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Irwin—A Project Gutenberg eBook - </title> - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - <style type="text/css"> - -body { margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; } - -h1,h2,h4,h5 { text-align: center; clear: both; } -h3 { text-align: left; clear: both; } - -p { margin-top: .51em; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5em; margin-bottom: .49em; } -p.no-indent { margin-top: .51em; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0em; margin-bottom: .49em;} -p.author { margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 5%; text-align: right;} -p.neg-indent { text-indent: -1.5em; margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%; padding-left: 1.5em;} -p.neg-indent2 { text-indent: -1.5em; margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%; padding-left: 2em;} -p.neg-indent2 { text-indent: -2.5em; margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%; padding-left: 2.5em;} -p.f90 { font-size: 90%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; } -p.f120 { font-size: 120%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; } -p.f150 { font-size: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; } - -.fontsize_80 { font-size: 80%; } -.fontsize_110 { font-size: 110%; } -.fontsize_120 { font-size: 120%; } -.fontsize_150 { font-size: 150%; } - -.space-above1 { margin-top: 1em; } -.space-above2 { margin-top: 2em; } -.space-above3 { margin-top: 3em; } -.space-below1 { margin-bottom: 1em; } -.space-below2 { margin-bottom: 2em; } - -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em;} - @media print { hr.chap {display: none; visibility: hidden;} } -hr.r10 {width: 10%; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 45%; margin-right: 45%;} - -div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} -h2.nobreak {page-break-before: avoid;} - -ul.index { list-style-type: none; } -li.ifrst { margin-top: 1em; } -li.isub0 {text-indent: 0em;} -li.isub1 {text-indent: 1em;} -li.isub2 {text-indent: 2em;} -li.isub3 {text-indent: 3em;} -li.isub4 {text-indent: 4em;} -li.isub5 {text-indent: 5em;} -li.isub6 {text-indent: 6em;} -li.isub7 {text-indent: 7em;} -li.isub8 {text-indent: 8em;} -li.isub9 {text-indent: 9em;} -li.isub10 {text-indent: 10em;} -li.isub11 {text-indent: 11em;} -li.isub18 {text-indent: 18em;} - -table { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } - -.tdl {text-align: left;} -.tdr {text-align: right;} -.tdc {text-align: center;} -.tdc_bott {text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;} -.tdr_top {text-align: right; vertical-align: top;} -.tdl_ws1 {text-align: left; vertical-align: top; padding-left: 1em;} -.tdl_ws2 {text-align: left; vertical-align: top; padding-left: 2em;} -.tdl_ws3 {text-align: left; vertical-align: top; padding-left: 3em;} -.tdl_ws4 {text-align: left; vertical-align: top; padding-left: 4em;} -.tdr_ws1 {text-align: right; vertical-align: top; padding-right: 1em;} - -.pagenum { - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; - font-weight: normal; - font-variant: normal; -} - -.blockquot { margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; } - -.bb {border-bottom: solid thin;} -.bb2 {border-bottom: solid medium;} -.bt {border-top: solid thin;} -.br {border-right: solid thin;} -.br2 {border-right: solid medium;} -.bbox {border: solid medium;} - -.no-wrap {white-space: nowrap; } -.center {text-align: center; text-indent: 0em;} -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - -img { max-width: 100%; height: auto; } - -.figcenter { margin: auto; text-align: center; - page-break-inside: avoid; max-width: 100%; } - -div.figcontainer { clear: both; margin: 0em auto; text-align: center; max-width: 100%;} -div.figsub { display: inline-block; margin: 1em 1em; vertical-align: top; max-width: 100%; text-align: center; } - -.footnotes {border: 1px dashed;} -.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} -.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} -.fnanchor { - vertical-align: super; - font-size: .8em; - text-decoration: - none; -} - -.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - font-size:smaller; - padding:0.5em; - margin-bottom:5em; - font-family:sans-serif, serif; } - -.ws2 {display: inline; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 2em;} - - </style> - </head> -<body> -<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Excavations at the LoDaisKa Site in the Denver, Colorado area, by H. J. Irwin</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Excavations at the LoDaisKa Site in the Denver, Colorado area</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Authors: H. J. Irwin</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em;'>C. C. Irwin</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: December 20, 2022 [eBook #69574]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: WebRover, Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EXCAVATIONS AT THE LODAISKA SITE IN THE DENVER, COLORADO AREA ***</div> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<h1>Excavations at the LoDaisKa Site<br /> -<span class="fontsize_80">in the</span><br />Denver, Colorado, Area</h1> - -<p class="center"><span class="fontsize_80">by</span><br /> -<span class="fontsize_150"><b><span class="smcap">H. J. and C. C. Irwin</span></b></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/illo.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="261" /> -</div> - -<p class="f150 space-above2"><b>Supplementary Reports</b></p> -<p class="f90">by</p> -<p class="f120">W. C. Galinat, C. B. Hunt, G. E. Lewis,<br /> -R. Rodden, D. R. Whitehead</p> - -<p class="f120 space-above3"><b>THE DENVER MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY</b></p> -<p class="center">Denver, Colorado</p> -<p class="center">Proceedings, No. 8 October 1, 1959</p> - -<p class="center space-above2"><b>LITHOGRAPHED BY<br /> -THE PEERLESS PRINTING COMPANY<br />DENVER, COLORADO</b></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_ii">[Pg ii]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_1" src="images/figure1.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="533" /> - <p class="f150"><span class="smcap">Figure 1</span>—Area of Study.</p> -</div> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</span></p> -<h2 class="nobreak">Acknowledgments</h2> -</div> - -<p>This report, like most archaeological publications, was made possible -only through the contributions and cooperation of many individuals. It -is difficult to thank them all adequately.</p> - -<p>Our greatest debt is to the editor of this publication, H. M. -Wormington. She has provided an incalculable amount of information -and assistance. More important, however, we have had the advantage -of her knowledge and experience and have profited endlessly from her -suggestions and criticisms. Without her guidance and encouragement this -report could not have been prepared. We are also greatly indebted to -Alfred M. Bailey, Director of the Denver Museum of Natural History, who -made it possible for this report to appear in the Proceedings Series.</p> - -<p>We are deeply grateful to the individuals who gave their valuable time -and efforts to the preparation of the supplementary reports: Donald R. -Whitehead, for his pollen studies; Robert J. Rodden, for the chemical -and physical analyses of the soils; Edward Lewis, for his report on -the identification of the fauna; Charles B. Hunt, for his description -of the geology of the area; Walton C. Galinat, for identification and -comments on the plant remains; and M. G. Towle, for her supplementary -floral studies.</p> - -<p>We are deeply indebted to James B. Griffin for his acceptance of carbon -samples, which may ultimately provide an accurate chronology for the -site. We owe a special debt of thanks to Jesse D. Jennings, Richard -G. Forbis, Clyde Kluckhohn, Ruth M. Underhill, Evon Z. Vogt, Gordon -R. Willey, and Stephen Williams. They contributed their valuable time -and professional knowledge in their comments and criticisms of the -paper. Paul C. Mangelsdorf provided helpful suggestions and important -information on the maize section.</p> - -<p>Others whose reading of the manuscript we have benefited from are -J. O. Brew, J. B. Griffin, H. L. Movius Jr., and H. Smith.</p> - -<p>J. O. Brew kindly made available to us collections in Peabody Museum, -Harvard for study. We are grateful to Arminta Neal for her comments -and suggestions on the illustrations. Photographic credits are as -follows: Figure 2, T. S. Lovering (U.S.G.S.); Figure 3, F. M. Van Tuyl -(U.S.G.S.); Figure 31 left and Figure 60, R. J. Rodden; Figure 76, R. -F. Forbis. Within the supplementary reports, Figure 66 was drawn by C. -B. Hunt (U.S.G.S.), and Figures 67 and 68 by R. J. Rodden. All other -illustrations were prepared by the authors.</p> - -<p>We are also grateful to LoDaisKa Bethel and her family. Her enthusiasm, -knowledge of the area, and scientific spirit were ultimately responsible -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_iv">[Pg iv]</span> -for these excavations. To Otto Sanger we are indebted for the initial -permission to excavate, for his friendship, and for the innumerable -kindnesses which he and his family subsequently extended to us. Last, -but by no means least, we wish to thank our mother, Eleanor C. Irwin, -who has played a vital part in every stage of this operation, from -field assistant and cataloguer, through to the final stages of typing -and proofreading.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</span></p> -<h2 class="nobreak">TABLE OF CONTENTS</h2> -</div> - -<table class="no-wrap" border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="TOC" cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdr_top" rowspan="8">I.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Introduction</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#INTRO"> 1</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws2">History of the Investigation</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#HIST"> 1</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws2">Physiography</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#PHYSIO"> 1</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws2">Fauna and Flora of the Region</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FAUNA"> 3</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws2">Description of the Site</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#DESC"> 5</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws2">Method of Excavation</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#METHOD"> 5</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws2">Preliminary Discussion of the Stratigraphy</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#STRAT">12</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws2">Objectives of the Monograph</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#OBJECT">15</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">II.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">The LoDaisKa Site: Features</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">III.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">The LoDaisKa Site: Typology</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws2">Method</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#METHOD2">21</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr" rowspan="11"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws2">Chipped Stone</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#CHIPPED">22</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Projectile points</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#POINTS">22</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Knives</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#KNIFE">34</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Scrapers</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#SCRAPER">42</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Spoke-shaves</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#SPOKE">43</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Drills</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#DRILL">43</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Perforators</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#PERFS">51</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">“Gravers”</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#GRAVER">51</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Other prismatic flakes</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#PRISM">51</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Choppers or hammerstones</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#CHOPS">54</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Cores</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#CORES">55</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr" rowspan="5"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws2">Ground Stone</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Milling stones</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#MILLING">58</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Handstones</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#HANDSTONES">58</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Shaft-smoother</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#SHAFT">66</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Pigment stones</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#PIGMENT">67</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr" rowspan="10"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws2">Bone</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Beads</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#BEADS">69</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Used bone fragments</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FRAGMENTS">69</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Notched bone</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#NOTCHED">69</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Rib and scapulae cutting tools</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#SCAPULA">69</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Gaming pieces</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#GAMING">69</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Awls</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#AWLS">73</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Cut bone</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#CUT_BONE">74</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Tools of antler and bone</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#TOOLS">74</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Flakers</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FLAKERS">74</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr" rowspan="7"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws2">Problematical Objects</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Mica fragments</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#MICA">78</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Crystal</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#CRYSTAL">79</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Clay Ball</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#CLAY">79</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Wood</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#WOOD_FRAG">79</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Leather</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#LEATHER">79</a> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</span></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Cordage</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#CORDAGE">79</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws2">Pottery</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Plain</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#PLAIN">82</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Surface roughened</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#SURFACE">83</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">IV.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Geology of the LoDaisKa Site by Chas. B. Hunt</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top" rowspan="5">V.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Mechanical and Chemical Analysis of the Soils</td> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3"> of the LoDaisKa Site by R. J. Rodden</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_92">91</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws2">Introduction</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#INTRO2">91</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws2">Sampling</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#SAMPLE">92</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws2">Results and Discussion</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#RESULTS">94</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top" rowspan="3">VI.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Faunal Remains in the LoDaisKa Site</td> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws4">by Edward Lewis, et al</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_101">100</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws2">Classification used in this report</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#CLASSIF">102</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top" rowspan="3">VII.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Plant Remains from the LoDaisKa Site</td> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">by Walton C. Galinat:</td> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">additional identifications by M. C. Towle</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">VIII.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Fossil Pollen and Spores from the LoDaisKa Site </td> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws3">by Donald R. Whitehead</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top" rowspan="3">IX.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Ethnographic Comparisons</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ETHNO">118</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws2">The Ute</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#UTE">119</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws2">The Pawnee</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#PAWNEE">124</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">X.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Dating the LoDaisKa Remains</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#DATING">128</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top" rowspan="14">XI.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Reconstruction and Interpretation</td> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws2">Culture Complex A</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#COMP_A">128</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Typological Affiliations</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#COMP_A">128</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Cultural Reconstruction</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#A_CULT">130</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws2">Culture Complex B</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#COMP_B">132</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Typological Affiliations</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#COMP_B">132</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Cultural Reconstruction</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#B_CULT">134</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws2">Cultural Complex C</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#COMP_C">135</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Typological Affiliations</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#COMP_C">135</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Cultural Reconstruction</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#C_CULT">138</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws2">Culture Complex D</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#COMP_D">140</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Typological Affiliations</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#COMP_D">140</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws3">Cultural Reconstruction</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#D_CULT">143</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws2">Other Remains</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#OTHERS">145</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top" rowspan="3">XII.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Discussion</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#DISCUSS">146</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws2">Traditions at LoDaisKa</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#TRADITIONS">146</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws2">The Site in a Larger Context</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#LARGER">147</a></td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<p class="f150"><b>MAPS</b></p> -<table class="no-wrap" border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="MAPS" cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdr"><i>Figure</i></td> - <td class="tdl"> </td> - <td class="tdr"> <i>Page</i></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">1—</td> - <td class="tdl">Area of study</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_1">ii</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">66—</td> - <td class="tdl">Geologic Map of the LoDaisKa Site</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_66">90</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">74—</td> - <td class="tdl">Location of principal sites referred to in text</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_74">131</a></td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</span></p> -<h2 class="nobreak">ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> -</div> - -<table class="no-wrap" border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="LOI" cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdr"><i>Figure</i></td> - <td class="tdl"> </td> - <td class="tdr"> <i>Page</i></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">2—</td> - <td class="tdl">Topography of the Morrison area</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_2"> x</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">3—</td> - <td class="tdl">Morrison biome</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_3"> 2</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">4—</td> - <td class="tdl">LoDaisKa Site</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_4A"> 6</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">5—</td> - <td class="tdl">LoDaisKa Site</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_5A"> 7</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">6—</td> - <td class="tdl">Vertical section of overhang</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_6"> 8</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">7—</td> - <td class="tdl">Diagram of area excavated</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_7">10</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">8—</td> - <td class="tdl">Surface contours of LoDaisKa Site</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_8">11</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">9—</td> - <td class="tdl">Profile No. 1</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_9A">13</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">10—</td> - <td class="tdl">Profile No. 2</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_10">14</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">11—</td> - <td class="tdl">Profile No. 3</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_11">15</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">12—</td> - <td class="tdl">Block Diagram</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_12">16</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">13—</td> - <td class="tdl">Features of LoDaisKa Site</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_13">18</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">14—</td> - <td class="tdl">Cists</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_14A">20</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">15—</td> - <td class="tdl">Projectile points, Type A</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_15">23</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">16—</td> - <td class="tdl">Projectile points, Type A, A₂; Type B</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_16A">24</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">17—</td> - <td class="tdl">Projectile points, Type C</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_17A">25</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">18—</td> - <td class="tdl">Projectile points, Type D</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_18">26</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">19—</td> - <td class="tdl">Projectile points, Type E</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_19">27</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">20—</td> - <td class="tdl">Projectile points, Type F; Type G</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_20A">28</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">21—</td> - <td class="tdl">Projectile points, Type H</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_21">29</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">22—</td> - <td class="tdl">Projectile points, Type H</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_22A">30</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">23—</td> - <td class="tdl">Projectile points, Type I</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_23">31</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">24—</td> - <td class="tdl">Projectile points, Type J</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_24A">32</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">25—</td> - <td class="tdl">Projectile points, Type K</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_25">33</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">26—</td> - <td class="tdl">Projectile points, Type aa; Type bb</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_26A">35</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">27—</td> - <td class="tdl">Projectile points, Type bb; Type xx; Type cc</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_27A">36</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">28—</td> - <td class="tdl">Knives, Type one</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_28">38</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">29—</td> - <td class="tdl">Knives, Type two; Type three</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_29">39</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">30—</td> - <td class="tdl">Large knife, Type two</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_30">40</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">31—</td> - <td class="tdl">Large knives, Type two</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_31">41</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">32—</td> - <td class="tdl">End scrapers, Type one</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_32">44</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">33—</td> - <td class="tdl">End scrapers, Type three; Type two</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_45">45</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">34—</td> - <td class="tdl">Side scrapers</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_34">46</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">35—</td> - <td class="tdl">Discoidal scrapers</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_35">47</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">36—</td> - <td class="tdl">Uncompahgre scrapers</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_36">48</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">37—</td> - <td class="tdl">Serrated scrapers; spoke-shave</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_37">49</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">38—</td> - <td class="tdl">Drill types one-four; gravers</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_38">50</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">39—</td> - <td class="tdl">Perforators; flake knife, hafted knife</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_39">52</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">40—</td> - <td class="tdl">Prismatic flakes</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_40">53</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">41—</td> - <td class="tdl">Prismatic flakes</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_41">54</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">42—</td> - <td class="tdl">Choppers and hammerstones</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_42">55</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">43—</td> - <td class="tdl">Large milling stones</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_62">62</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">44—</td> - <td class="tdl">Flat granite milling stone</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_44">63</a> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</span></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">45—</td> - <td class="tdl">Sandstone milling slabs</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_45">64</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">46—</td> - <td class="tdl">Handstones</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_46">65</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">47—</td> - <td class="tdl">Atlatl weight; abrader</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_47">66</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">48—</td> - <td class="tdl">Pigment stones</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_48">67</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">49—</td> - <td class="tdl">Bone beads; awls, type four</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_49">68</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">50—</td> - <td class="tdl">Rib-scapula cutting implements</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_50">70</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">51—</td> - <td class="tdl">Problematical pieces; worked mica; gaming pieces</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_51">71</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">52—</td> - <td class="tdl">Gaming pieces</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_52">72</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">53—</td> - <td class="tdl">Awls, type one</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_53">75</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">54—</td> - <td class="tdl">Awls, type one; type two; type three</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_54">76</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">55—</td> - <td class="tdl">Miscellaneous bone tools</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_55">77</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">56—</td> - <td class="tdl">Quartz crystal</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_56">78</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">57—</td> - <td class="tdl">Clay ball</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_57A">80</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">58—</td> - <td class="tdl">Wood fragments</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_58">81</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">59—</td> - <td class="tdl">Plain Pottery bowl</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_59">82</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">60—</td> - <td class="tdl">Plain Pottery sherd</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_60">83</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">61—</td> - <td class="tdl">Surface roughened Pottery, Class I</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_61">84</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">62—</td> - <td class="tdl">Surface roughened Pottery, Class I; Plain Pottery</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_62">85</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">63—</td> - <td class="tdl">Surface roughened Pottery, Class II</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_63">86</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">64—</td> - <td class="tdl">Surface roughened Pottery, Class II</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_64">87</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">65—</td> - <td class="tdl">Surface roughened Pottery, Class III</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_65">88</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">67—</td> - <td class="tdl">Soil Analysis: Size distribution</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_67A">95</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">68—</td> - <td class="tdl">Soil Analysis:</td> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Relative importance of fines;</td> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Concentration of calcium carbonate;</td> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Concentration of soluble iron</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_68A">97</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">69—</td> - <td class="tdl">Floral remains</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_69">108</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">70—</td> - <td class="tdl">Floral remains</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_70">109</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">71—</td> - <td class="tdl">Maize, Chapalote</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_71">111</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">72—</td> - <td class="tdl">Maize, “Popcorn”</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_72">112</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">73—</td> - <td class="tdl">Maize, Dent</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_73">113</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">75—</td> - <td class="tdl">Artifacts from nearby Woodland sites</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_75">133</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">76—</td> - <td class="tdl">Projectile points from Signal Butte</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIG_76">137</a></td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak">TABLES</h2> -</div> - -<table class="no-wrap" border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="TABLES" cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl">Table</td> - <td class="tdr">I—</td> - <td class="tdl">Projectile point provenience</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Table</td> - <td class="tdr">II—</td> - <td class="tdl">Artifacts exclusive of projectile points and ground stone  </td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56, 57</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Table</td> - <td class="tdr">III—</td> - <td class="tdl">Milling slabs, complete specimens</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Table</td> - <td class="tdr">IV—</td> - <td class="tdl">Milling slabs, fragmentary specimens</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Table</td> - <td class="tdr">V—</td> - <td class="tdl">Handstones</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Table</td> - <td class="tdr">VI—</td> - <td class="tdl">Soil Analysis: Distribution of particle-size fractions</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Table</td> - <td class="tdr">VII—</td> - <td class="tdl">Faunal remains</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#TABLE_VII">103</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Table</td> - <td class="tdr"> VIII—</td> - <td class="tdl">Floral remains</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<div id="FIG_2" class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/figure2.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="372" /> - <p class="author">Courtesy U.S. Geological Survey<span class="ws2"> </span></p> - <p class="blockquot no-indent"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 2</span></b>—Topography - of the Morrison Area, just north of Site (Looking North). Center, - Dakota Sandstone (Hogback). Left of center, light colored broken rocks, - Fountain Sandstone. Left, Rocky Mountain Foothills.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</span></p> -<h2 class="nobreak">Investigations At The LoDaisKa Site</h2> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="INTRO">Introduction</h2> -</div> - -<h3 id="HIST"><span class="smcap">History of Investigation</span></h3> - -<p>The foothills of the Rocky Mountains, although readily accessible, are -archaeologically almost unknown. Geographically they lie between two -culture areas—the Desert Culture of the Great Basin to the west and -the Plains cultures to the east. Environmentally the region preserves -a special character unlike either the Basin or the Plains. The area -around the town of Morrison, Colorado, some fifteen miles west of -Denver, seemed to offer unusual potentialities for archaeological -investigation because of the prominent rock formations and the -possibilities of overhangs. Very little previous work had been done -in the vicinity.</p> - -<p>Dr. E. B. Renaud undertook the first archaeological reconnaissance of -the area in 1931 and 1932. His survey was brief, but indicated the -presence of several sites. However, the Morrison area is not ideal -for the location of archaeological remains, principally because its -mesophytic environment gives rise to little erosion. Since 1931 the -only investigation was carried out by amateurs of the region. The -most extensive survey was done by LoDaisKa Bethel, to whom we owe -the discovery of the present site. The authors became aware of the -importance of the area after a surface survey, and after the excavation -of two rockshelters containing the remains of the Plains Woodland -Culture (Irwin and Irwin, n.d.). Subsequent contact with Mrs. Bethel -led to the excavation of the LoDaisKa Site.</p> - -<h3 id="PHYSIO">Physiography</h3> - -<p>The LoDaisKa Site is located beneath an outcrop of Fountain Sandstone, -about a mile south of Morrison, on the ranch of Otto Sanger. -Physiographically the Morrison area is part of the Southern Rocky -Mountain Province. Broad elevated strips of granite, running north -and south, are flanked by dipping sedimentary rocks. The latter are -generally lower and form foothills. Both once formed continuous -anticlinal structures, now deeply eroded (Fenneman, 1931). The granite -masses are usually mountainous, but occasionally form vast plateaus -such as South Park. Locally they are capped by remnant sedimentaries. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_3" src="images/figure3.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="367" /> - <p class="author">Courtesy U.S. Geological Survey<span class="ws2"> </span></p> - <p class="blockquot no-indent"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 3</span></b>—Morrison - Biome, looking west. Central Ridge is the Hogback. Note encroachment of - trees along watercourses and at higher elevations.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</span> -For over half the mountain frontage of this Province, a very resistant -formation, the Dakota Sandstone, creates a “hogback”. A valley -of weaker sedimentaries lies between it and the foothills, beginning -about two miles to the west. The Fountain Sandstone, locally known as -the “Red Rocks” formation, outcrops in this depression.</p> - -<p>Mountain streams collecting in the inter-ridge valley form a trellis -drainage pattern. Master streams cut through the Dakota Formation -creating watergaps. The LoDaisKa Site lies in the shelter of an outcrop -of the Fountain Sandstone which rises some 60 feet above the -valley. The site lies at an elevation of about 6200 feet.</p> - -<p class="f120"><b><span class="smcap">Climate</span></b></p> - -<table class="fontsize_120 no-wrap" border="0" cellspacing="0" summary=" " cellpadding="0" rules="cols" > - <thead><tr> - <th class="tdl bb" colspan="7"> </th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdl"> </th> - <th class="tdc bb" colspan="3">Precipitation</th> - <th class="tdc bb" colspan="3">Temperature</th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdl bb"> </th> - <th class="tdc bb">Av. Ann.</th> - <th class="tdc bb">Max.</th> - <th class="tdc bb"> Min. </th> - <th class="tdc bb"> Mean Ann. </th> - <th class="tdc bb">Mean<br /> Ann. Max. </th> - <th class="tdc bb">Mean<br /> Ann. Min.