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+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
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+status under the laws that apply to them.
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #69543 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/69543)
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-The Project Gutenberg eBook of Around the world in eighty minutes, by
-William S. Walsh
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this eBook.
-
-Title: Around the world in eighty minutes
-       Photographic reproductions of the most magnificent edifices, the
-       most interesting remains and the most beautiful scenes on the
-       earth's surface
-
-Author: William S. Walsh
-
-Release Date: December 14, 2022 [eBook #69543]
-
-Language: English
-
-Produced by: Tim Lindell, Charlie Howard, and the Online Distributed
-             Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
-             produced from images generously made available by The
-             Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AROUND THE WORLD IN EIGHTY
-MINUTES ***
-
-
-
-
-
-  AROUND THE WORLD
-
-  IN
-
-  EIGHTY MINUTES
-
-  PHOTOGRAPHIC REPRODUCTIONS OF THE MOST MAGNIFICENT EDIFICES,
-  THE MOST INTERESTING REMAINS AND THE MOST BEAUTIFUL
-  SCENES ON THE EARTH’S SURFACE
-
-  WITH DESCRIPTIVE TEXT
-
-  BY
-
-  WM. S. WALSH
-
-  PHILADELPHIA
-
-  HENRY ALTEMUS
-
-  1894
-
-
-
-
-  Copyrighted, 1894, by HENRY ALTEMUS
-
-  ALTEMUS’ BOOKBINDERY, PHILADELPHIA
-
-
-
-
-INTRODUCTION
-
-
-Travel is the greatest of educators, the greatest of civilizers. To
-come in contact with men and manners different from those to which
-we have been accustomed by birth is to broaden the mind; to teach it
-forbearance, sympathy, wisdom; to rob it of its philistinism; to make
-it cosmopolitan and not provincial. To come face to face with the great
-monuments of the past and of the present, to see what man has done
-and is doing, is to get a new idea of the vastness, the imaginative
-strength, the creative power of the human mind, to renew your respect
-for your kind and for yourself, because you belong to that kind. It
-may teach you your own littleness, indeed, in itself a useful lesson.
-But it also teaches you the greatness of that aggregate of little
-individuals to which we give the generic name of man. And to learn this
-lesson of reverence for man is to kin yourself with what is best and
-holiest in man.
-
-Horse-power, sails, steam, electricity are all at your bidding to-day,
-ready harnessed to transport you where you will. If you wish to travel,
-the world is yours to command. Fictitious heroes have circled it in
-eighty days; real men and women have accomplished the feat in less
-time. A little leisure and a little money will enable you to do what a
-century or so ago would have been impossible to the greatest potentate
-on earth, with twenty-four hours of leisure every day, and the wealth
-of Indies at his beck and call.
-
-But if you have not the little leisure, if you have not the little
-money, you can travel without them. You can travel without passing out
-of your room, without quitting your chair. The resources of modern
-science are inexhaustible. Mahomet, though a prophet, had to go to the
-mountain because the mountain would not come to him. But you need not
-go to the mountain; modern science will make it come to you. You have
-but to say the word.
-
-Here, in this book, for example, are one hundred photographs of one
-hundred of the most famous sights, scenes and monuments in the whole
-world. To see these sights, these scenes, these monuments, is to attain
-a liberal education. Now what is seeing? Seeing, the philosopher will
-tell you, is to have certain waves of light strike your eye and create
-an impression on your retina of the objects that are in front of you.
-The retina, in other words, is nothing but a natural camera obscura.
-And what is a photograph? A photograph is a modern invention whereby,
-by means of an artificial camera obscura, the sun, the author of all
-light, is cunningly induced to bind upon paper forever the impression
-made by the actual waves of light set in motion by certain objects.
-Remember it is not a picture of that object formed by some individual
-man and blurred by the personality of the individual who made it. It is
-the actual sight, the actual scene, the actual monument, or what not,
-just as it would have met your natural retina if you had been there,
-and simply reflected from the artificial retina into your natural one.
-The sun is the true realist--faithful, literal, exact. Would we not
-cheerfully exchange Giotto’s portrait of Dante for a photograph by
-Sarony, had Sarony and his camera existed in Dante’s day; or Wagner’s
-Chariot Race for an instantaneous photograph of the great Colosseum,
-with its surging crowds of humanity? The men and women in Wagner’s
-masterpiece are vivid and life-like; as types they are faithful and
-exact, but the instantaneous photograph would give you the very outer
-form and semblance, the body and almost the soul, of individuals who
-had once lived, who are now once again living before you. Savages
-are said to shrink from being photographed, deeming that a part of
-themselves passes into the picture, and the superstitions of savages
-are metaphors in which civilized men read a poetical hint of the truth.
-
-Here, then, are one hundred of the greatest of human monuments and the
-most magnificent of earthly scenes brought into your very presence by
-the witchery of modern science. The selection has been made with the
-greatest care so as to be truly representative of all ages, people and
-climes. Each photograph is accompanied by a pains-taking and accurate
-description which briefly but succinctly sums up the information that
-the reader needs for his guidance. Here, therefore, is a trip round
-the world with the services of a guide thrown in, and that trip can be
-accomplished pleasantly and without fatigue at an expense which is too
-ridiculously small to mention.
-
-Well may the modern laugh at Mahomet and his mountain, and snap his
-fingers at Phineas Fogg and Nelly Bly. Eighty days quotha! Seventy?
-Sixty? Nay, eighty minutes will suffice.
-
-
-
-
-CONTENTS
-
-
-                                                                    PAGE
-  The Statue of Liberty                                               12
-
-  The Tower of London                                                 14
-
-  Westminster Abbey                                                   16
-
-  St. Paul’s Cathedral                                                18
-
-  Houses of Parliament, London                                        20
-
-  Bank of England, London                                             22
-
-  Mansion House, London                                               24
-
-  London Bridge                                                       26
-
-  Trafalgar Square, London                                            28
-
-  Thames Embankment, London                                           30
-
-  Kenilworth Castle, England                                          32
-
-  Warwick Castle, England                                             34
-
-  Windsor Castle, England                                             36
-
-  Shakespeare’s House                                                 38
-
-  Osborne House, Isle of Wight                                        40
-
-  Blarney Castle, Ireland                                             42
-
-  The Lakes of Killarney, Ireland                                     44
-
-  Giant’s Causeway, Ireland                                           46
-
-  Edinburgh Castle, Scotland                                          48
-
-  Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh                                          50
-
-  Melrose Abbey, Scotland                                             52
-
-  Abbotsford, Scotland                                                54
-
-  Fingal’s Cave, Scotland                                             56
-
-  Forth Bridge, Scotland                                              58
-
-  Balmoral Castle, Scotland                                           60
-
-  Loch Katrine, Scotland                                              62
-
-  North Cape, Norway                                                  64
-
-  The Kremlin, Moscow, Russia                                         66
-
-  The Church of St. Basil, Moscow                                     68
-
-  Royal Museum, Berlin, Germany                                       70
-
-  Brandenburg Gate, Berlin                                            72
-
-  Cologne Cathedral, Germany                                          74
-
-  Heidelberg Castle, Germany                                          76
-
-  Ehrenbreitstein, Germany                                            78
-
-  The Cathedral, Antwerp, Belgium                                     80
-
-  Palais de Justice, Brussels, Belgium                                82
-
-  Field of Waterloo, Belgium                                          84
-
-  Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris                                         86
-
-  Place de la Bastille, Paris                                         88
-
-  Place de la Concorde, Paris                                         90
-
-  Place Vendome, Paris                                                92
-
-  Garden of the Tuileries, Paris                                      94
-
-  Arc de Triomphe, Paris                                              96
-
-  Napoleon’s Tomb, Paris                                              98
-
-  Chamber of Deputies, Paris                                         100
-
-  Grand Opera House, Paris                                           102
-
-  Eiffel Tower, Paris                                                104
-
-  The Trocadero, Paris                                               106
-
-  Chateau de Fontainebleau, France                                   108
-
-  Garden and Fountains, Versailles, France                           110
-
-  Grand Trianon, Versailles                                          112
-
-  A Bull Fight, Seville, Spain                                       114
-
-  The Alhambra                                                       116
-
-  Cordova, Spain                                                     118
-
-  Rock of Gibraltar                                                  120
-
-  Monte Carlo                                                        122
-
-  Lake Lucerne, Switzerland                                          124
-
-  Mont Blanc, Switzerland                                            126
-
-  Mer de Glace, Switzerland                                          128
-
-  The Matterhorn, Switzerland                                        130
-
-  Rigi-Kulm, Switzerland                                             132
-
-  Thun, Switzerland                                                  134
-
-  Jungfrau from Interlaken                                           136
-
-  Cursalon, Vienna, Austria                                          138
-
-  Cathedral, Milan, Italy                                            140
-
-  Panorama of Venice, Italy                                          142
-
-  St. Mark’s, Venice                                                 144
-
-  Grand Canal, Venice                                                146
-
-  Doge’s Palace, Venice                                              148
-
-  Cathedral and Leaning Tower, Pisa, Italy                           150
-
-  Ponte Vecchio, Florence, Italy                                     152
-
-  Palazzo Vecchio, Florence                                          154
-
-  Cathedral of Florence                                              156
-
-  The Capitol, Rome, Italy                                           158
-
-  Castle of St. Angelo, Rome                                         160
-
-  St. Peter’s, Rome                                                  162
-
-  The Colosseum, Rome                                                164
-
-  The Pantheon, Rome                                                 166
-
-  Tomb of Cecilia Metella, Rome                                      168
-
-  The Forum, Rome                                                    170
-
-  The Bay of Naples, Italy                                           172
-
-  Pompeii, Italy                                                     174
-
-  The Acropolis, Athens, Greece                                      176
-
-  The Bosphorus, Constantinople, Turkey                              178
-
-  The Mosque of St. Sophia, Constantinople                           180
-
-  The Sphinx, Egypt                                                  182
-
-  The Pyramids of Gizeh, Egypt                                       184
-
-  Ruins of the Temple of Amenophis, Karnak                           186
-
-  Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem                            188
-
-  Garden of Gethsemane, Jerusalem                                    190
-
-  Ruins of Baalbek, Syria                                            192
-
-  Taj Mahal, Agra, Hindostan                                         194
-
-  The Pearl Mosque, Hindostan                                        196
-
-  Yosemite Valley, California                                        198
-
-  Big Trees, Mariposa Grove, California                              200
-
-  Geysers, Yellowstone Park, Wyoming                                 202
-
-  Grand Canon, Yellowstone Park                                      204
-
-  Cliff Dwellings, New Mexico                                        206
-
-  Masonic Temple, Chicago                                            208
-
-  Niagara Falls                                                      210
-
-  The Thousand Islands                                               212
-
-  Victoria Bridge, Montreal                                          214
-
-  The Capitol, Washington, D. C.                                     216
-
-  The White House, Washington, D. C.                                 218
-
-  Independence Hall, Philadelphia                                    220
-
-  The Brooklyn Bridge                                                222
-
-
-
-
-THE STATUE OF LIBERTY. This colossal statue, by Auguste Bartholdi,
-stands on Bedloe’s Island in New York harbor. It is distinguished, not
-only by its immense height (three hundred and five feet six inches
-from foundation to torch), but by the elegance of its proportions and
-its imposing dignity. At night, especially, when the torch is lighted
-by electricity, its effect is unique and commanding. The statue was
-presented to the American people by France, the cost being defrayed by
-public subscription. The sculptor himself took no remuneration. Public
-subscription here put up the pedestal. The statue was formally handed
-over to the President of the United States by the French delegates on
-October 28th, 1886.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-THE TOWER OF LONDON, ENGLAND. In all the world there is no more famous
-fortress than this ancient citadel of London. Situate in the oldest
-portion of the city, on the north bank of the Thames, it at once
-arrests the attention of every stranger in the English metropolis.
-Tradition ascribes its erection to Julius Cæsar, but tradition is
-unsupported by historical evidence, and at the most it is only
-conjectured that the Romans had a fortress on this site. It may be
-stated authoritatively, however, that the Keep or White Tower (so named
-because it was formerly whitewashed), which is now the oldest extant
-portion of the citadel, was built by William the Conqueror. As the
-council chamber of the ancient kings of England, and subsequently as a
-prison of state for political offenders, its glory and its shame are
-part and parcel of the glory and the shame of all England. Some of the
-most momentous events in the history of the country were enacted within
-its walls. From an early period it has been the depository of the
-ornaments and jewels of the crown.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-WESTMINSTER ABBEY, LONDON. This is the supremely interesting spot in
-all London. Its exquisite architecture would alone ennoble it. But as
-the sepulchre of sovereigns, heroes, statesmen, authors and poets, as
-the scene of some of the most hallowed events in English history, it
-makes an even more serious appeal to the imagination. Its very history
-is involved in becoming mystery. Tradition asserts that on this site
-Sebert, King of the Saxons, built a church and dedicated it to St.
-Peter. More authentic history ascribes its inception to Edward the
-Confessor, who designed it for his own burial place. Hence, other royal
-interments followed. William the Conqueror was crowned here within
-a few yards of the Confessor’s tomb, and every succeeding sovereign
-of England has followed his example. It also has continued to be the
-favorite spot for royal weddings and funerals. As it now stands the
-Abbey was for the most part rebuilt by Henry III. Henry VII added the
-famous chapel which bears his name, and the two towers on the front
-were placed there by Christopher Wren. The Poet’s Corner in the south
-transept contains tombs or monuments in honor of many of the most
-famous of English literary worthies.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-ST. PAUL’S CATHEDRAL, LONDON. This, the metropolitan church of London,
-is one of the largest and, without exception, the most conspicuous of
-its edifices. Built on a slight eminence, which is said to have been
-anciently occupied by a temple to Diana, it is the last of a series
-of Christian churches that succeeded to the Pagan temple. The first,
-founded about 610, was destroyed by fire in 1087. The second succumbed
-to the Great Fire of 1666. The present church was begun June 21st,
-1675, and was finished in thirty-five years, under one architect, Sir
-Christopher Wren. The whole cost, £747,954 2_s._ 9_d._, was paid by
-a tax on every chaldron of coal brought into London. The structure
-is five hundred and fifty feet from east to west by one hundred and
-twenty-five feet in width; the front is one hundred and eighty feet
-wide, and the top of the cross is four hundred feet from the crypt
-floor. Carlyle said of it that it was the only edifice that struck him
-with a proper sense of grandeur.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT, LONDON, ENGLAND. This is the largest, and
-in some respects the most imposing, of all the public edifices in
-England. Gothic in style, in size, at least, it surpasses any other
-Gothic building in the world. And in respect to its equipments and
-the excellent adaptation of every part to the purposes for which it
-was erected and for the transaction of the business to which it is
-consecrated it is absolutely unrivaled. Both Houses, Lords and Commons,
-meet within its walls. Yet it is a comparatively modern structure.
-Occupying the site of the Royal Palace, dwelt in by every English
-monarch from the time of Edward the Confessor to Queen Elizabeth, the
-corner-stone of the present building was not laid until April 27th,
-1840. It covers about eight acres of ground, and has four fronts, the
-longest and most effective of which, facing the river Thames, is nine
-hundred and forty feet long. The Victoria Tower at the south-west
-angle, which is about three hundred and forty feet high and admirably
-proportioned, is one of its most effective features.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-BANK OF ENGLAND, LONDON. This, the most celebrated moneyed institution
-in the world, is situated on Threadneedle Street. Hence, it is
-sometimes facetiously alluded to as “The Old Lady of Threadneedle
-Street.” It has a branch in the West End of London and nine branches
-in the provinces. It was founded July 27th, 1694, as a joint stock
-association, with a capital of £1,200,000, which was lent at eight per
-cent. interest to the government of William and Mary. And as it began
-as a servant of the government so it has continued. At the present
-moment it has the management of the public debt and the paying of
-interest thereon, it holds the deposits belonging to government and
-aids in the collection of the public revenue. It is the bank of all the
-other banks in England. Its notes are legal tender, and are convertible
-into coin. Its credit and reputation have been absolutely unequaled by
-any other establishment of the sort. Hence, the recent discovery of a
-deficit of £5,000,000 shook the financial world to its centre. But the
-bank has been able to meet the emergency.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-MANSION HOUSE, LONDON, ENGLAND. The Lord-Mayor of London has his
-official residence at the Mansion House. It is situated nearly opposite
-the Royal Exchange, on the site of the ancient Stock’s Market; was
-begun in 1739 and finished in 1741. In its great banqueting hall,
-known as the Egyptian Hall, are given the state banquets. Formerly it
-was the ambition of every great London merchant and banker to become
-Lord-Mayor, but since the district actually under his jurisdiction has
-come to be a very small part of what is known as London, the importance
-of this functionary has greatly diminished in the eyes of all save
-foreigners. As the dispenser of civic hospitality he receives £8000 a
-year, with the use of the Mansion House, furniture, carriages, &c.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-LONDON BRIDGE, LONDON, ENGLAND. This is not the London bridge of
-Shakespeare’s time, for that was a wooden structure, lined with houses
-on either side. The present London bridge is substantially built of
-granite on the site of the older one. It cost £2,566,268, and was
-opened to the public on August 1st, 1831, by King William IV. There are
-five arches, the central one having a span of one hundred and fifty-two
-feet. The entire length is nine hundred and twenty-eight feet and the
-width fifty-four. A curious interest attaches to the lamp posts along
-the side, which are cast from the metal of French cannon captured in
-the Peninsular War. The constant stream of traffic that pours across
-this bridge is prodigious. It is estimated that every twenty-four
-hours no less than twenty thousand vehicles and one hundred and seven
-thousand pedestrians are borne along in the opposing currents.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-TRAFALGAR SQUARE, LONDON. The battle of Trafalgar (22d October, 1805)
-was won over the combined French and Spanish fleet by the English,
-under Lord Nelson, who lost his life at the very moment of victory.
-One of the finest open places in London is named after the conflict.
-In the centre a massive granite column, one hundred and forty-five
-feet in height, rises to the memory of the great admiral, whose statue
-surmounts it. The pedestal is adorned with reliefs in bronze, cast
-with the metal of French captured cannon, and representing scenes in
-the career of Nelson. Four colossal bronze lions, modeled by Sir Edwin
-Landseer, in 1867, crouch upon pedestals running out from the column
-in the form of a cross. The square is paved with asphalt. Statues
-of Sir Henry Havelock, of Sir Charles James Napier and of George IV
-are distributed around it. Towards the north side are two fountains,
-and on the terrace to the north rises the National Gallery, with the
-interesting old church of St. Martin in the Fields by its side.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-THAMES EMBANKMENT, LONDON, ENGLAND. At an early period the banks of the
-Thames River had many wide stretches of marsh land, covered by shallow
-lagoons. From time to time embankments have been erected, some of them
-dating from the time of the Romans. The greatest of all these works is
-the new Victoria Embankment, leading from Blackfriars Bridge towards
-the west, along the north bank of the Thames as far as Westminster.
-Built in 1864–70, under the direction of Sir Joseph W. Bazalgette, it
-cost nearly $10,000,000. It consists of a macadamized carriageway about
-two thousand three hundred yards in length and sixty-four feet wide.
-The foot pavement on the land side is sixteen feet broad and on the
-river side twenty feet. This entire area was formerly covered by the
-tide twice a day. A granite wall eight feet thick protects it on the
-side next the Thames. Rows of trees have been planted along the sides
-of the Embankment, which will eventually make it a shady and delightful
-promenade. At intervals are large openings, with stairs leading to the
-floating steamboat piers. It is illuminated at night by electricity.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-KENILWORTH CASTLE, ENGLAND. One of the stateliest of feudal remains
-in all England is this ruined castle, situated on rising ground to
-the west of the village of Kenilworth. Picturesque in itself, famous
-as it is in history, it yet derives its chief charm from the glamour
-thrown over it by Walter Scott in the novel which he has named after
-it. Kenilworth Castle first takes a prominent position in history as
-one of the strongholds of Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, in his
-rebellion against Henry III. Subsequently it passed into the possession
-of John of Gaunt, who enlarged and beautified it. But its highest
-fame results from the fact that Queen Elizabeth bestowed it upon her
-favorite, Robert Leicester, Earl of Dudley, and it was here that Amy
-Robsart ended her unhappy life. Cromwell dismantled the castle. Since
-his day it has suffered much from the ravages of time, but even in
-ruins it retains a potency to delight and to impress.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-WARWICK CASTLE, ENGLAND. Beautiful in itself, famous as the residence
-of the Earls of Warwick, and especially of him who went by the title
-of the King-maker, Warwick Castle is one of the most notable edifices
-in England. Nothing could be more picturesque than its situation on a
-rock washed by the Avon. Its two towers are surpassingly beautiful. The
-one known as the Clock Tower is here represented. Its battlements and
-turrets are full of quaint interest. The grounds which surround it are
-a triumph of landscape gardening. And the castle itself is almost a
-thousand years old. Legend declares that it was founded in 915 by the
-daughter of King Alfred, Ethelfleda. In the war with the barons in the
-reign of Henry III it was partially destroyed. In the reign of Edward
-III it was restored and strengthened. Additions and improvements have
-successively been made. In the reign of James II it passed into the
-hands of the Grevilles, and has remained their property ever since.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-WINDSOR CASTLE, ENGLAND. The favorite residence of the English
-sovereigns, which distinction it merits through its own beauty, the
-beauty of its surroundings and its opulence of historical and legendary
-associations. Long before the Normans landed in England it was the
-seat of the Saxon Kings. But William the Conqueror founded the present
-castle; it was rebuilt by Edward III, was extended by successive
-sovereigns, and, finally, in the reign of Queen Victoria, was brought
-to its present perfection. The town of Windsor is some twenty miles
-from London. On a promontory, overlooking the Valley of the Thames,
-stands the castle. Its chapels and its terrace are among the noblest
-in Europe. The interior is lavishly decorated, and contains valuable
-paintings, statuary, furniture, tapestries and plate. In its vaults lie
-the bodies of the Kings and Queens of England.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-SHAKESPEARE’S HOUSE, STRATFORD-ON-AVON, ENGLAND. The birth-place of
-genius must always be full of interest to his fellow-men. How great
-then must be the interest in the birth-place of the greatest of
-geniuses! That interest is attested by the fact that the walls of the
-small, mean-looking edifice in which Shakespeare was born are scrawled
-all over with the names of potentates, princes, statesmen, poets and
-other great and little men. These, indeed, form a not insignificant
-part of the curiosities of the place. The house became the property
-of the English nation in 1847, and has been carefully restored. The
-actual room which witnessed the birth of the poet is shown, and is in
-substantially the same condition as when that event took place. In
-another room there is a small museum of Shakespearean relics.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-OSBORNE HOUSE, ISLE OF WIGHT, ENGLAND. This is the seaside residence
-of Queen Victoria. Even in the Isle of Wight, a place famous for its
-magnificent private residences, it occupies a pre-eminent position.
-Situated in the immediate neighborhood of East Cowes, almost opposite
-to the mouth of Southampton Water, no place could be more favored by
-nature in its surroundings, and art has come to the assistance of
-nature. The grounds, though not large, are exquisite specimens of that
-princely art of landscape gardening in which the English have achieved
-the highest success. The palace itself is in excellent taste. A high
-tower in one corner is a conspicuous object for miles around. From its
-summit a magnificent view of the surrounding country may be obtained.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-BLARNEY CASTLE, IRELAND. This imposing ruin of an ancient fortress is
-situated in the village of Blarney, about four miles from Cork. It was
-built in the early part of the fifteenth century by Cormac McCarthy,
-Prince of Desmond. Little now remains of it but the massive donjon
-tower, one hundred and twenty feet high. Its main celebrity arises
-from the famous Blarney stone, which endows whoever kisses it with the
-gift of flattery, palavering rhodomontade or wheedling eloquence. No
-one exactly knows the origin of the stone, nor whence it derived its
-mysterious powers. The date 1703 is carved upon it. It is preserved and
-held in place by two iron girders between huge mertons of the northern
-projecting parapet nearly one hundred feet above the ground. To kiss it
-has been the ambition of many generations who laboriously climb up to
-its dangerous eminence. But the lip service of so great a multitude is
-gradually wearing it away.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-LAKES OF KILLARNEY, IRELAND. These are three connected lakes in County
-Kerry, of extraordinary beauty and interest. The largest, known as
-Lough Leane, is fifteen miles long by three broad. It contains some
-thirty islands, the chief of which is Innisfallen, celebrated in
-history and story. On the sides of these lakes rise the loftiest
-mountains in Ireland, intersected by the wildest ravines, and full of
-the boldest cascades. The beauty of the scenery is enhanced by the
-varied coloring of the thickly-wooded shores, the gray rock forming
-an effective contrast to the dark firs, the brown mountain heath,
-the light green arbutus and other features in an infinite variety of
-foliage and verdure. In the immediate neighborhood of Lough Leane
-is Muckross Abbey, founded by Franciscan monks in 1340, now a most
-picturesque ruin.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-GIANT’S CAUSEWAY, IRELAND. A singular mass of basaltic columns,
-situated on the coast of Antrim, Ireland, has obtained this name from
-the legend that it was the commencement of a road planned by the giants
-of old to project across the channel from Ireland to Scotland. And,
-indeed, it looks almost like a deliberate work of mightier men than we
-rather than a frolic of nature. It resembles an immense pier jutting
-out into the sea from the base of a stratified cliff about four hundred
-feet high, to the length of about seven hundred feet. The pillars
-composing it are close-fitting, dark-colored and somewhat irregular
-hexagons, varying in diameter from fifteen to twenty inches and
-sometimes reaching the height of twenty or even thirty feet. Whinstone
-dikes separate it into three divisions, known as the Little Causeway,
-the Middle or “Honeycomb” Causeway and the Larger or Grand Causeway.
-Altogether, it comprises about forty thousand columns, each consisting
-of several pieces.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-EDINBURGH CASTLE, EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND. Picturesquely situated on a
-rocky eminence, three hundred and eighty-three feet high, in the very
-heart of the old portion of Edinburgh, is this ancient fortress. The
-rock is perpendicular on three sides. On the fourth it slopes away
-gradually so that it can be ascended with ease. The fort is supposed to
-have been erected in the seventh century, the city gradually growing up
-around it. In early Scottish history it was frequently captured by and
-recaptured from the English. In the twelfth century it became a royal
-residence. By the articles of union it is one of the four fortresses
-which are to be kept constantly fortified. It contains accommodations
-for two thousand soldiers, and its armory affords space for thirty
-thousand stands of arms. The Scottish Regalia are preserved here, and
-one of the chief objects of interest is the room where Mary, Queen
-of Scots, gave birth to James VI, in whom the crowns of England and
-Scotland were united. The picture is taken from the Parade Ground.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-HOLYROOD PALACE, EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND. This spacious building occupies
-the site of an Abbey, founded in A. D. 1128 by King David I, of
-Scotland. The palace itself was begun in the reign of James IV, was
-nearly destroyed by Cromwell in 1650, and was rebuilt by Charles II.
