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diff --git a/old/69677-h/69677-h.htm b/old/69677-h/69677-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index f77ff9d..0000000 --- a/old/69677-h/69677-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,7916 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html> -<html lang="en"> -<head> - <meta charset="UTF-8"> - <title> - The man in the street, by Meredith Nicholson—A Project Gutenberg eBook - </title> - <link rel="icon" href="images/cover.jpg" type="image/x-cover"> - <style> - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - - h1,h2,h3 { - text-align: center; - clear: both; -} - -p { - margin-top: .51em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .49em; -} - -hr { - width: 33%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - margin-left: 33.5%; - margin-right: 33.5%; - clear: both; -} - -hr.tiny {width: 10%; margin-left: 45%; margin-right: 45%;} -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;} -@media print { hr.chap {display: none; visibility: hidden;} } - -div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} -h2.nobreak {page-break-before: avoid;} - -table { - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; -} - -.tdr {text-align: right;} - -p.drop-cap { - text-indent: -0.35em; -} - -p.drop-cap:first-letter -{ - float: left; - margin: 0em 0.15em 0em 0em; - font-size: 250%; - line-height:0.85em; - text-indent: 0em; -} -.x-ebookmaker p.drop-cap { - text-indent: 0em; -} -.x-ebookmaker p.drop-cap:first-letter -{ - float: none; - margin: 0; - font-size: 100%; -} - -.pagenum { - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; - font-weight: normal; - font-variant: normal; - text-indent: 0; -} - -.blockquot { - margin-left: 17.5%; - margin-right: 17.5%; -} - -.x-ebookmaker .blockquot { - margin-left: 7.5%; - margin-right: 7.5%; -} - -.bbox {border: 2px solid; padding: 1em;} - -.marginleft {margin-left: 12em;} - -.center {text-align: center;} - -.right {text-align: right;} - -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - -.allsmcap {font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;} - -.ph1 {text-align: center; font-size: large; font-weight: bold;} - -div.titlepage {text-align: center; page-break-before: always; page-break-after: always;} -div.titlepage p {text-align: center; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 2em;} - -.xxlarge {font-size: 175%;} -.xlarge {font-size: 150%;} -.large {font-size: 125%;} - -.x-ebookmaker .hide {display: none; visibility: hidden;} - -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; - page-break-inside: avoid; - max-width: 100%; -} - -.footnote {margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} - -.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 75%; text-align: right;} - -.fnanchor { - vertical-align: super; - font-size: .8em; - text-decoration: - none; -} - -.poetry-container {text-align: center;} -.poetry {display: inline-block; text-align: left;} -.poetry .verse {text-indent: -2.5em; padding-left: 3em;} -.poetry .stanza {margin: 1em auto;} -.poetry .indent {text-indent: 1.5em;} -.poetry .indent4 {text-indent: 4em;} -.poetry .first {text-indent: -3em; padding-left: 3em;} -@media print { .poetry {display: block;} } -.x-ebookmaker .poetry {display: block; margin-left: 3em;} - -.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - font-size:smaller; - margin-left: 17.5%; - margin-right: 17.5%; - padding: 1em; - margin-bottom: 1em; - font-family:sans-serif, serif; } - -</style> -</head> -<body> -<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The man in the street, by Meredith Nicholson</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The man in the street</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em;'>Papers on American topics</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Meredith Nicholson</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: January 1, 2023 [eBook #69677]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: D A Alexander, David E. Brown, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by Cornell University Digital Collections)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MAN IN THE STREET ***</div> - -<div class="figcenter hide"><img src="images/coversmall.jpg" width="450" alt=""></div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><i>BY MEREDITH NICHOLSON</i></p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<p>THE MAN IN THE STREET<br> -BLACKSHEEP! BLACKSHEEP!<br> -LADY LARKSPUR<br> -THE MADNESS OF MAY<br> -THE VALLEY OF DEMOCRACY</p> -</div></div></div> - -<hr class="tiny"> - -<p class="center"><i>CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS</i></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h1><i>THE MAN IN THE STREET</i></h1> -</div> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="titlepage"> -<p><span class="xlarge"><i>THE</i></span><br> -<span class="xxlarge"><i>MAN IN THE STREET</i></span></p> - -<p><span class="large"><i>PAPERS ON AMERICAN TOPICS</i></span></p> - -<p><i>BY</i><br> -<span class="large"><i>MEREDITH NICHOLSON</i></span></p> - -<p><i>NEW YORK<br> -CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS<br> -1921</i></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="center"><i>Copyright, 1921, by<br> -Charles Scribner’s Sons</i></p> -<hr class="tiny"> -<p class="center">Published September, 1921</p> -<hr class="tiny"> -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Copyright, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1920 by THE ATLANTIC MONTHLY CO.</span><br> -<span class="smcap">Copyright, 1918, by THE YALE PUBLISHING ASSOCIATION, Inc.</span><br> -<span class="smcap">Copyright, 1921, by THE NEW YORK EVENING POST, Inc.</span><br> -<br> -THE SCRIBNER PRESS</p> -</div> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="center"> -<i>To<br> -CORNELIA</i></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">[vii]</span> -<h2 class="nobreak"><i>FOREWORD</i></h2> -</div> - -<p>My right to speak for the man in the street, -the average American, is, I am aware, open to -serious question. Possibly there are amiable -persons who, if urged to pass judgment, would -appraise me a trifle higher than the average; -others, I am painfully aware, would rate me -much lower. The point is, of course, one about -which I am not entitled to an opinion. I offer -no apology for the apparent unrelated character -of the subjects herein discussed, for to my mind -the volume has a certain cohesion. In that -part of America with which I am most familiar, -literature, politics, religion, and the changing -social scene are all of a piece. We disport ourselves -in one field as blithely as in another. -Within a few blocks of this room, on the fifteenth -floor of an office-building in the centre of my -home town, I can find men and women quite -competent to answer questions pertaining to -any branch of philosophy or the arts. I called -a lawyer friend on the telephone only yesterday<span class="pagenum" id="Page_viii">[viii]</span> -and hummed a few bars of music that he might -aid me with the correct designation of one of -Beethoven’s symphonies. In perplexity over -an elusive quotation I can, with all confidence, -plant myself on the post-office steps and some -one will come along with the answer. I do -not mention these matters boastfully, but -merely to illustrate the happy conditions of -life in the delectable province in which I was -born.</p> - -<p>The papers here collected first appeared -in the <i>Atlantic Monthly</i>, except “Let Main -Street Alone!” which was published in the -New York <i>Evening Post</i>, “The Cheerful Breakfast -Table,” which is reprinted from the <i>Yale -Review</i>, and “The Poor Old English Language,” -which is reproduced from <i>Scribner’s Magazine</i>. -The political articles are sufficiently explained -by their dates. They are reprinted without -alteration in the hope that some later student -of the periods scrutinized may find them of -interest.</p> - -<p class="right">M. N.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Indianapolis</span>,<br> -    July, 1921.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_ix">[ix]</span> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><i>CONTENTS</i></h2> -</div> - -<table> -<tr><td class="tdr" colspan="2"><small>PAGE</small></td></tr> - -<tr><td><i>Let Main Street Alone!</i></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_1"> 1</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td><i>James Whitcomb Riley</i></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_26"> 26</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td><i>The Cheerful Breakfast Table</i></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_65"> 65</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td><i>The Boulevard of Rogues</i></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_92"> 92</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td><i>The Open Season for American Novelists</i>     </td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_106"> 106</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td><i>The Church for Honest Sinners</i></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_139"> 139</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td><i>The Second-Rate Man in Politics</i></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_150"> 150</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td><i>The Lady of Landor Lane</i></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_190"> 190</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td><i>How, Then, Should Smith Vote?</i></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_223"> 223</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td><i>The Poor Old English Language</i></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_263"> 263</a></td></tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_x">[x]</span></p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[1]</span> - -<h2 class="nobreak">LET MAIN STREET ALONE!</h2> -</div> - -<h3>I</h3> - -<p class="drop-cap">CERTAIN questions lie dormant for long -periods and then, often with no apparent -provocation, assume an acute phase and -cry insistently for attention. The failure of the -church to adjust itself to the needs of the age; -the shiftlessness of the new generation; the -weaknesses of our educational system—these -and like matters are susceptible of endless debate. -Into this general classification we may -gaily sweep the query as to whether a small -town is as promising a habitat for an aspiring -soul as a large city. When we have wearied -of defending or opposing the continuance of the -direct primary, or have found ourselves suddenly -conscious that the attempt to decide -whether immortality is desirable is unprofitable, -we may address ourselves valiantly to a -discussion of the advantages of the provinces -over those of the seething metropolis, or take<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[2]</span> -the other way round, as pleases our humor. -Without the recurring stimulus of such contentions -as these we should probably be driven to -the peddling of petty gossip or sink into a state -of intellectual coma.</p> - -<p>There are encouraging signs that we of this -Republic are much less impatient under criticism -than we used to be, or possibly we are -becoming more callous. Still I think it may be -said honestly that we have reached a point -where we are measurably disposed to see American -life steadily and see it whole. It is the seeing -it whole that is the continuing difficulty. -We have been reminded frequently that our -life is so varied that the great American novel -must inevitably be the work of many hands, it -being impossible for one writer to present more -than one phase or describe more than one geographical -section. This is “old stuff,” and nothing -that need keep us awake o’ nights. One of -these days some daring hand capable of wielding -a broad brush will paint a big picture, but -meanwhile we are not so badly served by those -fictionists who turn up their little spadefuls of -earth and clap a microscope upon it. Such<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[3]</span> -novels as <i>Miss Lulu Bett</i> and <i>Main Street</i> or -such a play as Mr. Frank Craven’s <i>The First -Year</i>, to take recent examples, encourage the -hope that after all we are not afraid to look at -ourselves when the mirror is held before us by -a steady hand.</p> - -<p>A serious novel that cuts close to the quick -can hardly fail to disclose one of our most amusing -weaknesses—our deeply ingrained local -pride that makes us extremely sensitive to criticism -in any form of our own bailiwick. The -nation may be assailed and we are philosophical -about it; but if our home town is peppered with -bird shot by some impious huntsman we are at -once ready for battle. We do like to brag of our -own particular Main Street! It is in the blood of -the provincial American to think himself more -happily situated and of a higher type than the -citizens of any other province. In journeys -across the continent, I have sometimes thought -that there must be a definite line where bragging -begins. I should fix it somewhere west of Pittsburgh, -attaining its maximum of innocent complacency -in Indiana, diminishing through Iowa -and Nebraska, though ranging high in Kansas<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[4]</span> -and Colorado and there gathering fresh -power for a dash to the coast, where stout -Cortez and all his men would indeed look at -each other with a mild surmise to hear the children -of the Pacific boast of their landscape and -their climate, and the kindly fruits of their soil.</p> - -<p>When I travel beyond my State’s boundaries -I more or less consciously look for proof of -Indiana’s superiority. Where I fail to find it I -am not without my explanations and excuses. -If I should be kidnapped and set down blindfolded -in the midst of Ohio on a rainy night, I -should know, I am sure, that I was on alien -soil. I frequently cross Iowa, Kansas, and Nebraska, -and never without a sense of a change -of atmosphere in passing from one to the other. -Kansas, from territorial days, has been much -more strenuously advertised than Nebraska. -The very name Kansas is richer in its connotations. -To think of it is to recall instantly the -days of border warfare; John Brown of Osawatomie, -the New England infusion, the Civil -War soldiers who established themselves on the -free soil after Appomattox; grasshoppers and -the days of famine; populism and the Sockless<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[5]</span> -Socrates of Medicine Lodge, the brilliant, satiric -Ingalls, Howe’s <i>Story of a Country Town</i>, William -Allen White of Emporia, and <i>A Certain -Rich Man</i>, down to and including the present -governor, the Honorable Henry J. Allen, beyond -question the most beguiling man to sit at -meat with in all America.</p> - -<h3>II</h3> - -<p>A lady with whom I frequently exchange -opinions on the trolley-cars of my town took -me to task recently for commending Mr. Sinclair -Lewis’s <i>Main Street</i> as an achievement -worthy of all respect. “I know a score of Indiana -towns and they are not like Gopher Prairie,” -she declared indignantly. “No,” I conceded, -“they are not; but the Indiana towns -you have in mind are older than Gopher Prairie; -many of them have celebrated their centennial; -they were founded by well-seasoned -pioneers of the old American stocks; and an impressive -number of the first settlers—I named -half a dozen—experienced the same dismay and -disgust, and were inspired by the same noble<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[6]</span> -ambition to make the world over that Mr. Lewis -has noted in Carol Kennicott’s case.”</p> - -<p>Not one but many of my neighbors, and -friends and acquaintances in other towns, have -lately honored me with their views on provincial -life with Mr. Lewis’s novel as a text. Most -of them admit that Minnesota may be like that, -but by all the gods at once things are not so in -“my State” or “my town.” This is a habit of -thought, a state of mind. There is, I think, something -very delightful about it. To encounter it -is to be refreshed and uplifted. It is like meeting -a stranger who isn’t ashamed to boast of his -wife’s cooking. On east and west journeys across -the region of the tall corn one must be churlish -indeed to repel the man who is keen to enlighten -the ignorant as to the happy circumstances of -his life. After an hour I experience a pleasurable -sense of intimacy with his neighbors. If, when -his town is reached, I step out upon the platform -with the returning Ulysses, there may be -time enough to shake hands with his wife and -children, and I catch a glimpse of his son in the -waiting motor—(that boy, I’d have you know, -took all the honors of his class at our State<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[7]</span> -university)—and it is with real sorrow that I -confess my inability to stop off for a day or two -to inspect the grain-elevator and the new brickyard -and partake of a chicken dinner at the -country club—the snappiest in all this part of -the State! Main Street is proud of itself, and -any newcomer who assumes a critical attitude -or is swollen with a desire to retouch the lily is -doomed to a chilly reception.</p> - -<p>My joy in <i>Main Street</i>, the book, is marred -by what I am constrained to think is a questionable -assertion in the foreword, namely: -“The town is, in our tale, called Gopher Prairie, -Minnesota. But its Main Street is the continuation -of Main Street everywhere. The story -would be the same in Ohio or Montana, in -Kansas or Kentucky or Illinois, and not very -differently would it be told up York State or in -the Carolina Hills.” Now I should say that -there are very marked differences between -Gopher Prairie and towns of approximately the -same size that have drawn upon different strains -of foreign or American stock. Mr. Lewis depicts -character with a sure stroke, and he communicates -the sense of atmosphere admirably.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[8]</span> -There are paragraphs and single lines that -arrest the attention and invite re-reading, so -sharply do they bite into the consciousness. -One pays him a reader’s highest tribute—“That’s -true; I’ve known just such people.” -But I should modify his claim to universality -in deference to the differences in local history -so clearly written upon our maps and the dissimilar -backgrounds of young America that are -not the less interesting or important because -the tracings upon them are so thin.</p> - -<p>Human nature, we are frequently assured, is -the same the world over, but I don’t believe it -can be maintained successfully that all small -towns are alike. All manner of things contribute -to the making of a community. A college town -is unlike an industrial or a farming centre of the -same size. A Scandinavian influence in a community -is quite different from a German or an -Irish or a Scotch influence. There are places in -the heart of America where, in the formative -period, the Scotch-Irish exerted a very marked -influence indeed in giving tone and direction to -the community life, and the observer is sensible -of this a hundred years afterward. There are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[9]</span> -varied shadings traceable to early dominating -religious forces; Catholicism, Methodism, Presbyterianism, -and Episcopalianism each imparting -a coloring of its own to the social fabric. -No more fascinating field is open to the student -than that offered by the elements that have -contributed to the building of American communities -as, for example, where there has been -a strong foreign infusion or such a blend as that -of New Englanders with folk of a Southern -strain. Those who are curious in such matters -will find a considerable literature ready to their -hand. Hardly any one at all conversant with -American life but will think instantly of groups -of men and women who in some small centre -were able, by reason of their foresight and -courage, to lay a debt upon posterity, or of an -individual who has waged battle alone for -public betterment.</p> - -<p>The trouble with Mr. Lewis’s Carol Kennicott -was that she really had nothing to offer Gopher -Prairie that sensible self-respecting people anywhere -would have welcomed. A superficial -creature, she was without true vision in any -direction. Plenty of men and women vastly her<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[10]</span> -superior in cultivation and blessed with a far -finer sensitiveness to the things of the spirit -have in countless cases faced rude conditions, -squalor even, cheerfully and hopefully, and in -time they have succeeded in doing something -to make the world a better place to live in. This -is not to say that Carol is not true to type; there -is the type, but I am not persuaded that its -existence proves anything except that there are -always fools and foolish people in the world. -Carol would have been a failure anywhere. She -deserved to fail in Gopher Prairie, which does -not strike me, after all, as so hateful a place as -she found it to be. She nowhere impinges upon -my sympathy. I have known her by various -names in larger and lovelier communities than -Gopher Prairie, and wherever she exists she is -a bore, and at times an unmitigated nuisance. -My heart warms, not to her, but to the people -in Main Street she despised. They didn’t need -her uplifting hand! They were far more valuable -members of society than she proved herself to -be, for they worked honestly at their jobs and -had, I am confident, a pretty fair idea of their -rights and duties, their privileges and immunities, -as children of democracy.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[11]</span>Nothing in America is more reassuring than -the fact that some one is always wailing in the -market-place. When we’ve got something and -don’t like it, we wait for some one to tell us how -to get rid of it. Plunging into prohibition, we at -once become tolerant of the bootlegger. There’s -no point of rest. We are fickle, capricious, and -pine for change. In the course of time we score -for civilization, but the gains, broadly considered, -are small and painfully won. Happiest are -they who keep sawing wood and don’t expect -too much! There are always the zealous laborers, -the fit though few, who incur suspicion, awaken -antagonism, and suffer defeat, to pave the way -for those who will reap the harvest of their sowing. -There are a hundred million of us and it’s -too much to ask that we all chase the same rainbow. -There are diversities of gifts, but all, we -hope, animated by the same spirit.</p> - -<h3>III</h3> - -<p>The Main Streets I know do not strike me as -a fit subject for commiseration. I refuse to be -sorry for them. I am increasingly impressed by -their intelligence, their praiseworthy curiosity -as to things of good report, their sturdy optimism,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[12]</span> -their unshakable ambition to excel other -Main Streets. There is, to be sure, a type of -village with a few stores, a blacksmith-shop, -and a gasolene station, that seems to express the -ultimate in torpor. Settlements of this sort may -be found in every State, and the older the State -the more complete seems to be their inertia. -But where five thousand people are assembled—or -better, when we deal with a metropolis of -ten or twelve thousand souls—we are at once -conscious of a pulse that keeps time with the -world’s heart-beat. There are compensations for -those who abide in such places. In such towns, -it is quite possible, if you are an amiable being, -to know well-nigh every one. The main thoroughfare -is a place of fascinations, the stage for -a continuing drama. Carrier delivery destroys -the old joy of meeting all the folks at the post-office, -but most of the citizens, male and female, -find some excuse for a daily visit to Main -Street. They are bound together by dear and -close ties. You’ve got to know your neighbors -whether you want to or not, and it’s well for -the health of your soul to know them and be of -use to them when you can.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[13]</span>I should regard it as a calamity to be deprived -of the felicity of my occasional visits to a particular -centre of enlightenment and cheer that -I have in mind. An hour’s journey on the trolley -brings me to the court-house. After one such -visit the stranger needn’t trouble to enroll himself -at the inn; some one is bound to offer to put -him up. There is a dramatic club in that town -that produces good plays with remarkable skill -and effectiveness. The club is an old one as -such things go, and it fixes the social standard -for the community. The auditorium of the Masonic -Temple serves well as a theatre, and our -admiration for the club is enhanced by the -disclosure that the members design the scenery -and also include in their membership capable -directors. After the play one may dance for an -hour or two, though the cessation of the music -does not mean that you are expected to go to -bed. Very likely some one will furnish forth a -supper and there will be people “asked in” to -contribute to your entertainment.</p> - -<p>There are in this community men and women -who rank with the best talkers I have ever -heard. Their neighbors are proud of them and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[14]</span> -produce them on occasion to represent the culture, -the wit and humor, of the town. Two -women of this place are most discerning students -of character. They tell stories with a masterly -touch, and with the economy of words, the -whimsical comment, the pauses and the unforeseen -climaxes that distinguished the storytelling -of Twain and Riley. The inhabitants -make jokes about their Main Street. They -poke fun at themselves as being hicks and -rubes, living far from the great centres of -thought, while discussing the newest books and -finding, I fancy, a mischievous pleasure in -casually telling you something which you, as a -resident of the near-by capital with its three -hundred and twenty thousand people, ought -to have known before.</p> - -<p>The value of a local literature, where -it is honest, is that it preserves a record -of change. It is a safe prediction that some -later chronicler of Gopher Prairie will present -a very different community from that revealed -in <i>Main Street</i>. Casting about for an instance -of a State whose history is illustrated -by its literature, I pray to be forgiven if I fall<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[15]</span> -back upon Indiana. Edward Eggleston was an -early, if not indeed the first, American realist. -It is now the habit of many Indianians to -flout the <i>Hoosier Schoolmaster</i> as a libel upon -a State that struts and boasts of its culture -and refuses to believe that it ever numbered -ignorant or vulgar people among its inhabitants. -Eggleston’s case is, however, well-supported -by testimony that would pass muster -under the rules of evidence in any fair court -of criticism. Riley, coming later, found kindlier -conditions, and sketched countless types of -the farm and the country town, and made -painstaking studies of the common speech. -His observations began with a new epoch—the -return of the soldiers from the Civil War. The -veracity of his work is not to be questioned; -his contribution to the social history of his -own Hoosier people is of the highest value. -Just as Eggleston and Riley left records of -their respective generations, so Mr. Tarkington, -arriving opportunely to preserve unbroken -the apostolic succession, depicts his own day -with the effect of contributing a third panel -in a series of historical paintings. Thanks to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[16]</span> -our provincial literature, we may view many -other sections through the eyes of novelists; -as, the Maine of Miss Jewett, the Tennessee -of Miss Murfree, the Kentucky of James Lane -Allen, the Virginia of Mr. Page, Miss Johnston, -and Miss Glasgow, the Louisiana of Mr. Cable. -(I am sorry for the new generation that doesn’t -know the charm of <i>Old Creole Days</i> and <i>Madame -Delphine</i>!) No doubt scores of motorists -traversing Minnesota will hereafter see in every -small town a Gopher Prairie, and peer at the -doctors’ signs in the hope of catching the name -of Kennicott!</p> - -<p>An idealism persistently struggling to implant -itself in the young soil always has been -manifest in the West, and the record of it is -very marked in the Mississippi Valley States. -Emerson had a fine appreciation of this. He -left Concord frequently to brave the winter -storms in what was then pretty rough country, -to deliver his message and to observe the -people. His philosophy seems to have been -equal to his hardships. “My chief adventure,” -he wrote in his journal of one such pilgrimage, -“was the necessity of riding in a buggy forty-eight<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[17]</span> -miles to Grand Rapids; then after lecture -twenty more in return, and the next morning -back to Kalamazoo in time for the train hither -at twelve.” Nor did small audiences disturb -him. “Here is America in the making, America -in the raw. But it does not want much to go -to lectures, and ’tis a pity to drive it.”</p> - -<p>There is, really, something about corn—tall -corn, that whispers on summer nights in what -George Ade calls the black dirt country. -There is something finely spiritual about corn -that grows like a forest in Kansas and Nebraska. -And Democracy is like unto it—the plowing, -and the sowing, and the tending to keep -the weeds out. We can’t scratch a single acre -and say all the soil’s bad;—it may be wonderfully -rich in the next township!</p> - -<p>It is the way of nature to be perverse and -to fashion the good and great out of the least -promising clay. Country men and small-town -men have preponderated in our national counsels -and all things considered they haven’t done -so badly. Greatness has a way of unfolding itself; -it remains true that the fault is in ourselves, -and not in our stars, that we are underlings.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[18]</span> -Out of one small town in Missouri came the -two men who, just now, hold respectively the -rank of general and admiral of our army and -navy. And there is a trustworthy strength in -elemental natures—in what Whitman called -“powerful uneducated persons.” Ancestry and -environment are not negligible factors, yet if -Lincoln had been born in New York and Roosevelt -in a Kentucky log cabin, both would have -reached the White House. In the common -phrase, you can’t keep a good man down. The -distinguishing achievement of Drinkwater’s -<i>Lincoln</i> is not merely his superb realization of -a great character, but the sense so happily -communicated, of a wisdom deep-planted in -the general heart of man. It isn’t all just luck, -the workings of our democracy. If there’s any -manifestation on earth of a divine ordering of -things, it is here in America. Considering that -most of the hundred million trudge along away -back in the line where the music of the band -reaches them only faintly, the army keeps -step pretty well.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[19]</span></p> - -<h3>IV</h3> - -<p>“Myself when young did eagerly frequent” -lecture-halls and the abodes of the high-minded -and the high-intentioned who were zealous in -the cause of culture. This was in those years -when Matthew Arnold’s criticisms of America -and democracy in general were still much discussed. -Thirty years ago it really seemed that -culture was not only desirable but readily attainable -for America. We cherished happy -illusions as to the vast possibilities of education: -there should be no Main Street without its -reverence for the best thought and noblest -action of all time. But those of us who are able -to ponder “the heavy and the weary weight -of all this unintelligible world” in the spirit -of that period must reflect, a little ruefully, -that the new schemes and devices of education -to which we pointed with pride have not -turned the trick. The machinery of enlightenment -has, of course, greatly multiplied. The -flag waves on innumerable schoolhouses; literature, -art, music are nowhere friendless. The -women of America make war ceaselessly upon<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[20]</span> -philistinism, and no one attentive to their -labors can question their sincerity or their -intelligence. But these are all matters as to -which many hear the call but comparatively -few prostrate themselves at the mercy-seat. -Culture, in the sense in which we used the -word, was not so easily to be conferred or imposed -upon great bodies of humanity; the percentage -of the mass who are seriously interested -in the finest and noblest action of mankind -has not perceptibly increased.</p> - -<p>Odd as these statements look, now that I -have set them down, I hasten to add that they -stir in me no deep and poignant sorrow. My -feeling about the business is akin to that of a -traveller who has missed a train but consoles -himself with the reflection that by changing -his route a trifle he will in due course reach -his destination without serious delay, and at -the same time enjoy a view of unfamiliar -scenery.</p> - -<p>Between what Main Street wants and cries -for and what Main Street really needs there -is a considerable margin for speculation. I -shall say at once that I am far less concerned<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[21]</span> -than I used to be as to the diffusion of -culture in the Main Streets of all creation. -Culture is a term much soiled by ignoble use -and all but relegated to the vocabulary of cant. -We cannot “wish” Plato upon resisting and -hostile Main Streets; we are even finding that -Isaiah and St. Paul are not so potent to conjure -with as formerly. The church is not so -generally the social centre of small communities -as it was a little while ago. Far too many of us -are less fearful of future torment than of a -boost in the price of gasolene. The motor may -be making pantheists of us: I don’t know. -Hedonism in some form may be the next phase; -here, again, I have no opinion.</p> - -<h3>V</h3> - -<p>Mr. St. John Ervine complains that we of -the provinces lack individuality; that we have -been so smoothed out and conform so strictly -to the prevailing styles of apparel that the -people in one town look exactly like those in -the next. This observation may be due in some -measure to the alien’s preconceived ideas of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[22]</span> -what the hapless wights who live west of the -Hudson ought to look like, but there is much -truth in the remark of this amiable friend from -overseas. Even the Indians I have lately seen -look quite comfortable in white man’s garb. -To a great extent the ready-to-wear industry -has standardized our raiment, so that to the -unsophisticated masculine eye at least the -women of Main Street are indistinguishable -from their sisters in the large cities. There is -less slouch among the men than there used to be. -Mr. Howells said many years ago that in travelling -Westward the polish gradually dimmed on -the shoes of the native; but the shine-parlors -of the sons of Romulus and Achilles have -changed all that.</p> - -<p>I lean to the idea that it is not well for us -all to be tuned to one key. I like to think that -the farm folk and country-town people of Georgia -and Kansas, Oklahoma and Maine are -thinking independently of each other about -weighty matters, and that the solidarity of -the nation is only the more strikingly demonstrated -when, finding themselves stirred (sometimes -tardily) by the national consciousness,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[23]</span> -they act sensibly and with unity and concord. -But the interurban trolley and the low-priced -motor have dealt a blow to the old smug complacency -and indifference. There is less tobacco-juice -on the chins of our rural fellow citizens; -the native flavor, the raciness and the tang so -highly prized by students of local color have -in many sections ceased to be. We may yet -be confronted by the necessity of preserving -specimens of the provincial native in social -and ethnological museums.</p> - -<p>I should like to believe that the present with -its bewildering changes is only a corridor leading, -politically and spiritually, toward something -more splendid than we have known. We -can only hope that this is true, and meanwhile -adjust ourselves to the idea that a good many -things once prized are gone forever. I am not -sure but that a town is better advertised by -enlightened sanitary ordinances duly enforced -than by the number of its citizens who are -acquainted with the writings of Walter Pater. -A little while ago I should have looked upon -such a thought as blasphemy.</p> - -<p>The other evening, in a small college town,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[24]</span> -I passed under the windows of a hall where -a fraternity dance was in progress. I dare say -the young gentlemen of the society knew no -more of the Greek alphabet than the three -letters inscribed over the door of their clubhouse. -But this does not trouble me as in “the -olden golden glory of the days gone by.” We -do not know but that in some far day a prowling -New Zealander, turning up a banjo and a -trap-drum amid the ruins of some American -college, will account them nobler instruments -than the lyre and lute.</p> - -<p>Evolution brought us down chattering from -the trees, and we have no right to assume that -we are reverting to the arboreal state. This -is no time to lose confidence in democracy; -it is too soon to chant the recessional of the -race. Much too insistently we have sought to -reform, to improve, to plant the seeds of culture, -to create moral perfection by act of -Congress. If Main Street knows what America -is all about, and bathes itself and is kind and -considerate of its neighbors, why not leave the -rest on the knees of the gods?</p> - -<p>What really matters as to Main Street is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[25]</span> -that it shall be happy. We can’t, merely by -taking thought, lift its people to higher levels -of aspiration. Main Street is neither blind nor -deaf; it knows well enough what is going on -in the world; it is not to be jostled or pushed -by condescending outsiders eager to bestow -sweetness and light upon it. It is not unaware -of the desirability of such things; and in its -own fashion and at the proper time it will go -after them. Meanwhile if it is cheerful and -hopeful and continues to vote with reasonable -sanity the rest of the world needn’t despair of -it. After all, it’s only the remnant of Israel -that can be saved. Let Main Street alone!</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[26]</span> - -<h2 class="nobreak">JAMES WHITCOMB RILEY</h2> -</div> - -<h3>I</h3> - -<p class="drop-cap">ON a day in July, 1916, thirty-five thousand -people passed under the dome of -the Indiana capitol to look for the last -time upon the face of James Whitcomb Riley. -The best-loved citizen of the Hoosier commonwealth -was dead, and laborers and mechanics -in their working clothes, professional and business -men, women in great numbers, and a host -of children paid their tribute of respect to one -whose sole claim upon their interest lay in his -power to voice their feelings of happiness and -grief in terms within the common understanding. -The very general expressions of sorrow -and affection evoked by the announcement -of the poet’s death encourage the belief that -the lines that formed on the capitol steps might -have been augmented endlessly by additions -drawn from every part of America. I frankly -confess that, having enjoyed his friendship -through many years, I am disqualified from<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[27]</span> -passing judgment upon his writings, into much -of which I inevitably read a significance that -may not be apparent to those capable of appraising -them with critical detachment. But -Riley’s personality was quite as interesting as -his work, and I shall attempt to give some -hint of the man as I knew him, with special -reference to his whims and oddities.