</th> - </tr> - </thead> - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl">Morrison </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">14.20″</td> - <td class="tdc">22.96″</td> - <td class="tdc">7.51″</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1" colspan="3"><a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Denver</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">15.70±″</td> - <td class="tdc">23.10″</td> - <td class="tdc">7.84″</td> - <td class="tdc">50.3°</td> - <td class="tdc">63.2°</td> - <td class="tdc">37.3°</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> </td> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"> <b>Av. Ann. Snowfall</b> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1" colspan="2">55.6″</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc bt" colspan="7"> </td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<h3 id="FAUNA" >Fauna and Flora of the Region</h3> - -<p>The Morrison area as a floral biome is characterized by its -transitional nature, from the plains to the east and the mountains -to the west. Harrington (1954) has designated the environment as the -Mountain Shrub Subdivision of the Mountain and Plateau Area.</p> - -<p class="no-indent"><b>Especially characteristic of the zone are the following plants:</b></p> - -<ul class="index no-wrap"> -<li class="isub3"><i>Quercus Gambelli</i>—scrub oak</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Prunus Virginianus melanocarpa</i>—wild plum</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Crataegus</i> spp. (Probably succulenta)—hawthorn</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Amelanchier</i> spp.—service berry</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Crysothamus Lanceolata</i>—rabbit brush</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Rhus trilobata</i>—poison ivy</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Rosa Woodsi</i>—wood rose</li> -</ul> - -<p class="no-indent"><b>From the Ponderosa Pine-Douglas Fir Subdivision the following -characteristic plants overlap:</b></p> - -<ul class="index no-wrap"> -<li class="isub3"><i>Pseudotsuga taxifolia</i>—douglas fir</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Pinus Ponderosa</i>—Ponderosa pine</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Mahonia Berberis aquifoliam</i>—Oregon grape</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Arctosaphylos uva-ursi</i>—kinnikinick</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Rubus occidentalis</i>—blackberry</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Rubus stigosus</i>—raspberry</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Populus tremuloides</i>—quaking aspen</li> -</ul> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</span></p> -<p class="no-indent"><b>These distinctive plants have invaded from the prairie fringe:</b></p> - -<ul class="index no-wrap"> -<li class="isub3"><i>Stipa cometa</i>—needle grass</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Agropyron smithii</i>—wheat grain</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Boutelorea grasilis</i>—grama grass</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Boutelorea curtipendula</i>—grama grass</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Poa fendleriana</i>—bluegrass</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Sphaeralcea ceccinea</i>—globe mallow</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Helianthus petiolaris</i>—sunflower</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Chrysopsis rillosa</i>—golden aster</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Muhlenbergia montana</i>—muhly</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Yucca glauca</i>—yucca</li> -<li class="isub3">understory of sedges and broad-leaf herbs</li> -</ul> - -<p class="no-indent">The nature of the faunal belt characteristic of -the Transition Zone is varied. Both boreal and austral mammals are -represented. Only six species appear restricted to it, two squirrels -of the <i>Sciurus aberti</i> group, three pocket gophers of genus -<i>Thomomys</i> and a small brown bat. The following mammals are not -restricted to the Transition Zone but are characteristic of it in the -eastern foothills:</p> - -<ul class="index no-wrap"> -<li class="isub3"><i>Eutamias quadrivitratus</i>—Say chipmunk</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Peromyscus nastus</i>—Estes Park cliffmouse</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Neotoma fallax</i>—Gale wood rat</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Lepus campestris</i>—White-tailed jack rabbit</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Sylvilagus nuttalli pinetis</i>—Rocky Mountain cottontail</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Canis lestis</i>—Mountain coyote</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Lynx uinta</i>—Mountain wildcat</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Mephitis hudsonica</i>—Northern plains skunk</li> -</ul> - -<p class="no-indent"><b>Mammals common to the Transition and Upper Sonoran -Zones include:</b></p> - -<ul class="index no-wrap"> -<li class="isub3"><i>Antilocapra americana</i>—Antelope</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Odocoileus virginianus</i>—Macrourus white-tailed deer</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Onychomys brevicaudus</i>—Grasshopper mouse</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Castor canadensis frondator</i>—broad-tailed beaver</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Canis Occidentalis</i>—Grey wolf</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Spilogale tenuis</i>—Rocky Mountain spotted skunk</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Eptesicus fuscus</i>—Brown bat</li> -</ul> - -<p class="no-indent"><b>The following are common to the Transition and -Canadian (mountain) Zones:</b></p> - -<ul class="index no-wrap"> -<li class="isub3"><i>Cervus canadensis</i>—Elk</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Callospermophilus lateralis</i>—Say ground squirrel</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Eutamias amvenus operarius</i>—Colorado chipmunk</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Erethiron epixanthum</i>—Yellow haired porcupine</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Eutamias mihumus consobrinus</i>—Least chipmunk</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Microtus nanas</i>—dwarf field mouse</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Microtus pennsylvanicus</i>—Saguache meadow mouse</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Zapus princeps</i>—Rocky Mountain jumping mouse</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Vulpus macrourus</i>—Western fox</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Ursus americanus</i>—Black bear</li> -</ul> - -<p> <span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</span></p> -<p class="no-indent"><b>Common to the Transition, Canadian and -Upper Sonoran Zones are:</b></p> - -<ul class="index no-wrap"> -<li class="isub3"><i>Odocoileus hemionus</i>—Mule deer</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Cynomys gunnisoni</i>—Gunnison prairie dog</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Cynomys leucurus</i>—White-tailed prairie dog</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Felis oregonensis hippolestes</i>—Mountain lion</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Lutreola vison energunenos</i>—Mink</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Putorius arizonensis</i>—Mountain weasel</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Taxidea taxus</i>—badger</li> -</ul> - -<p>The above lists were drawn mainly from Meritt Cary’s <i>Biological -Survey of Colorado</i> (1911). Though this is the most complete work -available, it is somewhat out of date and contains certain species -names that have been superseded. An effort was made to check this with -more modern works, such as Warren’s <i>Mammals of Colorado</i> (1942), -but this was not always possible.</p> - -<h3 id="DESC">Description of the Site</h3> - -<p>The rockshelter itself is now a moderately large overhang, measuring -some 40 feet in width and 15 feet in depth. As <a href="#FIG_6">Fig. 6</a> -indicates, the ceiling slopes upward rapidly and only the inner yard or so -is completely protected from rain or drizzle. When first inhabited, the -floor of sand and gravel sloped up to the mouth (west), and presumably -continued into the flat valley outside. At the time of excavation, -however, the surface sloped to the north. This difference appears to -have been due to the collapse of a considerable portion of the adjacent -cliff face, creating an enormous mound of dirt and sandstone, which -washed in from the north during the latest stages of occupation.</p> - -<p>The small intermittent stream, Strain Gulch, flows in front of the -shelter on a southwest-northeast axis. It has cut down its bed to a -gravelly-bouldery layer corresponding to the lowest level at LoDaisKa. -The fill between the stream and the site is of a wet limey nature. -Excavation was extended in this direction as far as was feasible. -Beyond the stream lies a valley about one-half mile wide, bounded on -the west by the foothills of the Rocky Mountains.</p> - -<h3 id="METHOD">Method of Excavation (<a href="#FIG_4A">Fig. 4</a>)</h3> - -<p>In preparation for excavation, a vertical rod was driven in the -southern sector and the datum point established twenty inches above -the ground surface at this spot. A second stake was located on -a north-south line from the first (using magnetic north) at the -opposite end of the shelter. A horizontal line connecting these -stakes at the level of the datum point was considered the baseline. -The area of the rock shelter to be excavated was then laid out in -one yard squares. Letters were assigned to the grid lines running -east-west, and numbers to those running north-south. Each square was -designated by the grid lines intersecting at its northeast corner. -To facilitate exact measurement, a series of stakes was set up along -the baseline at intervals of two yards. From locations on the stakes -on the same horizontal plane as the datum point, lines were extended -to corresponding pitons driven into the rear wall of the overhang. A -second series of connecting lines formed a suspended grid of two yard squares. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_4A" src="images/figure4_a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="455" /> - <img id="FIG_4B" src="images/figure4_b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="486" /> - <p class="blockquot no-indent"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 4</span></b>— - LoDaisKa Site. Above, prior to excavation (Looking North). Below, - preliminary test trench. Note homogeneous character of deposit.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_5A" src="images/figure5_a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="472" /> - <img id="FIG_5B" src="images/figure5_b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="469" /> - <p class="blockquot no-indent"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 5</span></b>— - LoDaisKa Site. Above, during excavation (Looking South). Below, just - prior to completion, all but one strand of aerial grid removed. - (Looking North).</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_6" src="images/figure6.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="555" /> - <p class="f150"><b>LODAISKA SITE</b></p> - <p class="center"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 6</span></b>— - Vertical section of Overhang</p> -</div> - -<p class="space-above2"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</span> -A preliminary test trench one yard wide and four yards long, was dug in -squares M6-9 to determine whether complete excavation was warranted. -Subsequent yard square test pits were sunk at P 7-8 and K 8. It was -hoped that these would indicate the nature of the geologic stratigraphy -and at least suggest the range of cultural materials which might be -expected. Since excavation seemed warranted, the entire area to be -worked was cleared of the surface layer of manure.</p> - -<p>As set forth in the description of the site, the recent floor sloped -up toward the northwest (<a href="#FIG_8">Fig. 8</a>). Test excavations indicated -that the basal layer was approximately horizontal in a north-south direction, -but sloped gently up toward the west. There seemed to be no significant -correlation between geologic stratigraphy (<a href="#FIG_7">see below</a>) -and typology in any except the lowest layer, which had not yet been -extensively investigated. Because the evidence was as yet so scanty, -it was decided to excavate with reference to both the surface and the -datum point. Each square was treated as a separate unit and, except -where natural levels were apparent, excavation proceeded in four inch -levels measured from the surface at the northeast corner. Each level -was also correlated with the datum point.</p> - -<p>Both typological provenience and the position of the basal layer -indicated that the major portion of the deposit had been laid down -horizontally. To test this hypothesis a careful watch was kept for -fragmentary specimens, in the hope of finding corresponding pieces from -separate locations. The relative positions of these would suggest the -nature of the surface on which they were deposited. Ten such fragments -found comprised five artifacts: three potsherds, one handstone and -one fragmentary grinding slab. Though some occurred as much as twelve -yards apart, each pair fell within the same vertical level. From -this analysis it appeared that the occupation levels were in fact -approximately horizontal.</p> - -<p>Stepped excavation seemed advisable in view of the unconsolidated -nature of the deposit (<a href="#FIG_5A">Fig. 5</a>). Vertical exposures more -than two feet high collapsed as soon as the lower portions became thoroughly -dry. These conditions made stratigraphic columns or balks impractical in -most instances. However, by the use of rip-rapping, it was possible to -leave a reference balk one foot wide on the north side of line N 5-11.</p> - -<p>All material recovered was sifted through quarter inch mesh screens. -Since it was fairly loose and dry, most of the earth was removed with -shovels. Trowels, brushes and a flexible baby bottle for blowing were -employed when features or artifacts <i>in situ</i> were encountered. -The location of the screening dump was determined by test augering of -the area between the site and the creek. This dump was separated from -the excavation by a catwalk and low earthworks. The latter served the -dual purpose of guarding against sliding from the dumps, and keeping -out water which often poured over the edge of the overhang in the -extremely rainy season of 1957. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_7" src="images/figure7.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="307" /> - <p class="f150"><b>LODAISKA SITE</b></p> - <p class="center"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 7</span></b>— - Diagram of area excavated at the LoDaisKa Site.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_8" src="images/figure8.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="322" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 8</span></b>— - Surface contours of LoDaisKa Site,<br /> prior to excavation.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</span> -Artifacts were sacked and later marked by level and square. Floral -remains were similarly treated. Faunal material was rather sparse, and -was therefore segregated by twelve inch levels measured from the datum -point. All features were recorded and located on the map by means of a -transit, and located vertically by measurements from the baseline.</p> - -<h3 id="STRAT" >Preliminary Discussion of the Stratigraphy</h3> - -<p>The method and objectives of this monograph can best be understood in -relation to the nature of the stratigraphic situation. Therefore, it -appears desirable to present first a basic and unelaborated view of -the stratigraphy which will be discussed more fully later. As shown in -Figs. <a href="#FIG_9A">9</a>, <a href="#FIG_10">10</a>, <a href="#FIG_11">11</a> -and <a href="#FIG_12">12</a>, there were four levels of natural stratigraphy. -When excavation of the test trench and adjoining pits was finished, -it appeared that only the lowest could be correlated with any single -culture. However, the others were useful in intra-site correlation. -This lowest level (four) was a bed of indefinite depth, composed of -gravel and boulders of Late Wisconsin age (Hunt, this report). Above -it lay a homogeneous deposit (level three) consisting of sand and -silt mixed with cultural debris, from 54 to 63 inches thick. About -three-fourths of the way up there was a scatter of rather large rocks -and gravel, which appears to represent some kind of maximum inwash or -roof-fall into the site. The next natural level (two) is of reddish -sand, a maximum of one foot thick, with very sparse cultural materials. -This red sand layer is considerably thicker in the southern end of -the site than elsewhere, tapering off gradually to the north till it -disappears about on line H. The same is true of the top layer (one), -a bed of dusty brown fill about four inches thick in the main part of -the site, showing a slightly greater intensity of occupation. Together -these produce a floor sloping down toward the north. The whole unit -finally was overlain by a layer of cow dung.</p> - -<p>The authors recognize several occupations or cultural units at the -site. The first is confined to the lowest geological layer, and -appears to represent remnants of an Early Lithic stage on the Plains. -The second has roots in the Great Basin and is confined to the -third geological layer. It is represented in its purest form from -the beginning of the third natural level to about 72 inches below -the baseline. However, some types characteristic of this occupation -continue upwards, tapering off slowly and disappearing at about 53 -inches below baseline. The third unit represents a Plains oriented -culture, beginning at about 72 inches below the baseline and extending -to about 53 inches. The fourth occupation is a variant of Plains -Woodland Culture extending from about 53-30 inches below baseline. The -final occupation begins at about 48 inches and extends to the surface. -The authors feel that it represents a variant of the Fremont Culture of -Utah and western Colorado. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <p class="f150"><b>Legend</b></p> - <img id="FIG_9A" src="images/figure9_a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="285" /> - <img id="FIG_9B" src="images/figure9_b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="513" /> - <p class="f150"><b>PROFILE No. 1<br /> LODAISKA SITE</b></p> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 9</span></b>— - Profile of Face of J 7-11.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_10" src="images/figure10.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="339" /> - <p class="f150"><b>PROFILE No. 2<br /> LODAISKA SITE</b></p> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 10</span></b>— - Profile of Face of M 6-11.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_11" src="images/figure11.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="498" /> - <p class="f150"><b>PROFILE No. 3<br /> LODAISKA SITE</b></p> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 11</span></b>— - Profile of Face of Q 6/7—9/10.</p> -</div> - -<p>These divisions are arbitrary and based on typology. There is some -degree of overlap. Since the fill is shallow compared to the time range -represented, there was undoubtedly a considerable amount of mixing, -plus the ever present chance of re-use. Characteristically, as Jennings -(1957) found at Danger Cave, the beginning of any cultural type is more -apt to be a synchronic affair than its end.</p> - -<h3 id="OBJECT">Objectives of the Monograph</h3> - -<p>The bulk of the present monograph will be devoted to a description of -the cultural remains uncovered at the LoDaisKa Site, and delineation of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</span> -the circumstances of their discovery. However, an accumulation of -facts loses much of its significance if no attempt at organization and -interpretation is made. “The archaeologist must make some effort to -integrate as well as observe his material, or he becomes a technician -rather than a scientist.” (Heizer, 1958). It is realized that cultural -units must be defined primarily on the basis of typology, because of -the general lack of corresponding geological units. In this connection, -the present state of flux in Great Basin taxonomy renders the results -less absolute than might be desired. For this reason considerable emphasis -has been placed on making as much as possible of the raw data available.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_12" src="images/figure12.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="498" /> - <p class="f150"><b>BLOCK PROFILE, LODAISKA SITE<br /> - <small>EXCLUDING COW DUNG LAYER</small></b></p> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 12</span></b>— - Block Diagram showing relation of the strata.</p> -</div> - -<p>The object of the interpretive study will be twofold: 1) to make a -comparative analysis of the typology of the LoDaisKa artifacts in -relation to both the Plains and Great Basin Culture areas (see Kroeber, -1939); 2) to make some attempt, on the basis of the archaeological -remains and analogies with ethnologically observable data, to provide -some insight into the total culture of the inhabitants as it existed at -the time of occupancy. Of course, as one progresses further from the -empirical evidence, to higher levels of interpretation the reliability -of the conclusions decreases proportionately (MacWhite, 1956).</p> - -<p>The primary difficulty, as indicated, is the absence of -stratigraphically isolated culture units. Because of this a certain -amount of overlap is to be expected: a small geologic unit represents -a long and apparently uninterrupted occupational continuum. The -resultant telescoping would increase the effects of trampling and other -disturbance. However, it became increasingly apparent during excavation -that, on the basis of typology and overall stratigraphic relationships, -at least four complexes should be recognized; a broken point and a few -flakes found in the lowest geologic stratum suggest a fifth. Two of -these cultures appear to be affiliated with the Great Basin, three with -the Plains.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</span></p> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak">THE LODAISKA SITE<br /><small>FEATURES</small></h2> -</div> - -<h3>Hearths (<a href="#FIG_13">Fig. 13</a>)</h3> - -<p>Eleven hearths were found; they may be characterized briefly as follows:</p> - -<p><i>Hearth A.</i> Location: south edge square P8-9, top 36 inches below -baseline. Simple pit excavated into underlying soil, filled with -charcoal and ash, seven inches deep and ten inches in diameter.</p> - -<p><i>Hearth B.</i> Location: center at axis of lines 0 and 8-9, top 56 -inches below baseline. Concentration of charcoal and ash, no pit, nine -inches thick, eight inches wide and 13 inches long.</p> - -<p><i>Hearth C.</i> Location: square L9, top 48 inches below baseline. -Concentration of charcoal and ash: rock-filled. Twelve inches thick, 15 -inches wide, 28 inches long.</p> - -<p><i>Hearth D.</i> Location: square J9, top 40 inches below baseline. -Concentration of charcoal and ash six inches thick. Almost circular, 12 -inches in diameter.</p> - -<p><i>Hearth E.</i> Location: square K9, top 60 inches below baseline. -Rock-filled, charcoal and ash mixed in. Six inches thick, almost -circular, 12 inches in diameter.</p> - -<p><i>Hearth F.</i> Location: between squares 08-9 and 07-8, top 61 inches -below baseline. Charcoal and ash; rock-filled. Nine inches thick, -almost circular about 16 inches in diameter.</p> - -<p><i>Hearth G.</i> Location: square N7-8, top 30 inches below baseline. -Charcoal and ash interspersed with small rocks. Sixteen inches thick, -27 inches long, 18 inches wide.</p> - -<p><i>Hearth H.</i> Location: square J8, top 40 inches below baseline. -Charcoal and ash and rock. Thickness nine inches, length 20 inches, -width 15 inches. This hearth was oriented with its length parallel to -the rear wall of the shelter, while all other oblong hearths lay with -their length at right angles to it. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_13" src="images/figure13.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="340" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 13</span></b>— - Features.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</span> -<i>Hearth I.</i> Location: square E7, top 49 inches below baseline. -Charcoal and ash rock-fill. Ten inches thick, 16 inches long, 12 inches -wide.</p> - -<p><i>Hearth J.</i> Location: square L7, top 72 inches below baseline. -Charcoal and ash concentration interspersed with rocks somewhat larger -than those found in other hearths. Eight inches thick, 15 inches wide, -and 28 inches long.</p> - -<p><i>Hearth K.</i> Location: square L7, top 40 inches below baseline. -Charcoal and ash with a few rocks. Eight inches thick, 15 inches long -and 12 inches wide.</p> - -<p><i>Hearth L.</i> Location: center at axis of Lines 0 and 6-7. Top 42 -inches below baseline. Charcoal and ash, rock-filled. About eight inches -thick, more or less circular, approximately nine inches in diameter.</p> - -<p>In addition to these hearths the whole shelter had minor concentrations -of charcoal and ash in every level. Such debris was, in fact, found -throughout the soil in varying quantities.</p> - -<h3>Cists (<a href="#FIG_14A">Fig. 14</a>)</h3> - -<p>Three features encountered were termed cists. All were located in the -rear of the shelter in the center section. All were flat-bottomed -basins dug into the sand underlying the Piney Creek alluvium -(<a href="#Page_89">see C. B. Hunt’s report below</a>). Around the sides -of these were set small rocks with more or less flat surfaces. Within -Cists A and C were found remains of seeds.</p> - -<p><i>Cist A.</i> Location: square J11, top 102 inches below baseline. -Almost circular, inside diameter at top 14 inches, bottom eight inches. -Five inches deep. Contents: Dirt covering cache of acorns decomposed -except for a thin shell. No ash or charcoal.</p> - -<p><i>Cist B.</i> Location: square L11, top 100 inches below baseline. -Circular. Inside diameter at top, 17 inches, at bottom 11 inches. Depth -7 inches. No contents but dirt. This differs from the other two, also, -in that it is more basin-shaped with less steep walls.</p> - -<p class="space-below2"><i>Cist C.</i> Location: square L11 overlapping -into K11, top 90 inches below baseline. Circular. Inside diameter -at top 13 inches, at bottom, 8 inches. Depth 6 inches. Contents: -<i>Graminae</i> (spp.), <i>Grayia brandegei</i>, <i>Lithospermum -boraginaceae</i> ruderale, all in small quantities -(<a href="#Page_104">see botanical report below</a>). -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_14A" src="images/figure14_a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="477" /> - <img src="images/figure14_b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="459" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 14</span></b>— - Features. Above, Cist C. Below, Cist A.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</span></p> -<h2 class="nobreak"><small>TYPOLOGY</small></h2> -</div> - -<h3 id="METHOD2">Method</h3> - -<p>One often notices an emphasis on projectile points in archaeological -reports, especially in studies of non-ceramic or pre-ceramic cultures. -Archaeology as a historical science must integrate all the data with -their own context and with events which preceded and followed. In -searching for data that provide such chronological and geographical -correlation (e.g. horizon styles in the sense of Willey and Phillips), -there are certain basic needs. Though any cultural element could be -used in correlations of this kind, some are less useful because their -forms are governed by function, and others are fundamentally common and -form traditions rather than horizon styles (e.g. grinding stones in -some parts of the United States). A horizon marker must have some kind -of stylistic development which allows variation outside of function. -In cultures without pottery, as Willey and Phillips have pointed out -(1958), projectile points become the most important artifacts in -classification and integration because, 1) the usual economic mode of -subsistence of people at this level renders a plentiful supply of such -artifacts, and 2) as artistic representations they are sensitive to -styles yet remain stable for adequate periods of time.</p> - -<p>Projectile points from the LoDaisKa Site are therefore treated -differently from certain other artifacts. We have illustrated all of -the projectile points from pre-ceramic levels. Where these make up a -type all of the artifacts of this type, even though it may extend into -ceramic times, are so treated. This has been done for two reasons: -1) A major portion of the material is apparently affiliated with the -Great Basin. Great Basin types are extremely variable and difficult to -classify. 2) Cultures of that area have been, until recently, little -investigated and cultural patterns which are not now recognized may -some day be distinguished; the authors hope to create a record which -will be useful even when new data come to light. For ceramic periods -we forgo such detail for two reasons: 1) Pottery is present as a more -sensitive marker. 2) The points found are usually uniform enough to fit -into a few internally consistent categories.</p> - -<p id="CHIPPED">We have divided projectile points into 16 -categories, 8 major ones. This is primarily for convenience; secondly -because some categories probably do represent cultural types; and -thirdly because there are morphological ranges which may be described -briefly in terms of a basic pattern. We believe with Cressman (1956) -that some form existed in the minds of their makers and that a certain -amount of variation is consistent within a type. It is worth noting the -testimony of certain Ute informants who claimed that each tribe made -its own recognizable form of point. (<a href="#Page_122">See below, p. 122</a>.)</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</span></p> - -<p class="f120" id="POINTS"><b>PROJECTILE POINTS: CLASSIFICATION</b></p> -</div> - -<h4>Dart Points</h4> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="neg-indent2"><big>A</big>  Blade wide, leaf-shaped, edge -usually convex, stem straight or contracting, leaving pronounced -shoulder, no barb, base concave. Largest 1½34? × ¹⁵/₁₆ inches, smallest -⅞ × ⁹/₁₆ inches, (<a href="#FIG_15">Fig. 15</a>).</p> - -<p class="neg-indent2"><big>A1</big> Blade wide, leaf-shaped, -edge convex, stem expanding, shoulder, no barb, concave base. Two -specimens, ¾ × ½, 1? × ½ inches, (<a href="#FIG_16A">Fig. 16</a>).</p> - -<p class="neg-indent2"><big>A2</big> Blade triangular, straight -edge, lateral barb, stem straight—slightly contracting, base deeply -concave. Two specimens, ⅞ × ⅝, 1¼ × ⅞ inches, (<a href="#FIG_16B">Fig. 16</a>).</p> - -<p class="neg-indent2"><big>B</big>  Blade leaf-shaped, edges -convex, stem contracting but no shoulder, base concave. Largest 1½? × -⅝, smallest 1? × ½ inches, (<a href="#FIG_16C">Fig. 16</a>).</p> - -<p class="neg-indent2"><big>C</big>  Blade triangular, edge -straight or slightly convex, all serrated, pronouncedly expanding -base as wide or wider than blade giving the impression of high corner -notches, definite barb rare. Largest 1⅜ × ⅝, smallest ⅞? × ⅝ inches, -(<a href="#FIG_17A">Fig. 17</a>).</p> - -<p class="neg-indent2"><big>C1</big>  Blade triangular, two -specimens straight sides, one shouldered, all deeply serrated, two -concave based, one straight. Three specimens, 1½? × ¾, 1¼ × ½, 2? × ¾ -inches, (<a href="#FIG_17A">Fig. 17</a>).</p> - -<p class="neg-indent2"><big>D</big>  Blade triangular, length -three to four times the width, edge sinuous: tapering from barb to -center, expanding toward point, then tapering off; stem expanding, -narrower than blade, base concave or straight. Largest 2¼? × ⅞, -smallest 1½ × ¾ inches, (<a href="#FIG_18">Fig. 18</a>).</p> - -<p class="neg-indent2"><big>E</big>  Blade triangular to -leaf-shaped, edges straight or convex, shallow to deep side notches, -base concave or convex, expanding or contracting. Largest 1¾? × ¾, -smallest ¾ × ½ inches, (<a href="#FIG_19">Fig. 19</a>).</p> - -<p class="neg-indent2"><big>F</big>  Blade triangular to -leaf-shaped, straight to curving edges, stem nearly as wide as blade, -giving almost the appearance of side-notching, base straight to -slightly convex, two specimens serrated. Largest 1⅞ × ¾, smallest 1¼ × -¾ inches, (<a href="#FIG_20A">Fig. 20</a>).</p> - -<p class="neg-indent2"><big>G</big>  Blade triangular, edge -concave, stem narrow, straight or slightly expanding and rather small, -barbs projecting to level of base giving impression of double basal -notch, base convex. Largest 1 × 1, smallest ⅞ × ¾ inches, (<a href="#FIG_20B">Fig. 20</a>).</p> - -<p class="neg-indent2"><big>H</big>  Blade triangular to -leaf-shaped, rounded shoulders, stem narrower than blade, base rounded, -serrated. Largest 1½ × ½, smallest ⅞ × ½ inches, (<a href="#FIG_21">Figs. 21</a>, -<a href="#FIG_22A">22</a>).</p> - -<p class="neg-indent2"><big>I</big>  Blade triangular, curving -edges, stem narrower than blade, expanding, giving the appearance of -corner notching, barbs straight, distinct, base convex. Largest 1½? × -1, smallest ¾ × ⅝ inches, (<a href="#FIG_24A">Fig. 24</a>).</p> - -<p class="neg-indent2"><big>J</big>  Blade triangular to leaf-shaped, -edges straight or slightly convex, four serrated, base expanding, -corner-notched, barb pronounced, base straight or convex. Largest 1¼ × -⅞, smallest 1 × ⅝ inches, (<a href="#FIG_24B">Fig. 24</a>).</p> - -<p class="neg-indent2"><big>K</big>  Blade triangular, sides straight or -slightly convex, distinct down-curving barbs, base expanding narrower -than blade, gives appearance of corner notching, base straight or -slightly concave, four serrated. Largest 2 × 1, smallest ⅞ × ⁵/₁₆ -inches, (<a href="#FIG_25">Fig. 25</a>).</p> - -<p class="neg-indent2"><big>L</big>  Two specimens of quartzite, -both shown in <a href="#FIG_25">Fig. 25</a>. Blade leaf-shaped, indented bases, -oblique parallel flaking, edges ground on first specimen in <a href="#FIG_23">Fig. 23</a> -about one inch up from base. The second specimen also has ground edges.</p> -</div> - -<p class="space-below2"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_15" src="images/figure15.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="697" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 15</span></b>— - Projectile Points,</p> - <p class="f120"><b>TYPE A</b></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</span></p> -<div class="figcontainer"> - <div class="figsub"> - <p> </p> - <img id="FIG_16A" src="images/figure16a.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="130" /> - <p class="f120"><b>TYPE A1</b></p> - </div> - <div class="figsub"> - <img id="FIG_16B" src="images/figure16b.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="174" /> - <p class="f120"><b>TYPE A2</b></p> - </div> - <img id="FIG_16C" src="images/figure16c.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="482" /> - <p class="f120"><b>TYPE B</b></p> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 16</span></b>— - Projectile Points, Types A1 A2 B.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_17A" src="images/figure17a.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="402" /> - <p class="f120"><b>TYPE C1</b></p> - <img id="FIG_17B" src="images/figure17b.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="140" /> - <p class="f120"><b>TYPE C2</b></p> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 17</span></b>— - Projectile Points, Types C and C1.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_18" src="images/figure18.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="668" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 18</span></b>— - Projectile Points, Type D.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_19" src="images/figure19.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="674" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 19</span></b>— - Projectile Points, Type E.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_20A" src="images/figure20a.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="410" /> - <p class="f120"><b>TYPE F</b></p> - <img id="FIG_20B" src="images/figure20b.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="252" /> - <p class="f120"><b>TYPE G</b></p> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 20</span></b>— - Projectile Points, Types F and G.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_21" src="images/figure21.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="712" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 21</span></b>— - Projectile Points, Type H.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_22A" src="images/figure22a.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="319" /> - <p class="f120"><b>TYPE H</b></p> - <img src="images/figure22b.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="164" /> - <p class="f120"><b>UNIQUE SPECIMEN</b></p> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 22</span></b>— - Projectile Points, Type H and Unique Specimen.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_23" src="images/figure23.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="335" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 23</span></b>— - Projectile Points, Type L.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_24A" src="images/figure24a.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="285" /> - <p class="f120"><b>TYPE I</b></p> - <img id="FIG_24B" src="images/figure24b.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="384" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 24</span></b>— - Projectile Points, Types I and J.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_25" src="images/figure25.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="669" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 25</span></b>— - Projectile Points, Type K.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</span></p> -<p class="no-indent fontsize_120"><b>Arrow Points</b></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="neg-indent2"><big>aa</big> Blade triangular, -corner-notched, length 1¼ times the width, base generally convex, -expanding, often just slightly narrower than blade. Largest 1⅛ × ½, -smallest ⅝ × ½ inches. Points of this type are generally much lighter -and thinner than those above, (<a href="#FIG_26A">Fig. 26</a>).</p> - -<p class="neg-indent2"><big>bb</big> Blade triangular, edges -either convex or concave, specimen’s length generally twice width, -almost all serrated, stems usually straight, generally ½ width or less. -Largest 1 × ½, smallest ¾ × ⅝ inches. A variation of this type is -less long in relation to width, but has its base located a-centrally. -Careful examination reveals no differential of wear on the sides such -as would be expected if they were used as knives. (<a href="#FIG_26B">Fig. 26</a>).</p> - -<p class="neg-indent2"><big>cc</big> These points are located -morphologically between types aa and bb and do not fit into either -category. Largest 1¼ × ⅜, smallest ⅝ × ½ inches, (<a href="#FIG_27C">Fig. 27</a>).</p> -</div> - -<p class="no-indent fontsize_120"><b>Other Projectile Points</b></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="neg-indent2"><big>x</big>  A blunt point, large expanding -base, shoulders pronounced, blade semi-ellipse shaped. One point 1 × ⅞ -inches, (<a href="#FIG_27B">Fig. 27</a>).</p> - -<p class="neg-indent2"><big>xx</big> Four specimens, located -stratigraphically in pre-pottery levels. All are flake points, rather -small and light, in general fit into category H. Largest 1 × ½, -smallest ¾ × ⅝ inches. These may have been children’s toys? (<a href="#FIG_27B">Fig. 27</a>).</p> -</div> - -<p>A “grainy” quartzite was used for 85 percent -of the dart points. For the arrow points, the preference was not as -marked, for it constituted only 55 percent of the total. The remainder -were of crypto-crystalline or “flinty” quartz.</p> - -<h4 id="KNIFE">Knives (<a href="#FIG_28">Figs. 28-31</a>)</h4> - -<p>There are four types of knives or bifacially worked cutting implements. -All are relatively thin, less than ¼ inch thick, and flaked on both -sides, often with broad shallow chipping. The first type consists of -small ovoid bifaces. The largest of these measures 2¼ × 1 inch, the -smallest ⅞ × ⅝ inches with most being about 1 × ¾ inches. The majority -resemble <a href="#FIG_28">Fig. 28</a>, being slightly asymmetrical although some -are more triangular. They were probably used as small knives, possibly hafted. -Since the point is usually off-center, and they are generally thick -in relation to their size, they do not appear to be projectile point -blanks, though a few of the finest may have been. They are usually of -a crypto-crystalline quartz. One is of obsidian. There is a total of 41 pieces. