal bones surrounded +with cartilage. Bladebone with large coracoid and acromion processes. +Second cervical vertebra with a large dorsal process.</p> + +<p>Vertebræ 50:—C. 7. D. 10. L. and C. 33.</p> + +<h6>1. Beluga catodon.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Beluga catodon, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 307, fig. 61; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> +p. 9, tab. 29. f. 3 (tongue).</p> + +<p>Delphinus canadensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> t. 5 (head false, +with beak).</p> + +<p>Beluga albicans, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 44. f. 1-5.</p> + +<p>Delphinapterus, <i>Lucas</i>, <i>Vidensk. Selsk. Skr.</i> Række 5, Band ix. tab. 8 +(skull and teeth, showing how they are worn).</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Sea, mouths of rivers.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>1. Beluga rhinodon, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1865, p. 5, +1869, p. 13, fig. 1.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Arctic seas.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>2. Beluga declivis, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1865, p. 5, 1869, +p. 14.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Arctic seas.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>3. Beluga angustata, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1869, p. 20, +figs. 2 & 3.</p> + +<p>Beluga concreta, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1865, p. 5.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Arctic seas.</p> + +<p>These are probably varieties of <i>B. catodon</i>, showing that the attachment +of the cervical vertebræ, the number of ribs, and the form +of the acromion are liable to vary.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>4. Beluga canadensis, <i>Wyman</i>, <i>Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.</i> 1865.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Canada.</p> + +<p>I believe it to be the same as the former.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_95"></a>[95]</span></p> + +<h6>2. Beluga Kingii.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Beluga Kingii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 309; <i>Synops. Whales &. Dolph.</i> +p. 9, t. 7.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Australia.</p> + +<h5>2. MONODON.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Monodon, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 231, 310; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 9.</p> + +<p>Monoceros, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 393.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Lateral expansion over the orbit shelving down. Teeth in both +jaws very early deciduous. Male with one, rarely two, very long, +projecting, spiral tusks in the left side of the upper jaw. Cervical +vertebræ:—first free, thin; second and third united by the spinal +processes. Bladebone with large coracoid and acromion processes. +Fingers short.</p> + +<p>Vertebræ 50:—C. 7. D. 11. L. 6. C. 26.</p> + +<p>“In the skeleton of two males in the Museum of the College of +Surgeons, the bodies of the second and third cervical vertebræ are +firmly united.”—<i>Flower.</i></p> + +<h6>1. Monodon monoceros.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Monodon monoceros, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 311; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 9; +<i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéogr. Cét.</i> t. 44. f. 6-9.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p> + +<h3>Family 15. PONTOPORIADÆ.</h3> + +<p>Head long-beaked. Beak slender, smooth. Nostrils on the +nape, crescent-shaped. Teeth in both jaws permanent, conical, with +a swollen ring round the base. Dorsal fin short, trigonal. Pectoral +fin short, truncated. Fingers 5, nearly equal; the thumb very +short, of one joint; the index finger the longest, the rest gradually +shorter to the little finger. Bladebone broad, with two ridges. +Skull long-beaked, the beak compressed. Lower jaws united together +nearly to the base. Cartilages of ribs ossified.</p> + +<p>Vertebræ 42:—C. 7. D. 10. L. 7. C. 18.</p> + +<h5>1. PONTOPORIA.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Pontoporia, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> pp. 230, 231 & 393; <i>Synops. Whales +& Dolph.</i> p. 5; <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. p. 87; <i>Burmeister</i>, <i>An. +Mus. P. Buenos Ayres</i>, p. 389.</p> + +<p>Stenodelphis, <i>Gervais</i>, 1847.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Beak of the skull high, compressed. Symphysis of the lower jaw +very long.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_96"></a>[96]</span></p> + +<h6>1. Pontoporia Blainvillii.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Pontoporia Blainvillii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 231; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> +p. 5, t. 29 (skull); <i>Flower</i>, <i>Trans. Zool. Soc.</i> vi. p. 106, t. 28 (skull); +<i>Burmeister</i>, <i>An. Mus. P. Buenos Ayres</i>, i. p. 387, tab. 23 (animal), +tab. 25 & 26 (skeleton).</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. South Atlantic, Monte Video.</p> + +<p>The animal figured by Gervais as <i>Delphinus (Stenodelphis) Blainvillii</i> +(Voy. Amér. Mérid. t. 23) differs from Burmeister’s figure in +having an elongated subfalcate pectoral fin, and a higher dorsal, and +a broad white streak, commencing from the blower and extending +down the back to near the tail. If this is not a figure of the animal +seen at sea, which I suspect it must be, it must be a different species.