-But the chief interest of the place centres upon its associations with
-Mary, Queen of Scots. Luckily her apartments are preserved in almost
-their original condition. The royal chapel, where she celebrated mass
-to the indignation of the Protestants, is almost intact. So is the
-audience chamber in which she disputed with John Knox. And even to this
-day is pointed out a deep stain at the foot of the private stairway to
-her apartments which is said to be the blood of the murdered Rizzio. In
-recent times the palace has been seldom used as a place of residence.
-It stands on the top of a huge rock four hundred and forty-three feet
-above the sea, and is built in the shape of a quadrangle with a court
-in the centre.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-MELROSE ABBEY, MELROSE, SCOTLAND. This is the most famous and the most
-picturesque ruin in Scotland--indeed in all Great Britain. Originally
-founded for the Cistercian monks by David I, of Scotland, in the
-twelfth century, it was nearly destroyed by the English--Edward II--in
-1322, and shortly after was rebuilt by Robert Bruce, whose heart is
-fabled to be buried under the east window. The abbey was again burned
-by Richard II in 1385, and though again restored it was considerably
-altered after the Reformation to suit the demands of Presbyterian
-worship. Later it was plundered by builders to secure ornaments for
-houses, and is now in utter ruin. As it stands, therefore, it belongs
-mainly to the middle of the fourteenth century and the first half of
-the fifteenth, with a good many portions of much later date. Even in
-ruins it is one of the noblest exemplars of the Middle-pointed style of
-Gothic architecture. Sir Walter Scott made it the scene of his novel
-of “The Monastery,” and also celebrated it in some well-known lines in
-“Marmion.”
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-ABBOTSFORD, SCOTLAND. As the residence of Sir Walter Scott, who erected
-it in the days of his greatest financial success, and as the scene and
-the cause of his eventual ruin, the castle of Abbotsford must ever
-retain a picturesque and pathetic hold upon the lover of literature.
-It is situated on the south bank of the Tweed, near Melrose Abbey,
-and about twenty-eight miles southeast of Edinburgh. Scott’s aim was
-to erect a great mansion on something like feudal principles, where
-he would dispense a lordly hospitality akin to that of the ancient
-nobles whom he loved to celebrate. The scheme was too grand to
-succeed. The kindly baronet was involved in ruin, and spent his last
-days in a courageous and almost successful effort to battle against
-terrible odds. At present Abbotsford has passed out of the hands of
-his descendants and become a boarding-school for young ladies. But
-it is still a museum of interesting relics, and on account of its
-associations is much visited by tourists.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-FINGAL’S CAVE, SCOTLAND, one of the most remarkable of all cave
-formations. It is situated on the Island of Staffa, seven miles off
-the west coast of Mull. The entire island is almost entirely encircled
-by cliffs of columnar basalt, hollowed out here and there into caves.
-Fingal’s, known also as the Great Cave, is the greatest of these.
-The entrance is almost like that of a huge Gothic Cathedral. A lofty
-arch, sixty feet high by thirty wide, is supported by columnar ranges
-of basaltic rock, whose native blackness is whitened with calcareous
-stalagmite. The cave is two hundred and thirty-two feet deep. Its floor
-is the sea, which flashes many colored lights upon the ceiling with its
-pendant clusters of columns, and on the great cavernous sides, with
-their countless complicated ranges of gigantic columns, beautifully
-jointed and of the most symmetrical though varied forms.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-FORTH BRIDGE, SCOTLAND. The largest and, in many respects, the most
-magnificent bridge in the world, is that across the Firth of Forth, at
-Queensbury. Here the estuary of the Forth is divided by the island of
-Inchgarvie into two channels, whose depth--two hundred feet--precluded
-the construction of intermediate piers. A design for a gigantic
-suspension bridge, by Sir Thomas Bouch, had almost been adopted, when
-the collapse of the Tay bridge, in 1879, led to the abandonment of
-the project. A new plan was accepted from Benjamin Baker. This was a
-cantilever bridge of steel. A cantilever is a structure overhung from
-a fixed base. Work was begun in 1882 and completed in 1889. There
-are three granite piers, the central one being on the island; and on
-those piers three double lattice-work cantilevers are poised in line,
-reaching towards each other, and connected at their extremities by
-ordinary girders three hundred and fifty feet long, by which the two
-main spans are completed. These main spans are each seventeen hundred
-feet long, and the total length of the bridge is eighty-two hundred and
-ninety-six feet, or a little over one and one-half miles. The under
-side of the bridge is one hundred and fifty-two feet above high water.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-BALMORAL CASTLE, SCOTLAND, the Highland residence of the Queen of
-England, situated in Braemer, Aberdeenshire. Its situation is of great
-beauty. It stands on a natural platform nine hundred and twenty-six
-feet above sea level, which slopes gently and gradually down to the
-margin of the River Dee. The castle is in the Scottish Baronial style
-of architecture. It is entirely of granite, and consists of two
-separate blocks of buildings united by wings. A tower eighty feet
-high is surmounted by a turret twenty feet higher. The entire estate,
-including a deer forest, comprises over twenty-five thousand acres. It
-was purchased by Prince Albert in 1832 from the Earl of Fife. He pulled
-down the older castle, finding it not exactly suited to the needs of
-the royal family, and put up the present imposing structure in its
-place.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-LOCH KATRINE (ELLEN’S ISLE), SCOTLAND. The Scotch lakes are famous
-the world over for their beauty. Loch Katrine is the most famous of
-them all. It lies in Perthshire; is eight miles in length, and has
-an average breadth of three quarters of a mile. Ben Venue and Ben
-An are celebrated mountains on its banks, and it contains a number
-of exquisite islands. Among the latter is Ellen’s Island, chosen by
-Sir Walter Scott as the scene of “The Lady of the Lake.” Wordsworth
-and other poets have thrown the glamour of their genius around Loch
-Katrine. But it has a more practical use. Its waters, which are
-remarkably pure, supply the city of Glasgow, twenty-five miles off;
-being conveyed thither by a series of tunnels, aqueducts and pipes.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-NORTH CAPE, NORWAY. A promontory, situated on the north extremity of
-the Island of Mageroe, which is divided by a narrow channel from the
-mainland of Norway. It is celebrated, not only for the sombre grandeur
-of its scenery, but as the northernmost point of Europe. It consists of
-a precipitous slate rock, fissured with many clefts, which rise to a
-height of some twelve hundred feet above the sea.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-KREMLIN AND GREAT BELL, MOSCOW, RUSSIA. The Kremlin is the name given
-to an inner enclosure or citadel in Moscow crowded with palaces,
-churches and towers, surrounded by a wall sixty feet in height and
-two miles in circuit. The Tartar style of architecture, with gilded
-domes and cupolas, forms the predominant feature. The palace of the
-Kremlin is the residence of the czars. It suffered much damage in the
-conflagration of 1812, which drove Napoleon out of the city, and was
-rebuilt in the reign of Nicholas I in 1838–49. In its restored shape it
-is rather a mass of buildings, old and new, than a single, harmonious
-structure. But it is full of historical and immediate interest. The
-tower of Ivan the Great, whose five stories rise to a height of three
-hundred and twenty-five feet, is close to the palace. At its foot lies
-the Great Bell, the largest in the world--cast in 1730. It was broken a
-few years afterwards by the burning of the wooden tower in which it was
-suspended. Its height is twenty-six feet four inches, its circumference
-sixty-seven feet eleven inches.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-CHURCH OF ST. BASIL, MOSCOW, RUSSIA. This remarkable edifice, standing
-on the site of an ancient church and cemetery where St. Basil was
-buried, was built in 1554 by Ivan IV. He is said to have been so much
-delighted with it that he put out the eyes of its Italian architect,
-so that it might never be surpassed. It is a bewildering medley of
-great and little domes and towers, not only of different shapes and
-sizes, but gilded and painted in all possible varieties of color. There
-is no main chapel or church, but each dome surmounts its own chapel,
-dedicated to some particular saint, and services are carried on in
-each without disturbing the worshipers in any other. Bayard Taylor
-appropriately styles this church the “apotheosis of chimneys,” and
-describes it as the product of some architectural kaleidoscope, in
-which the most incongruous things assume a certain order and system.
-Relics of St. Basil and of St. John the Idiot are shown to visitors.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-ROYAL MUSEUM, BERLIN, PRUSSIA. Architecturally, this is the finest
-building in Berlin. It is an admirable specimen of the Greek style,
-with its Ionic portico of eighteen columns and its broad flight of
-steps leading up to the entrance. The central part of the structure,
-rising above the rest of the building and corresponding with the
-rotunda in the interior, is adorned at the corners with four colossal
-groups in bronze. Two other bronze groups are on the steps. This
-building is usually known as the Old Museum to distinguish it from
-its annex, the New Museum, by which it is connected with a short
-passage, crossing the street at the back. The two buildings contain
-a magnificent collection of antiquities and of ancient and modern
-sculptures, paintings, etc.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-BRANDENBURG GATE, BERLIN, PRUSSIA. This gate, at the west end of the
-famous Unter der Linden, the principal street in Berlin, forms the
-entrance to the city from the Thier-garten. Next to the Arc de l’Etoile
-in Paris, this is the most magnificent triumphal arch in the world. It
-even eclipses the ancient monuments of this kind in Rome. Yet it is
-not entirely original. It was erected in 1789–93 by C. G. Langhans in
-imitation, or rather as a glorification, of the model presented by the
-Propylacum at Athens. The height is eighty-five feet, the width two
-hundred and five. There are five passages (that in the centre reserved
-for royal carriages), separated by massive Doric columns. The material
-is sandstone. A notable feature is the triumphal car on the summit, the
-Quadriga of Victoria, done in copper. Napoleon carried this to Paris
-in 1807, but it was recovered in 1814. Adjoining the gate on the side
-next the town are two wings resembling Grecian temples, of which that
-on the right or north side contains a telegraph office and a pneumatic
-post-office, while that on the left is the guard-house.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-THE CATHEDRAL OF COLOGNE, GERMANY. This church, known officially as the
-Cathedral of St. Peter’s, is, next to St. Peter’s at Rome, the largest
-church edifice in the world, and is, without any exception, the most
-magnificent specimen of Gothic architecture extant. Begun in 1248, the
-work went on very slowly. In 1322 the choir was consecrated. Then the
-work lagged still more, and at the beginning of the sixteenth century
-came to a sudden close, not being resumed till 1816, since which
-time more than two millions of dollars have been expended to bring
-the edifice to its present state of completion. The spires are five
-hundred and twenty-one feet high, and before the building of the Eiffel
-Tower this church was the highest edifice in the world. The height
-of the roof inside is one hundred and forty-five feet, the length
-of the building is four hundred and forty-four feet and the breadth
-two hundred and one. The choir is rich in statues, frescoes and fine
-carvings. A chapel, known as the chapel of the Three Kings, contains a
-gorgeous shrine, in which are exhibited the skulls of the three wise
-men who came from the East with presents for the infant Saviour.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-HEIDELBERG CASTLE, GERMANY. On a height above the city of Heidelberg
-are the ruins of this old-time palace and fortress. Founded by the
-Elector Rudolph in the fourteenth century, and altered and added to
-by his successors, it partakes of the architectural style of all the
-three centuries. The French sacked and partially burned it in 1693; it
-was subsequently restored, but being struck by lightning in 1764, it
-has since been suffered to remain in ruins. As such it is one of the
-most magnificent remains of the Middle Ages--a square massive building,
-roofless, with a round tower at one end and an octagonal one at the
-other. Some idea of its strength may be gained from the fact that the
-walls of the round tower are twenty-two feet thick. In one of the
-cellars is the famous Tun of Heidelberg, a huge copper reservoir, bound
-with iron hoops, whose capacity is forty-nine thousand gallons.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-EHRENBREITSTEIN, GERMANY. This fortress, whose name signifies the Broad
-Stone of Honor, is situated on a precipitous rock three hundred and
-seventy-seven feet above the Rhine, just opposite Coblentz. The rock
-is known as the Gibraltar of the Rhine. The ancient Romans recognized
-its commanding position and erected here a castrum or camp. In 1018 the
-Franconian king, Dagobert, presented it to the bishops of Treves, who
-made it their stronghold. It has successfully resisted many sieges,
-but was twice captured by the French, first in 1631 and again in 1798.
-After the Peace of Luneville in 1801 they blew it up. Restored to
-Prussia with the Peace of Paris, the French were forced to contribute
-15,000,000 of francs to place it in its former condition. At present
-it is defended by four hundred cannon, and fifty thousand stands of
-needle guns are stored in its armory. It is capable of accommodating
-one hundred thousand men, but five thousand are sufficient to man
-it properly. The summit of the rock commands a magnificent view of
-the surrounding country. A bridge of boats connects the village of
-Ehrenbreitstein with Coblentz.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-THE CATHEDRAL OF ANTWERP, BELGIUM. Though inferior to the great minster
-at Cologne, the cathedral at Antwerp is an exquisite and notable
-specimen of Gothic architecture. It is unfortunately situated in a
-narrow street, just away from the Place St. Antoine, and is hedged in
-by shops, which are backed up against its very walls. It is unfinished,
-only one of the towers being complete. The other is but half-way up,
-where it has been capped over, and has remained so for centuries.
-Nevertheless, nothing can detract from the majesty of the church
-itself. Out from the littleness of its surroundings it calmly rears
-its splendid front. Its solitary tower soars upward to the height of
-four hundred and three feet, with delicate open arches that look like
-fretted work, so that Napoleon said: “It looked as if made of Mechlin
-lace.” The chimes of ninety-nine bells are deservedly famous. The
-interior is glorified by the presence of Rubens’ two greatest pictures,
-“The Elevation of the Cross” and “The Descent from the Cross.” Begun
-about the middle of the thirteenth century, it suffered seriously from
-fire in the sixteenth century, and the greater part of the present
-edifice dates from that period. In the foreground of the picture is the
-monument to Rubens.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-PALAIS DE JUSTICE, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM. The new Palace of Justice, or
-Court-house, in Brussels, is the largest architectural work of the
-present century, and one of the most magnificent. It was begun in 1866
-and completed in 1883 at a total cost of $10,000,000. It is splendidly
-situated on a height commanding a view of the whole city. This massive
-pile covers an area of two hundred and seventy thousand square feet,
-considerably more than St. Peter’s, at Rome, and is five hundred and
-ninety feet long by five hundred and sixty wide. The avowed aim of the
-artist was to accommodate Assyrian form to modern requirements. Above
-the main body of the building rises another rectangular structure,
-surrounded with columns, this, in turn, supporting a columned rotunda,
-the whole crowned by a dome which is four hundred feet above the
-pavement. In details the Græco-Roman style has been generally adhered
-to, with an admixture of rococo treatment.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-FIELD OF WATERLOO, BELGIUM. The scene of the greatest battle of modern
-times, if not of all times, is necessarily of perennial interest to
-the world. It is a matter for rejoicing, therefore, that the field of
-Waterloo is retained in much the same condition in which it was left
-on the fateful day of June 18th, 1815, when the power of Napoleon was
-crushed by Wellington and Blucher. To be sure, Wellington is reported
-to have said: “You have spoilt my battlefield,” when he saw the
-artificial mound surmounted by a Belgic lion of cast-iron, which has
-been raised in the centre of the field. But at least its one hundred
-and fifty feet of height afford the opportunity for an excellent
-bird’s-eye view of the entire field. And the old house of Hougemont,
-whose building and orchard were occupied by the British Guards, and
-where some of the fiercest fighting of the day was carried on, remains
-as it was, with the bullet holes in the walls and other damages
-unrepaired. The monument represented in the foreground is dedicated to
-the soldiers who fell in the battle.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-NOTRE DAME, PARIS. The cathedral of Notre Dame, one of the great
-historical churches of the world and one of the most beautiful
-specimens of mediæval architecture, was founded in 1163 on the site
-of an earlier church, was consecrated in 1182 and was completed in
-1420. It suffered sadly during the Revolution, when it was made a
-Temple of Reason; was restored in 1845, and during the time of the
-commune narrowly escaped destruction by fire. The form is that of a
-Latin cross, with a nave and double aisles, which are continued around
-the choir, the earliest example known. The façade is one of the most
-admired pieces of early Gothic. The triple portal is ornamented by
-rich bas-reliefs. In the second story is a great rose window, flanked
-by double windows, enclosed in wide-spreading Gothic arches. The third
-story is an open gallery of slender arches and columns. In one of the
-towers is a famous bell, weighing thirty-two thousand pounds, which is
-only rung on state occasions. The interior of the church is adorned
-with sculptures, bas-reliefs and paintings and magnificent rose windows
-of stained glass.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-PLACE DE LA BASTILLE, PARIS, FRANCE. This square ends the line of
-the original boulevards, and marks the beginning of the Faubourg St.
-Antoine. It is historically interesting as the site of the Bastille,
-the former state prison of France, whose destruction by the Parisian
-mob on July 14th, 1789, marked the real beginning of the French
-Revolution. The column in the middle, known as the Colonne de Juillet,
-was reared in 1831 in honor of the citizens who fell in the revolution
-of July, 1830, which drove Charles X from the throne and put Louis
-Philippe in his place. The names of six hundred and fifteen of these
-are inscribed upon the sides of the column, and their ashes, together
-with those of combatants in the revolution of 1848, repose in two vast
-sarcophagi in the vaults below. The column is of bronze, one hundred
-and fifty-four feet high, and is divided by four collars into five
-divisions. Bas-reliefs, by Barye, adorn the exterior. Inside there
-is a spiral stair-case, also of bronze. The top is surmounted by an
-emblematic figure of Liberty, in gold bronze, the work of Dumont.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-PLACE DE LA CONCORDE, PARIS, FRANCE. This square, situated between the
-Rue Royale and the Pont de la Concorde, is perhaps the most beautiful
-and effective in all Paris. It dates from the year 1748. Originally it
-was adorned with a statue of Louis XV, which was pulled down in 1792 to
-make way for a colossal figure of Liberty. The place was then called
-Place de la Revolution. It was here that next year the guillotine was
-erected, upon which perished Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette and nearly
-three thousand of their adherents. Under the Directory the Statue
-of Liberty was removed and the great place became the Place de la
-Concorde. Since then it has undergone many alterations. It was laid out
-as it now stands by Napoleon III. In the middle is the great Obelisk
-of Luxor, presented to Louis Philippe by Mehemet Ali, and on each side
-are two large fountains. At the different corners of the square there
-are seated figures, representing eight different towns, formerly the
-chief towns of France. But one of them, Strasbourg, is now a portion of
-Germany.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-PLACE VENDOME, PARIS. A handsome octagonal square, between the
-Boulevard des Capucines and the Tuileries Gardens. It was designed by
-Louis XIV, in 1686, to contain public buildings, such as the Mint, the
-Royal Library, the various academies, &c. This plan was subsequently
-much modified. The buildings, which are of Corinthian architecture of
-a severely uniform appearance, are mainly occupied by banks and other
-fiscal institutions. A grand equestrian statue of Louis XIV once stood
-in the centre of the square, but it was destroyed in 1792, and in 1806
-its place was taken by the famous Vendome column, a stone shaft one
-hundred and forty-three feet high, covered with the metal of cannon
-taken from the Prussians and Austrians. It is surmounted by a statue of
-Napoleon, and is ornamented by bas-reliefs commemorative of that hero’s
-campaign in 1805. In 1871 column and statue were both pulled down by
-the Commune, but the Republic under Thiers repaired and replaced them.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-THE GARDEN OF THE TUILERIES. The Tuileries is but the remains of its
-former glory. The main front of the building was burned by the Commune
-in 1871, and after remaining a picturesque ruin for some years was at
-length removed. The wing nearest the Rue de Rivoli shared the fate of
-the front, but was rebuilt, together with the Pavillon de Marsan, which
-formed the angle. The Pavillon de Flore, at the other end, suffered
-much less, and had only to be restored. Both wings, and, indeed, the
-entire building, are a marvel of exterior ornamentation. Before the
-Revolution the Tuileries was only the occasional residence of the
-French sovereign, but Napoleon made it his principal abode, and his
-example was followed by his successors. The picture is taken from the
-exquisite gardens of the Tuileries facing the Place de la Concorde.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-ARC DE TRIOMPHE, PARIS, FRANCE. This, the distinctive triumphal arch
-of Paris, is more specifically known as l’ Arc de l’ Étoile, to
-differentiate it from three other triumphal arches of less celebrity.
-It stands at the west end of the Avenue des Champs Elysées on the
-summit of a slope, which makes it visible from all parts of Paris
-and the environs. It is not only the largest arch in existence, but
-the most magnificent ever erected. Begun by Napoleon in 1806, to
-commemorate the wars of the Revolution and of the Empire, it was
-completed thirty years later by Louis Philippe. The total cost was
-about $2,000,000. The height of the arch above the ground is one
-hundred and fifty-two feet, its width one hundred and thirty-eight
-feet, its thickness sixty-eight feet. The main archway measures ninety
-feet in height and forty-five in width; the smaller lateral archways
-are each fifty-seven feet by twenty-five. The bas-reliefs represent the
-most famous events of 1792–1815. Finest of all are the two colossal
-groups on each side of the central arch facing the Champs Elysées, cut
-in full relief and representing the “Departure of the Troops in 1792”
-and “The Triumph of Napoleon after the Austrian Campaign.”
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-NAPOLEON’S TOMB, PARIS, FRANCE. Under the splendid dome of the Church
-of the Invalides, in a huge circular crypt below the level of the
-floor, is the tomb of the Great Napoleon I. The sarcophagus, hewn out
-of a single block of granite brought from Finland, was the gift of the
-Emperor Nicholas, when in 1841 the remains of the Emperor were brought
-back from St. Helena by the Prince de Joinville. The crypt is adorned
-with marble reliefs symbolical of Napoleon’s reforms and with twelve
-colossal figures of victory and sixty mouldering banners captured from
-the enemy. There are also monuments to Vauban and Turenne, Napoleon’s
-most illustrious predecessors in the field. At the entrance to the
-crypt lie the bodies of Bertrand and Duroc, the near friends and
-companions of Napoleon. The monuments or the remains of various members
-of the Bonaparte family are in the upper part of the church.
-
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-
-
-CHAMBER OF DEPUTIES, PARIS, FRANCE. This is sometimes called the
-Palais Bourbon. It is the seat of the French parliament. It is a large
-classical building on the left bank of the Seine, facing the Pont de la
-Concorde. The old façade was in the Rue de l’ Université at the back;
-the new one, with its Corinthian colonnade, was erected in 1804. The
-hall is a semi-circular room, with the President’s chair facing the
-extremity of the half circle. Here sat the Council of Five Hundred,
-Louis Philippe’s Chamber and Napoleon III’s Corps Legislatif, and here
-at present sit the deputies elected from the various districts of the
-French republic. Orators address the Chamber from the tribune, which is
-placed immediately under the President’s chair. Voting is done by means
-of white or blue cards, placed in tin receptacles that are handed round
-by the ushers; the white being an “aye,” the blue “nay.”
-
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-
-
-THÉÂTRE DE L’OPERA, PARIS. The new Opera House, in Paris, is the
-handsomest, though not the largest, temple of amusement in the world.
-It will hold twenty-one hundred people, while La Scala, in Milan, holds
-three thousand. The stage, however, in cubic and superficial area, is
-the largest known. It is equaled by others in depth, but surpasses
-them all in breadth. The exterior is bewildering in the richness of
-its decorations. The grand staircase and the foyer are in magnificent
-keeping with the exterior. This building is one of the creations of the
-Second Empire. More than one hundred houses were torn down to clear the
-square on which it stands. It was inaugurated on January 1st, 1875.
-The total cost is estimated at $8,000,000. The opera is managed by a
-director, who receives from the State an allowance of eight hundred
-thousand francs a year. He has to supply what is necessary and run all
-risks.
-
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-
-
-EIFFEL TOWER, PARIS. This is the highest structure in the world, being
-three hundred metres or nine hundred and eighty-four feet in height, as
-against the five hundred and fifty-five feet five and one-eighth inches
-of the Washington Monument, which comes next in altitude among all
-the edifices of man. The tower was constructed by Alexander G. Eiffel
-for the Paris Exhibition of 1878. Its foundations are sunk to a depth
-of fifty feet in the sandy soil of the Champs de Mars, and the four
-massive piers, which form the first stage of the tower, are so planted
-as to distribute the enormous weight of the structure (sixty-five
-hundred tons) in the best way possible. In spite of this weight the
-general impression is one of grace and lightness. The summit is crowned
-by a cupola with an exterior balcony, whence a magnificent panorama of
-Paris and its surroundings is unveiled. Elevators carry passengers up
-to the summit, the time consumed by the ascension being from six to
-seven minutes.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-TROCADERO, PARIS, FRANCE. The Eiffel Tower is not the sole remaining
-monument of the French Exposition of 1878. Overlooking the Champs de
-Mars is the Trocadero, which was begun in 1876 for the same exhibition.
-It is a fantastic structure in the Byzantine style. The central portion
-consists of a circular edifice one hundred and eighty feet high and
-one hundred and eighty-nine feet in diameter, crowned by a dome, and
-flanked with two minarets two hundred and seventy feet high. On each
-side extends a wing in the form of a curve, six hundred and sixty feet
-in length, giving the entire edifice the appearance of an imposing
-crescent. On a level with the spring of the dome is a terrace adorned
-with thirty statues. The view of Paris from the terrace or the towers
-is superb. Below the balcony, in front of the central building, gushes
-a large cascade, which descends to a huge basin one hundred and
-ninety-six feet in diameter. Afternoon concerts are often given in
-the elaborately decorated Salle des Fetes, which seats six thousand
-persons. There are also collections of sculptures and antiquities.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-CHATEAU DE FONTAINEBLEAU, FRANCE. Fontainebleau is a small town
-thirty-five miles south-east of Paris. It is famous for the royal
-palace, which is situated in a magnificent park or forest, fifty miles
-in circumference, and covering an area of forty-two thousand five
-hundred acres. The building itself is said to occupy the site of a
-fortified chateau, built by Louis VII in 1162. But it was Francis I who
-transformed the mediæval fortress into a palace of almost unparalleled
-extent and magnificence. Henry IV did much towards its embellishment.