</p> - -<p>My acquaintance with him dates from a -memorable morning when he called on me in -a law office where I copied legal documents, -ran errands, and scribbled verses. At this time -he was a regular contributor to the Sunday -edition of the Indianapolis <i>Journal</i>—a newspaper -of unusual literary quality, most hospitable -to fledgling bards, who were permitted -to shine in the reflected light of Riley’s growing -fame. Some verses of mine having been -copied by a Cincinnati paper, Riley asked about -me at the <i>Journal</i> office and sought me out, -paper in hand, to speak a word of encouragement. -He was the most interesting, as he was -the most amusing and the most lovable man -I have known. No one was quite like Riley, -and the ways in which he suggests other men<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[28]</span> -merely call attention to the fact that he was, -after all, wholly different: he was Riley!</p> - -<p>He was the best-known figure in our capital; -this was true, indeed, of the entire commonwealth -that he sang into fame. He was below -medium height, neatly and compactly built; fair -and of ruddy complexion. He had been a tow-headed -boy, and while his hair thinned in later -years, any white that crept into it was scarcely -perceptible. A broad flexible mouth and a big -nose were the distinguishing features of a remarkably -mobile face. He was very near-sighted, -and the rubber-rimmed glasses he invariably -wore served to obscure his noticeably large blue -eyes. He was a compound of Pennsylvania -Dutch and Irish, but the Celt in him was dominant: -there were fairies in his blood.</p> - -<p>In his days of health he carried himself alertly -and gave an impression of smartness. He was -in all ways neat and orderly; there was no -slouch about him and no Byronic affectations. -He was always curious as to the origin of any -garment or piece of haberdashery displayed -by his intimates, but strangely secretive as to -the source of his own supplies. He affected<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[29]</span> -obscure tailors, probably because they were -likelier to pay heed to his idiosyncrasies than -more fashionable ones. He once deplored to me -the lack of attention bestowed upon the waistcoat -by sartorial artists. This was a garment -he held of the highest importance in man’s -adornment. Hopkinson Smith, he averred, was -the only man he had ever seen who displayed -a satisfactory taste and was capable of realizing -the finest effects in this particular.</p> - -<p>He inspired affection by reason of his gentleness -and inherent kindliness and sweetness. -The idea that he was a convivial person, delighting -in boon companions and prolonged -sessions at table, has no basis in fact. He was -a domestic, even a cloistral being; he disliked -noise and large companies; he hated familiarity, -and would quote approvingly what Lowell -said somewhere about the annoyance of being -clapped on the back. Riley’s best friends never -laid hands on him; I have seen strangers or -new acquaintances do so to their discomfiture.</p> - -<p>No background of poverty or early hardship -can be provided for this “poet of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[30]</span> -people.” His father was a lawyer, an orator -well known in central Indiana, and Riley’s -boyhood was spent in comfortable circumstances. -The curtailment of his schooling was -not enforced by necessity, but was due to his -impatience of restraint and inability to adjust -his own interests to the prevailing curriculum. -He spent some time in his father’s -office at Greenfield, reading general literature, -not law, and experimenting with verse. He -served an apprenticeship as a house painter, -and acquired the art of “marbling” and “graining”—long-abandoned -embellishments of domestic -architecture. Then, with four other -young men, he began touring Indiana, painting -signs, and, from all accounts, adding greatly to -the gaiety of life in the communities visited. To -advertise their presence, Riley would recite -in the market-place, or join with his comrades -in giving musical entertainments. Or, pretending -to be blind, he would laboriously climb -up on a scaffolding and before the amazed -spectators execute a sign in his best style. There -was a time when he seemed anxious to forget -his early experiences as a wandering sign-painter<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[31]</span> -and entertainer with a patent-medicine -van, but in his last years he spoke of them -quite frankly.</p> - -<p>He had a natural talent for drawing; in fact, -in his younger days he dabbled in most of -the arts. He discoursed to me at length on one -occasion of musical instruments, about all of -which he seemed to have much curious lore. -He had been able to play more or less successfully -upon the violin, the banjo, the guitar, and -(his humor bubbling) the snare and bass drum! -“There’s nothing,” he said, “so much fun as -thumping a bass drum,” an instrument on -which he had performed in the Greenfield band. -“To throw your legs over the tail of a band -wagon and thump away—there’s nothing like -it!” As usual when the reminiscent mood was -upon him, he broadened the field of the discussion -to include strange characters he had -known among rural musicians, and these were -of endless variety. He had known a man who -was passionately fond of the bass drum and -who played solos upon it—“Sacred music”! -Sometimes the neighbors would borrow the -drum, and he pictured the man’s chagrin when<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[32]</span> -after a hard day’s work he went home and -found his favorite instrument gone.</p> - -<p>Riley acquired various mechanical devices -for creating music and devoted himself to them -with childish delight. In one of his gay moods -he would instruct a visitor in the art of pumping -his player-piano, and, having inserted a -favorite “roll,” would dance about the room -snapping his fingers in time to the music.</p> - -<h3>II</h3> - -<p>Riley’s reading was marked by the casualness -that was part of his nature. He liked small -books that fitted comfortably into the hand, -and he brought to the mere opening of a volume -and the cutting of leaves a deliberation eloquent -of all respect for the contents. Always a -man of surprises, in nothing was he more surprising -than in the wide range of his reading. -It was never safe to assume that he was unacquainted -with some book which might appear -to be foreign to his tastes. His literary judgments -were sound, though his prejudices (always -amusing and frequently unaccountable) -occasionally led him astray.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[33]</span>While his study of literature had followed -the haphazard course inevitable in one so uninfluenced -by formal schooling, it may fairly -be said that he knew all that it was important -for him to know of books. He was of those -for whom life and letters are of one piece and -inseparable. In a broad sense he was a humanist. -What he missed in literature he acquired -from life. Shakespeare he had absorbed -early; Herrick, Keats, Tennyson, and Longfellow -were deep-planted in his memory. His -excursions into history had been the slightest; -biographies and essays interested him much -more, and he was constantly on the lookout -for new poets. No new volume of verse, no -striking poem in a periodical escaped his watchful -eye.</p> - -<p>He professed to believe that Mrs. Browning -was a poet greatly superior to her husband. -Nevertheless he had read Robert Browning -with some attention, for on one or two occasions -he burlesqued successfully that poet’s -mannerisms. For some reason he manifested -a marked antipathy to Poe. And in this connection -it may be of interest to mention that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[34]</span> -he was born (October 7, 1849) the day Poe -died! But for Riley’s cordial dislike of Poe I -might be tempted to speculate upon this coincidence -as suggesting a relinquishment of the -singing robes by one poet in favor of another. -Riley had, undoubtedly, at some time felt -Poe’s spell, for there are unmistakable traces -of Poe’s influence in some of his earlier work. -Indeed, his first wide advertisement came -through an imitation of Poe—a poem called -“Leonanie”—palmed off as having been found -written in an old schoolbook that had been -Poe’s property. Riley long resented any reference -to this hoax, though it was a harmless -enough prank—the device of a newspaper -friend to prove that public neglect of Riley -was not based upon any lack of merit in his -writings. It was probably Poe’s sombreness -that Riley did not like, or possibly his personal -characteristics. Still, he would close any -discussion of Poe’s merits as a writer by declaring -that “The Raven” was clearly inspired -by Mrs. Browning’s “Lady Geraldine’s Courtship.” -This is hardly susceptible of proof, and -Elizabeth Barrett’s gracious acceptance of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[35]</span> -compliment of Poe’s dedication of his volume -containing “The Raven” may or may not -be conclusive as to her own judgment in the -matter.</p> - -<p>Whitman had no attraction for Riley; he -thought him something of a charlatan. He -greatly admired Stevenson and kept near at -hand a rare photograph of the Scot which -Mrs. Stevenson had given him. He had recognized -Kipling’s genius early, and his meeting -with that writer in New York many years -ago was one of the pleasantest and most satisfactory -of all his literary encounters.</p> - -<p>The contentions between Realism and Romanticism -that occasionally enliven our periodical -literature never roused his interest; his -sympathies were with the conservatives and he -preferred gardens that contained familiar and -firmly planted literary landmarks. He knew -his Dickens thoroughly, and his lifelong attention -to “character” was due no doubt in -some measure to his study of Dickens’s portraits -of the quaint and humorous. He always -confessed gratefully his indebtedness to Longfellow, -and once, when we were speaking of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[36]</span> -the older poet, he remarked that Mark Twain -and Bret Harte were other writers to whom -he owed much. Harte’s obligations to both -Dickens and Longfellow are, of course, obvious -and Harte’s use of dialect in verse probably -strengthened Riley’s confidence in the Hoosier -speech as a medium when he began to find -himself.</p> - -<p>His humor—both as expressed in his writings, -and as we knew it who lived neighbor to -him—was of the same <i>genre</i> as Mark Twain’s. -And it is not surprising that Mark Twain and -Riley should have met on grounds of common -sympathy and understanding. What the Mississippi -was to the Missourian, the Old National -Road that bisected Greenfield was to Riley. -The larger adventure of life that made Clemens -a cosmopolitan did not appeal to Riley, with -his intense loyalty to the State of his birth -and the city that for thirty-eight years was -his home.</p> - -<p>It gave him the greatest pleasure to send his -friends books that he thought would interest -them. Among those he sent me are Professor -Woodberry’s selections from Aubrey de Vere,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[37]</span> -whose “Bard Ethell” Riley thought a fine performance; -Bradford Torrey’s <i>Friends on the -Shelf</i> and, a few weeks before his death, a copy -of G. K. Chesterton’s poems in which he had -written a substitute for one of the lines. If in -these gifts he chose some volume already known -to the recipient, it was well to conceal the fact, -for it was essential to the perfect course of his -friendships that he be taken on his own terms, -and no one would have had the heart to spoil -his pleasure in a “discovery.”</p> - -<p>He was most generous toward all aspirants -in his own field, though for years these were -prone to take advantage of his good nature by -inflicting books and manuscripts upon him. -I once committed the indiscretion of uttering -a volume of verse, and observed with trepidation -a considerable number of copies on the -counter of the bookstore where we did much -loafing together. A few days later I was surprised -and for a moment highly edified to find -the stock greatly depleted. On cautious inquiry -I found that it was Riley alone who had been -the investor—to the extent of seventy-five -copies, which he distributed widely among<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[38]</span> -literary acquaintances. In the case of another -friend who published a book without large expectations -of public favor, Riley secretly purchased -a hundred and scattered them broadcast. -These instances are typical: he would do -a kind thing furtively and evince the deepest -embarrassment when detected.</p> - -<p>It is always a matter for speculation as to -just what effect a college training would have -upon men of Riley’s type, who, missing the -inscribed portals, nevertheless find their way -into the house of literature. I give my opinion -for what it may be worth, that he would have -been injured rather than benefited by an ampler -education. He was chiefly concerned with human -nature, and it was his fortune to know -profoundly those definite phases and contrasts -of life that were susceptible of interpretation -in the art of which he was sufficiently the -master. Of the general trend of society and -social movements he was as unconscious as -though he lived on another planet. I am -disposed to think that he profited by his ignorance -of such things, which left him to the -peaceful contemplation of the simple phenomena<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[39]</span> -of life that had early attracted him. -Nothing seriously disturbed his inveterate provincial -habit of thought. He manifested Thoreau’s -indifference—without the Yankee’s scorn—for -the world beyond his dooryard. “I can -see,” he once wrote me, “when you talk of -your return and the prospective housewarming -of the new home, that your family’s -united heart is right here in old Indianapolis—high -Heaven’s sole and only understudy.” -And this represented his very sincere feeling -about “our” town; no other was comparable -to it!</p> - -<h3>III</h3> - -<p>He did his writing at night, a fact which -accounted for the spacious leisure in which -his days were enveloped. He usually had a -poem pretty thoroughly fixed in his mind before -he sought paper, but the actual writing -was often a laborious process; and it was his -habit, while a poem was in preparation, to -carry the manuscript in his pocket for convenience -of reference. The elisions required by -dialect and his own notions of punctuation—here<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[40]</span> -he was a law unto himself—brought him -into frequent collision with the lords of the -proof desk; but no one, I think, ever successfully -debated with him any point of folk speech. -I once ventured to suggest that his use of the -phrase “durin’ the army,” as a rustic veteran’s -way of referring to the Civil War, was not -general, but probably peculiar to the individual -he had heard use it. He stoutly defended his -phrase and was ready at once with witnesses -in support of it as a familiar usage of Indiana -veterans.</p> - -<p>In the matter of our Hoosier folk speech -he was an authority, though the subject did -not interest him comparatively or scientifically. -He complained to me bitterly of an editor who -had directed his attention to apparent inconsistencies -of dialect in the proof of a poem. -Riley held, and rightly, that the dialect of the -Hoosier is not fixed and unalterable, but varies -in certain cases, and that words are often pronounced -differently in the same sentence. Eggleston’s -Hoosier is an earlier type than Riley’s, -belonging to the dark years when our illiteracy -staggered into high percentages. And Eggleston<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[41]</span> -wrote of southern Indiana, where the “poor -white” strain of the South had been most -marked. Riley not only spoke for a later period, -but his acquaintance was with communities -that enjoyed a better social background; the -schoolhouse and the rural “literary” were always -prominent in his perspective.</p> - -<p>He had preserved his youth as a place apart -and unalterable, peopled with folk who lived -as he had known them in his enchanted boyhood. -Scenes and characters of that period he -was able to revisualize at will. When his homing -fancy took wing, it was to bear him back to -the little town’s dooryards, set with mignonette, -old-fashioned roses, and borders of hollyhocks, -or countryward to the streams that wound -their way through fields of wheat and corn. -Riley kept his place at innumerable firesides -in this dream existence, hearing the veterans -of the Civil War spin their yarns, or farmers -discuss crop prospects, or the whispers of children -awed by the “woo” of the wind in the -chimney. If Pan crossed his vision (he drew -little upon mythology) it was to sit under a -sycamore above a “ripple” in the creek and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[42]</span> -beat time rapturously with his goat hoof to -the music of a Hoosier lad’s willow whistle.</p> - -<p>The country lore that Riley had collected -and stored in youth was inexhaustible; it never -seemed necessary for him to replenish his -pitcher at the fountains of original inspiration. -I have read somewhere a sketch of him in which -he was depicted as walking with Wordsworthian -calm through lonely fields, but nothing could -be more absurd. Fondly as he sang of green -fields and running brooks, he cultivated their -acquaintance very little after he established -his home at Indianapolis. Lamb could not have -loved city streets more than he. Much as Bret -Harte wrote of California after years of absence, -so Riley drew throughout his life from -scenes familiar to his boyhood and young manhood, -and with undiminished sympathy and -vigor.</p> - -<p>His knowledge of rural life was intimate, -though he knew the farm only as a country-town -boy may know it, through association -with farm boys and holidays spent in visits to -country cousins. Once at the harvest season, -as we were crossing Indiana in a train, he began<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[43]</span> -discoursing on apples. He repeated Bryant’s -poem “The Planting of the Apple Tree,” as -a prelude, and, looking out over the Hoosier -Hesperides, began mentioning the varieties of -apples he had known and commenting on their -qualities. When I expressed surprise at the -number, he said that with a little time he -thought he could recall a hundred kinds, and -he did in fact name more than fifty before we -were interrupted.</p> - -<p>The whimsicalities and comicalities and the -heart-breaking tragedies of childhood he interpreted -with rare fidelity. His wide popularity -as a poet of childhood was due to a special -genius for understanding the child mind. Yet -he was very shy in the presence of children, -and though he kept track of the youngsters in -the houses of his friends, and could establish -himself on good terms with them, he seemed -uncomfortable when suddenly confronted by -a strange child. This was due in some measure -to the proneness of parents to exhibit their -offspring that he might hear them “recite” -his own poems, or in the hope of eliciting some -verses commemorative of Johnny’s or Mary’s<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[44]</span> -precocity. His children were country-town and -farm children whom he had known and lived -among and unconsciously studied and appraised -for the use he later made of them. Here, again, -he drew upon impressions fixed in his own boyhood, -and to this gallery of types he never, I -think, added materially. Much of his verse for -children is autobiographical, representing his -own attitude of mind as an imaginative, capricious -child. Some of his best character studies -are to be found among his juvenile pieces. In -“That-Air Young-Un,” for example, he enters -into the heart of an abnormal boy who</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="first">“Come home onc’t and said ’at he</div> -<div class="verse">Knowed what the snake-feeders thought</div> -<div class="verse">When they grit their wings; and knowed</div> -<div class="verse">Turkle-talk, when bubbles riz</div> -<div class="verse">Over where the old roots growed</div> -<div class="verse">Where he th’owed them pets o’ his—</div> -<div class="verse">Little turripuns he caught</div> -<div class="verse">In the County Ditch and packed</div> -<div class="verse">In his pockets days and days!”</div> -</div></div> - -<p>The only poem he ever contributed to the -<i>Atlantic</i> was “Old Glory,” and I recall that -he held it for a considerable period, retouching<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[45]</span> -it, and finally reading it at a club dinner to -test it thoroughly by his own standards, which -were those of the ear as well as the eye. When -I asked him why he had not printed it he said -he was keeping it “to boil the dialect out of -it.” On the other hand, “The Poet of the Future,” -one of his best pieces, was produced in -an evening. He was little given to displaying -his poems in advance of publication, and this -was one of the few that he ever showed me in -manuscript. It had been a real inspiration; -the writing of it had given him the keenest -pleasure, and the glow of success was still upon -him when we met the following morning. He -wrote much occasional and personal verse -which added nothing to his reputation—a fact -of which he was perfectly aware—and there -is a wide disparity between his best and his -poorest. He wrote prose with difficulty; he -said he could write a column of verse much -more quickly than he could produce a like -amount of prose.</p> - -<p>His manuscripts and letters were works of -art, so careful was he of his handwriting—a -small, clear script as legible as engraving, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[46]</span> -with quaint effects of capitalization. In his -younger days he indulged in a large correspondence, -chiefly with other writers. His letters -were marked by the good-will and cordiality, -the racy humor and the self-mockery of his -familiar talk. “Your reference”—this is a typical -beginning—“to your vernal surroundings -and cloistered seclusion from the world stress -and tumult of the fevered town comes to me -in veriest truth</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="verse">“‘With a Sabbath sound as of doves</div> -<div class="indent4">In quiet neighborhoods,’</div> -</div></div> - -<p>as that grand poet Oliver W. Longfellow so -tersely puts it in his inimitable way.” He addressed -his correspondents by names specially -designed for them, and would sign himself by -any one of a dozen droll pseudonyms.</p> - -<h3>IV</h3> - -<p>Riley’s talent as a reader (he disliked the -term recitationist) was hardly second to his -creative genius. As an actor—in such parts, -for example, as those made familiar by Jefferson—he<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[47]</span> -could not have failed to win high rank. -His art, apparently the simplest, was the result -of the most careful study and experiment; -facial play, gesture, shadings of the voice, all -contributed to the completeness of his portrayals. -So vivid were his impersonations and -so readily did he communicate the sense of -atmosphere, that one seemed to be witnessing -a series of dramas with a well-set stage and a -diversity of players. He possessed in a large -degree the magnetism that is the birthright -of great actors; there was something very -appealing and winning in his slight figure as -he came upon the platform. His diffidence -(partly assumed and partly sincere) at the -welcoming applause, the first sound of his voice -as he tested it with the few introductory sentences -he never omitted—these spoken haltingly -as he removed and disposed of his glasses—all -tended to pique curiosity and win the -house to the tranquillity his delicate art demanded. -He said that it was possible to offend -an audience by too great an appearance of -cock-sureness; a speaker did well to manifest -a certain timidity when he walked upon the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[48]</span> -stage, and he deprecated the manner of a certain -lecturer and reader, who always began by -chaffing his hearers. Riley’s programmes consisted -of poems of sentiment and pathos, such -as “Good-bye, Jim” and “Out to Old Aunt -Mary’s,” varied with humorous stories in prose -or verse which he told with inimitable skill -and without a trace of buffoonery. Mark Twain -wrote, in “How to Tell a Story,” that the -wounded-soldier anecdote which Riley told -for years was, as Riley gave it, the funniest -thing he ever listened to.</p> - -<p>In his travels Riley usually appeared with -another reader. Richard Malcolm Johnston, -Eugene Field, and Robert J. Burdette were at -various times associated with him, but he is -probably more generally known for his joint -appearances with the late Edgar W. (“Bill”) -Nye. He had for Nye the warmest affection, -and in the last ten years of his life would recount -with the greatest zest incidents of their -adventures on the road—Nye’s practical jokes, -his droll comments upon the people they met, -the discomforts of transportation, and the horrors -of hotel cookery. Riley’s admiration for his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[49]</span> -old comrade was so great that I sometimes suspected -that he attributed to Nye the authorship -of some of his own stories in sheer excess -of devotion to Nye’s memory.</p> - -<p>His first reception into the inner literary -circle was in 1887, when he participated in -the authors’ readings given in New York to -further the propaganda of the Copyright -League. Lowell presided on these occasions, -and others who contributed to the exercises -were Mark Twain, George W. Cable, Richard -Henry Stoddard, Thomas Nelson Page, Henry -C. Bunner, George William Curtis, Charles -Dudley Warner, and Frank R. Stockton. It -was, I believe, Mr. Robert Underwood Johnson, -then of the <i>Century Magazine</i> (which had -just enlisted Riley as a contributor), who was -responsible for this recognition of the Hoosier. -Nothing did more to establish Riley as a serious -contestant for literary honors than his success -on this occasion. He was greeted so cordially—from -contemporaneous accounts he “ran away -with the show”—that on Lowell’s urgent invitation -he appeared at a second reading.</p> - -<p>Riley’s intimate friendships with other writers<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[50]</span> -were comparatively few, due largely to -his home-keeping habit, but there were some -for whom, without ever seeing much of them, -he had a liking that approached affection. -Mark Twain was one of these; Mr. Howells -and Joel Chandler Harris were others. He saw -Longfellow on the occasion of his first visit -to Boston. Riley had sent him several of his -poems, which Longfellow had acknowledged -in an encouraging letter; but it was not the -way of Riley to knock at any strange door, -and General “Dan” Macaulay, once mayor -of Indianapolis, a confident believer in the young -Hoosier’s future, took charge of the pilgrimage. -Longfellow had been ill, but he appeared unexpectedly -just as a servant was turning the visitors -away. He was wholly kind and gracious, -and “shook hands five times,” Riley said, when -they parted. The slightest details of that call—it -was shortly before Longfellow’s death—were -ineffaceably written in Riley’s memory—even -the lavender trousers which, he insisted, -Longfellow wore!</p> - -<p>Save for the years of lyceum work and the -last three winters of his life spent happily in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[51]</span> -Florida, Riley’s absences from home were -remarkably infrequent. He derived no pleasure -from the hurried travelling made necessary -by his long tours as a reader; he was -without the knack of amusing himself in strange -places, and the social exactions of such journeys -he found very irksome. Even in his active years, -before paralysis crippled him, his range of activities -was most circumscribed. The Lockerbie -Street in which he lived so comfortably, tucked -away though it is from the noisier currents of -traffic, lies, nevertheless, within sound of the -court-house bell, and he followed for years a -strict routine which he varied rarely and only -with the greatest apprehension as to the possible -consequences.</p> - -<p>It was a mark of our highest consideration -and esteem to produce Riley at entertainments -given in honor of distinguished visitors, but this -was never effected without considerable plotting. -(I have heard that in Atlanta “Uncle -Remus” was even a greater problem to his -fellow citizens!) Riley’s innate modesty, always -to be reckoned with, was likely to smother -his companionableness in the presence of ultra-literary<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[52]</span> -personages. His respect for scholarship, -for literary sophistication, made him reluctant -to meet those who, he imagined, breathed a -divine ether to which he was unacclimated. At -a small dinner in honor of Henry James he -maintained a strict silence until one of the other -guests, in an effort to “draw out” the novelist, -spoke of Thomas Hardy and the felicity of his -titles, mentioning <i>Under the Greenwood Tree</i> -and <i>A Pair of Blue Eyes</i>. Riley, for the first -time addressing the table, remarked quietly of -the second of these, “It’s an odd thing about -eyes, that they usually come in sets!”—a comment -which did not, as I remember, strike -Mr. James as being funny.</p> - -<p>Riley always seemed a little bewildered by -his success, and it was far from his nature to -trade upon it. He was at pains to escape from -any company where he found himself the centre -of attraction. He resented being “shown off” -(to use his own phrase) like “a white mouse -with pink eyes.” He cited as proof that he -was never intended for a social career the unhappy -frustration of his attempt to escort his -first sweetheart to a party. Dressed with the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[53]</span> -greatest care, he knocked at the beloved’s -door. Her father eyed him critically and demanded: -“What you want, Jimmy?”</p> - -<p>“Come to take Bessie to the party.”</p> - -<p>“Humph! Bessie ain’t goin’ to no party; -Bessie’s got the measles!”</p> - -<h3>V</h3> - -<p>In so far as Riley was a critic of life and conduct, -humor was his readiest means of expression. -Whimsical turns of speech colored his -familiar talk, and he could so utter a single -word—always with quiet inadvertence—as to -create a roar of laughter. Apart from the commoner -type of anecdotal humor, he was most -amusing in his pursuit of fancies of the Stocktonesque -order. I imagine that he and John -Holmes of Old Cambridge would have understood -each other perfectly; all the Holmes -stories I ever heard—particularly the one about -Methuselah and the shoe-laces, preserved by -Colonel Higginson—are very similar to yarns -invented by Riley.</p> - -<p>To catch his eye in a company or at a public<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[54]</span> -gathering was always dangerous, for if he was -bored or some tedious matter was forward, -he would seek relief by appealing to a friend -with a slight lifting of the brows, or a telepathic -reference to some similar situation in -the past. As he walked the streets with a companion -his comments upon people and trifling -incidents of street traffic were often in his best -humorous vein. With his intimates he had a -fashion of taking up without prelude subjects -that had been dropped weeks before. He was -greatly given to assuming characters and assigning -parts to his friends in the little comedies -he was always creating. For years his favorite -rôle was that of a rural preacher of a type -that had doubtless aroused his animosity in -youth. He built up a real impression of this -character—a cadaverous person of Gargantuan -appetite, clad in a long black alpaca coat, who -arrived at farmhouses at meal-times and depleted -the larder, while the children of the -household, awaiting the second table in trepidation, -gloomily viewed the havoc through -the windows. One or another of us would be -Brother Hotchkiss, or Brother Brookwarble,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[55]</span> -and we were expected to respond in his own -key of bromidic pietism. This device, continually -elaborated, was not wholly foolishness -on his part, but an expression of his deep-seated -contempt for cant and hypocrisy, which he regarded -as the most grievous of sins.</p> - -<p>When he described some “character” he -had known, it was with an amount of minute -detail that made the person stand forth as a -veritable being. Questions from the listener -would be welcomed, as evidence of sympathy -with the recital and interest in the individual -under discussion. As I journeyed homeward -with him once from Philadelphia, he began -limning for two companions a young lawyer -he had known years before at Greenfield. He -carried this far into the night, and at the breakfast -table was ready with other anecdotes of -this extraordinary individual. When the train -reached Indianapolis the sketch, vivid and -amusing, seemed susceptible of indefinite expansion.</p> - -<p>In nothing was he more diverting than in -the superstitions he affected. No life could -have been freer from annoyances and care<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[56]</span> -than his, and yet he encouraged the belief that -he was pursued by a “hoodoo.” This was the -most harmless of delusions, and his nearest -friends encouraged the idea for the enjoyment -they found in his intense satisfaction whenever -any untoward event—never anything important—actually -befell him. The bizarre, the -fantastic, had a mild fascination for him; he -read occult meanings into unusual incidents -of every kind. When Alfred Tennyson Dickens -visited Indianapolis I went with him to call -on Riley. A few days later Mr. Dickens died -suddenly in New York, and soon afterward I -received a note that he had written me in the -last hour of his life. Riley was so deeply -impressed by this that he was unable to free -his mind of it for several days. It was an -astounding thing, he said, to receive a letter from -a dead man. For a time he found comfort in -the idea that I shared the malevolent manifestations -to which he fancied himself subject. -We were talking in the street one day when a -brick fell from a building and struck the sidewalk -at our feet. He was drawing on a glove -and quite characteristically did not start or<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[57]</span> -manifest any anxiety as to his safety. He lifted -his head guardedly and with a casual air said: -“I see they’re still after you” (referring to -the fact that a few weeks earlier a sign had -fallen on me in Denver). Then, holding out -his hands, he added mournfully: “They’re -after me, too!” The gloves—a pair brought -him from London by a friend—were both lefts.</p> - -<p>A number of years ago he gave me his own -copy of the <i>Oxford Book of English Verse</i>—an -anthology of which he was very fond. In it -was pasted a book-plate that had previously -escaped me. It depicted an old scholar in knee-breeches -and three-cornered hat, with an armful -of books. When asked about the plate, Riley -explained that a friend had given it to him, -but that he had never used it because, on counting -the books, there seemed to be thirteen of -them. However, some one having convinced -him that the number was really twelve, the -evil omen was happily dispelled.</p> - -<p>Politics interested him not at all, except as -to the personal characteristics of men prominent -in that field. He voted only once, so he -often told me, and that was at the behest of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[58]</span> -a friend who was a candidate for some local -office. Finding later that in his ignorance of the -proper manner of preparing a ballot he had voted -for his friend’s opponent, he registered a vow, to -which he held strictly, never to vote again. My -own occasional dabblings in politics caused him -real distress, and once, when I had playfully -poked into a hornet’s nest, he sought me out -immediately to warn me of the dire consequences -of such temerity. “They’ll burn your barn,” -he declared; “they’ll kidnap your children!”</p> - -<p>His incompetence—real or pretended—in -many directions was one of the most delightful -things about him. Even in the commonest -transactions of life he was rather helpless—the -sort of person one instinctively assists and -protects. His deficiencies of orientation were a -joke among his friends, and though he insisted -that he couldn’t find his way anywhere, I’m -disposed to think that this was part of the -make-believe in which he delighted. When he -intrusted himself to another’s leading he was -always pleased if the guide proved as incapable -as himself. Lockerbie Street is a little hard to -find, even for lifelong Indianapolitans, and for a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[59]</span> -caller to confess his difficulties in reaching it -was sure to add to the warmth of his welcome.</p> - -<p>Riley had no patience for research, and cheerfully -turned over to friends his inquiries of every -sort. Indeed he committed to others with comical -light-heartedness all matters likely to prove -vexatious or disagreeable. He was chronically -in search of something that might or might -not exist. He complained for years of the loss -of a trunk containing letters from Longfellow, -Mark Twain, and others, though his ideas as -to its genesis and subsequent history were -altogether hazy.</p> - -<p>He was a past master of the art of postponement, -but when anything struck him as urgent -he found no peace until he had disposed of it. -He once summoned two friends, at what was -usually for him a forbidden hour of the morning, -to repair forthwith to the photographer’s, that -the three might have their pictures taken, his -excuse being that one or another might die -suddenly, leaving the desired “group” unrealized—a -permanent sorrow to the survivors.</p> - -<p>His portrait by Sargent shows him at his -happiest, but for some reason he never appeared<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[60]</span> -to care for it greatly. There was, I believe, -some vague feeling on his part that one -of the hands was imperfect—a little too -sketchy, perhaps. He would speak cordially -of Sargent and describe his method of work -with characteristic attention to detail; but -when his opinion of the portrait was solicited, -he would answer evasively or change the subject.</p> - -<p>He clung tenaciously to a few haunts, one of -these being for many years the office of the -<i>Journal</i>, to which he contributed the poems in -dialect that won his first recognition. The back -room of the business office was a favorite loafing -place for a number of prominent citizens who -were responsive to Riley’s humor. They maintained -there something akin to a country-store -forum of which Riley was the bright particular -star. A notable figure of those days in our capital -was Myron Reed, a Presbyterian minister -of singular gifts, who had been a captain of -cavalry in the Civil War. Reed and William -P. Fishback, a lawyer of distinction, also of -the company, were among the first Americans -to “discover” Matthew Arnold. Riley’s only -excursion abroad was in company with Reed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">[61]</span> -and Fishback, and surely no more remarkable -trio ever crossed the Atlantic. It is eloquent -of the breadth of Riley’s sympathies that he -appreciated and enjoyed the society of men -whose interests and activities were so wholly -different from his own. They made the usual -pious pilgrimages, but the one incident that -pleased Riley most was a supper in the Beefsteak -Room adjoining Irving’s theatre, at which -Coquelin also was a guest. The theatre always -had a fascination for Riley, and this occasion -and the reception accorded his reading of some -of his poems marked one of the high levels of -his career. Mr. Fishback reported that Coquelin -remarked to Irving of Riley’s recitations, that -the American had by nature what they had -been twenty years acquiring.