</p> + +<h2>Suborder VI. ZIPHIOIDEA.</h2> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Ziphiidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 326.</p> + +<p>Ziphioidea, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 9.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Head beaked. Nostrils two, united into a single transverse or +crescent-like blower on the centre of the back of the crown. Teeth +only in the front or sides of the lower jaw, fitting into pits in the +upper one. Dorsal fin falcate. Pectoral fin ovate, small, low down +on the side of the body: fingers short, 4- or 5-jointed; second +and third the longest; fourth rather shorter; first and fifth rather +short. Cervical vertebræ more or less united into one mass.</p> + +<h3>Family 16. HYPEROODONTIDÆ.</h3> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Hyperoodontina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 327.</p> + +<p>Hyperoodontidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 9.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Blower lunate. Beak of the skull with a high crest on each side +above, formed by the elevation of the maxillary bones in front of the +blower. Teeth 2 or 4, in front of the lower jaw, conical. Cervical +vertebræ united into one mass.</p> + +<h5>1. HYPEROODON.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Hyperoodon, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 327, 328; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 9.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Beak of the skull bent downwards: crest of the back of the beak +sharp-edged, above as high as the occiput.</p> + +<p>Vertebræ 44 or 45:—C. 7 (all united into one solid mass). D. 9. +L. 10. C. 18 or 19.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_97"></a>[97]</span></p> + +<h6>1. Hyperoodon butzkopf.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Hyperoodon butzkopf, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 330; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> +p. 9, t. 3.</p> + +<p>Hyperoodon rostratum, <i>Reinhardt</i>, <i>in Eschricht’s Vid. Selsk.</i> v. t. 7 +(male fœtus and skeleton); <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> t. 3. +f. 1-4.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>1. Hyperoodon semijunctus, <i>Cope</i>, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i> 1865, +p. 15 (280), 1869, p. 21.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Charlestown Harbour.</p> + +<p>Most likely a variety of <i>H. butzkopf</i>.</p> + +<h5>2. LAGENOCETUS.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Lagenocetus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 327, 336; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 9.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Beak of the skull straight, erect, very large, flattened, higher than +the occiput.</p> + +<h6>1. Lagenocetus latifrons.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Lagenocetus latifrons, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 339; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> +p. 9.</p> + +<p>Hyperoodon latifrons, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Zool. Ereb. & Ter.</i> t. 24; <i>Reinhardt</i>, <i>in +Eschricht’s Vidensk. Selsk. Skr.</i> v. t. 6 (skull).</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Sea.</p> + +<p>“Plate 6 represents the skull of a male of <i>Hyperoodon latifrons</i> +(Gray), from the Färöer, of which the complete skeleton, 25 feet +long, is preserved in the University’s Museum.</p> + +<p>“Eschricht believed, as is known, that <i>H. latifrons</i> was established +on a very old male of the common Dögling, <i>Hyperoodon rostratus</i>; +but Gray’s species must now be regarded as well grounded.</p> + +<p>“Plate 7 represents the male (fœtus) of the common <i>H. rostratus</i>. +All figures of half the natural size.”—<i>Reinhardt.</i></p> + +<h3>Family 17. EPIODONTIDÆ.</h3> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Epiodontina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 327.</p> + +<p>Epiodontidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 9.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Blower lunate. Skull:—beak simple; maxillaries not dilated +above; intermaxillaries enlarged behind, forming a more or less +deep cavity round the nostrils. Teeth 2 or 4 in front of the lower +jaw, conical or cylindrical. Cervical vertebræ:—first, second, and +third united into one mass, which is produced and truncated above; +the rest thin, free.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_98"></a>[98]</span></p> + +<h5>1. EPIODON.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Epiodon, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 327, 340; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 10.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Skull:—vomer simple, small; intermaxillaries elevated, and forming +a moderately deep, well-marked basin round the nostrils. +Fingers 5; carpal bones 6; phalanges 2, 3, 4, 3, 3. Sternal bones +separate from the front, lanceolate. Vertebra 42; the “front +caudal with chevron bones. First four cervical vertebræ united by +their bodies into one mass” (Ostéog. Cét. t. 22. f. 4).</p> + +<h6>1. Epiodon Desmarestii.