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diff --git a/old/69676-0.txt b/old/69676-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 78a4f0f..0000000 --- a/old/69676-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1773 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Italian Alp-bee, by H. C. Hermann - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The Italian Alp-bee - -Author: H. C. Hermann - -Release Date: January 1, 2023 [eBook #69676] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Tom Cosmas compiled from materials made available at The - Internet Archive and placed in the Public Domain. - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ITALIAN ALP-BEE *** - - - - - -Transcriber Note - -Text emphasis denoted as _Italics_ and =Bold=. - - -[Illustration] - -NEIGHBOUR'S IMPROVED BEE-HIVES - -FOR - -TAKING HONEY WITHOUT THE DESTRUCTION OF THE BEES. - -[Illustration] - -DRAWINGS AND DETAILED LISTS FORWARDED ON RECEIPT OF POSTAGE STAMPS - - -=1. NUTT'S COLLATERAL BOX HIVE.= - -Consists of three collateral boxes, and octagon top box to cover the -bell glass,--swarming is prevented. Price, £6. 15s. Stand for ditto, -16s. - - -=2. NEIGHBOR'S IMPROVED SINGLE BOX HIVE.= - -Working one large flat glass above, is fitted with a Thermometer, &c. -Price, complete, £3. 3s. Stand for ditto, 10s. 6d. - - -=3. TAYLOR'S SHALLOW BOX OR EIGHT BAR HIVE.= - -Consists of three boxes t»o of them fitted with moveable bars for the -more convenient deprivation of the honey protected from the weather by -a cover of wood. Price, £3. 10s. Stand for ditto, 10s. 6d. - - -=4. TAYLOR'S AMATEUR BAR HIVE.= - -With three boxes, furnished with seven moveable bars in each box; this -Beehive has no additional cover, but is made of stouter wood.--_Vide -page_ 55, "_Taylor's Bee Keeper's Manual_." Price, £3. 5s. Stand for -ditto, 10s. 6d. - - -=5. NEIGHBOUR'S IMPROVED COTTAGE HIVE.= - -Working three bell glasses, is neatly and strongly made of straw, it -has three windows in the lower Hive, with a thermometer affixed to -the center one. This Hive will be found to possess more practical -advantages and is more easy of management than any other Beehive that -has been introduced. Price, complete, £1. 15s. Stand for ditto, 10s, 6d. - -(_Continued on page 3 of Wrapper_) - - - - - THE - - ITALIAN ALP-BEE - - OR THE - - GOLD MINE OF HUSBANDRY: - - SHORT AND PRACTICAL INSTRUCTIONS TO BREED GENUINE PROLIFIC ITALIAN - QUEENS; - - TO MULTIPLY THEM BY HUNDREDS IN A FEW MONTHS - - AND HOW TO CHANGE GERMAN HIVES INTO ITALIAN - - - BY - - H. C. HERMANN, - - TAMINS, CANTON GRAUBUNDEN, SWITZERLAND - - - The Right of Translation into other Languages is Reserved. - - - LONDON: - - PUBLISHED BY GEO. NEIGHBOUR AND SONS, - - 149, REGENT STREET, and 127, HIGH HOLBORN. - - 1860. - - -In sending this little Treatise to the Press it has been thought -desirable to present it to the Public as a _literal_ translation from -the pen of M. Hermann, rather than a more highly finished production in -the English, language. - -_We take the present opportunity of mentioning, that the first -introduction of the Ligurian Bee into England was through our agency. -A letter to us from M. Hermann, dated 5th July, 1859, (an extract from -which appeared in the "Cottage Gardener" of that month) has given rise -to the interesting discussion in that periodical._ - - G. N. & SONS. - - - - -PREFACE. - -[Transcriber Note: the original owner of the book, Francis Darwin, -decided to paste a very large bookplate covering the first three -paragraphs of the Preface. A thorough search of the Internet did not -reveal any other copy of this volume.] - -As that kind of bee inhabits, at present, but a small strip of country, -they are very rare, and a bee-cultivator who is in possession of such -a hive can turn it into a real gold mine. The interest in the _Yellow -Alp-bee_ is on the increase, for it has not the less value for science -generally, because by breeding such bees one obtains an insight into -their manners of life, and many things are made clear and brought to -light of which it has not been possible to obtain a knowledge before. -Only by breeding bees of this kind one can become a _bee cultivator_ in -the full sense of the word. - -To assist the breeder to change his own black or common bees into -Italian bees in the shortest and safest way, and to keep the race pure, -for the purpose of a lucrative income, is the object of this little -work, and I shall be glad if the contents prove a source of profit to -very many friends of the bee. - - THE AUTHOR. - -[Illustration] - - - - - NATURAL HISTORY - - OF THE - - ITALIAN YELLOW ALP-BEE. - - (_Apis helvetica._) - - - -When the Lord created the world he placed the plants in their proper -situations, and creatures to those plants, which were to serve as their -food. - -But man has in course of time transplanted plants and animals, so, that -often the original country can no more be recognised. In the valleys -and plains man could first commence his devastations, but the heights, -and not easy accessible mountains resisted human cultivation longer; -and it is there where we find nature in her original majesty. Often -plants and animals will cease to thrive in a country, because they are -no more in their place assigned to them by the Creator. - -It is different in the steep mountains, where nature is not accessible -to cultivation; there we find everywhere the same plants in a certain -region, as, larches, pines, Alpine-roses, gentian; also animals, as, -chamois, wild goats, white hares, who do not thrive well in the plains. -Here then, in the mountains, must we look for the origin of animals. -For, at the time of the great deluge, all animals in the plains were, -certainly, the first to perish, and those in the mountains were, in all -probability, left for posterity. - -The yellow Italian Alp-bee is a mountain insect; it is found between -two mountain chains to the right and left of Lombardy and Rhatian -Alps, and comprises the whole territory of Tessir, Veltlin, and -South-Graubunden. It thrives up to the height of 4,500 feet above the -level of the sea, and appeal's to prefer the northern clime to the -warmer, for in the south of Italy it is not found. - -From the mountain those bees later emigrated into the plains, but they -do not thrive so well there. - -Some learned men have called them ligurian bees, but that name has -neither historical nor geographical claim, and not one bee-cultivator -of the whole district of the Italian Alp-bee knows what kind of insects -ligurian bees are. The Alps are their native country, therefore they -are called _Yellow Alp-bee_[1] or tame house bees, in antithesis to the -black European bees, whom we might call common forest bees, and who, on -the slightest touch, fly like lightning into your face. - -[Footnote 1: It is not at all an indifferent matter by what name -anything is called. Many bee-cultivators in German-Switzerland deceived -by the name of "Ligurian bees," and in expectation to receive a foreign -race, have purchased such bees at high prices from Germany; that they -will not do again, as the natural name, "Alp-bee" will immediately show -where that bee is at home: that is in Switzerland.] - -As all good and noble things in the world are more scarce than common -ones, so there are more common black bees than of the noble yellow -race, which latter inhabit only a very small piece