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_26A" src="images/figure26a.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="384" /> - <p class="f120"><b>aa</b></p> - <img id="FIG_26B" src="images/figure26b.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="247" /> - <p class="f120"><b>bb</b></p> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 26</span></b>— - Projectile Points, Types aa and bb.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_27A" src="images/figure27a.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="113" /> - <p class="f120"><b>bb</b></p> - <img id="FIG_27B" src="images/figure27b.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="237" /> - <p class="f120"><b>xx</b></p> - <img id="FIG_27C" src="images/figure27c.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="256" /> - <p class="f120"><b>cc</b></p> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 27</span></b>— - Projectile Points, Types bb, xx, cc.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</span></p> -<h2 class="nobreak">TABLE I</h2> -</div> - -<p class="f120"><b>PROJECTILE POINT PROVENIENCE</b></p> -<p class="center space-below1">(Notice Overlap)</p> - -<table class="no-wrap fontsize_120" border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Table I" cellpadding="0" rules="cols"> - <thead><tr> - <th class="tdc bb" colspan="21"> </th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdc bb">Depth<br />in<br />inches </th> - <th class="tdc bb"> A </th> <th class="tdc bb"> A1 </th> - <th class="tdc bb"> A2 </th> <th class="tdc bb"> B </th> <th class="tdc bb"> C </th> - <th class="tdc bb"> C1 </th> <th class="tdc bb"> D </th> <th class="tdc bb"> E </th> - <th class="tdc bb"> F </th> <th class="tdc bb"> G </th> <th class="tdc bb"> H </th> - <th class="tdc bb"> I </th> <th class="tdc bb"> J </th> <th class="tdc bb"> K </th> - <th class="tdc bb"> L </th> <th class="tdc bb"> aa </th> <th class="tdc bb"> bb </th> - <th class="tdc bb"> bb1 </th> <th class="tdc bb"> cc </th> <th class="tdc bb"> xx </th> - </tr> - </thead> - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdr">4-8 </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">8-12 </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">12-16 </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr bb">16-20 </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr bb">20-24 </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr bb">24-28 </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr bb">28-32 </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">4</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr bb">32-36 </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">3</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr bb">36-40 </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">3</td> <td class="tdc bb">4</td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">4</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr bb">40-44 </td> - <td class="tdc bb">2</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">4</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">4</td> <td class="tdc bb">8</td> - <td class="tdc bb">3</td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> <td class="tdc bb">5</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr bb">44-48 </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">5</td> <td class="tdc bb">6</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">3</td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr bb">48-52 </td> - <td class="tdc bb">2</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">3</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">10</td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> - <td class="tdc bb">2</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr bb">52-56 </td> - <td class="tdc bb">2</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">6</td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr bb">56-60 </td> - <td class="tdc bb">3</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">5</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">4</td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr bb">60-64</td> - <td class="tdc bb">4</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">4</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr bb">64-68 </td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr bb">68-72 </td> - <td class="tdc bb">5</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">3</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr bb">72-76 </td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr bb">76-80 </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> - <td class="tdc bb">2</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr bb">80-84 </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr bb">84-88 </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr bb">88-92 </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr bb">92-96 </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr bb">96-100 </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr bb">100-104 </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr bb">104-108 </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr bb">108-112 </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr bt" rowspan="21"> </td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</span> -There are 25 specimens of the second type. These are characterized by -an asymmetrical triangular form, usually with one gently curving side, -a second more rounded side, and straight or slightly rounded base (<a href="#FIG_29">Fig. 29</a>). -In general they show flat broad flakes at right angles to the edges -with short retouch flakes and usage scars all around. The largest is 3¾ -inches long, and two inches wide, and is made of obsidian (<a href="#FIG_30">Figs. 30</a>, -<a href="#FIG_31">31</a>). Another example is 3¾ inches long and 1½ inches wide -(<a href="#FIG_31">Fig. 31</a>). The smallest is 1¾ × 1 inch.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_28" src="images/figure28.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="448" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 28</span></b>— - Knives, type one (Small ovoid bifaces). Actual size.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_29" src="images/figure29.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="648" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 29</span></b>— - Knives. A-F, type two. G-K, type three. Actual size.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</span> -The third group includes 14 examples. The construction of these is -similar to group two, but they are generally thicker, more symmetrical -and usually longer and narrower. The largest is 2½ × 1, the smallest 1½ -× ¾ (<a href="#FIG_29">Fig. 29</a>).</p> - -<p>There are in addition 15 broken pieces belonging to one or the other of -the last two categories.</p> - -<p>Eleven pieces were classified as flake knives. These are characterized -by manufacture on a flake, with flaking on both faces but only along -one edge. Shape is variable, but the cutting edge is generally curved. -Largest, 2 × 1¾ inches, smallest 1½ × 1 inch.</p> - -<p>One large stemmed artifact with straight sides and a blunt point is -felt to have been a hafted knife. The base is broken. Estimated length, -2 inches, width 1⅓ inches. The material is quartzite.</p> - -<p>For all the categories of cutting implements, approximately 70 percent -were made of flinty or crypto-crystalline quartz; a rather large number -were of fossilized wood, not commonly used for other artifacts.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_30" src="images/figure30.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="403" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 30</span></b>— - Large obsidian knife, type two. Actual size.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_31" src="images/figure31.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="550" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 31</span></b>— - Large Knives, type two.<br /> Slightly larger than actual size.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</span></p> - -<h4 id="SCRAPER">SCRAPERS</h4> - -<h5>End Scrapers (<a href="#FIG_32">Figs. 32</a>, <a href="#FIG_33">33</a>)</h5> - -<p>The end scrapers are divisible into three categories. The first form is -a flat scraper, generally triangular to oval in outline. The working -end is often thin. There are a few true snub-nosed scrapers in this -category. The second type is generally fan-shaped with a wide thin bit. -The opposite end usually tapers to a sharp edge which could have had -secondary use as a cutting tool. The third variety includes rougher -forms, though there are a few well made specimens. All have a distinct -keel. There are 31 of the first type, the smallest ½ × ⁷/₁₆; the -largest 1¼ × 1½ inches. Of the second group there are 17 specimens, the -smallest 1¼ × ¾; the largest 1½ × 1¼ inches. There are 10 of the third -form, the smallest 1 inch square, the largest 2½ × 1½ inches. Seventy -percent of the scrapers are of crypto-crystalline quartz.</p> - -<h5>Side Scrapers (<a href="#FIG_34">Fig. 34</a>)</h5> - -<p>Twenty-three specimens are classified as side scrapers. In general, -as with discoidal scrapers, it is hard to draw a line between these -and utilized flakes. An arbitrary division was made because, when -the material was laid out, some specimens consistently showed more -regular work or flaking than others. The largest of these is 2½ × 1 -inch, the smallest 1¼ × 1 inch. In general, they are long flakes with -considerable flat flaking and/or retouch along one face, usually on -only one edge. Quartzite and crypto-crystalline quartz were about -equally popular.</p> - -<h5>Discoidal Scrapers (<a href="#FIG_35">Fig. 35</a>)</h5> - -<p>Twenty-five artifacts are classified as discoidal scrapers. Again, as -noted in the case of side scrapers, the dividing line between some of -these and certain utilized flakes is somewhat arbitrary. Generally -these artifacts are steeply flaked, by percussion, on both faces and -all edges, giving them a rather rounded appearance. The largest is 2½ -× 2¼ inches, the smallest ¾ × 1½ inch. Quartzite and flinty materials -show about equal usage.</p> - -<h5>Serrated Scrapers (<a href="#FIG_37">Fig. 37</a>)</h5> - -<p>There are 21 serrated scrapers. These are usually serrated on one edge -only, but other sides often show secondary usage. The serrations appear -to have been made in the course of the primary flaking, by blows dealt -at intervals, with the remaining protrusions left instead of being -chipped off. Some with steep sides would have been useful as scrapers, -but several small thin specimens could have been used as saws. Flinty -materials were preferred. The largest is 2 × 1¼, the smallest 1 × ¾ -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</span> -inches. From the ethnographic data (<a href="#UTE">see below</a>) -it is interesting to note that the Ute used serrated scrapers for -taking the hair off hides.</p> - -<h5>“Uncompahgre” Scrapers (<a href="#FIG_36">Fig. 36</a>)</h5> - -<p>Six complete and one broken artifact are included in this category. -They conform in general to Wormington and Lister’s (1956) description -of those found at the type locality. Those at LoDaisKa are smaller. -Specifically they are flakes, usually triangular, although one is -rectangular. One edge is flaked on one face alone, one or more edges -are flaked on both faces. The butt, generally the striking platform -of the flake, is usually unflaked and thick. They appear to have been -serviceable without hafting, and are probably a multiple purpose tool, -possibly with a specific combination of uses. The largest is 2 × 1¾ -inches; the smallest, 1¼ × ⅞ inches. All but one are quartzite.</p> - -<h5>Hafted Scrapers</h5> - -<p>One artifact was found that could be described as a hafted scraper. -It is 1 × 1¼ inches, with a semicircular working bit, straight barbs, -expanding stem, narrower than a blade, and a rounded base. It could -have been made from a type H projectile point.</p> - -<h4 id="SPOKE">Spoke-shaves (<a href="#FIG_37">Figs. 37</a>, <a href="#FIG_39">39</a>)</h4> - -<p>Two artifacts are designated spoke-shaves. One is combined with a -perforator; the other is made from a large flake. Both exhibit simple -steep flaking. The working surfaces are arcs of about 100° on small -circles, ½ inch in diameter.</p> - -<h4 id="DRILL">Drills (<a href="#FIG_38">Fig. 38</a>)</h4> - -<p>Though only five specimens were recovered that can be classified -as drills, they comprise four types. The first, represented by one -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</span> -specimen, is of the expanding base T-shaped variety. The base is -flattened and the point is diamond-shaped in cross-section; the -flakes were struck from either side to meet in the middle and form -the central ridge. The second type, possibly a variant of the first, -comprises two specimens, one fragmentary. The bases expand but are -thick and irregular, rather than flat. The point of the complete -example is biconvex to diamond-shaped in cross-section and exhibits -fine workmanship. The third type differs from the first two in having -a straight base. It is biconvex in cross-section, with rather fine -flaking meeting along the midline. The fourth variety has the outline -of a small side-notched projectile point. Upon examination, however, -the edges of the lower one-third of the point show signs of extensive -abrasion and polishing. It is very probable that such a tool was hafted -for use. The method of usage is less certain for the others. All five -were made from varieties of flinty quartz.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_32" src="images/figure32.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="674" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 32</span></b>— - End scrapers, type one. A-E snub-nosed.<br /> Actual size.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_33" src="images/figure33.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="677" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 33</span></b>— - End scrapers. A-C, type three. D-F, type two.<br /> Actual size.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_34" src="images/figure34.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="621" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 34</span></b>— - Side scrapers. Actual size.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_35" src="images/figure35.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="416" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 35</span></b>— - Discoidal scrapers. Actual size.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_36" src="images/figure36.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="621" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 36</span></b>— - Uncompahgre scrapers. Actual size.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_37" src="images/figure37.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="624" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 37</span></b>— - A-E, serrated scrapers. F, spoke-shave.<br /> Actual size.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_38" src="images/figure38.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="664" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 38</span></b>— - A-D, drill types one-four. E-I, gravers.<br /> Actual size.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</span></p> - -<h4 id="PERFS">Perforators (<a href="#FIG_38">Figs. 38</a>, <a href="#FIG_39">39</a>)</h4> - -<p>Twenty-one specimens are considered to have been used as awls or -perforators. Though individual form varies greatly, most are made on -plano-convex or concavo-convex flakes. Flaking is concentrated on the -short point, though it sometimes extends further on one or both faces. -Occasionally, one or more of the edges have seen secondary use as a -scraper. Of the total, nine specimens are of flinty material, one of -obsidian. The remainder are quartzite (8) or quartz (3). They range in -length from ¾ to 2½ inches, and from ½ to 1½ inches in width.</p> - -<h4 id="GRAVER">“Gravers” (<a href="#FIG_38">Fig. 38</a>)</h4> - -<p>The term “graver” is not especially desirable since 1) it implies -function, and 2) it is generally applied to a special form associated -with the Upper Paleolithic of Europe. Nevertheless, the term is -also used in connection with sharp-pointed flakes employed in -making incisions, and as such is well entrenched in the literature. -These tools were divided into two categories. The first contains 16 -specimens. These were all made from irregular flakes, the largest -1⅜ × 1⅛ the smallest ¾ × ½. There are one or more points on each. -Usually the point shows evidence of usage on one or two sides only. -Some show scars all around. The second class, comprising 14 specimens, -is distinguished by the fact that all are made from prismatic flakes -(<a href="#FIG_40">see below</a>). Usually there is only one point on each. -Despite their diminutive size (the largest 1½ × ⅝ inch, smallest, ¾ × -¼), tests made by the authors involving cutting bone, showed even the -smallest to be an efficient tool.</p> - -<p>Most of these artifacts are of the flinty variety of quartz, often -fossilized wood.</p> - -<h4 id="PRISM">Prismatic Flakes (<a href="#FIG_40">Figs. 40</a> and <a href="#FIG_41">41</a>)</h4> - -<p>Of the total number of flakes recovered certain appeared -technologically distinctive and were classified as prismatic. The -primary characteristics of these are a length exceeding twice the -width, a striking platform at one end with a small bulb of percussion -and ripple marks radiating from it. In addition, most of these exhibit -a longitudinal ridge or ridges formed by facets intersecting at a low -angle, representing the intersection of former flake scars. Most of the -striking platforms are plain, but about 30 percent show a series of -tiny flake scars which may be evidence of preparation. They range in -length from 2¼ to ⅝ inches and in width from ³/₁₆ to ¾ inches.</p> - -<p>Sixty-two of these show signs of use. Thirty had apparently served as -gravers (<a href="#GRAVER">see above</a>). Thirty-two show usage marks -caused by cutting, and 14 of these had served secondarily as small -scrapers. About 80 percent of the utilized prismatic flakes are of a -flinty material. The remainder are of quartzite. Of the unmodified -specimens, about 65 percent were of flinty quartz, 30 percent of -quartzite, and 5 percent of quartz. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_39" src="images/figure39.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="652" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 39</span></b>— - A-F, perforators. G, flake knife. H, hafted knife.<br /> Actual size.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_40" src="images/figure40.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="651" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 40</span></b>— - Prismatic flakes. A-I, gravers. J-L, cutting edges.<br /> Actual size.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_41" src="images/figure41.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="230" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 41</span></b>— - Prismatic flakes, cutting implements. Actual size.</p> -</div> - -<h4 id="CHOPS">Choppers or Hammerstones (<a href="#FIG_42">Fig. 42</a>)</h4> - -<p>Forty-one implements are classified as choppers or hammerstones. -Seventy percent of these are of rock quartz, 20 percent of a -metamorphic rock, usually schist, and 10 percent of a grainy quartzite. -Due to the nature of the material it is extremely difficult to -determine whether such artifacts were used primarily as hammerstones -or choppers. There are no small round heavily battered specimens which -could be considered as hammerstones only. The pieces usually exhibit -one sharp edge and one or more blunt battered edges. The first two -lithic materials mentioned fracture rather easily, and the tools -were probably used and discarded at will. Rock quartz and various -metamorphic rocks are plentiful in the area, making such careless use -practical; quartzite and flinty materials are rather scarce, (see below). -The largest of these tools measures 5 × 5½ inches, the smallest -1¼ inches square. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</span></p> - -<h4 id="CORES">Cores</h4> - -<p>Only eight specimens are considered to have been cores. Three are of -quartzite, three of agate and two of fossilized wood. The largest is -about 3 × 3 × 2 inches, the smallest about a one inch cube. All are -irregular, none fluted or prismatic. Since there were so few cores -it is believed that the primary work of preparing flakes took place -elsewhere, perhaps at the source of the material.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_42" src="images/figure42.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="504" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 42</span></b>— - Choppers and hammerstones, ½ actual size.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">TABLE II</h2> -</div> - -<p class="f120"><b>Artifacts exclusive of projectile points and ground stone</b></p> - -<table class="no-wrap" border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Table II-1" cellpadding="0" rules="cols"> - <thead><tr> - <th class="tdc bb" colspan="13"> </th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdc bb">Unique Artifacts</th> - <th class="tdc bb"> 16-20 </th> <th class="tdc bb"> 20-24 </th> <th class="tdc bb"> 24-28 </th> - <th class="tdc bb"> 28-32 </th> <th class="tdc bb"> 32-36 </th> <th class="tdc bb"> 36-40 </th> - <th class="tdc bb"> 40-44 </th> <th class="tdc bb"> 44-48 </th> <th class="tdc bb"> 48-52 </th> - <th class="tdc bb"> 52-56 </th> <th class="tdc bb"> 56-60 </th> <th class="tdc bb"> 60-64 </th> - </tr> - </thead> - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">Knives, leaf-shaped</td> - <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">2</td> <td class="tdc">3</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc">1</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">triangular</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">1</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">4</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">flake</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">Scrapers, end</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">3</td> - <td class="tdc">5</td> <td class="tdc">4</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc">9</td> <td class="tdc">6</td> <td class="tdc">5</td> - <td class="tdc">7</td> <td class="tdc">8</td> <td class="tdc">3</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">side</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">1</td> - <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">1</td> - <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc">4</td> <td class="tdc">4</td> - <td class="tdc">2</td> <td class="tdc">3</td> <td class="tdc">1</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">discoidal</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc">5</td> - <td class="tdc">3</td> <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc">2</td> - <td class="tdc">3</td> <td class="tdc">2</td> <td class="tdc">4</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">serrated</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc">4</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">4</td> <td class="tdc">1</td> - <td class="tdc">3</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">“Uncompahgre”</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">Spoke-shaves</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">Projectile point</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">drills</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">expanded base</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">2</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">1</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">straight shafted</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">Perforators</td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">6</td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">Prismatic flakes,</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">unmodified</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">1</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">4</td> <td class="tdc">8</td> - <td class="tdc">5</td> <td class="tdc">6</td> <td class="tdc">3</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">cutting</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc">2</td> <td class="tdc">3</td> - <td class="tdc">2</td> <td class="tdc">6</td> <td class="tdc">2</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">engraving</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">Gravers, others</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">Small ovoid bifaces</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">3</td> <td class="tdc bb">7</td> - <td class="tdc bb">5</td> <td class="tdc bb">5</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb">4</td> <td class="tdc bb">3</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">Utilized flakes</td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">5</td> - <td class="tdc bb">4</td> <td class="tdc bb">8</td> <td class="tdc bb">9</td> - <td class="tdc bb">10</td> <td class="tdc bb">9</td> <td class="tdc bb">11</td> - <td class="tdc bb">10</td> <td class="tdc bb">14</td> <td class="tdc bb">1;</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">Chopper/hammerstones</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> - <td class="tdc bb">4</td> <td class="tdc bb">3</td> <td class="tdc bb">3</td> - <td class="tdc bb">5</td> <td class="tdc bb">6</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">Cores</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb">2</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">Small stone ornaments<br />or gaming pieces  </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">Paint stones</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">Bone awls, splinter</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">1</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">1</td> - <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">3</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">with head</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc">1</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">sliver</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc">1</td> - <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">undetermined</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">Rib/scapula knives</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">Used bone splinters</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">Flakers, antler</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc">1</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">1</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">bone</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">Gaming pieces</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">Beads, tubular</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">4</td> - <td class="tdc bb">2</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">Ornaments, tooth</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">1</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">bone</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">Mica, worked</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">Leather fragments</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">Wood shafts</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">Pottery, cordmarked,</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">a  </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">2</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">2</td> <td class="tdc">3</td> - <td class="tdc">7</td> <td class="tdc">8</td> <td class="tdc">10</td> - <td class="tdc">6</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">b  </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">2</td> - <td class="tdc">3</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">c  </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc">2</td> <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc">2</td> <td class="tdc">1</td> - <td class="tdc">2</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">Plain  </td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">3</td> - <td class="tdc bb">2</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"><b>A</b></td> <td class="tdc"><b>B</b></td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"><b>C</b></td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"><b>D</b></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc bt" colspan="13"> </td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> -<ul class="index fontsize_120"> -<li class="isub4"><b>LEGEND:</b></li> -<li class="isub3"><b>A</b> - Wood awl</li> -<li class="isub3"><b>B</b> - abrading stone</li> -<li class="isub3"><b>C</b> - Elk antler tool</li> -<li class="isub3"><b>D</b> - Atlatl weight?</li> -</ul> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</span></p> - -<table class="no-wrap" border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Table II-2" cellpadding="0" rules="cols"> - <thead><tr> - <th class="tdc bb" colspan="12"> </th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdc bb">Unique Artifacts</th> - <th class="tdc bb"> 64-68 </th> <th class="tdc bb"> 68-72 </th> <th class="tdc bb"> 72-76 </th> - <th class="tdc bb"> 76-80 </th> <th class="tdc bb"> 80-84 </th> <th class="tdc bb"> 84-88 </th> - <th class="tdc bb"> 88-92 </th> <th class="tdc bb"> 92-96 </th> <th class="tdc bb"> 96-100 </th> - <th class="tdc bb"> 100-104 </th> <th class="tdc bb"> 104-108 </th> - </tr> - </thead> - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">Knives leaf-shaped</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">triangular</td> - <td class="tdc">2</td> <td class="tdc">5</td> <td class="tdc">2</td> - <td class="tdc">4</td> <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc">1</td> - <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc">3</td> <td class="tdc">1</td> - <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">flake</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb">2</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">Scrapers, end</td> - <td class="tdc">7</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc">?</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">?</td> <td class="tdc">?</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">side</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">2</td> <td class="tdc">2</td> - <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">discoidal</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">2</td> <td class="tdc">1</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">serrated</td> - <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">3</td> - <td class="tdc">3</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">1</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">“Uncompahgre”</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb">3</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">Spoke-shaves</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">Projectile point</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">drills</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">1</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">expanded base</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">straight shafted</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">Perforators</td> - <td class="tdc bb">3</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">Prismatic flakes,</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">unmodified</td> - <td class="tdc">6</td> <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc">1</td> - <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc">1</td> - <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">cutting</td> - <td class="tdc">2</td> <td class="tdc">4</td> <td class="tdc">7</td> - <td class="tdc">2</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">engraving</td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">4</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">Gravers, others</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">Small ovoid bifaces</td> - <td class="tdc bb">9</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">Utilized flakes</td> - <td class="tdc bb">9</td> <td class="tdc bb">6</td> <td class="tdc bb">6</td> - <td class="tdc bb">5</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">Chopper/hammerstones</td> - <td class="tdc bb">2</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">Cores</td> - <td class="tdc bb">4</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">Small stone ornaments<br />or gaming pieces  </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">Paint stones</td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">3</td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">Bone awls, splinter</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">1</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">with head</td> - <td class="tdc">2</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">sliver</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">undetermined</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">Rib/scapula knives</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">Used bone splinters</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">Flakers, antler</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">bone</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">Gaming pieces</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">Beads, tubular</td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">Ornaments, tooth</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">bone</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">Mica, worked</td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">Leather fragments</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">Wood shafts</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">Pottery, cordmarked,</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">a  </td> - <td class="tdc">?1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">b  </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">c  </td> - <td class="tdc">?1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">Plain  </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"><b>E</b></td> <td class="tdc"><b>F</b></td> - <td class="tdc"><b>G</b></td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"><b>H</b></td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc bt" colspan="12"> </td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> -<ul class="index fontsize_120"> -<li class="isub4"><b>LEGEND:</b></li> -<li class="isub3"><b>E</b> - Limestone pendant</li> -<li class="isub3"><b>F</b> - Quartz crystal</li> -<li class="isub3"><b>G</b> - Clay ball</li> -<li class="isub3"><b>H</b> - Notched rib</li> -</ul> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</span></p> - -<h4 id="MILLING">Milling Stones (<a href="#FIG_43A">Figs. 43</a>, -<a href="#FIG_44">44</a>, <a href="#FIG_45">45</a>)</h4> - -<p>Characteristics of grinding stones at LoDaisKa are largely summarized -in Tables III and IV. These are presented in the hope that future -studies will make it possible to distinguish cultural associations from -such tools, although as Haury (1950) and Jennings (1957) reiterated, -metates or grinding stones are often so nondescript as to defy cultural -interpretation. Dealing for the most part with complete examples, there -seem to be two general types: large worn boulders, and flat slabs -often with a slight depression. The former are usually of an igneous -material. Either type may be intentionally shaped. Most were more -or less rectangular. The largest of the first type weighs about 120 -pounds, and is 2 feet 3 inches long × 14 inches wide. The smallest is -11 inches × 12 inches and weighs about 20 pounds. Of the second type -the maximum is 1½ feet × 14 inches, the minimum 10 inches × 12 inches. -Shaping, when present, is confined to percussion and smoothing around -the edges. Pecking probably served to roughen the surface.</p> - -<p>A number of specimens in the ½ to ¾ inch thick class were made of -hard fine sandstone. On some of the large fragments both faces appear -parallel with no concavity. Only one fairly complete example of this -type was found. This (<a href="#FIG_45">Fig. 45</a>) is a roughly triangular section -about 5 inches on a side. It was found in Hearth B. It shows no basin and -is very smooth. Two sides appear to have been the original edges of -the complete specimen. These are roughly shaped. The smoothing extends -all the way to these edges. There is ethnological evidence, (<a href="#Page_149">see -below Lowie, 1924; R. M. Underhill, p.c.</a>) that stones similar to this -specimen were used for cooking stones. Since most of the artifacts of -this type are small pieces, it would be hard to distinguish definitely -between a small section of a cooking stone and a section of a slab -metate. Lacking further proof, these have been treated as grinding -stones, with this possible reservation.</p> - -<h4 id="HANDSTONES">Handstones (<a href="#FIG_46">Fig. 46</a>)</h4> - -<p>One hundred and four specimens are classed as handstones or handstone -fragments. Of these 50 could not be classified further except that 40 -were of igneous rock and 10 of sandstone. The general data pertaining -to handstones is summarized in the chart. The largest of these is 8 × -4 inches, the smallest 4 × 3 inches. All appear to have been used in -one hand. Seventy-five percent are made of igneous rock, usually of a -metamorphic type such as schist. This choice was probably due to the -scarcity of good sandstone in the area. There are two basic types, -those used on one and those used on two sides. For both these groups -there is a variant which has a center ridge formed by the meeting of two -grinding surfaces on each face. Probably the simple motion of pushing -forth, rocking, and then pulling back caused this. One of these has the -ridges on its two sides at right angles to each other. Some specimens -are pecked. These forms seem to lack distributional significance.