</p> - -<p>In keeping with the diffidence already referred -to was his dread of making awkward -or unfortunate remarks, and it was like him -to exaggerate greatly his sins of this character. -He illustrated Irving’s fine nobility by an incident -offered also as an instance of his own -habit of blundering. Riley had known for years -an English comedian attached to a stock company<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[62]</span> -at Indianapolis, and he mentioned this -actor to Irving and described a bit of “business” -he employed in the part of First Clown -in the graveyard scene in “Hamlet.” Irving not -only professed to remember the man, but confirmed -in generous terms Riley’s estimate of -his performance as the grave-digger. When -Riley learned later that what he had believed -to be the unique practice of his friend had been -the unbroken usage of the stage from the time -of Shakespeare, he was inconsolable, and his -blunder was a sore point with him to the end -of his days.</p> - -<p>Though his mail was enormous, he was always -solicitous that no letter should escape. -For a time it pleased him to receive mail at -three points of delivery—his house, his publisher’s, -and the office of a trust company where -a desk was reserved for him. The advantage of -this was that it helped to fill in the day and -to minimize the disparity between his own -preoccupations and the more exacting employments -of his friends. Once read, the letters -were likely to be forgotten, but this did not -lessen his joy in receiving them. He was the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[63]</span> -meek slave of autograph-hunters, and at the -holiday season he might be found daily inscribing -books that poured in remorselessly from -every part of the country.</p> - -<h3>VI</h3> - -<p>The cheery optimism, tolerance, and mercy -that are the burden of his verse summed up -his religion. He told me once that he was a -Methodist; at least, he had become a member -of that body in his youth, and he was not aware, -as he put it, that they had ever “fired” him. -For a time he was deeply interested in Spiritualism -and attended séances; but I imagine that -he derived no consolation from these sources, -as he never mentioned the subject in later -years. Though he never probed far into such -matters, speculations as to immortality always -appealed to him, and he often reiterated his -confidence that we shall meet and recognize, -somewhere in the beyond, those who are dear -to us on earth. His sympathy for bereaved -friends was marked by the tenderest feeling. -“It’s all right,” he would say bravely, and he<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[64]</span> -did believe, sincerely, in a benign Providence -that makes things “right.”</p> - -<p>Here was a life singularly blessed in all its -circumstances and in the abundant realization -of its hopes and aims. Few poets of any -period have received so generous an expression -of public regard and affection as fell to Riley’s -lot. The very simplicity of his message and the -melodious forms in which it was delivered won -him the wide hearing that he enjoyed and that -seems likely to be his continuing reward far -into the future. Yale wrote him upon her rolls -as a Master of Arts, the University of Pennsylvania -made him a Doctor of Letters. The American -Academy of Arts and Letters bestowed -upon him its gold medal in the department of -poetry; his last birthdays were observed in -many parts of the country. Honor, love, obedience, -troops of friends were his happy portion, -and he left the world richer for the faith -and hope and honest mirth that he brought -to it.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[65]</span> - -<h2 class="nobreak">THE CHEERFUL BREAKFAST TABLE</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center">“A good, honest, wholesome, hungry breakfast.”</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="marginleft">—<i>The Compleat Angler.</i></span></p> - -<p class="drop-cap">“ONE fine morning in the full London -season, Major Arthur Pendennis came -over from his lodgings, according to -his custom, to breakfast at a certain club in -Pall Mall, of which he was a chief ornament.” -This has always seemed to me the noblest possible -opening for a tale. The zest of a fine morning -in London, the deliberation of a gentleman -taking his ease in his club and fortifying himself -against the day’s events with a satisfying -breakfast, are communicated to the reader in -a manner that at once inspires confidence and -arouses the liveliest expectations. I shall not -go the length of saying that all novels should -begin with breakfast, but where the disclosures -are to be of moment, and we are to be urged -upon adventures calculated to tax our emotions -or our staying powers, a breakfast table -serves admirably as a point of departure. We<span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[66]</span> -thus begin the imaginary day where the natural -day begins, and we form the acquaintance of -the characters at an hour when human nature -is most satisfactorily and profitably studied.</p> - -<p>It is only a superstition that night alone -affords the proper atmosphere for romance, -and that the curtain must fall upon the first -scene with the dead face of the king’s messenger -upturned to the moon and the landlord -bawling from an upper window to know what -it’s all about. Morning is the beginning of all -things. Its hours breathe life and hope. “Pistols -and coffee!” The phrase whets the appetite -both for the encounter and the cheering cup. -The duel, to be sure, is no longer in favor, and -it is not for me to lament its passing; but I -mention it as an affair of dewy mornings, indelibly -associated with hours when the hand -is steady and courage runs high.</p> - -<p>It may be said with all assurance that breakfast -has fallen into sad neglect, due to the haste -and rush of modern life—the commuter’s -anxiety touching the 8.27, the city man’s fear -that he may not be able to absorb the day’s -news before his car is at the door. Breakfast<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[67]</span> -has become a negligible item of the day’s -schedule. An increasing number of American -citizens are unfit to be seen at the breakfast -hour; and a man, woman, or child who cannot -present a cheery countenance at breakfast is -living an unhealthy life upon the brink of disaster. -A hasty visit to the table, the gulping -of coffee, the vicious snapping of teeth upon -food scarcely looked at, and a wild rush to -keep the first appointment noted on the calendar, -is the poorest possible preparation for a -day of honest work. The man who follows -this practice is a terror to his business associates. -Reports that “the boss isn’t feeling well -this morning” pass about the office, with a -disturbance of the morale that does not make -for the efficiency of the establishment. The -wife who reaches the table dishevelled and -fretful, under compulsion of her conscience, -with the idea that the lord of the house should -not be permitted to fare forth without her -benediction, would do better to keep her bed. -If the eggs are overdone or the coffee is cold -and flavorless, her panicky entrance at the -last moment will not save the situation. A<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[68]</span> -growl from behind the screening newspaper is a -poor return for her wifely self-denial, but she -deserves it. There is guilt upon her soul; if -she had not insisted on taking the Smiths to -supper after the theatre the night before, he -would have got the amount of sleep essential -to his well-being and the curtaining paper -would not be camouflaging a face to which -the good-by kiss at the front door is an affront, -not a caress.</p> - -<p>“Have the children come down yet?” the -lone breakfaster growlingly demands. The maid -replies indifferently that the children have -severally and separately partaken of their -porridge and departed. Her manner of imparting -this information signifies rebellion against -a system which makes necessary the repeated -offering of breakfast to persons who accept -only that they may complain of it. No happier -is the matutinal meal in humbler establishments -where the wife prepares and serves the -food, and buttons up Susie’s clothes or sews a -button on Johnny’s jacket while the kettle -boils. If the husband met a bootlegger in the -alley the previous night it is the wife’s disagreeable<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">[69]</span> -duty to rouse him from his protracted -slumbers; and if, when she has produced -him at the table, he is displeased with -the menu, his resentment, unchecked by those -restraints presupposed of a higher culture, is -manifested in the playful distribution of the -tableware in the general direction of wife and -offspring. The family cluster fearfully at the -door as the head of the house, with surly -resignation, departs for the scene of his daily -servitude with the smoke of his pipe trailing -behind him, animated by no love for the human -race but only by a firm resolution not to lift -his hand until the last echoes of the whistle -have died away.</p> - -<p>It is foreign to my purpose to indict a whole -profession, much less the medical fraternity, -which is so sadly harassed by a generation of -Americans who demand in pills and serums -what its progenitors found in the plough handle -and the axe, and yet I cannot refrain from laying -at the doors of the doctors some burden of -responsibility for the destruction of the breakfast -table. The astute and diplomatic physician, -perfectly aware that he is dealing with an outraged<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">[70]</span> -stomach and that the internal discomfort -is due to overindulgence, is nevertheless -anxious to impose the slightest tax upon the -patient’s self-denial. Breakfast, he reflects, is -no great shakes anyhow, and he suggests that -it be curtailed, or prescribes creamless coffee -or offers some other hint equally banal. This is -wholly satisfactory to Jones, who says with a -sigh of relief that he never cared much for -breakfast, and that he can very easily do without -it.</p> - -<p>About twenty-five years ago some one started -a boom for the breakfastless day as conducive to -longevity. I know persons who have clung stubbornly -to this absurdity. The despicable habit -contributes to domestic unsociability and is, I am -convinced by my own experiments, detrimental -to health. The chief business of the world is -transacted in the morning hours, and I am -reluctant to believe that it is most successfully -done on empty stomachs. Fasting as a spiritual -discipline is, of course, quite another thing; -but fasting by a tired business man under -medical compulsion can hardly be lifted to -the plane of things spiritual. To delete breakfast<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">[71]</span> -from the day’s programme is sheer cowardice, -a confession of invalidism which is well -calculated to reduce the powers of resistance. -The man who begins the day with a proscription -that sets him apart from his neighbors -may venture into the open jauntily, persuading -himself that his abstinence proves his superior -qualities; but in his heart, to say nothing -of his stomach, he knows that he has been -guilty of a sneaking evasion. If he were a normal, -healthy being, he would not be skulking -out of the house breakfastless. Early rising, a -prompt response to the breakfast-bell, a joyous -breaking of the night’s fast is a rite not to be -despised in civilized homes.</p> - -<p>Old age rises early and calls for breakfast -and the day’s news. Grandfather is entitled -to his breakfast at any hour he demands it. -He is at an age when every hour stolen from -the night is fairly plucked from oblivion, and -to offer him breakfast in bed as more convenient -to the household, or with a well-meant intention -of easing the day for him, is merely to -wound his feelings. There is something finely -appealing in the thought of a veteran campaigner<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[72]</span> -in the army of life who doesn’t wait -for the bugle to sound reveille, but kindles -his fire and eats his ration before his young -comrades are awake.</p> - -<p>The failure of breakfast, its growing ill repute -and disfavor are not, however, wholly -attributable to the imperfections of our social -or economic system. There is no more reason -why the homes of the humble should be illumined -by a happy breakfast table than that the -morning scene in abodes of comfort and luxury -should express cheer and a confident faith in -human destiny. Snobbishness must not enter -into this matter of breakfast reform; rich and -poor alike must be persuaded that the morning -meal is deserving of all respect, that it is -the first act of the day’s drama, not to be performed -in a slipshod fashion to spoil the rest -of the play. It is the first chapter of a story, -and every one who has dallied with the art of -fiction knows that not merely the first chapter -but the first line must stir the reader’s imagination.</p> - -<p>Morning has been much sung by the poets, -some of them no doubt wooing the lyre in bed.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">[73]</span> -A bard to my taste, Benjamin S. Parker, an -Indiana pioneer and poet who had lived in a -log cabin and was, I am persuaded, an early -and light-hearted breakfaster, wrote many verses -on which the dew sparkles:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="first">“I had a dream of other days,—</div> -<div class="indent">In golden luxury waved the wheat;</div> -<div class="verse">In tangled greenness shook the maize;</div> -<div class="indent">The squirrels ran with nimble feet,</div> -<div class="verse">And in and out among the trees</div> -<div class="indent">The hangbird darted like a flame;</div> -<div class="verse">The catbird piped his melodies,</div> -<div class="indent">Purloining every warbler’s fame:</div> -<div class="verse">And then I heard triumphal song,</div> -<div class="indent">’Tis morning and the days are long.”</div> -</div></div> - -<p>I hope not to imperil my case for the cheerful -breakfast table by asserting too much in -support of it, but I shall not hesitate to say -that the contemptuous disregard in which -breakfast is now held by thousands of Americans -is indisputably a cause of the low state -to which the family tie has fallen. It is a common -complaint of retrospective elderly persons -that the family life, as our grandparents -knew it, has been destroyed by the haste and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[74]</span> -worry incident to modern conditions. Breakfast—a -leisurely, jolly affair as I would have -it, with every member of the household present -on the stroke of the gong—is unequalled -as a unifying force. The plea that everybody -is in a hurry in the morning is no excuse; if -there is any hour when haste is unprofitable -it is that first morning hour.</p> - -<p>It is impossible to estimate at this writing -the effect of the daylight-saving movement upon -breakfast and civilization. To add an hour -to the work-day is resented by sluggards who, -hearing seven chime, reflect that it is really only -six, and that a little self-indulgence is wholly -pardonable. However, it is to be hoped that the -change, where accepted in good spirit, may -bring many to a realization of the cheer and -inspiration to be derived from early rising.</p> - -<p>A day should not be “jumped into,” but -approached tranquilly and with respect and -enlivened by every element of joy that can -be communicated to it. At noon we are in the -midst of conflict; at nightfall we have won or -lost battles; but in the morning “all is possible -and all unknown.” If we have slept like<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">[75]</span> -honest folk, and are not afraid of a dash of -cold water, we meet the day blithely and with -high expectation. If the day dawn brightly, -there is good reason for sharing its promise -with those who live under the same roof; if -it be dark and rain beats upon the pane, even -greater is the need of family communion, that -every member may be strengthened for valiant -wrestling with the day’s tasks.</p> - -<p>The disorder of the week-day breakfast in -most households is intensified on Sunday morning, -when we are all prone to a very liberal -interpretation of the meaning of a day of rest. -There was a time not so long ago when a very -large proportion of the American people rose on -Sunday morning with no other thought but to go -to church. Children went to Sunday-school, not -infrequently convoyed by their parents. I hold -no brief for the stern inhibitions of the monstrous -Puritan Sunday which hung over childhood -like a gray, smothering cloud. Every one -has flung a brick at Protestantism for its failures -of reconstruction and readjustment to -modern needs, and I am not without my own -shame in this particular. The restoration of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[76]</span> -breakfast to its rightful place would do much -to put a household in a frame of mind for the -contemplation of the infinite. Here, at least, -we are unembarrassed by the urgency of the -tasks of every day; here, for once in the week, -at an hour that may very properly be set forward, -a well-managed family may meet at -table and infuse into the gathering the spirit -of cheerful yesterdays and confident to-morrows.</p> - -<p>No better opportunity is afforded for a -friendly exchange of confidences, for the utterance -of words of encouragement and hope -and cheer. Tommy, if he has been dealt with -firmly in this particular on earlier occasions, -will not revive the old and bothersome question -of whether he shall or shall not go to Sunday-school. -If he is a stranger to that institution -by reason of parental incompetence or -apostasy, the hour is not a suitable one for -mama to make timid suggestions as to the -importance of biblical instruction. Nor will -eighteen-year-old Madeline renew her demand -for a new party dress when this matter was -disposed of definitely Saturday night. Nor<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[77]</span> -will the father, unless he be of the stuff -of which brutes are made, open a debate with -his wife as to whether he shall accompany her -to church or go to the club for a luxurious hour -with the barber. A well-ordered household will -not begin the week by wrangling on a morning -that should, of all mornings, be consecrated to -serenity and peace.</p> - -<p>Great numbers of American households are -dominated by that marvel of the age, the Sunday -newspaper. For this prodigious expression -of journalistic enterprise I have only the warmest -admiration, but I should certainly exclude -it from the breakfast table as provocative of -discord and subversive of discipline. Amusing -as the “funny page” may be, its color scheme -does not blend well either with soft-boiled eggs -or marmalade. Madeline’s appetite for news -of the social world may wait a little, and as -there is no possibility of buying or selling on -the Sabbath-day, the gentleman at the head -of the table may as well curb his curiosity about -the conclusions of the weekly market review. -Fragments of Sunday newspapers scattered -about a breakfast table are not decorative.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[78]</span> -They encourage bad manners and selfishness. -A newspaper is an impudent intrusion at the -table at any time, but on Sunday its presence -is a crime. On an occasion, the late William -Graham Sumner was a guest in my house. -Like the alert, clear-thinking philosopher he -was, he rose early and read the morning paper -before breakfast. He read it standing, and -finding him erect by a window with the journal -spread wide for greater ease in scanning it -quickly, I begged him to be seated. “No,” he -answered; “always read a newspaper standing; -you won’t waste time on it that way.”</p> - -<p>With equal firmness I should exclude the -morning mail from the table. The arrival of -the post is in itself an infringement upon domestic -privacy, and the reading of letters is -deadly to that conversation which alone can -make the table tolerable at any meal. Good -news can wait; bad news is better delayed -until the mind and body are primed to deal -with it. If the son has been “canned” at school, -or if the daughter has overstepped her allowance, -or if some absent member of the family -is ill, nothing can be done about it at the breakfast<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">[79]</span> -table. On the first day of the month, the -dumping of bills on the table, to the accompaniment -of expostulations, regrets, and perhaps -tears, should be forbidden. Few homes -are so controlled by affection and generous -impulses as to make possible the distribution -of bills at a breakfast table without poisoning -the day. A tradesman with the slightest -feeling of delicacy will never mail a bill to -be delivered on the morning of the first -day of the month. Anywhere from the third -or fourth to the twentieth, and so timed as -to be delivered in the afternoon—such would -be my suggestion to the worthy merchant. -The head of the house knows, at dinner time, -the worst that the day has for him; if fortune -has smiled, he is likely to be merciful; if fate -has thrown the dice against him, he will be -humble. And besides, a discreet wife, receiving -an account that has hung over her head ever -since she made that sad, rash purchase, has, -if the bill arrive in the afternoon post, a chance -to conceal the odious thing until such time as -the domestic atmosphere is clear and bright. -Attempts to sneak the dressmaker’s bill under<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">[80]</span> -the coffee-pot are fraught with peril; such concealments -are unworthy of American womanhood. -Let the hour or half-hour at the breakfast -table be kept free of the taint of bargain -and sale, a quiet vestibule of the day, barred -against importunate creditors.</p> - -<p>As against the tendency, so destructive of -good health and mental and moral efficiency, -to slight breakfast, the food manufacturers -have set themselves with praiseworthy determination -to preserve and dignify the meal. -One has but to peruse the advertising pages -of the periodicals to learn of the many tempting -preparations that are offered to grace the -breakfast table. The obtuse, inured to hasty -snatches, nibbles, and sips, are assisted to a -proper appreciation of these preparations by -the most enchanting illustrations. The art of -publicity has spent itself lavishly to lure the -world to an orderly and contemplative breakfast -with an infinite variety of cereals that -have been subjected to processes which make -them a boon to mankind. When I hear of an -addition to the long list, I fly at once to the -grocer to obtain one of the crisp packages, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[81]</span> -hurry home to deposit it with the cook for early -experiment. The adventurous sense is roused -not only by the seductive advertisement but -by the neatness of the container, the ears of -corn or the wheat sheaf so vividly depicted on -the wrapper, or the contagious smile of a -radiant child brandishing a spoon and demanding -more.</p> - -<p>Only a slouchy and unimaginative housewife -will repeat monotonously a breakfast -schedule. A wise rotation, a continual surprise -in the food offered, does much to brighten -the table. The damnable iteration of ham and -eggs has cracked the pillars of many a happy -home. There should be no ground for cavil; -the various items should not only be well-chosen, -but each dish should be fashioned as for -a feast of high ceremony. Gluttony is a grievous -sin; breakfast, I repeat, should be a spiritual -repast. If fruit is all that the soul craves, well -enough; but let it be of paradisiacal perfection. -If coffee and a roll satisfy the stomach’s craving, -let the one be clear and not so bitter as -to keep the imbiber’s heart protesting all day, -and the other hot enough to melt butter and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[82]</span> -of ethereal lightness. The egg is the most sinned -against of all foods. It would seem that no one -could or would wantonly ruin an egg, a thing -so useful, so inoffensive; and yet the proper -cooking of an egg is one of the most difficult of -all culinary arts. Millions of eggs are ruined -every year in American kitchens. Better that -the whole annual output should be cast into -the sea than that one egg should offend the -eye and the palate of the expectant breakfaster.</p> - -<p>It grieves me to be obliged to confess that -in hotels and on dining-cars, particularly west -of Pittsburgh, many of my fellow citizens are -weak before the temptation of hot cakes, -drenched in syrup. I have visited homes where -the griddle is an implement frequently invoked -through the winter months, and I have at times, -in my own house, met the buckwheat cake -and the syrup jug and meekly fallen before -their combined assault; but the sight of a man -eating hot cakes on a flying train, after a night -in a sleeper, fills me with a sense of desolation. -Verily it is not alone the drama that the tired -business man has brought to low estate!</p> - -<p>Sausage and buckwheat cakes have never<span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[83]</span> -appealed to me as an inevitable combination -like ham and eggs. Beefsteak and onions at -the breakfast hour are only for those who expect -to devote the remainder of the day to -crime or wood-chopping. The scent in itself -is not the incense for rosy-fingered morn; and -steak at breakfast, particularly in these times -of perpendicular prices, speaks for vulgar -display rather than generosity.</p> - -<p>The history of breakfast, the many forms -that it has known, the customs of various tribes -and nations, assist little in any attempt to re-establish -the meal in public confidence. Plato -may have done his loftiest thinking on an -empty stomach; I incline to the belief that -Sophocles was at all times a light breakfaster; -Horace must regret that he passed into the -Elysian Fields without knowing the refreshing -qualities of a grapefruit. If my post-mortem -terminal were less problematical, I should like -to carry him a grapefruit—a specimen not -chilled to death in cold storage—and divide -it with him, perhaps adding a splash of -Falernian for memory’s sake. But the habits -of the good and great of olden times are not<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[84]</span> -of the slightest importance to us of twentieth-century -America. Still, not to ignore wholly -the familiar literary associations suggested by -my subject, Samuel Rogers and his weakness -for entertaining at breakfast shall have honorable -mention. Rogers’s breakfasts, one of his -contemporaries hinted, were a cunning test -of the fitness of the guests to be promoted to -the host’s dinner table—a process I should -have reversed, on the theory that the qualifications -for breakfast guests are far more exacting -than those for a dinner company. We -have testimony that Rogers’s breakfasts, informal -and with every one at ease, were much -more successful than his dinners. Wordsworth, -Coleridge, Byron and Moore, Southey and -Macaulay, the Duke of Wellington and Lord -John Russell were fellows to make a lively -breakfast table. At one of these functions Coleridge -talked for three hours on poetry, an occasion -on which, we may assume, the variety -or quality of the food didn’t matter greatly.</p> - -<p>Breakfast as a social medium has never -flourished in America, chiefly because of our -lack of leisure. Where recognized at all it is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[85]</span> -thrown into the middle of the day where it -becomes an anomaly, an impudent intrusion. -A breakfast that is a luncheon is not a breakfast, -but a concession to the Philistines. Once, -with considerable difficulty, I persuaded a -lady of my acquaintance to undertake to popularize -breakfast by asking a company, few -and fit, for eight o’clock. The first party was -delightful, and the second, moved along to -nine, was equally successful. But the hostess -was so pleased with her success that she increased -the number of guests to a dozen and -then to fifteen, and advanced the hour to noon, -with the result that the felicity of the earlier -hours was lost. One must have a concrete programme -to be of service in these reforms, and -I shall say quite fearlessly that a round table -set for six is the ideal arrangement.</p> - -<p>A breakfast must be planned with greatest -care. It should never be resorted to as a means -of paying social debts, but arranged with the -utmost independence. Where a wife is a desirable -guest and the husband is not, there is -no reason why a plate should be wasted. On -the other hand, I should as rigidly exclude the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">[86]</span> -wife who is socially a non-conductor. The talk -at a breakfast table must be spirited, and it -will not be otherwise if the company is well -chosen. It’s an absurd idea that candle-light -is essential to sociability and that wit will not -sparkle in the early morning. Some of the best -talk I ever listened to has been at breakfast -tables, where the guests conversed freely under -the inspiration of a mounting sun. Doctor -Holmes clearly believed the breakfast hour -appropriate for the disclosure of the sprightliest -philosophy.</p> - -<p>An American novelist once explained that -he did his writing in the afternoon because he -couldn’t make love in the morning. Not make -love in the morning! The thought is barbarous. -Morning is of sentiment all compact. Morning -to the lover who possesses a soul is washed -with Olympian dews. The world is all before -him where to choose and his heart is his only -guide. Love is not love that fears the morning -light.... There was a house by the sea, -whence a girl used to dart forth every morning -for a run over the rocks. We used to watch -her from our windows, admiring the lightness<span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">[87]</span> -of her step, her unconscious grace as she -was silhouetted on some high point of the shore -against the blue of sea and sky. It was to think -of him, her lover, in the free sanctuary of the -new, clean day that she ran that morning race -with her own spirits. And he, perhaps knowing -that she was thus preparing herself for their -first meeting, would fly after her, and they -would come running back, hand in hand, and -appear with glowing cheeks and shining eyes -at the breakfast table, to communicate to the -rest of us the joy of youth.</p> - -<p>There are houses in which participation in -the family breakfast is frankly denied to the -guest, who is informed that by pressing a -button in his room coffee will appear at any -hour that pleases his fancy. Let us consider -this a little. The ideal guest is rare; the number -of persons one really enjoys having about, -free to penetrate the domestic arcana, is small -indeed. This I say who am not an inhospitable -soul. That a master and mistress should keep -the morning free is, however, no sign of unfriendliness; -the shoving of breakfast into a -room does not argue necessarily for churlishness,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">[88]</span> -and I have never so interpreted it. A -hostess has her own affairs to look after, and -the despatch of trays up-stairs enables her to -guard her morning from invasion. Still, in a -country house, a guest is entitled to a fair shot -at the morning. The day is happier when the -household assembles at a fixed hour not to be -trifled with by a lazy and inconsiderate guest.</p> - -<p>Moreover, we are entitled to know what our -fellows look like in the morning hours. I have -spoken of lovers, and there is no sterner test -of the affections than a breakfast-table inspection. -Is a yawn unbecoming? We have a right -to know with what manner of yawn we are to -spend our lives. Is it painful to listen to the -crunching of toast in the mouth of the adored? -Is the wit laggard in the morning hours when -it should be at its nimblest? These are grave -matters not lightly to be brushed aside. At -breakfast the blemish in the damask cheek -publishes itself shamelessly; an evil temper -that is subdued by candle-light will betray -itself over the morning coffee. At breakfast -we are what we are, and not what we may make -ourselves for good or ill before the stars twinkle.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">[89]</span>I protest against breakfast in bed as not -only unsocial but unbecoming in the children -of democracy. I have never succumbed to this -temptation without experiencing a feeling of -humiliation and cowardice. A proper punishment -for such self-indulgence is inflicted by -the stray crumbs that lodge between the sheets -unless one be highly skilled in the handling -of breakfast trays. Crumbs in bed! Procrustes -missed a chance here. The presence of emptied -dishes in a bedroom is disheartening in itself; -the sight of them brings to a sensitive soul a -conviction of incompetence and defeat. You -cannot evade their significance; they are the -wreck of a battle lost before you have buckled -on your armor or fired an arrow at the foe. -My experiments have been chiefly in hotels, -where I have shrunk from appearing in a vast -hall built for banqueting and wholly unsuitable -for breakfasting; but better suffer this -gloomy isolating experience than huddle between -covers and balance a tray on stubborn -knees that rebel at the indignity.</p> - -<p>The club breakfast is an infamous device -designed to relieve the mind of what should be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[90]</span> -the pleasant privilege of selection. I am uninformed -as to who invented this iniquity of -numbered alternatives, but I unhesitatingly -pronounce him an enemy of mankind. Already -too many forces are operating to beat -down the imagination. I charge this monstrosity -upon the propagandists of realism; -certainly no romanticist in the full possession -of his powers would tolerate a thing so deadly -to the play of fancy. I want neither the No. 7 -nor the No. 9 prescribed on the card; and the -waiter’s index finger wabbling down the margin -in an attempt to assist me is an affront, an -impudence. Breakfast should be an affair between -man and his own soul; a business for -the initiative, not the referendum.</p> - -<p>Breakfast out of doors is the ideal arrangement, -or in winter under an ample screen of -glass. My own taste is for a perspective of sea -or lake; but a lusty young river at the elbow -is not to be despised. The camper, of course, -has always the best of it; a breakfast of fresh-caught -trout with an Indian for company serves -to quicken such vestiges of the primitive as remain -in us. But we do not, if we are wise, wait<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[91]</span> -for ideal conditions. It is a part of the great -game of life to make the best of what we have, -particularly in a day that finds the world -spinning madly “down the ringing grooves -of change.”</p> - -<p>The breakfast table must be made a safe -place for humanity, an inspirational centre of -democracy. A land whose people drowsily turn -over for another nap at eight o’clock, or languidly -ring for coffee at eleven, is doomed to -destruction. Of such laziness is unpreparedness -born—the vanguard of the enemy already -howling at the postern; treason rampant in -the citadel; wailing in the court. Breakfast, a -sensible meal at a seasonable hour; sausage or -beefsteak if you are capable of such atrocities; -or only a juicy orange if your appetite be -dainty; but breakfast, a cheerful breakfast -with family or friends, no matter how great -the day’s pressure. This, partaken of in a mood -of kindliness and tolerance toward all the world, -is a definite accomplishment. By so much we -are victors, and whether the gulfs wash us down -or we sight the happy isles we have set sail with -flags flying and to the stirring roll of drums.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">[92]</span> - -<h2 class="nobreak">THE BOULEVARD OF ROGUES</h2> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap">NOTHING was ever funnier than Barton’s -election to the city council. -However, it occurs to me that if I’m -going to speak of it at all, I may as well tell -the whole story.</p> - -<p>At the University Club, where a dozen of -us have met for luncheon every business day -for many years, Barton’s ideas on the subject -of municipal reform were always received in -the most contumelious fashion. We shared his -rage that things were as they were, but as practical -business men we knew that there was no -remedy. A city, Barton held, should be conducted -like any other corporation. Its affairs -are so various, and touch so intimately the -comfort and security of all of us, that it is imperative -that they be administered by servants -of indubitable character and special training. -He would point out that a citizen’s rights and -privileges are similar to those of a stockholder, -and that taxes are in effect assessments to -which we submit only in the belief that the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">[93]</span> -sums demanded are necessary to the wise handling -of the public business; that we should be -as anxious for dividends in the form of efficient -and economical service as we are for cash dividends -in other corporations.</p> - -<p>There is nothing foolish or unreasonable in -these notions; but most of us are not as ingenious -as Barton, or as resourceful as he in -finding means of realizing them.</p> - -<p>Barton is a lawyer and something of a cynic. -I have never known a man whose command -of irony equalled his. He usually employed it, -however, with perfect good nature, and it was -impossible to ruffle him. In the court-room I -have seen him the target for attacks by a formidable -array of opposing counsel, and have -heard him answer an hour’s argument in an -incisive reply compressed into ten minutes. -His suggestions touching municipal reforms -were dismissed as impractical, which was absurd, -for Barton is essentially a practical man, -as his professional successes clearly proved -before he was thirty. He maintained that one -capable man, working alone, could revolutionize -a city’s government if he set about it in the right<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">[94]</span> -spirit; and he manifested the greatest scorn for -“movements,” committees of one hundred, and -that sort of thing. He had no great confidence in -the mass of mankind or in the soundness of -the majority. His ideas were, we thought, often -fantastic, but it could never be said that he -lacked the courage of his convictions. He once -assembled round a mahogany table the presidents -of the six principal banks and trust companies -in our town and laid before them a plan -by which, through the smothering of the city’s -credit, a particularly vicious administration -might be brought to terms. The city finances -were in a bad way, and, as the result of a policy -of wastefulness and short-sightedness, the administration -was constantly seeking temporary -loans, which the local banks were expected to -carry. Barton dissected the municipal budget -before the financiers, and proposed that, as -another temporary accommodation was about -to be asked, they put the screws on the mayor -and demand that he immediately force the -resignations of all his important appointees -and replace them with men to be designated -by three citizens to be named by the bankers.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">[95]</span> -Barton had carefully formulated the whole -matter, and he presented it with his usual clarity -and effectiveness; but rivalry between the -banks for the city’s business, and fear of incurring -the displeasure of some of their individual -depositors who were closely allied -with the bosses of the bipartisan machine, -caused the scheme to be rejected. Our lunch-table -strategy board was highly amused by -Barton’s failure, which was just what we had -predicted.</p> - -<p>Barton accepted his defeat with equanimity -and spoke kindly of the bankers as good men -but deficient in courage. But in the primaries -the following spring he got himself nominated -for city councilman. No one knew just how -he had accomplished this. Of course, as things -go in our American cities, no one qualified for -membership in a university club is eligible -for any municipal office, and no man of our -acquaintance had ever before offered himself -for a position so utterly without honor or -dignity. Even more amazing than Barton’s -nomination was Barton’s election. Our councilmen -are elected at large, and we had assumed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">[96]</span> -that any strength he might develop in the -more prosperous residential districts would be -overbalanced by losses in industrial neighborhoods.