of country, while -the black ones are at home everywhere in Europe, and even in America. - -The Italian yellow bee differs from the common black bee in its longer, -slender form, and light chrome yellow colour, with light brimstone -coloured wings, and two orange-red girths, each one-sixth of an inch -wide. Working bees as well as drones have this mark. The drones are -further distinguished by the girths being scolloped, like the spotted -water-serpent, and obtain an astonishing size; almost half as corpulent -again as the black drones. The queen has the same marks as the working -bees, but much more conspicuous and lighter; she is much larger than -the black queen, and easy to be singled out of the swarm, on account of -her remarkable bodily size and light colour. - -These bees are almost transparent when the sun shines on them. - -This race has nothing in common with the black bees; this can be -instantly seen by their ways and manner of building. The cells of the -Italian bees are considerably deeper and broader than those of the -black bees. Fifteen cells of the Italians are as broad as sixteen -cells of the black kind. It must be very interesting to measure them -geometrically. - -They are extremely tender, amiable little creatures, and a -bee-protector is not necessary with them, as, unprovoked, they never -sting, least of all their own master. It is a specific Swiss bee; the -Alps are their home, and there they thrive beautifully; the higher the -better. The exhalation of an Italian bee-hive is pungent, and easy to -be distinguished from a German hive. - -The Italian bees have decidedly the preference. If a piece of honey -is anywhere about, the Italians are sure to be the first to find -it out. Long before the black bees fly out, the Italians come, and -are industrious until late in autumn, when the black bees have long -since ceased to work. Everywhere they scent the honey first, and are -therefore the first to discover a weak neighbouring hive and to rob -them of their stores. - -It is seldom known that an Italian hive will harbour German bees, for -the Italians resist an attack much more courageously, and know how to -keep their house clear. On the other hand, after a few weeks, Italian -bees will be observed to march in and out of German hives, just as if -they were quite at home; such is the case if there is only one Italian -hive on the stand. The cause is easily explained. The Italians belong -to the long-fingered craft, and creep into other hives, probably to -look after the stores; then they begin to like the place, and they -stop, joining the black people. - -In Germany the commencement has been made some years since to keep -those bees, but they were only obtained in a bastard condition; many -stories go the round about our dear creatures, and virtues and vices -are attributed to them which they do not possess. - -Some insist that they are larger, others, that they are smaller, and -others again, that they are as large as the common black bees. Some -say that they do not agree with other bees on the same stand; and some -are of the obstinate opinion that the Italian bee is not pure, and has -a small portion of German blood, and that it is only by their (the -German bee-masters) pains, and careful crossing with their black bee, -that a pure race can be produced. - -It is often comical how some even make a distinction of degrees of -preference, of more or less purity of race. Once a friend of bees wrote -to me:--"An Italian queen that we call fine and pure has on the abdomen -only a very, very little point, &c." - -These good people bother themselves about half or whole, and three -quarters or full blood, and many other subtilities, without arriving at -the idea that there is no medium pure and impure. - -What is not a pure Italian is not Italian at all. If she is Italian she -can only produce Italians; but a bastard never; just as a bastard can -never produce an Italian. That which is not genuine, is, and remains, -spurious. - -Once, by the pairing of the Italian bee, brought out of course, there -is no other guide but that of the yellow colouring. - -"All that have not on the after part a black point and a yellow -abdomen, we kill at once as being spurious," is an expression of -another bee-cultivator. - -Such an incarnate, North-German, Stock-Italian could not be convinced -that there, where the home of the Italian bee is, by far the greater -number of queens are dark, almost chesnut-brown, and, for all that, -there is no difference in the colour of the working bees, whether they -be produced by a light or a dark-coloured queen. All Italian Alp-bees -have the same distinctive mark, that is, the two orange-red girths, -no matter whether dark or light, and a dark queen will just as well -produce light ones, as a light one produces dark queens, and the colour -has therefore not the least influence on the race, but solely the marks -of distinction. - -The Marquis of Spinola has called this bee the Apis ligustica, but -on the same ground the Bavarians may call their bee Apis bavaria, or -the Berlinians theirs, the Apis borussia, &c. The circumstance that -these yellow bees are only to be found in the most perfect condition -on the borders of Graubunden, in the Veltlin and Tessin, and that, the -farther one goes from the Alps, the less handsome they are found; as -for example in Nice; until they are entirely lost in lower Italy in -the black species. This circumstance speaks for itself, that the yellow -Alp-bees have been, through the glaciers,[2] unsurmountably separated -from the black bees on this side of the Alps, and could preserve their -race in original purity, while they might and could mix more, by latter -gradual spreading, in lower Italy, Venice, Genoa and Nice with other -kinds. We must therefore look for the original in Switzerland, and can -call them with as much right Apis helvetica as the Genoese calls them -Apis ligustica. - -[Footnote 2: The assertions of many German bee-cultivators that the -Italian bee has German blood, as not even the Alps, like a Chinese -wall, would prevent them from mixing with German bees, may sound very -well and comprehensible _on paper_, but the matter would be quite -changed if such a biographer would take the trouble to make, on the -spot, inquiries which would present a scientific basis-. The last -German place from the Julier-pass is called Stalla, between which place -and Poschiavo (a distance of fifty miles) there are _no bees_. In May, -and sometimes to the end of the month, the road leads from Stalla by -the Julier-pass (nine miles), often through snow, then Oberengadien -is passed (where not a single bee exists), and then through the -Bernina-pass which demands a march, in the snow, of about fifteen -miles, and passes are the _lowest points for passage_. - -Now, I should like to see that swarm of bees that could take its -wedding-flight from Stalla to Poschiavo over two mountains covered with -snow (for the snow does not melt in June, and even in July and August -the temperature is so low that every bee would perish) for the purpose -of mating with the nearest borderers in Poschiavo. The same may be said -of the entire chain of passes, on the Bernhardin, Gotthard, Splugen, -Lukmanier, nowhere for thirty miles round is a bee to be found, for -they cannot exists where, through the neighbourhood of the glaciers, -the air is so cooled down. There is an end