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Epiodon Desmarestii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 341; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> +p. 10.</p> + +<p>Ziphius aresques, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cétac.</i> t. 21. f. 1-4.</p> + +<p>Ziphius decavirostris (de Z. aresques), <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 22. +f. 4-11.</p> + +<p>Ziphius cavirostris, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Zool. et Paléon. Française</i>, t. 38. f. 1, +t. 39, f. 2-7.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. North Sea and Mediterranean, Hérault.</p> + +<h6>2. Epiodon australis.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Ziphiorrhynchus cryptodon, <i>Burmeister</i>, <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1866. xvii. +p. 94, t. 3.</p> + +<p>Epiodon cryptodon, <i>Burm.</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 303, t. 6; <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & +Dolph.</i> p. 10.</p> + +<p>Delphinorhynchus australis, <i>Burmeister</i>, <i>Zeitsch. Nat.</i> vol. xxvi. 1865, +p. 262; <i>An. Mus. Buenos Ayres</i>, t. 15-21.</p> + +<p>Ziphius de Buenos Ayres, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 31. f. 5.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Buenos Ayres.</p> + +<p>Vertebræ 49: cervical 7, dorsal 10, lumbar 12, caudal 20.</p> + +<h5>2. PETRORHYNCHUS.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Petrorhynchus, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> pp. 327, 342; <i>Synops. Whales +& Dolph.</i> p. 10.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Skull trigonal. Vomer swollen, forming a large, elongated tubercle +between the callous intermaxillaries. Intermaxillaries forming +a deep basin round the nostrils.</p> + +<h6>1. Petrorhynchus mediterraneus.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Ziphius cavirostris, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Zool. et Paléon. Franç.</i> t. 38. f. 2, t. 39. +f. 1.</p> + +<p>Ziphius du Canton Gironde, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 21. fig. 6.</p> + +<p>Ziphius fos. des Bouches du Rhône, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 21. f. 7.</p> + +<p>Ziphius de Corse, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 21. figs. 8, 9.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Mediterranean.</p> + +<h6>2. Petrorhynchus capensis.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Petrorhynchus capensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 346, figs. 67, 68; <i>Synops. +Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 10.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_99"></a>[99]</span></p> + +<p>Ziphius indicus, <i>Van Beneden</i>; <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 346, fig. 69.</p> + +<p>Ziphius du Cap-de-Bonne-Espérance, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 21. +f. 10.</p> + +<p>Ziphius de la mer des Indes, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 21. f. 11-13.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. South Sea. Cape sea (<i>H. Layard</i>).</p> + +<p>Though M. van Beneden’s figure (copied in Cat. Seals & Whales, +p. 347. f. 69) is so unlike the figure of <i>Petrorhynchus capensis</i> in +the Cat. Seals & Whales, pp. 344 & 345. figs. 67 & 68, yet the cast of +the beak of M. van Beneden’s specimen resembles the latter figure +and our specimen.</p> + +<h3>Family 18. ZIPHIIDÆ.</h3> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Ziphiina, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> pp. 327, 348.</p> + +<p>Ziphiidæ, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 10.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Skull beaked. Maxillaries not dilated above. Intermaxillaries +linear, rather swollen on the sides of the nostrils. Teeth on the +sides of the lower jaw compressed. Cervical vertebræ more or less +united into a consolidated mass.</p> + +<p class="break">* <i>Symphysis of the lower jaw produced behind the teeth.</i></p> + +<h5>1. BERARDIUS.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Berardius, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 327, 348; <i>Synops. Whales. & Dolph.</i> p. 10.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Teeth 2·2, in the front of the sides of the lower jaw, conical, compressed. +Lower jaw gradually tapering in front. Symphysis moderately +long, as far from the hinder tooth as from the tip.</p> + +<h6>1. Berardius arnuxi.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Berardius arnuxi, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 348, fig. 70; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> +p. 10; <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 23 (skull).</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. New Zealand.</p> + +<p>“Skull and lower jaw, a cervical vertebra, scapula, hyoid, paddles, +and pelvic bones of one individual.</p> + +<p>“Single tooth of another individual, weight 206 grains.</p> + +<table> + <tr> + <th></th> + <th>in.