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diff --git a/old/69491-0.txt b/old/69491-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index a2e4717..0000000 --- a/old/69491-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1385 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Ohio Naturalist, by Ohio State -University. Biological Club - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The Ohio Naturalist - Vol. 1, No. 8, June 1901 - -Author: Ohio State University. Biological Club - -Release Date: December 7, 2022 [eBook #69491] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Bob Taylor and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at - https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE OHIO NATURALIST *** - - - - - - Transcriber’s Note - Italic text displayed as: _Italic_ - Bold text displayed as: =Bold= - - - - - THE OHIO - Naturalist - - PUBLISHED BY - THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY - - - EDITORIAL STAFF - - EDITOR-IN-CHIEF—JOHN H. SCHAFFNER, A. M., M. S. - - ASSOCIATE EDITORS: - - _Zoology_—F. L. LANDACRE, B. Sc. - _Botany_—F. J. TYLER, B. Sc. - _Geology_—J. A. BOWNOCKER, D. Sc. - _Archaeology_—W. C. MILLS, B. Sc. - _Ornithology_—R. F. GRIGGS. - - ADVISORY BOARD: - - PROFESSOR W. A. KELLERMAN. Ph. D. - Department of Botany. - - PROFESSOR HERBERT OSBORN, M. Sc. - Department of Zoology. - - PROFESSOR J. A. BOWNOCKER, D. Sc. - Department of Geology. - - - Volume 1. JUNE, 1901 Number 8 - - - COLUMBUS, OHIO - - _PRESS OF HANN & ADAIR_ - - - - -[Illustration: _THE OHIO NATURALIST_] - - -A journal devoted more especially to the natural history of Ohio. The -official organ of THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY. -Published monthly during the academic year, from November to June (8 -numbers). Price 50 cents per year, payable in advance. To foreign -countries, 75 cents. Single copies 10 cents. - - JOHN H. SCHAFFNER, _Editor_. - F. J. TYLER, _Subscriptions_. - R. F. GRIGGS, _Advertising Agent_. - - _Address_ - THE OHIO NATURALIST, Ohio State University, - COLUMBUS, OHIO. - - - - -CONTENTS - - - A Study in Variation on the Wing of the Honey Bee 119 - _F. L. Landacre_ - - Twelve Plants Additional to the Ohio List 121 - _W. A. Kellerman_ - - The Food Habits of Some Aphrophora Larvae 122 - _E. D. Ball_ - - The Vernation of Salix 124 - _Robert F. Griggs_ - - Ohio Reptiles in the Ohio State University Zoological Museum 126 - _Max Morse_ - - A Preserving Box for Plants 128 - _Edo Claassen_ - - Ohio Tumbleweeds 129 - _John H. Schaffner_ - - Meetings of the Biological Club 129 - _Jas. S. Hine, Sec._ - - -Entered at the Post Office at Columbus, Ohio, as second class matter. - - - - -The Ohio Naturalist - -PUBLISHED BY - -THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY - - Vol. 1. JUNE, 1901 No. 8 - - - - -A STUDY IN VARIATION ON THE WING OF THE HONEY BEE. - -F. L. LANDACRE. - - -While working on the Honey Bee in the laboratory at the University it -was observed that the number of hooks connecting the posterior wing -with the anterior was not constant. - -The query at once arose as to the amount of variation there might be -between different bees in the same hive and also between different -hives. Out of this grew a somewhat practical problem as to whether -the increase in number of hooks was associated with a decrease in the -size of the wing, or whether the increase in number of hooks also -implied an increase in size of wing. - -The wings of the bee are undoubtedly more efficient for being -closely attached to each other. The life of the workers is so short, -being only about three weeks, and their activity so great that any -increase in efficiency, especially in the organs of flight, must -have a very direct influence on the welfare of the whole swarm. So -far as the well being of the swarm depends upon nutritive processes -the efficiency of the hive is equal to the average efficiency of the -workers. Now, if the increase in number of hooks and the consequent, -firmer attachment of the wings is compensated for by a smaller wing, -there is much less opportunity for the operation of natural selection -on the individual bees than if the greater number of hooks is always -associated with a broader or longer wing. - -This selective process might occur either in