</p> - -<p>The results proved to be quite otherwise. -Barton ran his own campaign. He made no -speeches, but spent the better part of two -months personally appealing to mechanics and -laborers, usually in their homes or on their -door-steps. He was at pains to keep out of the -newspapers, and his own party organization -(he is a Republican) gave him only the most -grudging support.</p> - -<p>We joked him a good deal about his election -to an office that promised nothing to a man -of his type but annoyance and humiliation. -His associates in the council were machine -men, who had no knowledge whatever of enlightened -methods of conducting cities. The -very terminology in which municipal government -is discussed by the informed was as -strange to them as Sanskrit. His Republican -colleagues cheerfully ignored him, and shut -him out of their caucuses; the Democrats resented -his appearance in the council chamber<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">[97]</span> -as an unwarranted intrusion—“almost an indelicacy,” -to use Barton’s own phrase.</p> - -<p>The biggest joke of all was Barton’s appointment -to the chairmanship of the Committee -on Municipal Art. That this was the only recognition -his associates accorded to the keenest -lawyer in the State—a man possessing a broad -knowledge of municipal methods, gathered in -every part of the world—was ludicrous, it must -be confessed; but Barton was not in the least -disturbed, and continued to suffer our chaff -with his usual good humor.</p> - -<p>Barton is a secretive person, but we learned -later that he had meekly asked the president -of the council to give him this appointment. -And it was conferred upon him chiefly because -no one else wanted it, there being, obviously, -“nothing in” municipal art discernible to the -bleared eye of the average councilman.</p> - -<p>About that time old Sam Follonsby died, -bequeathing half a million dollars—twice as -much as anybody knew he had—to be spent -on fountains and statues in the city parks and -along the boulevards.</p> - -<p>The many attempts of the administration<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">[98]</span> -to divert the money to other uses; the efforts -of the mayor to throw the estate into the hands -of a trust company in which he had friends—these -matters need not be recited here.</p> - -<p>Suffice it to say that Barton was equal to -all the demands made upon his legal genius. -When the estate was settled at the end of a -year, Barton had won every point. Follonsby’s -money was definitely set aside by the court -as a special fund for the objects specified by -the testator, and Barton, as the chairman of -the Committee on Municipal Art, had so tied -it up in a legal mesh of his own ingenious contriving -that it was, to all intents and purposes, -subject only to his personal check.</p> - -<p>It was now that Barton, long irritated by -the indifference of our people to the imperative -need of municipal reform, devised a plan -for arousing the apathetic electorate. A philosopher, -as well as a connoisseur in the fine -arts, he had concluded that our whole idea of -erecting statues to the good and noble serves -no purpose in stirring patriotic impulses in the -bosoms of beholders. There were plenty of -statues and not a few tablets in our town commemorating<span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">[99]</span> -great-souled men, but they suffered -sadly from public neglect. And it must -be confessed that the average statue, no matter -how splendid the achievements of its subject, -is little regarded and serves only passively as -a reminder of public duty. With what has -seemed to me a sublime cynicism, Barton proceeded -to spend Follonsby’s money in a manner -at once novel and arresting. He commissioned -one of the most distinguished sculptors in the -country to design a statue; and at the end of -his second year in the council (he had been -elected for four years), it was set up on the -new boulevard that parallels the river.</p> - -<p>His choice of a subject had never been made -known, so that curiosity was greatly excited -on the day of the unveiling. Barton had brought -the governor of an adjoining State, who was -just then much in the public eye as a fighter -of grafters, to deliver the oration. It was a -speech with a sting to it, but our people had -long been hardened to such lashings. The mayor -spoke in praise of the civic spirit which had -impelled Follonsby to make so large a bequest -to the public; and then, before five thousand<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">[100]</span> -persons, a little schoolgirl pulled the cord, and -the statue, a splendid creation in bronze, was -exposed to the amazed populace.</p> - -<p>I shall not undertake to depict the horror -and chagrin of the assembled citizens when -they beheld, instead of the statue of Follonsby, -which they were prepared to see, or a symbolic -representation of the city itself as a flower-crowned -maiden, the familiar pudgy figure, -reproduced with the most cruel fidelity, of -Mike O’Grady, known as “Silent Mike,” a -big bipartisan boss who had for years dominated -municipal affairs, and who had but lately -gone to his reward. The inscription in itself -was an ironic master-stroke:</p> - -<p class="center">To<br> -Michael P. O’Grady<br> -Protector of Saloons, Friend of Crooks<br> -For Ten Years a City Councilman<br> -Dominating the Affairs of the Municipality<br> -This Statue is Erected<br> -By Grateful Fellow-Citizens<br> -In Recognition of his Public Services</p> - -<p>The effect of this was tremendously disturbing, -as may be imagined. Every newspaper in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">[101]</span> -America printed a picture of the O’Grady -statue; our rival cities made merry over it at -our expense. The Chamber of Commerce, incensed -at the affront to the city’s good name, -passed resolutions condemning Barton in the -bitterest terms; the local press howled; a mass-meeting -was held in our biggest hall to voice -public indignation. But amid the clamor Barton -remained calm, pointing to the stipulation -in Follonsby’s will that his money should be -spent in memorials of men who had enjoyed -most fully the confidence of the people. And as -O’Grady had been permitted for years to run -the town about as he liked, with only feeble -protests and occasional futile efforts to get rid -of him, Barton was able to defend himself -against all comers.</p> - -<p>Six months later Barton set up on the same -boulevard a handsome tablet commemorating -the services of a mayor whose venality had -brought the city to the verge of bankruptcy, -and who, when his term of office expired, had -betaken himself to parts unknown. This was -greeted with another outburst of rage, much -to Barton’s delight. After a brief interval another<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">[102]</span> -tablet was placed on one of the river -bridges. The building of that particular bridge -had been attended with much scandal, and -the names of the councilmanic committee who -were responsible for it were set forth over these -figures:</p> - -<table> -<tr><td>Cost to the People</td><td class="tdr"> $249,950.00</td></tr> -<tr><td>Cost to the Council        </td><td class="tdr"> 131,272.81</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdr" colspan="2">—————</td></tr> -<tr><td>     Graft</td><td class="tdr"> $118,677.19</td></tr> -</table> - -<p>The figures were exact and a matter of record. -An impudent prosecuting attorney who had -broken with the machine had laid them before -the public some time earlier; but his efforts -to convict the culprits had been frustrated by -a judge of the criminal court who took orders -from the bosses. Barton broke his rule against -talking through the newspapers by issuing a -caustic statement imploring the infuriated -councilmen to sue him for libel as they threatened -to do.</p> - -<p>The city was beginning to feel the edge of -Barton’s little ironies. At the club we all realized -that he was animated by a definite and -high purpose in thus flaunting in enduring -bronze the shame of the city.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">[103]</span>“It is to such men as these,” said Barton, -referring to the gentlemen he had favored with -his statue and tablets, “that we confide all -our affairs. For years we have stupidly allowed -a band of outlaws to run our town. They spend -our money; they manage in their own way -large affairs that concern all of us; they sneer -at all the forces of decency; they have made -serfs of us. These scoundrels are our creatures, -and we encourage and foster them; they represent -us and our ideals, and it’s only fitting that -we should publish their merits to the world.”</p> - -<p>While Barton was fighting half a dozen injunction -suits brought to thwart the further -expenditure of Follonsby’s money for memorials -of men of notorious misfeasance or malfeasance, -another city election rolled round. By this -time there had been a revulsion of feeling. The -people began to see that after all there might -be a way of escape. Even the newspapers that -had most bitterly assailed Barton declared -that he was just the man for the mayoralty, -and he was fairly driven into office at the head -of a non-partisan municipal ticket.</p> - -<p>The Boulevard of Rogues we called it for<span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">[104]</span> -a time. But after Barton had been in the -mayor’s office a year he dumped the O’Grady -statue into the river, destroyed the tablets, -and returned to the Follonsby Fund out of -his own pocket the money he had paid for them. -Three noble statues of honest patriots now -adorn the boulevard, and half a dozen beautiful -fountains have been distributed among -the parks.</p> - -<p>The Barton plan is, I submit, worthy of all -emulation. If every boss-ridden, machine-managed -American city could once visualize its -shame and folly as Barton compelled us to -do, there would be less complaint about the -general failure of local government. There is, -when you come to think of it, nothing so preposterous -in the idea of perpetuating in outward -and visible forms the public servants we -humbly permit to misgovern us. Nothing could -be better calculated to quicken the civic impulse -in the lethargic citizen than the enforced -contemplation of a line of statues erected to -rascals who have prospered at the expense of -the community.</p> - -<p>I’m a little sorry, though, that Barton never<span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">[105]</span> -carried out one of his plans, which looked to -the planting in the centre of a down-town park -of a symbolic figure of the city, felicitously -expressed by a barroom loafer dozing on a -whiskey barrel. I should have liked it, and -Barton confessed to me the other day that he -was a good deal grieved himself that he had not -pulled it off!</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">[106]</span> - -<h2 class="nobreak">THE OPEN SEASON FOR AMERICAN<br> -NOVELISTS</h2> - -<p class="ph1">[1915]</p> -</div> - -<h3>I</h3> - -<p class="drop-cap">THIS is the open season for American -novelists. The wardens are in hiding -and any one with a blunderbuss and a -horn of powder is entitled to all the game he -can kill. The trouble was started by Mr. Edward -Garnett, a poacher from abroad, who -crawled under the fence and wrought great -havoc before he was detected. His invasion -roused the envy of scores of native hunters, -and at their behest all laws for game protection -have been suspended, to satisfy the general -craving for slaughter. Mr. Owen Wister on his -bronco leads the field, a daring and orgulous -knight, sincerely jealous for the good name of -the ranges. The fact that I was once beguiled -by an alluring title into purchasing one of his -books in the fond hope that it would prove to -be a gay romance about a lady, only to find -that the heroine was, in fact, a cake, does not<span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">[107]</span> -alter my amiable feelings toward him. I made -a pious pilgrimage to the habitat of that cake -and invested in numerous replicas for distribution -all the way from Colorado to Maine, accompanied -by copies of the novel that so -adroitly advertised it—a generosity which I -have refrained from mentioning to Mr. Wister -or his publisher to this day.</p> - -<p>Mr. Wister’s personal experiences have -touched our oldest and newest civilization, -and it is not for me to quarrel with him. Nor -should I be saddling Rosinante for a trot over -the fearsome range had he not taken a pot -shot at poor old Democracy, that venerable -offender against the world’s peace and dignity. -To drive Mr. Bryan and Mr. Harold Bell -Wright into a lonely cleft of the foot-hills and -rope and tie them together seems to me an -act of inhumanity unworthy of a good sportsman. -As I am unfamiliar with Mr. Wright’s -writings, I can only express my admiration -for Mr. Wister’s temerity in approaching them -close enough to apply the branding-iron. Mr. -Bryan as the protagonist of Democracy may -not be dismissed so easily. To be sure, he has<span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">[108]</span> -never profited by any ballot of mine, but he -has at times laid the lash with a sure hand on -shoulders that needed chastisement. However, -it is the free and unlimited printing of novels -that here concerns us, not the consecration of -silver.</p> - -<p>Democracy is not so bad as its novels, nor, -for that matter, is a constitutional monarchy. -The taste of many an American has been debased -by English fiction. At the risk of appearing -ungracious, I fling in Mr. Garnett’s teeth -an armful of the writings of Mr. Hall Caine, -Mrs. Barclay, and Marie Corelli. The slightest -regard for the literary standards of a young -and struggling republic should prompt the -mother country to keep her trash at home. It -is our most grievous sin that we have merely -begun to manufacture our own rubbish, in a -commendable spirit of building up home industries. -In my youth I was prone to indulge in -pirated reprints of engrossing tales of adorable -curates’ nieces who were forever playing Cinderella -at hunt balls, and breaking all the hearts -in the county. They were dukes’ daughters, -really, changed in the cradle—Trollope, with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">[109]</span> -a dash of bitters; but their effect upon me I -believe to have been baneful.</p> - -<p>A lawyer of my acquaintance used to remark -in opening a conference with opposing -counsel: “I am merely thinking aloud; I don’t -want to be bound by anything I say.” It is a -good deal in this spirit that I intrude upon -the field of carnage, fortified with a white flag -and a Red Cross badge. The gentle condescension -of foreign critics we shall overlook as -lacking in novelty; moreover, Mr. Lowell disposed -of that attitude once and for all time.</p> - -<p>If anything more serious is to be required -in this engagement than these casual shots -from my pop-gun I hastily tender my proxy -to Mr. Howells. And I am saying (in a husky -aside) that if in England, our sadly myopic -stepmother, any one now living has served -letters with anything like the high-minded -devotion of Mr. Howells, or with achievements -comparable to his for variety, sincerity, and -distinction, I shall be glad to pay postage for -his name.</p> - -<p>We must not call names or make faces, but -address ourselves cheerfully to the business at<span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">[110]</span> -hand. The American novel is, beyond question, -in a bad way. Something is radically wrong -with it. The short story, too, is under fire. Professor -Canby would clap a Russian blouse on -it and restore its first fine careless rapture. -He makes out a good case and I cheerfully -support his cause, with, however, a reservation -that we try the effect of American overalls -and jumper before committing ourselves fully -to Slavic vestments. In my anxiety to be of -service to the friends of American fiction, I -am willing to act as pall-bearer or officiating -minister, or even as corpse, with proper guaranties -of decent burial.</p> - -<h3>II</h3> - -<p>Our slow advance in artistic achievement -has been defended on the plea that we have -no background, no perspective, and that our -absorption in business affairs leaves no time -for that serene contemplation of life that is -essential to the highest attainments. To omit -the obvious baccalaureate bromide that we are -inheritors of the lore of all the ages, it may be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">[111]</span> -suggested that our deficiencies in the creative -arts are overbalanced by the prodigious labors -of a people who have lived a great drama in -founding and maintaining a new social and -political order within little more than a century.</p> - -<p>Philosophers intent upon determining the -causes of our failure to contribute more importantly -to all the arts have suggested that -our creative genius has been diverted into -commercial and industrial channels; that Bell -and Edison have stolen and imprisoned the -Promethean fire, while the altars of the arts -have been left cold. Instead of sending mankind -whirling over hill and dale at a price within -the reach of all, Mr. Henry Ford might have -been our enlaurelled Thackeray if only he had -been born beneath a dancing star instead of -under the fiery wheels of Ezekiel’s vision.</p> - -<p>The preachiness of our novels, of which critics -complain with some bitterness, may be reprehensible, -but it is not inexplicable. We are a -people bred upon the Bible; it was the only -book carried into the wilderness; it still has -a considerable following among us, and all<span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">[112]</span> -reports of our depravity are greatly exaggerated. -We are inured to much preaching. -We tolerate where we do not admire Mr. Bryan, -because he is the last of the circuit-riders, a -tireless assailant of the devil and all his works.</p> - -<p>I am aware of growls from the Tory benches -as I timidly venture the suggestion—fully -conscious of its impiety—that existing cosmopolitan -standards may not always with -justice be applied to our literary performances. -The late Colonel Higginson once supported -this position with what strikes me as an excellent -illustration. “When,” he wrote, “a -vivacious Londoner like Mr. Andrew Lang -attempts to deal with that profound imaginative -creation, Arthur Dimmesdale in <i>The Scarlet -Letter</i>, he fails to comprehend him from an -obvious and perhaps natural want of acquaintance -with the whole environment of the man. -To Mr. Lang he is simply a commonplace clerical -Lovelace, a dissenting clergyman caught -in a shabby intrigue. But if this clever writer -had known the Puritan clergy as we know them, -the high priests of a Jewish theocracy, with the -whole work of God in a strange land resting on<span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">[113]</span> -their shoulders, he would have comprehended -the awful tragedy in this tortured soul.”</p> - -<p>In the same way the exalted place held by -Emerson in the affections of those of us who -are the fortunate inheritors of the Emerson -tradition can hardly be appreciated by foreign -critics to whom his writings seem curiously -formless and his reasoning absurdly tangential. -He may not have been a great philosopher, but -he was a great philosopher for America. There -were English critics who complained bitterly of -Mark Twain’s lack of “form,” and yet I can -imagine that his books might have lost the -tang and zest we find in them if they had conformed -to Old-World standards.</p> - -<p>On the other hand, the English in which -our novels are written must be defended by -abler pens than mine. Just why American prose -is so slouchy, so lacking in distinction, touches -questions that are not for this writing. I shall -not even “think aloud” about them! And yet, -so great is my anxiety to be of service and to -bring as much gaiety to the field as possible, -that I shall venture one remark: that perhaps -the demand on the part of students in our colleges<span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">[114]</span> -to be taught to write short stories, novels, -and dramas—and the demand is insistent—has -obscured the importance of mastering a -sound prose before any attempt is made to employ -it creatively. It certainly cannot be complained -that the literary impulse is lacking, -when publishers, editors, and theatrical producers -are invited to inspect thousands of -manuscripts every year. The editor of a popular -magazine declares that there are only -fifteen American writers who are capable of -producing a “good” short story; and this, -too, at a time when short fiction is in greater -demand than ever before, and at prices that -would cause Poe and De Maupassant to turn -in their graves. A publisher said recently that -he had examined twenty novels from one writer, -not one of which he considered worth publishing.</p> - -<p>Many, indeed, are called but few are chosen, -and some reason must be found for the low -level of our fiction where the output is so great. -The fault is not due to unfavorable atmospheric -conditions, but to timidity on the part -of writers in seizing upon the obvious American<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">[115]</span> -material. Sidney Lanier remarked of Poe that -he was a great poet, but that he did not know -enough—meaning that life in its broad aspects -had not touched him. A lack of “information,” -of understanding and vision, is, I should say, -the fundamental weakness of the American -novel. To see life steadily and whole is a large -order, and prone as we are to skim light-heartedly -the bright surfaces, we are not easily -to be persuaded to creep to the rough edges -and peer into the depths. We have not always -been anxious to welcome a “physician of the -iron age” capable of reading “each wound, -each weakness clear,” and saying “thou ailest -here and here”! It is not “competent” for -the artist to plead the unattractiveness of his -material at the bar of letters; it is his business -to make the best of what he finds ready -to his hand. It is because we are attempting to -adjust humanity to new ideals of liberty that -we offer to ourselves, if not to the rest of the -world, a pageant of ceaseless interest and variety.</p> - -<p>It may be that we are too much at ease in -our Zion for a deeper probing of life than our<span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">[116]</span> -fiction has found it agreeable to make. And -yet we are a far soberer people than we were -when Mr. Matthew Arnold complained of our -lack of intellectual seriousness. The majority -has proved its soundness in a number of instances -since he wrote of us. We are less impatient -of self-scrutiny. Our newly awakened -social consciousness finds expression in many -books of real significance, and it is inevitable -that our fiction shall reflect this new sobriety.</p> - -<p>Unfortunately, since the passing of our New -England Olympians, literature as a vocation -has had little real dignity among us; we have -had remarkably few novelists who have settled -themselves to the business of writing with any -high or serious aim. Hawthorne as a brooding -spirit has had no successor among our fictionists. -Our work has been chiefly tentative, and -all too often the experiments have been made -with an eye on the publisher’s barometer. Literary -gossip is heavy with reports of record-breaking -rapidity of composition. A writer -who can dictate is the envy of an adoring circle; -another who “never revises” arouses even -more poignant despair. The laborious Balzac<span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">[117]</span> -tearing his proofs to pieces seems only a dingy -and pitiable figure. Nobody knows the difference, -and what’s a well-turned sentence more -or less? I saw recently a newspaper editorial -commenting derisively on a novelist’s confession -that he was capable of only a thousand -words a day, the point being that the average -newspaper writer triples this output without -fatigue. Newcomers in the field can hardly -fail to be impressed by these rumors of novels -knocked off in a month or three months, for -which astonishing sums have been paid by -generous magazine editors. We shall have better -fiction as soon as ambitious writers realize -that novel-writing is a high calling, and that -success is to be won only by those who are -willing to serve seven and yet seven other years -in the hope of winning “the crown of time.”</p> - -<p>In his happy characterization of Turgenieff -and his relation to the younger French school -of realists, Mr. James speaks of the “great -back-garden of his Slav imagination and his -Germanic culture, into which the door constantly -stood open, and the grandsons of Balzac -were not, I think, particularly free to accompany<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">[118]</span> -him.” I am further indebted to Mr. -James for certain words uttered by M. Renan -of the big Russian: “His conscience was not -that of an individual to whom nature had been -more or less generous; it was in some sort the -conscience of a people. Before he was born -he had lived for thousands of years; infinite -successions of reveries had amassed themselves -in the depths of his heart. No man has -been as much as he the incarnation of a whole -race: generations of ancestors, lost in the sleep -of centuries, speechless, came through him to -life and utterance.”</p> - -<p>I make no apology for thrusting my tin -dipper again into Mr. James’s bubbling well -for an anecdote of Flaubert, derived from Edmond -de Goncourt. Flaubert was missed one -fine afternoon in a house where he and De -Goncourt were guests, and was found to have -undressed and gone to bed to <i>think</i>!</p> - -<p>I shall not give comfort to the enemy by -any admission that our novelists lack culture -in the sense that Turgenieff and the great -French masters possessed it. A matter of which -I may complain with more propriety is their<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">[119]</span> -lack of “information” (and I hope this term -is sufficiently delicate) touching the tasks and -aims of America. We have been deluged with -“big” novels that are “big” only in the publishers’ -advertisements. New York has lately -been the scene of many novels, but the New -York adumbrated in most of them is only the -metropolis as exposed to the awed gaze of provincial -tourists from the rubber-neck wagon. -Sex, lately discovered for exploitation, has resulted -only in “arrangements” of garbage in -pink and yellow, lightly sprinkled with musk.</p> - -<p>As Rosinante stumbles over the range I am -disposed to offer a few suggestions for the -benefit of those who may ask where, then, -lies the material about which our novelists -are so deficient in “information.” No strong -hand has yet been laid upon our industrial life. -It has been pecked at and trifled with, but -never treated with breadth or fulness. Here -we have probably the most striking social contrasts -the world has ever seen; racial mixtures of -bewildering complexity, the whole flung against -impressive backgrounds and lighted from a -thousand angles. Pennsylvania is only slightly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">[120]</span> -“spotted” on the literary map, and yet between -Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, nearly every possible -phase and condition of life is represented. -Great passions are at work in the fiery aisles of -the steel mills that would have kindled Dostoiefsky’s -imagination. A pillar of cloud by day -and of fire by night marks a limitless field for -the earnest fictionist. A Balzac would find -innumerable subjects awaiting him in the streets -of Wilkesbarre!</p> - -<p>At this point I must bemoan the ill-fortune -that has carried so many American fiction -writers to foreign shores. If Hawthorne had -never seen Italy, but had clung to Salem, I -am disposed to think American literature would -be the richer. If fate had not borne Mr. -Howells to Venice, but had posted him on the -Ohio during the mighty struggle of the ’60’s, -and if Mr. James had been stationed at Chicago, -close to the deep currents of national -feeling, what a monumental library of vital -fiction they might have given us! If Mrs. Wharton’s -splendid gifts had been consecrated to -the service of Pittsburgh rather than New -York and Paris, how much greater might be -our debt to her!</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">[121]</span>Business in itself is not interesting; business -as it reacts upon character is immensely interesting. -Mineral paint has proved to be an -excellent preservative for <i>The Rise of Silas -Lapham</i>, which remains our best novel of business. -But if paint may be turned to account, -why not cotton, wool, and the rest of the trade -catalogue, every item with its own distinct -genesis? In <i>The Turmoil</i> Mr. Tarkington staged, -under a fitting canopy of factory smoke, a significant -drama of the conflict between idealism -and materialism.</p> - -<p>Turning to our preoccupation with politics, -we find another field that is all but fallow. -Few novels of any real dignity may be tendered -as exhibits in this department, and these -are in a sense local—the comprehensive, the -deeply searching, has yet to be done. Mr. -Churchill’s <i>Coniston</i>, and Mr. Brand Whitlock’s -<i>The Thirteenth District</i> are the happiest experiments -I recall, though possibly there are others -of equal importance. Yet politics is not only a -matter of constant discussion in every quarter, -but through and by politics many thousands -solve the problem of existence. Alone of great -national capitals Washington has never been<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">[122]</span> -made the scene of a novel of distinction. Years -ago we had Mrs. Burnett’s <i>Through One Administration</i>, -but it failed to establish itself as a -classic. George Meredith would have found -much in Washington life upon which to exercise -his ironic powers.</p> - -<p>With all our romantic longings it is little -short of amazing that we are not more fecund -in schemes for romantic drama and fiction. -The stage, not to say the market, waits; but -the settings are dingy from much use and the -characters in threadbare costumes strut forth -to speak old familiar lines. Again, there is an -old superstition that we are a humorous people, -and yet humor is curiously absent from recent -fiction. “O. Henry” knew the way to the fountain -of laughter, but contented himself with -the shorter form; <i>Huckleberry Finn</i> seems destined -to stand as our nearest approach to a -novel of typical humor. We have had David -Harums and Mrs. Wiggses a-plenty—kindly -philosophers, often drawn with skill—but the -results are character sketches, not novels.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">[123]</span></p> - -<h3>III</h3> - -<p>It is impossible in a general view of our fiction -to dissociate the novel from the short -story, which, in a way, has sapped its vitality. -An astonishing number of short stories have -shown a grasp of the movement, energy, and -color of American life, but writers who have -succeeded in this field have seemed incapable -of longer flight. And the originality possessed -by a great number of short-story writers seems -to be shared only meagrely by those who experiment -with the novel. When some venturesome -Martian explores the Library of Congress -it may be that in the short-story division he will -find the surest key to what American life has -been. There are few American novels of any -period that can tip the scale against the twenty -best American short stories, chosen for sincerity -and workmanship. It would seem that our creative -talent is facile and true in miniature studies, -but shrinks from an ampler canvas and a broader -brush. Frank Norris’s <i>The Pit</i> and <i>The Octopus</i> -continue to command respect from the fact -that he had a panoramic sense that led him to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">[124]</span> -exercise his fine talents upon a great and important -theme.</p> - -<p>We have had, to be sure, many examples -of the business and political novel, but practically -all of them have been struck from the -same die. A “big” politician or a “big” man of -business, his daughter, and a lover who brazenly -sets himself up to correct the morals of the -powerful parent, is a popular device. Young -love must suffer, but it must not meet with -frustration. In these experiments (if anything -so rigidly prescribed may be said to contain -any element of experiment) a little realism is -sweetened with much romance. In the same -way the quasi-historical novel for years followed -a stereotyped formula: the lover was -preferably a Northern spy within the Southern -lines; the heroine, a daughter of the traditional -aristocratic Southern family. Her shuddersome -ride to seek General Lee’s pardon for -the unfortunate officer condemned to be shot -at daybreak was as inevitable as measles. -The geography might be reversed occasionally -to give a Northern girl a chance, but in any -event her brother’s animosity toward the hero<span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">[125]</span> -was always a pleasing factor. Another ancient -formula lately revived with slight variations -gives us a shaggy, elemental man brought by -shipwreck or other means into contact with -gentle womanhood. In his play <i>The Great Divide</i> -William Vaughn Moody invested this device -with dignity and power, but it would be interesting -to see what trick might be performed -with the same cards if the transformed hero -should finally take his departure for the bright -boulevards, while the heroine seized his bow -and arrow and turned joyfully to the wilderness.</p> - -<p>When our writers cease their futile experimenting -and imitating, and wake up to the -possibilities of American material we shall -have fewer complaints of the impotence of the -American novel. We are just a little impatient -of the holding of the mirror up to nature, but -nevertheless we do not like to be fooled -all the time. And no one is quicker than an -American to “get down to brass tacks,” when -he realizes that he must come to it. Realism -is the natural medium through which a democracy -may “register” (to borrow a term from<span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">[126]</span> -the screen-drama) its changing emotions, its -hopes and failures. We are willing to take our -recreations in imaginary kingdoms, but we -are blessed with a healthy curiosity as to what -really is happening among our teeming millions, -and are not so blind as our foreign critics -and the croakers at home would have us think -as to what we do and feel and believe. But -the realists must play the game straight. They -must paint the wart on the sitter’s nose—though -he refuse to pay for the portrait! Half-hearted -dallying and sidling and compromising -are not getting us anywhere. The flimsiest -romance is preferable to dishonest realism. -It is the meretricious stuff in the guise of realism -that we are all anxious to delete from the -catalogues.</p> - -<p>Having thus, I hope, appeased the realists, -who are an exacting phalanx, difficult to satisfy, -I feel that it is only right, just, and proper to -rally for a moment the scampering hosts of -the romanticists. It is deplorable that Realism -should be so roused to bloodthirstiness by any -intrusion upon the landscape of Romanticism’s -dainty frocks and fluttering ribbons. Before<span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">[127]</span> -Realism was, Romance ruled in many kingdoms. -If Romance had not been, Realism would -not be. Let the Cossacks keep to their side of -the river and behave like gentlemen! Others -have said it who spoke with authority, and I -shall not scruple to repeat that the story for -the story’s sake is a perfectly decent, honorable, -and praiseworthy thing. It is as old as -human nature, and the desire for it will not -perish till man has been recreated. Neither -much argument about it, nor the limning -against the gray Russian sky-line of the august -figures of Dostoiefsky, Tolstoy, and Turgenieff -will change the faith of the many who seek in -fiction cheer and recreation.</p> - -<p>Again, I beg, let us preserve a good temper -as we ponder these matters. More and more -we shall have true realism; but more and more -let us hope for the true romance. Stevenson’s -familiar contributions to the discussion are in -the best vein of the cause he espouses; and although -a New York newspaper referred to -him the other day as the “Caledonian <i>poseur</i>,” -his lantern-bearers continue to signal merrily -from the heights and are not to be confused<span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">[128]</span> -with Realism’s switch targets in the railroad -yards in the valley. The lords of the high pale -brow in classrooms and on the critical dais are -much too contemptuous of Romance. Romance -we must have, to the end of time, no matter -how nobly Realism may achieve. With our predisposition -as a healthy-minded and cheerful -people toward tales of the night-rider and the -scratch of the whip butt on the inn door, it is -unfair to slap Romance on the wrist and post -her off to bed like a naughty stepchild. Even -the stern brow of the realist must relax at times.</p> - -<p>Many people of discernment found pleasure -in our Richard Carvels, Janice Merediths, and -Hugh Wynnes. Miss Johnston’s <i>To Have and -to Hold</i> and <i>Lewis Rand</i> are books one may -enjoy without shame. The stickler for style -need not be scornful of Mrs. Catherwood’s -<i>Lazarre</i> and <i>The Romance of Dollard</i>. Out of -Chicago came Mr. Henry Fuller’s charming -exotic, <i>The Chevalier of Piensieri-Vani</i>. <i>Monsieur -Beaucaire</i> and Miss Sherwood’s <i>Daphne</i> -proved a while ago that all the cherries have -not been shaken from the tree—only the trees -in these cases, unfortunately, were not American.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">[129]</span> -Surely one of these days a new Peter Pan -will fly over an American greenwood. I should -bless the hand that pressed upon me for reading -to-night so diverting a skit as Mr. Vielé’s -<i>The Inn of the Silver Moon</i>. I shall not even -pause to argue with those who are plucking -my coat-tails and whispering that these are -mere trifles, too frivolous to be mentioned -when the novel is the regular order of the conference. -I am looking along the shelf for Stockton, -the fanciful and whimsical. How pleasant -it would be to meet Mrs. Leeks and Mrs. Aleshine -again, or to lodge for a day at another -Squirrel Inn. And yet (O fame, thou fickle -one!) when I asked a young lady the other -day if she knew Stockton, she replied with -emphasis that she did not; that “that old -quaint stuff doesn’t go any more!”</p> - -<p>Having handed Realism a ticket to Pittsburgh -with generous stop-over privileges, I -regret that I am unable to point Romance -to any such promising terminus. But the realm -of Romance is extra-territorial; Realism alone -demands the surveyor’s certificate and abstracts -of title. An Irish poet once assured me<span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">[130]</span> -that fairies are to be found everywhere, and -surely somewhere between Moosehead Lake -and Puget Sound some lad is piping lustily -on a new silver whistle where the deer come -down to drink.</p> - -<h3>IV</h3> - -<p>It is the fashion to attribute to the automobile -and the motion-picture all social phenomena -not otherwise accounted for. The -former has undoubtedly increased our national -restlessness, and it has robbed the evening -lamp of its cosey bookish intimacy. The screen-drama -makes possible the “reading” of a story -with the minimum amount of effort. A generation -bred on the “movies” will be impatient -of the tedious methods of writers who cannot -transform character by a click of the camera, -but require at least four hundred pages to turn -the trick. It is doubtful whether any of the -quasi-historical novels that flourished fifteen -and twenty years ago and broke a succession -of best-selling records would meet with anything -approximating the same amiable reception -if launched to-day. A trained scenario-writer,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">[131]</span> -unembarrassed by literary standards and -intent upon nothing but action, can beat the -melodramatic novelist at his own game every -time. A copyright novel of adventure cannot -compete with the same story at ten cents or -a quarter as presented in the epileptic drama, -where it lays no burden upon the beholder’s -visualizing sense. The resources of the screen -for creating thrills are inexhaustible; it draws -upon the heavens above, the earth beneath, -and the waters under the earth; and as nothing -that can be pictured can be untrue—or so the -confiding “movie” patron, unfamiliar with the -tricks of the business, believes—the screen has -also the great advantage of plausibility.