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>“Length of head</td> + <td class="tdr">23½</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Length of nose</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">17</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Length of dental groove</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">7</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Length of lower jaw</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">19</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Width at notch</td> + <td class="tdr">5½</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Width at orbits</td> + <td class="tdr">9½</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Width of intermaxillary at blow-holes</td> + <td class="tdr">4½</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Width of nose</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">2</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Height of occiput</td> + <td class="tdr">9½</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>“One small tooth imbedded close to the tip of lower jaw on left +side, 1 inch high, weight 38⅘ grains, irregular triangular shape.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_100"></a>[100]</span></p> + +<p>“This is the skull of a young animal. A groove containing +a strong ligament connecting the muscle of the forehead with +the snout is deeply imbedded in the intermaxillary groove. The +snout is described as long and flexible. Atlas and axis anchylosed. +Length of cervical vertebræ 3⁷⁄₁₀ inches. Scapula, longitudinal +diameter 10 inches, transverse diameter 6 inches. Paddles, +length 14 inches, width 3½ inches. Hyoid arch 5½ × 4 inches +high. Pelvic bones 2½ inches.</p> + +<p>“The specimen was cast on the beach on the west coast, and +prepared by Dr. Knox.”—<i>Hector.</i></p> + +<p>“Your <i>Berardius</i> proves to be quite different from the first one +we got, both in the dentition and form of the skull. We have had +several good papers on it from Dr. Knox. He has made a beautiful +preparation, showing that the tooth does not pass through the +gum.”—<i>Dr. Hector</i>, letter dated 30th October, 1870.</p> + +<p>“A fine specimen of <i>Berardius arnuxi</i> has been cast ashore on +the coast of Canterbury, New Zealand. It was made into a skeleton, +which is now in the museum at Canterbury. The skeleton is +complete, only wanting one of the pelvic bones. It was 30 feet +long, and a young animal; not a single epiphysis is anchylosed. +The cervical vertebræ, which, in the old animal evidently form a +compact mass, are still partly free; the first three vertebræ (including +the atlas) anchylosed, and of these the first two completely, +and of the second and third the neural arches are as yet not completely +united into one bone. It has ten ribs.”—<i>Julius Haast.</i></p> + +<p>The animal was 30 feet 6 inches long.</p> + +<p>Deep velvet-black, belly greyish, tail with two falcate lobes +6½ feet broad. The pectoral fins are little above the middle of +the body, 17 inches broad and 19 inches long, of a triangular form. +Dorsal fin small, falcate, not very far from the chin (?). “The +animal has the power of protruding the four teeth at will.” They +live on cephalopods. The stomach contained about a half-bushel of +the horny beaks of the <i>Octopus</i>, which were nearly all the same +size. It was evidently a young animal, as all the disk-like epiphyses +of the vertebræ are still separate, as was the case with +the limb-bones.</p> + +<p>The seven cervical vertebræ were beginning to coalesce; the first +three are already anchylosed, the first two completely, and the +second and third only partially, as the neural arches and transverse +processes are not yet united in one bone. It has ten dorsal vertebræ; +the lumbar and caudal vertebræ were not observed. (Dr. +Haast, Annals & Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct. 1870.)</p> + +<p class="break">** <i>Symphysis of the lower jaw to or nearly to the teeth.</i></p> + +<h5>2. ZIPHIUS.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Ziphius, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 327, 348; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 10.</p> + +<p>Micropteron, <i>Flower</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 328.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Teeth 2, in the middle of the sides of the lower jaw. Teeth of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_101"></a>[101]</span> +the male large, short, compressed, truncated at the end; of female +small, curved. Lower jaw often with sundry rudimentary teeth, +gradually tapering in front; symphysis elongate, and reaching to +the middle of the teeth in the male, and beyond it in the female. +Cervical vertebræ free. Scapula with large coracoid and acromion +processes.</p> + +<p>Vertebræ 46:—C. 7. D. 10. L. 10. C. 19.</p> + +<p>“<i>Micropteron</i>: cervical vertebræ all united in one solid mass.”—<i>Flower</i>, +<i>l. c.</i> p. 328.</p> + +<h6>1. Ziphius Sowerbiensis.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Ziphius Sowerbiensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 350, fig. 71; <i>Synops. Whales & +Dolph.</i> p. 10, tab. 5. f. 3, 4 (skull).</p> + +<p>Mesoplodon Sowerbiensis, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 22 & 23 (skull and +ear-bone); <i>Van Beneden</i>, <i>Mém. de l’Acad. Brux.</i> vol. x. t. 3.</p> + +<p>Dioplodon Sowerbiensis, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Zool. et Paléont. Française</i>, t. 30. +f. 1.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. British Channel. Irish Sea.</p> + +<h5>3. DOLICHODON.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Dolichodon, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 353; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 10.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Teeth 2, in the middle of the sides of the lower jaw. Teeth (of +male) very long, strap-shaped, produced, arched obliquely, truncated +at the end, with a conical process on the front of the terminal +edge. Lower jaw weak, very slender in front. Symphysis elongate.