the hive or between -hives. If it occurs in the hive it would increase the efficiency of -the hive somewhat; but if it occurs between hives it finally means -the elimination of the weaker hive and the consequent increased -efficiency of the species. - -In order to find out the real conditions, one of the students, Mr. -J. N. Frank, took twenty-five workers from each of four hives and -counted the number of hooks on each wing, right and left, and also -measured the width of the anterior and posterior wings on each side, -The width only was taken on account of the difficulty in finding a -good point at the base of the wing from which to measure the length. -The results are so uniform that the width probably gives sufficient -data from which to draw conclusions. - -Of the four hives studied, numbers one and two were very weak. Number -three was a strong hive which made forty (40) pounds of extra honey -in the summer of 1900. Number four was weaker than number three and -made only ten (10) pounds of extra honey. - -The complete measurements are too long to give in detail, and the -averages only will be offered here. - - -AVERAGES OF TWENTY-FIVE MEASUREMENTS FOR EACH HIVE TAKEN WITH AN -EYE-PIECE MICROMETER, EXPRESSED IN MM. - - -HIVE NUMBER ONE. - - ------------------------+----------------------- - Average Number of Hooks.| Average Width of Wing. - -----------+------------+-----------+----------- - Right wing.| Left wing. |Right wing.| Left wing. - | | Ant. Pos.| Ant. Pos. - 21.3 | 20.9 | 4.21 3.61| 4.28 3.55 - -----------+------------+-----------+----------- - - -HIVE NUMBER TWO. - - ------------------------+----------------------- - Average Number of Hooks.| Average Width of Wing. - -----------+------------+-----------+----------- - Right wing.| Left wing. |Right wing.| Left wing. - | | Ant. Pos.| Ant. Pos. - 19.2 | 18.8 | 4.14 3.48| 4.16 3.48 - -----------+------------+-----------+----------- - - -HIVE NUMBER THREE. - - ------------------------+----------------------- - Average Number of Hooks.| Average Width of Wing. - -----------+------------+-----------+----------- - Right wing.| Left wing. |Right wing.| Left wing. - | | Ant. Pos.| Ant. Pos. - 21.0 | 21.0 | 4.06 3.48| 4.07 3.50 - -----------+------------+-----------+----------- - - -HIVE NUMBER FOUR. - - ------------------------+----------------------- - Average Number of Hooks.| Average Width of Wing. - -----------+------------+-----------+----------- - Right wing.| Left wing. |Right wing.| Left wing. - | | Ant. Pos.| Ant. Pos. - 19.6 | 19.6 | 4.09 3.47| 4.03 3.41 - -----------+------------+-----------+----------- - -As to the first query concerning the individual variations in a -single hive the complete table shows that No. 1 varies from 18-21 -hooks, No. 2 from 17-21, No. 3 from 18-23 and No. 4 from 17-21. The -right wing is taken as the standard, and the most active hive, No. -3. shows the greatest individual variation. One bee in this hive -had only sixteen hooks, the remaining three being straight spines, -showing how the hooks have been modified from ordinary hairs. This -reversion occurred on three separate wings, in No. 2 one hook on each -wing being straight. - -As to the relation between the number of hooks and the width of the -wing the averages are very definite. Taking hives number one and two -from the same apiary, it will be seen that the increase in number of -hooks goes with the increase in width of wing. The same relation is -shown by hives numbers three and four from another apiary in the case -of the posterior portion of the right wing and in both anterior and -posterior portions of left wing. - -The results are not conclusive as to the relative efficiency of -different hives because there are so many conditions entering into -the production of large quantities of honey. The number of bees, the -care during the winter, the age of the queen, the number of swarms -produced, and several other factors would have to be taken into -consideration. - -The differences in the right and left wings in the bees of the same -hive is marked. The right wing has the larger number of hooks, but -the left wing is the broader. In hive number one the average number -of hooks in the right wing is 21.3, left 20.9; but the anterior wing -on the right side is 4.21 mm., while the left anterior