-Here his successor, Louis XIV, revoked the Edict of Nantes. It was
-a favorite residence of Napoleon I, whose sentence of divorce from
-Josephine was pronounced here. Louis Philippe and Napoleon III spent
-large sums in restoring it. The exterior of the building, with the
-exception of several pavilions, is only two stories in height. The
-interior is a splendid example of decorative work. Some of the greatest
-French and Italian artists of the epoch of its creation were employed
-upon it. Especially beautiful is the chamber of Anne of Austria,
-the mother of Louis XIV, and Queen-regent in his minority, who made
-Fontainebleau her favorite residence, and spent money lavishly in the
-decoration of her chamber.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-GARDEN AND FOUNTAINS, VERSAILLES, FRANCE. The Palace of Versailles is
-in the town of the same name, ten miles from Paris, was built by Louis
-XIV in 1661, and became a royal residence in 1681. As such it has held
-a great place in the history of France. It is now used as a historical
-museum. The garden which surrounds it is justly celebrated for its
-extreme beauty. Among its chief marvels are the fountains, richly
-adorned with bronze statues, and from the centre of each rises a column
-of water to the height of forty feet, encircled by sixteen inclined
-jets of water, the whole forming a sort of basket. The water which
-feeds the fountains is brought from the Seine by the machine of Marly,
-constructed at enormous expense after the failure of the plan to turn
-the River d’ Eure from its course.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-GRAND TRIANON, VERSAILLES, FRANCE. A charming residence near the palace
-of Versailles, built by Louis XIV in 1688 for Madame de Maintenon, but
-chiefly interesting for its associations with Marie Antoinette, whose
-favorite residence it was. Here she amused herself with her Swiss
-village, and here, as well as in the adjacent Petit Trianon, she and
-her court played at shepherds and shepherdesses. The Grand Trianon
-is built in the Italian style, with the rooms all on one floor. The
-interior is exquisitely furnished and adorned. In the surrounding
-gardens are cottages and artificial “mountains” (some nearly ten feet
-high) and glens and grottoes and pebbly-bottomed brooks.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-BULL FIGHT, SEVILLE, SPAIN. The bull fight is the national sport of
-Spain. The sport has been described as a tragedy in three acts. First,
-the bull is let out and goaded to fury by the lances of the mounted
-picadores. If a picador is thrown or his horse is wounded the chulos
-rush in and attract the bull by waving their cloaks in front of him,
-saving themselves, if need be, by leaping over the palisade which
-encloses the circus. When the bull begins to flag the chulos attack
-him with barbed darts, called banderillas, which they stick into his
-neck. The third act introduces the matador, who enters alone. He holds
-in his right hand a naked sword, in his left a muleta or small stick
-with a piece of scarlet silk attached. The bull rushes blindly at the
-muleta. The matador, if he be skillful, plunges the sword into the left
-shoulder and the animal drops dead. Sometimes, however, he misses his
-first aim and then he has to try again. Sometimes he is wounded or even
-killed and then a new matador appears on the scene.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-THE ALHAMBRA, GRANADA, SPAIN. Alhambra means the “Red Castle.” This
-fortress and palace of the ancient Moorish kings--“the pride of
-Granada and the boast of Spain”--is a vast and irregular collection of
-buildings built of bricks slightly reddened. The principal building
-was begun in 1248 and finished in 1314. Here the Moorish kings lived,
-surrounded by their court and nobility, a total population of some
-forty thousand souls. Its degradation dates from the day of the
-Castilian conquest, for the alterations and restorations made by the
-Spanish kings were without judgment. Philip V, early in the eighteenth
-century, was its last royal occupant. After his desertion the place
-was allowed to fall into decay until 1862, when the Spanish government
-took it in charge. Happily, the most important portions still exist,
-and present a bewildering array of pavilions, courts, colonnades,
-fountains, baths, gilded ceilings and every kind of Oriental
-decoration.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-CORDOVA, SPAIN. This is one of the most ancient and picturesque of
-Spanish towns. Its walls, built on a Roman foundation with Moorish
-superstructure, inclose a large area, dotted with Roman and Moorish
-remains. Chief among the latter is the cathedral, which looms up almost
-in the centre of our picture. It dates from the eighth century, and
-was formerly a mosque. Authorities generally agree that it is the
-finest specimen of a Moorish mosque in all Europe. The southern suburb
-communicates with the town by means of an ancient bridge across the
-River Guadalquiver, whose sixteen arches exhibit the usual combination
-of Moorish and Roman architecture. At one end of the bridge is an
-elevated statue of the patron saint, St. Raphael, whose effigy abounds
-all through the city. Our picture is taken from the southern suburb.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-ROCK OF GIBRALTAR, SPAIN. An inaccessible rock, buttressed by an
-impregnable fortress, which juts out from the southern extremity of
-Spain, in Andulasia, gives to the English, who hold it, the virtual
-command of the Mediterranean. The rock is fourteen hundred and thirty
-feet high at its highest point; its length, from north to south,
-about three miles; its circumference about six. It is mainly composed
-of compact limestone and dense gray marble, varied by beds of red
-sandstone and tissues of osseous breccia. The north face is almost
-perpendicular, but the east side is full of tremendous precipices.
-It came into possession of the English by conquest during the war of
-the succession in 1704. Since then they have spent immense sums in
-its fortification, with so much success that they have retained it
-against the combined efforts of France and Spain. From the sea the
-rock presents a grim enough aspect with its immense cannon, its piles
-of balls and bombs, and its apparent lack of vegetation. But a closer
-view shows patches of fruit trees, together with a great variety of
-odoriferous shrubs.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-MONTE CARLO, MONACO--THE CASINO. Monaco is a small principality on the
-Mediterranean, ruled by Prince Albert, of Monaco. It is chiefly famous
-for the notorious Casino at the small town of Monte Carlo, where alone
-in Europe public gaming is authorized by law. The first stone of the
-Casino was laid in 1858, and gambling tables had existed in Monaco two
-years previous to that date, but it was not till 1860, when M. Blanc,
-expelled from Homburg, took possession of the place, that Monte Carlo
-began to be famous. The gaming establishment is now in the hands of a
-joint stock company, with a capital of 15,000,000 francs, who leased
-the ground from the prince. It employs nearly one thousand people
-and is annually visited by about four hundred thousand visitors. The
-inhabitants of Monaco are not allowed at the tables. Their good will,
-however, is secured by their exemption from taxation and by the flood
-of paying visitors who are attracted hither. Monte Carlo is in itself a
-place of exquisite beauty, natural and artificial.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-LAKE LUCERNE, SWITZERLAND. Not only in wild and picturesque scenery,
-but in its legendary and historical associations, this is one of the
-most interesting lakes in the world. In Switzerland it is alternatively
-known as the Lake of the Four Forest Cantons, because bounded by the
-cantons of Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden and Lucerne. The mountain peaks
-surrounding it give it the form of a St. Andrew’s cross, whence comes
-that cross on the Swiss flag. Mounts Pilatus and Rigi stand at the
-north like sentinel outposts of the Alps. The beginning of the St.
-Gothard Pass over the Alps is at Fluelen to the south. The lake is
-intimately connected with the Tell legends, and at one of its most
-enchanting spots a small chapel, attributed to the fourteenth century,
-is said to mark the spot where he sprang out of Gessler’s boat as he
-was being carried away a prisoner.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-MONT BLANC FROM CHAMOUNI, SWITZERLAND. This, the highest mountain in
-Europe, and, by common consent, the most magnificent in its scenery,
-rises at the southern end of the valley of Chamouni, fifteen thousand
-seven hundred and eighty-one feet above sea level. During the last
-century and a half it has been a favorite resort of tourists, and
-especially of scientists, as its glaciers and other marvelous
-features are full of interest and instruction. But it was not till
-1786 that Balmat and Paccard made the first ascension, followed in
-1787 by Saussure. Many accidents have happened here in the past. In
-1870 a party of eleven, two of them Americans, all perished in the
-snow-crowned heights. Nowadays the ascensions are more numerous,
-and, with proper precautions, are considered absolutely safe, though
-very fatiguing, and occupying three days. The view from the valley
-of Chamouni is of extraordinary beauty. It has been celebrated by
-Coleridge in one of his most famous poems, and has been the theme of
-countless other pens. Not always is the “monarch of mountains” visible
-from Chamouni, as his imperial front is frequently hidden from the
-sight of his worshipers. But the photograph here presented is taken on
-a fortunate day, when there was no cloud about the throne.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-MER DE GLACE, MONT BLANC, SWITZERLAND. This immense glacier fills the
-highest gorges of the chain of Mont Blanc, and extends over a distance
-of twelve miles into the Valley of Chamouni. It is formed by the masses
-of snow and ice which collect during the long winters. In appearance
-it is just what its name implies, a Sea of Ice, whose tumultuous
-waves seem to have been suddenly frozen, not while they were being
-lashed to fury by a tempest, but at the very moment when the wind had
-subsided and left them high indeed, but rounded and blunted in outline.
-Slowly--so slowly that the motion is imperceptible--it flows down the
-inclined plane between two mountains cracking, groaning and melting
-until it resolves itself into a torrent, known as the Arveiron. There
-are other seas of ice among the Alps, but this by pre-eminence is known
-as the Mer de Glace. It was in the study of this region that Agassiz
-conceived his glacial theory.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-THE MATTERHORN, SWITZERLAND. This famous Alpine height is situated in
-the canton of Valais, in Switzerland, overhanging the little village
-of Zermatt. It is fourteen thousand seven hundred and five feet high,
-and its peak is the sharpest and most acute in all the Alpine region,
-rising like a sort of triangular obelisk into the clouds. Its sides
-are so precipitous that the snow itself can hardly find a lodgment.
-For a long period it was deemed inaccessible to man. On the 14th of
-July, 1865, a party, consisting of Messrs. Hudson, Whymper and Hadow,
-with Lord Francis Douglas and three guides, succeeded in reaching
-the summit, but in the descent Mr. Hudson lost his footing, and all
-save Mr. Whymper and two guides, who escaped by the breaking of the
-rope, were precipitated to a depth of four thousand feet towards the
-Matterhorn Glacier. The ascent is now made several times annually. The
-rock has been blasted at the most difficult points and a rope attached
-to it.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-RIGI-KULM, SWITZERLAND. The Rigi Mountain, five thousand nine hundred
-and five feet above sea level, or four thousand four hundred and
-seventy-two feet above Lake Lucerne, is not one of the highest
-mountains of Switzerland, but the beautiful and extensive view
-commanded from the Kulm, or summit, makes it one of the most popular.
-The famous Riggenbach cog-wheel railway brings travellers up to the
-Kulm, a small, bare space, whence the eye takes in a panorama of three
-hundred miles in circuit. Immediately below lie the lakes of Lucerne
-and Zug, their shores lined with picturesque little towns. Eight other
-lakes, including a bit of Zurich, may be counted in the distance.
-Snow-capped mountains--the Jungfrau, the Wetterhorn, the Schreckhorn,
-the grand snow-covered peaks of the Bernese Alps and countless other
-peaks of lesser note--stretch away on every side to the horizon. The
-railway up the mountain is of ordinary gauge. Along the centre runs
-a cogged track, into which a cog-wheel on the locomotive works, thus
-giving the power for the ascent. In going down the brakes are worked
-by atmospheric pressure. The construction of this five miles of line,
-which in its ascent overcomes about one mile of altitude, cost about
-$300,000.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-THUN, SWITZERLAND. One of the most picturesque of Swiss towns is
-Thun, which is charmingly situated on the banks of the river Aar,
-three-quarters of a mile below its efflux from the lake. Many of the
-town’s buildings are very old. The Castle of Zahringen-Kyburg, whose
-large square tower forms a noted feature of the landscape, dates from
-1182. The principal street is curious. In front of the houses projects
-a row of warehouses and cellars, on the flat roofs of which is the
-pavement for foot passengers, flanked with the shops. The view here
-presented is taken from the pavilion in the Bellevue Grounds, which
-overlooks the city, and commands the old-fashioned town, the lake, the
-Alps and the Valley of the Aar.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-JUNGFRAU FROM INTERLAKEN, SWITZERLAND. The town of Interlaken, as its
-name indicates, is situated between two lakes (Brienz and Thun), in a
-valley about three miles wide, on either side of which rises a ridge
-of precipitous mountains six thousand feet high. The great attraction
-of the place is not the scenery either way along the valley, but a
-view that is caught through a depression in the mountains on the
-southern side, revealing the Jungfrau (“Young Maiden”) Mountain and
-her attendant galaxy of noble Alpine peaks, rearing their snow-crowned
-heads far above the horizon. The Jungfrau is the most imposing
-eminence in all the Bernese Alps. Surrounded by stupendous precipices,
-her surface is broken by valleys, ravines and glaciers, which from
-a distance look like creases in the mantle of snow that covers her
-enormous flanks. The first ascent of this mountain was made on August
-3d, 1811.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-CURSALON, VIENNA, AUSTRIA. This handsome structure, in the Italian
-renaissance style, was put up in 1865–67. With its surrounding gardens,
-it forms one of the most attractive spots in the city. Concerts are
-given here on Sundays and Thursdays, when large crowds are always sure
-to attend.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-CATHEDRAL, MILAN, ITALY. The Milanese look upon this church as the
-eighth wonder of the world. In truth, it is a marvelous edifice.
-“Gothic art,” as Taine says, “here attains its triumph and its
-extravagance.” Nowhere else is it so pointed, so complex, so highly
-embroidered, so full of delicate detail. It differs from most Gothic
-cathedrals in being built, not of dark stone, but of beautiful,
-lustrous white Italian marble. Begun in 1386, it was not fully
-completed until 1805, at the direction of Napoleon. The design is said
-to be taken from Monte Rosa, one of the loftiest peaks of the Alps. Its
-ninety-eight sculptured pinnacles, rising from every part of the body
-of the church, certainly bear a striking resemblance to the splintered
-ice crags of Savoy. Next to St. Peter’s, at Rome, and the Cathedral at
-Seville, this is the largest church in Europe, covering, as it does, an
-area of fourteen thousand square yards.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-PANORAMA OF VENICE, ITALY. No city in the world is more fascinating
-than Venice. Its very situation makes it unique, built as it is on a
-cluster of small islands, a hundred or more in number, in the lagoon
-of the same name. A long, narrow sand-bank, divided by several inlets,
-separates the lagoon from the Adriatic. The largest of the islands is
-the Isola di Rialto, which gives its name to the famous bridge. The
-Grand Canal winds through the city in a double curve, like the letter
-S, and divides it into two unequal parts. The one hundred and forty-six
-smaller canals and a perfect network of small streets and bridges form
-the other thoroughfares. The splendid churches, the vast treasures of
-art and the magnificent palaces, remind one of the glories of the past,
-and fill the present with a surpassing beauty. By the fifteenth century
-Venice had become the greatest republic in Europe and the focus of its
-commerce. The immense wealth of its merchant princes enabled them to
-gratify their artistic sense in the superb monuments still extant.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-ST. MARK’S, VENICE, ITALY. This famous cathedral church is a strange
-jumble of all styles of architecture, Christian as well as Saracenic,
-yet both without and within breathing a rich and wonderful harmony. The
-present building, dedicated in 1085, takes the place of an older and
-simpler structure, that was destroyed by fire in 976. In front of the
-church, to the southwest, rises the Square Campanile, surmounted with
-the figure of an angel. To the east of the church the famous Piazzetta,
-or “Little Square,” extends to the Grand Canal, glorified by the Palace
-of the Doges, or ancient rulers of the city, which some architects look
-upon as the finest building in the world. It is from this Piazzetta
-that the picture is taken. The square in front of St. Mark’s is the
-grand focus of attraction in Venice, and in summer nearly the entire
-population congregate here.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-GRAND CANAL, VENICE, ITALY. This is the main thoroughfare of the city
-of the sea. On either side of its serpentine length it is lined by
-marble-fronted palaces, whose very names awaken a thrill of historic
-or romantic recollection. Gondolas dart up and down among the waters,
-and, alas! the disillusionizing modern steamboat puffs its vicious
-way through the complaining waters. About half-way in its course the
-canal is crossed by the famous Rialto bridge, a single arch of unique
-and elegant construction, seventy-four feet in length, resting on
-twelve thousand piles. This was built in 1588, subsequent therefore
-to the period of Venice’s greatest glory. The ancient Rialto, which
-Shakespeare speaks of as the meeting place of the merchants, was not
-this bridge, but the Exchange which used to go by the same name, and
-was long the centre of trade and commercial life in this city.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-THE DOGE’S PALACE, VENICE, ITALY. At right angles to the Piazza San
-Marco, at the south-east end, runs the Piazzetta or little square,
-whereon is situated the former residence of the Doges, an ancient
-seat of government. Ruskin calls this “the principal work of Venice.”
-Originally built in 800, five times destroyed and as many times rebuilt
-in a style of greater magnificence, the present structure dates from
-the fourteenth century. It is in the Moorish-Gothic style. The form is
-an irregular square; the west side, facing the Piazzetta (two hundred
-and thirty feet in length), and the south side, facing the sea (two
-hundred and twenty feet in length), are flanked by two colonnades, one
-above the other, with exquisite traceries. The mouldings of the upper
-colonnade are especially rich. The interior court of the building
-presents a wilderness of elegant columns, cornices, arches, carvings,
-sculptures and bas-reliefs. A magnificent collection of Venetian
-paintings is housed within these walls. On the east side the palace is
-connected with the prisons by the so-called Bridge of Sighs, which owes
-most of its fame to Byron’s sentimentality.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-CATHEDRAL AND LEANING TOWER OF PISA, ITALY. The Cathedral of Pisa,
-begun in 1063, and consecrated in 1118, forms, with its Baptistery and
-Campanile, the most singular group of buildings in the world. Their
-beauty is equal to their singularity. The church itself is constructed
-entirely of white marble, with black and colored ornamentation. An
-elliptical dome covers the centre. The façade, adorned in the lower
-story with columns and arches, and in the upper story with four open
-galleries, is of exquisite and dainty beauty. So, likewise, is the
-Baptistery, a circular structure, surrounded by half columns below
-and a gallery of small, detached columns above, the whole crowned by
-a conical dome. But the strangest effect of all is produced by the
-Campanile, better known as the Leaning Tower, from the fact that it
-is thirteen feet out of the perpendicular. That this obliquity was
-accidental and due to the sagging of the foundations is now generally
-agreed. Aside from this peculiarity the Campanile would arrest
-attention by its winsome grace.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-PONTE VECCHIO, FLORENCE, ITALY. There is no more picturesque bridge in
-the world than this. It spans the river Arno at a point where tradition
-asserts that a Roman predecessor used to exist. Certain it is, that
-bridges were built here and repeatedly demolished before Taddeo Gaddi
-erected the present structure of three arches. It is flanked by shops,
-which have belonged to the goldsmiths and jewelers since the fourteenth
-century, and is still the centre of their trade. Above the roofs of
-these shops runs the gallery of the Grand Duke, built as a secret
-passage between the Uffizi and the Pitti Palaces. The bridge itself
-might easily be mistaken for a continuous street by the stranger,
-except for the vacant space over the central arch, which gives a
-glimpse of the city and the river on each side.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-PALAZZO VECCHIO, FLORENCE, ITALY. The ancient capitol of the Republic
-of Florence, and subsequently the residence of Cosmo de’ Medici, is
-known as the Palazzo Vecchio, or Old Palace. Begun in 1298, it is a
-striking example of the Florentine castles of the Middle Ages, with
-its enormous projecting battlements and its disproportionate bell
-tower, defiantly stuck upon the walls without regard to symmetry, and
-almost overhanging the battlements. It is situated in the Piazza della
-Signoria, the historic, as well as the commercial, centre of Florence.
-The court is adorned with a fountain and sculptured columns. In front
-of the entrance is Bandinelli’s group of Hercules and Cacus. At right
-angles to the left is the Loggia dei Lanzi, an open arcade, famous for
-its own beauty and for the sculptured master-pieces which it enshrines.
-A large and elegant fountain is on the right.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-CATHEDRAL OF FLORENCE, ITALY. This is generally known as the Duomo or
-Dome, though its official designation is Santa Maria del Fiore. Arnolfo
-di Cambio began it in 1298; he was succeeded by Giotto, and the dome
-was added by Brunelleschi. The latter is not only beautiful in itself,
-but is interesting as the first of the great domes of the modern world.
-A half-finished façade was destroyed by fire, and the deficiency was
-not supplied until 1875–1884. The interior is impressive, though
-almost entirely devoid of ornamentation. Outside the church, to the
-left, is the Campanile, an exquisite work by Giotto; so exquisite that
-Charles V declared it ought to be kept in a glass case. In front is the
-Baptistery, an octagonal building, surmounted by a dome. It was begun
-in 1352 and finished in 1358. Its chief attraction lies in the bronze
-doors, especially those by Lorenzo Ghiberti, which Michael Angelo
-eulogized as worthy to be the gates of Paradise.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-THE CAPITOL, ROME, ITALY. Anciently, the Capitoline Hill, in Rome, was
-surmounted by the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus and the citadel of the
-city. Hence, here was the head of the Roman state and the shrine of
-their religion. But temple and citadel have vanished and in their place
-is a group of buildings erected by Paul III from the designs of Michael
-Angelo. On the right is the Palace of the Conservatori, on the left the
-Museum of the Capitol and between the two, occupying the third side of
-the square, is the Palace of the Senator, a modern Roman patrician with
-that title. The photograph shows the best approach to the square up the
-grand stair-case, known as La Cordonnata, which in its present form
-dates from 1736. At the foot of the stairs are two Egyptian lions, and
-at the summit, on the angles of the balustrades, two ancient colossal
-statues of Castor and Pollux, standing by the sides of their horses.
-These were found in the sixteenth century. In the centre of the square
-is the bronze equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-CASTLE OF ST. ANGELO, ROME. Originally this famous structure was
-built by the Emperor Hadrian as a mausoleum for himself and his
-family. The same emperor also erected the bridge now known as St.
-Angelo--anciently as the Pons Ælius--which crosses the Tiber opposite
-the castle. Tradition affirms that Gregory the Great in 589 changed the
-name in memory of a vision of the Archangel Michael, who appeared to
-him standing on the summit of the mausoleum. He built a chapel on the
-summit, but subsequently this was replaced by the statue still extant.
-During the Middle Ages this was the fortress of Papal Rome, and its
-history at that period is bound up in the history of the city itself.
-It has also served as a prison, and part of it was up to recent times
-still used for that purpose. It has suffered much from sieges and the
-ravages of time, and is now but the skeleton of the magnificent pile
-erected by Hadrian. No vestige remains of the shell of Parian marble
-which encircled it, while the statues were torn off to be used as
-missiles against the Goths, and later as cannon balls.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-ST. PETER’S, ROME, ITALY. This is the largest and most magnificent
-of all Christian temples. It is built on the supposed site of the
-burial-place of St. Peter. As early as A. D. 90 an oratory was raised
-on the spot; in 306 this was followed by a basilica. The present
-edifice was begun in 1506, and after employing the talents of Bramante,
-Michel Angelo and other architects, was dedicated by Urban III in 1626.
-The magnificent dome was mainly the work of Michael Angelo, though
-his plan was somewhat modified by Giacomo della Porta. The impressive
-colonnades, which almost encircle the square and lead up to the front,
-were added in 1667. The façade is confessedly a failure. But nothing
-can mar the beauty of this extraordinary edifice. Although it occupies
-some two hundred and forty thousand square feet, the interior, from
-its exquisite proportions, does not at once impress the beholder with
-a sense of its vastness. That grows upon one by degrees. The Vatican,
-which adjoins St. Peter’s, is an equally enormous and beautiful
-building, which comprises the residence of the popes, an astounding
-museum of pictures and statues and a library of unexampled historic
-interest.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-THE COLOSSEUM, ROME. This mammoth ruin, originally known as the Flavian
-amphitheatre, is the most magnificent relic of ancient Rome. Begun
-by Vespasian in A. D. 72, it was dedicated by Titus in A. D. 80 and
-was subsequently added to by Domitian. As the circus of the public
-games for nearly four hundred years, it was the scene of gladiatorial
-conflicts and of the persecution of the Christian martyrs. After the
-triumph of Christianity it fell into neglect, and suffered continuous
-spoliation as a quarry for the material of new buildings. Finally, in
-1750, Benedict XIV rescued it in its present condition by dedicating
-it to the memory of the Christian martyrs who had suffered therein.
-A cross in the middle of the amphitheatre is continually visited by
-the pious. “As it now stands,” says Forsyth, “the Colosseum is a
-striking image of Rome itself, decayed, vacant, serious, yet grand,
-half gray and half green, exact on one side and fallen on another, with
-consecrated ground in its bosom.” Hillard calls it “a great tragedy
-in stone.” It was originally built to seat ten thousand spectators.
-There were three orders of architecture used in the four stories; the
-first, Doric; second, Ionic; third and fourth, Corinthian. In each of
-the lower tiers there were eighty arches. The height of the outer wall
-was one hundred and fifty-seven feet, the circumference one thousand
-six hundred and forty-one feet, the entire superficial area being six
-acres.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-THE PANTHEON, ROME. This is one of the grandest, as it is the most
-perfectly preserved, of all the ancient monuments of Rome. Except for
-the ridiculous belfries superimposed by Bernini on the outside, it is
-to-day substantially in the same condition as when Marcus Agrippa in
-B. C. 27, after the establishment of universal peace, consecrated it
-to all the gods. In A. D. 608 it was dedicated as a Christian church
-by Pope Boniface IV, under the name of Santa Maria ad Martyres. The
-portico is of faultless beauty, and the interior, as the picture shows,
-is a perfect rotunda, impressive in its grand simplicity. The domed
-ceiling is lighted solely by an aperture twenty-three feet in diameter,
-the wall being supported by a huge bronze ring. An additional interest
-for moderns lies in the tombs of Raphael, Caracci and other painters
-who are buried therein, and more recently the remains of Victor
-Emmanuel have been added to those of the artistic brotherhood.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-TOMB OF CECILIA METELLA, ROME, ITALY. The Via Appia of ancient Rome was
-one of the great avenues leading out from the city, and the principal
-line of communication with the South. It is named after Appius Claudius
-Caecus, the censor, who began its construction in B. C. 312. Under
-Pius IX the ancient road was once more laid open. To-day it presents
-the appearance of an avenue, eleven Roman miles in length, lined on
-each side by ruins, mostly of magnificent tombs, which were built by
-the patrician families of ancient Rome to the memory of their dead.