</p> + +<h6>1. Dolichodon Layardii.</h6> + +<p class="right">B.M.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Ziphius Layardii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> p. 353, fig. 72.</p> + +<p>Dolichodon Layardii, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 10.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Cape of Good Hope (<i>H. Layard</i>).</p> + +<h5>4. NEOZIPHIUS.</h5> + +<p>Teeth 2, in the front of the lower jaw, with a compressed, +short, triangular crown. Lower jaw strong, rather narrow in the +middle, and suddenly tapering in front of the tooth. Symphysis +to the back edge of the teeth.</p> + +<h6>1. Neoziphius europæus.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Dioplodon europæus, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 24 (skull).</p> + +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Mediterranean.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_102"></a>[102]</span></p> + +<h5>5. DIOPLODON.</h5> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Dioplodon, <i>Gray</i>, <i>l. c.</i> pp. 327, 355; <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> p. 10.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Teeth 2 or 4, conical, in the middle of the sides of the lower jaw. +Lower jaw broad behind, suddenly contracted in front. Symphysis +moderate, not reaching halfway to the teeth.</p> + +<h6>1. Dioplodon sechellensis.</h6> + +<div class="blockquote"> + +<p>Ziphius sechellensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Synops. Whales & Dolph.</i> t. 6. f. 1, 2 +(skull).</p> + +<p>Dioplodon sechellensis, <i>Gray</i>, <i>Cat. S. & W.</i> p. 355; <i>Synops. Whales +& Dolph.</i> p. 10, t. 5. f. 4; <i>Ann. & Mag. N. H.</i> 1870, vi. p. 343, fig. +(skeleton); <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Ostéog. Cét.</i> t. 25 (skull).</p> + +<p>Dioplodon densirostris, <i>Gervais</i>, <i>Zool. Paléont. Franç.</i> t. 43. f. 3-6.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="figleft illowp16" id="figure11" style="max-width: 9.375em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/figure11.jpg" alt=""> + <p class="caption">Fig. 11.</p> + <p class="caption"><i>Dioplodon sechellensis.</i></p> +</div> + +<p>Inhab. Seychelles. Mus. Paris. Lord Howe’s Island (<i>Krefft</i>).</p> + +<p>The form of the lower jaw gives a very peculiar appearance to +the skeleton. The cervical vertebræ are united together by their +bodies and large dorsal spines, the latter forming a thick conical +process. The bodies of the dorsal vertebræ are very small, enlarging +in size towards the tail; they are thirty-six in number. +The four terminal caudal ones are very small, forming a kind +of cylindrical process. There are eight chevron bones. The thoracic +cavity is small. There are twelve ribs on each side. The +dorsal processes of the first eighteen vertebræ have an anterior basal +process, which becomes gradually smaller.</p> + +<p>Upper arm-bone very slender, slightly curved; the lower arm-bones +moderate, straight, parallel to each other, and rather longer +than the upper arm-bone. The ribs very broad at the upper end, +and gradually tapering towards the chest, where they are nearly +cylindrical.</p> + +<p>“The total length of the skeleton, without cartilage, is 14 feet +8 inches; the head measures 2 feet 5½ inches in length, and the +lower jaw 2 feet 3 inches in length. The first three cervical vertebræ +are anchylosed; the next one is more or less free; and the +remaining three are anchylosed again. The dorsals are ten in +number, the last bearing a short rib 8 inches in length. Five of +these ribs are jointed direct to the sternum; the following two meet +the cartilage of the fifth rib.</p> + +<p>“The sternum is composed of four pieces, 20 inches long, with a +width of between 5 and 7 inches. It is not yet sufficiently cleaned +to enable me to have it photographed; this, however, will be done as +soon as possible, and copies forwarded to the Society. The lumbars +number twenty, the last nine having V-bones attached. The fifth +lumbar is 17½ inches high, 4 inches wide at the top, and 11¾ inches +at the base, including the side processes. The eleventh lumbar is +the widest, being 4¾ inches at the top. The caudals probably +amounted to 13; but five of these are missing; the basal one is very +small, about the size of a pea; and as it was firmly attached to the +second last, there can be no mistake about it.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_103"></a>[103]</span></p> + +<p>“The head is 2 feet 5½ inches long +and 14 inches across at the widest +part; the lower jaw 2 feet 3 inches +long and 6¼ inches high behind the +tooth. The left tooth measures 6 inches +in length, 3⅜ inches in width, and is +1¾ inch thick [not well represented in +the figure]. The space between the +teeth measures 7¼ inches. The limbs +are very imperfect; all the smaller +bones are missing; and there is only +a part of one scapula. I did not find +the pelvic bones.</p> + +<p>“This animal was captured about +a year ago, near Lord Howe’s Island.”—<i>Krefft</i>, +P. Z. S. 1870, p. 426.</p> + +<p class="titlepage">THE END.</p> + +<p class="center">PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,<br> +RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.</p> + +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 69699 ***</div> +</body> +</html> |