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</span></p> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak">TABLE III</h2> -</div> - -<p class="f120"><b>Grinding Slabs, Complete Specimens</b></p> - -<table class="fontsize_120 no-wrap" border="0" cellspacing="4" summary="Table 3" cellpadding="4" rules="rows" > - <thead><tr> - <th class="tdc bb" colspan="5"> </th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdc br" colspan="2">Igneous</th> - <th class="tdc" colspan="2">Sandstone</th> - <th class="tdc"> </th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdl br"> Flat<br />  Boulder</th> - <th class="tdc br"> Shaped </th> - <th class="tdc br"> Slab </th> - <th class="tdc"> Shaped </th> - <th class="tdc"> </th> - </tr> - </thead> - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="4"> </td> - <td class="tdr">24</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="4"> </td> - <td class="tdr">28</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="4"> </td> - <td class="tdr">32</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="4"> </td> - <td class="tdr">36</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="4"> </td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="4"> </td> - <td class="tdr">44</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc">1</td> - <td class="tdc" colspan="3"> </td> - <td class="tdr">48</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="4"> </td> - <td class="tdr">52</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="4"> </td> - <td class="tdr">56</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="4"> </td> - <td class="tdr">60</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc">3</td> - <td class="tdc">1</td> - <td class="tdc">1</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdr">64</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc">1</td> - <td class="tdc">1</td> - <td class="tdc">1</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdr">68</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc">3</td> - <td class="tdc">1</td> - <td class="tdc">1</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdr">72</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc">3</td> - <td class="tdc">1</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdr">76</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc">1</td> - <td class="tdr">80</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="4"> </td> - <td class="tdr">84</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="4"> </td> - <td class="tdr">88</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc">1</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdr">92</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="4"> </td> - <td class="tdr">96</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="4"> </td> - <td class="tdr">100</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc">1</td> - <td class="tdc" colspan="3"> </td> - <td class="tdr">104</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="4"> </td> - <td class="tdr">108</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="4"> </td> - <td class="tdr"> 112</td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</span></p> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak">TABLE IV</h2> -</div> - -<p class="f120"><b>Grinding Slabs, Fragmentary Specimens</b></p> - -<table class="fontsize_120 no-wrap" border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Table 4" cellpadding="0" rules="rows"> - <thead><tr> - <th class="tdc bb" colspan="25"> </th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdc br" colspan="12">Igneous</th> - <th class="tdc" colspan="13">Sandstone</th> - <th class="tdc"> </th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdc" colspan="6">Two Sides Used</th> - <th class="tdc br" colspan="6">One Side Used</th> - <th class="tdc" colspan="7">Two Sides Used</th> - <th class="tdc" colspan="6">One Side Used</th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdl" colspan="3">Pecked</th> - <th class="tdc" colspan="3"> </th> - <th class="tdl" colspan="3">Pecked</th> - <th class="tdc br" colspan="3"> </th> - <th class="tdc" colspan="3"> </th> - <th class="tdr" colspan="3">Pecked</th> - <th class="tdc" colspan="4"> </th> - <th class="tdl" colspan="3">Pecked</th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdc" colspan="25">Thickness   in   inches</th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdc br">½<br /> - <br />¾</th> <th class="tdc br">¾<br /> - <br />1½</th> <th class="tdc br2">1½<br /> - <br />3</th> - <th class="tdc br">½<br /> - <br />¾</th> <th class="tdc br">¾<br /> - <br />1½</th> <th class="tdc br2">1½<br /> - <br />3</th> - <th class="tdc br">½<br /> - <br />¾</th> <th class="tdc br">¾<br /> - <br />1½</th> <th class="tdc br2">1½<br /> - <br />3</th> - <th class="tdc br">½<br /> - <br />¾</th> <th class="tdc br">¾<br /> - <br />1½</th> <th class="tdc br2">1½<br /> - <br />3</th> - <th class="tdc br">½<br /> - <br />¾</th> <th class="tdc br">¾<br /> - <br />1½</th> <th class="tdc br2">1½<br /> - <br />3</th> - <th class="tdc br">½<br /> - <br />¾</th> <th class="tdc br">¾<br /> - <br />1½</th> <th class="tdc br2">1½<br /> - <br />3</th> - <th class="tdc br">½<br /> - <br />¾</th> <th class="tdc br">¾<br /> - <br />1½</th> <th class="tdc br2">1½<br /> - <br />3</th> - <th class="tdc br">½<br /> - <br />¾</th> <th class="tdc br">¾<br /> - <br />1½</th> <th class="tdc br">1½<br /> - <br />3</th> - </tr> - </thead> - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> - <td class="tdr">20</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> - <td class="tdr">24</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br">2</td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> - <td class="tdr">28</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br">2</td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br">2</td> <td class="tdc br">4</td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> - <td class="tdr">32</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br">3</td> <td class="tdc br">4</td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> - <td class="tdr">36</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br">2</td> <td class="tdc br2">3</td> - <td class="tdc br">5</td> <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br2">2</td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br2">1</td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br">4</td> <td class="tdc br">4</td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> - <td class="tdr">44</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br">2</td> <td class="tdc br">2</td> <td class="tdc br2">2</td> - <td class="tdc br">2</td> <td class="tdc br">2</td> <td class="tdc br2">1</td> - <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br">2</td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> - <td class="tdr">48</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2">1</td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2">1</td> - <td class="tdc br">3</td> <td class="tdc br">2</td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br">2</td> <td class="tdc br2">1</td> - <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> - <td class="tdr">52</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br">2</td> <td class="tdc br2">3</td> - <td class="tdc br">3</td> <td class="tdc br">2</td> <td class="tdc br2">3</td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> - <td class="tdr">56</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br">2</td> <td class="tdc br">3</td> <td class="tdc br2">3</td> - <td class="tdc br">3</td> <td class="tdc br">2</td> <td class="tdc br2">1</td> - <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br">3</td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> - <td class="tdr">60</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2">1</td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2">1</td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br2">4</td> - <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br">3</td> <td class="tdc br2">1</td> - <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> - <td class="tdr">64</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br">4</td> <td class="tdc br2">2</td> - <td class="tdc br">2</td> <td class="tdc br">5</td> <td class="tdc br2">2</td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2">1</td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br">2</td> <td class="tdc br">2</td> - <td class="tdr">68</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br2">2</td> - <td class="tdc br">2</td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> - <td class="tdr">72</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br">3</td> <td class="tdc br2">1</td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2">1</td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br">2</td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> - <td class="tdr">76</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br2">4</td> - <td class="tdc br">2</td> <td class="tdc br">2</td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br">2</td> - <td class="tdr">80</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2">1</td> - <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2">2</td> - <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> - <td class="tdr">84</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br">2</td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2">1</td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> - <td class="tdr">88</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br">2</td> <td class="tdc br">3</td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> - <td class="tdr">92</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> - <td class="tdr">96</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2">1</td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> - <td class="tdr"> 100</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br">1</td> - <td class="tdr">104</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> - <td class="tdr">108</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> - <td class="tdr">112</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br2"> </td> - <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"> </td> - <td class="tdr">116</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc bt" colspan="25"> </td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</span></p> -<h2 class="nobreak">TABLE V</h2> -</div> - -<p class="f120"><b>Handstones</b></p> - -<table class="fontsize_120 no-wrap" border="0" cellspacing="4" summary="Table 5" cellpadding="4" rules="rows" > - <thead><tr> - <th class="tdc bb2" colspan="14"> </th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdc br" colspan="7">Igneous</th> - <th class="tdc" colspan="7">Sandstone</th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdc br" colspan="3">Biface</th> - <th class="tdc br" colspan="4">Uniface</th> - <th class="tdc br" colspan="3">Biface</th> - <th class="tdc" colspan="4">Uniface</th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdl br" colspan="3">Four<br />Plane</th> - <th class="tdl br" colspan="4">Four<br />Plane</th> - <th class="tdl br" colspan="3">Four<br />Plane<br />Pecked</th> - <th class="tdc" colspan="4"> </th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdl">Pecked</th> - <th class="tdc"><span class="ws2"> </span></th> - <th class="tdl br">Pecked</th> - <th class="tdc"><span class="ws2"> </span></th> - <th class="tdc"><span class="ws2"> </span></th> - <th class="tdc"><span class="ws2"> </span></th> - <th class="tdl br">Pecked</th> - <th class="tdc"><span class="ws2"> </span></th> - <th class="tdc"><span class="ws2"> </span></th> - <th class="tdc br"><span class="ws2"> </span></th> - <th class="tdl">Pecked</th> - <th class="tdc"><span class="ws2"> </span></th> - <th class="tdc"><span class="ws2"> </span></th> - <th class="tdc"><span class="ws2"> </span></th> - </tr> - </thead> - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="13"> </td> - <td class="tdr">28</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="13"> </td> - <td class="tdr">32</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="13"> </td> - <td class="tdr">36</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"></td> <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdr">40</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc">2</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdr">44</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdr">48</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc">6</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">3</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdr">52</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc">2</td> <td class="tdc">2</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdr">56</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc">2</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc">2</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">1</td> - <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc">2</td> <td class="tdr">60</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">1</td> - <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdr">64</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc">4</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdr">68</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdr">72</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdr">76</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdr">80</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdr">84</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc">2</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">2</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdr">88</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc">2</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdr">92</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">1</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdr">96</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">1</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdr">100</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="13"> </td> - <td class="tdr">104</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="13"> </td> - <td class="tdr">108</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdr">112</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc bt" colspan="14"> </td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_43A" src="images/figure43a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="497" /> - <img src="images/figure43b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="487" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 43</span></b>— - Large milling stones.<br /> Above, granite. Below, sandstone.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_44" src="images/figure44.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="701" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 44</span></b>— - Flat granite milling stone.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_45" src="images/figure45.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="592" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 45</span></b>— - Sandstone milling slabs, ½ actual size.<br /> - Above, flat without depression. 1 inch thick.<br /> - Below, with depression.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_46" src="images/figure46.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="572" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 46</span></b>— - Handstones. A-B, four-plane. ½ actual size.</p> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</span></p> - -<h4 id="SHAFT">Shaft-smoother</h4> - -<p>One shaft-smoother was found, with lengthwise grooves on both faces. -The lower is very shallow; the upper is clearly formed, and measures -³/₁₆-⁴/₁₆ inches wide and ⅛ inch deep (<a href="#FIG_47">see Fig. 47</a>).</p> - -<h4 id="PIGMENT">Pigment Stones (<a href="#FIG_48">Fig. 48</a>)</h4> - -<p>Eleven objects are classified as pigment stones. Four are lumps of -red ochre. There is no proof that they were used for paint, but as -Coon (1950) has noted, the use of some sort of paint is practically -universal among primitive people. The largest weighs about three -ounces, the smallest about two. Three pieces of yellow ochre were -found. One is a great lump weighing about two pounds. The other two are -flat ground palettes, slightly irregular, one about 1 × 2, the other 3 -× 4 inches and both about ¼ inch thick.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_47" src="images/figure47.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="447" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 47</span></b>— - Above, “Atlatl weight”. Below, abrader.<br /> Actual size.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_48" src="images/figure48.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="660" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 48</span></b>— - Pigment stones, ½ actual size.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_49" src="images/figure49.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="599" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 49</span></b>— - A-G, Beads. H-J, Awls type four.</p> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</span></p> - -<h3>BONE ARTIFACTS</h3> - -<h4 id="BEADS">Beads (<a href="#FIG_49">Fig. 49</a>)</h4> - -<p>There are numerous tubular beads of bird and small mammal bones. These -range in length from 1⅜ inches to ½ inch; most are of the shorter -variety. Apparently the bone was polished and prepared, then a groove -or series of grooves was cut, the sections broken out, and the ends -smoothed.</p> - -<p>Two lower canine teeth, (one of badger, <i>taxidea</i>, the other -unidentified), were evidently used as ornaments. Both show a lustrous -polish. At the end of the root a small groove, or series of parallel -incisions, was cut out for suspension. One is ¼ inch, the other 1 inch -in length. A small (1 inch × ½ inch) piece of bone (<a href="#FIG_51">Fig. 51, -top left</a>) with a groove cut at the top may have been used as a pendant.</p> - -<h4 id="FRAGMENTS">Used Bone Fragments</h4> - -<p>There are ten other fragments of bone which show use. The largest of -these measures 4¼ × ¾ inches, the smallest, 3¼ × ⅝ inches. One or more -edges are worn, suggesting use as a scraper or cutting edge. Bones of -large animals, probably long bones, appear to be represented. On most, -the working edge is concave, although on a few it is flat.</p> - -<h4 id="NOTCHED">Notched Bone</h4> - -<p>One bone is similar to those described above but has a series of -notches along one edge. It is 4 inches long and ⅝ inches wide.</p> - -<h4 id="SCAPULA">Rib-scapula Cutting Tools (<a href="#FIG_50">Fig. 50</a>)</h4> - -<p>There are nine rib and one scapula fragment that show wear along a -sharp edge. These appear to have been used as cutting implements. Some -are polished along the flat face, perhaps from use in some kind of -smoothing. Many Southwestern tribes, e.g. the Papago, use similar tools -to remove hair from fresh hides. It is difficult to know whether these -represent complete tools or fragments. The largest is 7 inches long, -the smallest 2½ inches long. The identifiable specimens are of bison or -mule deer (<i>Odocoileus hemionus</i>).</p> - -<h4 id="GAMING">Gaming Pieces (<a href="#FIG_51">Figs. 51</a>, <a href="#FIG_52">52</a>)</h4> - -<p>Seven specimens of worked bone are thought to have been used as -gaming pieces. For three of these, this designation is relatively -certain. These are small flat oblong objects with a series of parallel -striations on the edges of one face. In addition, two have a line of -indentations running up the center. These depressions were probably -drilled (<a href="#FIG_52">see Fig. 52</a>). -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_50" src="images/figure50.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="589" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 50</span></b>— - Rib-scapula cutting implements. ¾ actual size.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_51" src="images/figure51.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="572" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 51</span></b>— - A-D, problematical pieces.<br /> E-G, worked mica. H-N, gaming pieces.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</span> -A fourth piece appears to be an unfinished example, and provides some -data on the method of manufacture. Apparently, the length of bone -(rib?) to be utilized was cut to the desired width and partially -smoothed; the ends were rounded and also partially finished; then -several sections of the length of the proposed gaming piece were cut -off by grooving and fracturing. The piece was then smoothed to the -proper shape, the striations cut, and the indentations drilled.</p> - -<p>The other three specimens included here are somewhat problematical. -One approximates the shape of the unfinished gaming piece. The second -is a piece of skull cap, (species unidentified) of the same general -shape as the above; two of the sides are formed by suture lines, the -ends by polishing. The third fragment is in the same size range and has -serrated edges. The dimensions of the gaming pieces can be seen in <a href="#FIG_51">Fig. 51</a>.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_52" src="images/figure52.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="533" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 52</span></b>— - Gaming pieces, 2× actual size.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</span></p> - -<h4 id="AWLS">Awls (<a href="#FIG_49">Figs. 49</a>, <a href="#FIG_53">53</a> -and <a href="#FIG_54">54</a>)</h4> - -<p>Forty-one specimens, fragmentary and complete, were classified as awls. -These were segregated into four principal types, classified on the -basis of form, type of bone utilized, size, and extent of polish. The -most numerous type are those which retained the head or epiphesis of -the bone (<a href="#Page_149">see Kidder, 1932</a>). It is probable -that two subtypes of this category may be recognized on the basis of -size and extent of polish. The first comprises one complete and seven -broken specimens (<a href="#FIG_53">see Fig. 53</a>). The former is a -long slender implement of deer metatarsal, tapering to a fine point -with a circular-section. It is 8⅜ inches in length and ¾ inches in its -greatest diameter. Polish extends the full length and circumference, -and the “head” has been altered by four intersecting V-shaped grooves, -forming a cross. The remaining seven include two with the head intact, -and five points and midsections classified with the above because of -the overall workmanship. The most complete measures 6¼ inches in length -without the head. Technologically this group is marked by primary -abrasion parallel to the long axis and secondary work at right angles -to it. There are numerous instances of the transverse cutting across -the longitudinal striae, suggesting that the former was the finishing -process. Though positive identification is in several instances -impossible, most appear to have been made from deer metatarsals. All -except one were located below 84 inches. The exception is of interest. -It is a specimen about three inches long, subjected to calcination and -subsequent patination all over, except for a section midway along its -length that retains its natural color. It seems possible that this area -had been bound with leather or some foreign substance which affected -the weathering of the specimen.</p> - -<p>The second subdivision of the type retaining the head is characterized -by a greater width relative to length, and the more restricted extent -of polish. The three complete specimens range from 3⅞ to 5¼ inches -in length, and up to 1⅛ inches in greatest diameter. Polish extends -only a short distance beyond the point, which has an oval flattened -cross-section. All abrasion scratches are parallel to the short axis. -These were manufactured respectively from a bison rib, a metapodial and -metatarsal of mule deer (<i>Odocoileus hemionus</i>).</p> - -<p>The second major type is that of “splinter awls”; it also may be -subdivided. The first subdivision consists of 5 splinters of large -mammal bone, sharpened at one end. Complete pieces range from 3½ to 4⅜ -inches in length and from ⅜ to ¾ inches in greatest width. The second -group of six pieces is similar, but the working end is rounded and -flattened rather than sharp. They range from 2⅞ inches to 3½ inches -long and from ⅜ to 1 inch in width. Abrasion in both groups was at a high -angle to the long axis, and in some cases produced a faceted appearance. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</span></p> - -<p>The third type comprises three awls made of small mammal bones, two -retaining the heads, the third without. These exhibit sharpened points. -The longest is 4 inches, the smallest, one inch long.</p> - -<p>The final type comprises five very small splinters of bone from ⅝ to -one inch in length. One is of bird bone, the others of small mammal -bones. Each is sharpened on one end, blunted or rounded on the other. -It is possible that these were hafted. Their size and shape makes it -unlikely that they could have been employed in the hand alone.</p> - -<p>There was undoubtedly some difference in the use of these different -types of tools. Perhaps the longer finer ones were employed in the -manufacture of basketry, while the sharpened splinters served best as -hide perforators.</p> - -<h4 id="CUT_BONE">Cut Bone</h4> - -<p>There is one fragmentary bone about 7 inches long, that was evidently -left over from the production of a splinter awl. It illustrates the -technique of bone cutting that was probably employed for producing -tools. A groove about ¹/₁₆ of an inch deep was cut encircling the -bone, and it was shaped into two pieces. Apparently some preliminary -smoothing had already been done, as suggested by additional scoring -marks. The authors tested various tools to determine which might be -most efficient in cutting such a groove. Flat sharp flakes or knives -could be used, but usually not enough pressure could be brought to -bear without breaking the tool. However, certain implements, called -“gravers” in this paper, were rather well adapted for such work. -The tool could be used as a plane for cutting. The two techniques -mentioned, in fact, could be compared to the cutting of wood with a -knife and with a saw whose teeth act as a multiple plane.</p> - -<h4 id="TOOLS">Tools of Antler and Bone</h4> - -<p>A problematical artifact is the base of an elk (<i>Cervus -canadensis</i>) antler shown in <a href="#FIG_55">Fig. 55</a>. The working end of this -is a tapering blade which ends in a flat chisel-like tool about ¾ inch broad.</p> - -<h4 id="FLAKERS">Flakers (<a href="#FIG_55">Fig. 55</a>)</h4> - -<p>There are four fragments of horn that appear to have been flakers. -Two are pointed implements 1¼ inches long, two are fragments that -lack tips. These are about 3½ inches long. All are of deer antler -(<i>Odocoileus hemionus</i>), and show various gouges and worn places.</p> - -<p>One bone 7¼ inches long also appears to have been used as a flaker. -The blunt point has been shaped, but other modification seems to have -been unintentional and consists of irregular worn and scored areas. -Distribution of this scoring suggests that the tool was used in the left hand. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_53" src="images/figure53.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="569" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 53</span></b>— - Awls, type one, ¾ actual size.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_54" src="images/figure54.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="494" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 54</span></b>— - Awls, A-C, type one. D, type two. E, type three,<br /> ⅔ actual size.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_55" src="images/figure55.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="595" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 55</span></b>— - A, elk antler tool. B, long bone flaker.<br /> - C, antler flaker. D, cut bone. E-F, antler flaker points.<br /> - ½ actual size.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</span></p> -<p class="f120"><b>MISCELLANEOUS ARTIFACTS</b></p> - -<h3>Problematical Objects (<a href="#FIG_51">Fig. 51</a>)</h3> - -<p>There are four stones of problematical use. Three of these have the -form of an isosceles triangle. The two smallest measure about ½ inch -on a side. Perhaps these were gaming counters or ornaments. The larger -piece is about 1¾ inch on a side with one broken corner, and has 2 -small notches on either side of the apex. This was very probably a -pendant. The fourth specimen in this class is more or less oval, very -thin, with ground edges. It is about 1½ inches long and may have been -an ornament or gaming counter. The first two pieces are of sandstone, -the third of limestone, and the last of feldspar.</p> - -<p>An ovoid piece of granite measures 2⅛ × 1¼ inches, and appears to have -been ground into its present shape. It has a smoothed flattened area -on one side, and may well have been an atlatl weight. This cannot -be proven since there are no further indications, such as a groove. -However, there are similar ungrooved stones in place on atlatl throwers -from the Southwest, in the Peabody Museum collections, which the -authors have examined.</p> - -<h4 id="MICA">Mica Fragments (<a href="#FIG_51">Fig. 51</a>)</h4> - -<p>There are six fragments of mica that apparently were shaped for some -reason. Four of these were cut into figures more or less like arrow -points. The largest is 2 × 1 inch, the smallest complete piece, ¾ × -¾ inch. They may have had ceremonial significance. A fifth specimen -is square, ¾ × ½ inch in width and length; and the sixth more or less -round, about ½ inch in diameter. There were other pieces of mica found -at the site, but these were unshaped.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_56" src="images/figure56.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="257" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 56</span></b>— - Quartz crystal.<br /> Actual size.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</span></p> - -<h4 id="CRYSTAL">Crystal (<a href="#FIG_56">Fig. 56</a>)</h4> - -<p>A well formed quartz crystal was found; it is topaz in color and about -an inch square in cross-section. Such crystals have an extensive -history in some Archaic sites, such as those in California. They -probably had some ceremonial purpose perhaps as a part of a shaman’s -paraphernalia.</p> - -<h4 id="CLAY">Clay Ball (<a href="#FIG_57A">Fig. 57</a>)</h4> - -<p>A small round ball of clay about 1¼ inches in diameter was recovered. -Around the circumference is a raised ridge such as would have been -produced if the clay had filled a skin sack with the seams on the -outside. If such were the case it might have served as a bolas weight.</p> - -<h4 id="WOOD_FRAG">Wood Fragments (<a href="#FIG_58">Fig. 58</a>)</h4> - -<p>There are several fragments of wood that appear to have been modified -by the inhabitants. Two of these could easily have been pieces of -arrow shafts. One is ³/₁₆ inch in diameter, 2½ inches long; the other ¼ -inch in diameter, and 1¾ inches long. Both show no remnants of bark and -appear to have been scraped smooth. There are two similar specimens, -1 and 2 inches long, and ⁵/₁₆ and ⁷/₁₆ inch in diameter respectively. -Observations of ethnological materials suggest that these were too -large and heavy to shoot with an ordinary bow and arrow. Perhaps these -are fragments of atlatl foreshafts. The fifth specimen is also ⁷/₁₆ -inch in diameter, 2¼ inches long, and is pointed. It was probably the -butt end of a foreshaft. Ethnologic parallels indicate that it was too -sharp to be the point of a firedrill (<a href="#FIG_58">see Fig. 58</a>).</p> - -<p>A sixth wood specimen is a flat piece 3½ × ³/₁₆ inches in maximum -dimensions. Its use is unknown.</p> - -<p>A seventh specimen is a short piece 2 inches long, shaped all around, -and tapering to a point at one end. It was cut from a tree gnarl, and -probably served as an awl.</p> - -<h4 id="LEATHER">Leather</h4> - -<p>There are two small pieces of leather. One is probably part of a thong -or cord; the use of the other is unknown.</p> - -<h4 id="CORDAGE">Cordage</h4> - -<p>A piece of twisted fiber was found. It appears to have been one strand -of a multi-strand cord. The fiber is made from yucca leaves.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_57A" src="images/figure57a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="462" /> - <img src="images/figure57b.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="356" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 57</span></b>— - Clay ball. Above, in <i>situ</i>.<br /> - Below, note raised central ridge.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_58" src="images/figure58.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="380" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 58</span></b>— - Wood fragments. A-D, arrowshaft fragments(?)<br /> - E, butt end of dart foreshaft. F, dart shaft fragments(?)<br /> - Actual size.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</span></p> - -<h3>POTTERY</h3> - -<h4 id="PLAIN">Plain Pottery (<a href="#FIG_59">Figs. 59</a> and <a href="#FIG_60">60</a>)</h4> - -<p>Plain pottery includes one restorable bowl and eight additional sherds. -Construction is hard to determine from so small a number of sherds, -but indications suggest coiling and scraping. Coils were fairly wide -(<a href="#FIG_60">see Fig. 60</a>). Core color is usually grey to black -though one sherd is oxidized to a brick red. Firing was done in a -“reducing atmosphere”, with some scattered spots oxidized. The temper -is angular with occasional mica fragments visible; it is probably -crushed granite. Some sherds may contain a small amount of quartz sand. -The size of the temper is variable, usually fine with a few large -granules mixed in. Vessel walls are usually fairly strong. The pottery -is friable, not flaky. Both surfaces are unslipped, and smoothed on all -specimens. The exterior is a brownish black, the interior is black. -One sherd, however, is dull grey. Thickness is from ¼-⁵/₁₆ inch, one -sherd ³/₁₆ inch. The only partially complete form observed is a bowl. -However, another large sherd (about 8 inches square) suggests part of -the wall of a pot, perhaps with an incurving shoulder. The bowl has a -mouth diameter of 5½ inches, and in vertical cross-section resembles -a parabolic curve 3¼ inches high. Rims in general are gradually tapered.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_59" src="images/figure59.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="417" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 59</span></b>— - Plain pottery bowl.<br /> White portions restored,<br /> ⅔ actual size.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_60" src="images/figure60.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="464" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 60</span></b>— - Plain pottery sherd, showing coiled construction.<br /> Actual size.</p> -</div> - -<h4 id="SURFACE">Surface Roughened Pottery (<a href="#FIG_61">Figs. 61-65</a>)</h4> - -<p>Pottery in this category is divided into three classes. Pottery of -Class I includes 7 sherds. These were manufactured by the paddle and -anvil technique. Temper is sand, and is not too abundant. The clay is -micaceous and the texture somewhat granular, tending to shatter along -fairly regular lines. Hardness is 3.5-4.5; color grey to brownish -continuous all the way through. Exterior surfaces all show parallel -lines of cord-marks, about five to the inch. Impressions of individual -strands can be seen in the clay, somewhat flattened and slightly -smoothed. Interior surfaces were smoothed and scraped. One rim sherd -has diagonal impressions that extend to ¼ inch of the flattened lip. -There is no decoration. Vessel size cannot be determined. Thickness is -from ⁵/₁₆-⁶/₁₆ inch. One sherd from near the base suggests a conoidal bottom.</p> - -<p>Two sherds of this class have different exterior treatment. One of -these appears to have been impressed by basketry, apparently coiled with -a simple rod foundation. The other has been impressed with an unknown fabric. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_61" src="images/figure61.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="667" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 61</span></b>— - Surface roughened pottery, Class I.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</span> -Class II includes 15 sherds. These resemble those of I in many -respects: The manufacture was by paddle and anvil; the temper is of -sand or possibly crushed rock, generally fine and not too abundant, and -the clay is micaceous. The texture, however, is flaky with a tendency -to fracture along irregular lines. Hardness is about 3.5, color grey to -brown generally continuous through the sherd. A few have blacker cores. -Exterior surfaces were treated with parallel lines of cord impressions -10-15 to the inch with very little smoothing. Interiors were smoothed, -but do not show the evidences of scraping as with I. There is one rim -sherd; vertical impressions on this extend over the lip which has been -flattened. No decoration occurs. The thickness ranges from ³/₁₆-⁴/₁₆ -inch. One large sherd about 4 × 3 inches suggests vessels of -considerable size.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_62" src="images/figure62.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="258" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 62</span></b>— - Surface roughened pottery, A, Class I. B and C, Class I variant.</p> -</div> - -<p>Pottery of Class III in most aspects resembles that of Class II: paddle -and anvil technique in manufacture, temper of sand or crushed rock, -fine, not abundant, micaceous clay. The texture is very flaky tending -to fracture along irregular lines. Color grey to brown, usually the -latter, generally continuous through the sherd; some, however, have -blacker cores. Exterior surfaces were treated with two sets of parallel -cord marks one extending vertically from the rim, the other at an -angle of about 45 degrees. This gives a sort of criss-cross effect, -different, however, from the random application of Upper Republican -sherds (<a href="#Page_149">see Wedel 1934, Strong 1935</a>). Interior -surfaces were smoothed. On one large rimsherd cord marks extend over -the flattened lip. No shoulder is in evidence, and indications suggest -fairly large pots with mouth diameter of about 10 inches, height 12 -inches. The camber of the sherds indicates forms with pointed bottoms. -Thickness is from ³/₁₆-⁴/₁₆ inches. There is no decoration. Hardness is about 3.5. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_63" src="images/figure63.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="641" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 63</span></b>— - Surface roughened pottery, Class II.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_64" src="images/figure64.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="635" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 64</span></b>— - Surface roughened pottery, Class II.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_65" src="images/figure65.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="624" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 65</span></b>— - Surface roughened pottery, Class III.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">Geology of the LoDaisKa Site<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></h2> -</div> - -<p class="f120">By <span class="smcap">Chas. B. Hunt</span></p> - -<p>The LoDaisKa (Sanger) Site, about a mile and half south of Morrison, -Colorado, is a rockshelter under a projecting ledge of Paleozoic -(Pennsylvanian) sandstone that dips steeply east. The pre-ceramic -occupation layers at this site are believed to correlate with the Piney -Creek alluvium (<a href="#REFR">Hunt, 1954, p. 114</a>). The -accompanying map (<a href="#FIG_66">Fig. 66</a>) illustrates the general -geologic setting of the site; it shows the general distribution of one -upper Pleistocene and two Recent units.</p> - -<p>The upper Pleistocene unit (Qg on the map) is a bouldery gravel with -which is included some variegated, silty and clayey alluvium. This -bouldery gravel is exposed in Strain Gulch upstream from the site, -and it covers much of the upland northwest of that part of the Gulch. -Downstream from the site this bouldery gravel is southeast of the Gulch -and forms the high terrace extending from the site to the highway. -Because the deposit is bouldery, and because the boulders are little -weathered the deposit is assumed to be Wisconsin in age.</p> - -<p>The alluvium with variegated colors mapped with this bouldery gravel -is exposed in Strain Gulch about 700 feet northeast of the site, and -in the tributary from the west that joins Strain Gulch about 200 feet -upstream from the highway. In this latter tributary the alluvium rests -on strata of Paleozoic age. At both localities the variegated alluvium -is overlain by dark-colored, sandy and silty alluvium.</p> - -<p>The variegated alluvium has a distinct, lime-enriched zone, probably -representing the alluviated layer of an old soil from which the upper -layers have been eroded. The lime-zone is comparable in thickness to -that found in soils in Wisconsin age in the Denver area. Moreover, at -the outcrop in Strain Gulch, the lower part of the alluvium is stained -with iron oxide about the way deposits of Wisconsin age are stained -in the Denver area. However, the dating of the deposits is uncertain -because it has not been established whether the layers enriched in lime -and iron are the result of surficial weathering or ground-water action.</p> - -<p>Probably, though, these deposits are late Pleistocene in age, and -fossils in them probably will include the Pleistocene forms. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_66" src="images/figure66a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="600" /> - <img src="images/figure66b.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="513" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><big><b>FIGURE 66</b></big>—GEOLOGIC - MAP OF LODAISKA SITE</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</span> -Overlying the bouldery gravel and the variegated alluvium is a -dark-colored, sandy and silty alluvium (<a href="#FIG_66">Qp on the map</a>), -1 to 6 feet thick, that looks quite like the Piney Creek alluvium in -the Denver area. Both the Piney Creek and this alluvium are of Recent -age. Fossil bones were found in the alluvium at two places near the -site (<a href="#FIG_66">A and B on the map</a>). At A, 1 foot below the -surface, articulated bones were found; at B, a single bone was found -and it was not in place, but from a plowed surface on the upland. At -this locality a chert flake was found also. The bones were examined -by Edward Lewis of the U. S. Geological Survey and C. B. Schultz and -L. G. Tanner of the University of Nebraska State Museum and Geology -Department. Their identifications are as follows:</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="neg-indent">Locality A, fragments of a vertebra, femur, epiphysis, -and ribs of <i>Bison bison</i> (Linnaeus) of Recent age, and</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">Locality B, the badly weathered astragalus of a large -bovid, either <i>Bos Taurus</i> or <i>Bison -bison</i> (Linnaeus) of Recent age.</p> -</div> - -<p>The unconformity at the base of the dark-colored alluvium is well -exposed at the localities indicated on the map.</p> - -<p>Fragments of charcoal were found in the alluvium 200 feet upstream from -the site. This alluvium probably correlates with the pre-ceramic layers -of the occupation levels at the site, which, as reported by Lewis in an -accompanying paper, also contains vertebrate remains of Recent age.</p> - -<p>The youngest deposit, a bouldery gravel confined to the present washes, -is a lag concentrate of the boulders and cobbles that are left by -washing out finer grained sediments from the Pleistocene deposits. This -deposit, and the arroyo-cutting with which it is associated, probably -developed throughout the period of the ceramic levels.