-The best preserved of these is the tomb of Cecilia Metella, the wife
-of Crassus, a circular tower seventy feet in diameter, resting upon a
-quadrangular base. The battlements upon it are mediæval additions, made
-for the purpose of defense by the Caetanis.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-FORUM ROMANUM, ROME, ITALY. The ancient Forum of Rome exists only in
-ruins. That it lay at the foot of the Capitoline and Palatine Hills
-in Rome is certain from the remnants that survive. But the exact area
-it occupied and the true situation of the various buildings which
-once covered it are matters of dispute and uncertainty. Conspicuous
-among the ruins are three beautiful Corinthian columns of white marble
-belonging to the temple raised to Vespasian by Domitian; eight granite
-columns belonging to the Temple of Saturn, a beautiful fragment,
-consisting of three Corinthian columns with a rich entablature, a
-solitary column which Byron calls,
-
-                The nameless column with a buried base,
-
-but whose now excavated base reveals that it was erected to the Emperor
-Phocas, the arches of Septimus Severus and of Titus, and a profusion of
-columns, pavements, foundations and walls of other structures.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-BAY OF NAPLES AND MOUNT VESUVIUS, ITALY. Naples, in itself one of the
-least interesting of Italian cities, attracts the attention of the
-tourist by its transcendent beauty of situation and by the historical
-and picturesque interest of its surroundings. The Bay of Naples is
-the most glorious spot in the Mediterranean. Its circuit is more than
-fifty-two miles, including the islands of Ischia, at the north-west,
-and of Capri, at the south entrance. At its opening, between these two
-islands, it is fourteen miles broad, and from the opening to its head,
-at Portici, the distance is fifteen miles. On the north-east shore,
-east of Naples, is an extensive flat, whence rises Vesuvius, the most
-famous of European volcanoes, at the base of which are several villages
-and the classic sites of Herculaneum and Pompeii. The Italian proverb,
-“See Naples and die,” is a tribute to the beauty of the city and its
-environment.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-POMPEII, ITALY. The volcanic eruption which overwhelmed Pompeii on
-August 24th, A. D. 79, has afforded us our most important, indeed,
-almost our only source of acquaintance with the domestic life of
-the ancient Romans. To be sure it represents one definite epoch of
-antiquity only, that of the glories of the early empire when Pompeii
-became the favorite retreat of Romans of the wealthier classes. But the
-study of the various phases of life at this epoch forms a pursuit of
-inexhaustible interest. The ashes from Vesuvius completely covered over
-the town to the depth of about twenty feet until the year 1748, when
-the accidental discovery of some statues led to the excavations. They
-have been continued up to the present time, and will not be completed
-for half a century more.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-ACROPOLIS, ATHENS, GREECE. This famous building, at once the citadel,
-the sanctuary, the treasury and the museum of art of the ancient
-Athenian people, crowns the summit of the rocky height which abruptly
-rises three hundred and fifty feet out of the plain in the midst of
-the city, inaccessible on all save the western side. The walls, built
-on the edge of the perpendicular rock, form a circuit of nearly seven
-thousand feet. These are of immense antiquity. They were founded by the
-Pelagians, and the work was continued by Themistocles, Cymon, Valerian,
-and later, by the Venetians and the Turks. Here are the remains of
-three temples, the Temple of Victory, the Erechtheum and the Parthenon,
-the latter the architectural glory of Athens, the only octastyle Doric
-temple in Greece, and in its own class the most beautiful building in
-the world. It was built in the time of Pericles, and was once adorned
-with masterpieces of sculpture of which it was long ago plundered.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-THE BOSPHORUS, FROM CONSTANTINOPLE, TURKEY. No city in the world
-occupies a more magnificent natural position than the capital of
-Turkey. It is made up of three cities, each distinct and different
-from the others. Stamboul, the old city, lies upon a tongue of land of
-triangular shape, having the sea of Marmora on the south, the Bosphorus
-on its eastern apex and the Golden Horn on the north. Its seven hills
-are crowned with domes and minarets and fantastic houses, backed by
-the dark foliage of the cypress and other trees in the cemeteries
-beyond the walls. To the north is the European quarter, Galata being
-the business centre, while Pera is studded all over with the splendid
-residences of the foreign ambassadors, &c., and lined along its shores
-with the palaces and gardens of the Sultan and the adjoining mosques.
-Skutari, the Asiatic quarter of Constantinople, is on the eastern side
-of the Bosphorus. Nowhere else is there a picture so bright, so varied
-in outline, so gorgeous in color, so heterogeneous in its component
-parts.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-THE MOSQUE OF ST. SOPHIA, CONSTANTINOPLE, TURKEY. This is the principal
-place of Mahommedan worship in the world. Anciently a Christian temple,
-built in 532 by Justinian, it was converted into a Moslem mosque in
-1453 by Mohammed II, the conqueror of Constantinople. The building is
-in the form of a Greek cross, two hundred and seventy feet long by
-two hundred and forty-three wide, surmounted by a flattened dome one
-hundred and eighty feet high, with several smaller domes and minarets.
-The style of architecture is Byzantine. The exterior is not as imposing
-as the interior, which even now is rivaled by few Christian churches,
-and at the time of its erection made this masterpiece of Byzantine
-architecture the greatest temple in the world. Well may Justinian have
-exclaimed: “I have surpassed thee, O Solomon!” The changes made by the
-Moslems are greater inside than out. In the interior the mosaics have
-been partially covered up and replaced by inscriptions from the Koran,
-but there is no structural change. Outside most of the older annexes
-have been swept away and replaced by Turkish buildings, lofty minarets
-rise at each corner, and the crescent replaces the cross on the dome.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-THE SPHINX, EGYPT. This unique monument, situated near Cairo, in the
-neighborhood of the Pyramids, is one of the most characteristic and
-probably the oldest of Egyptian remains. As such it is the oldest
-monument in the world. Recent researches show that it is more ancient
-than even the Pyramid of Cheops. Originally it was a recumbent figure,
-representing an andro-sphinx, or man-headed lion, one hundred and
-eighty-eight feet nine and one-half inches in length, hewn out of the
-solid rock. Steps led down to its front, where there was a sanctuary
-and tablets. But the sands covered all save the head, shoulders and
-back, which rose from the surrounding desert with a startling and
-almost fearsome abruptness. In this condition the monument was allowed
-to remain for centuries. But more recently excavations have been
-started to restore it to its pristine state, and before long the entire
-colossal figure will be bared to view.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-PYRAMIDS OF GIZEH, EGYPT. Gizeh is about twelve miles from Cairo. It
-contains the largest and most famous of those mysterious sepulchral
-monuments known as Pyramids, which the ancient Egyptians were fond of
-raising. Three of these are especially famous--the Great Pyramid called
-the “Splendid,” which is the mausoleum of Cheops, and is four hundred
-and fifty feet nine inches high; the scarcely inferior Pyramid of
-Chepheren, and the Pyramid of Mycerinus, which is much smaller. These
-mountains of masonry, built of stones whose huge size perplexes modern
-engineers to account for the method of their handling, were designed by
-the kings of the early Egyptian dynasties as their tombs. Their leading
-idea was durability, and by concealment of the entrance, and tortuous
-and complicated passages, they strove to baffle the vandal. Yet all
-these tombs have been shamefully profaned.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-RUINS OF KARNAK, EGYPT. Most guide-books advise the traveller in Egypt
-to leave Karnak to the last, as the crown of his explorations. It is,
-indeed, the most marvelous ruin along the Nile. Yet, though in ruins,
-it preserves all its original character. It lies amid the ruins of
-Thebes. It was intended for a temple. But it is not so much a temple as
-a city of temples, of palaces, courts, columns and obelisks enclosed by
-a great wall of circuit about a mile and a half in circumference. The
-Great Hall alone, which is the largest of all the monuments, measures
-three hundred and forty feet by one hundred and seventy. The Temple
-of Amenophis, here represented, is one of the finest of the smaller
-remains.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-CHURCH OF THE HOLY SEPULCHRE, JERUSALEM. This church, situated on a
-hill called Acra, purports to be built over the site of Calvary and
-the actual tomb of Jesus. Not only that tomb itself, but the tombs
-of Joseph and Nicodemus, the places where the Saviour appeared after
-His resurrection to Mary Magdalene and to Mary, His mother; where
-Constantine’s mother found the true cross, &c., &c., are pointed out
-to visitors. Not everybody accepts the genuineness of the site. But,
-at least, it was for the reconquest of the Holy Sepulchre that the
-Crusades were instituted, and for fifteen hundred years kings and
-queens, knights and pilgrims have knelt and prayed here. The church is
-a Byzantine structure, which was commenced in 1103 A. D., was partly
-destroyed by fire in 1808, and has since been restored. Some parts of
-it, however, are said to date back to the Empress Helena.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-GARDEN OF GETHSEMANE, JERUSALEM. No spot in the whole world could have
-more interest for the Christian traveler than the Garden of Gethsemane,
-the scene of our Lord’s agony on the eve of His crucifixion. It is
-known that it was a garden or orchard belonging to a small estate at
-the foot of Mount Olivet, somewhere on the east slope of the Kedron
-Valley and about half a mile from Jerusalem. But whether the present
-enclosure which is pointed out as the identical garden be so or not
-is a matter which archæologists have not yet settled. Certainly, the
-garden is very old and very venerable; its few olive trees date back to
-an unknown antiquity, and it may very well have been extant in almost
-its present condition in the time of Christ.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-RUINS OF BAALBEK, SYRIA. Baalbek,--the city of Baal or the Sun, the
-Heliopolis of the Greeks, once famous as the most magnificent of Syrian
-cities, which passed successively under the rule of the Persians,
-Greeks and Romans, was plundered by the Arabs in A. D. 639, by the
-Christians and others during the Crusades, and was finally sacked and
-dismantled by the Tartars, under Tamerlane.--Baalbek to-day exists only
-as a mass of ruins; but its very ruins are of the utmost magnificence.
-The most imposing are the remains of the Great Temple. But the most
-beautiful is the Circular Temple--a semi-circular cella surrounded on
-the outside by eight Corinthian columns. Within there is a double tier
-of smaller pillars, the lower row being Ionic and the upper Corinthian.
-In modern times, and, indeed, up to the present century, this was used
-as a Greek church, but it is now deserted and choked with débris.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-TAJ MAHAL, AGRA, HINDOSTAN. This magnificent mausoleum is the glory of
-Indo-Mussulman architecture. It was built by the Emperor Shah Jehan
-for himself and his favorite wife, Nourmahal, who died in child-birth
-in 1629. For twenty-two years twenty thousand men were employed in
-its construction, the total cost reaching $16,000,000. Built of white
-marble, it forms a quadrangle of one hundred and ninety square yards,
-surmounted by a lofty dome, with smaller domes at each corner and four
-graceful minarets one hundred and thirty-three feet high. The great
-central hall is paved with squares of various-colored marbles, while
-the walls, tombs and screens are ornamented by exquisite mosaic work.
-The elegance and delicacy of the design and the elaborate perfection in
-every detail of the workmanship are alike marvelous. It seems almost
-like a castle built in a dream, a fabric of mist and sunbeams, which
-would dissolve at a touch. Yet it has resisted the encroachments of
-time and the barbarian despoiler, and has come down to our day almost
-perfect.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-PEARL MOSQUE, AGRA, HINDOSTAN. The very name of the building is a
-tribute to its beauty. It is undoubtedly the most elegant mosque of
-Indian-Mahometan architecture. Although it gives the general impression
-of lightness, grace, delicacy, it is by no means a small building.
-Externally it is two hundred and thirty-five feet east and west by one
-hundred and ninety feet north and south. The court yard is one hundred
-and fifty-five feet square. The mass is also considerable, as the whole
-is raised on a terrace of artificial construction, by the aid of which
-it stands well out from the surrounding buildings. Its chief beauty
-consists in its court yard, which is wholly of white marble from the
-pavement to the summit of its domes. The interior is a bewildering maze
-of columns of exquisite proportions.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-EL CAPITAN, YOSEMITE VALLEY, CALIFORNIA. The Yosemite Valley is one
-of the most marvelous natural parks in the world. About nine miles in
-length and from three-quarters of a mile to a mile and a quarter in
-width, it is sunk almost a mile below the level of the surrounding
-country. High granite walls rise sheer and inaccessible on each side.
-Cataracts of the wildest and strangest beauty abound. Flowers of every
-hue cover the ground. Where all is wonderful it might seem hard to
-select. Yet by common consent the surpassing feature of the valley
-scenery is the great cliff, known as El Capitan or The Captain. “It
-is doubtful,” says Professor J. D. Whitney, “if anywhere in the world
-there is presented so squarely cut, so lofty and so imposing a face of
-rock.” Not indeed that it is the highest of the gigantic brotherhood.
-Its three thousand three hundred feet are exceeded in its own vicinity
-by over thousands of feet. But no other rock, here or elsewhere, has so
-majestic and awe-compelling a presence.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-BIG TREES, CALIFORNIA. Rigid scientists call these trees _Sequoia
-gigantea_. In England they are sometimes known as Wellingtonia, in
-America as Washingtonia. But the pride of science and of patriotism
-have had to bow to the will of the populace, which has been satisfied
-with the simpler and therefore more energetic title of Big Trees. They
-are confined to the western portion of the California range, occurring
-in detached groups or groves at an altitude of from four thousand to
-five thousand feet above the sea. Some of these vast vegetable columns
-are upwards of thirty feet in diameter, and from three to four hundred
-feet in height. One of the trees in the Mariposa Grove, represented in
-the accompanying engraving--some twenty-five feet in diameter--stands
-directly arching the roadway, and a miniature tunnel has been cut
-through it which admits of the passage of a four-horse stage coach.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-GEYSERS, YELLOWSTONE PARK, WYOMING. The Geyser region in the
-Yellowstone occupies some thirty square miles. Within this
-comparatively limited area is a most stupendous exhibition of hot
-springs, water geysers, mud geysers and steaming caldrons of boiling
-water. No two of the geysers are alike. The Grotto simply churns and
-makes a great noise. The others go off at various intervals; some every
-hour, some all the time and some once a month; some on alternate days,
-yet the day they are active going over ninety minutes. Nor is their
-style of action the same. Some play with labored pumping, others throw
-an unbroken stream; some wear themselves out in a continuous effort,
-others subside only to recommence again repeatedly. An eruption may
-extend from two to twenty minutes, the approximate time occupied by the
-Grand, or even to one hour and twenty minutes, a period that the Giant
-has been timed to play. The Grand is the largest geyser in the world,
-shooting a vast column of water over two hundred feet into the air.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-GRAND CANON, YELLOWSTONE PARK. The Yellowstone Park is one of the great
-natural marvels of the world. Within a compass of one hundred square
-miles there are here gathered the loveliest valleys, the grandest
-canons, the most marvelous mountains, lakes, rivers, springs and
-cascades. In addition there are all sorts of natural phenomena: Sulphur
-mountains, a mud volcano, petrified forests and over ten thousand
-active geysers, hot springs, salfataras and boiling pools. Greatest of
-all the sights is the Grand Canon, a ravine varying in depth from one
-thousand to two thousand feet. The shelving sides of precipitous crags
-slope down, presenting an endless variety of form and color, until
-they meet at the bed of the Yellowstone River, which flings itself
-impetuously along to meet the lake. “A great gulch let down into the
-eternities,” such is the opinion of De Witt Talmage on this miracle of
-nature.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-CLIFF-DWELLINGS, NEW MEXICO. Cliff-dwellers is the name given to more
-or less savage people in the past who inhabited dwellings built on
-projections from the face of cliffs, or cut out of the solid rock.
-Sometimes the houses are four stories high, and divided into many
-rooms. Often they are not to be distinguished from the rest of the
-cliff. Such dwellings are found in various parts of the world, but
-nowhere are they so abundant and so interesting as in Arizona, New
-Mexico and California. It is generally supposed that the American
-cliff-dwellers were the ancestors of the Pueblo Indians. In some
-respects the cliff-dweller appears to have been better off than his
-modern descendants; the canon walls sheltered him from cyclones and
-the overhanging shelves of rock protected him from attack from above.
-A series of cliff villages, lining the walls of Walnut Canon, in
-Northeastern Arizona, for a length of five miles, was discovered in
-1884.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-MASONIC TEMPLE, CHICAGO. For a long time it was held that Philadelphia
-had the finest Masonic Temple in the world. Now that honor belongs to
-Chicago. But it has only belonged to it since 1890, when the gorgeous
-new building was begun at the corner of State and Randolph Streets. The
-site measures one hundred and seventy feet on State Street and by one
-hundred and fourteen on Randolph. Every inch of this space is covered
-by the building, whose twenty stories tower up to the height of two
-hundred and sixty-five feet. It rests on cement and iron foundations,
-and its superstructure is of steel. The first three stories are faced
-with red granite from Wisconsin, the remainder with gray brick that
-is indistinguishable from the granite. An immense granite arch in the
-centre of the State Street front forms the entrance, and opens into an
-interior court, faced from bottom to top with different colored marble.
-The first eleven stories are fitted up for shops, from the eleventh to
-the sixteenth inclusive are business offices, while above the sixteenth
-floor everything is devoted to Masonry.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-NIAGARA FALLS. The most stupendous cataract in the world is that formed
-in the Niagara River, four miles below Grand Island. Here the current
-begins to grow narrow and develops into rapids, which continue for
-about a mile, with a descent of fifty-two feet, until the river plunges
-over a mighty chasm. Goat Island, at the very verge of the cataract,
-divides it into two sheets of water--the Horse-shoe, or Canadian fall,
-with a descent of one hundred and fifty-eight feet, and a width of
-about twenty-six hundred and forty; and the American fall, one hundred
-and sixty-two to one hundred and sixty-nine feet deep, and about one
-thousand wide. The volume of water thus precipitated is about fifteen
-million cubic feet a minute. Nearly nine-tenths of this passes over
-the Canadian fall. For some distance below the Falls there is still
-water, the mass which has hurled itself into the abyss sinking and only
-reappearing two miles below, where the whirlpool rapids begin.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-THE THOUSAND ISLANDS, CANADA. This, the largest group of river islands
-in the world, lies in an expansion of the River St. Lawrence at
-its emergence from Lake Ontario. New York State is on one side and
-the Province of Ontario, Canada, on the other. The name is not an
-exaggeration. On the contrary, the group consists of about fifteen
-hundred rocky islands, remarkable for their great and varied beauty.
-They are of all shapes and sizes, some just peeping above the surface
-of the waters, others extending several miles in length, some wild and
-bare and rocky, others covered with the most luxuriant foliage. Hence,
-a trip through the St. Lawrence River at this point is full of the most
-bewildering yet enchanting surprises.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-VICTORIA BRIDGE, MONTREAL, CANADA. Montreal is situated on the south
-side of the island of the same name, at the confluence of the Ottawa
-and the St. Lawrence Rivers. To connect it with the mainland the
-Victoria Bridge was thrown across the St. Lawrence. Work was begun in
-1854. In 1860 the bridge was formally opened by the Prince of Wales
-during his tour through Canada and the United States. This is one of
-the greatest triumphs of engineering and architectural skill. The total
-length is nearly two miles, or, to be exact, nine thousand one hundred
-and ninety-four feet. It rests upon twenty-four piers and two abutments
-of solid masonry. The central span is three hundred and thirty feet
-long.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-THE CAPITOL, WASHINGTON, D. C. A stately and magnificent building
-devoted to both branches of Congress--the Senate and the House of
-Representatives--as well as to the United States Supreme Court and the
-Library of Congress. It stands upon an eminence commanding a beautiful
-view of the city, and itself forms the most impressive feature in the
-landscape. The centre building of freestone is flanked by two wings,
-mainly of marble, and crowned by an iron dome, painted white. From
-the ground to the top of the nineteen-foot Statue of Liberty, which
-surmounts the dome, is three hundred and seven and a half feet; the
-diameter of the dome is one hundred and thirty-five and a half feet.
-Thus only four domes in Europe can surpass it: St. Peter’s at Rome,
-St. Paul’s in London, St. Isaac’s in St. Petersburg, and the Invalides
-in Paris. The building covers an area of about three and a half acres.
-Its total cost has been over $13,000,000. The corner-stone was laid by
-Washington in 1792. The marble extensions were begun in 1851.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-THE WHITE HOUSE, WASHINGTON, D. C. As the official residence of the
-President of the United States, this mansion has a unique interest.
-It is not in itself, however, a pretentious or imposing structure.
-Yet it has some elegance in its very democratic simplicity. Built of
-freestone, like the original Capitol, and painted white like that, its
-color has given it its name. The model which the architect had in view
-was the Palace of the Duke of Leinster in London, and he has followed
-his prototype very closely. The corner-stone was laid in 1792; the
-building was first occupied by President John Adams in 1800; it was
-burned by the British in 1814, and restored and re-occupied in 1818.
-Since that time there have been staccato clamors for a more magnificent
-entourage for the chief executive officer of the United States, but
-nothing further has been accomplished.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-INDEPENDENCE HALL, PHILADELPHIA. This plain, but substantial brick
-building, which stands on Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, is ever
-memorable as the birthplace of the American republic. Here the General
-Assembly of Pennsylvania gave way to the Continental Congress. Here
-George Washington was elected commander of the American forces (June,
-1775). And here, on July 4th, 1776, the Declaration of Independence
-was adopted by Congress. Four days later it was read from before the
-building to an excited and exultant multitude. The halls have been
-restored as far as possible to their original condition; the east room,
-where the Declaration was signed, is ornamented with portraits of
-the signers and the west room is a museum of revolutionary and other
-relics. The famous Liberty Bell, which was rung as a signal to the
-people that the Declaration had been adopted, is now suspended under
-the tower in full view of the public. The building dates from 1729–34.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-THE EAST RIVER BRIDGE, between New York City and Brooklyn, more
-familiarly known as the Brooklyn Bridge, is a massive suspension
-bridge, the largest in the world, which connects New York with
-Brooklyn. Its colossal towers and ponderous cables loom up
-conspicuously before the stranger who approaches New York from the
-riverside. Begun in 1870, it was opened for traffic May 24th, 1883, at
-a total cost of $15,000,000. The whole length of the bridge is five
-thousand nine hundred and eighty-nine feet. From high water mark to the
-floor of the bridge is one hundred and thirty-five feet. The central
-span (itself measuring one thousand five hundred and ninety-five and
-a half feet) is suspended to four cables of steel wire, each fifteen
-and three-quarter inches in diameter. The width of the structure is
-eighty-five feet, which includes a promenade for foot passengers, two
-roadways for vehicles, and two railway tracks on which run passenger
-cars propelled by a stationary engine from the Brooklyn side.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-
-
-Transcriber’s Notes
-
-
-Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a
-predominant preference was found in the original book; otherwise they
-were not changed.
-
-A few very simple typographical errors were corrected.
-
-This book always uses “Canon,” never “Canyon.” It contains several
-likely typographical errors or misspellings, most of which have not
-been changed by the Transcribers. Some are noted below.
-
-Page 42: “mertons” was printed that way.
-
-Page 72: “Propylacum” was printed that way.
-
-Page 120: “Andulasia” was printed that way.
-
-Page 162: “Michel Angelo” was printed that way.
-
-Page 178: “sea of Marmora” was printed that way.
-
-*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AROUND THE WORLD IN EIGHTY
-MINUTES ***
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-<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Around the world in eighty minutes, by William S. Walsh</p>
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
-at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you
-are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the
-country where you are located before using this eBook.
-</div>
-
-<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Around the world in eighty minutes</p>
-<p style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em;'>Photographic reproductions of the most magnificent edifices, the most interesting remains and the most beautiful scenes on the earth&#039;s surface</p>
-<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: William S. Walsh</p>
-<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: December 14, 2022 [eBook #69543]</p>
-<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p>
-  <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Tim Lindell, Charlie Howard, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)</p>
-<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AROUND THE WORLD IN EIGHTY MINUTES ***</div>
-
-<div id="coversmall" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/coversmall.jpg" width="1018" height="853" alt=""></div>
-
-<div class="transnote">
-<p class="center larger">Transcriber’s Note</p>
-
-<p>The photographs in this ebook always follow their descriptions, even if
-the reading device places a photograph at the top of a page, above the
-description of the next photograph.</p>
-
-<p>Larger, higher-resolution versions of the illustrations may be seen by right-clicking them
-and selecting an option to view them separately, or by double-tapping and/or
-stretching them.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="newpage p2 center wspace">
-<h1>AROUND THE WORLD<br>
-<span class="xsmall">IN</span><br>
-EIGHTY MINUTES</h1>
-
-<p class="p1 larger"><span class="smcap">Photographic Reproductions of the Most Magnificent Edifices,
-the Most Interesting Remains and the Most Beautiful
-Scenes on the Earth’s Surface</span></p>
-
-<p class="p2">WITH DESCRIPTIVE TEXT<br>
-BY<br>
-WM. S. WALSH</p>
-
-<p class="p2"><span class="smaller">PHILADELPHIA</span><br>
-HENRY ALTEMUS<br>
-1894</p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p class="p4 vspace">
-Copyrighted, 1894, by <span class="smcap">Henry Altemus</span><br>
-<span class="smcap">Altemus’ Bookbindery, Philadelphia</span>
-</p>
-</div></div>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">3</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="INTRODUCTION">INTRODUCTION</h2>
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap p2"><span class="firstword">TRAVEL</span> is the greatest of educators, the greatest of civilizers. To come
-in contact with men and manners different from those to which we have
-been accustomed by birth is to broaden the mind; to teach it forbearance,
-sympathy, wisdom; to rob it of its philistinism; to make it cosmopolitan
-and not provincial. To come face to face with the great monuments of the
-past and of the present, to see what man has done and is doing, is to get a new
-idea of the vastness, the imaginative strength, the creative power of the human
-mind, to renew your respect for your kind and for yourself, because you belong
-to that kind. It may teach you your own littleness, indeed, in itself a
-useful lesson. But it also teaches you the greatness of that aggregate of little
-individuals to which we give the generic name of man. And to learn this
-lesson of reverence for man is to kin yourself with what is best and holiest
-in man.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">4</span></p>
-
-<p>Horse-power, sails, steam, electricity are all at your bidding to-day, ready
-harnessed to transport you where you will. If you wish to travel, the world
-is yours to command. Fictitious heroes have circled it in eighty days; real
-men and women have accomplished the feat in less time. A little leisure and
-a little money will enable you to do what a century or so ago would have been
-impossible to the greatest potentate on earth, with twenty-four hours of leisure
-every day, and the wealth of Indies at his beck and call.</p>
-
-<p>But if you have not the little leisure, if you have not the little money, you
-can travel without them. You can travel without passing out of your room,
-without quitting your chair. The resources of modern science are inexhaustible.
-Mahomet, though a prophet, had to go to the mountain because the
-mountain would not come to him. But you need not go to the mountain;
-modern science will make it come to you. You have but to say the word.</p>
-
-<p>Here, in this book, for example, are one hundred photographs of one hundred
-of the most famous sights, scenes and monuments in the whole world.
-To see these sights, these scenes, these monuments, is to attain a liberal education.
-Now what is seeing? Seeing, the philosopher will tell you, is to have
-certain waves of light strike your eye and create an impression on your retina
-of the objects that are in front of you. The retina, in other words, is nothing
-but a natural camera obscura. And what is a photograph? A photograph
-is a modern invention whereby, by means of an artificial camera obscura, the
-sun, the author of all light, is cunningly induced to bind upon paper forever<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">5</span>
-the impression made by the actual waves of light set in motion by certain
-objects. Remember it is not a picture of that object formed by some individual
-man and blurred by the personality of the individual who made it. It
-is the actual sight, the actual scene, the actual monument, or what not, just as
-it would have met your natural retina if you had been there, and simply
-reflected from the artificial retina into your natural one. The sun is the true
-realist—faithful, literal, exact. Would we not cheerfully exchange Giotto’s
-portrait of Dante for a photograph by Sarony, had Sarony and his camera
-existed in Dante’s day; or Wagner’s Chariot Race for an instantaneous photograph
-of the great Colosseum, with its surging crowds of humanity? The
-men and women in Wagner’s masterpiece are vivid and life-like; as types
-they are faithful and exact, but the instantaneous photograph would give you
-the very outer form and semblance, the body and almost the soul, of individuals
-who had once lived, who are now once again living before you. Savages
-are said to shrink from being photographed, deeming that a part of
-themselves passes into the picture, and the superstitions of savages are metaphors
-in which civilized men read a poetical hint of the truth.</p>
-
-<p>Here, then, are one hundred of the greatest of human monuments and the
-most magnificent of earthly scenes brought into your very presence by the
-witchery of modern science. The selection has been made with the greatest
-care so as to be truly representative of all ages, people and climes. Each
-photograph is accompanied by a pains-taking and accurate description which<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">6</span>
-briefly but succinctly sums up the information that the reader needs for his
-guidance. Here, therefore, is a trip round the world with the services of a
-guide thrown in, and that trip can be accomplished pleasantly and without
-fatigue at an expense which is too ridiculously small to mention.</p>
-
-<p>Well may the modern laugh at Mahomet and his mountain, and snap his
-fingers at Phineas Fogg and Nelly Bly. Eighty days quotha! Seventy?