to the insect-world, and -we may be sure that it has not entered into the mind of an Italian to -import a hive from German-Switzerland, by which German blood may have -been brought into Italy.] - -If the latter name were correct, they must have spread from Genoa, the -former ligurian shore, into Upper Italy, and by gradual removal from -their Genoese home, they could not gain in beauty of race, but must -have degenerated in proportion the farther they went from their native -country, &c. But this is not so. Their seat is the extreme north of -Italy; that is, the Italian Switzerland, there they have preserved -their purity. - -The proofs of an argument must not be fetched from the moon. A -nationality is never found on the borders, but in the centre of a -country. - -Only a short time ago it was asserted in the Bee Gazette of Eichstedt, -that their cell construction is not larger than that of the black bee; -but that is another erroneous assertion which only proves that the -author of such a natural history either never handled a pure Italian -bee; or, like a great many more ink-wasters, hatched something in the -study which is nowhere to be found in nature. - -It does not require the use of spectacles to find a difference. - -The cubic contents of an Italian bee-cell is larger by thirty per cent, -and the width is one-fifteenth more than that of the German cell. If, -therefore, Italian bees are bred through several generations in German -cells, the bees must ultimately degenerate and become smaller. - -Now as it has pleased some naturalists to name them Apis ligustica, -I cannot conceive why we should not rebaptise them, as soon as we -have arrived at the conviction that our researches have been more in -accordance with nature. Therefore courage, and in future. - -Yellow Alp-bee, or, if necessary, that it should be latin, _Apis -helvetia_, or helvetica (we are not good latin scholars). - - -§ 1. - -NATURE OF BEES. - - A healthy hive contains in summer three kinds of bees - 1. The queen or mother-bee. - 2. The drones or males. - 3. The working-bees, or imperfect females. - - -§ 2. - -THE QUEEN. - -In a hive there is in general only one queen who lays during the time -of her highest prolificness in summer daily from 1000 to 3000 eggs, and -these in the best order; one egg in a cell. More than one queen the -bees do not suffer. Should there be more, they fly away as swarms, or -are killed by the bees. - -The queen lays male and female eggs. The male-eggs she lays in -the drone cells, and the female-eggs in the small cells of the -working-bees. The queen requires, reckoning from the egg to her -creeping out ten to seventeen days, according to the weather. - - -§ 3. - -THE WORKING-BEES. - -The working-bees originate out of the female-eggs. There are in a hive -from 6000 to 70,000. They require from the egg to maturity eighteen to -twenty-one days, they then remain in the hive for ten or fourteen days -before they fly out. - -The bees are able to bring up a queen out of every working-bee's eggs, -and also from the grub if it is not above three days old. In that case -they elongate and increase the width of the cell in the shape of an -acorn, and give more feeding-mucilage than they are in the habit of -giving to the working-bee. - -To insure success in the cultivation it requires dexterity, and study -of the nature of bees. The queen requires from the egg ten to seventeen -days to her full development, when she will fly out about from one to -three days, after her creeping out of the egg, to be impregnated, and -then after the lapse of six or ten days more, she commences to lay -eggs. Then she will not fly out again unless with a swarm. The bees -always prepare several queen-cells at one time, which, however, do not -mature at the same moment. The queen is only once impregnated during -the whole course of her life which lasts from about three to five years. - - -§ 4. - -THE DRONES - -These are males. There are about 2,000 in a hive, and then only in -summer, for, as soon as the swarming and honey-carrying-time is over, -they are turned out as useless eaters. They serve only to impregnate -the queen. The drones require from the egg to maturity, twenty-one to -twenty-four days. - - -§ 5. - -THE WORKING-BEES. - -The working-bees mate probably with the drones, and are, therefore, -capable of laying eggs, but which produce only drones; and, generally, -a hive in which the working-bees commence laying eggs, is going to -destruction. It can soon be observed, as they lay often two, three, to -twenty eggs, without order, in one cell. In such a hive there is no -longer a queen, and it is best to separate it at once or to unite it -with a healthy hive, for such demoralised people generally kill a newly -added queen. Those, who dispute the mating of the working-bees with the -drones are in error. Only place young bees without a queen in a place -distant from any drones, and no eggs are ever discovered; but, as soon -as they are brought in the neighbourhood of drones, and they have no -queens, they lay drone-egg. - - -§ 6. - -BREEDING OF THE QUEEN. - -For that purpose choose the largest hive, for it is an old saying, -that "a large cow will produce a large calf."--From so fine a hive you -certainly have fine young ones. - -As it is known that out of every working-bee-egg the bees can breed a -queen, and that they often prepare as many as from six to thirty at the -same time, advantage must be taken of that fact. - -But do not begin with the breeding of queens until the bees are -sufficiently strong, and have commenced the breeding of drones. This -must be particularly attended to if you want to breed afterwards pure -Italians, for to insure their mating only with Italian drones they must -first exist, and that in strong numbers. - - -§7. - -HOW TO BREED ITALIAN QUEENS WHEN IN POSSESSION OF ONE OR TWO WHOLE -ITALIAN HIVES. - -When you have one or two Italian hives, you must endeavor to put them -into hives with moveable parts, if they are not already in one. Then -care must be taken, that by continual feeding with good honey, and -filling up of the hive with sufficient combs, they increase their -strength and prepare a good many drones. The trouble is much less if -the Italian bees are on a stand by themselves, about 500 or 1000 yards -from the others, the farther the better. - -It will be well to be cautious, to leave one hive undivided and -untouched that they continue to breed many drones, for the divided hive -will not produce any more drones in the same year, therefore one hive -must be kept strong and untouched, so that you do not run short in -drone-breeding. - -When there are sufficient drones or drone-brood on hand, take from a -hive the Italian queen with the third part of her people and building, -and fill up the missing two-thirds with empty and full combs. This -queen is now taken to a distant stand where the common or black bee is -kept, and placed in the stead of a populous hive during the absence of -the most part of the bees. The black bees will at first be surprised -and refuse to enter, as these two species hate each other. Should they -entirely refuse to enter, then remove during the flight, the whole of -the black hives standing on the same front; the returning bees will -then be frightened, and not knowing where to go to, will, in the end, -willingly, and without disturbance, enter to the Italian mother, who -by those