wing is 4.28; -that is, there is a compensation for the reduced number of hooks in -the increased width of the wing. This is true of the first three -hives. In the fourth hive there is a slight advantage in favor of the -right wing. - -The following general conclusions may be drawn from these -measurements: - -(_a_) There is a variation in the number of hooks in a given hive -ranging between 17 and 23. - -(_b_) The difference in the number of hooks in the right and left -wing is compensated for in a given hive by the increased size of the -wing. The right and left wings are in physiological equilibrium. - -(_c_) In different hives the increase in the number of hooks is -accompanied by an increase in width of wing; that is, the variation -is emphasized so that selection would work much more effectively; -while in the individual, where—if selection operated on account of -this variation—it would have to be between different wings of the -same bee, the variation is eliminated. - - - - -TWELVE PLANTS ADDITIONAL TO THE OHIO LIST. - -W. A. KELLERMAN. - - -The species named below have not heretofore been recorded as a part -of the Ohio flora. The first collector and locality are given for -each of the listed species. The serial number prefixed to each name -indicates where in the Fourth State Catalogue the species should be -inserted. - -123a Sorghum vulgare Pers. Occasionally escaped. - -270b Secale cereale L. Rye. Occasionally escaped. - -781b Dianthus barbatus L. Sweet William. Escaped. Painesville. Otto -Hacker. - -(1042a Crataegus polybracteata Ashe. Reported previously, but without -locality. Franklin, Hocking, and Summit Counties; W. A. Kellerman.) - -1042b Crataegus pruinosa Wendl. Logan County; W. A. Kellerman. - -1042c Crataegus succulenta. Franklin, Fairfield, Knox, Belmont, -Summit, Ottawa, Union, Ross, Carroll, Shelby and Lucas Counties; W. -A. Kellerman. - -1526b Teucrium occidentale Gr. Hairy Germander. “Ohio”, Riddell, -1834, (Bull. Torr. Club, 28:170); Reservoir Park, Perry Co., W. A. -Kellerman. - -1529a Scutellaria serrata Andr. Showy skullcap. Rio Grande. Gallia -County; Ruth E. Brockett. - -1605a Solanum tuberosum L. Potato. Escaped. - -1609c Petunia violacea Lindl. Occasionally escaped. - -1709a Viburnum molle Mx. Soft-leaf Arrow-wood. Scioto County; W. A. -Kellerman. - -1714a Linnaea borealis L. Twin-flower. Canton, Stark County; Mrs. -Theano W. Case. - -1986a Chrysanthemum indicum Hortorum. Escaped. Adams County; W. A. -Kellerman. - - - - -THE FOOD HABITS OF SOME APHROPHORA LARVAE. - -E. D. BALL. - - -The larvae of all the American species of the Family Cercopidae -as far as known envelope themselves in a frothy mass. Contrary to -popular opinion and to most of the published accounts this froth -does not issue as bubbles from the body of the insect, but is made -by pushing the tip of the abdomen up out of the froth and grasping, -with the anal appendages, a bubble of air and bringing it down and -releasing it within a liquid film. This liquid film is simply the -excretion from the alimentary canal of the sap which is imbibed by -these insects in large quantities. This copious liquid excretion is -a common occurrence in other families of the Homoptera. In the Plant -Lice (Aphidae) it gathers in drops and is called “Honey Dew.” The -Leaf Hoppers and Tree Hoppers expel a clear liquid with some force. -In some species this is in sufficient amount so that when the insects -are numerous the foliage may drip, producing the “Weeping trees” of -the Southern States. - -This process of froth making in the Cercopidae was discovered and -first correctly described by Professor E. S. Morse, of Salem, Mass., -and published many years ago in his Elementary Zoology.