-Sixty? Nay, eighty minutes will suffice.</p>
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">7</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS</h2>
-</div>
-
-<table id="toc">
-<tr class="small">
-  <td></td>
-  <td class="tdr">PAGE</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">The Statue of Liberty</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_12">12</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">The Tower of London</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_14">14</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Westminster Abbey</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_16">16</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">St. Paul’s Cathedral</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_18">18</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Houses of Parliament, London</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_20">20</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Bank of England, London</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_22">22</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Mansion House, London</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_24">24</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">London Bridge</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_26">26</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Trafalgar Square, London</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_28">28</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Thames Embankment, London</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_30">30</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Kenilworth Castle, England</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_32">32</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Warwick Castle, England</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_34">34</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Windsor Castle, England</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_36">36</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Shakespeare’s House</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_38">38</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Osborne House, Isle of Wight</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_40">40</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Blarney Castle, Ireland</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_42">42</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">The Lakes of Killarney, Ireland</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_44">44</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Giant’s Causeway, Ireland</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_46">46</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">8</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Edinburgh Castle, Scotland</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_48">48</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_50">50</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Melrose Abbey, Scotland</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_52">52</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Abbotsford, Scotland</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_54">54</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Fingal’s Cave, Scotland</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_56">56</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Forth Bridge, Scotland</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_58">58</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Balmoral Castle, Scotland</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_60">60</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Loch Katrine, Scotland</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_62">62</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">North Cape, Norway</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_64">64</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">The Kremlin, Moscow, Russia</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_66">66</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">The Church of St. Basil, Moscow</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_68">68</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Royal Museum, Berlin, Germany</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_70">70</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Brandenburg Gate, Berlin</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_72">72</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Cologne Cathedral, Germany</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_74">74</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Heidelberg Castle, Germany</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_76">76</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Ehrenbreitstein, Germany</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_78">78</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">The Cathedral, Antwerp, Belgium</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_80">80</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Palais de Justice, Brussels, Belgium</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_82">82</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Field of Waterloo, Belgium</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_84">84</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_86">86</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Place de la Bastille, Paris</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_88">88</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Place de la Concorde, Paris</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_90">90</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">9</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Place Vendome, Paris</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_92">92</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Garden of the Tuileries, Paris</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_94">94</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Arc de Triomphe, Paris</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_96">96</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Napoleon’s Tomb, Paris</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_98">98</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Chamber of Deputies, Paris</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_100">100</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Grand Opera House, Paris</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_102">102</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Eiffel Tower, Paris</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_104">104</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">The Trocadero, Paris</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_106">106</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Chateau de Fontainebleau, France</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_108">108</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Garden and Fountains, Versailles, France</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_110">110</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Grand Trianon, Versailles</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_112">112</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">A Bull Fight, Seville, Spain</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_114">114</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">The Alhambra</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_116">116</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Cordova, Spain</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_118">118</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Rock of Gibraltar</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_120">120</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Monte Carlo</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_122">122</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Lake Lucerne, Switzerland</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_124">124</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Mont Blanc, Switzerland</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_126">126</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Mer de Glace, Switzerland</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_128">128</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">The Matterhorn, Switzerland</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_130">130</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Rigi-Kulm, Switzerland</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_132">132</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Thun, Switzerland</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_134">134</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">10</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Jungfrau from Interlaken</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_136">136</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Cursalon, Vienna, Austria</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_138">138</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Cathedral, Milan, Italy</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_140">140</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Panorama of Venice, Italy</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_142">142</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">St. Mark’s, Venice</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_144">144</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Grand Canal, Venice</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_146">146</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Doge’s Palace, Venice</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_148">148</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Cathedral and Leaning Tower, Pisa, Italy</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_150">150</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Ponte Vecchio, Florence, Italy</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_152">152</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Palazzo Vecchio, Florence</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_154">154</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Cathedral of Florence</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_156">156</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">The Capitol, Rome, Italy</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_158">158</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Castle of St. Angelo, Rome</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_160">160</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">St. Peter’s, Rome</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_162">162</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">The Colosseum, Rome</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_164">164</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">The Pantheon, Rome</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_166">166</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Tomb of Cecilia Metella, Rome</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_168">168</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">The Forum, Rome</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_170">170</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">The Bay of Naples, Italy</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_172">172</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Pompeii, Italy</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_174">174</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">The Acropolis, Athens, Greece</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_176">176</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">The Bosphorus, Constantinople, Turkey</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_178">178</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">11</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">The Mosque of St. Sophia, Constantinople</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_180">180</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">The Sphinx, Egypt</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_182">182</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">The Pyramids of Gizeh, Egypt</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_184">184</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Ruins of the Temple of Amenophis, Karnak</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_186">186</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_188">188</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Garden of Gethsemane, Jerusalem</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_190">190</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Ruins of Baalbek, Syria</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_192">192</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Taj Mahal, Agra, Hindostan</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_194">194</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">The Pearl Mosque, Hindostan</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_196">196</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Yosemite Valley, California</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_198">198</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Big Trees, Mariposa Grove, California</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_200">200</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Geysers, Yellowstone Park, Wyoming</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_202">202</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Grand Canon, Yellowstone Park</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_204">204</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Cliff Dwellings, New Mexico</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_206">206</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Masonic Temple, Chicago</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_208">208</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Niagara Falls</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_210">210</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">The Thousand Islands</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_212">212</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Victoria Bridge, Montreal</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_214">214</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">The Capitol, Washington, D.&#160;C.</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_216">216</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">The White House, Washington, D.&#160;C.</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_218">218</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Independence Hall, Philadelphia</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_220">220</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl">The Brooklyn Bridge</td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#t_222">222</a></td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
-
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">12</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_12" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">THE</span> STATUE OF LIBERTY. This colossal statue, by Auguste Bartholdi,
-stands on Bedloe’s Island in New York harbor. It is distinguished,
-not only by its immense height (three hundred and five feet
-six inches from foundation to torch), but by the elegance of its proportions
-and its imposing dignity. At night, especially, when the torch is lighted by
-electricity, its effect is unique and commanding. The statue was presented
-to the American people by France, the cost being defrayed by public subscription.
-The sculptor himself took no remuneration. Public subscription here
-put up the pedestal. The statue was formally handed over to the President of
-the United States by the French delegates on October 28th, 1886.
-</p>
-
-<div id="ip_12" class="figcenter port"><img src="images/i_013.jpg" width="1227" height="1672" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">14</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_14" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">THE</span> TOWER OF LONDON, ENGLAND. In all the world there is no
-more famous fortress than this ancient citadel of London. Situate in
-the oldest portion of the city, on the north bank of the Thames, it at
-once arrests the attention of every stranger in the English metropolis. Tradition
-ascribes its erection to Julius Cæsar, but tradition is unsupported by historical
-evidence, and at the most it is only conjectured that the Romans had a
-fortress on this site. It may be stated authoritatively, however, that the Keep
-or White Tower (so named because it was formerly whitewashed), which is
-now the oldest extant portion of the citadel, was built by William the Conqueror.
-As the council chamber of the ancient kings of England, and subsequently
-as a prison of state for political offenders, its glory and its shame
-are part and parcel of the glory and the shame of all England. Some of the
-most momentous events in the history of the country were enacted within its
-walls. From an early period it has been the depository of the ornaments and
-jewels of the crown.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_14" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_015.jpg" width="1684" height="1218" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">16</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_16" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">WESTMINSTER</span> ABBEY, LONDON. This is the supremely interesting
-spot in all London. Its exquisite architecture would alone ennoble
-it. But as the sepulchre of sovereigns, heroes, statesmen, authors and
-poets, as the scene of some of the most hallowed events in English history, it
-makes an even more serious appeal to the imagination. Its very history is involved
-in becoming mystery. Tradition asserts that on this site Sebert, King
-of the Saxons, built a church and dedicated it to St. Peter. More authentic
-history ascribes its inception to Edward the Confessor, who designed it for his
-own burial place. Hence, other royal interments followed. William the
-Conqueror was crowned here within a few yards of the Confessor’s tomb, and
-every succeeding sovereign of England has followed his example. It also has
-continued to be the favorite spot for royal weddings and funerals. As it now
-stands the Abbey was for the most part rebuilt by Henry III. Henry VII
-added the famous chapel which bears his name, and the two towers on the
-front were placed there by Christopher Wren. The Poet’s Corner in the south
-transept contains tombs or monuments in honor of many of the most famous
-of English literary worthies.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_16" class="figcenter port"><img src="images/i_017.jpg" width="1232" height="1675" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">18</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_18" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword b">ST.</span> PAUL’S CATHEDRAL, LONDON. This, the metropolitan church of
-London, is one of the largest and, without exception, the most conspicuous
-of its edifices. Built on a slight eminence, which is said to have been
-anciently occupied by a temple to Diana, it is the last of a series of Christian
-churches that succeeded to the Pagan temple. The first, founded about 610, was
-destroyed by fire in 1087. The second succumbed to the Great Fire of 1666.
-The present church was begun June 21st, 1675, and was finished in thirty-five
-years, under one architect, Sir Christopher Wren. The whole cost, £747,954
-2<i>s.</i> 9<i>d.</i>, was paid by a tax on every chaldron of coal brought into London.
-The structure is five hundred and fifty feet from east to west by one hundred
-and twenty-five feet in width; the front is one hundred and eighty feet wide,
-and the top of the cross is four hundred feet from the crypt floor. Carlyle
-said of it that it was the only edifice that struck him with a proper sense of
-grandeur.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_18" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_019.jpg" width="1673" height="1216" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">20</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_20" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">HOUSES</span> OF PARLIAMENT, LONDON, ENGLAND. This is the
-largest, and in some respects the most imposing, of all the public edifices
-in England. Gothic in style, in size, at least, it surpasses any
-other Gothic building in the world. And in respect to its equipments and the
-excellent adaptation of every part to the purposes for which it was erected
-and for the transaction of the business to which it is consecrated it is absolutely
-unrivaled. Both Houses, Lords and Commons, meet within its walls.
-Yet it is a comparatively modern structure. Occupying the site of the Royal
-Palace, dwelt in by every English monarch from the time of Edward the Confessor
-to Queen Elizabeth, the corner-stone of the present building was not
-laid until April 27th, 1840. It covers about eight acres of ground, and has
-four fronts, the longest and most effective of which, facing the river Thames,
-is nine hundred and forty feet long. The Victoria Tower at the south-west
-angle, which is about three hundred and forty feet high and admirably proportioned,
-is one of its most effective features.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_20" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_021.jpg" width="1677" height="1220" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">22</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_22" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword b">BANK</span> OF ENGLAND, LONDON. This, the most celebrated moneyed
-institution in the world, is situated on Threadneedle Street. Hence, it
-is sometimes facetiously alluded to as “The Old Lady of Threadneedle
-Street.” It has a branch in the West End of London and nine branches in
-the provinces. It was founded July 27th, 1694, as a joint stock association,
-with a capital of £1,200,000, which was lent at eight per cent. interest to the
-government of William and Mary. And as it began as a servant of the
-government so it has continued. At the present moment it has the management
-of the public debt and the paying of interest thereon, it holds the deposits
-belonging to government and aids in the collection of the public
-revenue. It is the bank of all the other banks in England. Its notes are
-legal tender, and are convertible into coin. Its credit and reputation have
-been absolutely unequaled by any other establishment of the sort. Hence,
-the recent discovery of a deficit of £5,000,000 shook the financial world to its
-centre. But the bank has been able to meet the emergency.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_22" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_023.jpg" width="1678" height="1223" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">24</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_24" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">MANSION</span> HOUSE, LONDON, ENGLAND. The Lord-Mayor of
-London has his official residence at the Mansion House. It is situated
-nearly opposite the Royal Exchange, on the site of the ancient Stock’s
-Market; was begun in 1739 and finished in 1741. In its great banqueting hall,
-known as the Egyptian Hall, are given the state banquets. Formerly it was
-the ambition of every great London merchant and banker to become Lord-Mayor,
-but since the district actually under his jurisdiction has come to be a
-very small part of what is known as London, the importance of this functionary
-has greatly diminished in the eyes of all save foreigners. As the dispenser of
-civic hospitality he receives £8000 a year, with the use of the Mansion House,
-furniture, carriages, &amp;c.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_24" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_025.jpg" width="1678" height="1225" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">26</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_26" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword al">LONDON</span> BRIDGE, LONDON, ENGLAND. This is not the London
-bridge of Shakespeare’s time, for that was a wooden structure, lined with
-houses on either side. The present London bridge is substantially built
-of granite on the site of the older one. It cost £2,566,268, and was opened
-to the public on August 1st, 1831, by King William IV. There are five
-arches, the central one having a span of one hundred and fifty-two feet. The
-entire length is nine hundred and twenty-eight feet and the width fifty-four.
-A curious interest attaches to the lamp posts along the side, which are cast
-from the metal of French cannon captured in the Peninsular War. The constant
-stream of traffic that pours across this bridge is prodigious. It is estimated
-that every twenty-four hours no less than twenty thousand vehicles and
-one hundred and seven thousand pedestrians are borne along in the opposing
-currents.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_26" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_027.jpg" width="1674" height="1210" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">28</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_28" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">TRAFALGAR</span> SQUARE, LONDON. The battle of Trafalgar (22d
-October, 1805) was won over the combined French and Spanish fleet
-by the English, under Lord Nelson, who lost his life at the very moment
-of victory. One of the finest open places in London is named after the conflict.
-In the centre a massive granite column, one hundred and forty-five feet
-in height, rises to the memory of the great admiral, whose statue surmounts it.
-The pedestal is adorned with reliefs in bronze, cast with the metal of French
-captured cannon, and representing scenes in the career of Nelson. Four colossal
-bronze lions, modeled by Sir Edwin Landseer, in 1867, crouch upon pedestals
-running out from the column in the form of a cross. The square is paved
-with asphalt. Statues of Sir Henry Havelock, of Sir Charles James Napier
-and of George IV are distributed around it. Towards the north side are two
-fountains, and on the terrace to the north rises the National Gallery, with the
-interesting old church of St. Martin in the Fields by its side.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_28" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_029.jpg" width="1576" height="1196" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">30</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_30" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">THAMES</span> EMBANKMENT, LONDON, ENGLAND. At an early
-period the banks of the Thames River had many wide stretches of
-marsh land, covered by shallow lagoons. From time to time embankments
-have been erected, some of them dating from the time of the Romans.
-The greatest of all these works is the new Victoria Embankment, leading from
-Blackfriars Bridge towards the west, along the north bank of the Thames as
-far as Westminster. Built in 1864–70, under the direction of Sir Joseph W.
-Bazalgette, it cost nearly $10,000,000. It consists of a macadamized carriageway
-about two thousand three hundred yards in length and sixty-four feet
-wide. The foot pavement on the land side is sixteen feet broad and on the
-river side twenty feet. This entire area was formerly covered by the tide
-twice a day. A granite wall eight feet thick protects it on the side next the
-Thames. Rows of trees have been planted along the sides of the Embankment,
-which will eventually make it a shady and delightful promenade. At
-intervals are large openings, with stairs leading to the floating steamboat piers.
-It is illuminated at night by electricity.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_30" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_031.jpg" width="1674" height="1230" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">32</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_32" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword b">KENILWORTH</span> CASTLE, ENGLAND. One of the stateliest of feudal
-remains in all England is this ruined castle, situated on rising ground
-to the west of the village of Kenilworth. Picturesque in itself, famous
-as it is in history, it yet derives its chief charm from the glamour thrown over
-it by Walter Scott in the novel which he has named after it. Kenilworth Castle
-first takes a prominent position in history as one of the strongholds of Simon
-de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, in his rebellion against Henry III. Subsequently
-it passed into the possession of John of Gaunt, who enlarged and
-beautified it. But its highest fame results from the fact that Queen Elizabeth
-bestowed it upon her favorite, Robert Leicester, Earl of Dudley, and it was
-here that Amy Robsart ended her unhappy life. Cromwell dismantled the
-castle. Since his day it has suffered much from the ravages of time, but even
-in ruins it retains a potency to delight and to impress.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_32" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_033.jpg" width="1677" height="1228" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">34</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_34" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">WARWICK</span> CASTLE, ENGLAND. Beautiful in itself, famous as the
-residence of the Earls of Warwick, and especially of him who went
-by the title of the King-maker, Warwick Castle is one of the most
-notable edifices in England. Nothing could be more picturesque than its
-situation on a rock washed by the Avon. Its two towers are surpassingly
-beautiful. The one known as the Clock Tower is here represented. Its
-battlements and turrets are full of quaint interest. The grounds which
-surround it are a triumph of landscape gardening. And the castle itself
-is almost a thousand years old. Legend declares that it was founded
-in 915 by the daughter of King Alfred, Ethelfleda. In the war with the
-barons in the reign of Henry III it was partially destroyed. In the reign
-of Edward III it was restored and strengthened. Additions and improvements
-have successively been made. In the reign of James II it passed into
-the hands of the Grevilles, and has remained their property ever since.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_34" class="figcenter port"><img src="images/i_035.jpg" width="1222" height="1677" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">36</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_36" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">WINDSOR</span> CASTLE, ENGLAND. The favorite residence of the English
-sovereigns, which distinction it merits through its own beauty, the
-beauty of its surroundings and its opulence of historical and legendary
-associations. Long before the Normans landed in England it was the seat of
-the Saxon Kings. But William the Conqueror founded the present castle; it
-was rebuilt by Edward III, was extended by successive sovereigns, and,
-finally, in the reign of Queen Victoria, was brought to its present perfection.
-The town of Windsor is some twenty miles from London. On a promontory,
-overlooking the Valley of the Thames, stands the castle. Its chapels and its
-terrace are among the noblest in Europe. The interior is lavishly decorated,
-and contains valuable paintings, statuary, furniture, tapestries and plate. In
-its vaults lie the bodies of the Kings and Queens of England.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_36" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_037.jpg" width="1686" height="1192" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">38</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_38" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword b">SHAKESPEARE’S</span> HOUSE, STRATFORD-ON-AVON, ENGLAND.
-The birth-place of genius must always be full of interest to his fellow-men.
-How great then must be the interest in the birth-place of the
-greatest of geniuses! That interest is attested by the fact that the walls of the
-small, mean-looking edifice in which Shakespeare was born are scrawled all over
-with the names of potentates, princes, statesmen, poets and other great and
-little men. These, indeed, form a not insignificant part of the curiosities of
-the place. The house became the property of the English nation in 1847, and
-has been carefully restored. The actual room which witnessed the birth of the
-poet is shown, and is in substantially the same condition as when that event
-took place. In another room there is a small museum of Shakespearean relics.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_38" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_039.jpg" width="1675" height="1219" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">40</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_40" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">OSBORNE</span> HOUSE, ISLE OF WIGHT, ENGLAND. This is the
-seaside residence of Queen Victoria. Even in the Isle of Wight, a
-place famous for its magnificent private residences, it occupies a pre-eminent
-position. Situated in the immediate neighborhood of East Cowes, almost
-opposite to the mouth of Southampton Water, no place could be more favored
-by nature in its surroundings, and art has come to the assistance of nature.
-The grounds, though not large, are exquisite specimens of that princely art of
-landscape gardening in which the English have achieved the highest success.
-The palace itself is in excellent taste. A high tower in one corner is a conspicuous
-object for miles around. From its summit a magnificent view of the
-surrounding country may be obtained.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_40" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_041.jpg" width="1679" height="1209" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">42</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_42" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword b">BLARNEY</span> CASTLE, IRELAND. This imposing ruin of an ancient
-fortress is situated in the village of Blarney, about four miles from
-Cork. It was built in the early part of the fifteenth century by Cormac
-McCarthy, Prince of Desmond. Little now remains of it but the massive
-donjon tower, one hundred and twenty feet high. Its main celebrity arises
-from the famous Blarney stone, which endows whoever kisses it with the gift
-of flattery, palavering rhodomontade or wheedling eloquence. No one exactly
-knows the origin of the stone, nor whence it derived its mysterious powers.
-The date 1703 is carved upon it. It is preserved and held in place by two
-iron girders between huge mertons of the northern projecting parapet nearly
-one hundred feet above the ground. To kiss it has been the ambition of many
-generations who laboriously climb up to its dangerous eminence. But the lip
-service of so great a multitude is gradually wearing it away.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_42" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_043.jpg" width="1673" height="1221" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">44</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_44" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword al">LAKES</span> OF KILLARNEY, IRELAND. These are three connected
-lakes in County Kerry, of extraordinary beauty and interest. The
-largest, known as Lough Leane, is fifteen miles long by three broad. It
-contains some thirty islands, the chief of which is Innisfallen, celebrated in
-history and story. On the sides of these lakes rise the loftiest mountains in
-Ireland, intersected by the wildest ravines, and full of the boldest cascades.
-The beauty of the scenery is enhanced by the varied coloring of the thickly-wooded
-shores, the gray rock forming an effective contrast to the dark firs, the
-brown mountain heath, the light green arbutus and other features in an infinite
-variety of foliage and verdure. In the immediate neighborhood of Lough
-Leane is Muckross Abbey, founded by Franciscan monks in 1340, now a most
-picturesque ruin.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_44" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_045.jpg" width="1680" height="1226" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">46</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_46" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">GIANT’S</span> CAUSEWAY, IRELAND. A singular mass of basaltic
-columns, situated on the coast of Antrim, Ireland, has obtained this
-name from the legend that it was the commencement of a road planned
-by the giants of old to project across the channel from Ireland to Scotland.
-And, indeed, it looks almost like a deliberate work of mightier men than we
-rather than a frolic of nature. It resembles an immense pier jutting out into
-the sea from the base of a stratified cliff about four hundred feet high, to the
-length of about seven hundred feet. The pillars composing it are close-fitting,
-dark-colored and somewhat irregular hexagons, varying in diameter from
-fifteen to twenty inches and sometimes reaching the height of twenty or even
-thirty feet. Whinstone dikes separate it into three divisions, known as the
-Little Causeway, the Middle or “Honeycomb” Causeway and the Larger
-or Grand Causeway. Altogether, it comprises about forty thousand columns,
-each consisting of several pieces.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_46" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_047.jpg" width="1670" height="1225" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">48</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_48" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">EDINBURGH</span> CASTLE, EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND. Picturesquely
-situated on a rocky eminence, three hundred and eighty-three feet high,
-in the very heart of the old portion of Edinburgh, is this ancient fortress.
-The rock is perpendicular on three sides. On the fourth it slopes away gradually
-so that it can be ascended with ease. The fort is supposed to have been
-erected in the seventh century, the city gradually growing up around it. In
-early Scottish history it was frequently captured by and recaptured from the
-English. In the twelfth century it became a royal residence. By the articles
-of union it is one of the four fortresses which are to be kept constantly fortified.
-It contains accommodations for two thousand soldiers, and its armory
-affords space for thirty thousand stands of arms. The Scottish Regalia are
-preserved here, and one of the chief objects of interest is the room where
-Mary, Queen of Scots, gave birth to James VI, in whom the crowns of England
-and Scotland were united. The picture is taken from the Parade Ground.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_48" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_049.jpg" width="1567" height="1077" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">50</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_50" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">HOLYROOD</span> PALACE, EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND. This spacious
-building occupies the site of an Abbey, founded in A.&#160;D. 1128 by King
-David I, of Scotland. The palace itself was begun in the reign of James
-IV, was nearly destroyed by Cromwell in 1650, and was rebuilt by Charles II.
-But the chief interest of the place centres upon its associations with Mary,
-Queen of Scots. Luckily her apartments are preserved in almost their original
-condition. The royal chapel, where she celebrated mass to the indignation
-of the Protestants, is almost intact. So is the audience chamber in which she
-disputed with John Knox. And even to this day is pointed out a deep stain
-at the foot of the private stairway to her apartments which is said to be the
-blood of the murdered Rizzio. In recent times the palace has been seldom
-used as a place of residence. It stands on the top of a huge rock four hundred
-and forty-three feet above the sea, and is built in the shape of a quadrangle
-with a court in the centre.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_50" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_051.jpg" width="1678" height="1220" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">52</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_52" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">MELROSE</span> ABBEY, MELROSE, SCOTLAND. This is the most
-famous and the most picturesque ruin in Scotland—indeed in all
-Great Britain. Originally founded for the Cistercian monks by David
-I, of Scotland, in the twelfth century, it was nearly destroyed by the English—Edward
-II—in 1322, and shortly after was rebuilt by Robert Bruce, whose
-heart is fabled to be buried under the east window. The abbey was again
-burned by Richard II in 1385, and though again restored it was considerably
-altered after the Reformation to suit the demands of Presbyterian worship.
-Later it was plundered by builders to secure ornaments for houses, and is now
-in utter ruin. As it stands, therefore, it belongs mainly to the middle of the
-fourteenth century and the first half of the fifteenth, with a good many portions
-of much later date. Even in ruins it is one of the noblest exemplars
-of the Middle-pointed style of Gothic architecture. Sir Walter Scott made it
-the scene of his novel of “The Monastery,” and also celebrated it in some well-known
-lines in “Marmion.”</p>
-
-<div id="ip_52" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_053.jpg" width="1680" height="1227" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">54</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_54" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword a">ABBOTSFORD,</span> SCOTLAND. As the residence of Sir Walter Scott, who
-erected it in the days of his greatest financial success, and as the scene
-and the cause of his eventual ruin, the castle of Abbotsford must ever
-retain a picturesque and pathetic hold upon the lover of literature. It is
-situated on the south bank of the Tweed, near Melrose Abbey, and about
-twenty-eight miles southeast of Edinburgh. Scott’s aim was to erect a great
-mansion on something like feudal principles, where he would dispense a lordly
-hospitality akin to that of the ancient nobles whom he loved to celebrate. The
-scheme was too grand to succeed. The kindly baronet was involved in ruin,
-and spent his last days in a courageous and almost successful effort to battle
-against terrible odds. At present Abbotsford has passed out of the hands of
-his descendants and become a boarding-school for young ladies. But it is still
-a museum of interesting relics, and on account of its associations is much
-visited by tourists.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_54" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_055.jpg" width="1675" height="1226" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">56</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_56" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">FINGAL’S</span> CAVE, SCOTLAND, one of the most remarkable of all cave
-formations. It is situated on the Island of Staffa, seven miles off the
-west coast of Mull. The entire island is almost entirely encircled by
-cliffs of columnar basalt, hollowed out here and there into caves. Fingal’s,
-known also as the Great Cave, is the greatest of these. The entrance is
-almost like that of a huge Gothic Cathedral. A lofty arch, sixty feet high by
-thirty wide, is supported by columnar ranges of basaltic rock, whose native
-blackness is whitened with calcareous stalagmite. The cave is two hundred
-and thirty-two feet deep. Its floor is the sea, which flashes many colored
-lights upon the ceiling with its pendant clusters of columns, and on the great
-cavernous sides, with their countless complicated ranges of gigantic columns,
-beautifully jointed and of the most symmetrical though varied forms.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_56" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_057.jpg" width="1680" height="1225" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">58</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_58" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">FORTH</span> BRIDGE, SCOTLAND. The largest and, in many respects, the
-most magnificent bridge in the world, is that across the Firth of Forth,
-at Queensbury. Here the estuary of the Forth is divided by the island
-of Inchgarvie into two channels, whose depth—two hundred feet—precluded
-the construction of intermediate piers. A design for a gigantic suspension
-bridge, by Sir Thomas Bouch, had almost been adopted, when the collapse of
-the Tay bridge, in 1879, led to the abandonment of the project. A new plan
-was accepted from Benjamin Baker. This was a cantilever bridge of steel.