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p id="REFR" class="f120">REFERENCE CITED</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">Hunt, Chas. B., 1954 Pleistocene and Recent deposits in the -Denver area, Colorado: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 996-C, p. 91-140.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</span></p> -<h2 class="nobreak">Mechanical and Chemical Analyses of the<br /> Deposits of the LoDaisKa Site</h2> -</div> - -<p class="f120">By <span class="smcap">Robert J. Rodden</span></p> - -<h3 id="INTRO2">Introduction</h3> - -<p>Mechanical and chemical analyses of the deposits of the LoDaisKa Site -were made in an attempt to establish whether or not any paleosols or -ancient weathered zones were present. No clear profile development -could be observed in the field and it was hoped that laboratory -analysis might confirm this impression. The occurrence of such features -might serve for correlation between sites in the area and aid in -interpreting the paleoclimatic and geomorphic history of the deposits -(Miller and Leopold, 1953).</p> - -<h3 id="SAMPLE">Sampling</h3> - -<p class="space-below2">Samples for laboratory analysis were collected -from two different parts of the site. Those upon which most of the -present conclusions are based were taken in continuous two-inch -intervals down a vertical face in Square M11 (<a href="#FIG_7">see Figs. 7</a> -and <a href="#FIG_10">10</a>), very near the back wall of the -rockshelter. They were not collected until after much of the site had -been excavated and it was only near the rear wall that a relatively -complete section could be obtained. Rodents had disturbed the upper -levels and only the profile from 38-102 inches below baseline was -studied. Because the location of this sample might very well reflect -the influence of the overhang on the particle size distribution of the -deposits, another sample section was taken in front of the shelter. -Stratigraphic relations and similarities in the archaeological -materials suggested that the deposits extended essentially horizontally -from the front to the back of the site, and that correlations for -six-inch horizontal levels were generally warranted. The samples -from Square J8 were collected in continuous six-inch intervals from -a point 38 inches below baseline. The expected horizontal variation -with respect to particle size distribution was, in fact, not borne -out by the results of this second sampling. A comparison of the -median diameter and sorting coefficients of the samples suggests -that both samples are generally representative of the deposits and -of variations within them (<a href="#FIG_67A">see Figs. 67</a>, -<a href="#FIG_68A">68</a>):</p> - -<table class="no-wrap fontsize_120" border="0" cellspacing="0" summary=" " cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl">Median diameter of 7 samples from</td> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws2">the back of the shelter (M11)</td> - <td class="tdr">0.61-0.75mm.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Median diameter of 4 samples from</td> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws2">the front of the site (J8)</td> - <td class="tdr">0.60-0.70mm.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Average sorting coefficients of</td> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws2">7 samples from M11</td> - <td class="tdr">2.20</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws2"> </td> - <td class="tdr">(relatively well-sorted)</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Average sorting coefficients of</td> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws2">4 samples from J8</td> - <td class="tdr">2.18</td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p class="no-indent">One would not expect that the results of the chemical -analyses would be appreciably affected by the location of the sample. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak">TABLE VIa</h2> -</div> - -<p class="f120 space-below1"><b>Particle-size fractions, in millimeters;<br /> expressed in percent of -total weight of sample.</b></p> - -<table class="no-wrap" border="0" cellspacing="2" summary="Table 6a" cellpadding="2" rules="cols"> - <thead><tr> - <th class="tdc bb" colspan="12"> </th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdc bb"> </th> - <th class="tdc_bott bb"> 2.00 </th> <th class="tdc bb"> 2.00 <br />-<br />1.00</th> <th class="tdc bb"> 1.00 <br />-<br />0.71</th> - <th class="tdc bb"> 0.71 <br />-<br />0.50</th> <th class="tdc bb">0.50<br />-<br /> 0.351 </th> <th class="tdc bb"> 0.351 <br />-<br />0.25</th> - <th class="tdc bb">0.25<br />-<br /> 0.177 </th> <th class="tdc bb"> 0.177 <br />-<br />0.125</th> <th class="tdc bb"> 0.125 <br />-<br />0.088</th> - <th class="tdc bb"> 0.088 <br />-<br />0.062</th> <th class="tdc_bott bb"> 0.062 </th> - </tr> - </thead> - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">38-40</td> - <td class="tdc">12.46</td> <td class="tdc">20.50</td> <td class="tdc">11.79</td> - <td class="tdc">10.28</td> <td class="tdc">8.97</td> <td class="tdc">10.17</td> - <td class="tdc">5.65</td> <td class="tdc">5.45</td> <td class="tdc">4.46</td> - <td class="tdc">3.19</td> <td class="tdc">5.78</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">40-42</td> - <td class="tdc"> 9.67</td> <td class="tdc">18.18</td> <td class="tdc">11.67</td> - <td class="tdc">11.63</td> <td class="tdc">9.17</td> <td class="tdc">11.67</td> - <td class="tdc">6.59</td> <td class="tdc">6.03</td> <td class="tdc">4.99</td> - <td class="tdc">3.26</td> <td class="tdc">6.18</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">42-44</td> - <td class="tdc"> 9.61</td> <td class="tdc">19.22</td> <td class="tdc">12.69</td> - <td class="tdc">11.49</td> <td class="tdc">9.43</td> <td class="tdc">10.75</td> - <td class="tdc">5.99</td> <td class="tdc">5.68</td> <td class="tdc">4.57</td> - <td class="tdc">3.18</td> <td class="tdc">5.99</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">44-46</td> - <td class="tdc"> 5.22</td> <td class="tdc">16.99</td> <td class="tdc">12.08</td> - <td class="tdc">11.78</td> <td class="tdc">9.81</td> <td class="tdc">12.14</td> - <td class="tdc">6.86</td> <td class="tdc">6.82</td> <td class="tdc">5.52</td> - <td class="tdc">4.04</td> <td class="tdc">7.18</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">46-48</td> - <td class="tdc">11.59</td> <td class="tdc">19.56</td> <td class="tdc">12.12</td> - <td class="tdc">11.34</td> <td class="tdc">9.11</td> <td class="tdc">10.72</td> - <td class="tdc">5.64</td> <td class="tdc">5.15</td> <td class="tdc">4.18</td> - <td class="tdc">2.84</td> <td class="tdc">5.79</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">48-50</td> - <td class="tdc bb">11.60</td> <td class="tdc bb">20.28</td> <td class="tdc bb">12.37</td> - <td class="tdc bb">11.93</td> <td class="tdc bb">9.76</td> <td class="tdc bb">10.89</td> - <td class="tdc bb">5.63</td> <td class="tdc bb">5.15</td> <td class="tdc bb">2.89</td> - <td class="tdc bb">2.62</td> <td class="tdc bb">5.15</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">50-52</td> - <td class="tdc"> 8.28</td> <td class="tdc">19.70</td> <td class="tdc">11.84</td> - <td class="tdc">11.84</td> <td class="tdc">10.16 </td> <td class="tdc">11.91</td> - <td class="tdc">6.45</td> <td class="tdc">6.13</td> <td class="tdc">4.75</td> - <td class="tdc">3.26</td> <td class="tdc">4.84</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">52-54</td> - <td class="tdc">11.42</td> <td class="tdc">20.22</td> <td class="tdc">11.91</td> - <td class="tdc">10.96</td> <td class="tdc">9.14</td> <td class="tdc">11.08</td> - <td class="tdc">6.09</td> <td class="tdc">5.58</td> <td class="tdc">4.67</td> - <td class="tdc">3.15</td> <td class="tdc">5.12</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">54-56</td> - <td class="tdc">14.33</td> <td class="tdc">20.44</td> <td class="tdc">11.84</td> - <td class="tdc">11.23</td> <td class="tdc">8.65</td> <td class="tdc">10.45</td> - <td class="tdc">5.61</td> <td class="tdc">5.23</td> <td class="tdc">4.14</td> - <td class="tdc">2.77</td> <td class="tdc">4.19</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">56-58</td> - <td class="tdc">10.30</td> <td class="tdc">21.69</td> <td class="tdc">11.77</td> - <td class="tdc">11.35</td> <td class="tdc">9.20</td> <td class="tdc">10.81</td> - <td class="tdc">5.86</td> <td class="tdc">5.57</td> <td class="tdc">4.57</td> - <td class="tdc">3.02</td> <td class="tdc">5.24</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">58-60</td> - <td class="tdc bb">16.89</td> <td class="tdc bb">24.64</td> <td class="tdc bb">11.88</td> - <td class="tdc bb">10.54</td> <td class="tdc bb">8.62</td> <td class="tdc bb"> 9.50</td> - <td class="tdc bb">4.35</td> <td class="tdc bb">3.68</td> <td class="tdc bb">2.88</td> - <td class="tdc bb">2.23</td> <td class="tdc bb">4.02</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">60-62</td> - <td class="tdc"> 8.24</td> <td class="tdc">20.08</td> <td class="tdc">11.99</td> - <td class="tdc">11.61</td> <td class="tdc">9.74</td> <td class="tdc">11.86</td> - <td class="tdc">6.32</td> <td class="tdc">5.87</td> <td class="tdc">4.67</td> - <td class="tdc">3.68</td> <td class="tdc">4.48</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">62-64</td> - <td class="tdc"> 5.49</td> <td class="tdc">22.90</td> <td class="tdc">12.42</td> - <td class="tdc">11.05</td> <td class="tdc">8.51</td> <td class="tdc">10.08</td> - <td class="tdc">5.16</td> <td class="tdc">4.90</td> <td class="tdc">3.81</td> - <td class="tdc">2.78</td> <td class="tdc">3.96</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">64-66</td> - <td class="tdc">10.51</td> <td class="tdc">22.60</td> <td class="tdc">12.93</td> - <td class="tdc">10.57</td> <td class="tdc">9.46</td> <td class="tdc">11.17</td> - <td class="tdc">6.00</td> <td class="tdc">5.78</td> <td class="tdc">4.33</td> - <td class="tdc">2.76</td> <td class="tdc">3.60</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">66-68</td> - <td class="tdc"> 9.43</td> <td class="tdc">19.53</td> <td class="tdc">12.27</td> - <td class="tdc">11.57</td> <td class="tdc">10.00 </td> <td class="tdc">12.74</td> - <td class="tdc">6.79</td> <td class="tdc">6.23</td> <td class="tdc">4.38</td> - <td class="tdc">2.66</td> <td class="tdc">3.46</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">68-70</td> - <td class="tdc bb">14.23</td> <td class="tdc bb">23.83</td> <td class="tdc bb">13.13</td> - <td class="tdc bb">11.22</td> <td class="tdc bb">8.63</td> <td class="tdc bb"> 9.38</td> - <td class="tdc bb">4.84</td> <td class="tdc bb">4.26</td> <td class="tdc bb">3.25</td> - <td class="tdc bb">2.33</td> <td class="tdc bb">4.35</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">70-72</td> - <td class="tdc"> 8.14</td> <td class="tdc">18.47</td> <td class="tdc">11.80</td> - <td class="tdc">11.25</td> <td class="tdc">8.55</td> <td class="tdc">10.64</td> - <td class="tdc">6.15</td> <td class="tdc">6.11</td> <td class="tdc">5.06</td> - <td class="tdc">3.94</td> <td class="tdc">9.09</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">72-74</td> - <td class="tdc"> 7.38</td> <td class="tdc">18.95</td> <td class="tdc">11.33</td> - <td class="tdc">11.13</td> <td class="tdc">8.00</td> <td class="tdc">10.96</td> - <td class="tdc">6.21</td> <td class="tdc">6.15</td> <td class="tdc">5.19</td> - <td class="tdc">4.23</td> <td class="tdc">9.72</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">74-76</td> - <td class="tdc">10.42</td> <td class="tdc">22.84</td> <td class="tdc">12.38</td> - <td class="tdc">10.90</td> <td class="tdc">8.04</td> <td class="tdc"> 9.28</td> - <td class="tdc">5.13</td> <td class="tdc">4.67</td> <td class="tdc">3.90</td> - <td class="tdc">3.20</td> <td class="tdc">7.62</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">76-78</td> - <td class="tdc">10.87</td> <td class="tdc">19.63</td> <td class="tdc">11.92</td> - <td class="tdc">11.63</td> <td class="tdc">8.78</td> <td class="tdc"> 9.60</td> - <td class="tdc">5.29</td> <td class="tdc">4.93</td> <td class="tdc">4.04</td> - <td class="tdc">2.97</td> <td class="tdc">9.86</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">78-80</td> - <td class="tdc bb">11.42</td> <td class="tdc bb">21.31</td> <td class="tdc bb">12.33</td> - <td class="tdc bb">11.10</td> <td class="tdc bb">8.84</td> <td class="tdc bb"> 9.45</td> - <td class="tdc bb">5.15</td> <td class="tdc bb">4.71</td> <td class="tdc bb">3.83</td> - <td class="tdc bb">2.80</td> <td class="tdc bb">8.42</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">80-82</td> - <td class="tdc">10.77</td> <td class="tdc">17.36</td> <td class="tdc">11.40</td> - <td class="tdc">10.96</td> <td class="tdc">9.01</td> <td class="tdc">10.33</td> - <td class="tdc">5.84</td> <td class="tdc">5.52</td> <td class="tdc">4.59</td> - <td class="tdc">3.38</td> <td class="tdc">10.05</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">82-84</td> - <td class="tdc"> 7.49</td> <td class="tdc">21.36</td> <td class="tdc">12.75</td> - <td class="tdc">11.80</td> <td class="tdc">9.50</td> <td class="tdc">10.88</td> - <td class="tdc">5.70</td> <td class="tdc">5.02</td> <td class="tdc">3.82</td> - <td class="tdc">6.57</td> <td class="tdc">8.26</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">84-86</td> - <td class="tdc"> 6.73</td> <td class="tdc">15.60</td> <td class="tdc">12.35</td> - <td class="tdc">13.82</td> <td class="tdc">12.79 </td> <td class="tdc">16.23</td> - <td class="tdc">7.83</td> <td class="tdc">5.78</td> <td class="tdc">3.40</td> - <td class="tdc">1.69</td> <td class="tdc">3.18</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">86-88</td> - <td class="tdc"> 9.80</td> <td class="tdc">20.03</td> <td class="tdc">12.32</td> - <td class="tdc">12.32</td> <td class="tdc">10.86 </td> <td class="tdc">13.50</td> - <td class="tdc">6.59</td> <td class="tdc">5.12</td> <td class="tdc">3.06</td> - <td class="tdc">1.55</td> <td class="tdc">2.50</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bb">88-90</td> - <td class="tdc bb">20.57</td> <td class="tdc bb">26.22</td> <td class="tdc bb">12.92</td> - <td class="tdc bb">10.31</td> <td class="tdc bb">7.38</td> <td class="tdc bb"> 7.68</td> - <td class="tdc bb">3.51</td> <td class="tdc bb">2.73</td> <td class="tdc bb">1.84</td> - <td class="tdc bb">1.21</td> <td class="tdc bb">4.41</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">90-92</td> - <td class="tdc"> 9.22</td> <td class="tdc">25.22</td> <td class="tdc">13.73</td> - <td class="tdc">11.55</td> <td class="tdc">8.48</td> <td class="tdc"> 9.36</td> - <td class="tdc">4.66</td> <td class="tdc">4.19</td> <td class="tdc">3.09</td> - <td class="tdc">2.18</td> <td class="tdc">7.40</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">92-94</td> - <td class="tdc">16.17</td> <td class="tdc">26.24</td> <td class="tdc">13.94</td> - <td class="tdc">10.33</td> <td class="tdc">7.63</td> <td class="tdc"> 7.68</td> - <td class="tdc">3.85</td> <td class="tdc">3.35</td> <td class="tdc">2.47</td> - <td class="tdc">1.79</td> <td class="tdc">6.48</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">94-96</td> - <td class="tdc">13.87</td> <td class="tdc">19.98</td> <td class="tdc">12.52</td> - <td class="tdc">12.28</td> <td class="tdc">10.62 </td> <td class="tdc">12.19</td> - <td class="tdc">5.50</td> <td class="tdc">4.10</td> <td class="tdc">2.45</td> - <td class="tdc">1.29</td> <td class="tdc">2.36</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">96-98</td> - <td class="tdc">14.62</td> <td class="tdc">19.87</td> <td class="tdc">11.85</td> - <td class="tdc">12.02</td> <td class="tdc">10.58 </td> <td class="tdc">12.16</td> - <td class="tdc">5.84</td> <td class="tdc">4.60</td> <td class="tdc">2.81</td> - <td class="tdc">1.55</td> <td class="tdc">3.19</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">98-100</td> - <td class="tdc"> 9.98</td> <td class="tdc">21.28</td> <td class="tdc">12.61</td> - <td class="tdc">12.60</td> <td class="tdc">11.25 </td> <td class="tdc">13.05</td> - <td class="tdc">6.29</td> <td class="tdc">4.95</td> <td class="tdc">2.94</td> - <td class="tdc">1.57</td> <td class="tdc">3.00</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">100-102</td> - <td class="tdc">13.75</td> <td class="tdc">23.24</td> <td class="tdc"> 9.20</td> - <td class="tdc">13.73</td> <td class="tdc">11.31 </td> <td class="tdc">12.00</td> - <td class="tdc">4.93</td> <td class="tdc">3.77</td> <td class="tdc">1.82</td> - <td class="tdc">0.77</td> <td class="tdc">1.20</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc bt" colspan="12"> </td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="no-indent fontsize_80">Distribution (weight percent) of -particle-size fractions for samples from Square M11, LoDaisKa site. -Samples taken in continuous two-inch intervals from 38 inches below baseline.</p> -</div> -<p class="space-above2"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak">TABLE VIb</h2> -</div> - -<p class="f120 space-below1"><b>Particle-size fractions, in millimeters;<br /> - expressed in percent of total weight of sample</b></p> - -<table class="no-wrap" border="0" cellspacing="2" summary="Table 6b" cellpadding="2" rules="cols"> - <thead><tr> - <th class="tdc bb" colspan="12"> </th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdc bb"> </th> - <th class="tdc_bott bb"> 2.00 </th> <th class="tdc bb"> 2.00 <br />-<br />1.00</th> <th class="tdc bb"> 1.00 <br />-<br />0.71</th> - <th class="tdc bb"> 0.71 <br />-<br />0.50</th> <th class="tdc bb">0.50<br />-<br /> 0.351 </th> <th class="tdc bb"> 0.351 <br />-<br />0.25</th> - <th class="tdc bb">0.25<br />-<br /> 0.177 </th> <th class="tdc bb"> 0.177 <br />-<br />0.125</th> <th class="tdc bb"> 0.125 <br />-<br />0.088</th> - <th class="tdc bb"> 0.088 <br />-<br />0.062</th> <th class="tdc_bott bb"> 0.062 </th> - </tr> - </thead> - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">W1</td> - <td class="tdc"> 9.21</td> <td class="tdc">19.71</td> <td class="tdc">11.54</td> - <td class="tdc">10.53</td> <td class="tdc">8.88</td> <td class="tdc">11.12</td> - <td class="tdc">6.19</td> <td class="tdc">6.19</td> <td class="tdc">5.06</td> - <td class="tdc">3.31</td> <td class="tdc">5.25</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">W2</td> - <td class="tdc">16.32</td> <td class="tdc">20.19</td> <td class="tdc">11.99</td> - <td class="tdc">10.93</td> <td class="tdc">8.43</td> <td class="tdc"> 9.70</td> - <td class="tdc">4.85</td> <td class="tdc">4.46</td> <td class="tdc">3.53</td> - <td class="tdc">2.28</td> <td class="tdc">3.32</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">W3</td> - <td class="tdc">28.25</td> <td class="tdc">25.09</td> <td class="tdc">11.02</td> - <td class="tdc"> 8.32</td> <td class="tdc">6.00</td> <td class="tdc"> 6.56</td> - <td class="tdc">3.20</td> <td class="tdc">2.99</td> <td class="tdc">2.25</td> - <td class="tdc">1.07</td> <td class="tdc">1.98</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">W4</td> - <td class="tdc">17.98</td> <td class="tdc">23.49</td> <td class="tdc">12.39</td> - <td class="tdc">10.83</td> <td class="tdc">8.98</td> <td class="tdc"> 9.94</td> - <td class="tdc">4.41</td> <td class="tdc">3.54</td> <td class="tdc">2.17</td> - <td class="tdc">1.28</td> <td class="tdc">0.89</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">W5</td> - <td class="tdc"> 7.16</td> <td class="tdc">18.90</td> <td class="tdc">11.67</td> - <td class="tdc">11.49</td> <td class="tdc">9.97</td> <td class="tdc">12.39</td> - <td class="tdc">6.27</td> <td class="tdc">5.67</td> <td class="tdc">4.21</td> - <td class="tdc">2.66</td> <td class="tdc">3.92</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">W6</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">W7</td> - <td class="tdc">14.00</td> <td class="tdc">19.37</td> <td class="tdc">11.38</td> - <td class="tdc">11.45</td> <td class="tdc">9.53</td> <td class="tdc"> 8.75</td> - <td class="tdc">9.12</td> <td class="tdc">4.62</td> <td class="tdc">2.46</td> - <td class="tdc">0.85</td> <td class="tdc">0.56</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">W8</td> - <td class="tdc">13.48</td> <td class="tdc">18.44</td> <td class="tdc">11.66</td> - <td class="tdc">12.29</td> <td class="tdc">11.55 </td> <td class="tdc">13.51</td> - <td class="tdc">6.44</td> <td class="tdc">5.53</td> <td class="tdc">3.45</td> - <td class="tdc">1.77</td> <td class="tdc">2.00</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">W9</td> - <td class="tdc">12.32</td> <td class="tdc">16.36</td> <td class="tdc">10.68</td> - <td class="tdc">11.08</td> <td class="tdc">10.98 </td> <td class="tdc">14.18</td> - <td class="tdc">7.56</td> <td class="tdc">5.76</td> <td class="tdc">3.34</td> - <td class="tdc">1.72</td> <td class="tdc">3.01</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">W10</td> - <td class="tdc">10.11</td> <td class="tdc">16.27</td> <td class="tdc">10.72</td> - <td class="tdc">12.54</td> <td class="tdc">12.11 </td> <td class="tdc">15.34</td> - <td class="tdc">7.02</td> <td class="tdc">5.06</td> <td class="tdc">2.86</td> - <td class="tdc">1.68</td> <td class="tdc">2.46</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc bt" colspan="12"> </td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="no-indent fontsize_80">Distribution (weight percent) of -particle-size fractions for samples from Square J8, LoDaisKa site. -Samples taken in continuous six-inch intervals from 38 inches below -baseline.</p> -</div> - -<h3 id="RESULTS">Results and Discussion</h3> - -<p>The two levels represented in the section from M11 extend over the -whole area of excavation and make up most of the deposits of the -site. A late Pleistocene bouldery gravel, with which is included some -variegated silty and clayey alluvium, is separated from the overlying -dark-colored sandy and silty “alluvium” by a definite erosional break -representing an unknown interval of time (Hunt, this report). There is -a higher red sand layer and a younger bed of dusty brown fill which is -found just below the surface; both of these are relatively quite thin -and extend only over part of the area of the site. As the dark-colored -homogeneous sands and silts made up most of the deposits of the site, -and contained most of the cultural remains, they will be our particular -concern.</p> - -<p>The results of sieve analyses made on the samples from the front and -back of the site have been summarized in Tables VIa and VIb; the -breakdown into the various particle size fractions is by weight. This -was done to 1) describe the physical nature of the deposits and 2) to -determine the nature of textural variation of the samples. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_67A" src="images/figure67a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="314" /> - <img src="images/figure67b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="320" /> - <div class="blockquot"> - <p class="no-indent"><big><b><span class="smcap">Figure 67</span></b></big>— - Above: Size-distribution curves for typical samples of the deposits - of the LoDaisKa Site, Square M11.</p> - <p class="no-indent">Below: Size-distribution Curves for - typical samples of the deposits of the LoDaisKa Site, Square J8.</p> - </div> -</div> - -<p class="space-above2"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</span> -Local differences and variations in the parent rock and relief have a -profound effect on soil characteristics (Thorp, 1941). In the present -instance, there is no evidence of any appreciable change in the relief -of the area immediately surrounding the site since the beginning of -human occupation. The site is located towards one end of the relatively -steep slope of outwash debris from the Fountain Formation which forms -the overhang and extends upslope above the site. The deposits which -make up the site are also the product of slope wash and of weathering -of the overhang; they are some six feet above the level of the stream -in Strain Gulch. The height of the deposits above modern stream level -makes it seem most unlikely that the site was ever flooded in Recent -times (Hunt, personal communication—Irwin and Irwin). Accordingly, -the deposits would be a colluvium rather than alluvial in nature and would -be derived from the overhang. Mechanical analyses of several samples of -the Fountain Sandstone from the overhang suggest that the sandstone as -it is found above the site is quite homogeneous, although it varies in -color from white to maroon (<a href="#Page_99">see pg. 99 of this report</a>):</p> - -<table class="no-wrap" border="0" cellspacing="0" summary=" " cellpadding="0" > - <thead><tr> - <th class="tdl">Diameter in mm.  </th> - <th class="tdc">Percent by weight</th> - </tr> - </thead> - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl">2.00</td> - <td class="tdc">19.33% </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">2.00-1.00</td> - <td class="tdc">16.51% </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">1.00-0.71</td> - <td class="tdc">8.64%</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">0.71-0.50</td> - <td class="tdc">8.33%</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">0.50-0.351</td> - <td class="tdc">8.61%</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">0.351-0.25</td> - <td class="tdc">8.89%</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">0.25-0.177</td> - <td class="tdc">5.51%</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">0.177-0.125</td> - <td class="tdc">5.68%</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">0.125-0.088</td> - <td class="tdc">4.69%</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">0.088-0.062</td> - <td class="tdc">3.37%</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">0.062</td> - <td class="tdc bb">10.40% </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> </td> - <td class="tdc">99.96% </td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p class="no-indent">These results compare closely with the analyses -of the deposits making up the site, and suggest that weathering of the -parent material was primarily dissolution, probably accompanied by some -mechanical disintegration. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_68A" src="images/figure68a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="224" /> - <img id="FIG_68B" src="images/figure68b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="329" /> - <img src="images/figure68c.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="336" /> - <div class="blockquot"> - <p class="no-indent"><big><b><span class="smcap">Figure 68</span></b></big>— - Above: Changes in relative importance (weight percent) of fine silt - and clay fraction with depth below 38 inches below baseline, LoDaisKa site.</p> - - <p class="no-indent">Center: Changes in concentration of total calcium - carbonate with depth below 38 inches below baseline, LoDaisKa site.</p> - - <p class="no-indent">Below: Changes in concentration of total soluble - iron with depth below 38 inches below baseline, LoDaisKa site.</p> - </div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</span> -Representative particle size distributions of the deposits are shown -in the cumulative curves in <a href="#FIG_67A">Fig. 67</a>. The median diameters and -sorting coefficients, as we have already noted, suggest a uniform distribution -of particle sizes, with the exception of the sample (W3) from depth -52-58 inches below baseline in front of the site. The median diameter -of this sample is 1.32 mm., considerably larger than that (0.60-0.70 -mm.) for the rest of the deposits. A line of much larger rocks at -this level gives evidence of a period of rock fall, although this -does not seem to extend to the very back of the shelter, and is not -represented in the sample collected there. The human occupation of -the site is uninterrupted, and there is no suggestion that this fall -reflects any change in the mode of deposition or any change in climate. -Increased aridity may have brought about an important increase in -aeolian deposition in the area during some period of occupation, but -the location of the site in a sheltered valley makes it unlikely that -this would be indicated by the deposits. Any significant change in -the relative importance of the coarse and fine fractions—suggesting -perhaps such a change in deposition—would be reflected in the median -diameters of the samples (Jenny, 1941). The similarity in the median -diameters of the particles from the deposit gives evidence of a -relatively uniform mode of deposition.</p> - -<p>The amount of uncombined carbonate and “free” or acid-soluble iron -oxide in the clay and silt fraction (finer than 0.062 mm.) of the -samples from the back of the shelter (M11) was determined by chemical -analysis. The results of these analyses have been summarized in <a href="#FIG_68B">Fig. 68</a>, -where the percentage of the fines by weight has also been plotted. -The uncombined oxides and carbonates (iron oxide and calcium carbonate) -are present in the fine fractions especially in the form of an adsorbed -coating on the surfaces of the particles, and also as precipitates -acting as cementing materials to bind them together (Carroll, 1958; -Deb, 1958; Barshad, 1958). The free iron oxides were obtained by -dissolving the sample in 10% HC₁ (by volume) and digestion over a -steam bath. It is assumed that any dissolution of the clay minerals is -insignificant and that the amount of soluble iron determined is truly -representative of the uncombined iron oxide in the sample (Barshad, -1958). The amount of carbonate was determined in the form of CO₂, -by digesting the sample in 0.1N HCl; it is assumed that all of the -carbonate occurred in the form of calcium carbonate.</p> - -<p class="space-below1">A carbonate and iron oxide analysis was run on -several samples of the Fountain sandstone which made up the roof of -the rockshelter, in order to determine the amount of variation in the -parent material:</p> - -<table class="no-wrap fontsize_120" border="0" cellspacing="0" summary=" " cellpadding="0" > - <thead><tr> - <th class="tdc bb">Sample </th> - <th class="tdc bb"> Percent Carbonate <br />(by weight)</th> - <th class="tdc_bott bb">sol.</th> - <th class="tdc bb"> Percent Iron <br />(by weight)<br />insol.</th> - <th class="tdc_bott bb">total</th> - </tr> - </thead> - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="5">Light</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1">No. 1</td> - <td class="tdc">0.34%</td> - <td class="tdc">0.43%</td> - <td class="tdc">0.14%</td> - <td class="tdc">0.57%</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1">No. 2</td> - <td class="tdc">0.31%</td> - <td class="tdc">0.38%</td> - <td class="tdc">0.13%</td> - <td class="tdc">0.51%</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="5">Red</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1">No. 1</td> - <td class="tdc">0.08%</td> - <td class="tdc">4.95%</td> - <td class="tdc">0.62%</td> - <td class="tdc">5.57%</td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p class="space-above1"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</span> -The amount of soluble iron is quite variable in the parent material; it -forms a coating on the primary minerals and gives the rock its red or -maroon color. It is interesting to note that the soluble iron in the -deposits, presumably derived from the Fountain sandstone, maintains a -rather regular increase to a maximum at 102 inches below base-level. -The amount of carbonate in the parent rock, by contrast, is certainly -not enough to account for the variation which was found in the deposits -and for the concentration of CaCO₃ at the particular levels. In the -present instance there seems to be a definite independence in the -movement and location of concentration of the soluble iron and of the -fine silt and clay, which seem to be associated with concentrations of -carbonate. The calcium carbonate occurs in the form of a coating on the -fine particles and, more important, as a cement binding the particles -together. This was particularly noticed on the artifactual and bone -materials from the deposits from 70 to 94 inches below baseline.</p> - -<p>The differential accumulation of calcium carbonate in the profile is -due to either variations in the texture of the deposits, with the -greater accumulations occurring in the zones of finer particle size, -or to the processes of weathering of the deposits (Miller and Leopold, -1953). The present study suggests that changes in the distribution of -calcium carbonate and the fine silt and clay fractions in the deposits -cannot be related to variations in the parent material, relief in the -immediate area, or the mode of deposition. Concentrations of calcium -carbonate may be associated with changes in the depth of the water -table or in drainage conditions. There is no evidence that the water -table ever came close to the surface in this area in Recent times; at -present it is something more than 150 feet below the level of the site. -Internal and external drainage conditions of the deposits have probably -not changed since the beginning of human occupation of the shelter, -being largely determined by the nature of the relief and parent rock.</p> - -<p>It is possible that the particular accumulation of calcium carbonate -and of fine silt and clay between 68 and 96 inches below base-level -are the result of downward migration and concentration of the fine -fraction and CaCO₃ due to weathering processes—defining a paleosol. -Some change in climatic conditions, perhaps just sufficient to modify -to some extent the nature of the vegetation cover (Nikiforoff, 1937) -seems to offer one logical explanation for the distribution of calcium -carbonate, and of the fine silt and clay fraction—the products of soil -development in semi-arid environments (Bryan and Albritton, 1943). It -is hoped that x-ray and mineralogical analysis of the samples will -definitely establish whether or not we are dealing with a buried soil.</p> - -<p>If we do interpret the results of the chemical analyses as indicating -a period of increased aridity over conditions as they now exist in -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</span> -the area, one could establish a <i>terminus post quem</i> for the -archaeological complexes below approximately 64 inches below baseline. -Accordingly, the artifactual materials with Great Basin influences -and the earlier Duncan types may date from some time late in the -Altithermal. This interpretation would not be completely out of keeping -with a dating of the archaeological materials on typological grounds.</p> - -<p class="f120"><b>Acknowledgments</b></p> - -<p class="blockquot">The author is particularly indebted to Dr. C. J. -Rodden for his interest and assistance in the chemical analyses, and to -Prof. John P. Miller for his suggestions and helpful criticisms of the -preliminary draft of this manuscript.</p> - -<p class="f120"><b>References</b></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="neg-indent">Barshad, I., 1958 <i>Soil Development</i>: Univ. -of Calif., Berkeley, 69 p.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">Bryan, K. and Albritton, C. C., 1943, Soil -phenomena as evidence of climatic change: Amer. Jour. Sci., 241, -469.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">Carroll, D., 1958, Role of clay minerals in the -transportation of iron: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 14, 1.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">Deb, B. C., 1958, The movement and precipitation -of iron oxides in podzol soils: reprint.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">Hunt, C. B., 1954, Pleistocene and Recent -Deposits in the Denver Area, Colorado: U.S.G.S. Bull. 996-C, 140 p.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">Jenny, H., 1941, Factors of soil formation, -a system of quantitative pedology. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New -York.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">Knight, S. H., 1929, The Fountain and the Casper -formations of the Laramie Basin: Contri. from Dept. of Geology of -Columbia Univ., XL, No. 5, 82 p.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">Miller, J. P. and Leopold, L. B., 1953, The use -of soils and paleosols for interpreting geomorphic and climatic history -of arid regions: Res. Council of Israel. Spec. Publ. No. 2, 453.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">Miller, J. P., and Wendorf, D. F., 1958, The -alluvial chronology of the Tesuque Valley, New Mexico: Jour. Geol., 66, -177.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">Nikiforoff, C. C., 1937, General trends of the -desert type of soil formation: Soil Sci., 43, No. 2, 105.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">Simonson, R. W., 1954, Identification and -interpretation of buried soils: Amer. Jour. Sci., 252, No. 12, 705.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">Thorp, J., 1941, The influence of environment on -soil formation: Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc., 6, 39.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</span></p> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak">Vertebrate Fossils from the Rockshelter<br /> at the LoDaisKa Site<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></h2> -</div> - -<p class="f120">By <span class="smcap">Edward Lewis</span></p> - -<p class="space-below1">Cynthia and Henry Irwin excavated the rock -shelter at the LoDaisKa Site on the Otto Sanger property by Strain -Gulch near Morrison, Colorado 1956-1957. The vertebrate fossils were -identified by the Upper Cenozoic Research Group: C. B. Schultz, T. M. -Stout, and L. G. Tanner of the University of Nebraska, and Edward Lewis -of the U.S. Geological Survey. Minor elements of the vertebrate fauna -identified by them include 1 amphibian bone fragment, 2 lacertilian -reptile vertebrae, and 16 bird bones and fragments of undetermined -genera and species. All the other vertebrate remains were mammalian and -include:</p> - -<ul class="index fontsize_120"> -<li class="isub3"><i>Lagomorphs</i>, gen-sp. undet.</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Lepus</i> sp.†</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Cynomys</i> sp.†</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Citellus</i> sp.†</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Tamias</i> sp. or <i>Eutamias</i> sp.</li> -<li class="isub3">?<i>Thomomys</i> sp.</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Castor canadensis</i> Kuhl</li> -<li class="isub3">?<i>Peromyscus</i> sp.</li> -<li class="isub3">Microtinae, gen. and sp. indet.</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Canis</i> sp.†</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Mephitis</i> sp.</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Taxidea</i> sp.†</li> -<li class="isub3">?<i>Felis</i> (Puma) sp.</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Cervus canadensis</i> (Erxleben)†</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Odocoileus</i> sp.†</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Odocoileus</i> sp. cf. <i>O. hemionus</i> (Rafinesque)</li> -<li class="isub3">?<i>Bos taurus</i> Linnaeus<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Bison bison</i> (Linnaeus)†</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Ovis canadensis</i> Shaw</li> -</ul> - -<p>From one to seven individuals are represented by each of these names -except <i>Odocoileus</i>, which accounts for the great majority of the -specimens. We conclude that the people who were responsible for this -deposit lived, while at this site, on a diet in which venison, probably -from the Mule Deer (<i>Odocoileus hemionus</i>), predominated. There -are surprisingly few <i>Bison</i> bones, and just one specimen each of -“Elk” and Bighorn.</p> - -<p>All of this fauna still lived in the same general area in historic -times; it is a Recent fauna. The symbol <big><b>(†)</b></big> marks genera and -species known to occur in the fauna of the Piney Creek alluvium (Hunt, 1954, -p. 114-117).<a id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> -These elements of the Piney Creek fauna have previously been reported -from the nearby Denver area by Hunt (1954, p. 118), and have been -identified by the Upper Cenozoic Research Group in the collections -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</span> -made by Scott<a id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> -from the nearby Kassler area, and by Hunt<a id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> -from the dark-colored, sandy and silty alluvium that occurs along -Strain Gulch near the Sanger Site. It seems reasonable to believe -that the age of the main deposit in the shelter, below the ceramic -occupation layer, is approximately equivalent to the age of the -dark-colored, sandy, silty alluvium and that of the Piney Creek alluvium.