[1] His -observations were probably made on the larvae of _A. spumarius_ which -belongs to the genus _Philaenus_ as now recognized. - -In the genus _Aphrophora_ as now limited little is known of the food -habits of the larvae. One species (_A._ 4-_notata_) has been found -on various plants and shrubs. The remaining three eastern species, -which belong to a different group and are of some shade of brownish -testaceous, have been given as feeding on pines in the adult state -by various authors. Dr. Fitch has described the larvae of one of -these (_A. parallela_, Fig. 4, Plate 10) as forming frothy masses -on the tips of pine twigs, and in the Nat’l Museum Coll. are some -_Aphrophora_ larvae labeled “Pa. On Pine, July 7,” that undoubtedly -belong to this species leaving little room to doubt the correctness -of Fitch’s determination. - -There are two species belonging to the _parallela_ group occurring in -the Rocky Mountain region both found in the adult stage on pines. Of -one of these (_A. permutata_, Fig. 1, 2 and 3, Plate 10) larvae were -found in abundance on two different plants _Chrysopsis villosa_ and -_Lupinus sp._ Both of these plants grow in clumps and it was always -down in the bases of these clumps, some of them often down below the -surface of the ground among the roots, that the larvae were found. -Often ten or fifteen would be found in a single clump their united -froth masses, held up by the coarse stems, reaching a diameter of two -inches or more. - -The larvae were found in these clumps from late in May until the -first week in July in the foot hills, and higher up in the mountains -they were just beginning to emerge July 20th. When ready to emerge -they climb up a stem during the night far enough to free themselves -from the froth and as soon as the sun strikes then in the morning -they burst their pupal skins and an hour later they are ready to fly -up to the pine trees where their color admirably protects them. - -Although both these plants grow very commonly over a wide extent -of territory the _Aphrophora_ larvae have never been found on them -except where they were within a short distance of a pine tree. At -first sight it would seem probable that the eggs were deposited -in the twigs of the pines, and that the young larvae dropped to -the ground, and from there sought out a food plant, as is the case -in some Cicadas. But as numerous larvae were found in positions -practically inaccessible to any such means of distribution—such as -on the opposite side of a sharp ledge of rocks, across a bramble -thicket, or even on plants growing in the crevices of bare rocks at -a considerable distance above any pines—it seemed nearly certain that -the adults must fly back to the plants to deposit their eggs. - -It will be interesting to discover whether a similar food habit -occurs in any of the Eastern members of the genus or whether this -is peculiar to the western species. It seems possible that original -pine-inhabiting species finding themselves unable to maintain their -froth masses in their exposed positions on pine branches in such a -dry atmosphere were compelled to seek moister conditions such as are -afforded by the shade and contact with the earth under these bushy -plants. - - EXPLANATION OF PLATE.—Fig. 1. _Aphrophora permutata_ Uhl. Adult. X - About 7. Common from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific. 1a—Side - view of head, showing profile of face. - - Fig. 2. Pupa of above. 2a—Side view of head of pupa. - - Fig. 3. Semi-diagrammatic cross-section of a clump of _Chrysopsis - villosa_ to show relative location of larvae with relation to the - froth mass and the surface of the earth. - - Fig. 4. _Aphrophora parallela_ Say Adult. X About 7. Eastern U. S. - to Ohio and Mich. 4a—profile of head of same. - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[1] For a detailed account of this process see Prof. Morse’s article -“A Bubble-blowing Insect.” Pop. Sc. Monthly, May, 1900. - -[Illustration: - - _Plate 10._ - -BALL ON APHROPHORA LARVAE.] - - - - -THE VERNATION OF SALIX. - -ROBERT F. GRIGGS. - - -Most of the manuals are entirely silent regarding the vernation of -the Willows. Sargent[2] describes their leaves as “variously folded -in the bud” and under different species gives them as: involute, -revolute, convolute, and even conduplicate in the bud. The fact that -he gives two species, closely related and difficult to distinguish, -at the time the buds open (Salix nigra and S. amygdaloides), as -having involute and revolute vernations, led me to take up the matter -to see if a key for their identification from bud characters, could -be constructed. - -Not only did I find that they were not involute and revolute -respectively; but that they were neither involute nor revolute, -but both imbricate. On examining other species the same thing was -found. The only exceptions to the true