means will soon get strong again; and in about five or seven -days, will have laid sufficient eggs to part them again; and so you -can continue as long as you wish to Italianise. In that manner, if -the queen is forthwith strengthened by German bees, no disturbance -takes place in the breeding of drones, you have only to put in a few -drone-cells. But that the Italian mother does not receive black drones -as well, place before the fly-hole a drone-stopper to keep those -customers out. - -Let us now return to the Italian stand, where we have taken the mother -from with a third of the people. - -Meanwhile they have made preparations to begin queen-cells, and mostly -more than one, perhaps from ten to twenty. On the eleventh, the latest -on the seventeenth day, they creep out, and, not to expose them to -the danger of the surplus ones being killed by the bees, they must be -looked after on the eighth or ninth day, and all queen-cells but one -or two must be cut out. The cut out cells are put with a honey-comb -and a few handfulls of bees into a little box about four or six inches -square. These boxes must have wires on two, or better, on all four -sides, so that the bees get used to the smell of each other, and thus -become reconciled. - -In such a box the Italian queen-cell is put in to a hive of black bees, -which the day previous has been deprived of the queen, and if possible -in the centre or the heart of the nest. The black bees cannot now enter -into the box, but become acquainted, through the wire, with the smell -of the Italian bees, and by the time the queen, who will be well taken -care of by the two handfulls of bees put with her, is matured, the -black bees will have taken a liking to her. - -About three or five days after the adding of the queen-cell, you must -look whether the black bees have not formed queen cells of their own -specie, if so, they must be cut out. Then, the following day, the -fly-hole in the little box which has been kept shut is slowly opened, -and the black bees will gradually enter into the box and pay their -homage to the new queen. - -To prevent the mating of the queen with a black drone, a wire must be -attached before the fly-hole of the hive, large enough for the queen -and bees to fly out (for the queen only mates in the open air) but too -small for drones, which are in the black hive; then the stand must be -placed where the Italian mother-hive is, until the queen is impregnated. - -In the same manner all queen-cells are treated (all but one or two, -which are left in the hive for the purpose of forming a separate -colony) until all black hives are Italianised. Should, however, a hive -be impregnated where it is supposed any black drones exist, it must -be put on the stand of the black bees, so as to have only pure Italian -drones on the Italian breeding stand. - -In three weeks, with only little practice, about fifty hives can be -Italianised. When done, and all the bees are provided with queens of -Italian origin, then the work is much easier, as meanwhile, the young -mothers lay Italian drone-eggs, and the black drones die, or, the -Italian drones obtain such preponderance, that a genuine impregnation -is in most cases certain. - -For breeding, always choose the finest mother, if possible, of yellow -colour, having previously convinced yourself that she has been -impregnated genuinely, that is, by an Italian drone, and that she -breeds, as a proof, handsome yellow working bees. - - -§ 8. - -BREEDING OF DRONES. - -To increase the Italian drones as fast as possible, deprive the Italian -mother of a hive of her drone-cells, and place instead, empty cells for -further filling them with drone-brood, which she will do forthwith. The -Italian drone-brood hang into the black hives for hatching, taking and -destroying, as much as possible, their own black-broods. - -Food must not be spared with brood-hives, as that will induce them to -continue breeding. - -So prepared, commences now the proper culture of queens. - -For that purpose small queen-breeding-boxes are required for it is -troublesome to single out a queen in a large and populous hive and -otherwise not advantageous to disturb a strong hive by ill-treatment. - -The ground-rules for the certain pure-keeping of the Italian race, -consist always of this: to destroy the black drones, and to increase -the Italian ones. - -Therefore, it is better to take care that the Italian bees are placed -on a stand where no black drones are allowed. And if now German people -are brought to strengthen the Italian colony then let them pass in -review first and kill the black drones. - -The work can be made much easier by letting the bees run into any weak -hive, and only through a narrow slit, when only working-bees can pass -through, but is too narrow for drones, so that the drones can all be -kept back. The next day the bees can be taken out of the hive again and -used. - -Not only is the object gained to put away the drones, but the bees -are also discouraged, so that they can be joined with others without -difficulty. Should they have run into a hive deprived of the queen, or -only provided with queen-cells, they will be heartily glad that a queen -is given them and will not leave her. The bees generally become anxious -and tame if the drones and drone-brood are taken away. Endeavouring -now, on the one hand, to permit no black drones on the Italian stand, -which is kept for the improvement of the races, and to destroy them -with their drone-brood and cells, care must be taken, on the other -hand, that the Italian bees breed the largest possible quantity of -drones. Some assert that the Italian queens lay more drone-eggs -than the Germans, but that is not right; they lay them in the same -proportion as the black bees but it can be forwarded by the placing of -drone-breeding-combs in the breeding-nest; for the queen to fill them, -it is above all things, necessary that the hive be populous and the -weather favourable. - -As soon as a drone-breeding-comb is filled, it should, without delay, -be placed in a hive deprived of the queen, because those hives in their -queenless state, seize the opportunity to bring up drones as if they -were aware that they would be necessary for the impregnation of their -future queen. - -Such a hive seldom destroys drone-brood; while hives with queens, as a -general rule, on the approach of bad weather, tear out the drone-brood -and turn the drones away. - -But as soon as the queen, intended for the drone-breeding hive, is -again impregnated, the drones would be in danger of being turned out -again, for in particular, fresh impregnated queens do away with the -drones very quickly, therefore the impregnated queen must be taken from -the drone-hive; in that way drone hives may be kept until late in the -autumn. The queens intended for drone production, particularly in bad -weather, must be stimulated with food; so that they do not relax in -laying eggs. - - -§ 9. - -THE QUEEN-BREEDING-HIVE. - -This is a small box with moveable parts, more or less large does not -matter. The principle thing is, that they are made of equal widths that -every comb of each hive fits into any other hive. - -About twelve inches long and six inches broad and high (that is square) -might be about the right size. Lengthwise, on the top of the inner -sides, fix two pieces of wood, each about three-eights of an inch -broad. These are the supporters