</p> - -<h3 id="CLASSIF" class="center">Classification used in this report:</h3> - -<ul class="index fontsize_120 no-wrap"> -<li class="isub1"><big>Animal Kingdom</big></li> -<li class="isub3 ifrst">Class Amphibia</li> -<li class="isub3">Class Reptilia</li> -<li class="isub4">Subclass Lepidosauria</li> -<li class="isub5">Order Squamata</li> -<li class="isub6">Suborder Lacertilia (lizards)</li> -<li class="isub3 ifrst">Class Aves</li> -<li class="isub4">Subclass Neornithes</li> -<li class="isub5">Superorder Neognathae (modern flying birds)</li> -<li class="isub3 ifrst">Class Mammalia</li> -<li class="isub4">Subclass Theria</li> -<li class="isub5">Infraclass Eutheria (placental mammals)</li> -<li class="isub6">Order Lagomorpha (hares, rabbits, and pikas)</li> -<li class="isub7"><i>Lepus</i> (hares and “jack” rabbits)</li> -<li class="isub6 ifrst">Order Rodentia (rodents)</li> -<li class="isub7">Family Sciuridae (squirrels)</li> -<li class="isub8"><i>Cynomys</i> (prairie “dog”)</li> -<li class="isub8"><i>Citellus</i> (ground squirrel)</li> -<li class="isub8"><i>Tamias</i> & <i>Eutamias</i> (chipmunks)</li> -<li class="isub7">Family Geomyidae</li> -<li class="isub8"><i>Thomomys</i> (pocket gopher)</li> -<li class="isub7">Family Castoridae</li> -<li class="isub8"><i>Castor</i> (beaver)</li> -<li class="isub7">Family Cricetidae</li> -<li class="isub8">Subfamily Cricetinae</li> -<li class="isub9"><i>Peromyscus</i> (white-footed mouse)</li> -<li class="isub8">Subfamily Microtinae (field mouse)</li> -<li class="isub5 ifrst">Order Carnivora</li> -<li class="isub7">Family Canidae - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</span></li> -<li class="isub8"><i>Canis</i> (dog, coyote, or wolf)</li> -<li class="isub7">Family Mustelidae</li> -<li class="isub8"><i>Mephitis</i> (skunk)</li> -<li class="isub8"><i>Taxidea</i> (American badger)</li> -<li class="isub7">Family Felidae</li> -<li class="isub8"><i>Felis</i> (lynx, puma, etc.)</li> -<li class="isub5 ifrst">Order Artiodactyla</li> -<li class="isub7">Family Cervidae</li> -<li class="isub8"><i>Cervus</i> (elk)</li> -<li class="isub8"><i>Odocoileus</i> (mule and white-tailed deer)</li> -<li class="isub7">Family Bovidae</li> -<li class="isub8"><i>Bos</i> (domestic cattle)</li> -<li class="isub8"><i>Bison</i></li> -<li class="isub8"><i>Ovis</i> (bighorn sheep)</li> -</ul> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="TABLE_VII" class="nobreak no-wrap">TABLE VII—Faunal Remains, LoDaisKa</h2> -</div> - -<table class="no-wrap" border="0" cellspacing="2" summary="Table 6b" cellpadding="2" rules="cols"> - <thead><tr> - <th class="tdc bb" colspan="9"> </th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdc"> </th> - <th class="tdc"><big>  A  </big></th> - <th class="tdc"><big>  B  </big></th> - <th class="tdc"><big>  C  </big></th> - <th class="tdc"><big>  D  </big></th> - <th class="tdc"><big>  E  </big></th> - <th class="tdc"><big>  F  </big></th> - <th class="tdc"><big>  G  </big></th> - <th class="tdc"><big>  H  </big></th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdc bb"> </th> - <th class="tdl bb">12</th> <th class="tdl bb">24</th> <th class="tdl bb">36</th> - <th class="tdl bb">48</th> <th class="tdl bb">60</th> <th class="tdl bb">72</th> - <th class="tdl bb">84</th> <th class="tdl bb">95   108</th> - </tr> - </thead> - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1 bb">Amphibian</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb">2</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1 bb">Reptile</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb">2</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1 bb">Bird</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">3</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb">2</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">11</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1 bb">Lagomorphs, sp. undet.  </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb">4</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1 bb">Lepus</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">18</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1 bb"> Rodentia, undet.</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1 bb"><i>Cynomys</i></td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">4</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">20</td> - <td class="tdc bb">3</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1 bb"><i>Citellus</i></td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">3</td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1 bb"><i>Tamias</i> and <i>Eutamias</i></td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1 bb"><i>Thomomys</i></td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1 bb"><i>Castor</i> (<i>canadensis</i>)</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1 bb"><i>Peromyscus</i> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">?3</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1 bb">Microtine</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb">2</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">4</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1 bb">Carnivore, undet.</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1 bb"><i>Canis</i></td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1 bb"><i>Mephites</i></td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1 bb"><i>Taxidea</i></td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1 bb"><i>Felis</i></td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">3</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1 bb"><i>Cervus</i></td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1 bb"><i>Odocoileus</i></td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">26</td> <td class="tdc bb">18</td> - <td class="tdc bb">32</td> <td class="tdc bb">42</td> <td class="tdc bb">44</td> - <td class="tdc bb">70</td> <td class="tdc bb">17</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1 bb">?<i>Bos</i></td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">6</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1 bb"><i>Bison</i> (<i>bison</i>)</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">4</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">5</td> <td class="tdc bb">7</td> - <td class="tdc bb">11</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1 bb"><i>Ovis</i> (<i>canadensis</i>)</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc bt" colspan="12"> </td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</span></p> -<h2 class="nobreak">Plant Remains from the LoDaisKa Site</h2> -</div> - -<p class="f120">By <span class="smcap">Walton C. Galinat</span></p> - -<p>(Below Dr. Galinat has identified key specimens from the site from -which data table was completed).</p> - -<ul class="index no-wrap fontsize_110"> -<li class="isub2"><b>Area I 82-108 inches</b></li> - -<li class="isub8 ifrst">Gramineae</li> -<li class="isub4">Grass fragments—glumes and stems—S/F10/109-113</li> -<li class="isub10">(numbers refer to stratigraphic position)</li> - -<li class="isub8 ifrst">Liliaceae</li> -<li class="isub4"><i>Allium</i> (<i>cernuum</i>?)—wild onion seed—S/G11/103-107</li> - -<li class="isub8 ifrst">Fagaceae</li> -<li class="isub4"><i>Quercus</i> spp.—acorn S/L11/102-106</li> - -<li class="isub8 ifrst">Chenopodiaceae</li> -<li class="isub4"><i>Grayia Brandegei</i>—carbonized fruits—S/L11/108-112</li> - -<li class="isub8 ifrst">Rosaceae</li> -<li class="isub4"><i>Crataegus</i> spp.—partially decayed fragments of hawthorn</li> -<li class="isub10">fruits—S/JK11/80-84</li> - -<li class="isub2 ifrst"><b>Area II 72-82 inches</b></li> - -<li class="isub8 ifrst">Musci</li> -<li class="isub4"><i>Polytrichum</i> (<i>commune</i>?)—S/J11/78-82—this large</li> -<li class="isub10">hair-cap moss may have</li> -<li class="isub10">been used as padding or insulation.</li> - -<li class="isub8 ifrst">Gramineae</li> -<li class="isub4"><i>Zea Mays L.</i>—S/G10/75-79—decayed corn cob of 14</li> -<li class="isub10">rows and medium diameter similar to that</li> -<li class="isub10">of Chapalote maize.</li> -<li class="isub10">—S/G10/78-82—fragments, the same as</li> -<li class="isub10">above.</li> -<li class="isub4"><i>Paspalum</i> spp.—grain—S/K11/78-82</li> -<li class="isub10">glumes—S/K11/78-82</li> -<li class="isub10">stem—S/L11/78-82</li> - -<li class="isub8 ifrst">Cyperaceae</li> -<li class="isub4"><i>Scleria</i> spp.—grain—S/L11/78-82 } These sedges</li> -<li class="isub18">} indicate the</li> -<li class="isub18">} presence of a</li> -<li class="isub18">} permanent source</li> -<li class="isub18">} of water in</li> -<li class="isub4"><i>Carex</i> spp.—grain—S/L11/78-82 } the area.</li> - -<li class="isub8 ifrst">Chenopodiaceae</li> -<li class="isub4"><i>Chenopodium</i> spp.—fruit—S/L11/78-82</li> - -<li class="isub8 ifrst">Leguminoseae</li> -<li class="isub4"><i>Lupinus perennis L.</i>—carbonized immature beans—S/L11/78-82</li> -<li class="isub10">—May have been roasted as a green vegetable.</li> -</ul> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</span></p> - -<ul class="index no-wrap fontsize_110"> -<li class="isub2 ifrst"><b>Area III 57-72 inches</b></li> - -<li class="isub8 ifrst">Cyperaceae</li> -<li class="isub4"><i>Scleria relicularis</i>—grain, spikelet, and plant fragments</li> -<li class="isub10">—S/I9/65-69 (three samples).</li> - -<li class="isub8 ifrst">Chenopodiaceae</li> -<li class="isub4"><i>Chenopodium</i> spp.—seed—S/L6/68-72</li> - -<li class="isub8 ifrst">Rosaceae</li> -<li class="isub4"><i>Crataegus</i> spp.—partially decayed fragments of hawthorn fruits</li> -<li class="isub10">—S/J11/70-74</li> - -<li class="isub8 ifrst">Umbellifereae</li> -<li class="isub4"><i>Taenidia</i> spp.—tiny seeds—S/F8/61-55 and S/19/65-69</li> - -<li class="isub2 ifrst"><b>Area IV 0-57 inches</b></li> - -<li class="isub8 ifrst">Pinaceae</li> -<li class="isub4"><i>Juniperus</i> spp.—wood fibers—S/K9/46-50</li> - -<li class="isub8 ifrst">Gramineae</li> -<li class="isub4"><i>Zea Mays</i>—fragments from a small diameter, 16-rowed cob.</li> -<li class="isub10">Must have borne small kernels, possibly a</li> -<li class="isub10">popcorn. S/I11/53-57</li> -<li class="isub10">—one kernel of a dent corn—S/0910/22-26.</li> -<li class="isub10">Not highly dented, in size and shape does not</li> -<li class="isub10">closely resemble modern commercial varieties.</li> -<li class="isub10">—one large kernel of yellow sweet corn</li> -<li class="isub10">resembling that of modern varieties.</li> -<li class="isub10"> Must be an intrusion. S/010/MIRB</li> -<li class="isub11">(S/010/MIRB was a portion of a collapsed</li> -<li class="isub11">material with no stratigraphic position).</li> -<li class="isub4"><i>Muhlenbergia</i> spp.—florets with grain destroyed.</li> -<li class="isub10">S/08-9/31-35</li> - -<li class="isub8 ifrst">Rosaceae</li> -<li class="isub4"><i>Prunus</i> spp.—one stone (drupe). S/L7/26-30</li> - -<li class="isub8 ifrst">Leguminoseae</li> -<li class="isub10">One fragment from a large pod (legume).</li> -<li class="isub10">S/L7/26-30</li> - -<li class="isub8 ifrst">Boraginaceae</li> -<li class="isub4"><i>Lithospermum ruderale</i>—medicinal fruit may have been</li> -<li class="isub10">used as a contraceptive—S/L11/50-54</li> -</ul> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</span></p> - -<p class="f120"><b>Authors’ Comments on Floral Remains</b></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p>It is interesting to note the following uses of some of these plants by -modern Indians in the general area.</p> - -<ul class="index no-wrap fontsize_120"> -<li class="isub4 ifrst">Boraginaceae, <i>Lithospermum ruderale</i></li> -<li class="isub6">Shoshone—contraceptive</li> -<li class="isub6">Gosiute—seeds eaten as food</li> - -<li class="isub4 ifrst">Chenopodiaceae, <i>Chenopodium</i></li> -<li class="isub6">Hopi—seeds ground for mush</li> -<li class="isub6">Navajo—seeds ground for food</li> - -<li class="isub4 ifrst">Chenopodiaceae, <i>Grayia</i></li> -<li class="isub6">Gosiute—seeds gathered</li> - -<li class="isub4 ifrst">Fagaceae, <i>Quercus</i></li> -<li class="isub6">Navajo—eaten raw, boiled, roasted, dried like corn meal</li> -<li class="isub6">Gosiute—eaten in season</li> - -<li class="isub4 ifrst">Gramineae, <i>Muhlenbergia</i></li> -<li class="isub6">Hopi—seeds ground for bread meal</li> - -<li class="isub4 ifrst">Leguminoseae, <i>Lupinum</i></li> -<li class="isub6">Gosiute—gathered. Use?</li> - -<li class="isub4 ifrst">Musci, <i>Polytrichum</i></li> -<li class="isub6">Gosiute—use?</li> - -<li class="isub4 ifrst">Pinaceae, <i>Juniperus</i></li> -<li class="isub6">Gosiute—various uses</li> -<li class="isub6">Shoshone—twigs used for medicinal tea</li> -<li class="isub6">Navajo—needles used for cold lotions</li> -</ul> - -<p class="no-indent">For further information see: Chamberlain, 1911; -Train, Henricks, and Archer, 1941; P. A. Vestal, 1952, P. A. Vestal, -1940 and the bibliographies appended to these works.</p> -</div> - -<p class="f120 space-above2"><b>Authors’ Comments on Maize from LoDaisKa</b></p> - -<p>Six specimens of <i>Zea mays</i> were recovered from the LoDaisKa -Site. These were distributed vertically through the deposit, with 3 -assigned to Complex D, 1 to Complex B, and 2 to Complex A. These few -examples represent 3 different types of corn. In order to understand -the significance of the LoDaisKa material, an attempt has been made to -relate it to other prehistoric maize developments.</p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</span></p> -<h2 class="nobreak">Table VIII—Floral Remains</h2> -</div> - -<table class="no-wrap" border="0" cellspacing="1" summary="Floral Remains" cellpadding="1" rules="cols"> - <thead><tr> - <th class="tdc bb" colspan="15"> </th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdc bb"> </th> - <th class="tdc bb"> 16 </th> <th class="tdc bb"> 20 </th> - <th class="tdc bb"> 24 </th> <th class="tdc bb"> 28 </th> - <th class="tdc bb"> 32 </th> <th class="tdc bb"> 36 </th> - <th class="tdc bb"> 40 </th> <th class="tdc bb"> 44 </th> - <th class="tdc bb"> 48 </th> <th class="tdc bb"> 52 </th> - <th class="tdc bb"> 56 </th> <th class="tdc bb"> 60 </th> - <th class="tdc bb"> 64 </th> <th class="tdc bb"> 68 </th> - </tr> - </thead> - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl bb">Boraginaceae<br /> <i>Lithospermum ruderale</i></td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc_bott bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Chenopodiaceae<br /> <i>Chenopodium</i></td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1 bb"><i>Grayia Brandegei</i></td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Cyperaceae<br /> <i>Carex</i></td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1 bb"><i>Scleria</i></td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl bb">Fagaceae<br /><i>Quercus</i></td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc_bott bb">1</td> <td class="tdc_bott bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc_bott bb">1</td> <td class="tdc_bott bb">1</td> <td class="tdc_bott bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc_bott bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc_bott bb">3</td> - <td class="tdc_bott bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc_bott bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Gramineae<br /> <i>Muhlenbergia</i></td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc_bott">1</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><i>Paspalum</i></td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><i>Zea Mays</i></td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">1</td> - <td class="tdc">1?</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1 bb">spp.</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Leguminoseae<br /> <i>Lupinus perennis</i></td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1 bb">spp.</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl bb">Lilliaceae<br /> <i>Allium</i></td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl bb">Musci<br /> <i>Polytrichum</i></td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc_bott bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl bb">Pinaceae<br /> <i>Juniperus</i> spp.</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc_bott bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Rosaceae<br /> <i>Cretaegus</i></td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc_bott">1</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1 bb"><i>Prunus</i> spp.</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> - <td class="tdc bb">4</td> <td class="tdc bb">5</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl bb">Umbelliferae<br /> <i>Taenidia</i> spp.</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc_bott bb">1</td> <td class="tdc_bott bb">1</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc bt" colspan="15"> </td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<table class="no-wrap" border="0" cellspacing="1" summary="Floral Remains" cellpadding="1" rules="cols"> - <thead><tr> - <th class="tdc bb" colspan="14"> </th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdc bb"> </th> - <th class="tdc bb"> 72 </th> <th class="tdc bb"> 76 </th> - <th class="tdc bb"> 80 </th> <th class="tdc bb"> 84 </th> - <th class="tdc bb"> 88 </th> <th class="tdc bb"> 92 </th> - <th class="tdc bb"> 96 </th> <th class="tdc bb"> 100 </th> - <th class="tdc bb"> 104 </th> <th class="tdc bb"> 108 </th> - <th class="tdc bb"> 112 </th> <th class="tdc bb"> 116 </th> - <th class="tdc bb"> 120 </th> - </tr> - </thead> - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl bb">Boraginaceae<br /> <i>Lithospermum ruderale</i></td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc_bott bb">2</td> <td class="tdc_bott bb">1</td> <td class="tdc_bott bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc_bott bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Chenopodiaceae<br /> <i>Chenopodium</i></td> - <td class="tdc_bott">1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc_bott">1</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1 bb"><i>Grayia Brandegei</i></td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Cyperaceae<br /> <i>Carex</i></td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc_bott">1</td> <td class="tdc_bott">1</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1 bb"><i>Scleria</i></td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl bb">Fagaceae<br /> <i>Quercus</i></td> - <td class="tdc bb">3</td> <td class="tdc bb">4</td> <td class="tdc bb">3</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">2</td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Gramineae<br /> <i>Muhlenbergia</i></td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><i>Paspalum</i></td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">1</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><i>Zea Mays</i></td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">1?</td> <td class="tdc">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1 bb">spp.</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Leguminoseae<br /> <i>Lupinus perennis</i></td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc_bott">1</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1 bb">spp.</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl bb">Lilliaceae<br /> <i>Allium</i></td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc_bott bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl bb">Musci<br /> <i>Polytrichum</i></td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc_bott bb">1</td> - <td class="tdc_bott bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc_bott bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl bb">Pinaceae<br /> <i>Juniperus</i> spp.</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Rosaceae<br /> <i>Cretaegus</i></td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc_bott">1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc_bott">1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1 bb"><i>Prunus</i> spp.</td> - <td class="tdc bb">1</td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb">5</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl bb">Umbelliferae<br /> <i>Taenidia</i> spp.</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc bb" colspan="14"> </td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_69" src="images/figure69.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="682" /> - <p class="f120 space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 69</span></b>—Floral Remains.</p> - <img id="FIG_70" src="images/figure70.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="632" /> - <p class="f120 space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 70</span></b>—Floral Remains.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</span></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</span> -Maize (<i>Zea mays</i>) was originally thought to have descended from -teosinte, (<i>Euchlaena</i>), a wild plant occurring in Mexico. Now -however, most authorities believe that a primitive maize originated as -a distinct plant. (Mangelsdorf and Reeves, 1939). Teosinte, according -to their hypothesis is a later hybrid of maize and its distant -relative, <i>Tripsacum</i>. (A common species of <i>Tripsacum</i> is -Gama grass.) Pollen studies of deep cores taken in Mexico City indicate -that wild maize may have grown in that area well back into the last -iinterglacial. (Barghoorn, Wolfe and Clisby, 1954).</p> - -<p>From these obscure beginnings, maize underwent considerable development -and diversification, and later in many cases mixed with teosinte. One -of the basic races which evolved is represented by a modern Mexican -type called “Chapalote”. (Wellhausen et al., 1952). The three specimens -assigned to Complex D at LoDaisKa were identified as belonging to the -Chapalote type. W. C. Galinat has reviewed the early distribution -of Chapalote as follows: “The present-day Mexican race of maize -called ‘Chapalote’ was one of the basic races in North America in -prehistoric times. A re-examination of the actual cobs, photographs or -descriptive literature covering 14 sites in northwestern Mexico and -the southwestern United States suggests, that the archaeological maize -from this area was either pre-Chapalote, Chapalote or a more evolved -and more tripsacoid derivative called ‘Basketmaker’ corn. The Mexican -states with prehistoric Chapalote are Michoacan (lava impressions), -Sonora (Dark Cave), and Chihuahua (Swallow Cave, Slab Cave, Tau Cave, -Olla Cave). In the region now the United States, Chapalote occurred in -Arizona (Richards Cave, Tonto Cave, Painted Cave), Colorado (Cottonwood -Cave, LoDaisKa Cave), and New Mexico (Bat Cave, Tularosa Cave, -Cebollita Cave).”<a id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p> - -<p>In investigating interrelationships one criterion to consider is the -degree of evolution of the Chapalote: Specimens from LoDaisKa are less -primitive than the pre-Chapalote pod-pop corn from the first stratum -of Bat Cave (Dick, n.d., and Mangelsdorf and Smith, 1949). At the -other extreme they are less evolved than the material from Cottonwood -Cave. (Hurst, 1948). They are closer to some of the specimens from the -pre-ceramic levels of Swallow Cave, Chihuahua (Mangelsdorf and Lister, 1956).</p> - -<p>A second criterion for comparison is the amount of mixing with -teosinte. Several archaeological sequences in this area show a rather -sudden alteration in maize type due to an introgression of teosinte, -e.g. Bat Cave, Swallow Cave, Tularosa Cave. Mangelsdorf and Lister (op. -cit., p. 173-4) conclude that “a very marked change in the maize of -northwestern Mexico and adjoining area of New Mexico occurred at about -750 ± 250 A.D.” The LoDaisKa specimens show no evidence of teosinte -introgression. In this they approximate most closely the pre-ceramic -material from Swallow Cave, maize from Strata II and III of Bat Cave -and early levels of Tularosa Cave. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_71" src="images/figure71.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="637" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 71</span></b>—<i>Zea mays</i>, Chapalote type.<br /> - Above, fragments of cobs from LoDaisKa Site.<br /> - Below, Modern Chapalote maize. (Lent by W. C. Galinat).<br /> 2× actual size.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_72" src="images/figure72.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="330" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 72</span></b>— - <i>Zea mays</i>, fragments of cob of popcorn(?).<br /> 2× actual size.</p> -</div> - -<p>The fourth example of corn was assigned to Complex B. W. C. Galinat -(this report) described it as a 16-rowed cob with very small kernels, -“possibly a popcorn”. With only this cob preserved, little more can be -determined. It is evidently more evolved than the previous specimens. -According to P. C. Mangelsdorf, (Personal Communication, 1959), the -high row number and small size are similar to a Mexican type called -<i>Conico</i>, but it is more probable that the LoDaisKa variety -is ultimately derived from a Chapalote-teosinte mixture. Teosinte -introgression often involves a high degree of variability, which could -include the small 16-rowed form. Kivett (1952a) reports popcorn from -a Woodland Site in Nebraska, and Mangelsdorf (Personal Communication, -1959) believes that this is probably Chapalote.</p> - -<p>It is probable that a second type of maize was also cultivated at this -time. Two single component Woodland sites in the Morrison area have -yielded a dent-type corn. (Irwin and Irwin, n.d.). -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_73" src="images/figure73.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="345" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 73</span></b>— - <i>Zea mays</i>, “dent” variety.<br /> Left kernel from LoDaisKa site.<br /> - Right, modern (hybrid) dent maize.<br /> Actual size.</p> -</div> - -<p>The remaining two maize specimens consist of kernels rather than cobs -and were assigned to Complex A. They were identified as a variety -of dent corn. This is a much more evolved type, resulting from the -crossing of a flinty starch corn with a softer type, and probably -originally involving <i>teosinte</i> introgression. A dent maize is -characteristic of sites of the Fremont Culture in Utah (Wormington, -1955). Its occurrence has been the subject of much discussion. Fremont -maize shows some similarities to pyramidal dent corn of the Mesa -Centrale (Mexico), and even more to <i>Zapalote Chico</i>, a type grown -on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. It is present in some Basketmaker sites, -but not in the later Pueblo localities. Various authorities, (Nickerson -in Wormington, 1955; Carter, 1945; Anderson, 1948) have expressed doubt -that dent corn reached the Fremont area by any direct route through the -Anasazi, Hohokam or Mogollon areas. A possible route via the Plains -was suggested, but evidence was totally lacking because of the absence -of perishables in most Plains sites. The Morrison area provides some -support of the Plains hypothesis: Fremont peoples evidently did range -into areas where dent corn was used and could have acquired it there. -However, until much more evidence is available, the question must remain open.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</span></p> -<h2 class="nobreak">Fossil Pollen and Spores from<br /> the LoDaisKa Site, Colorado</h2> -</div> - -<p class="f120">By <span class="smcap">Donald R. Whitehead</span></p> - -<h3 class="center">Introduction</h3> - -<p>A preliminary pollen analytical investigation has been attempted on -material from the LoDaisKa Site in order to determine the feasibility -of working with such sediments, and to see what culturally significant -plants might be represented. Due to the extremely poor preservation -in all but the lowermost levels no pollen diagram has been prepared. -Such a diagram would be misleading, because many of the original -constituents of the pollen flora might have been destroyed by -differential degradation. A brief description of the investigation -follows, with a discussion of the potentially significant grass pollen.</p> - -<h3 class="center">Techniques</h3> - -<p>All samples were prepared by boiling for six minutes in 10% KOH, -washing with 10% HCI to remove carbonates, boiling for ten minutes in -about 30% HF, actolysing for one minute, staining with fuchsin, and -mounting in silicone oil. For each sample a total of four slides was -counted by making traverses at one millimeter intervals.</p> - -<h3 class="center">Identification of Large Grass Pollen</h3> - -<p>In order to attempt an identification of the various large grass -pollen encountered, the long axis of each grain and the pore diameter -(including annulus) were measured, and the ratio between the two -plotted. Barghoorn, Wolfe, and Clisby (1954) have suggested that this -ratio can be used to supplement size measurements in attempting to -identify fossil pollen of the tribe Maydeae. However, one can not -compare directly the size data from the LoDaisKa fossils with the data -from modern pollen assembled by Barghoorn, Wolfe, and Clisby (l.c.). -Christensen (1945) has shown that not only do recent and fossil grains -of the same species differ in size (depending partly upon the type -of sediment in which the pollen is preserved), but also, different -methods of preparation greatly affect the size, often differentially -with respect to fossil and modern pollen. The recent pollen measured -by Barghoorn, Wolfe, and Clisby (l.c.) was prepared by acetolysis and -mounted in glycerine jelly. By comparing the size of modern <i>Corylus -avellana</i> pollen prepared and mounted in this manner (ca. 28, -Christensen, 1945) with the size of fossil <i>Corylus avellana</i> -pollen from a variety of sediment types prepared and mounted by the -technique used in the present investigation (ca. 24, S. T. Andersen, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</span> -pers. comm.), one can arrive at a factor (7/6) by which the size of the -fossils can be multiplied in order to compare more directly with the -data presented by Barghoorn, Wolfe, and Clisby (l.c.). It should be -emphasized that such an absolute comparison is dangerous, because there -is no way of determining precisely how the environment of preservation -at LoDaisKa has affected the pollen, and there is no guarantee that size -changes of Corylus and Gramineae pollen are absolutely proportional.</p> - -<p>For each grass grain both the long axis measurement and the pore axis -ratio are tabulated in the results below. Only fully expanded grains -were measured.</p> - -<h3>Sampling (Author’s Note)</h3> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p>The provenience of the samples analyzed below is as follows:</p> - -<p>All samples were taken at 6 inch intervals.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent"><b>Samples W 1-10</b> were collected in Square -J8, starting at 38 inches below baseline.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent"><b>Samples E₁ 1-6</b> were collected in Square -M11, starting at 38 inches below baseline.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent"><b>Samples E₂ 3-7</b> were collected in Square P -9-10, starting at 62 inches below baseline.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent"><b><i>Samples E₁ 1 - E₁ 5</i></b> (38-68″)<br -/> Preservation extremely poor, only badly corroded pine pollen, a -few Compositae grains, and many plant fragments (mostly coniferous tracheids).</p> - -<ul class="index no-wrap"> -<li class="isub0"><b><i>Sample E₁ 6</i></b> (68-74″)</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Pinus</i>—9</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Gramineae</i>—2, (70,21ₘ, pore obscured by detritus), (40.46ₘ, 1:4.9)</li> - -<li class="isub0 ifrst"><b><i>Sample E₂ 3</i></b> (62-68″)</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Pinus</i>—10</li> - -<li class="isub0 ifrst"><b><i>Sample E₂ 4</i></b> (68-74″)</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Pinus</i>—19</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Picea</i>—2</li> -<li class="isub3">Fern spore—1</li> -<li class="isub3">Gramineae—-1, (71.40ₘ, pore distorted)</li> -<li class="isub3">unknowns—2</li> - -<li class="isub0 ifrst"><b><i>Sample E₂ 5</i></b> (74-80″)</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Pinus</i>—66</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Picea</i>—1</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Juniperus</i>—2 - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</span></li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Quercus</i>—1</li> -<li class="isub3">Compositae (total)—24, (<i>Artemisia</i>—11,</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Ambrosia type</i>—2, Liguliflorae—1)</li> -<li class="isub3">Chenopodiaceae—11 Caryophyllaceae—4</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Allium</i>—3 <i>Geranium</i>—1</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Polygonum</i>, sect. <i>Pericaria</i>—3</li> -<li class="isub3">Gramineae—5, (53.55ₘ, 1:3.8), (70.21ₘ, pore obscured),</li> -<li class="isub5">(46.41ₘ, 1:4.3), (58.30ₘ, 1:5.5), (45.22ₘ, 1:3.5) unknowns—5</li> - -<li class="isub0 ifrst"><b><i>Sample E₂ 6</i></b> (80-86″)</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Pinus</i>—60</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Quercus</i>—2</li> -<li class="isub3">Compositae (total)—22, (<i>Artemisia</i>—14, Liguliflorae—1)</li> -<li class="isub3">Convolvulaceae—1 (fragment of a large periporate type)</li> -<li class="isub3">Caryophyllaceae—5</li> -<li class="isub3">Chenopodiaceae—4</li> -<li class="isub3">cf. Cruciferae—3</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Polygonum</i>, sect. <i>Pericaria</i>—1</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Allium</i>—1</li> -<li class="isub3">Gramineae—6, (40.46ₘ, 1:4.2), (61.88ₘ, 1:4.0),</li> -<li class="isub5">(52.36ₘ, pore distorted),</li> -<li class="isub5">(50.35ₘ, pore greatly enlongated),</li> -<li class="isub5">(46.41ₘ, 1:4.9),</li> -<li class="isub5">(45.22ₘ, 1:5.4). unknowns—10</li> - -<li class="isub0 ifrst"><b><i>Sample E₂ 7</i></b> (86-92″)</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Pinus</i>—54</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Picea</i>—2</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Juniperus</i>—1</li> -<li class="isub3">Compositae (total)—20, (<i>Artemisia</i>—11,</li> -<li class="isub5"><i>Ambrosia</i> type—1, Liguliflorae—2)</li> -<li class="isub3">Caryophyllaceae—2</li> -<li class="isub3">Chenopodiaceae—2</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Geranium</i>—1</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Lonicera</i>—2</li> -<li class="isub3">Onagraceae—2</li> -<li class="isub3">Gramineae—3, (50.35ₘ, pore obscured),</li> -<li class="isub5">(29.75ₘ, 1:4.1), (39.75ₘ, pore distorted)</li> -<li class="isub3">unknowns—6</li> - -<li class="isub0 ifrst"><b><i>Samples W1 - W8</i></b> (38-86″)</li> -<li class="isub3">Preservation extremely poor, only corroded pine, composite,</li> -<li class="isub3">and chenopod pollen. Abundant coniferous wood fragments. - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</span></li> - -<li class="isub0 ifrst"><b><i>Sample W9</i></b> (86-92″)</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Pinus</i>—14</li> -<li class="isub3">Chenopodiaceae—2</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Artemisia</i>—1</li> -<li class="isub3">Caryophyllaceae—1</li> -<li class="isub3">Gramineae—1, (51.17ₘ, 1:3.9)</li> -<li class="isub3">unknowns—3</li> - -<li class="isub0 ifrst"><b><i>Sample W10</i></b> (92″-base)</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Pinus</i>—13</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Picea</i>—1</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Quercus</i>—5</li> -<li class="isub3">Compositae (total)—6, (<i>Artemisia</i>—5,</li> -<li class="isub5"><i>Ambrosia</i> type—1, Liguliflorae—1)</li> -<li class="isub3">Chenopodiaceae—1</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Polygonum</i>, sect. (Pericaria—1)</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>Lonicera</i>—1</li> -<li class="isub3">Gramineae—6, (49.98ₘ, 1:4.2), (52.36ₘ, 1:40), (49.98ₘ, 1:4.2),</li> -<li class="isub5">(58.30ₘ, 1:4.5), (57.12ₘ, 1:4.0), (54.74ₘ, 1:4.2)</li> -<li class="isub3">unknowns—4</li> -</ul> -</div> - -<h3 class="center">Discussion</h3> - -<p>It is interesting to note that many of the plants identified from their -megascopic remains by Walton C. Galinat are likewise represented in the -pollen flora (e.g., <i>Allium</i>, <i>Quercus</i>, <i>Juniperus</i> -and chenopods). As Galinat has also identified several fragments of -<i>Zea Mays</i>, it was hoped that pollen of <i>Zea</i> might be found -in some of the oldest levels. Unfortunately, none of the fossil grass -pollen can be definitely identified as that of <i>Zea</i>. It seems -obvious that the three largest grass grains (over 70ₘ) are too large -to be <i>Tripsacum</i>, but whether they represent <i>teosinte</i> -or <i>Zea</i> can not be established. The pore of two of these was -obscured by detritus, and that of the third was greatly distorted. Thus -no ratio could be established.</p> - -<p>The remainder of the grass grains seem to fall within the limits of the -genus <i>Tripsacum</i> (size extremes 33.6ₘ to 64ₘ, and ratio extremes -1:3.0 to 1:4.8), although the pore-axis ratio of some appears to be too -large. However, the possibility must be left open that these smaller -grains might not be <i>Tripsacum</i>. As yet there is very little -pollen size data available for the grasses of North America. Geisler -(1945) has measured pollen from 32 species and of these, <i>Zizania -aquatica</i> has the largest grains (range 38ₘ-50ₘ). It is important -to note that she did not employ acetolysis, so that this range is on -the small side. In Europe, Firbes (1936) has presented pollen size data -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</span> -for 103 species of grasses, and of those he studied, <i>Avena</i>, -<i>Secale</i>, <i>Triticum</i>, <i>Hordeum</i>, and <i>Elymus</i> -possess pollen as large as that of <i>Tripsacum</i>. Hence it would -appear to be necessary to study intensively the pollen of most of our -native grasses in order to establish size and other morphological -criteria for identifying the smaller LoDaisKa grass pollen.</p> - -<p>As the preservation is distinctly better in the lower levels of the -deposit, a careful and detailed pollen analytical investigation, with -recourse to adequate reference material might be profitable.</p> - -<p class="f120"><b>Acknowledgments</b></p> - -<p>The present investigation was carried out in the Laboratories of the -Geological Survey of Denmark while the author was sponsored by a -Fulbright Fellowship. The author is particularly indebted to Svend Th. -Andersen for his suggestions and helpful criticisms of the manuscript.</p> - -<p class="f120"><b>Bibliography</b></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="neg-indent">Barghoorn, E. S., M. K. Wolfe, and K. H. Clisby, -1954.<br /> Fossil Maize from the Valley of Mexico.<br /> Bot. Mus. Leaflets, -Harvard University 16: 229-240.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">Christensen, B. Brorson, 1945.<br /> Measurements as a -Means of Identifying Fossil Pollen.<br /> Danmarke Geologiske Undersgelse IV -R., Bd. 3, Nr, 2.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">Firbes, F., 1937.<br /> Der pollenanalytische Nachweis -dos Getreidebaus.<br /> Zeitschrift für Botanik, Bd. 31: 447-478.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">Geisler, F., 1945.<br /> A study of Pollen Grains of -Thirty-two Species of Grasses.<br /> Butler Univ. Bot. Studies 7: 65-73.</p> -</div> - -<h2 id="ETHNO">ETHNOGRAPHIC COMPARISONS</h2> - -<p>Below we shall summarize the life habits of two ethnographically known -groups who lived near the Plains-Great Basin fringe. This is done in -an effort to present a brief outline of the type of life people in the -Morrison area could have lived. It is designed to serve as a guide -for interpretation of the archaeological remains, and should provide -insight into areas of social and religious action. The first group, the -Ute, are known to have lived for a time in the region; the second, the -Pawnee, were never in the area proper, but do represent the sort of -pottery-using, corn-growing Indians that had occupied it in the past.</p> - -<p>This use of comparative ethnology and the reconstruction which follows -are in the nature of a theory, a theory of methodology. Too often, -as J. O. Brew (1946) has pointed out, archaeological fact gathering -has run riot ahead of the interpretation of these facts. Brew quoted -C. C. Kluckhohn in this respect: “In any case the alternative is not -between theory and no theory or a minimum of theory, but between -adequate and inadequate theories.... For I am afraid that many of our -anthropologists who are most distrustful of theory are like Molière’s -character who spoke prose without knowing it, for a complex theoretical -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</span> -viewpoint is usually implicit in some of the most apparently innocent -statements of facts.” (Brew, 1946, p. 45; but for full context see -Kluckhohn 1939). We have striven, however, to remain aware of the -assumptions involved.