</p> - -<p>The silent drama may therefore exercise a -beneficent influence, if it shall prove to have -shunted into a new channel of publication -great numbers of stories whose justification -between covers was always debatable. Already -many novels of this type have been resurrected -by the industrious screen producers. If, after -the long list has been exhausted, we shall be -spared the “novelization” of screen scenarios -in the fashion of the novelized play, we shall<span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">[132]</span> -be rid of some of the débris that has handicapped -the novelists who have meekly asked -to be taken seriously.</p> - -<p>The fiction magazines also have cut into the -sale of ephemeral novels. For the price of one -novel the uncritical reader may fortify himself -with enough reading matter to keep him -diverted for a month. Nowadays the hurrying -citizen approaches the magazine counter in much -the same spirit in which he attacks the help-yourself -lunch-trough—grabs what he likes and -retires for hurried consumption. It must, however, -be said for the much-execrated magazine -editors that with all their faults and defaults -they are at least alive to the importance and -value of American material. They discovered -O. Henry, now recognized as a writer of significance. -I should like to scribble a marginal note -at this point to the effect that writers who are -praised for style, those who are able to employ -<i>otiose</i>, <i>meticulous</i>, and <i>ineluctable</i> with awe-inspiring -inadvertence in tales of morbid introspection, -are not usually those who are deeply -learned in the ways and manners of that considerable -body of our people who are obliged to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">[133]</span> -work for a living. We must avoid snobbishness -in our speculations as to the available ingredients -from which American fiction must be -made. Baseball players, vaudeville and motion-picture -performers, ladies employed as commercial -travellers, and Potash and Perlmutter, -are all legitimate subjects for the fictionist, -and our millions undoubtedly prefer just now -to view them humorously or romantically.</p> - -<h3>V</h3> - -<p>In our righteous awakening to the serious -plight to which our fiction has come it is not -necessary, nor is it becoming, to point the slow -unmoving finger of scorn at those benighted -but well-meaning folk who in times past did -what they could toward fashioning an American -literature. We all see their errors now; -we deplore their stupidity, we wish they had -been quite different; but why drag their bones -from the grave for defilement? Cooper and -Irving meant well; there are still misguided -souls who find pleasure in them. It was not -Hawthorne’s fault that he so bungled <i>The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">[134]</span> -Scarlet Letter</i>, nor Poe’s that he frittered away -his time inventing the detective story. Our -deep contrition must not betray us into hardness -of heart toward those unconscious sinners, -who cooled their tea in the saucer and never -heard of a samovar!</p> - -<p>There are American novelists whose portraits -I refuse to turn to the wall. Marion Crawford -had very definite ideas, which he set forth -in a most entertaining essay, as to what the -novel should be, and he followed his formula -with happy results. His <i>Saracinesca</i> still seems -to me a fine romance. There was some marrow -in the bones of E. W. Howe’s <i>Story of a Country -Town</i>. I can remember when Miss Woolson -was highly regarded as a writer, and when -Miss Howard’s amusing <i>One Summer</i> seemed -not an ignoble thing. F. J. Stimson, Thomas -Nelson Page, Arthur Sherburne Hardy, Miss -Murfree, Mary Hallock Foote, T. B. Aldrich, -T. R. Sullivan, H. C. Bunner, Robert Grant, -and Harold Frederic all labored sincerely for -the cause of American fiction. F. Hopkinson -Smith told a good story and told it like a gentleman. -Mr. Cable’s right to a place in the front<span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">[135]</span> -rank of American novelists is not, I believe, -questioned in any survey; if <i>The Grandissimes</i> -and <i>Old Creole Days</i> had been written in France, -he would probably be pointed to as an author -well worthy of American emulation.</p> - -<p>No doubt this list might be considerably -expanded, as I am drawing from memory, -and merely suggesting writers whose performances -in most instances synchronize with my -first reading of American novels. I do not believe -we are helping our case materially by -ignoring these writers as though they were a -lot of poor relations whenever a foreign critic -turns his condescending gaze in our direction.</p> - -<h3>VI</h3> - -<p>It is a hopeful sign that we now produce -one or two, or maybe three, good novels a year. -The number is bound to increase as our young -writers of ambition realize that technic and -facility are not the only essentials of success, -but that they must burrow into life—honeycomb -it until their explorations carry them -to the core of it. There are novels that are half<span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">[136]</span> -good; some are disfigured by wabbly characterizations; -or the patience necessary to a proper -development of the theme is lacking. However, -sincerity and an appreciation of the highest -function of the novel as a medium for interpreting -life are not so rare as the critics would -have us believe.</p> - -<p>I have never subscribed to the idea that -the sun of American literature rises in Indiana -and sets in Kansas. We have had much provincial -fiction, and the monotony of our output -would be happily varied by attempts at -something of national scope. It is not to disparage -the small picture that I suggest for -experiment the broadly panoramic—“A Hugo -flare against the night”—but because the novel -as we practise it seems so pitifully small in -contrast with the available material. I am -aware, of course, that a hundred pages are as -good as a thousand if the breath of life is in -them. Flaubert, says Mr. James, <i>made</i> things -big.</p> - -<p>We must escape from this carving of cherry -stones, this contentment with the day of littleness, -this use of the novel as a plaything where<span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">[137]</span> -it pretends to be something else. And it occurs -to me at this juncture that I might have saved -myself a considerable expenditure of ink by -stating in the first place that what the American -novel really needs is a Walt Whitman -to fling a barbaric yawp from the crest of the -Alleghanies and proclaim a new freedom. For -what I have been trying to say comes down -to this: that we shall not greatly serve ourselves -or the world’s literature by attempts to -Russianize, or Gallicize, or Anglicize our fiction, -but that we must strive more earnestly to -Americanize it—to make it express with all -the art we may command the life we are living -and that pretty tangible something that -we call the American spirit.</p> - -<p>The bright angels of letters never appear in -answer to prayer; they come out of nowhere -and knock at unwatched gates. But the wailing -of jeremiads before the high altar is not calculated -to soften the hearts of the gods who -hand down genius from the skies. It is related -that a clerk in the patent office asked to be -assigned to a post in some other department -on the ground that practically everything had<span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">[138]</span> -been invented and he wanted to change before -he lost his job. That was in 1833.</p> - -<p>Courage, comrade! The songs have not all -been written nor the tales all told.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">[139]</span> - -<h2 class="nobreak">THE CHURCH FOR HONEST SINNERS</h2> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap">THE young man who greeted me cheerfully -in the lobby of the hotel in Warburton, -my native town, and handed -me a card setting forth the hours of services -at St. John’s Church, evidently assumed that -I was a commercial traveller. I was in no wise -offended by his mistake, as I sincerely admire -the heralds of prosperity and sit with them at -meat whenever possible. I am a neurologist by -profession, but write occasionally, and was -engaged just then in gathering material for a -magazine article on occupational diseases. A -friend in the Department of Labor had suggested -Warburton as a likely hunting-ground, -as children employed there in a match-factory -were constantly being poisoned, and a paint-factory -also was working dire injury to its -employees.</p> - -<p>“I’m afraid,” I replied to the engaging young -representative of St. John’s Men’s League, -“that my religious views wouldn’t be tolerated -at St. John’s. But I thank you, just the same.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">[140]</span>I had been baptized in St. John’s and remembered -it well from my youth. On my way -up-town from the station I had noted its handsome -new edifice of impeccable Gothic.</p> - -<p>“We have the best music in town, and our -minister is a live wire. He knows how to preach -to men—he’s cut big slices out of the other -churches.”</p> - -<p>“Gives the anxious sinner a clean bill of -health, does he?”</p> - -<p>“Well, most of the leading citizens go there -now,” he answered, politely ignoring my uncalled-for -irony. “Men who never went to -church before; the men who do things in Warburton. -Our minister’s the best preacher in the -diocese. His subject this morning is ‘The Prodigal -Son.’”</p> - -<p>I felt guiltily that the topic might have been -chosen providentially to mark my return, and -it occurred to me that this might be a good -chance to see Warburton in its best bib and -tucker. However, having planned to spend the -morning in the slum which the town had acquired -with its prosperity, I hardened my heart -against the young solicitor, in spite of his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">[141]</span> -unobtrusive and courteous manner of extending -the invitation.</p> - -<p>“You represent a saint’s church,” I remarked, -glancing at the card. “I travel a good -deal and I haven’t found a church specially -designed for sinners like me. I’m uncomfortable -among the saints. I’m not quarrelling -with your church or its name, but I’ve long -had a feeling that our church nomenclature -needs revision. Still, that’s a personal matter. -You’ve done your duty by me, and I’d be glad -to come if I didn’t have another engagement.”</p> - -<p>The pages of a Chicago morning newspaper -that lay across my knees probably persuaded -him that I was lying. However, after a moment’s -hesitation he sat down beside me.</p> - -<p>“That’s funny, what you said about a church -for sinners—but we have one right here in -Warburton; odd you never heard of it! It was -written up in the newspapers a good deal. It’s -just across the street from St. John’s on Water -Street.”</p> - -<p>I recalled now that I had seen a strange -church in my walk to the hotel, but the new -St. John’s had so absorbed my attention that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">[142]</span> -I had passed it with only a glance. It came -back to me that it was a white wooden structure, -and that boards were nailed across its -pillared portico as though to shut out the -public while repairs were in progress.</p> - -<p>“Saints excluded, sinners only need apply?”</p> - -<p>He nodded, and looked at me queerly, as -though, now that I had broached the matter, -he considered the advisability of telling me -more. It was ten o’clock and half a dozen -church-bells clanged importunately as a background -for the <i>Adeste Fideles</i> rung from St. -John’s chimes.</p> - -<p>“‘The Church For Honest Sinners,’ might -suit you, only it’s closed—closed for good, I -guess,” he remarked, again scrutinizing me -closely.</p> - -<p>He played nervously with a pack of cards -similar to the one with which he had introduced -himself. Other men, quite as unmistakably -transients as I, were lounging down from -breakfast, settling themselves to their newspapers, -or seeking the barber-shop. Something -in my attitude toward the church for which he -was seeking worshippers seemed to arrest him.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">[143]</span> -He was a handsome, clear-eyed, wholesome-looking -young fellow, whose life had doubtless -been well sheltered from evil; there was something -refreshingly naïve about him. I liked -his straightforward manner of appealing to -strangers; a bank teller, perhaps, or maybe -a clerk in the office of one of the manufacturing -companies whose indifference to the welfare -of their laborers I had come to investigate. -Not the most grateful of tasks, this of passing -church advertisements about in hotel lobbies -on Sunday mornings. It requires courage, true -manliness. My heart warmed to him as I saw -a number of men eying us from the cigar-stand, -evidently amused that the young fellow -had cornered me. A member of the group, -a stout gentleman in checks, held one of the -cards in his hand and covertly pointed with -it in our direction.</p> - -<p>“If there’s a story about the sinners’ church -I’d like to hear it,” I remarked encouragingly. -“It seemed to be closed—suppose they’re enlarging -it to accommodate the rush.”</p> - -<p>“Well, no; hardly that,” he replied soberly. -“It was built as an independent scheme—none<span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">[144]</span> -of the denominations would stand for it of -course.”</p> - -<p>“Why the ‘of course’?”</p> - -<p>“Well,” he smiled, “the idea of sin isn’t -exactly popular, is it? And besides everybody -isn’t wicked; there are plenty of good people. -There’s good in all men,” he added, as though -quoting.</p> - -<p>“I can’t quarrel with that. But how about -this Church For Honest Sinners? Tell me the -story.”</p> - -<p>“Well, it’s a queer sort of story, and as you’re -a stranger and I’m not likely to meet you again, -I’ll tell you all I know. It was built by a -woman.” He crossed his legs and looked at -the clock. “She was rich as riches go in a town -like this. And she was different from other -people. She was left a widow with about a hundred -thousand dollars, and she set apart half -of it to use in helping others. She wouldn’t do -it through societies or churches; she did it all -herself. She wasn’t very religious—not the way -we use the word—not the usual sort of church -woman who’s zealous in guilds and societies and -enjoys running things. She wasn’t above asking<span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">[145]</span> -the factory hands to her house now and -then, and was always helping the under dog. -She was splendid—the finest woman that ever -lived; but of course people thought her queer.”</p> - -<p>“Such people are generally considered eccentric,” -I commented.</p> - -<p>“The business men disliked her because -they said she was spoiling the poor people and -putting bad notions into their heads.”</p> - -<p>“I dare say they did! I can see that a woman -like that would be criticised.”</p> - -<p>“Then when they tore down old St. John’s -and began building the new church, she said -she’d build a church after her own ideas. She -spent twenty-five thousand dollars building -that church you noticed in Water Street and -she called it ‘The Church For Honest Sinners.’ -She meant to put a minister in who had some -of her ideas about religion, but right there -came her first blow. As her church wasn’t tied -up to any of the denominations she couldn’t -find a man willing to take the job. I suppose -the real trouble was that nobody wanted -to mix up with a scheme like that; it was too -radical; didn’t seem exactly respectable. It’s<span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">[146]</span> -easy, I suppose, when there’s a big whooping -crowd—Billy Sunday and that sort of thing—and -the air is full of emotionalism, to get people -to the mourners’ bench to confess that they’re -miserable sinners. But you can see for yourself -that it takes nerve to walk into the door of a -church that’s for sinners only—seems sort o’ -foolish!</p> - -<p>“I shouldn’t be telling you about this if I -hadn’t seen that you had the same idea the -builder of that church had: that there’s too -much of the saint business and general smugness -about our churches, and that a church -that frankly set out to welcome sinners would -play, so to speak, to capacity. You might think -that all the Cains, Judases, and Magdalens -would feel that here at last was a door of Christian -hope flung open for them. But it doesn’t -work that way—at least it didn’t in this case. -I suppose there are people in this town right -now, all dressed up to go to church, who’ve -broken all the Ten Commandments without -feeling they were sinners; and of course the -churches can’t go after sin the way they used -to, with hell and brimstone; the people won’t<span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">[147]</span> -stand for it. You’ve been thinking that a church -set apart for sinners would appeal to people -who’ve done wrong and are sorry about it, -but it doesn’t; and that’s why that church on -Water Street’s boarded up—not for repairs, -as you imagined, but because only one person -has ever crossed the threshold. It was the idea -of the woman who built it that the door should -stand open all the time, night and day, and -the minister, if she could have found one to -take the job, would have been on the lookout -to help the people who went there.”</p> - -<p>This was rather staggering. Perhaps, I reflected, -it is better after all to suffer the goats -to pasture, with such demureness as they can -command, among the sheep.</p> - -<p>“I suppose,” I remarked, “that the founder -of the church was satisfied with her experiment—she -hadn’t wholly wasted her money, -for she had found the answers to interesting -questions as to human nature—the vanity of -rectitude, the pride of virtue, the consolations -of hypocrisy.”</p> - -<p>He looked at me questioningly, with his -frank innocent eyes, as though estimating the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">[148]</span> -extent to which he might carry his confidences.</p> - -<p>“Let me say again that I shouldn’t be telling -you all this if you didn’t have her ideas—and -without ever knowing her! She lived on the -corner below the church, where she could watch -the door. She watched it for about two years, -day and night, without ever seeing a soul go -in, and people thought she’d lost her mind. -And then, one Sunday morning when the whole -town—all her old friends and neighbors—were -bound for church, she came out of her house -alone and walked straight down to that church -she had built for sinners, and in at the door.</p> - -<p>“You see,” he said, rising quickly, as though -recalling his obligations to St. John’s Men’s -League, “she was the finest woman in town—the -best and the noblest woman that ever lived! -They found her at noon lying dead in the -church. The failure of her plan broke her heart; -and that made it pretty hard—for her family—everybody.”</p> - -<p>He was fingering his cards nervously, and I -did not question the sincerity of the emotion -his face betrayed.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">[149]</span>“It is possible,” I suggested, “that she had -grown morbid over some sin of her own, and -had been hoping that others would avail themselves -of the hospitality of a church that was -frankly open to sinners. It might have made -it easier for <i>her</i>.”</p> - -<p>He smiled with a childlike innocence and -faith.</p> - -<p>“Not only not possible,” he caught me up, -with quick dignity, “but incredible! She was -my mother.”</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">[150]</span> - -<h2 class="nobreak">THE SECOND-RATE MAN IN<br> -POLITICS</h2> - -<p class="ph1">[1916]</p> - -</div> -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>In our great modern States, where the scale of things -is so large, it does seem as if the remnant might be so increased -as to become an actual power, even though the -majority be unsound.—<span class="smcap">Matthew Arnold</span>, <i>Numbers</i>.</p> -</div> - -<h3>I</h3> - -<p class="drop-cap">WHO governs America?</p> - -<p>The answer is obvious: we are a -republic, a representative democracy -enjoying to the utmost government of, for, and -by the people. America is governed by persons -we choose, presumably on our own initiative, to -serve us, to make, execute, and interpret laws -for us. Addicted as we are to the joy of phrases, -we find in these <i>clichés</i> unfailing delight.</p> - -<p>Democracy, ideally considered, is an affair -of the wisest and best. As the privileges of the -ballot are generously extended to all, the whole -people are invested with an initiative and an -authority which it is their duty to exercise.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">[151]</span> -We assume that all are proud of their inheritance -of liberty, jealous of their power, and -alert in performing the duties of citizenship. -That we are not highly successful in realizing -this ideal is a matter that is giving increasing -concern to thoughtful Americans.</p> - -<p>As these words are read thousands of candidates -are before the electorate for consideration, -and the patriotic citizen is presumably -possessing himself of all available information -regarding them, determined to vote only for -the most desirable. The parties have done their -best, or worst, as we choose to view the matter, -and it is “up to the people” to accept or reject -those who offer themselves for place. The -citizen is face to face with the problem, Shall -he vote for candidates he knows to be unfit, -merely to preserve his regularity, or shall he -cast his ballot for the fittest men without respect -to the party emblems on his ballot? Opposed -to the conscientious voter, and capable -of defeating his purpose, are agencies and influences -with which it is well-nigh impossible -for him to cope. The higher his intelligence and -the nobler his aim, the less he is able to reckon<span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">[152]</span> -with forces which are stubbornly determined -to nullify his vote.</p> - -<p>The American voter is not normally independent; -it is only when there has been some -marked affront to the party’s intelligence or -moral sense that we observe any display of -independence. Independent movements are always -reassuring and encouraging. The revolt -against Blaine in 1884, the Gold-Democratic -movement in 1896, were most significant; and -I am disposed to give a somewhat similar value -to the Progressive movement of 1912. But the -average voter is a creature of prejudice, who -boasts jauntily that he never scratches his -ticket. He follows his party with dogged submission -and is more or less honestly blind to -its faults.</p> - -<p>As my views on this subject are more usually -voiced by independents than by partisans, it -may not be amiss to say that I am a party -man, a Democrat, sufficiently “regular” to -vote with a good conscience in primary elections. -Living in a State where there is no point -of rest in politics, where one campaign dovetails -into another, I have for twenty-five years<span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">[153]</span> -been an observer of political tendencies and -methods. I may say of the two great parties, -as Ingersoll remarked of the life beyond, “I -have friends in both places.” One of my best -friends was a “boss” who served a term in -prison for scratching a tally-sheet. I am perfectly -familiar with the theories upon which -bossism is justified, the more plausible being -that only by maintaining strong local organizations, -that is to say, Machines, can a party so -intrench itself as to support effectively the -policies and reforms dear to the heart of the -idealist. And bosses do, indeed, sometimes use -their power benevolently, though this happens -usually where they see a chance to win advantage -or to allay popular clamor.</p> - -<p>It is not of the pending campaign that I -write, and any references I make to it are only -for the purpose of illustrating phases or tendencies -that seem worthy of consideration at -a time when public thought is concentrated -upon politics. And to give definite aim to this -inquiry I shall state it in the harshest terms -possible:</p> - -<p>We, a self-governing people, permit our affairs<span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">[154]</span> -to be administered, very largely, by second-rate -men.</p> - -<p>Our hearts throb indignantly as we ponder -this. The types have a queer look. Such an accusation -is an unpardonable sin against American -institutions—against an intelligent, high-minded -citizenry. It can, however, do no harm -to view the matter from various angles to determine -whether anything really may be adduced -in support of it.</p> - -<h3>II</h3> - -<p>In theory the weight of the majority is with -the fit. This is the pleasantest of ideas, but it -is not true. It is not true at least in so great a -number of contests as to justify any virtuous -complacency in the electorate. It is probably -no more untrue now than in other years, though -the cumulative effect of a long experience of -government by the unfit is having its effect -upon the nation in discouraging faith in that -important and controlling function of government -that has to do with the choice and election -of candidates. Only rarely—and I speak<span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">[155]</span> -carefully—do the best men possible for a given -office ever reach it. The best men are never -even considered for thousands of State, county, -and municipal elective offices; they do not -offer themselves, either because office-holding -is distasteful, or because private business is -more lucrative, or because they are aware of -no demand for their services on the part of -their fellow citizens. By fitness I mean the competence -produced by experience and training, -fortified with moral character and a sense of -responsibility. I should say that a fit man for -public office is one who in his private affairs -has established a reputation for efficiency and -trustworthiness.</p> - -<p>In assuming that a democracy like ours presupposes -in the electorate a desire, no matter -how feeble, to intrust public affairs to men of -fitness, to first-rate men, it would seem that -with the approach of every presidential campaign -numbers of possible candidates would receive -consideration as eligible to our highest -office. It will be said that just as many candidates -were available in 1916 as at any other -period in our history, but this is neither conclusive<span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">[156]</span> -nor heartening: there should be more! -It cannot be pretended that public service does -not attract thousands of men; it can, however, -be complained that the offices fall very largely -to the inferior.</p> - -<p>We have just witnessed the spectacle of a -great republic, which confides the broadest -powers to its chief executive, strangely limited -in its choice of candidates for the presidency -to a handful of men. No new commanding -figure had sprung forward from the ranks of -either party in the most trying period the country -has known in fifty years. If Mr. Wilson’s -renomination had not been inevitable, it would -be very difficult to name another Democrat -who, by virtue of demonstrated strength and -public confidence, would have been able to -enter the lists against him. Our only Democratic -Presidents since the Civil War stepped -from a governor’s seat to the higher office; -but I know of no Democratic governor who, in -1916, could have entered the national convention -supported by any appreciable public demand -for his nomination. And no Democratic -senator could have debated Mr. Wilson’s claims<span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">[157]</span> -to further recognition. Speaker Clark, with the -prestige of his maximum five hundred and fifty-six -votes on the tenth ballot of the Baltimore -Convention, might have been able to reappear -at St. Louis with a similar showing; but the -Democratic range of possibilities certainly had -not widened. To be sure, Mr. Bryan would -have remained to reckon with; but, deeply as -the party and the country is indebted to him -for his courageous stand against the bosses at -Baltimore, he could hardly have received a -fourth nomination.</p> - -<p>The Republicans were in no better case when -their convention met at Chicago. The Old -Guard was stubbornly resolved, not only that -Mr. Roosevelt should not be nominated, but -that he should not dictate the choice of a Republican -candidate. A short distance from the -scene of their deliberations, the Progressives, -having failed to establish themselves as a permanent -contestant of the older parties, tenaciously -clung to their leader. Mr. Roosevelt’s -effort to interest the Republicans in Senator -Lodge as a compromise candidate fell upon -deaf ears. Mr. Hughes’s high qualifications may<span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">[158]</span> -not be seriously questioned. He is a first-rate -man, and the lack of enthusiasm with which -his nomination was received by the perfectly -ordered and controlled body of delegates is -not to his discredit. Sore beset, the Old Guard -put forth a candidate little to their taste, one -who, if elected, would, we must assume, prove -quite impatient of the harness fashioned for -Presidents by the skilled armorers of the good -old days of backward-looking Republicanism.</p> - -<p>In taking from the bench a gentleman who -was “out of politics” the Republicans emphasized -their lamentable lack of available -candidates. Nothing was ever sadder than the -roll-call of States for the nomination of “favorite -sons.” Estimable though these men are, no -one could have listened to the nominating -speeches and witnessed the subsequent mechanical -demonstrations without depression. -None of these nominees had the slightest -chance; the orators who piped their little lays -in praise of them knew they had not; the vast -audience that witnessed the proceedings, perfectly -aware of the farcical nature of these<span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">[159]</span> -banalities, knew they had not, and viewed the -show with contemptuous amusement.</p> - -<p>The heartiness of the reception accorded -Messrs. Depew and Cannon, who were called -upon to entertain the audience during a lull -in the proceedings, was not without its pathos. -They dwelt upon the party’s past glories with -becoming poignancy. Mr. Borah, tactfully projected -as a representative of a newer order of -Republicanism, was far less effective. The convention -was greatly stirred by no new voice; -no new leader flashed upon the stage to quicken -it to new and high endeavor. No less inspired -or inspiring body of men ever gathered than -those who constituted the Republican Convention -of 1916.</p> - -<p>I asked a successful lawyer the other day -how he accounted for the lack of presidential -timber. “It’s because the average American -would rather be president of the Pennsylvania -Railroad than of the United States,” he answered. -And it is true, beyond question, that -our highest genius is employed in commerce -and business rather than in politics. If we, the -people, do not seek means of promoting administrative<span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">[160]</span> -wisdom and efficiency in our government -we shall pay one of these days a high -price for our indifference. There is danger ahead -unless we are disposed to take our politics more -seriously, and unless more young men of the -best talent and the highest aims can be lured -into public life. The present showing is certainly -not encouraging as to the future of American -statesmanship; and to say that the fit have -always been few, is not a particularly consoling -answer.</p> - -<p>It is true of a period still susceptible of intimate -scrutiny—say, from the Civil War—that -presidential candidates have been chosen in -every case from a small group of potentialities -in both parties. We have established (stupidly -in any large view of the matter) geographical -limitations upon the possible choice that greatly -narrow the field. Candidates for the presidency -must be chosen with an eye to the local effect, -from States essential to success. Though Mr. -Blaine’s candidacy was surrounded by unusual -circumstances, it emphasizes, nevertheless, -the importance to the parties of nominating -men from the “pivotal” States. We have<span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">[161]</span> -had no New England President since Franklin -Pierce. This is not because the New England -States have not produced men of fitness, but -is attributable solely to the small representation -of the Northeastern States in the Electoral -College.</p> - -<p>The South, likewise, has long been eliminated -from the reckoning. Though born in Virginia -Mr. Wilson is distinctly not “a Southern man” -in the familiar connotations of that term. In -old times the Southern States contributed men -of the first rank to both houses of Congress; -but, apart from Mr. Underwood (who received -one hundred and seventeen and one-half votes -at Baltimore) and Mr. John Sharp Williams, -there are no Southerners of conspicuous attainments -in the present Senate. The Southern bar -embraces now, perhaps as truly as at any earlier -period, lawyers of distinguished ability, but -they apparently do not find public life attractive.</p> - -<p>No President has yet been elected from beyond -the Mississippi, though Mr. Bryan, thrice -a candidate, widened the area of choice westward. -In the present year Governor Johnson<span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">[162]</span> -and Senator Borah were the only trans-Mississippi -men mentioned as possibilities, and -they cut no figure in the contest. We are still -a congeries of States, or groups of States, rather -than a nation, with a resulting political provincialism -that is disheartening when we consider -the economic and political power we wield -increasingly in world affairs.</p> - -<p>It is a serious commentary upon the talent -of recent congresses that the House has developed -no men so commanding as to awaken -speculation as to their availability for the presidency. -No member of the House figured this -year in Republican presidential speculations. -Why do the second-rate predominate in a body -that may be called the most typical of our institutions? -Lincoln, Hayes, Garfield, Blaine, -McKinley, Bryan, all candidates for the presidency, -had been members of the House, but it -has become negligible as a training-school for -Presidents. A year ago Mr. Mann received an -occasional honorable mention, but his petulant -fling at the President as “playing politics,” in -the grave hour following the despatch of the -final note to Germany, effectually silenced his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">[163]</span> -admirers. Admirable as partisanship may be, -there are times when even an opposition floor-leader -should be able to rise above it! Nor is it -possible for Democrats to point to Mr. Kitchin -with any degree of pride. Of both these men it -may be said that never have leaders failed so -lamentably to rise to their opportunities. Mr. -Hay, of Virginia, Chairman of the Committee -on Military Affairs, not only yielded reluctantly -to the public pressure for preparedness, but -established his unfitness to hold any office by -tacking on the army bill a “joker” designed -to create a place for a personal friend. Mr. -Wilson, like Mr. Cleveland, has found his congresses -unruly or wabbly or egregiously stupid, -manifesting astonishingly little regard for their -party principles or policies. The present majority -has been distinguished for nothing so -much as impotence and parochialism.</p> - -<p>Without respect to party, the average representative’s -vision is no wider than his district, -and he ponders national affairs solely -from a selfish standpoint. Through long years -we have used him as an errand-boy, a pension -agent, a beggar at the national till. His time is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">[164]</span> -spent in demonstrating to his constituency that -when “pork” is being served he is on hand -with Oliver Twist’s plate. The people of one -district, proud of their new post-office, or rejoicing -in the appearance of a government -contractor’s dredge in their creek, do not consider -that their devoted congressman, to insure -his own success, has been obliged to assist -other members in a like pursuit of spoils -and that the whole nation bears the burden.</p> - -<p>The member who carries a map of his district -with him to Washington, and never broadens -his horizon, is a relic of simpler times. In -days like these we can ill afford to smile with -our old tolerance at the “plain man of the -people,” who is likely to be the cheapest kind of -demagogue. A frock coat and a kind heart are -not in themselves qualifications for a congressman. -Eccentricity, proudly vaunted, whimsicalities -of speech, lofty scorn of conventions, have -all been sadly overworked. Talent of the first -order is needed in Congress; it is no place for -men who can’t see and think straight.</p> - -<p>The Senate preserves at least something of -its old competence, and the country respects,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">[165]</span> -I think, the hard work recently performed by -it. While its average is low, it contains men—some -of them little in the public eye—who are -specialists in certain fields. There is, I believe, -a general feeling that, with our tremendous industrial -and commercial interests, the presence -in the upper house of a considerable number of -business men and of fewer lawyers would -make for a better balanced and more representative -body. A first-rate senator need not be -an orator. The other day, when Senator Taggart, -a new member, protested vigorously -against the latest river-and-harbor swindle the -country applauded. Refreshing, indeed, to -hear a new voice in those sacred precincts raised -against waste and plunder! Senator Oliver, of -Pennsylvania, a protectionist, of course, is -probably as well informed on the tariff as any -man in America. I give him the benefit of this -advertisement the more cheerfully as I do not -agree with his views; but his information is -entitled to all respect. The late David Turpie, -of Indiana, by nature a recluse, and one of the -most unassuming men who ever sat in the -Senate, was little known to the country at<span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">[166]</span> -large. I once heard Mr. Roosevelt and Judge -Gray of Delaware engage in a most interesting -exchange of anecdotes illustrative of Mr. Turpie’s -wide range of information. He was a first-rate -man. There is room in the Senate for a -great variety of talent, and its efficiency is not -injured by the frequent injection of new blood. -What the country is impatient of in the upper -house is dead men who have little information -and no opinions of value on any subject. The -election of senators directly by the people will -have in November its first trial—another step -toward pure democracy. We shall soon be able -to judge whether the electorate, acting independently, -is more to be trusted than the -legislatures.</p> - -<p>I should be sorry to apply any words of President -Wilson in a quarter where he did not intend -them, but a paragraph of his address to -the Washington correspondents (May 15) might -well be taken to heart by a number of gentlemen -occupying seats in the legislative branch -of the government.</p> - -<p>“I have a profound intellectual contempt for -men who cannot see the signs of the times. I<span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">[167]</span> -have to deal with some men who know no more -of the modern processes of politics than if they -were living in the eighteenth century, and for -them I have a profound and comprehensive -intellectual contempt. They are blind; they -are hopelessly blind; and the worst of it is I -have to spend hours of my time talking to them -when I know before I start, quite as though I -had finished, that it is absolutely useless to -talk to them. I am talking <i>in vacuo</i>.”