imbricate vernation found are -represented in figures 3 and 4. The section Purpureae, on account of -its tendency to have opposite rather than alternate leaves, often -forms such decussate buds as are shown in figure 3. In Salix incana -Schrenk, a species whose leaves at maturity have revolute margins, -the leaves have a greater or less tendency to roll backwards in the -bud. The most extreme case found is shown in figure 4. Others from -the same twig could be shown where the leaves show only the slightest -tendency to be revolute. If we may consider that this backward -turning is merely a character of the mature leaf manifesting itself -in the bud it is evident that there is here no revolute vernation but -that it is really imbricate. - -[Illustration: Salix buds] - -The other buds examined vary from the form represented in figure 1 -where the whole interior of the bud is taken up with the closely -packed leaves, to that shown in figure 2 where there are a few leaves -with a great deal of wool. - -Species like Salix fragilis L. whose leaves are glabrous when they -unfold have buds like the former while species like Salix discolor -Muhl., with leaves excessively wooly when they unfold, are like the -latter. As there are all intergradations between these two kinds of -leaves, there is naturally a series of buds between these two as -extremes. While further investigation is necessary before we would -be warranted in declaring that the vernation of the whole genus is -imbricate; yet the fact that specimens of thirty-four species and -varieties, taken from thirteen of the nineteen sections given by -Andersson in DeCandolle’s prodromus, have their leaves imbricated in -the buds would seem to establish a presumption in favor of such a -view. - -The buds examined were soaked in 70% alcohol and free-hand sections -cut and mounted in balsam. On account of scarcity of material, -the buds of several species were not sectioned but dissected on -the growing plant. Such are marked with an asterisk (*). As far -as possible living material was taken, mostly from native plants. -Those species not native were studied from specimens growing in -the University Botanic Garden. In a few cases dried specimens were -resorted to. About one hundred and twenty-five plants belonging to -the following species and varieties were examined. - - Salix nigra Marsh. - S. amygdaloides Anders. - S. triandra L. - *S. undulata Ehrh. - S. lucida Muhl. - S. pentandra L. - S. fragilis L. - S. alba L. - S. alba vitellina (L.) Koch. - S. babylonica x fragilis. - S. babylonica L. - S. babylonica japonica (Thumb) Anders. - S. interior Rowlee. - S. bebbiana Sarg. - S. discolor Muhl. - S. myrtilloides L. - S. humilis Marsh. - S. tristis Ait. - S. sericea Marsh. - S. petiolaris Sm. - S. cordata Muhl. - *S. cordata x sericea. - S. cordata var. vestita Anders. - S. glaucophylla Bebb. - S. adenophylla Hook. - *S. daphnoides Vill. - S. smithiana acuminata (Sm) Anders. - S. candida Fluegge. - S. incana Schrenk. - S. purpurea L. - *S. rubra purpureoides Gen. & Godr. - *S. candicans Gen. & Godr. - *S. laurifolia Gen. & Godr. - *S. sieboldii Gen & Godr. - - EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES.—Fig. 1. Salix fragilis L. Bausch and - Lomb obj. ⅔ oc. 2. - - Fig. 2. S. discolor Muhl. B. & L. obj. ⅔ oc. 2. - - Fig. 3. S. purpurea L. B. & L. obj. ⅔ oc. 2. - - Fig. 4. S. incana Schrenk. B. & L. obj. ⅔ oc. 1. - - The figures were drawn with an abbe camera lucida and reduced to ⅖ - of their original size. - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[2] Sargent: Silva of North America 9: 95. - - - - -OHIO REPTILES IN THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY ZOOLOGICAL MUSEUM. - -MAX MORSE. - - -Fam. IGUANIDÆ. - -_Sceloporous undulatus undulatus_ (Latr.). Sugar Grove. - - -Fam. ANGUIDÆ. - -_Ophisaurus ventralis_ (Linn.). No. 57 has the following note in the -accession catalogue:—“Donated by Dr. N. S. Townshend. Said by him to -have been taken on the University farm.” - - -Fam. SCINCIDÆ. - -_Eumeces quinquelineatus_ (Linn.). Columbus. - - -Fam. COLUBRIDÆ. - -_Carphophiops amoenus_ (Say.). This specimen is marked _C. helenae_ -Kenn. The internasal scutae are wanting. The specimen is from Meigs -Co. Another specimen is in the collection but without label. - -_Diadophis