of the combs, on which the combs or -chips rest, to be able to take out easily, and to replace each comb -separately. Better still, if small frames instead of chips are used. -The top opens upwards, and to make it fit tight, nail or paste soft -cloth or paper round the edges. In the top make a hole about two inches -in diameter, which serves as a feeding hole; for such little people -want frequent feeding, else they will often entirely go away. - - -§ 10. - -SUPPLYING OF THE QUEEN-BREEDING-HIVES. - -No. 1. That mother which has been picked out as breeding bee must be -taken with part of her people and some brood-combs, honey-combs, and -empty ones, until the little box is quite full, and is then placed on -the stand where the Italian bees and drones are kept. After a few days, -the queen is taken with a few combs of brood and their bees, and is put -into a breeding-box. - -No. 2. This also should well supplied with honey, empty combs and a few -ripe breeding-combs. After a few days, when the queen has established -herself well and has filled the cells with brood she is to be again -taken out with a few combs and some people, and form a new colony. - -No. 3. And so on, until you have enough. But never neglect to feed -these little people well,[3] particularly the one which contains the -queen. - -[Footnote 3: Else it is to be expected that some fine day they will -take their departure, when generally every one of them will leave, for -such little colonies cannot keep themselves unless it be in the high -honey season.] - -Meanwhile the breeding-box, No. 1, deprived of its queen, has prepared -queen-cells, which on the tenth day are cut out, except one or two, -and form likewise new colonies,[4] It must be observed that the bees -which adhere to the combs or the brood, and which guard the cells, are -taken out with them. The strengthening of such colonies is done best by -hanging in of ripe brood near their development, or by young bees which -always set on the combs, and who attend to the real brood business. - -[Footnote 4: You must endeavour to insert the queen-cells in the -middle of a comb, where the most of the bees gather; it is done best -by cutting a diamond-shaped piece out of the comb, and then, loosely -inserting the queen-cell cut to a similar shape. If it were inserted -in the lower edge, the bees could not cover it on the approach of cold -weather, and the cell would become cold and the bee perish.] - -The same is done with the queen-cells of No. 2, and so on. Care must -be exercised to be well supplied with all the different stages, from -the egg to the queen, so that there are always ready ripe and half-ripe -cells, impregnated and unimpregnated queens in all stages. - -If now, a queen has crept out, you must wait until she is impregnated, -and has well supplied the box with brood, then take away the queen, -and put in from another hive a ripe queen-cell; where the queen-cell -has been taken from, a few brood-combs must be inserted, so that -no interruption takes place. If a queen, taken away, can always be -replaced by a ripe queen-cell, fifteen queens may be produced from -one breeding-box during one summer. Care must be taken that there is -always young brood in a queen-breeding-box, so that in case a queen or -queen-cell should meet with an accident, the bees have a substitute, -and no interruption can occur. - -The brood is necessary to the bees and makes them industrious. -Therefore, never take a queen from her people until she has well -supplied them with eggs and brood. - -Frequent inspection is very necessary, for sometimes everything may be -thought to be quite in order, and yet a hive has, instead of a queen, -_only working_ bees, who, through a longer deprivation of their queen -have themselves commenced to lay eggs but out of which only drones are -produced, to the great disappointment of the cultivator. This disorder -can soon be observed, for the bees lay _many_ eggs and without order in -_one_ cell, while the queen lays only _one_, never more than two in one -cell. - -Such a hive, where the bees have commenced laying eggs, may also be -known by blowing into it, when the bees will hum quite hollow, while in -a hive with a queen, the humming is quite lively and cheerful. - -If not too far gone, the hive may be brought round by inserting a comb -of healthy brood with the adhering young bees; but if it has gone too -far, it must be united with a healthy hive, else all trouble is lost. -Introduced queens are killed by such demoralised people. - - -§ 11. - -RESERVING OF QUEEN-CELLS. - -Often it will happen that there are more queen-cells than can be used -at the moment, for they must not be let lying about long, else they -will become cold; and generally the brood must be protected from cold. - -Such queen-cells are placed singly into very small boxes, if only of -the size of two walnuts, and these boxes are put in any hive on a spot -where a proper degree of warmth is developed, say, just above the -little rods which is regarded by many bee-cultivators as the honey-room -in the moveable box. There they can remain until wanted. That a small -wire-grating is placed before the little box is understood, so that if -a queen should creep out unexpectedly before required, the bees can -feed her. - -If the queen-cells should have sustained any little injury it must be -patched again directly with a little wax. The best way is to warm a -knife a little and to touch the cell slightly with it, the wax-cover -is then sufficiently softened to repair the damage. Larger injuries -cannot be remedied, and one cannot be too careful in cutting them out -not to damage any of them. - - -§ 12. - -QUEEN-BREEDING WITH BROOD-COMES. - -A brood-comb may be taken from the mother-hive,[5] but always _with the -bees adhering thereto_, and can be put in a breeding-box provided with -honey and empty combs. This is placed in the room of a populous hive, -to people it, and after the lapse of ten days the queen-cells are full -and covered; they are cut out as stated before.[6] - -[Footnote 5: This is particular to be advised when there is only one -Italian queen which must be preserved to breed drones.] - -[Footnote 6: Sometimes the bees put their queen-cells together so -close, and in groups, or opposite to each other, that often it is not -possible to cut the cells for use without damaging them. These must -be left, and watch must be kept for the eleven days, and, as soon a -as young queen creeps out, she must be taken away, all, but the last -yellow one which is left in the hive. If a piece of about an inch -square is cut off, crossways, from below the edge of a young brood-comb -full of grub-eggs, so that the liquid of the brood runs out, it -generally causes the bees to fix their queen-cells on that spot in the -best order.] - - -§ 13. - -ADDING OF QUEENS. - -The adding of the queen to hives of other races is done like the adding -of queen-cells. First, the hive is deprived of the queen, then the -queen is put into the box with a little honey and two handfulls of her -own bees, and the box is then placed in the desired hive. After four -days it must be seen whether the black bees have commenced queen-cells. -If they have not the little fly-hole is opened when the bees will unite -and accept the queen. But if queen-cells are formed, it is a proof that -the bees are not yet inclined to accept the new queen. All queen-cells -must now be cut out, and wait a few days to make them feel quite -forsaken, then the Italian may be let in and will then be friendly -received. - -If queens or queen-cells were introduced without regard, they would all -be bitten off, as the Italian and black bees are two different races -who hate each other. - -It should always be looked to that the queen is first impregnated -before taken from her own people to be given to another, because, -unimpregnated queens are more exposed to the danger of being killed -than already impregnated ones, when the bees are assured of her having -descendants. - - -§ 14. - -PARTICULAR RULES. - -To cause a sufficient supply of Italian drones care must be taken -that the hives with Italian mothers are always well provided with -drone-combs, which will cause the queen, when they are placed in the -middle of the breeding-layers, to put in more drone-brood; the more so -by continual feeding with liquid honey. The continuous feeding, with -proper strength of people is the most effective way for the production -of drones. By insertion of ripe breeding-combs near upon running out a -hive can be most effectively and quickly strengthened. - -Further, it must be remarked that, as the Italian bees build _larger -cells_ than the black bees, it is well to give the Italians opportunity -to begin building anew. It is to be supposed that those who have -decided to introduce a strange race of bees, Italians, must have some -knowledge of bee-cultivation, and must also possess bees of their own -native race; for one who has no idea at all of the higher branches of -bee-cultivation, for him to introduce a strange race would be money -thrown away; such an one would do better to try his experiments on -common bees until he is well practised. - -Those who do not particularly care to change all their hives into pure -Italians can add the Italian queen-cells in a box to the black bees, -and can abandon the queen creeping out to her destiny, as to which -drone she will mate with. Although not many Italians are by those means -gained in the first years, there will be plenty of bastards, and for -the second year a very good foundation for Italianizing, because the -stock is already Italian, and the Italian element preponderates. Care -must be taken to mark the _original mother_ well, and only to obtain -posterity _through her_. - - -§ 15. - -THE AUTUMN CULTURE - -For queens it is only so far applicable, as the period must be waited -for when the black drones are killed, and care has been taken to -reserve only Italian drones, which is done by depriving some Italian -hives of their queens, and also of their queen-cells, so that they -cannot breed any more queens. These bees will not kill their drones. -By abundant feeding bees can be induced, even in the late autumn, to -breed drones and to suffer them. When the drones are driven out of a -hive they must be put, with some honey, into a box supplied with a -wire-grating, and placed in a hive deprived of its queen. After a few -days they are let loose and will then soon get used to the queenless -bees. They may also be put into the top of a hive with a queen, but -then, they must be kept shut in until wanted for use. - - -§ 16. - -IN THE EARLY SPRING - -Queens of a pure race may be bred with advantage, because the Italians -breed drones two or three weeks earlier than the black bees, so that -the Italian mothers can mate when there are no German drones whatever. -However, the finest queens are only obtained by waiting the natural -time when the inclination for breeding exists; from about a fortnight -before to a fortnight after swarming time. - - -§ 17. - -BOXES WITHOUT MOVEABLE PARTS. - -Those who are not in possession of boxes with movable parts, but yet -wish to Italianise their native bees, have much more trouble, and must -leave it to chance whether the queen, bred from Italian brood, will -mate with black or Italian drones. It is difficult and not everybody's -business to take the finished queen-cells from such hives; but a clever -bee-cultivator will know how to help himself even then. - -In such a case all the people in the Italian hive must be driven out, -and the hive put in the place of one, or better, two strong native -hives, during the time of their strongest flight, and the empty hive -will be populated by German people, who immediately begin to make -queen-cells.[7] - -[Footnote 7: Here, too, a wire-grating may be fixed before the -fly-hole, large enough to permit free entrance to the bees, but too -narrow for drones; this will keep the hive pure. Of course, as soon the -queen makes her mating-flight, the hive is carried, in the evening, -after sunset, to the place where the pure Italians are until the mating -is over.] - -The two native hives are then taken away and placed on another stand, -or, if there is only one, on the bottom shelf of the bee-house. It is -always better to take away all hives with black drones, so that here -are only Italian drones flying. The loss of people will do them the -less damage, as they would without that have had to give out a swarm. - -In order that the forced or artificial swarm from the Italian -mother-hive may soon be in full strength, it is necessary to put the -swarm into a hive already filled with combs, which must be well fed to -excite them to breed. - -The separated Italian hive is opened after seven days, when the -queen-cells are nearly ripe, and divided into as many parts as there -are undamaged queen-cells; it is always better to give two cells to -each part, so that if one should get hurt, the bees have another one -ready. - -Each of such parts is taken with the bees adhering to them and put -with some empty honey-combs into an empty hive. Supposing there were -ten such parts with queen-cells, then there would be ten colonies. -But these alone would give neither profit nor amusement, and would be -altogether too weak to prosper; they must therefore undergo a forced -operation by being placed in the room of a populous hive, that is, in -the place of ten native hives during their best flight, keeping a wire -before the whole to keep out the drones, but admitting the bees. - -As at the beginning, the bees of the black race will be rather shy, -caution must be had to clear the entire front of the bees of the native -race, by putting them either higher or lower; by these means they will -lose about as many people as would make a swarm which they would have -had to give up all the same, and the ten new Italian hives will all -profit by it, get strong, populous, and will thrive. For as soon as -the bees, returning from the field, find no hive of their kind in the -same front, they will at last become tame and enter quietly with the -Italians. But if the bees coming from the field find only one hive of -black bees in the same front, they will invariably go in the hive of -their race left standing. - -It is hardly necessary to mention that the drone-wire must be -sufficiently large to allow the queen to pass. - -On the third or fourth day before the young queen creeps out, all new -hives are brought where the mother-hive, or the drones are kept for -mating; or all the hives with black drones may be shut up by a wire -until the mating is over. - -To make sure that the queen on her mating-excursions will find drones -immediately, there are ways to stimulate the bees, that they will lead -the drones out early in