</p> - -<p>There are, indisputably, limitations upon -the patience of a first-rate man engaged in the -trying occupation of attempting to communicate -a first-rate idea to a second-rate mind.</p> - -<h3>III</h3> - -<p>In recent years our periodical literature has -devoted much space to discussions of problems -of efficiency. We have heard repeatedly of the -demand, not for two-thousand-dollar men, but -for ten, twenty, and fifty thousand dollar men, -in the great industries. The efficiency engineer -has sprung into being; in my own city several -hundred employees of an automobile company<span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">[168]</span> -are organized into a class, of which a professor -of psychology is the leader, the purpose being -the promotion of individual and corporate -efficiency. The first-rate man is in demand as -a buyer, a salesman, a foreman, a manager. -One of the largest corporations in America pays -its employees bonuses apportioned on a basis -of their value as demonstrated by actual performances -from month to month. The minutest -economies are a matter of daily study in every -manufacturing and commercial house; the hunt -for the first-rate man is unceasing. Executive -ability, a special genius for buying and selling, -need never go unrecognized. Recently a New -York bank spent months searching for a bond-seller -and finally chose an obscure young man -from a Western town who fell by chance under -the eye of a “scout” sent out to look for talent. -But this eager search for the first-rate man, -so marked in commerce and industry, only -rarely touches our politics. It is only in politics -that the second-rate man finds the broadest -field for the exercise of his talents.</p> - -<p>A President is beset by many embarrassments -in the exercise of the appointing power.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">[169]</span> -Our feudal system, by which senators and representatives -are the custodians of post-office, -district attorneyships, marshalships, and countless -other positions, does not make for the -recognition of the fit. While the power to appoint -is vested in the executive, his choice must -be approved by the senators or representatives. -As the system operates, it is not really the -President who appoints but the senators or -representatives, and the President is expected to -meet their wishes. To question their recommendations -is to arouse animosity, and where the fate -of important legislation hangs in the balance a -President is under strong temptation to accept -the recommendation of second-rate men in order -to keep the members of the law-making bodies -in good humor.</p> - -<p>In the professions and industries, in commercial -houses, even on the farm, the second-rate -man is not wanted; but political jobs, -high and low, are everywhere open to him. -Everything but the public service is standardized; -politics alone puts a premium upon inferiority. -The greatest emphasis is laid upon -the word service in every field but government.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">[170]</span> -The average American “wants what he wants -when he wants it,” and is proud of his ability -to get it. “If it isn’t right, we make it right,” -is a popular business slogan. Hotels whose indifferent -service wins the displeasure of the -travelling public are execrated and blacklisted. -On the other hand, I have listened for hours -to the laudation of good hotels, of the efficiency -of railroads, of automobile manufacturers who -“give good service.” We have a pride in these -things; we like to relate incidents of our successful -“kick” when the berth that we had -reserved by telegraph wasn’t forthcoming and -how we “took it up” with the railroad authorities, -and how quickly our wounded feelings -were poulticed. “I guess that won’t happen -again on <i>that</i> road!” we chortle. Conversely we -make our errands to a city hall or court-house -as few as possible, knowing that the “service,” -offered at the people’s expense is of a different -order, and public officials may not be -approached in that confident spirit with which -we carry our needs or complaints to the heads -of a private business.</p> - -<p>Or, if some favor is to be asked, we brag<span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">[171]</span> -that we have seen “Jim” or “Bob” and that -he “fixed” it for us. It happens not infrequently -that we want something “fixed” from purely -selfish motives—something that should not be -“fixed”—and it gives us a pleasurable sense of -our “influence” to know that, as we have always -treated “Jim” or “Bob” all right, “Jim” -or “Bob” cheerfully assists us. We chuckle -over the ease with which he accomplished the -fixing where it would have been impossible for -us to effect it through a direct legitimate appeal. -Thus in hundreds of ways a boss, great -or small, is able to grant favors that cost him -nothing, thereby blurring the vision of those -he places under obligations to the means by -which he gains his power.</p> - -<p>In municipal government the second and the -third rate man, on down to a point where differentiations -fade to the vanishing point, finds -his greatest hope and security. As first-rate -men are not available for the offices, they -fall naturally to the inferior, the incompetent, -or the corrupt. In few cities of a hundred thousand -population is a man of trained ability -and recognized fitness ever seriously considered<span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">[172]</span> -for the mayoralty. Modern city government, -with the broad powers conferred upon mayors, -requires intelligence of the highest order. Usually -without experience in large affairs, and -crippled by a well-established tradition that -he must reward party workers and personal -friends, the incumbent surrounds himself with -second and third rate men, for whose blunders -the taxpayer meekly pays the bills.</p> - -<p>The mayor’s office is hardly second to the -presidency in the variety of its perplexities. -A man of the best intentions will fail to satisfy -a whole community. There is in every city a -group of reformers who believe that a mayor -should be able to effect the moral regeneration -of the human race in one term of office. The -first-rate man is aware of this, and the knowledge -diminishes his anxiety to seek the place. -A common indictment against the capable man -who volunteers for municipal service is that -his ignorance of political methods would make -him “impractical” if he were elected. This -sentiment is expressed frequently—often by -large taxpayers. The insinuation is that a man -of character and ideals would be unable to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">[173]</span> -deal with the powers that prey by indirection. -This is quite true: the fit man, the first-rate -man, who would undertake the office untrammelled -by political obligations, would not know -the “good fellows” who must be dealt with in -a spirit of leniency. This delicate duty is more -safely intrusted to one who brings a certain -sympathy to bear upon the task.</p> - -<p>Whatever may be the merits of party government -in its national application, there is -no sound argument for its continuance in municipal -affairs. Its effect is to discourage utterly, -in most communities, any effort the first-rate -man may be absurd enough to make to win -enough of the franchises of his fellow citizens -to land him in the mayoralty. On one occasion -a Republican United States senator, speaking -for his party’s candidate for the mayoralty -at the last rally of a campaign in my own city, -declared that his party must win, as defeat -would have a discouraging effect on Republicans -elsewhere. A few years ago both parties chose, -in the Indianapolis primaries, mayoralty candidates -of conspicuous unfitness. The Republican -candidate was an auctioneer, whose ready<span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">[174]</span> -tongue and drolleries on the stump made him -the central figure in a highly picturesque campaign. -He was elected and the affairs of a -city of a quarter of a million people were cheerfully -turned over to him. Ignorant of the very -terminology in which municipal affairs are discussed, -he avoided embarrassment by remaining -away from his office as much as possible. -In the last year of his administration—if so -dignified a term may be applied to his incumbency—he -resigned, to avoid the responsibility -of dealing with disorders consequent upon a -serious strike, and took refuge on the vaudeville -stage. He was no more unfit on the day -he resigned than on the day of his nomination -or election—a fact of which the electorate had -ample knowledge. He was chosen merely because -he was a vote-getter. Republicans voted -for him to preserve their regularity.<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></p> - -<p>I am prolonging these comments on municipal -government for the reason that the city -as a political factor is of so great influence in -the State and nation, and because the domination -of the unfit in the smaller unit offers<span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">[175]</span> -more tangible instances for study. The impediments -encountered by the fit who offer themselves -for public service are many, and often -ludicrous. Twice, in Indianapolis, men of the -best standing have yielded under pressure to -a demand that they offer themselves for the -Republican mayoralty nomination. Neither had -the slightest intention of using the mayoralty -as a stepping-stone to higher office; the -motives animating both were the highest. One -of them was quickly disposed of by the report -sent “down the line” that he had not been -as regular as he might be, and by this token -was an undesirable candidate. The other was -subjected to a crushing defeat in the primary. -There was nothing against him except -that he was unknown to the “boys in the -trenches.”</p> - -<p>From the window by which I write I can -see the chimneys of the flourishing industry -conducted by the first of these gentlemen. -He has constantly shown his public spirit in -the most generous fashion; he is an admirable -citizen. I dare say there is not an incompetent -man or woman on his pay-roll. If he were out<span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">[176]</span> -of employment and penniless to-morrow, scores -of responsible positions would be open to him. -But the public would not employ him; his own -party would not even permit its membership -to express its opinion of him; and had he gone -before the electorate he would in all likelihood -have been defeated by an invincible combination -of every element of incompetence and -venality in the city.</p> - -<p>The other gentleman, who began life as a -bank clerk, made a success of a commercial -business, and is now president of one of the -largest banks in the State. Such men are ineligible -for municipal office; they are first-rate -men; the very fact that they are men of character -and ability who could be trusted to manage -public affairs as they conduct their private -business, removes them at once from consideration.</p> - -<p>Such experiences as these are not calculated -to encourage the capable man, the first-rate -man, to attempt to gain a public position. In -fact, it is the business of political organizations -to make the defeat of such men as humiliating -as possible. They must be got rid of; they must -be taught better manners!</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">[177]</span>The good nature with which we accept the -second-rate man in municipal office is one of -the most bewildering of all our political phenomena. -“Well, things have always been this -way, and I guess they always will be,” expresses -the average citizen’s feeling about the -matter. As he cannot, without much personal -discomfort, change the existing order, he finds -solace in the reflection that he couldn’t do -anything about it if he tried. The more intolerant -he is of second-rate employees in his -own business, the more supinely he views the -transfer of public business from one set of incompetents -to another.</p> - -<p>To lift municipal government out of politics -in States where the party organizations never -shut up shop but are ceaselessly plotting and -planning to perfect their lines, is manifestly -no easy task, but it may be accomplished by -effective leadership where the people are sincerely -interested. And it is significant that the -present movement for an abandonment of the -old pernicious, costly system took rise from -the dire calamities that befell two cities—Galveston -and Dayton—which were suddenly -confronted with problems that it would have<span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">[178]</span> -been madness to intrust to incompetents. This -illustrates a point overlooked by that large -body of Americans who refuse to bring to their -politics the test of fitness that they enforce -in private business. The second-rate man may -successfully hide his errors in normal conditions, -but his faults and weaknesses become -glaringly apparent when any severe demands -are made upon him.</p> - -<p>I can suggest no permanent solution of the -problem of municipal government that does -not embrace the training of men for its particular -duties. A development of the city-manager -plan, of nation-wide scope, fortified by -special courses of training in schools able to -give the dignity of a stable profession to -municipal administration may ultimately be -the remedy.</p> - -<h3>IV</h3> - -<p>The debauchery of young men by the bosses -is a familiar phase of our politics and is most -potent in the game of checking the advance of -the fit and assuring domination by the unfit. -Several thousand young men leave college<span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">[179]</span> -every year with some hope of entering upon a -political career. By the time a young man is -graduated he has elected to follow the banner -of some party. If he lives in a city and shows -a disposition to be of practical service, he is -warmly welcomed into the fold of one of the -organizations. He quickly becomes aware that -only by the display of a servile obedience can -he expect to become <i>persona grata</i> to the party -powers. By the time he has passed through one -campaign as a trusted member of a machine, his -political illusions are well-nigh destroyed. His -childish belief that only the fit should be elevated -to positions of responsibility, that public office -is a public trust, is pretty well dissipated. -“Good” men, he finds, are good only by the -tests of partisanship as applied by the bosses. -To strike at a boss is <i>lésé majesté</i>, and invites -drastic punishment.</p> - -<p>The purpose of the young men’s political -clubs everywhere is to infuse the young voter -with the spirit of blind obedience and subjection. -He is graciously permitted to serve on -club committees as a step toward more important -recognition as ward committeeman, or he<span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">[180]</span> -is given a place of some sort at headquarters -during the campaign. There are dozens of ways -in which the willing young man may be of use. -His illusions rapidly vanish. He is flattered by -the attentions of the bosses, who pat him on -the back and assure him that they appreciate -his loyal devotion to the party. With the hope -of preferment before him it is essential that -he establish as quickly as possible a reputation -for “regularity.” If his wise elders note any -restiveness, any tendency toward independence, -they at once warn him that he must “play the -game straight,” and shut his eyes to the sins -of his party. Or if his counsellors sympathize -with his predicament they advise him that the -only way he can gain a position from which to -make his ideas effective is by winning the -favor of the bosses and building up a personal -following.</p> - -<p>In a campaign preliminary to a local primary -in my city I appealed to a number of young -men of good antecedents and rather exceptional -education, to oppose a particular candidate. -One of them, on coming home from an -Eastern university, had introduced himself<span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">[181]</span> -to me in the name of a great educator who -was one of my particular admirations. In every -one of these cases I was politely rebuffed. They -said the gentleman whose ambitions annoyed -me was a “good fellow” and “all right”; they -couldn’t see that any good would come of antagonizing -him. And they were right. No good -did come of it so far as the result was concerned.</p> - -<p>There are countless ways in which a young -lawyer finds his connection with a machine -helpful. A word in the right quarter brings him -a client—a saloonkeeper, perhaps, who is meeting -with resistance in his effort to secure a renewal -of his license; or petty criminal cases -before magistrates—easily arranged where the -machine controls the police. He cannot fail to be -impressed with the perfection of a system that -so smoothly wields power by indirection. The -mystery of it all and the potency of the names -of the high powers appeal to his imagination; -there is something of romance in it. A deputyship -in the office of the prosecuting attorney -leads on to a seat in the legislature, and he may -go to Congress if he is “good.” He is purchased -with a price, bought, and paid for; his status<span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">[182]</span> -is fixed; he is a second-rate man. And by every -such young man in America the ideal of democracy, -the hope of republican government, is -just so much weakened.</p> - -<h3>V</h3> - -<p>Government by the unfit, domination by the -inferior, is greatly assisted by a widely accepted -superstition that a second-rate man, finding himself -in a position of responsibility, is likely to -display undreamed of powers. The idea seems to -be that the electorate, by a kind of laying on of -hands, confers fitness where none has previously -existed. Unfortunately such miracles are not frequent -enough to form the basis of a political -philosophy. Recourse to the recall as a means of -getting rid of an undesirable office-holder strikes -me as only likely to increase the indifference, -the languor, with which we now perform our -political duties.</p> - -<p>Contempt for the educated man, a preposterous -assumption that by the very fact of his -training he is unfitted for office, continues -prevalent in many minds. Conscious of this<span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">[183]</span> -disqualification, President Wilson finds amusement -at times in referring to himself as a schoolmaster; -much criticism of his administration -is based upon the melancholy fact that he is a -“professor,” a scholar, as though a lifelong student -of history and politics were disqualified, -by the very fact of his preparation, for exalted -office.</p> - -<p>The direct primary, as a means of assisting -first-rate men to office, has not yet realized -what was hoped for it, and there is growing -scepticism as to its efficacy. It is one of our -marked national failings that we expect laws -and systems to work automatically. If the -first-rate man cherishes the delusion that he -need only offer himself to his fellow partisans -and they will delightedly spring to his support, -he is doomed to a sad awakening. Unless -he has taken the precaution to ask the organization’s -permission to put his name on -the ballot and is promised support, he must -perfect an organization of his own with which -to make his fight in the primary. He must -open headquarters from which to carry on his -operations, make speeches before as many<span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">[184]</span> -citizens as can be assembled to hear him, enlist -and pay helpers, most of whom expect jobs in -case he is successful. He must drop money into -palms of whose existence he never dreamed, -the recipients of his bounty being frequently -“scouts” from his opponents’ camps. The -blackmailing of candidates by charitable organizations—and -churches are not without -shame in this particular—is only one of the -thousand annoyances. He is not likely to enjoy -immunity from newspaper attack. Months of -time and much money are required for a primary -campaign. I venture the assertion that many -hundreds of candidates for office in this year -of grace began their campaigns for election already -encumbered by debts incurred in winning -their nominations, which brought them -only half-way to the goal. Such a burden, with -all its connotations of curtailed liberty and -shackling obligations, may not be viewed with -equanimity. Instead of making office-holding -more attractive to the first-rate man, the direct -primary multiplies his discouragements.</p> - -<p>The second-rate man, being willing to accept -office as a party, not a public, trust, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">[185]</span> -to use it in every way possible for the strengthening -of party lines, has the first-rate man, who -has only his merits to justify his ambitions, at -a serious disadvantage. When an organization -(the term by which a machine prefers to be -called) finds that it is likely to meet with defeat -through public resentment of its excesses, -it will sometimes turn to a first-rate man. But -this is only in cases of sheer desperation. There -is nothing more amusing than the virtuous air -with which a machine will nominate a first-rate -man where there is no possible danger of -party success. He it is whom the bosses are -willing to sacrifice. The trick is turned ingeniously -to the bosses’ advantage, for defeat -in such instances proves to the truly loyal that -only the “regulars” can get anywhere.</p> - -<p>A young friend of mine once persuaded me to -join him in “bucking” a primary for the election -of delegates to a State convention. I cheerfully -lent my assistance in this laudable enterprise, -the more readily when he confided to me -his intention of employing machine methods. -A young man of intelligence and humor, he had, -by means which I deplored but to which I contributed,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">[186]</span> -lured from the organization one of -its star performers. I speak of this without -shame, that the cynical may not complain that -I am in politics a high brow or dreamy lotus -eater. Our ally knew the game; he knew how to -collect and deliver votes by the most approved -machine methods. We watched him work with -the keenest satisfaction. He brought citizens in -great numbers to vote our “slate,” many of -them men who had never been in the ward -before. We gloated with satisfaction as the day -declined and our votes continued to pile up. Our -moral natures were in the balance; if we beat -the machine with machine methods we meant -never, never to be good again! It seemed indeed -that our investment in the skilled worker -could not fail of success. When the votes were -counted, oh, what a fall was there, my countrymen! -“Our man” had merely used our automobiles, -and I refrain from saying what other -munitions of war, to get out the vote of the -opposition! We had in other words, accomplished -our own defeat!</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_187">[187]</span></p> - -<h3>VI</h3> - -<p>The past year has been marked by the agitation -for military preparedness; civil preparedness -strikes me as being of equal importance. -If I am right—or only half right—in my assertion -that we are governed very largely by -second-rate men and that public business is -confided chiefly to the unfit, then here is a -matter that cannot be ignored by those who -look forward hopefully to the future of American -democracy. There are more dangers within -than without, and our tame acceptance of -incompetence in civil office would certainly -bring calamity if suffered in a military establishment. -The reluctance of first-rate men -to accept or seek office is more disquieting -than the slow enlistments in the army and -navy. Competence in the one would do much -to assure intelligent foresight and efficiency in -the other.</p> - -<p>It is a disturbing thought that we, the people, -really care so little, and that we are so willing -to suffer government by the second-rate, only -murmuring despairingly when the unhappy<span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">[188]</span> -results of our apathy bring us sharply face to -face with failure.</p> - -<p>“The fatalism of the multitude,” commented -upon strikingly by Lord Bryce, has established -in us the superstition that a kindly providence -presides over our destinies and that “everything -will come out right in the end.” But government -by good luck is not a safe reliance -for a nation of a hundred millions. Nothing -in history supports a blind faith in numbers -or in the wisdom of majorities. America’s hope -lies in the multiplication of the fit—the saving -remnant of Isaiah’s prophecies and Plato’s -philosophy—a doctrine applied to America by -Matthew Arnold, who remains one of the -shrewdest and most penetrating of all our -critics. Mr. Arnold distrusted numbers and -had no confidence in majorities. He said:</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>To be a voice outside the state, speaking to mankind or -to the future, perhaps shaking the actual state to pieces -in doing so, one man will suffice. But to reform the state -in order to save it, to preserve it by changing it, a body -of workers is needed as well as a leader—a considerable -body of workers, placed at many points, and operating in -many directions.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_189">[189]</span>These days, amid “the thunder of the captains, -and the shouting,” there must be many -thousands of Americans who are truly of the -saving remnant, who view public matters soberly -and hold as something very fine and -precious our heritage of democracy. These we -may suppose will witness the dawn of election -day with a lively apprehension of their august -responsibilities, and exercise their right of selection -sanely and wisely. “They only who -build upon ideas, build for eternity,” wrote -Emerson.</p> - -<p>This nation was founded on ideas, and clearly -in the ideas of the fit, the earnest, the serious, -lies its hope for the future. To eliminate the -second-rate, to encourage the first-rate man -to undertake offices of responsibility and -power—such must be the immediate concern -and the urgent business of all who love America.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">[190]</span> - -<h2 class="nobreak">THE LADY OF LANDOR LANE</h2> -</div> - -<h3>I</h3> - -<p class="drop-cap">“TAKE your choice; I have bungalows -to burn,” said the architect.</p> - -<p>He and his ally, the real-estate man, -had been unduly zealous in the planting of -bungalows in the new addition beyond the -college. About half of them remained unsold, -and purchasers were elusive. A promised extension -of the trolley-line had not materialized; -and half a dozen houses of the bungalow type, -scattered along a ridge through which streets -had been hacked in the most brutal fashion, -spoke for the sanguine temper of the projectors -of Sherwood Forest. The best thing about the -new streets was their names, which were a -testimony to the fastidious taste of a professor -in the college who had frequently thundered -in print against our ignoble American nomenclature.</p> - -<p>It was hoped that Sherwood Forest would -prove particularly attractive to newly married<span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">[191]</span> -folk of cultivation, who spoke the same social -language. There must, therefore, be a Blackstone -Road, as a lure for struggling lawyers; -a Lister Avenue, to tickle the imagination of -young physicians; and Midas Lane, in which -the business man, sitting at his own hearth -side far from the jarring city, might dream of -golden harvests. To the young matron anxious -to keep in touch with art and literature, what -could have been more delightful than the -thought of receiving her mail in Emerson Road, -Longfellow Lane, Audubon Road, or any one -of a dozen similar highways (if indeed the new -streets might strictly be so called) almost within -sound of the college bell? The college was a -quarter of a mile away, and yet near enough -to shed its light upon this new colony that -had risen in a strip of forest primeval, which, -as the promoting company’s circulars more or -less accurately recited, was only thirty minutes -from lobsters and head lettuce.</p> - -<p>This was all a year ago, just as August -haughtily relinquished the world to the sway -of September. I held the chair of applied sociology -in the college, and had taken a year off<span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">[192]</span> -to write a number of articles for which I had -long been gathering material. It had occurred -to me that it would be worth while to write -a series of sociological studies in the form of -short stories. My plan was to cut small cross-sections -in the social strata of the adjoining -city, in the suburban village which embraced -the college, and in the adjacent farm region, -and attempt to portray, by a nice balancing -of realism and romance, the lives of the people -in the several groups I had been observing. I -had talked to an editor about it and he had -encouraged me to try my hand.</p> - -<p>I felt enough confidence in the scheme to -risk a year’s leave, and I now settled down to -my writing zestfully. I had already submitted -three stories, which had been accepted in a -cordial spirit that proved highly stimulating -to further endeavor, and the first of the series, -called <i>The Lords of the Round House</i>—a sketch -of the domestic relationships and social conditions -of the people living near the railroad -shops—had been commented on favorably as -a fresh and novel view of an old subject. My -second study dealt with a settlement sustained<span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">[193]</span> -by the canning industry, and under the title, -<i>Eros and the Peach Crop</i>, I had described the -labors and recreations of this community -honestly, and yet with a degree of humor.</p> - -<p>As a bachelor professor I had been boarding -near the college with the widow of a minister; -but now that I was giving my time wholly to -writing I found this domicile intolerable. My -landlady, admirable woman though she was, -was altogether too prone to knock at my door -on trifling errands. When I had filled my note-book -with memoranda for a sketch dealing -with the boarding-house evil (it has lately appeared -as <i>Charging What the Onion Will Bear</i>), -I resolved to find lodgings elsewhere. And besides, -the assistant professor of natural sciences -occupied a room adjoining mine, and the visits -of strange <i>reptilia</i> to my quarters were far -from stimulating to literary labor.</p> - -<p>I had long been immensely curious as to -those young and trusting souls who wed in -the twenties, establish homes, and, unterrified -by cruel laws enacted for the protection of -confiding creditors, buy homes on the instalment -plan, keep a cow, carry life insurance,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">[194]</span> -buy theatre tickets, maintain a baby, and fit -as snugly into the social structure as though -the world were made for them alone. In my -tramps about the city I had marked with professional -interest the appearance of great -colonies of bungalows which had risen within -a few years, and which spoke with an appealing -eloquence for an obstinate confidence in -the marriage tie. In my late afternoon excursions -through these sprightly suburban regions -I had gazed with the frankest admiration upon -wholly charming young persons stepping -blithely along new cement walks, equipped -with the neatest of card-cases, or bearing embroidered -bags of sewing; and maids in the -smartest of caps opened doors to them. Through -windows guarded by the whitest of draperies, -I had caught glimpses of our native forests as -transformed into the sturdiest of arts-and-crafts -furniture. Both flower and kitchen gardens -were squeezed into compact plots of earth; -a Gerald or a Geraldine cooed from a perambulator -at the gate of at least every other establishment; -and a “syndicate” man-of-all-work -moved serenely from furnace to furnace, from<span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">[195]</span> -lawn to lawn, as the season determined. On -Sundays I saw the young husbands hieing to -church, to a golf-links somewhere, to tennis -in some vacant lot, or aiding their girlish wives -in the cheerfulest fashion imaginable to spray -rose-bushes or to drive the irrepressible dandelion -from the lawn of its delight.</p> - -<p>These phenomena interested me more than -I can say. My aim was not wholly sociological, -for not only did I wish in the spirit of strictest -scientific inquiry to understand just how all -this was possible, but the sentimental aspect -of it exercised a strange fascination upon me. -When I walked these new streets at night and -saw lamps lighted in dozens of cheery habitations, -with the lord and lady of the bungalow -reading or talking in greatest contentment; -or when their voices drifted out to me from -nasturtium-hung verandas on summer evenings, -I was in danger of ceasing to be a -philosopher and of going over bodily to the -sentimentalists. Then, the scientific spirit mastering, -I vulgarly haunted the doors of the -adjacent shops and communed with grocers’ -boys and drug clerks, that I might gain data<span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">[196]</span> -upon which to base speculations touching this -species, this “group,” which presented so gallant -a front in a world where bills are payable -not later than the tenth of every calendar -month.</p> - -<p>“You may have the brown bungalow in -Audubon Road, the gray one in Washington -Hedge, or the dark green one in Landor Lane. -Take any one you like; they all offer about -the same accommodations,” said the architect. -“You can put such rent as you see fit in the -nearest squirrel box, and if you meet an intending -purchaser with our prospectus in his -hand I expect you to take notice and tease -him to buy. We’ve always got another bungalow -somewhere, so you won’t be thrown in -the street.”</p> - -<p>I chose Landor Lane for a variety of reasons. -There were as yet only three houses in the -street, and this assured a degree of peace. Many -fine forest trees stood in the vacant lots, and -a number had been suffered to remain within -the parking retained between sidewalk and -curb, mitigating greatly the harsh lines of the -new addition. But I think the deciding factor<span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">[197]</span> -was the name of the little street. Landor had -always given me pleasure, and while it is possible -that a residence in Huxley Avenue might -have been more suitable for a seeker of truth, -there was the further reflection that truth, -touched with the iridescent glow of romance, -need suffer nothing from contact with the spirit -of Walter Savage Landor.</p> - -<p>Directly opposite my green bungalow was -a dark brown one flung up rather high above -the lane. The promoters of the addition had -refrained from smoothing out the landscape, -so that the brown bungalow was about twenty -feet above the street, while my green one was -reached by only half a dozen steps.</p> - -<p>On the day that I made my choice I saw -a child of three playing in the grass plot before -the brown bungalow. It was Saturday -afternoon, and the typical young freeholder -was doing something with an axe near the -woodshed, and even as I surveyed the scene -the domestic picture was completed by the -appearance of the inevitable young woman, -who came from the direction of the trolley-terminus, -carrying the usual neat card-case in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">[198]</span> -her hand. Here was exactly what I wanted—a -chance to study at close hand the bungalow -type, and yet, Landor Lane was so quiet, its -trio of houses so distributed, that I might enjoy -that coveted detachment so essential to contemplative -observation and wise judgments.</p> - -<p>“I’ve forgotten,” mused the architect, as -we viewed the scene together, “whether the -chap in that brown bungalow is Redmond, the -patent lawyer, or Manderson, the tile-grate -man. There’s a baby of about the same vintage -at both houses. If that isn’t Redmond over -there showing Gladstonian prowess with the -axe, it’s Manderson. Woman with child and -cart; number 58; West Gallery; artist unknown.” -It pleased my friend’s humor to quote -thus from imaginary catalogues. “Well, I don’t -know whether those are the Redmonds or the -Mandersons; but come to think of it, Redmond -isn’t a lawyer, but the inventor of a new office -system by which profit and loss are computed -hourly by a device so simple that any child -may operate it. A man of your cloistral habits -won’t care about the neighbors, but I hope -that chap isn’t Redmond. A man who will<span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">[199]</span> -think up a machine like that isn’t one you’d -expose perfectly good garden hose to, on dark -summer nights.”</p> - -<h3>II</h3> - -<p>A Japanese boy who was working his way -through college offered to assume the responsibilities -of my housekeeping for his board. -Banzai brought to the task of cooking the deft -hand of his race. He undertook the purchase -of furniture to set me up in the bungalow, without -asking questions—in itself a great relief. -In a week’s time he announced that all was -in readiness for my transfer, so that I made -the change quite casually, without other impedimenta -than a portfolio and a suitcase.</p> - -<p>On that first evening, as Banzai served my -supper—he was a past master of the omelet—I -enjoyed a peace my life had not known before. -In collecting material for my earlier -sketches I had undeniably experienced many -discomforts and annoyances; but here was an -adventure which could hardly fail to prove -pleasant and profitable.</p> - -<p>As I loafed with my pipe after supper, I resolved<span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">[200]</span> -to make the most of my good fortune -and perfect a study of the bungalow as an expression -of American civilization which should -be the final word on that enthralling subject. I -was myself, so to speak, a bungaloyd—the -owner or occupant of a bungalow—and while -I was precluded by my state of bachelorhood -from entering fully into the life which had so -aroused my curiosity, I was nevertheless confident -that I should be able to probe deeply and -sympathetically into the secret of the bungalow’s -happiness.</p> - -<p>Having arranged my books and papers I -sought the open. Banzai had secured some -porch furniture of a rustic pattern, but he had -neglected to provide pillows, and as the chairs -of hickory boughs were uncomfortable, I -strolled out into the lane. As I stood in the -walk, the door of the brown bungalow opened -and a man came forth and descended to the -street. It was a clear night with an abundance -of stars, and the slim crescent of a young moon -hung in the west. My neighbor struck a match -and drew the flame into his pipe in four or five -deliberate inhalations. In the match-flare I<span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">[201]</span> -saw his face, which impressed me as sombre, -though this may have been the effect of his -dark, close-trimmed beard. He stood immovable -for five minutes or more, then strolled -aimlessly away down the lane.</p> - -<p>Looking up, I saw a green-shaded lamp -aglow in the front window of the bungalow, -and almost immediately the young wife opened -the door and came out hastily, anxiously. She -ran half-way down the steps, with the light -of the open door falling upon her, and after -a hurried glance to right and left called softly, -“Tom!”</p> - -<p>“Tom,” she repeated more loudly; then she -ran back into the house and reappeared, flinging -a wrap over her shoulders, and walked -swiftly away in the direction taken by the -lord of the bungalow.