punctatus_ (L.) Sugar Grove. - -_Heterodon platyrhinus_ Lat. Cedar Point. Both the spotted and the -black forms occur on Cedar Point. - -_Liopeltis vernalis_ (DeKay.). Sandusky and Columbus. - -_Zamenis constrictor_ (Linn.). Hocking County. - -_Coluber vulpinus_ (B. and G.). The range of the fox snake, as given -by Cope (Rept. U. S. Nat. Mus., ’98, p. 832) is “over the northwest -of the Eastern district, not being known from east of Illinois***.” -Specimens are taken from Cedar Point and vicinity nearly every -summer. Those in the collection are from Castalia and Cedar Point. - -_Coluber obsoletus obsoletus_ Say. Columbus. - -_Osceola doliata triangula_ (Boie.). Columbus and London. - -_Natrix fasciata fasciata_ (Linn.). Warren County. - -_Natrix fasciata sipedon_ (Linn.). This is the common “water snake” -of central Ohio. Specimens are from Sandusky and Columbus. - -_Natrix fasciata erythrogaster_ (Shaw.) Put-in-Bay. Among the islands -of Lake Erie this seems to be the prevailing form. One young _Natrix_ -was taken during the summer of 1900 which resembled _N. f. sipedon_ -L., but aside from this all other forms were _erythrogaster_. It -may be possible that the young of these two sub-species are not -distinguishable—the differences arising later. - -_Natrix leberis_ (Linn.). Columbus and Sandusky. - -_Natrix kirtlandii_ (Kenn.). New London and Sugar Grove. - -_Storeria dekayi_ (Holb.). Columbus. - -_Storeria occipitomaculata_ (Storer). Sugar Grove and Kent. - -_Eutaenia sirtalis sirtalis_ (Linn.). Columbus. - -_Eutaenia sirtalis ordinata_ (Linn.). Columbus. - -_Eutaenia sirtalis obscura_ Cope. Cedar Point and Columbus. - - -Fam. CROTALIDÆ. - -_Ancistrodon contortrix_ (Linn.). Sugar Grove and Knox County. - -_Sistrurus catenatus catenatus_ (Raf.). Urbana. - - -Fam. TRIONYCHIDÆ. - -_Aspidonectes spinifer_ (LeSueur.). Columbus. - - -Fam. KINOSTERNIDÆ. - -_Aromochelys odoratus_ (Lat.). Columbus and Cedar Point. In May and -June, numbers of this turtle have been taken in the sand on Cedar -Point, while depositing their eggs. - - -Fam. EMYDIDÆ. - -_Graptemys geographicus_ (LeSueur.). Columbus, also taken at -Sandusky. - -_Chrysemys marginata_ (Agassiz). Columbus and Cedar Point. The -species picta does not occur in central Ohio—at least west of Licking -Reservoir. One specimen has the normal three dorsal plates broken up -into six which alternate with each other, three being on either side -of the median line. - -_Clemmys guttatus_ (Sch.). Columbus and Licking Reservoir. - -_Emydoidea blandingi_ Holb. Columbus and Sandusky. - -_Terrapene carolina_ (Linn.). Very numerous at Sugar Grove. Found in -sand on Cedar Point. - -SUMMARY FOR REPTILES:—Families 8; genera 22; species 30. - - - - -A PRESERVING BOX FOR PLANTS. - -EDO CLAASSEN. - - -As the time for botanists has arrived when they will depart for -some time from their work at home and walk over fields and into the -forests to collect plants and flowers new to them, I have thought it -would be interesting and useful to describe a box in which they may -preserve for several days, the collected plants and keep them from -shriveling, particularly if the same are quite large, and exceed in -size the usual small collecting box. As I had one made to order and -know by experience the valuable service it did me, I do not hesitate -to recommend it highly. It is well known that many druggists buy -their glycerine and castor oil in five gallon cans, for which, when -empty, they have no further use. The botanist, therefore, may go to -such a druggist, procure two of the above cans, if possible of heavy -tin and with flat sides, have the tinsmith take off their upper parts -and solder the cans together, after having cut out of each of them a -rectangular piece as long and wide as necessary to give room for a -door and after having trimmed any inside edges. The door is then made -from the two pieces cut out, (or from a new piece) with the addition -of several strips of tin, so that it may overlap and close tightly, -and of the necessary hinges and hasp to open and fasten the door. One -of the original wire handles of the cans is fastened in a similar -manner as before on the top of the box and the preserving box is -ready for use, as soon as it had received two coatings of asphaltum -varnish inside and two of