</p> - -<h3 id="UTE">On the Ethnology of the Ute</h3> - -<p>The Ute were among the first Indians to get horses from the Spanish. -Subsequently they moved about rather freely and were rather quick to -adopt the white man’s culture whenever this was present in their area. -There are almost no early accounts of the Ute. They had neither the -spectacular aspects of the true Plains Indians, nor lands close to -the trails frequented by pioneers and early explorers. On the other -hand, they did not enjoy the isolation of many of the Great Basin -tribes which preserved their ways of life into comparatively recent -times. Thus ethnography of the Ute is relatively scant except for a few -accounts and short articles. There are three principal works. The first -is Robert Lowie’s <i>Notes on Shoshonean Ethnography</i> (1924), based -primarily on observations at Ignacio, Navajo Springs and White Rock. -The second is Omer Stewart’s “<i>Culture Element Distribution: XVIII, -Ute, Southern Paiute</i>”, (1942), while the third is Edward Gifford’s -<i>Culture Element Distribution XII: Apache-Pueblo</i> (1940). Another -short paper by Ralph Beals (1935) on the ethnology of Rocky Mountain -National Park adds to the picture, though he draws heavily on Lowie’s -work. Finally there is a collection of articles gathered by the Durango -Public Library and edited by H. S. Daniels (1941). This is composed of -a series of interesting papers by people intimately connected with the -area surrounding the present Ute reservation. J. Alden Mason’s article -“Myths of the Uintah Utes” (1940) contains numerous myths which may -yield scraps of ethnographic material if care is used in selection. -Other short works can be found in the bibliography and will be referred -to in the text.</p> - -<h4>Subsistence Pattern</h4> - -<p>One of the greatest problems facing the Ute and Shoshone on mountain -fringes was adaptation to several different ecological biomes. Their -success is attested to by the fact that the Ute spread all over -Colorado and southern Wyoming except the Plains.</p> - -<p>The adoption of the horse resulted in significant changes in Ute -culture. In general, the use of horses affected hunting methods and -locomotion. Where it brought the Ute into intimate contact with Plains -Indian cultures, many of their old Basin traits were replaced by -borrowed artifacts and techniques. For example, articles of rawhide -replaced basketry in most cases (Steward, 1940, p. 422). However, very -little is known about the quasi-Plains Ute, as mountain lands were -quickly appropriated by whites. Buffalo were exterminated from mountain -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</span> -parks in Colorado by 1870. The works cited refer to isolated groups on -the western fringe which retained an essentially pre-horse culture.</p> - -<p>The people we deal with then have the “gathering small game” traits -of Steward’s Western Subarea of the Intermontane Region. In addition, -uplands and mountain regions afforded some larger game. This dual -economy was probably a great factor in their adaptability, and it -was undoubtedly a close approximation of that of protohistoric and -prehistoric inhabitants of the area.</p> - -<p>Except for the ecologic variation cited above, Ute culture was fairly -uniform over a wide area. Because of this and the general limitation of -data, it will be treated as a whole.</p> - -<h4>Hunting and Gathering</h4> - -<p>Seeds and berries of almost every description were gathered, mainly -by the women of the camps. According to Lowie, among the neighboring -Paviotso, men often participated in gathering piñon nuts, a fundamental -element in the diet. Stewart’s data suggests that this was probably -true of the Ute. Sunflower seeds were boiled; acorns were gathered and -treated to render them edible. Fruits were exploited where available. -These products were gathered in large baskets, certain of them being -reserved for storage. Edible roots were dug up with the aid of a -digging stick. Other gathering devices included notched poles, throwing -sticks, and seed beaters.</p> - -<p>Among the animals hunted, Lowie mentions buffalo, elk, deer, and -rabbits; eagles were snared from pits. In Mason’s <i>Myths</i> moose -and bear are mentioned particularly. Possibly mountain sheep and -antelope should be included in this list. Small game was important, -such as quail and rodents, i.e., prairie dogs and squirrels. Stewart -lists a number of insects eaten as part of the diet, which were roasted -and parched then often stored.</p> - -<p>Buffalo were surrounded by a circle of men and shot. Deer were -often driven into a deep pit between converging arms of a sagebrush -enclosure. Deer, antelope and buffalo decoy masks were often used. -Rabbits and other small game were hunted by driving them into nets of -bark fiber. Rodents were smudged out, and special blunt arrows were -often used in shooting prairie dogs. Mountain sheep were pursued until -cornered and then shot with arrows.</p> - -<p>Fish were also undoubtedly a common article of diet. John Dewey, a Ute, -told Mason about taking fish by means of arrows and fish lines, while -Lowie mentions fish shooting and describes grass rafts for the Uintah, -and Ute fish weirs.</p> - -<p>For all hunting and fishing, ritual observances and purification were -important. Gifford mentions ceremonial sweat houses in this connection, -while Stewart lists a number of important taboos. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</span></p> - -<h4>Food Preparation</h4> - -<p>Hand stones and grinding slabs were employed for preparing seeds and -berries. Some pounding was done. Seeds could be roasted underground or -could be made into a kind of gruel. Meat, according to McCall (Daniels, -ed., 1941), was roasted over the fire or jerked. In this connection -some statements of E. G. Palmer concerning the Paiute are of interest. -The Paiute were very similar in culture to the Ute and before 1700 were -probably indistinguishable from them (Schroeder, 1953). In particular -Palmer mentions cooking by heating rocks, covering the desired edibles -with wet grass and sprinkling them with water to create a kind of steam -bake. About their food in general Palmer says, “As to food the Pah Utes -will eat anything that will not prove absolutely poisonous soon after -being swallowed.”</p> - -<p>Gifford notes roasting and eating of both yucca and cacti. He also -lists the use of surface salt and clay for flavoring. Small animals -were pounded up whole and cooked. Bone was cracked for marrow or ground -up and eaten if possible.</p> - -<h4>Shelter</h4> - -<p>Prior to the use of small skin tepees, the Eastern Ute used a conical -or domed-shaped shelter of brush. These were used even after white -contact, but usually only for summer habitation. The door faced east. -Gifford and Stewart both note that the Ute used available rockshelters -and lean-tos on hunting trips. C. T. Hurst in 1943 excavated an -overhang containing evidence of Ute habitation. According to several -sources, sweat houses were built.</p> - -<h4>Fire Making and Other Technologies</h4> - -<p>Lowie reports that the Ute used fire drills only rarely though an -informant told Mason that they did not use such devices. Obviously -every effort was made to keep the fire going but apparently if one’s -fire went out, one borrowed a light from a neighbor. Perhaps in an -emergency fire tools could have been made.</p> - -<p>Concerning the stone technology of the Ute we will quote a section from -Powell (1875; noted in Lowie, 1924). “Obsidian or other stone of which -the implement is to be made is first selected by breaking up larger -masses of the rock and choosing those which exhibited the fracture -desired; then the pieces are baked or steamed—perhaps I might say -annealed—by placing them in a damp earth covered with a brush fire for -twenty-four hours, then with sharp blows they are still further broken -down into flakes approximately the shape desired. For more complete -fashioning a tool of ... horn is used.” He also states that a small -skin cushion was employed in the hand, and that often a few especially -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</span> -skilled people would exchange their products for other items. Barber -(1876) notes that a Ute hunter could differentiate between the types -of stone projectile points used by various tribes. This is of special -interest to the archaeologist for it indicates that point styles for -such a group were intentional and fairly consistent over a period of -time. Stone knives, scrapers, rough flakes and drills are listed by -Gifford and Stewart in addition. According to Gifford’s informant, -stone axes were polished. Arrowheads were stemmed or stemless, while -the shafts were marked by rills engraved along the length. These were -feathered and painted.</p> - -<h4>Pottery</h4> - -<p>Lowie reports that the Ute made some pottery, and Opler (1941) found -further evidence to support the claim. However, the production appears -largely limited to cooking vessels, and stone boiling was popular. -Stewart notes the occurrence of unfired figurines made for children.</p> - -<h4>Skin Preparation and Other Technology</h4> - -<p>In skin preparation, the flesh was first removed with a serrated -scraper. For especially tough hides an adze-shaped scraper was used. -Hair was removed with a split bone, the skin then moistened, stretched -and smoked. According to Stewart this was done by the women. Some skins -were painted with designs. Gifford and Stewart both report the use of -skin shields.</p> - -<p>Before white contact, an informant told Mason, the Ute used juniper -bark and sagebrush fiber for blankets. Sinew was employed for thread, -while pine pitch and horn served for glue. Baskets made by coiling -were manufactured, as were twined mats. Important types were conical -gathering baskets, water bottles, flat trays and dippers. Willow was -the principal material used.</p> - -<h4>Dress</h4> - -<p>The Ute used rabbitskin and deerskin blankets as well as those of -fiber. Men wore moccasins, a loincloth and some kind of garment for -the upper part of the body, and possibly leggings in the winter. Women -wore a type of skirt, moccasins, and possibly a shirt. Some Shoshones, -probably including the Ute, wore sandals. However, these would be -less suitable in rocky uplands than in mesa country. Various carrying -devices such as bags or blankets were used. Cradles of two types were -listed by Gifford.</p> - -<p>Barber (1876) notes the extensive use by both sexes of ornaments and -charm bags of red powder, possibly hematite. Gifford and Stewart both -mention the use of paints and list beads, feather decoration and bone -ornaments. Some people were tattooed and some had their ears pierced. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</span></p> - -<h4>Games and Dances</h4> - -<p>Lowie mentions one game played by the Ute. This is a hand game with -guessing sticks and counters. Douglas and Jeancon (1930) cite others -such as a hoop and stuffed ball game. Juggling games seem to have been -popular also. Stewart lists a number of additional games. There were -dances for both sexes accompanied by drums and notch-stick vibrators. -Other musical instruments used may have included rattles of deer -hooves, whistles, and possibly musical bows.</p> - -<h4>Social Organization</h4> - -<p>Society was probably arranged in bilateral exogamus kin groups. -Inheritance may have been patrilineal. Marriage was a rather casual -arrangement, the ceremony simple. Immediate residence was patrilocal, -or at the father’s hut. Later, the couple built their own shelter. -There was some polygamy, Steward (1938) notes that society was -organized bilaterally in most places in the Intermontane Area. Relative -equality of the sexes resulted from their approximately equal economic -importance. If bison hunting and warfare tended to give northern -Shoshone and Ute men an advantage, no formal institutions had developed -to indicate it. Social organization was Neo-Hawaiian (Murdock, 1949) -according to Stewart’s kin term list.</p> - -<h4>Religion</h4> - -<p>Some Ute recognized one especially powerful god represented by the sun, -and many lesser gods and spirits. Individuals attempted to win their -favor through magic. Myths and legends which featured these beings -were told at night around low camp fires, but only during the winter -according to Gifford. He also notes the naming of the sky as female, -the earth as male, while various constellations were also designated. -There was some development of the culture-hero idea in the person of -Coyote among the Uintah Ute. Various tales of how Coyote obtained fire -for man and helped him in other ways were related to Mason (1940). -Ceremonies or rituals were probably held in open places, most likely -in the form of dances. Medicine men or shamans were important figures. -They were learned in the myths, and practiced as healers, using charms -and herbs, some of which had true medicinal value. In addition the -shamans were skilled at setting bones. They may have gotten their power -from dreams or trances. During certain of what are termed life crises, -birth, puberty, marriage, death, there were taboo observances. Certain -foods were not eaten during pregnancy, while both Gifford and Stewart -mention a special hut where girls were secluded during the first menses.</p> - -<p>The Ute considered certain deeds to be “right or wrong” but there was -no formal set of laws or authority to support moral judgment. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</span></p> - -<h4>Language</h4> - -<p>The Ute language forms part of the Ute-Chemehuevi division, the -southernmost of three divisions constituting the Plateau Branch of the -Shoshonean stock of the Uto-Aztecan family. This northern orientation -of language agrees well with certain cultural traits. There is very -little structural resemblance with neighboring groups such as would be -of interest in cultural interpretation. The language is characterized -by an impression of phonetic softness rather than harshness; but of -vagueness and lack of distinctness. (<a href="#Page_149">See Kroeber, 1910; -Sapir, 1931; Stewart, 1957</a>).</p> - -<h4>Disposal of the Dead</h4> - -<p>The dead were usually buried in rock crevices or were cremated. -Supposedly their possessions were destroyed at this time, and their -name became taboo in common usage.</p> - -<h3 id="PAWNEE">On the Ethnology of the Pawnee</h3> - -<p>The Pawnee of Nebraska are commonly regarded as characteristic of the -semi-sedentary agricultural peoples of the Central Plains. However, -ethnographic material about them is surprisingly sparse. Because they -already had the horse by the late 17th century there is no record of -them in completely aboriginal conditions. The most complete work is -a monograph by J. B. Dunbar published in 1880, based on a series of -articles in the <i>Magazine of American History</i>. Besides this -there are the early accounts of the Lewis and Clark Expedition -(<a href="#Page_149">see Grass, 1904</a>) and that of J. T. Irving (1835). -More specialized works are those of G. B. Grinnell (1912) and A. Lesser -(1933). Subsequent studies are brief, and for the most part oriented -toward nineteenth century historical events (e.g., Hyde, 1951). Wedel -has included some information in his works on Pawnee archaeology (1938) -and Central Plains subsistence (1941). Further brief articles may be -found in the bibliography.</p> - -<h4>Subsistence Agriculture</h4> - -<p>Maize played an important part in the economic life of the Pawnee. Most -of the infrequent tillage was done by hoes consisting of bison scapulae -lashed to bent or forked sticks. Hoeing was done only once or twice a -year. The small cultivated patches, ranging in size from one-fourth -to four acres, were usually located in the loose alluvium along creek -bottoms. In addition to corn, beans, squash and watermelon were grown. -All agricultural work was done by the women. They also gathered a large -number of tubers, plants, berries, and fruits to supplement the diet. -These included wild plum, huckleberry, chokecherry, sand cherry, wild -potato, ground-bean and others. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</span></p> - -<h4>Hunting</h4> - -<p>The products of the chase were also of great importance. The principal -animal sought was the bison. One or two large scale hunting trips were -organized yearly. The entire population of the earth lodge village -moved to designated hunting areas. In pre-horse times the main method -of hunting was the surround, although some hunters probably also worked -singly, as they did in later times. The only weapon regularly used was -the bow and arrow. The most important of these hunts was conducted in -the early summer and ended just in time to harvest the crops.</p> - -<p>Although the bison was the major subsistence animal, many other animals -were hunted, especially for skins. Elk, deer, and antelope were taken -by surrounds and “still hunting” or stalking. Beaver and otter were -snared for their pelts; bears, cougars, and skunks were valued for both -meat and hides. Prairie chickens and quails were hunted by boys with -long withes.</p> - -<h4>Food Preparation</h4> - -<p>After the harvest, maize was cut from the cobs, boiled, roasted, or -dried, and stored in large bell-shaped pits. Other vegetable foods were -similarly treated. Meat was dried and/or smoked.</p> - -<p>Corn was often pulverized in a wooden mortar. It was then boiled, or -made into cakes cooked in the ashes or on hot flat stones. Fresh corn -was also parched or boiled as hominy. Corn, beans and squash, fresh or -dry, were prepared by boiling and seasoned with tallow. Fresh meat was -either cooked in the ashes, broiled, or boiled with vegetables. Dried -meat was eaten raw or boiled. Most of the cooking was done in large -pottery vessels manufactured locally.</p> - -<h4>Shelter</h4> - -<p>During the winter the Pawnee inhabited large villages of stationary -earth covered lodges. These measured 40 feet in diameter and 16 feet -in height at the maximum. Such structures housed several related -families. They were constructed as follows: the topsoil was removed -and a framework erected. Inclined short poles were placed to form -walls. Poles set on the inner and outer framework circles came to a -blunt peak, forming the roof. Brush and willow were used for horizontal -filling. Finally, hay and sod were heaped over the structure. Entrance -was by means of a passage some 12 feet long. In the center was a fire -basin about three feet in diameter. The floor was hardened by trampling -and beating, and mats were spread over it. Sleeping places were near -the walls on slightly raised platforms of willow rods, and were often -partitioned off with skins or mats. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</span></p> - -<p>Summer dwellings were tepees, 12-17 feet in diameter. Twelve to 20 -poles formed the framework, and the cover was of bison hide, with -openings for the entrance and smokehole. On the ground around the -central hearth were laid mats and hides. Sweat houses were used in all -seasons. These consisted of a frame of willow withes about six feet in -diameter, covered with skins. Heated stones were sprinkled with water -to produce steam.</p> - -<h4>Clothing</h4> - -<p>The man’s costume was relatively simple, consisting primarily of -breechclout and moccasins, with an additional skin robe in cold -weather. For special occasions, the men wore elaborate shirts and -headdresses of eagle feathers. Women wore moccasins, tight skin -leggings, a skirt and a shirt suspended from the shoulders by thongs. -Women wore their hair braided; the men had a horn-like scalp-lock. -Paint was the main form of personal adornment. The types preferred were -ochre, red and white clay, and yellow coloring obtained from flowers -of a species <i>solidago</i>. These pigments were commonly mixed with -bison fat or water.</p> - -<h4>Technology</h4> - -<p>There is very little descriptive material on the technology of the -Pawnee. The manufacture of most of the utilitarian objects devolved on -the women. Pottery was manufactured by the paddle and anvil technique. -According to Grinnell (1912) a wooden or basketry mold was sometimes -used for the base. Temper was of crushed rock. They wove mats of -rushes, baskets of bark, and ropes of buffalo hair. Wooden mortars, -pestles, bowls, dippers and spoons were shaped by burning and scraping. -Bison horn was also employed for spoons. A stiff grass (<i>Stipa -funcea</i>) was used for necklaces. Hide dressing and the making of -clothing occupied a considerable portion of their time. A needle of -deer metacarpal was used. Canoes were seldom made.</p> - -<p>The men confined their technological interests to weapons for -hunting and war. Bows were commonly four feet long and were made of -“bois d’arc” (<i>Maciura canadensis</i>), hickory, “coffee bean” -(<i>Gymnocladus canadensis</i>) and juniper. Formerly bison rib and -elk-horn bows were also in use. Sinew backing was common. Arrow shafts -were usually of dogwood (<i>Cornus stolonifera</i>). These had a series -of three grooves running their length, which were variously explained -as helping the flow of blood and keeping the arrow in the wound. -These grooves were made with a very small chisel-like instrument. No -information is available concerning flint working, but each tribe or -large sub-group made a distinctive type of projectile point. Much care -was lavished on this equipment and the accompanying skin quiver. Spears -and rawhide shields were also manufactured. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</span></p> - -<h4>Trade</h4> - -<p>Trade was not extensive among the Pawnee themselves, or between them -and neighboring tribes. However, this situation may be relatively -recent in origin, due to the hostilities arising from increased white -pressure. The main articles traded were “bois d’arc”, eagle feathers, -pipe stone, and corn.</p> - -<h4>Social and Political Organization</h4> - -<p>The Pawnee were divided into four sub-tribes or bands. Each of these -consisted of a number of villages, and each village was also an -endogamous matrilineal clan. Authority was vested in a hereditary -chief and council of “leading men”. Band unity was maintained by large -scale religious ceremonies and meetings of band councils, composed of -the village chiefs. Similar mechanisms operated at a higher level to -achieve a loose tribal organization.</p> - -<h4>Religion</h4> - -<p>The religious organization of the Pawnee was more highly developed and -more sophisticated than that of most of the other Plains tribes. At -the top of the supernatural pantheon was Tirawa, the creator. Below -him were two classes of spirits—those of the earth and those of the -heavens. The former were usually identified with animals and were the -guardians of the people as a whole; the latter represented natural -phenomena and were usually identified with stars. Foremost among these -were the Morning and Evening Stars, representing the male and female -principles, and parents of the first earth being.</p> - -<p>Ceremonial action centered around collections of sacred -objects—medicine bundles—which were believed to have been presented -to the people in ancient times by the “gods”. Ceremonies connected -with these usually involved a sacrifice or offering, or a ritual -dramatization of the mythical receipt of the bundle. The most famous -of these ceremonies was the annual sacrifice of a young girl to the -Morning Star. Other important ceremonies revolved around the ever -important corn and buffalo.</p> - -<p>Shamans were organized into a secret society and power was received -through instruction by an elder member. They were mediums and diviners -and officiated in ceremonies. Each owned an ornate medicine bundle -containing herbs and charms, such as fossil bones, etc. There were -also “medicine men” who specialized in healing. Sickness was believed -to be caused by intrusion of a foreign object or malign spirit, which -was removed by sucking and chanting. Various plants were utilized for -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</span> -medicine, including <i>Artemisia bedoviciana</i>, <i>Acorus calamus</i>, -<i>Monarda fistulosa</i>, and <i>fructata</i>, <i>Mentha canadensia</i> -and <i>Argemona mexicana</i>.</p> - -<p class="space-below2">The Pawnee language is a branch of the Caddoan -family of the Hokan-Siouan stock.</p> - -<h2 id="DATING">DATING THE LoDaisKa REMAINS</h2> - -<p>Willey and Phillips (1958) have pointed out the difficulty and -illogicality of attempting to date artifacts exclusively by their -affiliation. Of course, if distinct horizon-markers such as special -forms of pottery are present, perhaps the technique is warranted. -The remains at the LoDaisKa Site do not contain any such limited -horizon markers. Moreover, dating of much of the associated materials -in adjoining areas has, unfortunately, not progressed far enough to -establish chronological limits for any forms. Therefore, it was felt -that geological interpretation might be warranted. This was kindly -undertaken by Mr. C. B. Hunt whose report appears above.</p> - -<p>The pre-ceramic levels appear to correlate with the Piney Creek -alluvium (<a href="#Page_149">see Hunt, 1954</a>) and deposits -equivalent geologically with the Tsegi Creek alluvium in the Southwest. -Elsewhere, Hunt has stated that the Piney Creek may date about 1-2 -millenia B.C., but is possibly older, (<a href="#Page_149">Hunt, 1955</a>). -The soil studies (this report) may indicate a somewhat -greater age. Hunt feels that the ceramic levels for the most part -correlate with a period of arroyo-cutting and washing that is assumed -to be later than 1 A.D.</p> - -<p>A series of samples for radiocarbon measurement was collected. These -were taken from various areas of the site, some in relatively dry -areas, others from more moist regions. Materials varied from seeds or -plant fragments to charcoal. It was felt that these different materials -would be helpful in indicating the effect of various factors in the C -14 method. The samples were then submitted to Dr. J. B. Griffin, of the -University of Michigan. He kindly accepted the series. The outcome of -the tests and those observations that accrue from the information will -be published as soon as the data are available. A report should be due -in a year. By this study it is hoped to establish fairly exact limits -for certain cultures in the area. In the interpretations of these dates -valuable evidence concerning cultural chronology and diffusion on the -Plains may be gained.</p> - -<h2 id="RECON">RECONSTRUCTION AND INTERPRETATION</h2> - -<h3 id="COMP_A">Culture Complex A</h3> - -<p>The authors believe culture Complex A is related to what has been -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</span> -termed the Fremont Culture of western Colorado and eastern Utah. -Complex A appears to manifest itself between the surface (the erosional -surface below a cow dung layer) and 44-48 inches below baseline. -Complex A and the Fremont culture have a number of similarities. -Foremost among these is pottery. All the plainware found is assignable -to this complex. Although the total number of sherds is not large, one -restorable vessel is represented. In shape, method of manufacture, -temper, paste, color, and firing, this specimen approximated -Wormington’s Turner Grey Variety II (Wormington, 1955). There are two -points of difference between this and classic Fremont ceramics. First, -it is a bowl, while most Fremont vessels are handled jugs. This is -offset by the possibility that a second large sherd does come from a -small pot or jug. Also Wormington (1955) and Taylor (1957) note the -presence of bowl-forms at their sites. Second, much Fremont pottery -is calcite tempered (Burgh and Scoggin, 1948; Wormington, 1955). -However, Gunnerson (1956) has recently shown that choice of temper for -the Fremont Culture is more a function of locality than of cultural preference.</p> - -<p>A second correlation is found in the gaming pieces assignable to -Complex A. The three decorated pieces illustrated are almost duplicated -in some of Wormington’s illustrations and descriptions. Similar items -have had a long history in the Southwest (Morris and Burgh, 1954).</p> - -<p>Third, there is a similarity between class bb projectile points and -certain Fremont points, particularly at Castle Park (Lister, 1951). -Features include concavity of the edges, general narrowness, straight -short bases, and frequent serrations. One of the points of Complex A -is made on a curved flake, chipped only on one face. This is a rather -distinctive type occurring also in Fremont sites. Wormington (1955), -found some peculiar asymmetrical points like <a href="#FIG_27A">Fig. 27</a>. -She found no evidence of utilization as knives which their shape suggests.</p> - -<p>The presence of dent corn, similar to that grown in Fremont localities -is significant in indicating similarities in the ecologic orientation -of the two groups.</p> - -<p>Other artifacts included in the levels of Complex A are: Leaf-shaped -and triangular knives, side, discoidal and serrated scrapers, expanding -base drills, perforators, prismatic flakes?, 1 graver, small ovoid -bifaces, utilized flakes, choppers/hammerstones, paint stones, -splinter, sliver and headed awls, rib or scapulae knives, antler -flakers, tubular beads, 1 tooth ornament, leather fragments, 1 wood -arrow shaft, handstones and grinding slabs. End scrapers, perforators, -prismatic flakes, small ovoid bifaces, sliver awls, perhaps antler -flakers, and the tooth ornament are either extremely uncommon or absent -at Fremont sites. These artifacts may be associated with culture -Complex B. None are confined to the interval between the surface and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</span> -44-48 inches below baseline. Evidently they were present before the -occupation of the site by people of Complex A.</p> - -<p>A word of caution is in order. Relatively speaking there are few -artifact types assignable to Complex A. Pottery is especially scarce. -However, projectile points of the type believed to be associated with -it make up at least 40 percent of the total in the 44″-surface levels. -We have tentatively identified it with the Fremont Culture on the basis -of the evidence above. However, since so many distinctive traits of -this culture are in the realms of architecture and perishable goods, we -are necessarily dealing with a partial inventory. Without such features -we can suggest but cannot prove.</p> - -<p>One item of interest is the evidence that the Fremont people did reach -eastern Colorado or at least trade with people of that area. A rather -spectacular headband found in Castle Park (Burgh and Scoggin, 1948), -was made from the feathers of a yellow flicker (<i>Colaptes anratus -luteus</i>) which occurs only east of the mountains.</p> - -<h4 id="A_CULT">Cultural Reconstruction</h4> - -<p>Since Complex A largely overlapped B, cultural reconstruction will -have to be considered in the light of evidence from sites affiliated -with it. This reconstruction will be based however, on evidence from -LoDaisKa.</p> - -<p>The economic life of the people probably revolved mainly about -hunting and gathering. Animals hunted included birds, prairie dog, -chipmunk, bighorn sheep, bison, and above all deer. The large -number of projectile points attests to the importance of hunting. -Gathering placed an emphasis on plum, acorn, and grass seeds such -as <i>Muhlenbergia</i>. Corn also appears to have been grown. -Characteristics of preservation have precluded the possibility of -determining its importance in the diet of the people. One bone of the -genus Canis was found. This may represent coyote or dog. Wormington -(1955) found a bone of genus Canis which also could have been from -a domestic dog. Since dogs were known in the Southwest from -Basketmaker times, this is not an impossibility (Kidder and Guernsey, -1931). Pieces of leather suggest that this was used for clothing. There -were also beads attesting to ornamentation. Necklaces and elaborate -dress were characteristic of the Fremont people, as revealed by -petroglyphs and various discoveries of clothing.</p> - -<p>Amusement, or at least recreation, is indicated by the presence of -gaming pieces. Considering the care used in making one of these objects -they must have been fairly important in the cultural pattern. Great -Basin people were often inveterate gamblers (Steward, 1940). Wormington -(1955) has recorded a Cheyenne woman’s description of a game played -with bone gaming pieces. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_74" src="images/figure74.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="541" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b>FIGURE 74</b>— - LOCATION OF PRINCIPAL SITES<br /> AND LOCALITIES - REFERRED TO IN THE TEXT.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</span> -People of this complex appear to have been rather skilled in stone -working. Chipped projectile points are usually executed with care, -often achieving slender finely flaked forms. It is interesting to note -that stone scrapers were apparently little used by Fremont people. -Perhaps hides were prepared in other ways. Baskets were undoubtedly -made and were probably important. The awls found can attest either -to sewing or basket-making; the long slender awls would have been -especially suited for the latter. Tubular beads were made by a process -widespread in the West: incising and splitting. Pottery was roughly -made and fairly thick, but not more so than some of Wormington’s -(average thickness 5 mm.). Pottery of this rougher type is widespread -in northern Fremont locales.</p> - -<p>Concerning the possible socio-political situation some conjecture can -be recorded. First, as Wormington (1955) pointed out, using data from -Murdock (1949), “hunting is normally a male activity and it seems -probable that agricultural pursuits were left to the women, and the -corn plots may have belonged to them. The inheritance of corn plots by -women may have served to unite nuclear families into extended families -with matrilineal descent and matri-local residence. However, emphasis -on hunting and possible warfare would tend to enhance the status of -men and descent may have been bilateral or patrilineal.” For Complex A -the latter would be especially important if the absence of quantities -of pottery indicates less emphasis on agriculture and more on hunting. -Certainly, however, the wild foods at both the LoDaisKa Site and in -Castle Park show the continued importance of gathering activities -usually associated with women.</p> - -<h3 id="COMP_B">Culture Complex B</h3> - -<p>The culture complex represented between roughly 24 and 53 inches -below baseline appears to be a manifestation of the Woodland Culture, -Orleans Aspect. The authors excavated several single component sites of -this manifestation in the area (Irwin and Irwin, n.d.). The following -artifacts, occurring in these sites and also in this depth range at -LoDaisKa, appear characteristic of the culture: cordmarked pottery, -corner-notched projectile points similar to those in <a href="#FIG_75">Fig. 75</a>, -end scrapers, drills, small ovoid knives, spoke-shaves, awls (splinter -or extremely small sliver types), large hafted “knives.” Large -projectile types could have been used with a spear-thrower. There are -also tubular beads, small stone triangles (possibly gaming pieces), -1 shaft-smoother, handstones and milling slabs. One decayed corn cob -was found at 53-57 inches and may belong to the Woodland levels at -LoDaisKa. This was a popcorn (<a href="#FIG_72">see above</a>). -Dent corn has been found at other Woodland sites in the Morrison area -(<a href="#Page_149">Irwin and Irwin, n.d.</a>). Especially characteristic -of this occupation was the pottery, small ovoid knives, and sliver awls. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_75" src="images/figure75.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="575" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 75</span></b>— - Artifacts from single component Woodland sites<br /> - in the Morrison area. Actual size.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</span> -Establishing a closer affiliation is more difficult. In essence, much -of the material resembles that of Ash Hollow focus established in -Western Nebraska and Northern Colorado (Kivett, 1952a; Irwin and Irwin, -1957). Specifically, pottery of Class I is similar in composition, cord -application, thickness, rim styles, and absence of decoration. However, -Class II has several features reminiscent of the Keith focus pottery -(Kivett, 1952b) being a thicker ware with a more granular structure. -However, the Harlan cord-roughened pottery, assigned by Kivett to the -Keith focus, is calcite tempered and has no diagonal cord-marking. -Kivett has pointed out that clastics may have been used in areas where -calcite does not occur, or more desirable temper is at hand. The -absence of side-notched points in Woodland levels at LoDaisKa contrasts -with Ash Hollow focus sites where 30% are usually of this variety. -This constitutes another similarity to Keith focus sites, such as the -Woodruff Ossuary, where such forms do not occur. Class III pottery is -not present in Plains Woodland sites. It may be a local variation since -it is similar to II in all but cord application.</p> - -<p>In connection with this complex, there is a C 14 date for Keith -materials of 611 ± 240 A.D. (Wedel and Kivett, 1956). For Ash Hollow -Cave tree ring estimates (Champe, 1946) place occupation at 1000-1150 -A.D. However, a carbon sample from Woodland materials in the Denver -area yielded a date of 800 ± 150 A.D. (Hunt, 1954). Ash Hollow Focus -materials appear to share traits with both Valley (Hill and Kivett, -1940, Kivett 1952a, 1952b and Keith Foci). The authors feel the -manifestation at Morrison is basically similar to Ash Hollow but with a -few more traits in common with the Keith Focus.</p> - -<h4 id="B_CULT">Cultural Reconstruction</h4> - -<p>The economic life of the people of culture Complex B probably revolved -around hunting, limited agriculture, and gathering of specific foods, -mainly plums and acorns. Foods were ground on milling slabs with -handstones and perhaps, as with the Pawnee, were cooked in pots, or -made into cakes fried on a hot slab. Agriculture is indicated by -remains of corn at LoDaisKa and at nearby sites of the same culture. -In the more classic manifestations of Plains Woodland Culture evidence -is slim. Squash remains occurred at Sterns Creek (Strong, 1935) -and popcorn at the Lawson Site (Kivett, 1952a). Wedel (1934) felt -corn could not grow west of the 99th meridian in prehistoric times. -For the Upper Republican Culture an example of corn was found in -northern Colorado by the authors, (1957). In the Morrison area several -occurrences were noted (see above) in connection with the Woodland Culture. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</span></p> - -<p>Animals hunted were mainly deer and bison, with smaller animals such -as prairie dogs, gophers and birds also represented. Perhaps the -importance of bison at the site is misrepresented because in dealing -with such large animals it is possible that only the meat was brought -into camp (for an example of this see Clark, 1952).</p> - -<p>Clothing was probably of skin. Numerous scrapers attest to the -importance of hide dressing. Tubular beads and a tooth pendant provide -evidence of interest in self-ornamentation. Paint stones may have -served for pigment. Mixed with grease this could have been used for -bodily decoration, though ethnologic parallels suggest other objects -were also painted (<a href="#PIGMENT">see above</a>).</p> - -<p>A considerable amount of skill in stone working must have been -necessary to produce the small delicate projectile points, presumably -used with arrows. Some much larger points suggest a continued -dependence on the spear or spear-thrower. Drills may have been used to -manufacture ornaments or perform more utilitarian functions. Pottery -was durable and primarily utilitarian. Variation in pattern was -practically non-existent, but the fineness of cord-marking shows some -noticeable difference. Bone awls were mostly of the splinter type and -rather poorly made. Perhaps baskets were made, but these may not have -been too important. Awls could have been used in their manufacture or -for sewing.</p> - -<p>Concerning the socio-political organization, some inferences can be -made. A possible sketch of the “way of life” can be found by examining -Pawnee culture as outlined above. Cultivation may have been in small -patches worked by women. Hoeing and weeding were probably spasmodic. -In view of the absence of bell-shaped storage pits or other such -facilities, we can probably infer that crop supplies were consumed in -a few seasonal feasts in the characteristic Basin style rather than -stored in the Plains manner to conserve for future needs. Despite -this, corn plots must have anchored the population to some extent. The -presence of pottery suggests a more or less settled way of life. Plains -social structure tended to be patrilocal, though there were exceptions. -A greater emphasis on hunting, such as was apparently present at -LoDaisKa, would increase the chance of such a development.</p> - -<p>Despite the fact that the site was fairly small, there is a good deal -of evidence of Plains Woodland Culture in the area, and we can assume -some kind of inter-component interaction.