</p> - -<p>Could it be possible, I pondered, that the -happiness I had attributed to bungalow folk -was after all of such stuff as dreams are made -of? There had been almost a sob in that second -cry of “Tom!” and I resented it. The scene -was perfectly set; the green-shaded lamp had -been lighted, ready for that communing of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">[202]</span> -two souls which had so deeply moved and interested -me as I had ranged the land of the -bungalow; yet here was a situation which rose -blackly in my imagination. I was surprised to -find how quickly I took sides in this unhappy -drama; I was all for the woman. The glimpse -I had caught of her, tripping homeward in -the lane, swinging her card-case, had been -wholly pleasing; and I recalled the joyous quick -rush with which she had clasped her child. I -was sure that Tom was a monster, eccentric, -selfish, indifferent. There had been a tiff, and -he had gone off to sulk in the dark like a wilful, -perverse child.</p> - -<p>I was patrolling my veranda half an hour -later, when I heard steps and then voices on -the walk opposite, and back they came. It is -a woman’s way, I reflected, to make all the -advances; and this young wife had captured -the runaway and talked him into good humor. -A moment later they were seated beside the -table in the living-room, and so disposed that -the lamp did not obscure them from each other. -She was reading aloud, and occasionally glanced -up, whether to make sure of his attention or<span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">[203]</span> -to comment upon the book I did not know; -and when it occurred to me that it was neither -dignified nor decent to watch my neighbors -through their window, I went indoors and -wrote several pages of notes for a chapter which -I now felt must be written, on “Bungalow -Shadows.”</p> - -<p>Manderson was the name; Banzai made sure -of this at the grocer’s. As I took the air of the -lane the next morning before breakfast, I saw -that the Redmonds were a different sort. Redmond, -a big fellow, with a loud voice, was bidding -his wife and child good-by. The youngster -toddled after him, the wife ran after the child, -and there was much laughter. They all stopped -to inspect me, and Redmond introduced himself -and shook hands, with the baby clutching -his knees. He presented me to his wife, and -they cordially welcomed me to the lane to the -baby’s cooing accompaniment. They restored -me to confidence in the bungalow type; no -doubt of the Redmonds being the real thing!</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">[204]</span></p> - -<h3>III</h3> - -<p>The lady of the brown bungalow was, however, -far more attractive than her sister of the -red one, and the Mandersons as a family were -far more appealing than the Redmonds. My -note-book filled with memoranda touching the -ways and manners of the Mandersons, and -most of these, I must confess, related to Mrs. -Manderson. She was exactly the type I sought, -the veritable <i>dea ex machina</i> of the bungalow -world. She lived a good deal on her veranda, -and as I had established a writing-table on -mine I was able to add constantly to my notes -by the mere lifting of my eyes. I excused -my impudence in watching her on scientific -grounds. She was no more to me than a new -bird to an ornithologist, or a strange plant to -a botanist.</p> - -<p>Occasionally she would dart into the house -and attack an upright piano that stood by the -broad window of the living-room. I could see -the firm clean stroke of her arms as she played. -Those brilliant, flashing, golden things of -Chopin’s she did wonderfully; or again it would<span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">[205]</span> -be Schumann’s spirit she invoked. Once begun, -she would run on for an hour, and Banzai -would leave his kitchen and crouch on our -steps to listen. She appeared at times quite -fearlessly with a broom to sweep the walk, -and she seemed to find a childish delight in -sprinkling the lawn. Or she would set off, basket -in hand, for the grocer’s, and would return -bearing her own purchases and none the less -a lady for a’ that. There was about her an indefinable -freshness and crispness. I observed -with awe her succession of pink and blue shirt -waists, in which she caught and diffused the -sun like a figure in one of Benson’s pictures; -and when she danced off with her card-case -in a costume of solid white, and with a flappy -white hat, she was not less than adorable.</p> - -<p>Manderson nodded to me the second day, a -little coldly, as we met in the walk; and thereafter -bowed or waved a hand when I fell under -his eye. One evening I heard him calling her -across the dusk of the yard. Her name was -Olive, and nothing, it seemed to me, was ever -more fitting than that.</p> - -<p>One morning as I wrote at my table on the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">[206]</span> -veranda I was aroused by a commotion over -the way. The girl of all work appeared in the -front yard screaming and wringing her hands, -and I rushed across the lane to learn that the -water-heater was possessed of an evil spirit -and threatened to burst. The lady of the bungalow -had gone to town and the peril was imminent. -I reversed all the visible valves, in that -trustful experimental spirit which is the flower -of perfect ignorance, and the catastrophe was -averted. I returned to my work, became absorbed, -and was only aroused by a tug at my -smoking-jacket. Beside me stood the Manderson -baby, extending a handful of dahlias! Her -manner was of ambassadorial gravity. No -word was spoken, and she trotted off, laboriously -descended my steps, and toddled across -the lane.</p> - -<p>Her mother waited at the curb, and as I -bowed in my best manner, holding up the -dahlias, she called, “Thank you!” in the most -entrancing of voices. Mr. James declares that -the way one person looks at another may be, -in effect, an incident; and how much more -may “Thank you,” flung across a quiet street,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">[207]</span> -have the weight of hours of dialogue! Her voice -was precisely the voice that the loveliest of -feminine names connotes, suggesting Tennysonian -harmonies and cadences, and murmuring -waters of——</p> - -<p class="center">“Sweet Catullus’s all-but-island, olive-silvery Sirmio.”</p> - -<p>A bunch of dahlias was just the epistolary form -to which a bungalow lady would resort in communicating -with a gentleman she did not know. -The threatened explosion of the heater had -thus served to introduce me to my neighbor, -and had given me at the same time a new revelation -of her sense of the proprieties, her graciousness, -and charm. In my visit to the house -I had observed its appointments with a discreet -but interested eye, and I jotted down many notes -with her dahlias on the table before me. The -soft tints of the walls, the well-chosen American -rugs, the comfort that spoke in the furniture -reflected a consistent taste. There was -the usual den, with a long bench piled with -cushions, and near at hand a table where a -tray of smoker’s articles was hedged in with -magazines, and there were books neatly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">[208]</span> -shelved, and others, lying about, testified to -familiar use. The upright piano, by the window -of my frequent contemplation, bore the -imprimatur of one of the most reputable -makers, and a tall rack beside it was filled with -music. Prone on the player’s seat lay a doll—a -fact I noted with satisfaction, as evidence -of the bungalow baby’s supremacy even where -its mother is a veritable reincarnation of St. -Cecilia.</p> - -<p>The same evening Manderson came home -in haste and departed immediately with a -suitcase. I had hoped that he would follow -the dahlias in person to discuss the housemaid’s -embarrassments with the plumbing and bring -me within the arc of his domestic circle, but -such was not to be the way of it.</p> - -<p>He was gone three days, and while the lady -of the bungalow now bowed to me once daily -across the lane, our acquaintance progressed -no further. Nor, I may add, did my work move -forward according to the schedule by which it -is my habit to write. I found myself scribbling -verses—a relaxation I had not indulged in -since my college days. I walked much, surveying<span class="pagenum" id="Page_209">[209]</span> -the other streets in Sherwood Forest -Addition and gloomily comparing them with -Landor Lane to their disadvantage. I tramped -the shore of the little lake and saw her there -once and again, at play with the baby. She -and Mrs. Redmond exchanged visits frequently -with bungalow informality. One afternoon half -a dozen young women appeared for tea on the -deep veranda, and the lane was gay with -laughter. They were the ladies of the surrounding -bungalow district, and their party was the -merriest. I wondered whether she had waited -for a day when her husband was absent to -summon these sisters. It was a gloomy fate -that had mated her with a melancholy soul like -Manderson.</p> - -<h3>IV</h3> - -<p>I had written several couplets imploring the -protection of the gods for the Lady of the Lane, -and these I had sketched upon a large sheet -of cardboard the better to scrutinize them. -And thereby hangs the saddest of revelations. -My friend the architect had sent me a number -of advertisements with a request that I should<span class="pagenum" id="Page_210">[210]</span> -persuade Banzai to attach them to the adjacent -landscape. Returning from a tramp I -beheld Olive (as I shall not scruple to call her) -studying a placard on a telephone-post in the -lane a little beyond her bungalow. It struck -me as odd that she should be so interested in -a mere advertisement of bungalows, when she -was already cosily domiciled in the prettiest -one the addition boasted. She laughed aloud, -then turned guardedly, saw me, and marched -demurely home without so much as glancing -a second time in my direction.</p> - -<p>After she had tripped up the steps and -vanished I saw the grievous thing that Banzai -had done. By some inadvertence he had thrust -the card bearing my verses among the advertisements, -and with all the posts and poles and -tree-boxes in Christendom to choose from, he -had with unconscious malevolence nailed my -couplets to the telephone-pole nearest the Manderson -bungalow. It was an unpardonable -atrocity, the enormity of which I shall not -extenuate by suppressing the verses:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="first">“Spirits that guard all lovely things</div> -<div class="verse">Bend o’er this path thy golden wings.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">[211]</span> -<div class="verse">Shield it from storms and powers malign:</div> -<div class="verse">Make stars and sun above it shine.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">May none pass here on evil bent:</div> -<div class="verse">Bless it to hearts of good intent,</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">And when (like some bright catch of song</div> -<div class="verse">One hears but once though waiting long)</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Lalage suddenly at the door</div> -<div class="verse">Views the adoring landscape o’er,</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">O swift let friendly winds attend</div> -<div class="verse">And faithful to her errands bend!</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Then when adown the lane she goes</div> -<div class="verse">Make leap before her vine and rose!</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">From elfin land bring Ariel</div> -<div class="verse">To walk beside and guard her well.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Defend her, pray, from faun and gnome</div> -<div class="verse">Till through the Lane she wanders home!”</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>It was bad enough to apostrophize my -neighbor’s wife in song; but to publish my -infamy to the world was an even more grievous -sin. I tore the thing down, bore it home, and -thrust it into the kitchen range before the eyes -of the contrite Banzai. Across the way Olive -played, and I thought there was mockery in -her playing.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">[212]</span>Realism is, after all, on much better terms -with Romance than the critics would have us -believe. If Manderson had not thawed sufficiently -to borrow the realistic monkey-wrench -which Banzai used on our lawn-mower, and if -Olive had not romantically returned it a week -later with a card on which she had scribbled -“Many apologies for the long delay,” I might -never have discovered that she was not in fact -Manderson’s wife but his sister. Hers was the -neatest, the best-bred of cards, and bore the -name incontrovertibly——</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="bbox"> -<p> </p> -<p class="center">           <span class="smcap">Miss Olive Manderson</span>           </p> -<p> </p> -<p><small>44</small> <span class="allsmcap">LANDOR LANE</span></p> -</div></div></div> - -<p>I throw this to the realists that they may -chortle over it in the way of their grim fraternity. -Were I cursed with the least taint of -romanticism I should not disclose her maiden -state at this point, but hold it for stirring dramatic -use at the moment when, believing her<span class="pagenum" id="Page_213">[213]</span> -to be the wife of the mournful tile-grate -man, I should bid her good-by and vanish forever.</p> - -<p>The moment that card reached me by the -hand of her housemaid she was playing a -Chopin polonaise, and I was across the lane -and reverently waiting at the door when the -last chord sounded. It was late on an afternoon -at the threshold of October, but not too -cool for tea <i>al fresco</i>. When the wind blew chill -from the lake she disappeared, and returned -with her hands thrust into the pockets of a -white sweater.</p> - -<p>It was amazing how well we got on from -the first. She explained herself in the fewest -words. Her brother’s wife had died two years -before, and she had helped to establish a home -for him in the hope of mitigating his loneliness. -She spoke of him and the child with the tenderest -consideration. He had been badly broken -by his wife’s death, and was given to brooding. -I accused myself bitterly for having so grossly -misjudged him as to think him capable of harshness -toward the fair lady of his bungalow. He -came while I still sat there and greeted me<span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">[214]</span> -amiably, and when I left we were established -on the most neighborly footing.</p> - -<p>Thenceforth my work prospered. Olive revealed, -with the nicest appreciation and understanding -of my needs, the joys and sorrows -of suburban bungalowhood. The deficiencies -of the trolley service, the uncertainties of the -grocer’s delivery she described in the aptest -phrases, her buoyant spirit making light of all -such vexations.</p> - -<p>The manifold resources and subterfuges of -bungalow housekeeping were unfolded with -the drollest humor. The eternal procession of -cooks, the lapses of the neighborhood hired man, -the fitfulness of the electric light—all such -tragedies were illuminated with her cheery -philosophy. The magazine article that I had -planned expanded into a discerning study of -the secret which had baffled and lured me, as to -the flowering of the bungalow upon the rough -edges of the urban world. The aspirations expressed -by the upright piano, the perambulator, -the new book on the arts-and-crafts table, the -card-case borne through innumerable quiet lanes—all -such phenomena Olive elucidated for my<span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">[215]</span> -instruction. The shrewd economies that explained -the occasional theatre tickets; the incubator -that robbed the grocer to pay the -milliner; the home-plied needle that accounted -for the succession of crisp shirt waists—into -these and many other mysteries Olive initiated -me.</p> - -<p>Sherwood Forest suddenly began to boom, -and houses were in demand. My architect friend -threatened me with eviction, and to avert the -calamity I signed a contract of purchase, which -bound me and my heirs and assigns forever to -certain weekly payments; and, blithe opportunist -that I am, I based a chapter on this -circumstance, with the caption “Five Dollars -a Month for Life.” I wrote from notes supplied -by Olive a dissertation on “The Pursuit of the -Lemon”—suggested by an adventure of her -own in search of the fruit of the <i>citrus limonum</i> -for use in garnishing a plate of canned salmon -for Sunday evening tea.</p> - -<p>Inspired by the tender, wistful autumn days -I wrote verses laboriously, and boldly hung -them in the lane in the hope of arresting my -Rosalind’s eye. One of these (tacked to a tree<span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">[216]</span> -in a path by the lake) I here insert to illustrate -the plight to which she had brought me:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="first">“At eve a line of golden light</div> -<div class="indent">Hung low along the west;</div> -<div class="verse">The first red maple bough shone bright</div> -<div class="indent">Upon the woodland’s breast.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">The wind blew keen across the lake,</div> -<div class="indent">A wave mourned on the shore;</div> -<div class="verse">Earth knew an instant some heartache</div> -<div class="indent">Unknown to earth before.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">The wandering ghosts of summers gone</div> -<div class="indent">Watched shore and wood and skies;</div> -<div class="verse">The night fell like a shadow drawn</div> -<div class="indent">Across your violet eyes.”</div> -</div></div></div> - -<h3>V</h3> - -<p>Olive suffered my rhyming with the same -composure with which she met the unpreluded -passing of a maid of all work, or the ill-natured -smoking of the furnace on the first day it was -fired. She preferred philosophy to poetry, and -borrowed Nietzsche from the branch library. -She persuaded me that the ladies of the bungalows -are all practical persons, and so far as I<span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">[217]</span> -am concerned, Olive fixed the type. It had -seemed to me, as I viewed her comings and -goings at long range, that she commanded -infinite leisure; and yet her hours were crowded -with activities. I learned from her that cooks -with diplomas are beyond the purses of most -bungalow housekeepers; and as Olive’s brother’s -digestive apparatus was most delicate she assumed -the responsibility of composing cakes -and pastries for his pleasure. With tea (and -we indulged in much teaing) she gave me -golden sponge-cake of her own making which -could not have failed to delight the severest -Olympian critic. Her sand tarts established a -new standard for that most delectable item of -the cook-book. She ironed with her own hands -the baby’s more fragile frocks. Nor did such -manual employments interfere in any way -whatever with the delicacy of her touch upon -the piano. She confided to me that she made -a practice of reviewing French verbs at the -ironing-board with a grammar propped before -her. She belonged to a club which was studying -Carlyle’s <i>French Revolution</i>, and she was secretary -of a musical society—formed exclusively<span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">[218]</span> -of the mistresses of bungalows, who had nobly -resolved to devote the winter to the study of -the works of John Sebastian Bach.</p> - -<p>It gradually became clear that the romance -of the American bungalow was reinforced and -strengthened by a realism that was in itself -romance, and I was immensely stimulated by -this discovery. It was refreshing to find that -there are, after all, no irreconcilable differences -between a pie well made and a Chopin polonaise -well played. Those who must quibble over the -point may file a demurrer, if they so please, -with the baby asleep in the perambulator on -the nearest bungalow veranda, and the child, -awaking, will overrule it with a puckered face -and a cry that brings mama on the run with -Carlyle in her hand.</p> - -<h3>VI</h3> - -<p>Olive was twenty-five. Twenty-five is the -standard age, so to speak, of bungalow matrons. -My closest scrutiny has failed to discover one -a day older. It is too early for any one to forecast -the ultimate fate of the bungalow. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_219">[219]</span> -bungalow speaks for youth, and whether it will -survive as an architectural type, or whether -those hopeful young married persons who trustingly -kindle their domestic altars in bungalow -fireplaces will be found there in contentment at -fifty, is not for this writing. What did strike -me was the fact that Olive, being twenty-five, -was an anomaly as a bungalow lady by reason -of her unmarriedness. Her domesticity was -complete, her efficiency indisputable, her charm -ineffable; and it seemed that here was a chance -to perfect a type which I, with my strong scientific -bent, could not suffer to pass. By the mere -process of changing the name on her visiting -card, and moving from a brown to a green bungalow, -she might become the perfect representation -of the most interesting and delightful -type of American women. Half of my study -of bungalow life was finished, and a publisher -to whom I submitted the early chapters returned -them immediately with a contract, -whose terms were in all ways generous, so -that I was able to view the future in that -jaunty confidence with which young folk -intrust their fate to the bungalow gods.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_220">[220]</span>I looked up from my writing-table, which -the chill air had driven indoors, and saw Olive -on her lawn engaged in some mysterious occupation. -She was whistling the while she -dabbed paint with a brush and a sophisticated -air upon the bruised legs of the baby’s high -chair.</p> - -<p>At my approach Romance nudged Realism. -Or maybe it was Realism that nudged Romance. -I cannot see that it makes the slightest difference, -one way or another, on whose initiative -I spoke: let it suffice that I did speak. Realism -and Romance tripped away and left me alone -with the situation. When I had spoken Olive -rose, viewed her work musingly, with head -slightly tilted, and still whistling touched the -foot-rest of the baby chair lingeringly with the -paint-brush. Those neat cans of prepared paint -which place the most fascinating of joys within -the range of womankind are in every well-regulated -bungalow tool-closet—and another -chapter for my book began working in my -subconsciousness.</p> - -<p>A little later Romance and Realism returned -and stood to right and left of us by the living-room<span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">[221]</span> -fire. Realism, in the outward form of -W. D. H., winked at Romance as represented -by R. L. S. I observed that W. D. H., in a -pepper-and-salt business suit, played with his -eye-glasses; R. L. S., in a velvet jacket, toyed -with his dagger hilt.</p> - -<p>Olive informed me that her atrabilious -brother was about to marry a widow in Emerson -Road, so there seemed to be no serious -obstacle to the immediate perfecting of Olive -as a type by a visit to the young clergyman -in the white bungalow in Channing Lane, on -the other side of Sherwood Forest Addition. -Romance and Realism therefore quietly withdrew -and left us to discuss the future.</p> - -<p>“I think,” said Olive with a far-away look -in her eyes, “that there should be a box of -geraniums on our veranda rail next summer, -and that a hen-house could be built back of -the coal shed without spoiling the looks of the -yard.”</p> - -<p>As I saw no objection whatever to these -arrangements, we took the baby for a walk, -met Tom at the car, and later we all dined -together at the brown bungalow. I seem to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">[222]</span> -recall that there was roast fowl for dinner, a -salad with the smoothest of mayonnaise, canned -apricots, and chocolate layer cake, and a Schumann -programme afterward.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_223">[223]</span> - -<h2 class="nobreak">HOW, THEN, SHOULD SMITH VOTE?</h2> - -<p class="ph1">[1920]</p> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap">THE talk on the veranda had been prolonged, -and only my old friend Smith, -smoking in meditative silence, had refused -to contribute to our discussion of the -men and the issues. Between campaigns Smith -is open-minded on all matters affecting the -body politic. Not infrequently his views are -marked by a praiseworthy independence. Smith -has brains; Smith thinks. A Republican, he -criticises his party with the utmost freedom; -and when sorely tried he renounces it with a -superb gesture of disdain. But on election day, -in a mood of high consecration, he unfailingly -casts his ballot for the Republican nominee. -A week earlier he may have declared in the -most convincing manner that he would not -support the ticket; and under extreme provocation -I have known him to threaten to leave -the Republican fold for all time.</p> - -<p>Party loyalty is one of the most powerful -factors in the operation of our democracy, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_224">[224]</span> -it has its special psychology, to which only a -Josiah Royce could do full justice. Smith really -thinks that he will bolt; but when it comes to -the scratch an influence against which he is -powerless stays his hand when he is alone in -the voting booth with his conscience and his -God. Later, when gently reminded of this mood -of disaffection, he snarls that, when it comes -down to brass tacks, any Republican is better -than any Democrat, anyhow—a fragment of -philosophy that is the consolation of great -numbers of Smiths.</p> - -<p>Smith, as I was saying, had refrained from -participating in our talk on that August night -where the saltless sea complained upon the -beach and the pines took counsel of the stars. -Then, as the party broke up, Smith flung his -cigar into Lake Michigan and closed the discussion -by remarking with a despairing sigh—</p> - -<p>“Well, either way, the people lose!”</p> - -<h3>I</h3> - -<p>Smith prides himself on his ability to get -what he wants when he wants it—in everything -but politics. In all else that pertains to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">[225]</span> -his welfare Smith is informed, capable, and -efficient. In his own affairs he tells the other -fellow where to get off, and if told he can’t do -a thing he proceeds at once to do it and to do it -well. It is only in politics that his efforts are -futile and he takes what is “handed him.” -Under strong provocation he will, in the manner -of a dog in the highway, run barking after -some vehicle that awakens his ire; but finding -himself unequal to the race, he meekly trots -back to his own front yard. If the steam roller -runs over him and the self-respect is all but -mashed out of him, he picks himself up and -retires to consider it yet again. He has learned -nothing, except that by interposing himself -before a machine of superior size and weight -he is very likely to get hurt; and this he knew -before.</p> - -<p>Smith and I are in the north woods thirty-five -miles from a telegraph instrument, where -it is possible to ponder great questions with a -degree of detachment. Loafing with Smith is -one of the most profitable things I do; he is -the best of fellows, and, as our lives have run -parallel from school-days with an unbroken<span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">[226]</span> -intimacy, we are thoroughly familiar with each -other’s manner of thought. What I am setting -down here is really a condensed report of our -talks. Just where Smith leaves off and I begin -doesn’t matter, for we speak the same language -of the Ancient Brotherhood of the Average -Man. Smith is a Republican; I am a Democrat. -We have “gone to the mat” in many campaigns, -each valiantly defending his party and its -heroes. But, chumming together in August, -1920, the punch had gone out of us. We talked -of men and issues, but not with our old fervor. -At first we were both shy of present-day matters, -and disposed to “sidle up” to the immediate -situation—to reach it by reluctant, tangential -approaches, as though we were strangers, -wary of wounding each other’s feelings.</p> - -<p>We mean to keep smiling about this whole -business. We Americans seem destined to rock -dizzily on the brink of many precipices without -ever quite toppling over. We have lived through -wars and rumors of wars, and have escaped -pestilence and famine, and we are deeply grateful -that the present campaign lays so light a -tax upon the emotions. The republic isn’t going<span class="pagenum" id="Page_227">[227]</span> -to perish, no matter who’s elected. One -thing is certain, however, and that is that this -time we—that is, Smith and I—are not going -to be jostled or pushed.</p> - -<p>The other day we interviewed an Indian—whether -untaxed or enrolled at the receipt of -custom we didn’t ascertain. Smith asked him -whether he was for Cox or Harding, and the -rightful heir to all the territory in sight, interpreting -our courteous inquiry in a restricted -tribal rather than a national spirit replied, -“No whisk.” He thought we were deputy -sheriffs looking for boot-leggers. Even at that, -Smith held “no whisk” to be the most intelligent -answer he had as yet received to his -question.</p> - -<p>Smith nearly upset the canoe one morning -as he turned suddenly to demand fiercely: -“What’s this campaign all about anyhow?” -This was a dismaying question, but it precipitated -a fortnight of reminiscences of the -changing fortunes of parties and of battles long -ago, with the usual profitless palaver as to -whether the giants of other days were really -bigger and nobler than those of the present.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_228">[228]</span> -We decided, of course, that they were, having -arrived at that time of life when pygmies loom -large in the twilight shades of vanishing perspectives. -The recuperative power of parties -kept us interested through several evenings. -It seemed a miracle that the Democratic party -survived the Civil War. We talked much of -Cleveland, speaking of him wistfully, as the -habit now is—of his courage and bluff honesty.</p> - -<p>In generous mood we agreed that Mr. Bryan -had at times rendered meritorious service to -his country, and that it was a good thing to -encourage such evangelists occasionally to give -the kettle a vigorous stirring up. The brilliant -qualities as well as the many irritating characteristics -of Colonel Roosevelt were dwelt -upon, and we readily and amiably concluded -that many pages of American history would -be dull without him. He knew what America -is all about, and that is something. We lamented -the disheartening circumstance that in the -very nature of our system of political management -there must always be men of first-rate -capacity who can never hope to win the highest -place—men, for example, of indubitable wisdom,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_229">[229]</span> -character, and genius, like George F. -Edmunds, Elihu Root, and Judge Gray of -Delaware.</p> - -<p>“When I’ve got a place to fill in my business,” -said Smith, “I pick out a man I’m dead -sure can handle it; I can’t afford to experiment -with fakers and amateurs. But when it comes -to choosing a mayor in my town or a President -of the United States, I’ve got to take what I -can get.”</p> - -<p>There is no justification for the party system, -unless the major parties are alert and -honest in criticism and exercise a restraining -influence upon each other. It is perfectly legitimate -for the opposition to pick out all the -weak spots in the record of an administration -and make the most of them. The rules of good -sportsmanship do not, unfortunately, apply in -politics. With all our insistence as a nation -upon fair play, we don’t practise our greatest -game in that spirit. It was not, I should say, -until after Mr. Cleveland’s second election -that the Civil War ceased to color political -discussion. Until I was well on toward manhood, -I was troubled not a little by a fear that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_230">[230]</span> -the South would renew the war, so continually -was the great struggle of the sixties brought -fearsomely to the attention, even in local contests. -In the criticism that has been heaped -upon Mr. Wilson’s administration we have -been reminded frequently that he has been far -too responsive to Southern influence.</p> - -<p>The violence of our partisanship is responsible -for the intrusion of all manner of extraneous -matters into campaigns. It would -seem that some single striking issue that -touches the pocketbook, like the tariff or silver, -is necessary, if the electorate is to be thoroughly -aroused. Human nature in a democracy is -quite what it is under any other form of government, -and is thoroughly disposed to view -all matters selfishly. Shantung and Fiume are -too remote to interest the great number of us -whose club is the corner grocery. Anything -beyond Main Street is alien to our interest. -We’ll buy food for the starving in other lands, -but that’s missionary work, not politics. Politics -is electing our township ticket, even though -Bill Jones does beat his wife and is bound to -make a poor constable.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_231">[231]</span>We became slightly cynical at times, in the -way of Americans who talk politics heart-to-heart. -The national convention, where there is -a thrill in the sonority of the very names of -the far-flung commonwealths as they are recited -on roll-call, is, on the face of it, a glorious -expression of democracy at work. But in actual -operation every one knows that a national -convention is only nominally representative. -The delegates in their appointed places are not -free and independent American citizens, assembled, -as we would believe, to exercise their -best judgment as trustees of the “folks back -home.” Most of them owe their seats to the -favor of a district or State boss; from the moment -the convention opens they are the playthings -of the super-bosses, who plan in advance -every step in the proceedings.</p> - -<p>Occasionally there are slips: the ringmaster -cracks his whip, confident that the show will -proceed according to programme, only to be -embarrassed by some irresponsible performer -who refuses to “take” the hoops and hurdles -in the prescribed order. In other terms, some -absurd person may throw a wrench into a perfectly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_232">[232]</span> -functioning machine and change the -pattern it has been set to weave. Such sabotage -calls for a high degree of temerariousness, and -cannot be recommended to ambitious young -patriots anxious to ingratiate themselves with -the powers that control. At Baltimore, in 1912, -Mr. Bryan did the trick—the most creditable -act of his career; but in accepting for his reward -the premiership for which he was so conspicuously -unfit he foolishly spoiled his record and -promptly fulfilled the worst predictions of his -enemies.</p> - -<p>There is an oft-quoted saying that the Democratic -party always may be relied upon to do -the wrong thing. Dating from 1876, when it so -nearly won the presidency, it has certainly been -the victim of a great deal of bad luck. However, -remembering the blasting of many Republican -hopes and the swift passing of many -Republican idols—the catastrophe that befell -the much-enduring Blaine, Mr. Taft’s melancholy -adventures with the presidency, the -Progressive schism, and the manner in which -Mr. Hughes struck out with the bases full—it -may hardly be said that the gods of good-fortune<span class="pagenum" id="Page_233">[233]</span> -have been markedly faithful to the Republicans. -Disappointments are inevitable; but -even the Grant third-termers and the followers -of the Plumed Knight and the loyal Bryan -phalanx outlived their sorrows. The supporters -of McAdoo and Palmer, of Wood and Lowden, -appear to be comfortably seated on the bandwagon.</p> - -<p>Smith was an ardent supporter of General -Wood’s candidacy, and we sat together in the -gallery of the convention hall at Chicago and -observed with awe and admiration the manner -in which the general received the lethal thrust. -The noisy demonstrations, the oratory, the -vociferous whoops of the galleries touched us -not at all, for we are not without our sophistication -in such exhibitions. We listened with pleasure -to the impromptus of those stanch veterans -of many battles, Messrs. Depew and Cannon. -At other times, during lulls that invited oratory, -we heard insistent calls for Mr. Beveridge; but -these did not reach the ear, or failed to touch -the heart, of the chairman. The former senator -from Indiana had been a Progressive, and was -not to be trusted before a convention that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_234">[234]</span> -might, with a little stimulation, have trampled -the senatorial programme under foot.</p> - -<p>We knew before the opening prayer was -uttered that, when the delegates chose a candidate, -it would be only a <i>pro forma</i> confirmation -of a selection made privately by half a dozen -men, devout exponents of that principle of -party management which holds that the wisdom -of the few is superior to the silly clamor -of the many. At that strategic moment when -it became hazardous to indulge the deadlock -further, and expediency called for an adjournment -that the scene might be set for the last -act, the great lords quite shamelessly consulted -in full view of the spectators. Messrs. Lodge, -Smoot, Watson, and Crane, hastily reinforced -by Mr. Herrick, who, aware that the spotlight -was soon to be turned upon Ohio, ran nimbly -across the reporters’ seats to join the conference, -stood there in their majesty, like complacent -Olympians preparing to confer a boon -upon mankind. It was a pretty bit of drama. -The curtain fell, as upon a second act where -the developments of the third are fully anticipated -and interest is buoyed up only through<span class="pagenum" id="Page_235">[235]</span> -the intermission by a mild curiosity as to the -manner in which the plot will be worked out.</p> - -<p>My heart warmed to the enterprising reporter -who attached himself to the sacred group -for a magnificent moment. His forcible ejection -only emphasized the tensity of the situation -and brought into clearer relief the august figures -of the pontiffs, who naturally resented so gross -an intrusion upon their privacy.</p> - -<h3>II</h3> - -<p>The other night, when every prospect divulged -by the moon’s soft radiance was pleasing -and only the thought of man’s clumsy handiwork -was vile, Smith shocked me by remarking:</p> - -<p>“This patter of both parties about the dear -people makes me sick. That vox populi vox -Dei stuff was always a fake. We think we’re -hearing an echo from heaven when it’s only -a few bosses in the back room of a hotel somewhere -telling us what we ought to want.” We -descanted upon this at length, and he adduced -much evidence in support of his contention.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_236">[236]</span> -“What we’ve got in this country,” he snorted, -when I tried to reason him out of his impious -attitude, “is government of the people by the -bosses—for the bosses’ good. The people are -like a flock of silly sheep fattening for the wolf, -and too stupid to lift their eyes from the grass -to see him galloping down the hill. They’ve -got to be driven to the hole in the wall and -pushed through!”</p> - -<p>He was mightily pleased when I told him -he had been anticipated by many eminent authorities -running back to Isaiah and Plato.</p> - -<p>“Saving remnant” was a phrase to his liking, -and he kept turning it over and investing it -with modern meanings. Before we blew out the -candles we were in accord on the proposition -that while we have government by parties the -parties have got to be run by some one; what -is everybody’s business being, very truly, nobody’s -business. Hence the development of -party organizations and their domination by -groups, with the groups themselves deriving inspiration -usually from a single head. Under the -soothing influence of these bromides Smith -fell to sleep denouncing the direct primary.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_237">[237]</span>“Instead of giving the power to the people,” -he muttered drowsily, “the bloomin’ thing -has commercialized office-seeking. We’re selling -nominations to the highest bidder. If I were -ass enough to chase a United States senatorship, -I wouldn’t waste any time on the people -until I’d been underwritten by a few strong -banks. And if I won, I’d be like the Dutchman -who said he was getting along all right, only he -was worried because he had to die and go to -hell yet. It would be my luck to be pinched as -a common felon, and to have my toga changed -for a prison suit at Leavenworth.”