paint outside. Any vessel of suitable -size and containing water should then be put into the box, which will -furnish the moisture for the roots or the lower ends of the plants -and at the same time for the air surrounding these. The dimensions -of the box in question can easily be determined by the botanist -himself, but for those not wishing to do so, I may be allowed to -add, that the length of the box should be about twenty-five inches, -the original width of the cans remaining unchanged. The door should -commence at about three inches from the bottom, reach up to two or -two and one-half inches from the top and have a width of six or six -and one-half inches. - -_Cleveland, Ohio._ - - - - -OHIO TUMBLEWEEDS. - -JOHN H. SCHAFFNER. - - -Tumbleweeds are characteristic of wind-swept plains and dry prairies. -As the forests are rapidly disappearing, the conditions in Ohio are -becoming very favorable for the introduction and development of such -forms of vegetation. A few species are already abundant and some -like Amaranthus graecizans appear to flourish better than on the -prairies of the interior. The past summer a number of cornfields -about Columbus were covered with very large tumbleweeds and during -the winter a number of hedgerows were filled with them, presenting an -appearance quite as striking as anything the writer has seen along -this line. - -The following is a list of the Ohio plants which may develop as -tumbleweeds. Those with a question mark have not been seen by the -writer to act as tumbleweeds and a few are given on the authority of -Dr. W. J. Beal. - - -ANNUAL TUMBLEWEEDS. - - 1. Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult. - 2. Salsola tragus L. - 3. Amaranthus graecizans L. - 4. Lepidium apetalum Willd. Beal. - 5. Trifolium procumbens L. Beal. - 6. Onagra biennis (L.) Scop. Beal. - - -TUMBLE-GRASSES. - - 7. Panicum capillare L. - 8. Panicum flexile (Gattg.) Scrib. - 9. Eragrostis pectinacea (Mx.) Steudl. - 10. Eragrostis trichodes (Nutt.) Nash. - 11. Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees. ? - 12. Eragrostis frankii Steud. ? - 13. Eragrostis purshii Schrad. ? - 14. Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) B. S. P. - - -PERENNIAL TUMBLEWEEDS. - - 15. Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br. - - - - -MEETINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB. - - -MAY MEETING. - -The Biological Club met in Zoological Lecture Room May 6, 1901. - -Professor Schaffner reported that the committee appointed to consider -the disposition to make of exchanges, had had a meeting and appointed -Professor Osborn to consider the matter further. - -Professor Landacre gave a paper entitled A Study of Passalus -Cornutus. He gave the more important conclusions he had arrived at, -after an extended study of the muscular and skeletal systems of that -beetle. - -Mr. Griggs read a paper on Vernation in the Willows. - -Moulds and other Fungi Injurious to Foods was the title of a paper -given by Miss Mary Dresbach. She gave a list of fungi found on food -products. - -In discussing this paper Professor Schaffner said the moulds are of -public interest and many important results may be expected from an -extended study of them. Professor Kellerman said that moulds are an -important factor to guard against in canning fruit. It would be a -great step in advance if fruit could be canned and kept without its -being cooked beforehand. - -Miss Elma Perry gave a list of the edible fungi of Ohio. So far 200 -species have been recorded and there are no doubt many yet to add. - -Under the head of personal observations Prof. Kellerman showed some -interesting variations in our common anemone. A paper on this subject -appeared in the May number of THE OHIO NATURALIST. - - -JUNE MEETING. - -The June meeting of the club was held in Zoological Lecture Room on -the evening of the third. - -The editor-in-chief of THE OHIO NATURALIST, Professor Schaffner, gave -a financial statement for the year. - -The Secretary read a communication from Professor Kellerman. This -communication was concerned with the past and future of THE OHIO -NATURALIST and an adjourned meeting was voted for its consideration. -The following invitation was received from Professor W. D. Gibbs, -Secretary of the Omega Chapter of the Society