the morning; it is done by feeding the hive -very early with thinned honey, which will cause the drones to undertake -an early pleasure-trip on that day. - -If there be an opportunity to add to a new hive formed from eggs of -queen-cells an Italian ripe drone-brood comb it is well to do so, for -by so doing the purity of race is much insured. As said before, the -great knack is, to be prepared with the proper number of drones. - -Many bee-cultivators make a great blunder in that respect, in cutting -out the drone-cells, thinking that they are unnecessary eaters, but -not considering that, _the fewer_ drones there are on a stand _the -greater_ the danger of losing queens. For, natural enough, the queen -flies out to mate and to find a drone, if she finds one immediately, -she can return home directly and the hive is saved. But if the drones -are scarce, and the queen cannot soon find a lover, she will delay -her wedding-journey, or even go home again without having gained her -object; and is, therefore, obliged to repeat her journeys. The oftener -she flies out, and the longer she must remain out, the more the danger -that she may be destroyed during her wedding-tour. This is well to be -considered. Queens which I placed to mate on a distant stand, with but -few drones were always impregnated from eight to ten days later than on -the principal stand, where the drones flew in abundance. - - -§ 18. - -TRANSPORT OF QUEENS. - -If many queens are produced, they are principally bred for presents to -other lovers of bees, or for sale to extend the race, and by the art to -raise queens early it is in your power quickly to multiply a favourite -race of bees. We will now give a few hints how queens can be sent to -distances. - -For that purpose, take a box four inches square, in the lid of which -make three or four incisions or cuts, to admit air to the bees. A piece -of covered old honey is loosely wrapt up in blotting-paper and nailed -firmly to the bottom of the box. That the nail may not pass through -the honey and the honey gets loose and smother the bees, it is well to -put a piece of pasteboard or leather, of about two-inch square under -the head of the nail, as a lining. Then put the queen with a handful -of her own people (500 or 1000) in the box and nail it down; then wrap -a loose piece of linen round the box, so that the bees have sufficient -air, but that the light is somewhat interrupted, to keep them quiet on -the journey. The blotting-paper must be wrapt round the honey in such a -manner that the honey shows at one end that the bees can gradually eat -it up. If, neither blotting-paper be used, nor the honey nailed down, -there would be risk that the honey rolled about during the journey and -smothered the bees, or run out of the comb and drown the bees in it. -The blotting-paper takes up any honey run out, so that the bees can -only gradually eat it up. - -It must be well understood that a queen is not sent before she is -impregnated, that is, until she has laid eggs. These boxes will stand a -journey of ten days. - - -§ 19. - -REMARKS ON UNITING BEES. - -Another caution must be observed on uniting of two bee-colonies. - -Bees are naturally avaricious and therefore permit every bee, even a -stranger, laden with honey to enter. This is a hint, and advantage must -be taken of this their passion. - -Before two colonies are joined together, take care that the bees which -are to be added are quite satiated with honey. It does not matter if -both parties have been previously well fed, for then they are not so -capable of beginning to fight. - -Bees, well filled with honey are everywhere welcome, and when the bees -have discharged their burdens in the cells they fraternise and forget -all quarrels. - -Honey is therefore a very good means of union. But to sprinkle the -bees only with honey, or honey-water, produces just the contrary -effect; they become irritated and impassioned and kill each other. -If, therefore, you desire success, give them honey to their heart's -content. If a hive is to be driven out, stop up loosely the principal -hole, blow a little smoke into it, then turn it over and knock -it gently for about ten minutes; the object will thus be gained, -because the bees, anticipating the danger, will make haste to provide -themselves with food for the journey. A bee can suck in double her -weight in provision. - -A very sure way to strengthen Italian queens with German people is, -that the Italian queen with her company, and a few combs are put into -a box, and, gradually, brood nearly running out is introduced: not all -at once, but every one or two combs, so that the brood running out is -strong enough to cover the brood in store. By so doing the queen will -have an increase of people who will adhere to her, not having known -another queen yet. This way of strengthening is the safest, only too -many combs must not be put in at one time, because then, the queen with -her weak people could not produce sufficient warmth for the entire -hatching of the brood. - -There is another way to be recommended. The Italian queen with her -people are put in the box, intended for the purpose, with a sufficient -number of combs, empty and full of honey. Then bees without a queen, or -which have been deprived of the queen one, or a few days previous, and -have been confined _without the least brood_ or combs are let into the -Italians through a small hole, so that _only one_ at a time can go in -and must, so to say, _beg_ her admittance. - -Hives where the queen has been taken from, but which have young brood -or queen-cells, are not to be called deprived of their queen, they have -even the best hopes to bring up, in a short time, several queens; for -that reason they kill any new introduced queen. - - -§ 20. - -THE FEEDING - -Is always done best from above with a bottle, the mouth of which is -tied over with loose linen, so that the bees can always suck in the -honey without attracting robbers. - - -§ 21. - -THE ORIGINAL MOTHER BEE - -Must be particularly carefully preserved to have always, in case of any -cross-breeding, _one queen_ of undoubted purity. To make quite sure the -queen can be marked by clipping one of the wings; she can then be easy -recognised. - -It is more certain to procure every year or two an _original Italian -hive_, from their native place, with which to freshen up the race. -Those who have opportunities to sell Italian bees, which is almost -everywhere the case, will find it more than enough to their advantage, -as this little extra expense places them in position to breed pure -queens with the greatest certainty, and they will be enabled to serve -their customers always with genuine Italian Alp-bees, and consequently -increase their sale. - -A queen of the Italian species lives generally from three to four -years, often to five years. Therefore, with some care, what has been -missed the first year, may, at any rate, be made good the second year, -if one knows how to save and preserve the mother or breeding--queen. - - -[Illustration] - - - - -APPENDIX. - -------------- - -GENUINE ITALIAN ALP-BEES. - -[Illustration] - - -I have appointed my friends, Messrs. Geo. Neighbour and Sons, of 127, -Holborn, and 149, Regent Street, London, my sole agents for England, -and they will take orders, I undertaking to execute the same, at the -following charges--the cost of carriage to paid by the purchaser. - - -A