</p> - -<p>Some candidate for the doctorate, hard put -for a subject, might find it profitable to produce -a thesis on American political phraseology. -As a people we are much addicted to felicitous -combinations of words that express large ideas -in the smallest possible compass. Not only does -political wisdom lend itself well to condensation, -but the silliest fallacy will carry far if -knocked into a fetching phrase. How rich in -its connotations even to-day is the old slogan, -“Tippecanoe and Tyler too”! and many others -equally illuminative of a period might be dug<span class="pagenum" id="Page_238">[238]</span> -out of the records from the beginning of our -history, including “the tariff is a tax,” “the -full dinner-pail,” down to “he kept us out of -war.” A telling phrase or a catchword is -enormously persuasive and convincing—the -shrewdest possible advertisement.</p> - -<p>There is no way of knowing how many of -our hundred millions ever read a national platform, -but I will hazard the guess that not more -than twenty-five per cent have perused the -platforms of 1920 or will do so before election -day. The average voter is content to accept -the interpretations and laudatory comment of -his party paper, with its assurance that the -declaration of principles and purposes is in -keeping with the great traditions of the grand -old party. It is straining Smith’s patriotism -pretty far to ask him to read a solid page of -small type, particularly when he knows that -much of it is untrue and most of it sheer bunk. -Editorial writers and campaign orators read -platforms perforce; but to Smith they are -fatiguing to the eye and a weariness to the -spirit. The primary qualification for membership -on a platform committee is an utter lack—there<span class="pagenum" id="Page_239">[239]</span> -must be no question about it—of a -sense of humor. The League of Nations plank -of the Republican platform is a refutation of -the fallacy that we are a people singularly -blessed with humor. We could ask no more -striking proof of the hypnotic power of a party -name than the acceptance of this plank, solemnly -sawed, trimmed, and painted red, white, -and blue, in the committee-room, and received -by the delegates with joyous acclamation.</p> - -<h3>III</h3> - -<p>The embarrassments of the partisan who is -challenged to explain the faith that is in him -are greatly multiplied in this year of grace. -Considerable literature is available as to the -rise and development of the two major parties, -but a student might exhaust the whole of -it and yet read the Chicago and San Francisco -platforms as through a glass darkly. There is -a good deal of Jeffersonian democracy that is -extremely difficult to reconcile with many acts -of Mr. Wilson. The partisan who tries to square -his Democracy or his Republicanism with the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_240">[240]</span> -faith he inherited from his grandfather is -doomed to a severe headache. The rope that -separates the elephant from the donkey in -the menagerie marks only a nominal difference -in species: they eat the same fodder and, when -the spectator’s back is turned, slyly wink at -each other. There is a fine ring to the phrase -“a loyal Republican” or “a loyal Democrat,” -but we have reached a point of convergence -where loyalty is largely a matter of tradition -and superstition. What Jefferson said on a -given point, or what Hamilton thought about -something else, avails little to a Democrat or -a Republican in these changed times. We talk -blithely of fundamental principles, but are -still without the power to visualize the leaders -of the past in newly developed situations of -which they never dreamed. To attempt to -interview Washington as to whether he intended -his warning against entangling alliances -to apply to a League of Nations to insure the -peace of the world is ridiculous; as well invoke -Julius Cæsar’s opinion of present-day questions -of Italian politics.</p> - -<p>Delightful and inspiring as it would doubtless<span class="pagenum" id="Page_241">[241]</span> -be, we can’t quite trust the government -to the counsels of the ouija-board. The seats -of the cabinet or of the supreme bench will -hardly be filled with table-rapping experts -until more of us are satisfied of the authenticity -of the communications that purport to be postmarked -oblivion. We quote the great spirits -of the past only when we need them to give -weight and dignity to our own views. (Incidentally, -a ouija-board opinion from John -Marshall as to the propriety of tacking a police -regulation like the Eighteenth Amendment to -the Federal Constitution would be first-page -stuff for the newspapers.)</p> - -<p>Monroe was luckier than most of our patriarchs. -The doctrine associated with his name -is jealously treasured by many patriotic Americans -who haven’t the slightest idea of the -circumstances that called it forth; but to mention -it in a discussion of international affairs -is to stamp the speaker as a person of breeding, -endowed with intellectual gifts of the highest -order. If by some post-mortem referendum we -could “call up” Monroe to explain just how -far America might safely go in the defense of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_242">[242]</span> -his doctrine, and whether it could be advantageously -extended beyond the baths of all -the western stars to keep pace with such an -expansion as that represented by the Philippines, -we might profit by his answer—and -again, we might not.</p> - -<p>We can’t shirk our responsibilities. One generation -can’t do the work of another. In the -last analysis we’ve got to stand on our own feet -and do our own thinking. The Constitution -itself has to be interpreted over and over again, -and even amended occasionally; for the world -does, in spite of all efforts to stop it, continue -to move right along. This is not a year in which -either of the major parties can safely harp upon -its “traditional policy.” There are skeletons in -both closets that would run like frightened -rabbits if dragged into the light and ordered -to solve the riddles of 1920.</p> - -<p>The critics of President Wilson have dwelt -much on the vision of the founders, without -conceding that he too may be blessed with a -seer’s vision and the tongue of prophecy. To -his weaknesses as a leader I shall revert later; -but his high-mindedness and earnest desire to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_243">[243]</span> -serve the nation and the world are questioned -only by the most buckramed hostile partisan, -or by those who view the present only through -the eyes of dead men.</p> - -<h3>IV</h3> - -<p>When President Wilson read his war message -to the Congress it must have been in the minds -of many thousands who thrilled to the news -that night, that a trinity of great American -presidents was about to be completed; that a -niche awaited Mr. Wilson in the same alcove -with Washington and Lincoln. Many who -were impatient and restless under the long -correspondence with the Imperial German -Government were willing to acknowledge that -the delay was justified; that at last the nation -was solidly behind the administration; that -amid the stirring call of trumpets partisanship -would be forgotten; and that, when the world -was made safe for law and decency, Mr. Wilson -would find himself in the enjoyment of an unparalleled -popularity. It did not seem possible -that he could fail. That he did fail of these<span class="pagenum" id="Page_244">[244]</span> -hopes and expectations is not a matter that -any true lover of America can contemplate -with jubilation. Those of us who ask the greatest -and the best things of and for America can -hardly be gratified by any failure that might -be construed as a sign of weakness in democracy. -But Mr. Wilson’s inability to hold the -confidence of the people, to win his adversaries -to his standard, to implant himself in the affections -of the mass, cannot be attributed to anything -in our political system but wholly to his -own nature. It is one of the ironies of our political -life that a man like Mr. McKinley, without -distinguished courage, originality, or constructive -genius, is able, through the possession of -minor qualities that are social rather than -political, to endear himself to the great body of -his countrymen. It may be, after all our prayers -for great men, that negative rather than positive -qualities are the safest attributes of a President.</p> - -<p>It may fairly be said that Mr. Wilson is intellectually -the equal of most of his predecessors -in the presidency, and the superior of a very -considerable number of them. The very consciousness<span class="pagenum" id="Page_245">[245]</span> -of the perfect functioning of his -own mental machinery made him intolerant of -stupidity, and impatient of the criticism of -those with whom it has been necessary for him -to do his work, who have, so to put it, only -asked to be “shown.” If the disagreeable business -of working in practical politics in all its -primary branches serves no better purpose, it -at least exercises a humanizing effect; it is one -way of learning that men must be reasoned -with and led, not driven. In escaping the usual -political apprenticeship, Mr. Wilson missed -wholly the liberalizing and broadening contacts -common to the practical politician. At -times—for example, when the Adamson Law -was passed—I heard Republicans, with unflattering -intonation, call him the shrewdest -politician of his time; but nothing could be -farther from the truth. Nominally the head -of his party, and with its future prosperity in -his hands, he has shown a curious indifference -to the maintenance of its morale.</p> - -<p>“Produce great men; the rest follows.” The -production of great men is not so easy as Whitman -imagined; but in eight tremendous years<span class="pagenum" id="Page_246">[246]</span> -we must ruefully confess that no new and commanding -figure has risen in either branch of -Congress. Partisanship constantly to the fore, -but few manifestations of statesmanship: such -is the record. It is well-nigh unbelievable that, -where the issues have so constantly touched -the very life of the nation, the discussions could -have been so marked by narrowness and -bigotry. The exercise of autocratic power by a -group pursuing a policy of frustration and obstruction -is as little in keeping with the spirit -of our institutions as a stubborn, uncompromising -course on the part of the executive. The -conduct of the Republican majority in the -Senate is nothing of which their party can be -proud.</p> - -<p>Four years ago I published some reflections -on the low state to which the public service -had fallen, and my views have not been changed -by more recent history. It would be manifestly -unfair to lay at Mr. Wilson’s door the inferiority -of the men elected to the Congress; but with all -the potentialities of party leadership and his singular -felicity of appeal, he has done little to -quicken the public conscience with respect to the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_247">[247]</span> -choice of administrators or representatives. It -may be said in his defense that his hours from -the beginning were too crowded to permit such -excursions in political education; but we had a -right to expect him to lend the weight of his -authoritative voice and example to the elevation -of the tone of the public service. Poise -and serenity of temper we admire, but not to -the point where it seemingly vanishes into -indifference and a callousness to criticism. The -appeal two years ago for a Democratic Congress, -that the nation’s arm might be strengthened -for the prosecution of the war, was a gratuitous -slap at the Republican representatives -who had supported his war policies, and an -affront to the public intelligence, that met with -just rebuke. The cavalier discharge of Lansing -and the retention of Burleson show an equally -curious inability to grasp public opinion.</p> - -<h3>V</h3> - -<p>The whole handling of the League of Nations -was bungled, as most of the Democrats -I know privately admit. The end of a war that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_248">[248]</span> -had shaken the very foundations of the earth -was a fitting time to attempt the formation -of an association of the great powers to enforce -the peaceful settlement of international -disputes. Here was a matter that spoke powerfully -to the conscience and the imagination, -and in the chastened mood of a war-weary -world it seemed a thing possible of achievement. -Certainly, in so far as America was concerned, -it was a project to be approached in -such manner that its success could in no way -be jeopardized by partisanship. The possibility -of opposition by Democratic senators, the -hostility of Republican senators, which was -not merely partisan but in certain quarters -tinged with bitter personal hatred of the President, -was to be anticipated and minimized.</p> - -<p>The President’s two trips abroad were a -mistake, at least in that they encouraged those -of his critics who assailed him as an autocrat -and supreme egotist stubbornly bent upon -doing the whole business in his own way. The -nation was entitled to the services in the peace -negotiations of its best talent—men strongly -established in public confidence. Mr. Wilson<span class="pagenum" id="Page_249">[249]</span> -paid dearly for his inability to recognize this. -His own appearance at Versailles conveyed a -false impression of his powers, and the effect -at home was to cause uneasiness among many -who had most cordially supported him.</p> - -<p>The hovering figure of Colonel House has -been a constant irritation to a public uninformed -as to the training or experience that -set him apart for preferment. In sending from -the homebound ship an invitation to the august -Foreign Relations committee to gather at the -White House at an hour appointed and hear -the good news that a league was in prospect, -the President once more displayed a lamentable -ignorance of human nature. His attitude was a -trifle too much like that of a parent returning -from a journey and piquing the curiosity of his -household by a message conveying the glad -tidings that he was bringing presents for their -delight. There are one hundred millions of us, -and we are not to be managed in this way.</p> - -<p>Colonel Roosevelt might have done precisely -these things and “got away with it.” Many -thousands would have said it was just like him, -and applauded. The effect of Mr. Wilson’s<span class="pagenum" id="Page_250">[250]</span> -course was to precipitate a prolonged battle -over the league and leave it high in the air. -It hovers over the present campaign like a toy -balloon floating within reach of languid and -indifferent spectators. In that part of the country -with whose feelings and temper on public -matters I may pretend to some knowledge, I -do not believe that any one cares greatly about -it. The moment it became a partisan question, -it lost its vitality as a moral issue that promised -peace and security to America and all the world. -Our attitude with respect to the league has -added nothing to the nation’s dignity; rather, -by our wabbly course in this matter we have -done much to weaken the case for world democracy. -Its early acceptance, with reservations -that would have stilled the cry of denationalization, -would have made it an achievement -on which the Democratic party might have -gone to the people with satisfaction and confidence. -Even considered as an experiment of -dubious practicability, it would have been -defensible at least as an honest attempt to -blunt the sword of the war god. The spirit in -which we associated ourselves with the other<span class="pagenum" id="Page_251">[251]</span> -powers that resisted the Kaiser’s attempt to -bestride the world like a Colossus needed for -its complete expression the further effort to -make a repetition of the gigantic struggle impossible.</p> - -<p>As a people we are strongly aroused and -our imagination quickened by anything that -may be viewed in a glow of spirituality; and a -scheme of peace insurance already in operation -would have proved a dangerous thing to attack. -But the league’s moral and spiritual aspects -have been marred or lost. The patience -of the people has been exhausted by the long -debate about it, and the pettiness and insincerity, -the contemptible evasion and hair-splitting, -that have marked the controversy -over what is, in its purpose and aim, a crystallization -of the hope of mankind in all the ages. -Such a league might fail; certainly its chance -of success is vastly decreased by America’s -refusal to participate.</p> - -<h3>VI</h3> - -<p>In the cool airs of the North Smith and I -have honestly tried to reduce the league situation<span class="pagenum" id="Page_252">[252]</span> -to intelligible terms. Those voters who -may feel constrained to regard the election as -a referendum of the league will do well to follow -our example in pondering the speeches of -acceptance of the two candidates. Before these -words are read both Governor Cox and Senator -Harding will doubtless have amplified their -original statements, but these are hardly susceptible -of misinterpretation as they stand. -Mr. Harding’s utterance is in effect a motion -to lay on the table, to defer action to a more -convenient season, and take it up <i>de novo</i>. Governor -Cox, pledging his support to the proposition, -calls for the question. Mr. Harding defines -his position thus:</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>With a Senate advising, as the Constitution contemplates, -I would hopefully approach the nations of Europe -and of the earth, proposing that understanding which -makes us a willing participant in the consecration of nations -to a new relationship, to commit the moral forces -of the world, America included, to peace and international -justice, still leaving America free, independent, -and self-reliant, but offering friendship to all the world.</p> - -<p>If men call for more specific details, I remind them -that moral committals are broad and all-inclusive, and -we are contemplating peoples in the concord of humanity’s<span class="pagenum" id="Page_253">[253]</span> -advancement. From our own view-point the programme -is specifically American, and we mean to be American -first, to all the world.</p> -</div> - -<p>Mr. Cox says, “I favor going in”; and meets -squarely the criticism that the Democratic -platform is not explicit as to reservations. He -would “state our interpretations of the Covenant -as a matter of good faith to our associates -and as a precaution against any misunderstanding -in the future,” and quotes from an -article of his own, published in the New York -<i>Times</i> before his nomination, these words:</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>In giving its assent to this treaty, the Senate has in -mind the fact that the League of Nations which it embodies -was devised for the sole purpose of maintaining -peace and comity among the nations of the earth and -preventing the recurrence of such destructive conflicts -as that through which the world has just passed. The -co-operation of the United States with the league, and -its continuance as a member thereof, will naturally depend -upon the adherence of the league to that fundamental -purpose.</p> -</div> - -<p>He proposes an addition to the Covenant -of some such paragraph as this:</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>It will, of course, be understood that, in carrying out -the purpose of the league, the government of the United<span class="pagenum" id="Page_254">[254]</span> -States must at all times act in strict harmony with the -terms and intent of the United States Constitution, which -cannot in any way be altered by the treaty-making power.</p> -</div> - -<p>There is no echo here of the President’s uncompromising -declaration that the Covenant -must be accepted precisely as he presented it. -To the lay mind there is no discernible difference -between a reservation and an interpretation, -when the sole purpose in either case would -be to make it clear to the other signatories, -through the text of the instrument itself, that -we could bind ourselves in no manner that -transcended the Constitution.</p> - -<p>Smith is endowed with a talent for condensation, -and I cheerfully quote the result of his -cogitations on the platforms and the speeches -of the candidates. “The Republican senators -screamed for reservations, but when Hiram -Johnson showed symptoms of kicking out of the -traces they pretended that they never wanted -the league at all. But to save their faces they -said maybe some time when the sky was high -and they were feeling good they would shuffle -the deck and try a new deal. Cox is for playing -the game right through on the present layout.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_255">[255]</span> -If you’re keen for the League of Nations, your -best chance of ever seeing America sign up is -to stand on Cox’s side of the table.”</p> - -<p>Other Smiths, not satisfied with his analysis, -and groping in the dark, may be grateful for -the leading hand of Mr. Taft. The former President -was, in his own words, “one of the small -group who, in 1915, began the movement in -this country for the League of Nations and -the participation of the United States therein.” -Continuing, he said, in the Philadelphia <i>Ledger</i> -of August 1:</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Had I been in the Senate, I would have voted for the -league and treaty as submitted; and I advocated its -ratification accordingly. I did not think and do not now -think that anything in the League Covenant as sent to -the Senate would violate the Constitution of the United -States, or would involve us in wars which it would not -be to the highest interest of the world and this country -to suppress by universal boycott and, if need be, by military -force.</p> -</div> - -<p>In response to a question whether, this being -his feeling, he would not support Mr. Cox, -Mr. Taft made this reply:</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>No such issue as the ratification of the League of Nations -as submitted can possibly be settled in the coming<span class="pagenum" id="Page_256">[256]</span> -election. Only one-third of the Senate is to be elected, -and but fifteen Republican senators out of forty-nine -can be changed. There remain in the Senate, whatever -the result of the election, thirty-three Republicans who -have twice voted against the ratification of the league -without the Lodge reservations. Of the fifteen retiring -Republicans, many are certain of re-election. Thirty-three -votes will defeat the league.</p> -</div> - -<p>Smith, placidly fishing, made the point that -a man who believed in a thing would vote for -it even though it was a sure loser, and asked -where a Democratic landslide would leave -Mr. Taft. When I reminded him that he had -drifted out of the pellucid waters of political -discussion and snagged the boat on a moral -question, he became peevish and refused to -fish any more that day.</p> - -<p>The league is the paramount issue, or it is -not; you can take it, or leave it alone. The -situation may be wholly changed when Mr. -Root, to whom the Republican league plank -is attributed, reports the result of his labors -in organizing the international court of arbitration. -Some new proposal for an association -of nations to promote or enforce peace would<span class="pagenum" id="Page_257">[257]</span> -be of undoubted benefit to the Republicans -in case they find their negative position difficult -to maintain.</p> - -<p>The platforms and speeches of acceptance -present, as to other matters, nothing over which -neighbors need quarrel. As to retrenchment, -labor, taxation, and other questions of immediate -and grave concern, the promises of both -candidates are fair enough. They both clearly -realize that we have entered upon a period -that is likely to witness a strong pressure for -modifications of our social and political structure. -Radical sentiment has been encouraged, -or at least tolerated, in a disturbing degree by -the present administration. However, there is -nothing in Mr. Cox’s record as governor or in -his expressed views to sustain any suspicion -that he would temporize with the forces of -destruction. The business of democracy is to -build, not to destroy; to help, not to hinder. -We have from both candidates much the -same assurances of sympathy with the position -held nowadays by all straight-thinking men—that -industrial peace, concord, and contentment -can be maintained only by fair dealing<span class="pagenum" id="Page_258">[258]</span> -and good-will among all of us for the good -of all.</p> - -<p>From their public utterances and other testimony -we are not convinced that either candidate -foreshadows a stalwart Saul striding across -the hills on his way to the leadership of Israel. -Mr. Harding shows more poise—more caution -and timidity, if you will; Mr. Cox is a more -alert and forthright figure, far likelier to strike -“straight at the grinning Teeth of Things.” -He is also distinctly less careful of his speech. -He reminds the Republicans that “McKinley -broke the fetters of our boundary lines, spoke -of the freedom of Cuba, and carried the torch -of American idealism to the benighted Philippines”—a -proud boast that must have pained -Mr. Bryan. In the same paragraph of his speech -of acceptance we are told that “Lincoln fought -a war on the purely moral question of slavery”—a -statement that must ring oddly in the ears -of Southerners brought up in the belief that -the South fought in defense of State sovereignty. -These may not be inadvertences, but -a courageous brushing away of old litter; he -is entitled to the benefit of the doubt.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_259">[259]</span></p> - -<h3>VII</h3> - -<p>Smith rose from his morning dip with the -joyful countenance of a diver who has found -a rare pearl. We were making progress, he said; -he thought he had got hold of what he called -the God’s truth of the whole business. What -those fellows did at Chicago and San Francisco -was to cut the barbed-wire entanglements in -No Man’s Land, so that it doesn’t make much -difference on which side of the battle-line we -find ourselves on election day. The parties -have unwittingly flung a challenge to the independent -voter. An extraordinary opportunity -is presented to citizens everywhere to scrutinize -with unusual care their local tickets and vote -for the candidates who promise the best service. -As Smith put it, we ought to be able to -scramble things a good deal. Keep the bosses -guessing: this he offered as a good slogan for -the whole Smith family. In our own Indiana -we would pick and choose, registering, of course, -our disapproval of Senator Watson as a post-graduate -of the Penrose school, and voting -for a Democrat for governor because Governor<span class="pagenum" id="Page_260">[260]</span> -Goodrich’s administration has been a continuous -vaudeville of error and confusion, and -the Democratic candidate, a gentleman heretofore -unknown in politics, talks common sense -in folksy language.</p> - -<p>We finally concluded as to the presidency -that it came down to a choice of men tested -by their experience, public acts, and the influences -behind them. The imperative demand -is for an efficient administration of the federal -government. The jobs must be given to big -men of demonstrated capacity. Undoubtedly -Mr. Harding would have a larger and more -promising field to draw upon. If it were possible -for Mr. Cox to break a precedent and -state with the frankness of which he seems -capable the order of men he would assemble -for his counsellors and administrators, he would -quiet an apprehension that is foremost in the -minds of an innumerable company of hesitating -voters. Fear of continuance of Mr. Wilson’s -indulgent policy toward mediocrity and a repetition -of his refusal to seek the best help the -nation offered (until compelled to call upon -the expert dollar-a-year man to meet the exigencies<span class="pagenum" id="Page_261">[261]</span> -of war) is not a negligible factor in this -campaign, and Mr. Cox, if he is wise, will not -ignore it.</p> - -<p>The manner of Mr. Harding’s nomination -by the senatorial cabal, whose influence upon -his administration is hardly a speculative matter, -invites the consideration of progressive -Republicans who rankle under two defeats -fairly chargeable to reactionary domination. -It was apparent at Chicago that the Old Guard -had learned nothing and would risk a third -consecutive defeat rather than accept any -candidate not of their choosing. Mr. Harding’s -emphasis upon his belief in party government, -as distinguished from personal government—obviously -a slap at Mr. Wilson—is susceptible -of an unfortunate interpretation, as Mr. Cox -was quick to see. If the Republican candidate -means submission to organization chiefs, or to -such a group as now controls the Senate and -the party, his declaration is not reassuring.</p> - -<p>If Smith, in his new mood of independence, -votes for Mr. Cox, and I, not a little bitter -that my party in these eight years has failed -to meet my hopes for it, vote for Mr. Harding,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_262">[262]</span> -which of us, I wonder, will the better serve -America?</p> - -<p>With renewed faith and hope we packed our -belongings and made ready for our return to -the world of men. Having settled the nation’s -affairs, and being on good terms with our consciences, -we turned for a last look at the camp -before embarking. Smith took the platforms -and the speeches of acceptance of the candidates -for President and Vice-President of the -United States, affixed them firmly to a stone, -and consigned them without ceremony to the -deep. The fish had been naughty, he said, and -he wanted to punish them for their bad manners.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_263">[263]</span> - -<h2 class="nobreak">THE POOR OLD ENGLISH LANGUAGE</h2> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap">IN the whole range of human endeavor no -department is so hospitable to the amateur -as education. Here the gates are -always open. Wide is the field and many are -the fools who disport therein.</p> - -<p>Politics we are all too prone to forget between -campaigns; literature and the graphic -arts engage only our languid attention and -science interests us only when our imaginations -are mightily stirred. But we all know how the -young idea should be taught to shoot. We are -either reactionaries, lamenting the good old -times of the three <i>r’s</i> and the little red schoolhouse, -or we discuss with much gravity such -weighty problems as the extension or curtailment -of the elective system, or we fly to the -defense or demolition of the ideas of Dewey -and other reformers. It is folly not to hold -opinions where no one is sure of anything and -every one is free to strut in the silken robes of -wisdom. Many of us receive at times flattering -invitations to express opinions touching the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_264">[264]</span> -education of our youth. Though my own schooling -was concluded at the algebra age, owing -to an inherent inability to master that subject -or even comprehend what it was all about, I -have not scrupled to contribute to educational -symposia at every opportunity. Perhaps I -answer the riddles of the earnest critics of education -the more cheerfully from the very fact -of my benightedness. When the doors are closed -and the potent, grave, and reverend signiors -go into committee of the whole to determine -why education does not indeed educate—there, -in such a company, I am not only an eager -listener but, with the slightest encouragement, -I announce and defend my opinions.</p> - -<p>Millions are expended every year for the -public enlightenment, and yet no one is satisfied -either with the method or the result. Some -one is always trying to do something for culture. -It seems at times that the efforts of the -women of America to increase the remnant -that is amiably disposed toward sweetness and -light cannot fail, so many and so zealous are -the organizations in which they band themselves -for this laudable purpose. A little while<span class="pagenum" id="Page_265">[265]</span> -ago we had a nation-wide better-English week -to encourage respect among the youth of this -jazzy age for the poor old English language.</p> - -<p>I shall express without apology my opinion -that in these free States we are making no -marked headway in the attempt to improve -spoken or written English. Hardly a day passes -that I do not hear graduates of colleges confuse -their pronouns; evil usages are as common as -the newspapers. And yet grammar and rhetoric -are taught more or less intelligently by a vast -army of overworked and underpaid teachers, -according to the text-books fashioned by -specialists who really do try to make themselves -intelligible.</p> - -<p>My attitude toward this whole perplexing -business is one of the greatest tolerance. I doubt -seriously whether I could pass an examination -in English grammar. A Japanese waiter in a -club in my town used to lie in wait for me, -when I visited the house at odd hours in search -of seclusion, for the purpose of questioning me -as to certain perplexing problems in grammar. -He had flatteringly chosen me from the club -roster as a lettered person, and it was with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_266">[266]</span> -astonishment that he heard my embarrassed -confession that I shared his bewilderment. To -any expert grammarians who, inspired by this -revelation, begin a laborious investigation of -these pages in pursuit of errors, I can only say -that I wish them good luck in their adventure. -At times I do manifestly stumble, and occasionally -the blunder is grievous. A poem of -my authorship once appeared in a periodical -of the most exacting standards with a singular -noun mated to a plural verb. For proof-readers -as a class I entertain the greatest veneration. -Often a query courteously noted on the margin -of a galley has prevented a violence to my -mother tongue which I would not consciously -inflict upon it.</p> - -<p>To add to the fury of the grammar hounds, -I will state that at times in my life I have been -able to read Greek, Latin, Italian, and French -without ever knowing anything about the -grammar of either of these languages beyond -what I worked out for myself as I went along. -This method or lack of method is not, I believe, -original with me, for there are, or have -been, inductive methods of teaching foreign<span class="pagenum" id="Page_267">[267]</span> -languages which set the student at once to -reading and made something rather incidental -of the grammar. This is precisely what I should -do with English if I were responsible for the -instruction of children at the age when it is -the fashion to begin hammering grammar into -their inhospitable minds. Ignorant of grammar -myself, but having—if I may assume so much—an -intuitive sense of the proper and effective -manner of shaping sentences, there would be -no text-books in my schoolroom. All principals, -trustees, inspectors, and educational reformers -would be excluded from my classes, and I -should insist on protection from physical manifestations -of their indignation on my way to -and from the schoolhouse. The first weeks of -my course would be purely conversational. -I should test the students for their vulgarities -and infelicities, and such instances, registered -on the blackboard, would visualize the errors -as long as necessary. The reading of indubitably -good texts in class would, of course, be part -of the programme, and the Bible I should use -freely, particularly drawing upon the Old Testament -narratives.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_268">[268]</span>I should endeavor to make it appear that -clean and accurate speech is a part of good -manners, an important item in the general -equipment for life. When it came to writing, -I should begin with the familiar letter, leaving -the choice of subject to the student. These -compositions, read in the class, would be criticised, -as far as possible, by the students themselves. -I should efface myself completely as -an instructor and establish the relation of -a fellow-seeker intent upon finding the best -way of saying a thing. If there were usages -that appeared to be common to a neighborhood, -or intrusions of dialect peculiar to a -State or a section, I might search out and describe -their origin, but if they were flavorsome -and truly of the soil I should not discourage -their use. Self-consciousness in these early -years is to be avoided. The weaknesses of the -individual student are only discernible where -he is permitted to speak and write without -timidity.</p> - -<p>When a youngster is made to understand -from a concrete example that a sentence is -badly constructed, or that it is marred by a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_269">[269]</span> -weak word or a word used out of its true sense, -the rules governing such instances may be -brought to his attention with every confidence -that he will understand their point. My work -would be merely a preparation for the teaching -of grammar, if grammar there must be; -but I should resent such instruction if my successor -failed to relate my work to his.</p> - -<p>I consider the memorizing of short passages -of verse and prose an important adjunct to -the teaching of English by any method. “Learn -it by heart” seems to have gone out of fashion -in late years. I have recently sat in classes and -listened to the listless reading, paragraph by -paragraph, of time-honored classics, knowing -well that the students were getting nothing out -of them. The more good English the student carries -in his head the likelier he is to gain a respect -for his language and a confidence and -effectiveness in speaking and writing it.</p> - -<p>Let the example precede the rule! If there -is any sense in the rule the example will clarify -it; if it is without justification and designed -merely to befuddle the student, then it ought -to be abolished anyhow. The idea that children<span class="pagenum" id="Page_270">[270]</span> -should be seen and not heard belongs to -the period when it was believed that to spare -the rod was to spoil the child. Children should -be encouraged to talk, to observe and to describe -the things that interest them in the -course of the day. In this way they will form -the habit of the intelligent reporter who, on -the way to his desk from an assignment, plans -his article, eager to find the best way of telling -his story. Instead of making a hateful mystery -of English speech it should be made the most -natural thing in the world, worthy of the effort -necessary to give it accuracy, ease, and -charm.</p> - -<p>The scraps of conversation I overhear every day -in elevators, across counters, on the street, -and in trolley-cars are of a nature to disturb -those who view with complacency the great -treasure we pour into education. The trouble -with our English is that too much is taught -and not enough is learned. The child is stuffed, -not fed. Rules crammed into him for his guidance -in self-expression are imperfectly assimilated. -They never become a part of him. His -first contacts with grammar arouse his hostility,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_271">[271]</span> -and seeing no sense in it he casts it aside with -the disdain he would manifest for a mechanical -toy that refused to work in the manner -promised by the advertisement.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1">FOOTNOTE:</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[A]</a> This gentleman again captured the Republican nomination -for mayor of Indianapolis in the May primary, 1921.</p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="transnote"> -<p class="ph1">TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES:</p> - -<p>Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.</p> - -<p>Inconsistencies in hyphenation have been standardized.</p> - -<p>Archaic or variant spelling has been retained.</p> -</div></div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MAN IN THE STREET ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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