-A cantilever is a structure overhung from a fixed base. Work was begun in
-1882 and completed in 1889. There are three granite piers, the central one
-being on the island; and on those piers three double lattice-work cantilevers
-are poised in line, reaching towards each other, and connected at their extremities
-by ordinary girders three hundred and fifty feet long, by which the two
-main spans are completed. These main spans are each seventeen hundred
-feet long, and the total length of the bridge is eighty-two hundred and ninety-six
-feet, or a little over one and one-half miles. The under side of the bridge
-is one hundred and fifty-two feet above high water.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_58" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_059.jpg" width="1690" height="1218" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">60</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_60" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword b">BALMORAL</span> CASTLE, SCOTLAND, the Highland residence of the
-Queen of England, situated in Braemer, Aberdeenshire. Its situation
-is of great beauty. It stands on a natural platform nine hundred and
-twenty-six feet above sea level, which slopes gently and gradually down to
-the margin of the River Dee. The castle is in the Scottish Baronial style of
-architecture. It is entirely of granite, and consists of two separate blocks of
-buildings united by wings. A tower eighty feet high is surmounted by a
-turret twenty feet higher. The entire estate, including a deer forest, comprises
-over twenty-five thousand acres. It was purchased by Prince Albert in 1832
-from the Earl of Fife. He pulled down the older castle, finding it not exactly
-suited to the needs of the royal family, and put up the present imposing
-structure in its place.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_60" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_061.jpg" width="1675" height="1225" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">62</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_62" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword al">LOCH</span> KATRINE (ELLEN’S ISLE), SCOTLAND. The Scotch lakes
-are famous the world over for their beauty. Loch Katrine is the most
-famous of them all. It lies in Perthshire; is eight miles in length, and
-has an average breadth of three quarters of a mile. Ben Venue and Ben An
-are celebrated mountains on its banks, and it contains a number of exquisite
-islands. Among the latter is Ellen’s Island, chosen by Sir Walter Scott as the
-scene of “The Lady of the Lake.” Wordsworth and other poets have thrown
-the glamour of their genius around Loch Katrine. But it has a more practical
-use. Its waters, which are remarkably pure, supply the city of Glasgow,
-twenty-five miles off; being conveyed thither by a series of tunnels, aqueducts
-and pipes.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_62" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_063.jpg" width="1681" height="1230" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">64</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_64" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">NORTH</span> CAPE, NORWAY. A promontory, situated on the north extremity
-of the Island of Mageroe, which is divided by a narrow channel
-from the mainland of Norway. It is celebrated, not only for the
-sombre grandeur of its scenery, but as the northernmost point of Europe. It
-consists of a precipitous slate rock, fissured with many clefts, which rise to a
-height of some twelve hundred feet above the sea.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_64" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_065.jpg" width="1677" height="1224" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">66</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_66" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword b">KREMLIN</span> AND GREAT BELL, MOSCOW, RUSSIA. The Kremlin
-is the name given to an inner enclosure or citadel in Moscow crowded
-with palaces, churches and towers, surrounded by a wall sixty feet in
-height and two miles in circuit. The Tartar style of architecture, with gilded
-domes and cupolas, forms the predominant feature. The palace of the Kremlin
-is the residence of the czars. It suffered much damage in the conflagration of
-1812, which drove Napoleon out of the city, and was rebuilt in the reign of
-Nicholas I in 1838–49. In its restored shape it is rather a mass of buildings,
-old and new, than a single, harmonious structure. But it is full of historical
-and immediate interest. The tower of Ivan the Great, whose five stories rise
-to a height of three hundred and twenty-five feet, is close to the palace. At
-its foot lies the Great Bell, the largest in the world—cast in 1730. It was
-broken a few years afterwards by the burning of the wooden tower in which
-it was suspended. Its height is twenty-six feet four inches, its circumference
-sixty-seven feet eleven inches.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_66" class="figcenter port"><img src="images/i_067.jpg" width="1200" height="1669" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">68</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_68" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">CHURCH</span> OF ST. BASIL, MOSCOW, RUSSIA. This remarkable edifice,
-standing on the site of an ancient church and cemetery where St.
-Basil was buried, was built in 1554 by Ivan IV. He is said to have
-been so much delighted with it that he put out the eyes of its Italian architect,
-so that it might never be surpassed. It is a bewildering medley of great and
-little domes and towers, not only of different shapes and sizes, but gilded and
-painted in all possible varieties of color. There is no main chapel or church,
-but each dome surmounts its own chapel, dedicated to some particular saint,
-and services are carried on in each without disturbing the worshipers in any
-other. Bayard Taylor appropriately styles this church the “apotheosis of
-chimneys,” and describes it as the product of some architectural kaleidoscope,
-in which the most incongruous things assume a certain order and system.
-Relics of St. Basil and of St. John the Idiot are shown to visitors.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_68" class="figcenter port"><img src="images/i_069.jpg" width="1221" height="1669" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">70</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_70" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword b">ROYAL</span> MUSEUM, BERLIN, PRUSSIA. Architecturally, this is the
-finest building in Berlin. It is an admirable specimen of the Greek
-style, with its Ionic portico of eighteen columns and its broad flight of
-steps leading up to the entrance. The central part of the structure, rising above
-the rest of the building and corresponding with the rotunda in the interior, is
-adorned at the corners with four colossal groups in bronze. Two other bronze
-groups are on the steps. This building is usually known as the Old Museum
-to distinguish it from its annex, the New Museum, by which it is connected
-with a short passage, crossing the street at the back. The two buildings contain
-a magnificent collection of antiquities and of ancient and modern sculptures,
-paintings, etc.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_70" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_071.jpg" width="1674" height="1219" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">72</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_72" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword b">BRANDENBURG</span> GATE, BERLIN, PRUSSIA. This gate, at the west
-end of the famous Unter der Linden, the principal street in Berlin,
-forms the entrance to the city from the Thier-garten. Next to the Arc
-de l’Etoile in Paris, this is the most magnificent triumphal arch in the world.
-It even eclipses the ancient monuments of this kind in Rome. Yet it is not
-entirely original. It was erected in 1789–93 by C.&#160;G. Langhans in imitation,
-or rather as a glorification, of the model presented by the Propylacum at
-Athens. The height is eighty-five feet, the width two hundred and five. There
-are five passages (that in the centre reserved for royal carriages), separated by
-massive Doric columns. The material is sandstone. A notable feature is the
-triumphal car on the summit, the Quadriga of Victoria, done in copper.
-Napoleon carried this to Paris in 1807, but it was recovered in 1814. Adjoining
-the gate on the side next the town are two wings resembling Grecian
-temples, of which that on the right or north side contains a telegraph office
-and a pneumatic post-office, while that on the left is the guard-house.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_72" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_073.jpg" width="1670" height="1207" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">74</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_74" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">THE</span> CATHEDRAL OF COLOGNE, GERMANY. This church, known
-officially as the Cathedral of St. Peter’s, is, next to St. Peter’s at Rome,
-the largest church edifice in the world, and is, without any exception, the
-most magnificent specimen of Gothic architecture extant. Begun in 1248, the
-work went on very slowly. In 1322 the choir was consecrated. Then the
-work lagged still more, and at the beginning of the sixteenth century came to
-a sudden close, not being resumed till 1816, since which time more than two
-millions of dollars have been expended to bring the edifice to its present state
-of completion. The spires are five hundred and twenty-one feet high, and
-before the building of the Eiffel Tower this church was the highest edifice in
-the world. The height of the roof inside is one hundred and forty-five feet,
-the length of the building is four hundred and forty-four feet and the breadth
-two hundred and one. The choir is rich in statues, frescoes and fine carvings.
-A chapel, known as the chapel of the Three Kings, contains a gorgeous shrine,
-in which are exhibited the skulls of the three wise men who came from the
-East with presents for the infant Saviour.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_74" class="figcenter port"><img src="images/i_075.jpg" width="1168" height="1506" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">76</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_76" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">HEIDELBERG</span> CASTLE, GERMANY. On a height above the city of
-Heidelberg are the ruins of this old-time palace and fortress. Founded
-by the Elector Rudolph in the fourteenth century, and altered and
-added to by his successors, it partakes of the architectural style of all the three
-centuries. The French sacked and partially burned it in 1693; it was subsequently
-restored, but being struck by lightning in 1764, it has since been
-suffered to remain in ruins. As such it is one of the most magnificent remains
-of the Middle Ages—a square massive building, roofless, with a round tower
-at one end and an octagonal one at the other. Some idea of its strength may
-be gained from the fact that the walls of the round tower are twenty-two feet
-thick. In one of the cellars is the famous Tun of Heidelberg, a huge copper
-reservoir, bound with iron hoops, whose capacity is forty-nine thousand gallons.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_76" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_077.jpg" width="1680" height="1226" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">78</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_78" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">EHRENBREITSTEIN,</span> GERMANY. This fortress, whose name signifies
-the Broad Stone of Honor, is situated on a precipitous rock three hundred
-and seventy-seven feet above the Rhine, just opposite Coblentz.
-The rock is known as the Gibraltar of the Rhine. The ancient Romans
-recognized its commanding position and erected here a castrum or camp. In
-1018 the Franconian king, Dagobert, presented it to the bishops of Treves,
-who made it their stronghold. It has successfully resisted many sieges, but
-was twice captured by the French, first in 1631 and again in 1798. After the
-Peace of Luneville in 1801 they blew it up. Restored to Prussia with the
-Peace of Paris, the French were forced to contribute 15,000,000 of francs to
-place it in its former condition. At present it is defended by four hundred
-cannon, and fifty thousand stands of needle guns are stored in its armory. It
-is capable of accommodating one hundred thousand men, but five thousand
-are sufficient to man it properly. The summit of the rock commands a magnificent
-view of the surrounding country. A bridge of boats connects the
-village of Ehrenbreitstein with Coblentz.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_78" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_079.jpg" width="1679" height="1226" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">80</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_80" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">THE</span> CATHEDRAL OF ANTWERP, BELGIUM. Though inferior to
-the great minster at Cologne, the cathedral at Antwerp is an exquisite and
-notable specimen of Gothic architecture. It is unfortunately situated in
-a narrow street, just away from the Place St. Antoine, and is hedged in by
-shops, which are backed up against its very walls. It is unfinished, only one of
-the towers being complete. The other is but half-way up, where it has been
-capped over, and has remained so for centuries. Nevertheless, nothing can
-detract from the majesty of the church itself. Out from the littleness of its
-surroundings it calmly rears its splendid front. Its solitary tower soars upward
-to the height of four hundred and three feet, with delicate open arches that
-look like fretted work, so that Napoleon said: “It looked as if made of
-Mechlin lace.” The chimes of ninety-nine bells are deservedly famous. The
-interior is glorified by the presence of Rubens’ two greatest pictures, “The
-Elevation of the Cross” and “The Descent from the Cross.” Begun about
-the middle of the thirteenth century, it suffered seriously from fire in the sixteenth
-century, and the greater part of the present edifice dates from that
-period. In the foreground of the picture is the monument to Rubens.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_80" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_081.jpg" width="1675" height="1225" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">82</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_82" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">PALAIS</span> DE JUSTICE, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM. The new Palace of
-Justice, or Court-house, in Brussels, is the largest architectural work of
-the present century, and one of the most magnificent. It was begun in
-1866 and completed in 1883 at a total cost of $10,000,000. It is splendidly
-situated on a height commanding a view of the whole city. This massive pile
-covers an area of two hundred and seventy thousand square feet, considerably
-more than St. Peter’s, at Rome, and is five hundred and ninety feet long by
-five hundred and sixty wide. The avowed aim of the artist was to accommodate
-Assyrian form to modern requirements. Above the main body of the
-building rises another rectangular structure, surrounded with columns, this, in
-turn, supporting a columned rotunda, the whole crowned by a dome which is
-four hundred feet above the pavement. In details the Græco-Roman style has
-been generally adhered to, with an admixture of rococo treatment.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_82" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_083.jpg" width="1690" height="1227" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">84</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_84" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">FIELD</span> OF WATERLOO, BELGIUM. The scene of the greatest battle
-of modern times, if not of all times, is necessarily of perennial interest
-to the world. It is a matter for rejoicing, therefore, that the field of
-Waterloo is retained in much the same condition in which it was left on the
-fateful day of June 18th, 1815, when the power of Napoleon was crushed by
-Wellington and Blucher. To be sure, Wellington is reported to have said:
-“You have spoilt my battlefield,” when he saw the artificial mound surmounted
-by a Belgic lion of cast-iron, which has been raised in the centre of the field.
-But at least its one hundred and fifty feet of height afford the opportunity for
-an excellent bird’s-eye view of the entire field. And the old house of Hougemont,
-whose building and orchard were occupied by the British Guards, and where
-some of the fiercest fighting of the day was carried on, remains as it was, with
-the bullet holes in the walls and other damages unrepaired. The monument
-represented in the foreground is dedicated to the soldiers who fell in the battle.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_84" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_085.jpg" width="1677" height="1233" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">86</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_86" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">NOTRE</span> DAME, PARIS. The cathedral of Notre Dame, one of the
-great historical churches of the world and one of the most beautiful
-specimens of mediæval architecture, was founded in 1163 on the site of
-an earlier church, was consecrated in 1182 and was completed in 1420. It
-suffered sadly during the Revolution, when it was made a Temple of Reason;
-was restored in 1845, and during the time of the commune narrowly escaped
-destruction by fire. The form is that of a Latin cross, with a nave and double
-aisles, which are continued around the choir, the earliest example known.
-The façade is one of the most admired pieces of early Gothic. The triple
-portal is ornamented by rich bas-reliefs. In the second story is a great rose
-window, flanked by double windows, enclosed in wide-spreading Gothic arches.
-The third story is an open gallery of slender arches and columns. In one of
-the towers is a famous bell, weighing thirty-two thousand pounds, which is
-only rung on state occasions. The interior of the church is adorned with sculptures,
-bas-reliefs and paintings and magnificent rose windows of stained glass.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_86" class="figcenter port"><img src="images/i_087.jpg" width="1215" height="1671" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">88</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_88" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">PLACE</span> DE LA BASTILLE, PARIS, FRANCE. This square ends the
-line of the original boulevards, and marks the beginning of the Faubourg
-St. Antoine. It is historically interesting as the site of the Bastille,
-the former state prison of France, whose destruction by the Parisian mob
-on July 14th, 1789, marked the real beginning of the French Revolution.
-The column in the middle, known as the Colonne de Juillet, was reared in
-1831 in honor of the citizens who fell in the revolution of July, 1830, which
-drove Charles X from the throne and put Louis Philippe in his place. The
-names of six hundred and fifteen of these are inscribed upon the sides of the
-column, and their ashes, together with those of combatants in the revolution of
-1848, repose in two vast sarcophagi in the vaults below. The column is of
-bronze, one hundred and fifty-four feet high, and is divided by four collars into
-five divisions. Bas-reliefs, by Barye, adorn the exterior. Inside there is a
-spiral stair-case, also of bronze. The top is surmounted by an emblematic
-figure of Liberty, in gold bronze, the work of Dumont.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_88" class="figcenter port"><img src="images/i_089.jpg" width="1226" height="1676" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">90</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_90" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">PLACE</span> DE LA CONCORDE, PARIS, FRANCE. This square, situated
-between the Rue Royale and the Pont de la Concorde, is perhaps the
-most beautiful and effective in all Paris. It dates from the year 1748.
-Originally it was adorned with a statue of Louis XV, which was pulled down
-in 1792 to make way for a colossal figure of Liberty. The place was then
-called Place de la Revolution. It was here that next year the guillotine was
-erected, upon which perished Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette and nearly three
-thousand of their adherents. Under the Directory the Statue of Liberty was
-removed and the great place became the Place de la Concorde. Since then it
-has undergone many alterations. It was laid out as it now stands by Napoleon
-III. In the middle is the great Obelisk of Luxor, presented to Louis
-Philippe by Mehemet Ali, and on each side are two large fountains. At the
-different corners of the square there are seated figures, representing eight
-different towns, formerly the chief towns of France. But one of them, Strasbourg,
-is now a portion of Germany.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_90" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_091.jpg" width="1680" height="1226" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">92</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_92" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">PLACE</span> VENDOME, PARIS. A handsome octagonal square, between
-the Boulevard des Capucines and the Tuileries Gardens. It was designed
-by Louis XIV, in 1686, to contain public buildings, such as the Mint,
-the Royal Library, the various academies, &amp;c. This plan was subsequently
-much modified. The buildings, which are of Corinthian architecture of a
-severely uniform appearance, are mainly occupied by banks and other fiscal
-institutions. A grand equestrian statue of Louis XIV once stood in the centre
-of the square, but it was destroyed in 1792, and in 1806 its place was taken by
-the famous Vendome column, a stone shaft one hundred and forty-three feet
-high, covered with the metal of cannon taken from the Prussians and Austrians.
-It is surmounted by a statue of Napoleon, and is ornamented by bas-reliefs
-commemorative of that hero’s campaign in 1805. In 1871 column and statue
-were both pulled down by the Commune, but the Republic under Thiers
-repaired and replaced them.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_92" class="figcenter port"><img src="images/i_093.jpg" width="1228" height="1679" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">94</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_94" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">THE</span> GARDEN OF THE TUILERIES. The Tuileries is but the remains
-of its former glory. The main front of the building was burned
-by the Commune in 1871, and after remaining a picturesque ruin for
-some years was at length removed. The wing nearest the Rue de Rivoli
-shared the fate of the front, but was rebuilt, together with the Pavillon de
-Marsan, which formed the angle. The Pavillon de Flore, at the other end,
-suffered much less, and had only to be restored. Both wings, and, indeed, the
-entire building, are a marvel of exterior ornamentation. Before the Revolution
-the Tuileries was only the occasional residence of the French sovereign,
-but Napoleon made it his principal abode, and his example was followed by
-his successors. The picture is taken from the exquisite gardens of the Tuileries
-facing the Place de la Concorde.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_94" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_095.jpg" width="1674" height="1228" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">96</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_96" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword a">ARC</span> DE TRIOMPHE, PARIS, FRANCE. This, the distinctive
-triumphal arch of Paris, is more specifically known as l’&#160;Arc de l’&#160;Étoile,
-to differentiate it from three other triumphal arches of less celebrity.
-It stands at the west end of the Avenue des Champs Elysées on the
-summit of a slope, which makes it visible from all parts of Paris and the
-environs. It is not only the largest arch in existence, but the most magnificent
-ever erected. Begun by Napoleon in 1806, to commemorate the wars of
-the Revolution and of the Empire, it was completed thirty years later by
-Louis Philippe. The total cost was about $2,000,000. The height of the
-arch above the ground is one hundred and fifty-two feet, its width one hundred
-and thirty-eight feet, its thickness sixty-eight feet. The main archway
-measures ninety feet in height and forty-five in width; the smaller lateral
-archways are each fifty-seven feet by twenty-five. The bas-reliefs represent the
-most famous events of 1792–1815. Finest of all are the two colossal groups
-on each side of the central arch facing the Champs Elysées, cut in full relief
-and representing the “Departure of the Troops in 1792” and “The Triumph
-of Napoleon after the Austrian Campaign.”</p>
-
-<div id="ip_96" class="figcenter port"><img src="images/i_097.jpg" width="1216" height="1678" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">98</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_98" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">NAPOLEON’S</span> TOMB, PARIS, FRANCE. Under the splendid dome
-of the Church of the Invalides, in a huge circular crypt below the
-level of the floor, is the tomb of the Great Napoleon I. The sarcophagus,
-hewn out of a single block of granite brought from Finland, was the
-gift of the Emperor Nicholas, when in 1841 the remains of the Emperor were
-brought back from St. Helena by the Prince de Joinville. The crypt is
-adorned with marble reliefs symbolical of Napoleon’s reforms and with twelve
-colossal figures of victory and sixty mouldering banners captured from the
-enemy. There are also monuments to Vauban and Turenne, Napoleon’s most
-illustrious predecessors in the field. At the entrance to the crypt lie the
-bodies of Bertrand and Duroc, the near friends and companions of Napoleon.
-The monuments or the remains of various members of the Bonaparte family
-are in the upper part of the church.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_98" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_099.jpg" width="1684" height="1224" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">100</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_100" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">CHAMBER</span> OF DEPUTIES, PARIS, FRANCE. This is sometimes
-called the Palais Bourbon. It is the seat of the French parliament. It
-is a large classical building on the left bank of the Seine, facing the
-Pont de la Concorde. The old façade was in the Rue de l’&#160;Université at the
-back; the new one, with its Corinthian colonnade, was erected in 1804. The
-hall is a semi-circular room, with the President’s chair facing the extremity of
-the half circle. Here sat the Council of Five Hundred, Louis Philippe’s
-Chamber and Napoleon III’s Corps Legislatif, and here at present sit the
-deputies elected from the various districts of the French republic. Orators
-address the Chamber from the tribune, which is placed immediately under the
-President’s chair. Voting is done by means of white or blue cards, placed in
-tin receptacles that are handed round by the ushers; the white being an
-“aye,” the blue “nay.”</p>
-
-<div id="ip_100" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_101.jpg" width="1671" height="1224" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">102</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_102" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">THÉÂTRE</span> DE L’OPERA, PARIS. The new Opera House, in Paris, is
-the handsomest, though not the largest, temple of amusement in the
-world. It will hold twenty-one hundred people, while La Scala, in
-Milan, holds three thousand. The stage, however, in cubic and superficial
-area, is the largest known. It is equaled by others in depth, but surpasses
-them all in breadth. The exterior is bewildering in the richness of its decorations.
-The grand staircase and the foyer are in magnificent keeping with the
-exterior. This building is one of the creations of the Second Empire. More
-than one hundred houses were torn down to clear the square on which it
-stands. It was inaugurated on January 1st, 1875. The total cost is estimated
-at $8,000,000. The opera is managed by a director, who receives from the
-State an allowance of eight hundred thousand francs a year. He has to
-supply what is necessary and run all risks.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_102" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_103.jpg" width="1681" height="1225" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">104</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_104" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">EIFFEL</span> TOWER, PARIS. This is the highest structure in the world,
-being three hundred metres or nine hundred and eighty-four feet in
-height, as against the five hundred and fifty-five feet five and one-eighth
-inches of the Washington Monument, which comes next in altitude among all
-the edifices of man. The tower was constructed by Alexander G. Eiffel for the
-Paris Exhibition of 1878. Its foundations are sunk to a depth of fifty feet in
-the sandy soil of the Champs de Mars, and the four massive piers, which form
-the first stage of the tower, are so planted as to distribute the enormous weight
-of the structure (sixty-five hundred tons) in the best way possible. In spite of
-this weight the general impression is one of grace and lightness. The summit
-is crowned by a cupola with an exterior balcony, whence a magnificent panorama
-of Paris and its surroundings is unveiled. Elevators carry passengers
-up to the summit, the time consumed by the ascension being from six to seven
-minutes.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_104" class="figcenter port"><img src="images/i_105.jpg" width="1223" height="1681" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">106</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_106" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">TROCADERO,</span> PARIS, FRANCE. The Eiffel Tower is not the sole
-remaining monument of the French Exposition of 1878. Overlooking
-the Champs de Mars is the Trocadero, which was begun in 1876 for the
-same exhibition. It is a fantastic structure in the Byzantine style. The central
-portion consists of a circular edifice one hundred and eighty feet high and
-one hundred and eighty-nine feet in diameter, crowned by a dome, and flanked
-with two minarets two hundred and seventy feet high. On each side extends
-a wing in the form of a curve, six hundred and sixty feet in length, giving the
-entire edifice the appearance of an imposing crescent. On a level with the
-spring of the dome is a terrace adorned with thirty statues. The view of Paris
-from the terrace or the towers is superb. Below the balcony, in front of the
-central building, gushes a large cascade, which descends to a huge basin one
-hundred and ninety-six feet in diameter. Afternoon concerts are often given
-in the elaborately decorated Salle des Fetes, which seats six thousand persons.
-There are also collections of sculptures and antiquities.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_106" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_107.jpg" width="1676" height="1211" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">108</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_108" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">CHATEAU</span> DE FONTAINEBLEAU, FRANCE. Fontainebleau is a
-small town thirty-five miles south-east of Paris. It is famous for the
-royal palace, which is situated in a magnificent park or forest, fifty miles
-in circumference, and covering an area of forty-two thousand five hundred
-acres. The building itself is said to occupy the site of a fortified chateau, built
-by Louis VII in 1162. But it was Francis I who transformed the mediæval
-fortress into a palace of almost unparalleled extent and magnificence. Henry
-IV did much towards its embellishment. Here his successor, Louis XIV, revoked
-the Edict of Nantes. It was a favorite residence of Napoleon I, whose
-sentence of divorce from Josephine was pronounced here. Louis Philippe
-and Napoleon III spent large sums in restoring it. The exterior of the building,
-with the exception of several pavilions, is only two stories in height.
-The interior is a splendid example of decorative work. Some of the greatest
-French and Italian artists of the epoch of its creation were employed upon it.