</p> - -<h3 id="COMP_C">Complex C</h3> - -<p>Cultural Complex C occurs primarily between the depths of 50 to 72 -inches below baseline. The definition is based on the occurrence of a -cluster of traits similar to those found in a previously defined unmixed -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</span> -culture. A certain amount of the apparent overlap is due to the -telescoped nature of the stratigraphy, which aggravates the effects -of trampling and other disturbances. It is not possible on the basis -of the available evidence to determine the relationship of Complex C -to those traits which are not consistent with the culture. They may -represent traits adopted by the C people, or they could be remains of -intermittent occupation by other groups, (see above).</p> - -<p>The closest affiliation of Complex C is to the lower level of the -McKean Site, (Mulloy, 1954a), Signal Butte I, and related sites. The -most significant typological similarities occur in the projectile point -categories. The most numerous type at the site is the shouldered, -concave based point, (24 examples), designated “Duncan” by Wheeler -(1952). “Duncan” points are very common at the McKean Site. Somewhat -less well represented at the LoDaisKa are the McKean lanceolate -types. Though the general similarity to the McKean type material is -undeniable, certain differences occur uniformly. Most noticeable is -the discrepancy in size, McKean specimens being consistently larger. -The largest LoDaisKa examples approximate the smaller or medium-sized -McKean points. The small LoDaisKa points are completely out of the -range of McKean specimens, but certain of them do resemble types from -Signal Butte I, (Strong, 1935). Such differences and similarities may -reflect distance and local stylistic variation, functions of the points -in different economies, or perhaps chronological difference.</p> - -<p>A second trait which was found to be useful in defining Complex C -is the end scraper. Though common at all depths above 72 inches, it -is almost completely absent below and aids in segregation of the -complexes, especially C and D. Many such scrapers were found at McKean -and Signal Butte.</p> - -<p>The third important trait of technological as well as typological -significance is the striking of prismatic flakes, presumably from -prepared cores. As in the case of projectile points, most of the -examples are smaller than those which occur at McKean. On the other -hand, they appear to be more regular with a greater percentage that -have trapezoidal sections and roughly parallel sides. Some of these -have been worked and utilized as gravers, cutting edges, and possibly -scrapers. In this respect they approach, though do not equal, the -classic northern prismatic flake assemblages. For example, they -approximate the lower part of the size range and the slightly rougher -section of the material from Anangula Island, (Laughlin and Marsh, 1954).</p> - -<p>The vertical distribution of stone-filled hearths is not confined to -the limits of Complex C. However, those features may be related to -those at McKean where they are large and well-defined. Grinding stones -were also important at both sites. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_76" src="images/figure76.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="454" /> - <p class="blockquot space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Figure 76</span></b>— - Projectile points from Signal Butte illustrated for comparison. A-C. - Signal Butte I, presumably IA. D-F, flake points, presumably IC. A-D, - drawn from photostats courtesy of R. Forbis, E-F by R. G. Forbis.</p> -</div> - -<p>Relations with Signal Butte I are most evident in the projectile point -category, especially in the size average. A communication received from -R. G. Forbis, to whom we are deeply indebted, indicates that the modal -weight of the Signal Butte McKean points is about .56 that of those at -the McKean Site. Further, the collections from Signal Butte contain -three flake points. One striking example of a flake point in the shape -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</span> -of a “Duncan” was found at LoDaisKa, (<a href="#FIG_15">Fig. 15, type A</a>). -Other flake points of varying form (listed as xx) occur in Complex C levels. -Some of these are not dissimilar to that of Signal Butte I, but Dr. -Forbis feels that these may belong to a later phase than the McKean -points. The main differences lie in the relative scarcity or perhaps -absence of straight stemmed or “Duncan” types at Signal Butte I<a id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a>, -and the occurrence of flared stemmed varieties or “Hanna” points. The -former are numerous at LoDaisKa, the latter absent. There is a good -possibility that Signal Butte I should be divided into two or three -phases, with McKean points earliest, (Bliss, 1950b, and R. G. Forbis, -personal communication).</p> - -<p>Relations to other known sites may also be noted. Not only the stemmed -and lanceolate points, but side-notched and certain corner-notched -types are found in Deadman Cave, Stansbury Island, and Danger Cave -(Smith, 1952; Jameson, 1958; Jennings, 1957). The total range, however, -differs considerably. There is also some similarity to materials of the -earlier levels of Birdshead Cave, (Bliss, 1950a).</p> - -<p>The stemmed “Duncan” types have rather wide morphological similarities. -As far away as Texas, middle levels of certain sites yield similar -materials (Pearce, 1932, pp. 46-47). Pedernales points of the Edwards -Plateau Aspect are roughly comparable (Suhm, Krieger, Jelks, 1954, p. -468; Kelley, 1947, 1959). At the other extreme, Thomas Kehoe (1955) -reports finding “Duncan-like” points at the Billy Big Springs Site -in Montana. Lister (1953) has suggested that a generalized form of -indented-based, stemmed point is a horizon marker in the West and -Southwest.</p> - -<p>A large number of the artifacts that occur with the above are of -little diagnostic value. However, some of them are probably associated -culturally and formed part of the total artifact inventory. These -include: leaf-shaped and triangular knives, end and side scrapers, and -discoidal and serrated forms, one expanding base drill, perforators, -a few small ovoid bifaces, utilized flakes, chopper/hammerstones, one -bone ornament, paint stones, headed and splintered awls, used bone -splinters, one bone knife, and one wood shaft.</p> - -<h4 id="C_CULT">Cultural Reconstruction</h4> - -<p>The economy of the people of Complex C was probably oriented toward a -combination of hunting and gathering. The former is evidenced by the -presence of animal bones and the frequency of projectile points. The -mule deer, <i>Odocoileus hemionus</i>, which represented nearly 75% of -the faunal remains, appears to have been the animal most hunted. The -projectile points are considered to have been used in connection with -atlatls. Stalking and snaring were probably prevalent methods, although -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</span> -a surround or drive might have been practical in certain seasons when -the animals gathered into larger herds. The small number of bison -bones indicate that bison were also occasionally hunted. There is a -surprising lack of bones of small game, these being even less numerous -than in Complex D. Other animals included an undetermined carnivore and -some bird bones.</p> - -<p>Numerous milling stones and hand stones as well as plant remains -attest to the continued importance of vegetable products in the diet. -The plants utilized include acorns, sedges, wild plums, chenopods and -<i>Umbellifereae</i>. Wads of moss may have been used for padding etc.</p> - -<p>There is no information on any structures. Probably none were used -since the overhang provided rather good shelter. Large stone-filled -hearths may have been used for large scale roasting, as Mulloy (1954a) -hypothesized for the McKean Site.</p> - -<p>Technologically the Complex C occupants possessed sufficient skill to -adapt to the environment with little evidence of elaboration. Clothing -was probably scant except for cold weather, and was possibly of skins. -In stone work, projectile points were functional, and made rather -roughly with little pressure retouch. A proliferation of scraping -tools and utilized flakes was probably a by-product of the emphasis on -hunting, and suggests that many skins were prepared. A certain amount -of technological “know-how” was required to manufacture the relatively -fine prismatic flakes. In bone work the commonest tools were awls made -on a splinter of bone worked only on the functional end. One bone -appears to have been used for flint flaking.</p> - -<p>Despite the apparent emphasis on utility there is a certain amount of -evidence on the aesthetic side. The people had beads for adornment, -made of sections of bird bone. Fragments of hematite and limonite -indicate that they also practiced painting of some sort, perhaps on -their bodies and tools or hides.</p> - -<p>The occurrence of pieces of worked mica may have some magico-religious -significance. Similar specimens were found in Danger Cave (Jennings, -1957) and the pieces may indicate Great Basin affiliation. However, -the greatest concentration of these is between 50 and 72 inches. These -might have been used as charms, or have been part of shamanistic -paraphernalia. Other inferences drawn from ethnology would suggest the -importance of beliefs connected with hunting.</p> - -<p>There is no direct evidence of a socio-political nature. The size of -the site and the type economy represented indicate a small semi-nomadic -group. The possible overlap in cultural groups suggests either -intermittent occupations alternating between groups of different -cultural complexes, or the close proximity and strong influence -of such groups. In the field of social organization, many modern -hunting-gathering groups exhibit bilateral kin organization. On the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</span> -other hand the especial importance of large game would render the men’s -position of greater consequence, and the affiliation of the material -culture is oriented toward the Plains where patrilineal organization is -rather common.</p> - -<h3 id="COMP_D">Complex D</h3> - -<p>The authors believe that the culture (Complex D) represented at -LoDaisKa from 55 inches below baseline to the top of the late Wisconsin -Alluvium (erosional surface), is a manifestation of the Desert Culture -as described by Jennings (Jennings and Norbeck, 1955; Jennings, -1957). This exists in its purest form below 72 inches but there is a -persistence of some forms during the beginning of Complex C. Certain -types characteristic of the complex continue above 55 inches; they -occur, however, in diminishing quantities. There are two possible -reasons for this: 1) that the shelter continued to be occupied by -people of this affiliation; 2) that the materials worked up by the -process of re-use or trampling and mixing of the floor. There is -ethnological evidence that different tribes recognized each other’s -projectile points and often collected them (Brew, 1946). To avoid -confusion we shall treat this culture as it is manifested in its purest -form below 72 inches. Where specific shift or other phenomenon does -occur between 72-55 inches, it will be noted.</p> - -<p>Traits characteristic of this complex are the following: projectile -points of various forms, (to be discussed below), triangular knives, -especially the second type described above, a few flake knives, side, -discoidal, serrated, and a very few end scrapers, Uncompahgre scrapers, -drills, perforators, utilized flakes, chopper/hammerstones, paint -stones, splinter awls, awls with heads (especially some very large -forms), a notched rib, used bone splinters, antler flakers, gaming -pieces (undecorated), tubular beads, a tooth pendant, worked mica, -wood shafts (large), a limestone pendant, one quartz crystal and one -clay ball. Other artifacts found in the level include a few prismatic -flakes perhaps fortuitous or intrusive, and above 60 inches a few small -projectile points that are, by any criterion (e.g. Fenenga 1953), -arrowheads. Typologically these show the greatest resemblance to forms -found in Level 3 in Hells Midden (Lister, 1951). However, since there -appear to be no allied traits they are felt to be intrusive. At least -they provide no proof of the presence of this culture.</p> - -<p>We will discuss cultural affinities in terms of projectile points -with an eye to establishing possible lines of cultural influence from -various geographical areas. We do not suggest that in most cases more -than an idea was transmitted.</p> - -<p>The Desert Cultures represent, according to Jennings, a “life way”, a -specific economic approach to living in a certain environment. Though -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</span> -the Morrison biome differs in some respects from that of the classic -“Desert Cultures”, the nature of the problems faced and the kinds -of cultural response invoked are remarkably similar. Typological -similarities to Danger Cave materials include a high degree of -correspondence between class D projectile points and Jennings’ category -W31. This form is also found at Medicine Rock Cave, Oregon (Cressman, -1956, Fig. 41) and Kawumkan Springs Midden (type 7a, <i>Ibid.</i>). -It was also present at Deadman Cave, (Smith, 1952) and at Wormington -and Lister’s (1956) Uncompahgre sites (<a href="#FIG_42">Fig. 42 ff</a>). -Hurst (1944, 1945) named points of this type Tabeguache points. Points of -a rather similar form occur in Ventana Cave in the Chiricahua-Amagosa II level -(Haury, 1950) as a minor type, and become more common in the San Pedro materials.</p> - -<p>Below we shall compare the LoDaisKa materials of this complex to three -archaeological manifestations, since cultural ties seem to be closest -with these. These are: Ventana Cave, Danger Cave, and sites of the -Uncompahgre Complex, especially the Taylor Site. Reference will be made -to other areas for specific items.</p> - -<p>The similarities between type D projectile points and class W31 at -Danger Cave have already been noted. Other similar forms include Class -E forms and W25, 26. Class J may or may not be identified with W18 -and W19; since large corner-notched forms are widespread they may not -have enough distinctive features to be of value in site correlation. -They are also present at Deadman Cave. There are five points (Class G) -very similar to W38 (distribution Levels DIII-V at Danger Cave). If W8 -and W10 are connected with McKean lanceolate and Duncan forms this is -a good correlation point with the overlapping Complex C at LoDaisKa. -There is a similarity between W16 and Class C, and W22 resembles Class I forms.</p> - -<p>The only important projectile point category of Danger Cave Levels -DIII-IV which is lacking at LoDaisKa is the series W28, 29, 30, -corner-notched forms with deep basal notches.</p> - -<p>In other tool types there is an amazing similarity between the -triangular knives of Type I rather characteristic of Complex D at -LoDaisKa and Jennings’ W48 and especially W52. Since one of those at -LoDaisKa is obsidian, it is conceivable that it was traded from Utah -or the surrounding area. At both Danger Cave and LoDaisKa the relative -scarcity of end scrapers is noticeable. Other shared traits include -flake knives, straight drills, a few gravers, the possible foreshaft -from LoDaisKa, splinter awls and “headed” awls (it is interesting to -note that DIV types were less well made than LoDaisKa or DIII types). -One-hand manos and slab milling stones are found at both localities. -However, the peculiar four-plane type does not occur at Danger Cave. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</span> -Abrading stones, present at Danger Cave, are not found in Complex D. It -is of interest to note that both sites contained worked mica, ochre and -paint pigments. Nothing is known concerning basketry at LoDaisKa.</p> - -<p>There are numerous similarities between the projectile points of -Ventana Cave and those of LoDaisKa. Type H resembles Haury’s expanding -stemmed, round tanged, convex based form. These are distributed -vertically throughout the levels of both Ventana and LoDaisKa, but -are almost entirely absent at Danger Cave. Points of Class C very -closely resemble Haury’s expanding stemmed sharp tanged convex based -or straight based types. These are the second most numerous type as -low as level VI at Ventana. There are some points with oblique tangs -that may be related to Class I or J. However, the best marker is Class -C2. The first point figured in the group is identical with points of -the class loosely termed Pinto Basin. Both this and the second two -can be duplicated in Ventana Cave, or at the San Jose Site (Bryan and -Toulouse, 1943). Nearer to LoDaisKa, Renaud (1942, 1946) has found -similar points in the Upper Rio Grande.</p> - -<p>In both LoDaisKa Complex D and Ventana Levels II-III there are -triangular, convex-edged blades, side and discoidal scrapers. End -scrapers, especially snub-nosed forms are comparatively rare at both -sites. There are drills and/or perforators, including what we have -termed gravers, choppers, and utilized flakes. Hematite appears -together with quartz crystals. Awls are found: both headed and splinter -forms are represented. At both sites the former are the most numerous -type during the interval under discussion. At LoDaisKa there was no -category of “sawed” awls as at Ventana. Rib scrapers or knives are -also an interesting feature. There are in addition, tubular beads of -bird and mammal bone, and antler flakers. One additional and notable -similarity is to be found in handstones. These are all of the one -hand variety. Due to a peculiarity of usage, a median line developed -creating four grinding planes. This was probably caused in rocking the -mano when pushing it forward and then back. Occasionally a specimen is -noted where the user had rotated it 90° when reversing it, creating -median lines on opposite faces perpendicular to each other. As Haury -(1950) pointed out, this phenomenon is a special feature of the Cochise -Culture. It occurs at Ventana Cave and in the LoDaisKa Site. Both flat -slab milling stones and those with slight basins are found.</p> - -<p>A third comparison can be made with the nearby Uncompahgre Complex -(Wormington and Lister, 1956). Similarities to Danger Cave, sites -of the Middle Horizon of the Plains and to the Cochise Culture are -reflected in the Uncompahgre Complex, as summarized by the authors. -Certain forms of projectile points, especially the type called -Tabeguache by Hurst, are found in the Taylor Site in levels 4, 8, and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</span> -10. Another similar form is the round based, round barbed type (Class -II), also found in Ventana Cave. There are certain small points from -these levels, possibly arrowheads, which bear resemblance to projectile -points of levels 1-3 at the Taylor Site, and forms of Level 2 at Hells -Midden.</p> - -<p>Generally asymmetrical large ovoid bifaces or knives are common in the -Uncompahgre Complex, as they are here. The stemmed drills, straight -drills, gravers, and perforators of the general class that we have -called awls, are common in both the Uncompahgre and Complex D. There -are other similarities in serrated scrapers, and the rarity of end -scrapers. A triangular notched pendant found at LoDaisKa is probably -analogous to certain flat pieces of soft stone that were used as -ornaments on the Plateau. The four-planed manos noted above are also -found here. An interesting artifact, the Uncompahgre scraper, was first -described by Wormington and Lister in their report. Such pieces also -occur at LoDaisKa. Whether they occur elsewhere is not known, since -it is possible they were present in other areas but have not been -recognized. At the Taylor Site there were storage pits as at LoDaisKa. -One notable discrepancy is the lack of awls with heads at sites of the -Uncompahgre Complex.</p> - -<p>Before closing this discussion, we should take note of a possible -broader relationship of Complex D, that is within the continent-wide -framework of an Archaic horizon. While we have limited specific -correlation to Desert cultures, other similarities do exist in total -tool assemblage and specific point types with a number of Eastern -Archaic sites, such as Modoc Rock Shelter (Fowler, 1959). Jennings -(1957) has admirably summarized the relations of manifestations of the -Desert cultures with sites of the Eastern Archaic, and further inquiry -should be made in this direction. Perhaps when Archaic sites between -LoDaisKa and the Mississippi are discovered, a gradual blending of -Eastern Archaic-Desert Culture will be noted. A recent publication -for Oklahoma by R. Bell (1958) gives hope in this regard. Since corn -was present at Bat Cave (Dick, 1952), a site with certain Chiricahua -Cochise affinities, it is not unreasonable to assume corn diffused to -LoDaisKa from New Mexico or Arizona.</p> - -<h4 id="D_CULT">Cultural Reconstruction</h4> - -<p>There can be little doubt that the people of Complex D led a life -similar to that described by Jennings for the Desert Cultures. The term -“Desert” is a little misleading, since the Morrison Biome is not in any -sense of the word a desert. However, the vegetation is of the Sonoran -type, a type with great variation characterized by fairly low rainfall, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</span> -scrubby bushes and few trees. The proximity of the mountain forest -biome supporting deer and other large animals, probably led the -people to greater dependence on these at the expense of small game. -This hypothesis is supported by the faunal charts. The multitude of -grinding stones, and the presence of edible floral remains attest to -the continued importance of gathering. Another factor is present, -for floral remains and the pollen record indicate the presence of -maize in early times at LoDaisKa. At another site in southwestern -New Mexico, Bat Cave (Dick, n.d.) was recorded one of the earliest -occurrences of maize in North America. At Bat Cave preservation was -better than at LoDaisKa and a more complete record was found. There -is a clear resemblance between certain projectile points of Bat Cave -(e.g. Datil points) and Chiricahua and Ventana forms, and those of -LoDaisKa mentioned above. Perhaps maize was grown by the people of -Ventana Cave also. It remains to be seen, however, how much difference -the cultivation of small amounts of corn made in social and economic -life. We are inclined to agree with Willey and Phillips (1958), who -suggest that it was indeed little. In their hunting and gathering -activities these people must have lived a life very similar to that -of the Ute, outlined above. For theoretical considerations, the light -shed on prehistoric life by these primitive cultures of the historic -period cannot be overemphasized. The characters are different, but all -the evidence suggests that the play was much the same with only minor -variations.</p> - -<p>Cists from Complex D suggest that seeds and perhaps corn were stored. -Fire areas are sometimes large and deep. Perhaps these were traditional -cooking areas. The many rocks scattered in the pits suggest that -stone boiling or baking was practiced, and flat slabs may have been -used for cooking cakes. Food was ground on basin or flat metates with -one-hand manos. Lowie (1924) cites ethnological evidence for the use -of different kinds of grinding stones for different foods in the Great -Basin cultures. Perhaps a similar custom gave rise to the peculiar -four-plane and ordinary type manos in equal proportions at LoDaisKa. -Hunting methods included the use of the atlatl, or spear-thrower, and -possibly, though no evidence is at hand, snares. Perhaps the use of -bolas is recorded by the clay ball described above. Long bone awls -suggest that basketry was important.</p> - -<p>In technology the people had rather well formed projectile points. The -flaking technique employed was probably largely percussion supplemented -by pressure. In general, tools were smaller than those from other sites -that exhibit typological parallels. This could have been partly due -to ecologic conditions or perhaps to a scarcity of stone. Wide use of -rough quartz and metamorphic rock suggest that the latter factor was -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</span> -operative. Obsidian was obtained through trade or visits to other -areas. For sources of obsidian, one must look either to the vulcanism -of northern Wyoming, Southwestern Colorado, New Mexico or Utah. Peoples -occupying other sites of this time period also appear to have engaged -in trade (<a href="#Page_149">see Jennings, 1957; Haury, 1950</a>).</p> - -<p>Bone was widely used for scraping, cutting and piercing. The exact -method of cutting bone is not known; but there are gravers and utilized -flakes that could have been used.</p> - -<p>Ornaments suggest that interest in self adornment was not lacking. -Hematite and ochre indicate that there was some use of paints and -pigments. A piece of chlorite was found that, if ground and mixed with -grease, could have made a spectacular kind of paint. Worked mica again -may have had ornamental or ceremonial uses.</p> - -<p>In the magico-religious field, one can probably infer some of the -religious practices of the Basin hunters and gatherers, from those of -the recent Ute. An interesting feature is the occurrence of a rather -large, well formed, smokey colored quartz crystal. Perhaps as Haury -suggested (1950), such crystals were picked up for beauty, but another -possibility is that they were a part of a shaman’s paraphernalia. -Certain California and Louisiana Archaic sites contain many of these, -and they are assumed to have had some sort of magico-religious -function. It would be surprising not to find at least a part time -shaman in such a culture, although regalia such as sucking tubes are -lacking.</p> - -<p>Conjectures concerning social organization can be briefly set forth. -It is probable that the people had a more or less bilateral form of -kinship. As Murdock (1949) and others have noted, where economic -division of labor is nearly even, a more or less bilateral organization -tends to develop, with at most only mild matri-or patrilineality. -From ethnologic parallels for Basin peoples this seems plausible. But -use of ethnological evidence for single traits at this chronological -level is extra-hazardous. What effect the little agriculture practised -had is a moot question. As we have pointed out concerning the people -of Complex A, small plots of corn would have required at least -semi-annual gatherings, and would have temporarily placed the society -on a relatively stable footing. Possibly the proceeds of a harvest were -used for a gala feast or ceremony. However, the presence of cache pits -suggests that something at least was stored.</p> - -<p>Two oblong pieces of bone which appear to have been gaming pieces -suggest that gambling existed as a form of recreation. Certainly, -as Steward (1940) has noted, gaming was a constant feature of Basin -cultures.</p> - -<h3 id="OTHERS">Other Remains</h3> - -<p>Just within sands and gravels attributed by Hunt to Late or -Post-Wisconsin outwash, one fragmentary point and a few flakes were -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</span> -found. Some charcoal, ash and burned bone occurred at the same level, -extending in a lens about 2 inches lower. The point appears to the -authors to be the basal section of what might be called morphologically -a Plainview point (Krieger, in Sellards, Evans and Meade, 1947). -Flaking was parallel. Another parallel-flaked point of a similar type -was found higher up in the fill, and was undoubtedly a re-used piece -(<a href="#FIG_25">see Fig. 25</a>). Both points are of quartzite, and -both have ground edges. Five of the associated flakes were of a flinty -material, 2 of grainy quartzite.</p> - -<p class="space-below2">These artifacts probably represent a culture -of the early Lithic Stage in the area, and are perhaps the earliest -evidence of its occupation. The fill was so sparse, however, that no -further evidence could be obtained.</p> - -<h2 id="DISCUSS">DISCUSSION</h2> - -<h3 id="TRADITIONS">Traditions at LoDaisKa</h3> - -<p>Willey and Phillips (1958) have stated that traditions are culture -elements extending over long periods of time and often transgressing -various culture boundaries present in an area. Traditions are not -horizon-markers but may serve to unify a given series of occupations in -a locality (e.g. painted pottery is a tradition in the Southwest.)</p> - -<p>At LoDaisKa there are few such distinctive elements that transgress -cultural periods other than rather common functional tools such as -scrapers, but these few may be worth noting. One of these concerns a -special type of handstone with four working planes as described above. -These are present from complex A through D. Another tradition concerns -the use of local stone. In general finer flinty types were used for -knives, gravers and some types of scrapers, while grainy quartzite was -most often used for projectile points. Distance from sources probably -influenced the use of flinty types. The nearest quarry area appears -to be about fifteen miles away; beds of quartzite are found somewhat -closer. It is probable that access to both supplies led the people to -use flinty type where a good cutting edge was important, but grainy -varieties for tipping weapons. The grainy structure of quartzite makes -it break less cleanly on the edges but renders it less likely to snap -on sudden impact.</p> - -<p>Another tradition lies in the use of small points. Many of the -projectile point forms may be identical in general characteristics with -points from other areas which are apparently culturally connected, but -they are consistently a little smaller. Perhaps such a phenomenon was a -by-product of the scarcity of material. In this connection one should -note that in all the cultures common native rock quartz was almost -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</span> -invariably employed for large chopping tools. Another point of interest -is the almost total absence of cores. Raw material when found was -usually in the form of large flat flakes. The initial roughing out must -have taken place at the source.</p> - -<p>Another tradition is the use of mica for “ornaments” extending from -Complex B through D. A tradition for the area was the cultivation from -early times of a certain amount of corn, as revealed by pollen analysis -and a few specimens of seeds or cobs. However, the type of corn used -was not the same throughout. Three major varieties were present.</p> - -<p>There are two explanations for these local traditions: either a -tradition was handed down from one cultural group to another through -long periods of time, or the peculiar ecological position of the -Morrison biome dictated such a course. Probably the answer lies in -the combination of these; certainly for stone use the environment was -an important factor, but for the handstone type, the environmental -explanation does not seem entirely adequate.</p> - -<h3 id="LARGER">The Site in a Larger Context</h3> - -<p>Placed in a larger context, the sequence at LoDaisKa seems to reflect -the interaction of geographical, cultural and environmental factors. -Their relation poses a series of interesting questions.</p> - -<p>The region is located geographically on the fringe between two -well-known culture areas, the Great Basin and the Plains. At the same -time, it is environmentally distinct from either, combining some -characteristics of each, while preserving its own sub-montane biome. -These factors determine the essentially marginal character of the area. -For the same reasons, it should be especially sensitive to the forces -of cultural dynamics and to changes in environment.</p> - -<p>The sequence at the LoDaisKa Site reflects this situation. The shifting -orientation of the cultures represented alternates between the Plains -and Basin. This shifting may be an essentially cultural phenomenon, -possibly reflecting events in the nuclear culture areas. Alternatively, -there may be evidence of climatic fluctuation at the site, and -environmental change could have been an important factor.</p> - -<p>It remains a question whether this was, at least briefly, a contact -area for Plains and Basin cultures. From the available material it -is not possible to determine whether groups of divergent affiliation -ever inhabited the area synchronously. The considerable overlapping of -the culture units seems to point in this direction; but, as indicated -above, this phenomenon may be partially due to the telescoping of the -stratigraphy. This plus certain traditional continuums provide possible -evidence of the influence of these groups on each other. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</span></p> - -<p>Further research may provide answers for some of these questions. -Accurate dating by Carbon 14 will of course be invaluable in setting -the LoDaisKa sequence in proper relation to known Recent developments -in the West. Continued paleobotanical and geological study will help -clarify the chronological and environmental situation. Investigation of -single component sites in the area should provide a concrete regional -sequence and supply more data on the kind of cultural phenomena -represented here.</p> - -<p>This suggests a few of the problems to be solved and indicates the -great amount of research which remains to be done.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</span></p> -<h2 class="nobreak">BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2> -</div> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="no-indent fontsize_110"><b>ANDERSON, E.</b></p> -<p class="neg-indent2">1948 Racial Identity of the Corn from Castle -Park. <i>In</i> Burgh and Scoggin, the Archaeology of Castle Park -Dinosaur National Monument. Univ. of Colorado Series in Anthropology, -No. 2. Boulder.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent2">1954 Personal communication in Wormington. A -Reappraisal of the Fremont Culture. Denver Museum of Natural History -Proceedings, No. 1. 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BURGH</b></p> -<p class="neg-indent2">1954 Basketmaker II Sites Near Durango, -Colorado. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 604. -Washington.</p> - -<p class="no-indent fontsize_110"><b>MORSS, NOEL</b></p> -<p class="neg-indent2">1931 The Ancient Culture of the Fremont River in -Utah. Peabody Museum Papers, Vol. 12, No. 3. Cambridge.</p> - -<p class="no-indent fontsize_110"><b>MULLOY, W.</b></p> -<p class="neg-indent2">1952 The Northern Plains. <i>In</i> Archaeology -of the Eastern United States. Edited by J. B. Griffin, pp. 124-380. -Chicago.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent2">1954a The McKean Site in Northeastern Wyoming. -Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 432-460. -Albuquerque.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent2">1954b Archaeological Investigations in the -Shoshone Basin, University of Wyoming Publications, Vol. 16, No. 1, -pp. 1-70. Laramie.</p> - -<p class="no-indent fontsize_110"><b>MURDOCK, G. P.</b></p> -<p class="neg-indent2">1949 Social Structure. 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C.</b></p> -<p class="neg-indent2">1957 Two Fremont Sites and Their Position in -Southwestern Prehistory. Utah University Anthropological Papers, -No. 29, Salt Lake City.</p> - -<p class="no-indent fontsize_110"><b>TAYLOR, W. W.</b></p> -<p class="neg-indent2">1943 A Study of Archaeology. American -Anthropological Association Memoir No. 69. Menasha.</p> - -<p class="no-indent fontsize_110"><b>TRAIN, P., J. R. HENRICKS, W. A. ARCHER</b></p> -<p class="neg-indent2">1941 Medicinal Uses of Plants. Bureau of Plant -Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Washington.</p> - -<p class="no-indent fontsize_110"><b>UNDERHILL, RUTH M.</b></p> -<p class="neg-indent2">1953 Red Man’s America. University of Chicago -Press. Chicago. 1958 Personal Communication.</p> - -<p class="no-indent fontsize_110"><b>VESTAL, P. A.</b></p> -<p class="neg-indent2">1940 Notes on a Collection of Plants from the -Hopi Indian Region of Arizona. Botanical Leaflets, Harvard University, -Vol. 8, No. 8. 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Washington.</p> - -<p class="no-indent fontsize_110"><b>WEDEL, W. R. and M. F. KIVETT</b></p> -<p class="neg-indent2">1956 Additional Data on the Woodruff Ossuary, -Kansas. American Antiquity. Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 414-416. Salt Lake City.</p> - -<p class="no-indent fontsize_110"><b>WELLHAUSEN, E. S., L. M. ROBERTS -and E. HERNANDEZ X.</b></p> -<p class="neg-indent2">in collaboration with P. C. MANGELSDORF.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent2">1952 Races of Maize in Mexico. -The Bussey Institution of Harvard University. Cambridge.</p> - -<p class="no-indent fontsize_110"><b>WHEELER, R. P.</b></p> -<p class="neg-indent2">1952. A Note on the “McKean” Lanceolate Point. -Plains Archaeological Conference News Letter, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 45-50. -Lincoln.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent2">1957 Duncan and Hanna Points. Plains -Anthropologist, No. 1, pp. 7-14. Lincoln.</p> - -<p class="no-indent fontsize_110"><b>WHITING, A. F.</b></p> -<p class="neg-indent2">1939 Ethnobotany of the Hopi. Museum of Northern -Arizona, Bulletin No. 15. Flagstaff.</p> - -<p class="no-indent fontsize_110"><b>WILLEY G. R. and PHILLIP PHILLIPS</b></p> -<p class="neg-indent2">1958 Method and Theory in American Archaeology. -University of Chicago Press. Chicago.</p> - -<p class="no-indent fontsize_110"><b>WORMINGTON, H. M.</b></p> -<p class="neg-indent2">1955 A Reappraisal of the Fremont Culture. -Proceedings, No. 1, Denver Museum of Natural History. Denver.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent2">1957 Ancient Man in North America. Fourth -Revised Edition. Popular Series, No. 4, Denver Museum of Natural -History. Denver.</p> - -<p class="no-indent fontsize_110"><b>WORMINGTON, H. M. and R. H. LISTER</b></p> -<p class="neg-indent2">1956 Archaeological Investigations on the -Uncompahgre Plateau in West Central Colorado. Proceedings No. 2, -Denver Museum of Natural History. Denver.</p> - -<p class="no-indent fontsize_110"><b>ZINGG, H. M.</b></p> -<p class="neg-indent2">1939 The Ute Indians in Historical Relation to -Proto-Azteco-Tanoan Culture. University of Denver Contributions to -Ethnography, No. 2. Denver.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="footnotes"> -<p class="f150"><b>Footnotes:</b></p> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> -No available temperature or snowfall records for Morrison. Morrison -lies about 18 miles west of the Denver Record station and is slightly -higher. Temperatures do not differ appreciably from Denver. Data was -collected in 1941-1956 for Morrison, 1905-1957 for Denver.</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">[2]</a> -Publication authorized by the Director, U. S. Geological Survey.</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">[3]</a> -Publication authorized by the Director, U. S. Geological Survey.</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">[4]</a> -Apart from the fact that this specimen may represent <i>Bison bison</i> -rather than ?<i>Bos taurus</i>, the possibility exists that it is an -accidental, late Recent association introduced by outside agency, as -would be the case in a burial by a carnivore or man.</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="label">[5]</a> -Hunt, Chas. B., 1954, Pleistocene and Recent Deposits in the Denver -Area, Colorado: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 996-C, p. 91-140.</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6" class="label">[6]</a> -Scott, Glenn R., Geology of the Kassler Quadrangle, Colorado; -manuscript in preparation.</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7" class="label">[7]</a> -Hunt, Chas. B., Geology of the LoDaisKa site, <a href="#Page_89">p. 89, -present publication</a>.</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8" class="label">[8]</a> -Reprinted with the author’s permission from <i>Maize Genetics -Cooperation—News Letter</i>, No. 32 for March 15, 1958.</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9" class="label">[9]</a> -American Journal of Science, Vol. 257, No. 1, Jan. ’59, p. 21 “Lamont -Natural Radiocarbon Measurements V.” Dates are now available for -Signal Butte, Ia: L 385 B, 4550±220 years and Signal Butte Ic: L 385 -D, 4170±250 years. However, they may suggest that there is little time -lapse between the cultures of Signal Butte I.</p> -</div></div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="transnote bbox space-above2"> -<p class="f120 space-above1">Transcriber’s Notes:</p> -<hr class="r10" /> -<p>The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up - paragraphs and so that they are next to the text they illustrate.</p> -<p>Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.</p> -<p>Many of the captions for the figures have expressions like “"Actual size, -2x Actual size, ½ Actual size”, etc. These are included in the captions for -this e-book for consistency with the original. The should not be taken -literally because the size of the actual image is subject to many variables -in an e-book.</p> -</div></div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EXCAVATIONS AT THE LODAISKA SITE IN THE DENVER, COLORADO AREA ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ -concept and trademark. 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