YOUNG, YELLOW, IMPREGNATED QUEEN, - -FROM MARCH 15 TO APRIL 30, - -With 500 Bees, for 20 shillings; with 1000 Bees, for 22 shillings; -with 5000 Bees, for 35 shillings: - - -FROM MAY 1 TO JUNE 31, - -With 500 Bees, for 15 shillings; with 1000 Bees, for 17 shillings; -with 5000 Bees, for 30 shillings: - - -FROM JULY 1 TO AUGUST 31, - -With 500 Bees, for 10 shillings; with 1000 Bees, for 12 shillings; -with 5000 Bees, for 25 shillings: - - -FROM SEPTEMBER 1 TO NOVEMBER 30, - -With 500 Bees, for 8 shillings; with 1000 Bees, for 10 shillings; -with 5000 Bees, for 20 shillings. - -Queens less fine, young as well as old, cost 2 francs each less - -PURE GERMAN QUEENS, - -TILL THE END OF JUNE, - -With 500 Bees, for 6 shillings; with 1000 Bees, for 8 shillings; -with 5000 Bees, for 15 shillings: - - -FROM JULY 1 TO NOVEMBER 30, - -With 500 Bees, for 3 shillings; with 1000 Bees, for 4 shillings; -with 5000 Bees, for 6 shillings. - - -[Illustration] - - -ITALIAN DRONES, - -TILL JULY 30, - -2 shillings per 100: - -FROM AUGUST 1 TO OCTOBER 30, - -3 shillings per 100. - - -[Illustration] - - -UNIMPREGNATED YOUNG ITALIAN QUEENS, - -6 shillings each. - - -[Illustration] - - -ITALIAN QUEEN CELLS, - -3 shillings each. - - -A PROPORTIONATE DISCOUNT ON LARGE ORDERS - -The Bees are only provided with sufficient honey for the journey. -Should a queen die on the journey, I send another for half the price. -As proof, the dead queen must be sent to me in a letter. - -Tamins, Canton Graubunden, - -H. C. HERMANN, - -Bee Cultivator. - -[Illustration] - - -THE RICINUS SILKWORM. - -[Illustration] - - -This worm is particularly recommended, as it will feed readily on -linden leaves (Dipsacus) and Ricinus thistles, and therefore augurs -a great future, as the difficulty of growing mulberry trees in our -northern clime was the chief hindrance. By the introduction of this -worm all is remedied, and the agriculturist anticipates a brilliant -future; he will soon be able to dress in silk instead of tick. - -The silk of this worm is not as fine, but quite as good, and more -productive than that of the genuine silkworm. - -I sell these insects: - - Eggs, 13 shillings per dozen. - Chrysalis, 3 shillings each. - Moths, 5 shillings each. And, - Printed Instructions, 1 shilling. - - -LONDON: W. OSTELL, PRINTER, HART STREET, BLOOMSBURY. - - -GEORGE NEIGHBOUR & SON'S CATALOGUE. - -=6. AN IMPROVED COTTAGE HIVE.= - -Precisely the same in construction as the No. 5 described above, but -without windows or thermometer. Price, complete, £1. 8s. - - -=7. THE LADIES' OBSERVATORY HIVE.= - -Is of stout glass and admits of one bellglass for deprivation, with a -cover of straw for the whole, is admirably adapted for witnessing the -labour and progress of its industrious inmates, and is an interesting -addition to the conservatory or greenhouse in which it may easily be -placed. Price, complete, £3, 5s. - - -=8. THE COTTAGER S HIVE.= - -Is intended for the use of cottagers, and consists of three common -straw Hives with floorboard; it is recommended to those Apiarians who -are desirous of setting their poorer neighbours in the way of keeping -bees, on the improved system without destruction. Price, 10s. 6d. - - -=9 & 10. BEE FEEDERS.= - -No. 9, is intended to fit a drawer under wood Hives. Price, 5s. No. 10, -is for Hives either of wood or straw, and is used on the top of the -stock Hive. Zinc, price, 4s. In earthenware, 43, 6d. - - -=11 & 12. FUMIGATORS.= - -Used with the prepared Fungus, for uniting weak stocks, &c. Price, 2s. -and 2s. 6d. - - -=13. HONEYCUTTERS.= - -For easily cutting out the comb. Price, 5s. per pair. - - -=14. TAYLOR'S IMPROVED COTTAGE HIVE.= - -As described page 163, Bee Keeper's Manual. Price, £1. Is. With Stand, -£1. 10s. - - -=15. FOUNTAIN BEE FEEDERS.= - -Price, 6s. - - -=17. SINGLE BAR HIVE.= - -The Stock Hive is furnished with seven moveable bars, and admits of -super Hives or glasses. Vide page 61, ''Bee Keeper's Manual,'' Price -£2. 12s. Stand, 8s. - - -=18. EIGHT BAR STRAW HIVE.= - -Similar in its arrangements to No; 3, with an outer cover of straw. -Price, complete with Stand, &c., £3. 12s. The Stock Hive maybe obtained -separate. Price, with floor board, 15s. - - -=19. HUBER'S BOOK OR LEAF HIVE.= - -Price, £2. 58. - - -=20. NEIGHBOUR'S PATENT UNICOMB OBSERVATORY HIVE.= - -Is a great novelty, being constructed with glass sides, admitting of -one comb only The queen bee and the hidden mysteries of the hive are -continually exposed to the full light of day; it is furnished with -double glass to keep up an uniform degree o: heat. Price, in polished -oak, £3. 3s. - - -=22. GOLDING'S GRECIAN HIVE.= - -Price, complete with three glasses, adapting board, &c., £1. 6s. - - -=23. TAYLOR'S DIVIDING HIVE.= - -Is fitted with eight moveable bars, and takes apart in the centre, -for the purpose of forming artificial swarms. Two Hives form the set -complete. Price, £2. 10s. - - -_24. COVER OF ZINC FOR BEE HIVES._ - -Price, 7s. 6d. to 10s. - -Ornamental covers corresponding in style with the variety of Beehives -herein described may also be obtained. Bee Houses, Covers in all sizes, -&c., made to order. - - -=25. FLAT TOP BELL GLASSES.= - -With ventilating tube, 12 in. wide and 6 in. deep, 7s. 6d.; 10 in. wide -and 6 in. deep, 4s. 6d. Payne's Glass, 3s, 6d. - - -=BELL GLASSES.= - -=26.= To contain 10 lbs., 10 in. high, 7 in. wide. Price 5s. 0d. - -=27.= " 6 " 7 " 5½ " " 2s. 6d. - -=28.= " 3 " 5 " 4 " " 1s. 6d. - -=29.= A new shape without knob, may be placed on the table inverted, with - lid 5 in. by 6 in. Price, 4s. 6d. - - -=30. SHALLOW GLASSES.= - -Being so much preferable for the Bees storing honey, G. N. and Son have -introduced this season a new shape, made of two sizes without knobs, 9½ -in. wide and 4 in. deep, 4s. 6d.; 13 in. wide and 4½ in. deep. Price, -5s, 6d. - - -=31. BEE DRESS OR PROTECTOR.= - -To prevent being stung when operating on the Bees. Price, 5s,, by post 6s. - - -=31. THE CYLINDRICAL SHALLOW WOOD HIVE= - -Is varnished, and will be found more durable than straw; glasses or -small hives worked on top. This Hive is only adapted for a bee house, -or where the protection is equivalent to one; similar in principle to -No, 18. Price of hive and floor board, 15s.; if fitted with bars, 16s. -6d. - - Common Straw Hives 2 6 - Small ditto super ditto 2 6 - Small Wooden Super Hives with window 3 6 - Floorboards each 2s, 6d, and 3 0 - -It is strongly recommended that all beehives be placed under cover, to -protect them from the sun and rain, and that their entrance be in a -south-eastern aspect. - - "Treatise on the Humane Management of Honey Bees," by T. Nutt 10 - "Bee Keeper's Manual," by H. Taylor 4 - "The Bee Keeper's Guide," by I. H. Payne 4 - Prepared Fungus in Packets (maybe sent by Post for 2d extra) 1 - Thermometers for Nutt's Hives (Collateral Boxes) 10 - Ditto ditto (Middle Box) 5 - Ditto for Cottage Hives 4 - Zinc Slides, Ventilators, &c., in sets, for Nutt's Hives 10 - - - * * * * * - - -Transcribers Note - -The original owner of the book, Francis Darwin, decided to paste a very -large bookplate covering the first three paragraphs of the Preface. A -thorough search of the Internet did not reveal any other copy of this -volume. So, this notice is copied there. - - - - - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ITALIAN ALP-BEE *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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