-Especially beautiful is the chamber of Anne of Austria, the mother of Louis
-XIV, and Queen-regent in his minority, who made Fontainebleau her favorite
-residence, and spent money lavishly in the decoration of her chamber.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_108" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_109.jpg" width="1681" height="1200" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">110</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_110" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">GARDEN</span> AND FOUNTAINS, VERSAILLES, FRANCE. The Palace
-of Versailles is in the town of the same name, ten miles from Paris, was
-built by Louis XIV in 1661, and became a royal residence in 1681. As
-such it has held a great place in the history of France. It is now used as a
-historical museum. The garden which surrounds it is justly celebrated for its
-extreme beauty. Among its chief marvels are the fountains, richly adorned
-with bronze statues, and from the centre of each rises a column of water to
-the height of forty feet, encircled by sixteen inclined jets of water, the whole
-forming a sort of basket. The water which feeds the fountains is brought
-from the Seine by the machine of Marly, constructed at enormous expense
-after the failure of the plan to turn the River d’&#160;Eure from its course.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_110" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_111.jpg" width="1681" height="1225" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">112</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_112" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">GRAND</span> TRIANON, VERSAILLES, FRANCE. A charming residence
-near the palace of Versailles, built by Louis XIV in 1688 for Madame
-de Maintenon, but chiefly interesting for its associations with Marie
-Antoinette, whose favorite residence it was. Here she amused herself with
-her Swiss village, and here, as well as in the adjacent Petit Trianon, she and
-her court played at shepherds and shepherdesses. The Grand Trianon is built
-in the Italian style, with the rooms all on one floor. The interior is exquisitely
-furnished and adorned. In the surrounding gardens are cottages and
-artificial “mountains” (some nearly ten feet high) and glens and grottoes and
-pebbly-bottomed brooks.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_112" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_113.jpg" width="1674" height="1228" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">114</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_114" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword b">BULL</span> FIGHT, SEVILLE, SPAIN. The bull fight is the national sport
-of Spain. The sport has been described as a tragedy in three acts.
-First, the bull is let out and goaded to fury by the lances of the mounted
-picadores. If a picador is thrown or his horse is wounded the chulos rush in
-and attract the bull by waving their cloaks in front of him, saving themselves,
-if need be, by leaping over the palisade which encloses the circus. When the
-bull begins to flag the chulos attack him with barbed darts, called banderillas,
-which they stick into his neck. The third act introduces the matador, who
-enters alone. He holds in his right hand a naked sword, in his left a muleta
-or small stick with a piece of scarlet silk attached. The bull rushes blindly
-at the muleta. The matador, if he be skillful, plunges the sword into the left
-shoulder and the animal drops dead. Sometimes, however, he misses his first
-aim and then he has to try again. Sometimes he is wounded or even killed and
-then a new matador appears on the scene.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_114" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_115.jpg" width="1675" height="1224" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">116</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_116" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">THE</span> ALHAMBRA, GRANADA, SPAIN. Alhambra means the “Red
-Castle.” This fortress and palace of the ancient Moorish kings—“the
-pride of Granada and the boast of Spain”—is a vast and irregular collection
-of buildings built of bricks slightly reddened. The principal building was
-begun in 1248 and finished in 1314. Here the Moorish kings lived, surrounded
-by their court and nobility, a total population of some forty thousand souls. Its
-degradation dates from the day of the Castilian conquest, for the alterations
-and restorations made by the Spanish kings were without judgment. Philip V,
-early in the eighteenth century, was its last royal occupant. After his desertion
-the place was allowed to fall into decay until 1862, when the Spanish
-government took it in charge. Happily, the most important portions still
-exist, and present a bewildering array of pavilions, courts, colonnades, fountains,
-baths, gilded ceilings and every kind of Oriental decoration.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_116" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_117.jpg" width="1614" height="1087" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">118</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_118" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">CORDOVA,</span> SPAIN. This is one of the most ancient and picturesque of
-Spanish towns. Its walls, built on a Roman foundation with Moorish
-superstructure, inclose a large area, dotted with Roman and Moorish
-remains. Chief among the latter is the cathedral, which looms up almost in
-the centre of our picture. It dates from the eighth century, and was formerly
-a mosque. Authorities generally agree that it is the finest specimen of a
-Moorish mosque in all Europe. The southern suburb communicates with the
-town by means of an ancient bridge across the River Guadalquiver, whose
-sixteen arches exhibit the usual combination of Moorish and Roman architecture.
-At one end of the bridge is an elevated statue of the patron saint,
-St. Raphael, whose effigy abounds all through the city. Our picture is taken
-from the southern suburb.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_118" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_119.jpg" width="1665" height="1206" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">120</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_120" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword b">ROCK</span> OF GIBRALTAR, SPAIN. An inaccessible rock, buttressed by
-an impregnable fortress, which juts out from the southern extremity of
-Spain, in Andulasia, gives to the English, who hold it, the virtual command
-of the Mediterranean. The rock is fourteen hundred and thirty feet
-high at its highest point; its length, from north to south, about three miles;
-its circumference about six. It is mainly composed of compact limestone and
-dense gray marble, varied by beds of red sandstone and tissues of osseous
-breccia. The north face is almost perpendicular, but the east side is full of
-tremendous precipices. It came into possession of the English by conquest
-during the war of the succession in 1704. Since then they have spent immense
-sums in its fortification, with so much success that they have retained it against
-the combined efforts of France and Spain. From the sea the rock presents a
-grim enough aspect with its immense cannon, its piles of balls and bombs, and
-its apparent lack of vegetation. But a closer view shows patches of fruit
-trees, together with a great variety of odoriferous shrubs.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_120" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_121.jpg" width="1668" height="1222" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">122</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_122" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">MONTE</span> CARLO, MONACO—THE CASINO. Monaco is a small principality
-on the Mediterranean, ruled by Prince Albert, of Monaco. It
-is chiefly famous for the notorious Casino at the small town of Monte
-Carlo, where alone in Europe public gaming is authorized by law. The first
-stone of the Casino was laid in 1858, and gambling tables had existed in
-Monaco two years previous to that date, but it was not till 1860, when M. Blanc,
-expelled from Homburg, took possession of the place, that Monte Carlo began
-to be famous. The gaming establishment is now in the hands of a joint stock
-company, with a capital of 15,000,000 francs, who leased the ground from the
-prince. It employs nearly one thousand people and is annually visited by
-about four hundred thousand visitors. The inhabitants of Monaco are not
-allowed at the tables. Their good will, however, is secured by their exemption
-from taxation and by the flood of paying visitors who are attracted
-hither. Monte Carlo is in itself a place of exquisite beauty, natural and artificial.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_122" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_123.jpg" width="1680" height="1230" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">124</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_124" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword al">LAKE</span> LUCERNE, SWITZERLAND. Not only in wild and picturesque
-scenery, but in its legendary and historical associations, this is one of
-the most interesting lakes in the world. In Switzerland it is alternatively
-known as the Lake of the Four Forest Cantons, because bounded by
-the cantons of Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden and Lucerne. The mountain peaks
-surrounding it give it the form of a St. Andrew’s cross, whence comes that
-cross on the Swiss flag. Mounts Pilatus and Rigi stand at the north like
-sentinel outposts of the Alps. The beginning of the St. Gothard Pass over
-the Alps is at Fluelen to the south. The lake is intimately connected with
-the Tell legends, and at one of its most enchanting spots a small chapel,
-attributed to the fourteenth century, is said to mark the spot where he sprang
-out of Gessler’s boat as he was being carried away a prisoner.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_124" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_125.jpg" width="1681" height="1222" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">126</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_126" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">MONT</span> BLANC FROM CHAMOUNI, SWITZERLAND. This, the
-highest mountain in Europe, and, by common consent, the most magnificent
-in its scenery, rises at the southern end of the valley of Chamouni,
-fifteen thousand seven hundred and eighty-one feet above sea level.
-During the last century and a half it has been a favorite resort of tourists,
-and especially of scientists, as its glaciers and other marvelous features are full
-of interest and instruction. But it was not till 1786 that Balmat and Paccard
-made the first ascension, followed in 1787 by Saussure. Many accidents have
-happened here in the past. In 1870 a party of eleven, two of them Americans,
-all perished in the snow-crowned heights. Nowadays the ascensions
-are more numerous, and, with proper precautions, are considered absolutely
-safe, though very fatiguing, and occupying three days. The view from the
-valley of Chamouni is of extraordinary beauty. It has been celebrated by
-Coleridge in one of his most famous poems, and has been the theme of countless
-other pens. Not always is the “monarch of mountains” visible from Chamouni,
-as his imperial front is frequently hidden from the sight of his worshipers.
-But the photograph here presented is taken on a fortunate day,
-when there was no cloud about the throne.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_126" class="figcenter port"><img src="images/i_127.jpg" width="1220" height="1661" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">128</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_128" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">MER</span> DE GLACE, MONT BLANC, SWITZERLAND. This immense
-glacier fills the highest gorges of the chain of Mont Blanc, and extends
-over a distance of twelve miles into the Valley of Chamouni.
-It is formed by the masses of snow and ice which collect during the long
-winters. In appearance it is just what its name implies, a Sea of Ice, whose
-tumultuous waves seem to have been suddenly frozen, not while they were
-being lashed to fury by a tempest, but at the very moment when the wind
-had subsided and left them high indeed, but rounded and blunted in outline.
-Slowly—so slowly that the motion is imperceptible—it flows down the inclined
-plane between two mountains cracking, groaning and melting until it resolves
-itself into a torrent, known as the Arveiron. There are other seas of ice among
-the Alps, but this by pre-eminence is known as the Mer de Glace. It was in
-the study of this region that Agassiz conceived his glacial theory.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_128" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_129.jpg" width="1672" height="1231" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">130</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_130" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">THE</span> MATTERHORN, SWITZERLAND. This famous Alpine height
-is situated in the canton of Valais, in Switzerland, overhanging the
-little village of Zermatt. It is fourteen thousand seven hundred and
-five feet high, and its peak is the sharpest and most acute in all the Alpine
-region, rising like a sort of triangular obelisk into the clouds. Its sides are
-so precipitous that the snow itself can hardly find a lodgment. For a long
-period it was deemed inaccessible to man. On the 14th of July, 1865, a party,
-consisting of Messrs. Hudson, Whymper and Hadow, with Lord Francis
-Douglas and three guides, succeeded in reaching the summit, but in the descent
-Mr. Hudson lost his footing, and all save Mr. Whymper and two guides, who
-escaped by the breaking of the rope, were precipitated to a depth of four
-thousand feet towards the Matterhorn Glacier. The ascent is now made
-several times annually. The rock has been blasted at the most difficult points
-and a rope attached to it.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_130" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_131.jpg" width="1684" height="1226" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">132</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_132" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword b">RIGI-KULM,</span> SWITZERLAND. The Rigi Mountain, five thousand nine
-hundred and five feet above sea level, or four thousand four hundred
-and seventy-two feet above Lake Lucerne, is not one of the highest
-mountains of Switzerland, but the beautiful and extensive view commanded
-from the Kulm, or summit, makes it one of the most popular. The famous
-Riggenbach cog-wheel railway brings travellers up to the Kulm, a small, bare
-space, whence the eye takes in a panorama of three hundred miles in circuit.
-Immediately below lie the lakes of Lucerne and Zug, their shores lined with
-picturesque little towns. Eight other lakes, including a bit of Zurich, may be
-counted in the distance. Snow-capped mountains—the Jungfrau, the Wetterhorn,
-the Schreckhorn, the grand snow-covered peaks of the Bernese Alps and
-countless other peaks of lesser note—stretch away on every side to the horizon.
-The railway up the mountain is of ordinary gauge. Along the centre runs a
-cogged track, into which a cog-wheel on the locomotive works, thus giving the
-power for the ascent. In going down the brakes are worked by atmospheric
-pressure. The construction of this five miles of line, which in its ascent overcomes
-about one mile of altitude, cost about $300,000.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_132" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_133.jpg" width="1688" height="1223" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">134</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_134" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">THUN,</span> SWITZERLAND. One of the most picturesque of Swiss towns is
-Thun, which is charmingly situated on the banks of the river Aar, three-quarters
-of a mile below its efflux from the lake. Many of the town’s
-buildings are very old. The Castle of Zahringen-Kyburg, whose large square
-tower forms a noted feature of the landscape, dates from 1182. The principal
-street is curious. In front of the houses projects a row of warehouses and
-cellars, on the flat roofs of which is the pavement for foot passengers, flanked
-with the shops. The view here presented is taken from the pavilion in the
-Bellevue Grounds, which overlooks the city, and commands the old-fashioned
-town, the lake, the Alps and the Valley of the Aar.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_134" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_135.jpg" width="1681" height="1227" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">136</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_136" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">JUNGFRAU</span> FROM INTERLAKEN, SWITZERLAND. The town of
-Interlaken, as its name indicates, is situated between two lakes (Brienz
-and Thun), in a valley about three miles wide, on either side of which
-rises a ridge of precipitous mountains six thousand feet high. The great
-attraction of the place is not the scenery either way along the valley, but a
-view that is caught through a depression in the mountains on the southern
-side, revealing the Jungfrau (“Young Maiden”) Mountain and her attendant
-galaxy of noble Alpine peaks, rearing their snow-crowned heads far above the
-horizon. The Jungfrau is the most imposing eminence in all the Bernese Alps.
-Surrounded by stupendous precipices, her surface is broken by valleys, ravines
-and glaciers, which from a distance look like creases in the mantle of snow
-that covers her enormous flanks. The first ascent of this mountain was made
-on August 3d, 1811.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_136" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_137.jpg" width="1675" height="1219" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">138</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_138" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">CURSALON,</span> VIENNA, AUSTRIA. This handsome structure, in the
-Italian renaissance style, was put up in 1865–67. With its surrounding
-gardens, it forms one of the most attractive spots in the city. Concerts
-are given here on Sundays and Thursdays, when large crowds are always sure
-to attend.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_138" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_139.jpg" width="1677" height="1226" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">140</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_140" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">CATHEDRAL,</span> MILAN, ITALY. The Milanese look upon this church
-as the eighth wonder of the world. In truth, it is a marvelous edifice.
-“Gothic art,” as Taine says, “here attains its triumph and its extravagance.”
-Nowhere else is it so pointed, so complex, so highly embroidered,
-so full of delicate detail. It differs from most Gothic cathedrals in being
-built, not of dark stone, but of beautiful, lustrous white Italian marble.
-Begun in 1386, it was not fully completed until 1805, at the direction of Napoleon.
-The design is said to be taken from Monte Rosa, one of the loftiest
-peaks of the Alps. Its ninety-eight sculptured pinnacles, rising from every
-part of the body of the church, certainly bear a striking resemblance to the
-splintered ice crags of Savoy. Next to St. Peter’s, at Rome, and the Cathedral
-at Seville, this is the largest church in Europe, covering, as it does, an
-area of fourteen thousand square yards.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_140" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_141.jpg" width="1675" height="1218" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">142</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_142" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">PANORAMA</span> OF VENICE, ITALY. No city in the world is more fascinating
-than Venice. Its very situation makes it unique, built as it is
-on a cluster of small islands, a hundred or more in number, in the lagoon
-of the same name. A long, narrow sand-bank, divided by several inlets, separates
-the lagoon from the Adriatic. The largest of the islands is the Isola di
-Rialto, which gives its name to the famous bridge. The Grand Canal winds
-through the city in a double curve, like the letter S, and divides it into two
-unequal parts. The one hundred and forty-six smaller canals and a perfect
-network of small streets and bridges form the other thoroughfares. The
-splendid churches, the vast treasures of art and the magnificent palaces, remind
-one of the glories of the past, and fill the present with a surpassing beauty.
-By the fifteenth century Venice had become the greatest republic in Europe
-and the focus of its commerce. The immense wealth of its merchant princes
-enabled them to gratify their artistic sense in the superb monuments still
-extant.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_142" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_143.jpg" width="1678" height="1229" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">144</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_144" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword b">ST.</span> MARK’S, VENICE, ITALY. This famous cathedral church is a
-strange jumble of all styles of architecture, Christian as well as Saracenic,
-yet both without and within breathing a rich and wonderful
-harmony. The present building, dedicated in 1085, takes the place of an
-older and simpler structure, that was destroyed by fire in 976. In front of
-the church, to the southwest, rises the Square Campanile, surmounted with the
-figure of an angel. To the east of the church the famous Piazzetta, or “Little
-Square,” extends to the Grand Canal, glorified by the Palace of the Doges, or
-ancient rulers of the city, which some architects look upon as the finest building
-in the world. It is from this Piazzetta that the picture is taken. The
-square in front of St. Mark’s is the grand focus of attraction in Venice, and
-in summer nearly the entire population congregate here.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_144" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_145.jpg" width="1671" height="1215" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">146</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_146" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">GRAND</span> CANAL, VENICE, ITALY. This is the main thoroughfare of
-the city of the sea. On either side of its serpentine length it is lined by
-marble-fronted palaces, whose very names awaken a thrill of historic
-or romantic recollection. Gondolas dart up and down among the waters, and,
-alas! the disillusionizing modern steamboat puffs its vicious way through the
-complaining waters. About half-way in its course the canal is crossed by the
-famous Rialto bridge, a single arch of unique and elegant construction,
-seventy-four feet in length, resting on twelve thousand piles. This was built
-in 1588, subsequent therefore to the period of Venice’s greatest glory. The
-ancient Rialto, which Shakespeare speaks of as the meeting place of the merchants,
-was not this bridge, but the Exchange which used to go by the same
-name, and was long the centre of trade and commercial life in this city.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_146" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_147.jpg" width="1678" height="1222" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">148</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_148" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">THE</span> DOGE’S PALACE, VENICE, ITALY. At right angles to the Piazza
-San Marco, at the south-east end, runs the Piazzetta or little square,
-whereon is situated the former residence of the Doges, an ancient seat of
-government. Ruskin calls this “the principal work of Venice.” Originally
-built in 800, five times destroyed and as many times rebuilt in a style of greater
-magnificence, the present structure dates from the fourteenth century. It is
-in the Moorish-Gothic style. The form is an irregular square; the west side,
-facing the Piazzetta (two hundred and thirty feet in length), and the south
-side, facing the sea (two hundred and twenty feet in length), are flanked by
-two colonnades, one above the other, with exquisite traceries. The mouldings
-of the upper colonnade are especially rich. The interior court of the building
-presents a wilderness of elegant columns, cornices, arches, carvings, sculptures
-and bas-reliefs. A magnificent collection of Venetian paintings is housed
-within these walls. On the east side the palace is connected with the prisons
-by the so-called Bridge of Sighs, which owes most of its fame to Byron’s sentimentality.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_148" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_149.jpg" width="1516" height="1134" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">150</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_150" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">CATHEDRAL</span> AND LEANING TOWER OF PISA, ITALY. The
-Cathedral of Pisa, begun in 1063, and consecrated in 1118, forms, with
-its Baptistery and Campanile, the most singular group of buildings
-in the world. Their beauty is equal to their singularity. The church itself
-is constructed entirely of white marble, with black and colored ornamentation.
-An elliptical dome covers the centre. The façade, adorned in the lower story
-with columns and arches, and in the upper story with four open galleries, is
-of exquisite and dainty beauty. So, likewise, is the Baptistery, a circular
-structure, surrounded by half columns below and a gallery of small, detached
-columns above, the whole crowned by a conical dome. But the strangest
-effect of all is produced by the Campanile, better known as the Leaning Tower,
-from the fact that it is thirteen feet out of the perpendicular. That this obliquity
-was accidental and due to the sagging of the foundations is now generally
-agreed. Aside from this peculiarity the Campanile would arrest attention by
-its winsome grace.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_150" class="figcenter port"><img src="images/i_151.jpg" width="1212" height="1641" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">152</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_152" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">PONTE</span> VECCHIO, FLORENCE, ITALY. There is no more picturesque
-bridge in the world than this. It spans the river Arno at a point
-where tradition asserts that a Roman predecessor used to exist. Certain
-it is, that bridges were built here and repeatedly demolished before Taddeo
-Gaddi erected the present structure of three arches. It is flanked by shops,
-which have belonged to the goldsmiths and jewelers since the fourteenth century,
-and is still the centre of their trade. Above the roofs of these shops
-runs the gallery of the Grand Duke, built as a secret passage between the
-Uffizi and the Pitti Palaces. The bridge itself might easily be mistaken for
-a continuous street by the stranger, except for the vacant space over the central
-arch, which gives a glimpse of the city and the river on each side.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_152" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_153.jpg" width="1672" height="1225" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">154</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_154" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">PALAZZO</span> VECCHIO, FLORENCE, ITALY. The ancient capitol of the
-Republic of Florence, and subsequently the residence of Cosmo de’ Medici,
-is known as the Palazzo Vecchio, or Old Palace. Begun in 1298, it is
-a striking example of the Florentine castles of the Middle Ages, with its enormous
-projecting battlements and its disproportionate bell tower, defiantly stuck
-upon the walls without regard to symmetry, and almost overhanging the battlements.
-It is situated in the Piazza della Signoria, the historic, as well as
-the commercial, centre of Florence. The court is adorned with a fountain
-and sculptured columns. In front of the entrance is Bandinelli’s group of
-Hercules and Cacus. At right angles to the left is the Loggia dei Lanzi, an
-open arcade, famous for its own beauty and for the sculptured master-pieces
-which it enshrines. A large and elegant fountain is on the right.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_154" class="figcenter port"><img src="images/i_155.jpg" width="1236" height="1671" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">156</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_156" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">CATHEDRAL</span> OF FLORENCE, ITALY. This is generally known as
-the Duomo or Dome, though its official designation is Santa Maria del
-Fiore. Arnolfo di Cambio began it in 1298; he was succeeded by
-Giotto, and the dome was added by Brunelleschi. The latter is not only beautiful
-in itself, but is interesting as the first of the great domes of the modern
-world. A half-finished façade was destroyed by fire, and the deficiency was
-not supplied until 1875–1884. The interior is impressive, though almost entirely
-devoid of ornamentation. Outside the church, to the left, is the Campanile,
-an exquisite work by Giotto; so exquisite that Charles V declared it
-ought to be kept in a glass case. In front is the Baptistery, an octagonal
-building, surmounted by a dome. It was begun in 1352 and finished in 1358.
-Its chief attraction lies in the bronze doors, especially those by Lorenzo
-Ghiberti, which Michael Angelo eulogized as worthy to be the gates of
-Paradise.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_156" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_157.jpg" width="1677" height="1222" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">158</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_158" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">THE</span> CAPITOL, ROME, ITALY. Anciently, the Capitoline Hill, in Rome,
-was surmounted by the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus and the citadel
-of the city. Hence, here was the head of the Roman state and the
-shrine of their religion. But temple and citadel have vanished and in their
-place is a group of buildings erected by Paul III from the designs of Michael
-Angelo. On the right is the Palace of the Conservatori, on the left the
-Museum of the Capitol and between the two, occupying the third side of the
-square, is the Palace of the Senator, a modern Roman patrician with that title.
-The photograph shows the best approach to the square up the grand stair-case,
-known as La Cordonnata, which in its present form dates from 1736. At the
-foot of the stairs are two Egyptian lions, and at the summit, on the angles of
-the balustrades, two ancient colossal statues of Castor and Pollux, standing by
-the sides of their horses. These were found in the sixteenth century. In the
-centre of the square is the bronze equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_158" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_159.jpg" width="1672" height="1221" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">160</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_160" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">CASTLE</span> OF ST. ANGELO, ROME. Originally this famous structure
-was built by the Emperor Hadrian as a mausoleum for himself and his
-family. The same emperor also erected the bridge now known as St.
-Angelo—anciently as the Pons Ælius—which crosses the Tiber opposite the
-castle. Tradition affirms that Gregory the Great in 589 changed the name in
-memory of a vision of the Archangel Michael, who appeared to him standing
-on the summit of the mausoleum. He built a chapel on the summit, but subsequently
-this was replaced by the statue still extant. During the Middle
-Ages this was the fortress of Papal Rome, and its history at that period is
-bound up in the history of the city itself. It has also served as a prison, and
-part of it was up to recent times still used for that purpose. It has suffered
-much from sieges and the ravages of time, and is now but the skeleton of the
-magnificent pile erected by Hadrian. No vestige remains of the shell of
-Parian marble which encircled it, while the statues were torn off to be used as
-missiles against the Goths, and later as cannon balls.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_160" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_161.jpg" width="1679" height="1225" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">162</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_162" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword b">ST.</span> PETER’S, ROME, ITALY. This is the largest and most magnificent
-of all Christian temples. It is built on the supposed site of the burial-place
-of St. Peter. As early as A.&#160;D. 90 an oratory was raised on the
-spot; in 306 this was followed by a basilica. The present edifice was begun
-in 1506, and after employing the talents of Bramante, Michel Angelo and other
-architects, was dedicated by Urban III in 1626. The magnificent dome was
-mainly the work of Michael Angelo, though his plan was somewhat modified
-by Giacomo della Porta. The impressive colonnades, which almost encircle
-the square and lead up to the front, were added in 1667. The façade is confessedly
-a failure. But nothing can mar the beauty of this extraordinary
-edifice. Although it occupies some two hundred and forty thousand square
-feet, the interior, from its exquisite proportions, does not at once impress the
-beholder with a sense of its vastness. That grows upon one by degrees. The
-Vatican, which adjoins St. Peter’s, is an equally enormous and beautiful building,
-which comprises the residence of the popes, an astounding museum of
-pictures and statues and a library of unexampled historic interest.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_162" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_163.jpg" width="1671" height="1222" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">164</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_164" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">THE</span> COLOSSEUM, ROME. This mammoth ruin, originally known as
-the Flavian amphitheatre, is the most magnificent relic of ancient Rome.
-Begun by Vespasian in A.&#160;D. 72, it was dedicated by Titus in A.&#160;D. 80
-and was subsequently added to by Domitian. As the circus of the public
-games for nearly four hundred years, it was the scene of gladiatorial conflicts
-and of the persecution of the Christian martyrs. After the triumph of
-Christianity it fell into neglect, and suffered continuous spoliation as a quarry
-for the material of new buildings. Finally, in 1750, Benedict XIV rescued it
-in its present condition by dedicating it to the memory of the Christian
-martyrs who had suffered therein. A cross in the middle of the amphitheatre
-is continually visited by the pious. “As it now stands,” says Forsyth, “the
-Colosseum is a striking image of Rome itself, decayed, vacant, serious, yet
-grand, half gray and half green, exact on one side and fallen on another,
-with consecrated ground in its bosom.” Hillard calls it “a great tragedy in
-stone.” It was originally built to seat ten thousand spectators. There were
-three orders of architecture used in the four stories; the first, Doric; second,
-Ionic; third and fourth, Corinthian. In each of the lower tiers there were
-eighty arches. The height of the outer wall was one hundred and fifty-seven
-feet, the circumference one thousand six hundred and forty-one feet, the entire
-superficial area being six acres.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_164" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_165.jpg" width="1674" height="1225" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">166</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_166" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">THE</span> PANTHEON, ROME. This is one of the grandest, as it is the most
-perfectly preserved, of all the ancient monuments of Rome. Except for
-the ridiculous belfries superimposed by Bernini on the outside, it is to-day
-substantially in the same condition as when Marcus Agrippa in B.&#160;C. 27,
-after the establishment of universal peace, consecrated it to all the gods. In
-A.&#160;D. 608 it was dedicated as a Christian church by Pope Boniface IV, under
-the name of Santa Maria ad Martyres. The portico is of faultless beauty,
-and the interior, as the picture shows, is a perfect rotunda, impressive in its
-grand simplicity. The domed ceiling is lighted solely by an aperture twenty-three
-feet in diameter, the wall being supported by a huge bronze ring. An
-additional interest for moderns lies in the tombs of Raphael, Caracci and
-other painters who are buried therein, and more recently the remains of
-Victor Emmanuel have been added to those of the artistic brotherhood.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_166" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_167.jpg" width="1677" height="1229" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">168</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_168" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">TOMB</span> OF CECILIA METELLA, ROME, ITALY. The Via Appia of
-ancient Rome was one of the great avenues leading out from the city,
-and the principal line of communication with the South. It is named
-after Appius Claudius Caecus, the censor, who began its construction in B.&#160;C.
-312. Under Pius IX the ancient road was once more laid open. To-day it
-presents the appearance of an avenue, eleven Roman miles in length, lined on
-each side by ruins, mostly of magnificent tombs, which were built by the patrician
-families of ancient Rome to the memory of their dead. The best preserved
-of these is the tomb of Cecilia Metella, the wife of Crassus, a circular tower
-seventy feet in diameter, resting upon a quadrangular base. The battlements
-upon it are mediæval additions, made for the purpose of defense by the Caetanis.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_168" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_169.jpg" width="1673" height="1224" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">170</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_170" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">FORUM</span> ROMANUM, ROME, ITALY. The ancient Forum of Rome
-exists only in ruins. That it lay at the foot of the Capitoline and Palatine
-Hills in Rome is certain from the remnants that survive. But the
-exact area it occupied and the true situation of the various buildings which
-once covered it are matters of dispute and uncertainty. Conspicuous among
-the ruins are three beautiful Corinthian columns of white marble belonging
-to the temple raised to Vespasian by Domitian; eight granite columns belonging
-to the Temple of Saturn, a beautiful fragment, consisting of three Corinthian
-columns with a rich entablature, a solitary column which Byron calls,</p>
-
-<p class="p1 b1 center">
-The nameless column with a buried base,
-</p>
-
-<p class="in0">but whose now excavated base reveals that it was erected to the Emperor
-Phocas, the arches of Septimus Severus and of Titus, and a profusion of
-columns, pavements, foundations and walls of other structures.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_170" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_171.jpg" width="1670" height="1216" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">172</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_172" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword b">BAY</span> OF NAPLES AND MOUNT VESUVIUS, ITALY. Naples, in
-itself one of the least interesting of Italian cities, attracts the attention
-of the tourist by its transcendent beauty of situation and by the historical
-and picturesque interest of its surroundings. The Bay of Naples is the most
-glorious spot in the Mediterranean. Its circuit is more than fifty-two miles,
-including the islands of Ischia, at the north-west, and of Capri, at the south
-entrance. At its opening, between these two islands, it is fourteen miles broad,
-and from the opening to its head, at Portici, the distance is fifteen miles. On
-the north-east shore, east of Naples, is an extensive flat, whence rises Vesuvius,
-the most famous of European volcanoes, at the base of which are several villages
-and the classic sites of Herculaneum and Pompeii. The Italian proverb, “See
-Naples and die,” is a tribute to the beauty of the city and its environment.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_172" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_173.jpg" width="1675" height="1230" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">174</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_174" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">POMPEII,</span> ITALY. The volcanic eruption which overwhelmed Pompeii
-on August 24th, A.&#160;D. 79, has afforded us our most important, indeed,
-almost our only source of acquaintance with the domestic life of the
-ancient Romans. To be sure it represents one definite epoch of antiquity only,
-that of the glories of the early empire when Pompeii became the favorite
-retreat of Romans of the wealthier classes. But the study of the various
-phases of life at this epoch forms a pursuit of inexhaustible interest. The
-ashes from Vesuvius completely covered over the town to the depth of about
-twenty feet until the year 1748, when the accidental discovery of some statues
-led to the excavations. They have been continued up to the present time,
-and will not be completed for half a century more.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_174" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_175.jpg" width="1660" height="1219" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">176</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_176" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword a">ACROPOLIS,</span> ATHENS, GREECE. This famous building, at once the
-citadel, the sanctuary, the treasury and the museum of art of the
-ancient Athenian people, crowns the summit of the rocky height which
-abruptly rises three hundred and fifty feet out of the plain in the midst of the
-city, inaccessible on all save the western side. The walls, built on the edge
-of the perpendicular rock, form a circuit of nearly seven thousand feet.
-These are of immense antiquity. They were founded by the Pelagians, and
-the work was continued by Themistocles, Cymon, Valerian, and later, by the
-Venetians and the Turks. Here are the remains of three temples, the Temple
-of Victory, the Erechtheum and the Parthenon, the latter the architectural
-glory of Athens, the only octastyle Doric temple in Greece, and in its own
-class the most beautiful building in the world. It was built in the time of
-Pericles, and was once adorned with masterpieces of sculpture of which it was
-long ago plundered.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_176" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_177.jpg" width="1672" height="1216" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">178</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_178" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">THE</span> BOSPHORUS, FROM CONSTANTINOPLE, TURKEY. No city
-in the world occupies a more magnificent natural position than the
-capital of Turkey. It is made up of three cities, each distinct and different
-from the others. Stamboul, the old city, lies upon a tongue of land of
-triangular shape, having the sea of Marmora on the south, the Bosphorus on
-its eastern apex and the Golden Horn on the north. Its seven hills are
-crowned with domes and minarets and fantastic houses, backed by the dark
-foliage of the cypress and other trees in the cemeteries beyond the walls. To
-the north is the European quarter, Galata being the business centre, while
-Pera is studded all over with the splendid residences of the foreign ambassadors,
-&amp;c., and lined along its shores with the palaces and gardens of the
-Sultan and the adjoining mosques. Skutari, the Asiatic quarter of Constantinople,
-is on the eastern side of the Bosphorus. Nowhere else is there a
-picture so bright, so varied in outline, so gorgeous in color, so heterogeneous
-in its component parts.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_178" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_179.jpg" width="1665" height="1219" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">180</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_180" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">THE</span> MOSQUE OF ST. SOPHIA, CONSTANTINOPLE, TURKEY.
-This is the principal place of Mahommedan worship in the world.
-Anciently a Christian temple, built in 532 by Justinian, it was converted
-into a Moslem mosque in 1453 by Mohammed II, the conqueror of Constantinople.
-The building is in the form of a Greek cross, two hundred and seventy
-feet long by two hundred and forty-three wide, surmounted by a flattened
-dome one hundred and eighty feet high, with several smaller domes and minarets.
-The style of architecture is Byzantine. The exterior is not as imposing
-as the interior, which even now is rivaled by few Christian churches, and at
-the time of its erection made this masterpiece of Byzantine architecture the
-greatest temple in the world. Well may Justinian have exclaimed: “I have
-surpassed thee, O Solomon!” The changes made by the Moslems are greater
-inside than out. In the interior the mosaics have been partially covered up
-and replaced by inscriptions from the Koran, but there is no structural change.
-Outside most of the older annexes have been swept away and replaced by
-Turkish buildings, lofty minarets rise at each corner, and the crescent replaces
-the cross on the dome.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_180" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_181.jpg" width="1675" height="1227" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">182</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_182" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">THE</span> SPHINX, EGYPT. This unique monument, situated near Cairo, in
-the neighborhood of the Pyramids, is one of the most characteristic and
-probably the oldest of Egyptian remains. As such it is the oldest
-monument in the world. Recent researches show that it is more ancient than
-even the Pyramid of Cheops. Originally it was a recumbent figure, representing
-an andro-sphinx, or man-headed lion, one hundred and eighty-eight feet
-nine and one-half inches in length, hewn out of the solid rock. Steps led
-down to its front, where there was a sanctuary and tablets. But the sands
-covered all save the head, shoulders and back, which rose from the surrounding
-desert with a startling and almost fearsome abruptness. In this condition the
-monument was allowed to remain for centuries. But more recently excavations
-have been started to restore it to its pristine state, and before long the entire
-colossal figure will be bared to view.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_182" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_183.jpg" width="1675" height="1221" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">184</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_184" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">PYRAMIDS</span> OF GIZEH, EGYPT. Gizeh is about twelve miles from
-Cairo. It contains the largest and most famous of those mysterious
-sepulchral monuments known as Pyramids, which the ancient Egyptians
-were fond of raising. Three of these are especially famous—the Great Pyramid
-called the “Splendid,” which is the mausoleum of Cheops, and is four hundred
-and fifty feet nine inches high; the scarcely inferior Pyramid of Chepheren,
-and the Pyramid of Mycerinus, which is much smaller. These mountains of
-masonry, built of stones whose huge size perplexes modern engineers to
-account for the method of their handling, were designed by the kings of the
-early Egyptian dynasties as their tombs. Their leading idea was durability,
-and by concealment of the entrance, and tortuous and complicated passages,
-they strove to baffle the vandal. Yet all these tombs have been shamefully
-profaned.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_184" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_185.jpg" width="1680" height="1221" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">186</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_186" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword b">RUINS</span> OF KARNAK, EGYPT. Most guide-books advise the traveller
-in Egypt to leave Karnak to the last, as the crown of his explorations.
-It is, indeed, the most marvelous ruin along the Nile. Yet, though in
-ruins, it preserves all its original character. It lies amid the ruins of Thebes.
-It was intended for a temple. But it is not so much a temple as a city of
-temples, of palaces, courts, columns and obelisks enclosed by a great wall of
-circuit about a mile and a half in circumference. The Great Hall alone,
-which is the largest of all the monuments, measures three hundred and
-forty feet by one hundred and seventy. The Temple of Amenophis, here represented,
-is one of the finest of the smaller remains.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_186" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_187.jpg" width="1670" height="1225" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">188</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_188" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">CHURCH</span> OF THE HOLY SEPULCHRE, JERUSALEM. This church,
-situated on a hill called Acra, purports to be built over the site of
-Calvary and the actual tomb of Jesus. Not only that tomb itself, but
-the tombs of Joseph and Nicodemus, the places where the Saviour appeared
-after His resurrection to Mary Magdalene and to Mary, His mother; where
-Constantine’s mother found the true cross, &amp;c., &amp;c., are pointed out to visitors.
-Not everybody accepts the genuineness of the site. But, at least, it was for
-the reconquest of the Holy Sepulchre that the Crusades were instituted, and
-for fifteen hundred years kings and queens, knights and pilgrims have knelt
-and prayed here. The church is a Byzantine structure, which was commenced
-in 1103 A.&#160;D., was partly destroyed by fire in 1808, and has since been
-restored. Some parts of it, however, are said to date back to the Empress
-Helena.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_188" class="figcenter port"><img src="images/i_189.jpg" width="1223" height="1669" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">190</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_190" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">GARDEN</span> OF GETHSEMANE, JERUSALEM. No spot in the whole
-world could have more interest for the Christian traveler than the
-Garden of Gethsemane, the scene of our Lord’s agony on the eve of
-His crucifixion. It is known that it was a garden or orchard belonging to a
-small estate at the foot of Mount Olivet, somewhere on the east slope of the
-Kedron Valley and about half a mile from Jerusalem. But whether the
-present enclosure which is pointed out as the identical garden be so or not is
-a matter which archæologists have not yet settled. Certainly, the garden is
-very old and very venerable; its few olive trees date back to an unknown
-antiquity, and it may very well have been extant in almost its present condition
-in the time of Christ.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_190" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_191.jpg" width="1670" height="1220" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">192</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_192" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword b">RUINS</span> OF BAALBEK, SYRIA. Baalbek,—the city of Baal or the Sun,
-the Heliopolis of the Greeks, once famous as the most magnificent of
-Syrian cities, which passed successively under the rule of the Persians,
-Greeks and Romans, was plundered by the Arabs in A.&#160;D. 639, by the
-Christians and others during the Crusades, and was finally sacked and dismantled
-by the Tartars, under Tamerlane.—Baalbek to-day exists only as a
-mass of ruins; but its very ruins are of the utmost magnificence. The most
-imposing are the remains of the Great Temple. But the most beautiful is the
-Circular Temple—a semi-circular cella surrounded on the outside by eight
-Corinthian columns. Within there is a double tier of smaller pillars, the
-lower row being Ionic and the upper Corinthian. In modern times, and,
-indeed, up to the present century, this was used as a Greek church, but it is
-now deserted and choked with débris.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_192" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_193.jpg" width="1676" height="1226" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">194</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_194" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">TAJ</span> MAHAL, AGRA, HINDOSTAN. This magnificent mausoleum is
-the glory of Indo-Mussulman architecture. It was built by the Emperor
-Shah Jehan for himself and his favorite wife, Nourmahal, who died in
-child-birth in 1629. For twenty-two years twenty thousand men were employed
-in its construction, the total cost reaching $16,000,000. Built of white
-marble, it forms a quadrangle of one hundred and ninety square yards, surmounted
-by a lofty dome, with smaller domes at each corner and four graceful
-minarets one hundred and thirty-three feet high. The great central hall is
-paved with squares of various-colored marbles, while the walls, tombs and
-screens are ornamented by exquisite mosaic work. The elegance and delicacy
-of the design and the elaborate perfection in every detail of the workmanship
-are alike marvelous. It seems almost like a castle built in a dream, a fabric
-of mist and sunbeams, which would dissolve at a touch. Yet it has resisted
-the encroachments of time and the barbarian despoiler, and has come down to
-our day almost perfect.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_194" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_195.jpg" width="1677" height="1219" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">196</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_196" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">PEARL</span> MOSQUE, AGRA, HINDOSTAN. The very name of the building
-is a tribute to its beauty. It is undoubtedly the most elegant mosque
-of Indian-Mahometan architecture. Although it gives the general impression
-of lightness, grace, delicacy, it is by no means a small building. Externally
-it is two hundred and thirty-five feet east and west by one hundred
-and ninety feet north and south. The court yard is one hundred and fifty-five
-feet square. The mass is also considerable, as the whole is raised on a
-terrace of artificial construction, by the aid of which it stands well out from
-the surrounding buildings. Its chief beauty consists in its court yard, which
-is wholly of white marble from the pavement to the summit of its domes. The
-interior is a bewildering maze of columns of exquisite proportions.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_196" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_197.jpg" width="1675" height="1230" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">198</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_198" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">EL</span> CAPITAN, YOSEMITE VALLEY, CALIFORNIA. The Yosemite
-Valley is one of the most marvelous natural parks in the world.
-About nine miles in length and from three-quarters of a mile to a mile
-and a quarter in width, it is sunk almost a mile below the level of the surrounding
-country. High granite walls rise sheer and inaccessible on each side.
-Cataracts of the wildest and strangest beauty abound. Flowers of every hue
-cover the ground. Where all is wonderful it might seem hard to select. Yet
-by common consent the surpassing feature of the valley scenery is the great
-cliff, known as El Capitan or The Captain. “It is doubtful,” says Professor
-J.&#160;D. Whitney, “if anywhere in the world there is presented so squarely cut,
-so lofty and so imposing a face of rock.” Not indeed that it is the highest of
-the gigantic brotherhood. Its three thousand three hundred feet are exceeded
-in its own vicinity by over thousands of feet. But no other rock, here or elsewhere,
-has so majestic and awe-compelling a presence.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_198" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_199.jpg" width="1680" height="1219" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">200</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_200" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword b">BIG</span> TREES, CALIFORNIA. Rigid scientists call these trees <i>Sequoia
-gigantea</i>. In England they are sometimes known as Wellingtonia, in
-America as Washingtonia. But the pride of science and of patriotism
-have had to bow to the will of the populace, which has been satisfied with the
-simpler and therefore more energetic title of Big Trees. They are confined to
-the western portion of the California range, occurring in detached groups or
-groves at an altitude of from four thousand to five thousand feet above the
-sea. Some of these vast vegetable columns are upwards of thirty feet in
-diameter, and from three to four hundred feet in height. One of the trees in
-the Mariposa Grove, represented in the accompanying engraving—some
-twenty-five feet in diameter—stands directly arching the roadway, and a miniature
-tunnel has been cut through it which admits of the passage of a four-horse
-stage coach.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_200" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_201.jpg" width="1679" height="1217" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">202</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_202" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">GEYSERS,</span> YELLOWSTONE PARK, WYOMING. The Geyser region
-in the Yellowstone occupies some thirty square miles. Within this comparatively
-limited area is a most stupendous exhibition of hot springs,
-water geysers, mud geysers and steaming caldrons of boiling water. No two
-of the geysers are alike. The Grotto simply churns and makes a great noise.
-The others go off at various intervals; some every hour, some all the time
-and some once a month; some on alternate days, yet the day they are active
-going over ninety minutes. Nor is their style of action the same. Some play
-with labored pumping, others throw an unbroken stream; some wear themselves
-out in a continuous effort, others subside only to recommence again
-repeatedly. An eruption may extend from two to twenty minutes, the approximate
-time occupied by the Grand, or even to one hour and twenty minutes, a
-period that the Giant has been timed to play. The Grand is the largest
-geyser in the world, shooting a vast column of water over two hundred feet
-into the air.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_202" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_203.jpg" width="1675" height="1219" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">204</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_204" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">GRAND</span> CANON, YELLOWSTONE PARK. The Yellowstone Park
-is one of the great natural marvels of the world. Within a compass of
-one hundred square miles there are here gathered the loveliest valleys,
-the grandest canons, the most marvelous mountains, lakes, rivers, springs and
-cascades. In addition there are all sorts of natural phenomena: Sulphur
-mountains, a mud volcano, petrified forests and over ten thousand active
-geysers, hot springs, salfataras and boiling pools. Greatest of all the sights is
-the Grand Canon, a ravine varying in depth from one thousand to two thousand
-feet. The shelving sides of precipitous crags slope down, presenting an
-endless variety of form and color, until they meet at the bed of the Yellowstone
-River, which flings itself impetuously along to meet the lake. “A great gulch
-let down into the eternities,” such is the opinion of De Witt Talmage on this
-miracle of nature.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_204" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_205.jpg" width="1677" height="1217" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">206</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_206" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">CLIFF-DWELLINGS,</span> NEW MEXICO. Cliff-dwellers is the name given
-to more or less savage people in the past who inhabited dwellings built
-on projections from the face of cliffs, or cut out of the solid rock. Sometimes
-the houses are four stories high, and divided into many rooms. Often
-they are not to be distinguished from the rest of the cliff. Such dwellings are
-found in various parts of the world, but nowhere are they so abundant and so
-interesting as in Arizona, New Mexico and California. It is generally supposed
-that the American cliff-dwellers were the ancestors of the Pueblo Indians.
-In some respects the cliff-dweller appears to have been better off than his
-modern descendants; the canon walls sheltered him from cyclones and the
-overhanging shelves of rock protected him from attack from above. A series
-of cliff villages, lining the walls of Walnut Canon, in Northeastern Arizona,
-for a length of five miles, was discovered in 1884.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_206" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_207.jpg" width="1546" height="945" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">208</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_208" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">MASONIC</span> TEMPLE, CHICAGO. For a long time it was held that
-Philadelphia had the finest Masonic Temple in the world. Now that
-honor belongs to Chicago. But it has only belonged to it since 1890,
-when the gorgeous new building was begun at the corner of State and Randolph
-Streets. The site measures one hundred and seventy feet on State Street
-and by one hundred and fourteen on Randolph. Every inch of this space is
-covered by the building, whose twenty stories tower up to the height of two
-hundred and sixty-five feet. It rests on cement and iron foundations, and its
-superstructure is of steel. The first three stories are faced with red granite
-from Wisconsin, the remainder with gray brick that is indistinguishable from
-the granite. An immense granite arch in the centre of the State Street front
-forms the entrance, and opens into an interior court, faced from bottom to top
-with different colored marble. The first eleven stories are fitted up for shops,
-from the eleventh to the sixteenth inclusive are business offices, while above the
-sixteenth floor everything is devoted to Masonry.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_208" class="figcenter port"><img src="images/i_209.jpg" width="1213" height="1673" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_210">210</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_210" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">NIAGARA</span> FALLS. The most stupendous cataract in the world is that
-formed in the Niagara River, four miles below Grand Island. Here
-the current begins to grow narrow and develops into rapids, which
-continue for about a mile, with a descent of fifty-two feet, until the river
-plunges over a mighty chasm. Goat Island, at the very verge of the cataract,
-divides it into two sheets of water—the Horse-shoe, or Canadian fall, with a
-descent of one hundred and fifty-eight feet, and a width of about twenty-six
-hundred and forty; and the American fall, one hundred and sixty-two to one
-hundred and sixty-nine feet deep, and about one thousand wide. The volume
-of water thus precipitated is about fifteen million cubic feet a minute. Nearly
-nine-tenths of this passes over the Canadian fall. For some distance below
-the Falls there is still water, the mass which has hurled itself into the abyss
-sinking and only reappearing two miles below, where the whirlpool rapids
-begin.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_210" class="figcenter port"><img src="images/i_211.jpg" width="1221" height="1650" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">212</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_212" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">THE</span> THOUSAND ISLANDS, CANADA. This, the largest group of
-river islands in the world, lies in an expansion of the River St. Lawrence
-at its emergence from Lake Ontario. New York State is on one
-side and the Province of Ontario, Canada, on the other. The name is not an
-exaggeration. On the contrary, the group consists of about fifteen hundred
-rocky islands, remarkable for their great and varied beauty. They are of all
-shapes and sizes, some just peeping above the surface of the waters, others extending
-several miles in length, some wild and bare and rocky, others covered
-with the most luxuriant foliage. Hence, a trip through the St. Lawrence
-River at this point is full of the most bewildering yet enchanting surprises.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_212" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_213.jpg" width="1669" height="1220" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">214</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_214" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">VICTORIA</span> BRIDGE, MONTREAL, CANADA. Montreal is situated
-on the south side of the island of the same name, at the confluence of
-the Ottawa and the St. Lawrence Rivers. To connect it with the mainland
-the Victoria Bridge was thrown across the St. Lawrence. Work was
-begun in 1854. In 1860 the bridge was formally opened by the Prince of
-Wales during his tour through Canada and the United States. This is one of
-the greatest triumphs of engineering and architectural skill. The total length
-is nearly two miles, or, to be exact, nine thousand one hundred and ninety-four
-feet. It rests upon twenty-four piers and two abutments of solid masonry.
-The central span is three hundred and thirty feet long.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_214" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_215.jpg" width="1671" height="1194" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">216</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_216" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">THE</span> CAPITOL, WASHINGTON, D.&#160;C. A stately and magnificent
-building devoted to both branches of Congress—the Senate and the
-House of Representatives—as well as to the United States Supreme
-Court and the Library of Congress. It stands upon an eminence commanding
-a beautiful view of the city, and itself forms the most impressive feature in
-the landscape. The centre building of freestone is flanked by two wings,
-mainly of marble, and crowned by an iron dome, painted white. From the
-ground to the top of the nineteen-foot Statue of Liberty, which surmounts the
-dome, is three hundred and seven and a half feet; the diameter of the dome
-is one hundred and thirty-five and a half feet. Thus only four domes in Europe
-can surpass it: St. Peter’s at Rome, St. Paul’s in London, St. Isaac’s in St.
-Petersburg, and the Invalides in Paris. The building covers an area of about
-three and a half acres. Its total cost has been over $13,000,000. The corner-stone
-was laid by Washington in 1792. The marble extensions were begun in
-1851.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_216" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_217.jpg" width="1655" height="1220" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">218</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_218" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">THE</span> WHITE HOUSE, WASHINGTON, D.&#160;C. As the official residence
-of the President of the United States, this mansion has a unique interest.
-It is not in itself, however, a pretentious or imposing structure. Yet it
-has some elegance in its very democratic simplicity. Built of freestone, like
-the original Capitol, and painted white like that, its color has given it its name.
-The model which the architect had in view was the Palace of the Duke of
-Leinster in London, and he has followed his prototype very closely. The
-corner-stone was laid in 1792; the building was first occupied by President
-John Adams in 1800; it was burned by the British in 1814, and restored and
-re-occupied in 1818. Since that time there have been staccato clamors for a
-more magnificent entourage for the chief executive officer of the United States,
-but nothing further has been accomplished.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_218" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_219.jpg" width="1665" height="1222" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_220">220</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_220" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">INDEPENDENCE</span> HALL, PHILADELPHIA. This plain, but substantial
-brick building, which stands on Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, is
-ever memorable as the birthplace of the American republic. Here the
-General Assembly of Pennsylvania gave way to the Continental Congress.
-Here George Washington was elected commander of the American forces
-(June, 1775). And here, on July 4th, 1776, the Declaration of Independence
-was adopted by Congress. Four days later it was read from before the building
-to an excited and exultant multitude. The halls have been restored as
-far as possible to their original condition; the east room, where the Declaration
-was signed, is ornamented with portraits of the signers and the west room is a
-museum of revolutionary and other relics. The famous Liberty Bell, which
-was rung as a signal to the people that the Declaration had been adopted,
-is now suspended under the tower in full view of the public. The building
-dates from 1729–34.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_220" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_221.jpg" width="1669" height="1212" alt=""></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">222</span></p>
-
-<p id="t_222" class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">THE</span> EAST RIVER BRIDGE, between New York City and Brooklyn,
-more familiarly known as the Brooklyn Bridge, is a massive suspension
-bridge, the largest in the world, which connects New York with Brooklyn.
-Its colossal towers and ponderous cables loom up conspicuously before
-the stranger who approaches New York from the riverside. Begun in 1870, it
-was opened for traffic May 24th, 1883, at a total cost of $15,000,000. The
-whole length of the bridge is five thousand nine hundred and eighty-nine
-feet. From high water mark to the floor of the bridge is one hundred and
-thirty-five feet. The central span (itself measuring one thousand five hundred
-and ninety-five and a half feet) is suspended to four cables of steel wire,
-each fifteen and three-quarter inches in diameter. The width of the structure
-is eighty-five feet, which includes a promenade for foot passengers, two
-roadways for vehicles, and two railway tracks on which run passenger cars
-propelled by a stationary engine from the Brooklyn side.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_222" class="figcenter land"><img src="images/i_223.jpg" width="1666" height="1221" alt=""></div>
-
-<div class="chapter"><div class="transnote">
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="Transcribers_Notes">Transcriber’s Notes</h2>
-
-<p>Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made
-consistent when a predominant preference was found
-in the original book; otherwise they were not changed.</p>
-
-<p>A few very simple typographical errors were corrected.</p>
-
-<p>This book always uses “Canon,” never “Canyon.” It
-contains several likely typographical errors or
-misspellings, most of which have not been changed
-by the Transcribers. Some are noted below.</p>
-
-<p><a href="#Page_42">Page 42</a>: “mertons” was printed that way.</p>
-
-<p><a href="#Page_72">Page 72</a>: “Propylacum” was printed that way.</p>
-
-<p><a href="#Page_120">Page 120</a>: “Andulasia” was printed that way.</p>
-
-<p><a href="#Page_162">Page 162</a>: “Michel Angelo” was printed that way.</p>
-
-<p><a href="#Page_178">Page 178</a>: “sea of Marmora” was printed that way.</p>
-</div></div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AROUND THE WORLD IN EIGHTY MINUTES ***</div>
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