of Sigma Xi: - -The Omega Chapter of the Society of Sigma Xi cordially invites the -members of the Biological Club to be present at the final meeting of -the Chapter, in the Physical Lecture Room, Saturday June 8th, at 11 -o’clock a. m. to hear a lecture by Professor Charles F. Mabery on -the subject: “The Petroleum Industry: Its Rapid Expansion and Future -Promise.” - -Dr. Bownocker delivered an instructive paper on “Oil and Gas in -Southeastern Ohio.” The first oil well in that region was drilled -about 1860 at Maxburg in Washington County. The wells in this region -when first put down oftentimes yield 500 barrels or more daily but -they soon decrease until the product of the same well may be only a -few barrels each day. They are long-lived however and wells drilled -in the Sixties are still producing. The oil in Southeastern Ohio has -its origin in the various sands and therefore differs from that of -Northwestern Ohio where all the oil is of limestone origin. - -The speaker explained the nature of the country, especially in -reference to the arches where practically all the oil is located. - -H. S. Houghton not being present, Professor Landacre gave a short -outline of the subject “A Study of the Muscular and Skeletal -Structures in the Head of a 14 mm. Salamander.” - -A. F. Conradi read a short paper on the subject “A Study of the -Cecidomyidae and their effects upon Vegetation.” - -The motion was made and carried that when we adjourn we adjourn to -meet in the Zoological Lecture Room Friday evening, June 7th, at 4 -o’clock, for the purpose of considering matters connected with the -THE OHIO NATURALIST. - - JAMES S. HINE, Secretary. - - * * * * * - -With this issue THE OHIO NATURALIST completes its first year. The -Editors to be chosen for 1901-2 will continue the Journal along the -same lines and we trust that those interested in the natural history -of Ohio, as well as others, will continue to give their encouragement -and financial support. - -A table of contents and a title-page of Vol. 1 will be sent out with -the first number of Vol. 2. - - JOHN H. SCHAFFNER. - - - - -Ohio State University - - Six distinct and independent Colleges, each - with a Dean and Faculty of its own. - - THIRTY SEVEN DEPARTMENTS. - THIRTY DISTINCT COURSES. - - =AGRICULTURE, ARTS, LAW, - ENGINEERING, PHARMACY, - VETERINARY MEDICINE.= - -Superior facilities for education in Applied Science. Short or -special courses for mature students not candidates for degrees. - - One hundred and twenty-one instructors. Over thirteen hundred students. - FINEST GYMNASIUM IN THE WEST. - - _For further information address the President_, - DR. W. O. THOMPSON, STATE UNIVERSITY, COLUMBUS. - - - - -Ohio Forest Trees Identified by Leaves and Fruit. - -By W. A. KELLERMAN, PH. D., Ohio State University. - - -A neat pamphlet for every one who wishes to learn our native forest -trees. Keys simple. Description plain. Can learn the names of the -trees easily. - - Price reduced from 25 cents to =10 cents=. - -Also, =The Fourth State Catalogue of Ohio Plants=. - - Bound copies at cost of binding, namely =20 cents=. - -Gives list of scientific and common names; distribution by counties. - -Teachers and others will also be interested in Prof. Kellerman’s -Phyto-theca or Herbarium Portfolio, _Practical Studies_ in Elementary -Botany, _Elementary Botany_ with Spring Flora, all published by -Eldredge & Bro., Philadelphia, to whom apply. - -For information or copies of _Forest Trees_ and _Catalogue_ or names -of plant specimens of your region _address_ - - W. A. KELLERMAN, COLUMBUS, OHIO - - - - -American Entomological Co. - -1040 DE KALB AVENUE, BROOKLYN, N. Y. - - Lepidoptera Price List No. 2.—_Price 5 cents_ Refunded - to Buyers - ISSUED NOVEMBER 15th 1900. - - Dealers of all - kinds of ... _ENTOMOLOGICAL SUPPLIES_ - - Manufacturers of the Original - and Celebrated ... SCHMITT INSECT BOXES. - - _Builders of INSECT CABINETS, ETC._ - - - - -The Twentieth Century Text Books of Biology. - - - PLANT RELATIONS, 12mo, cloth $1.10 - PLANT STRUCTURES, 12mo, cloth 1.20 - PLANT STUDIES, 12mo, cloth 1.20 - PLANTS, 12mo, cloth 1.80 - ANALYTICAL KEY TO PLANTS, 12mo, flexible cloth .75 - -All by JOHN MERLE COULTER, A. M., Ph. D., Head of Dept. of Botany, -University of Chicago. - - _They are already the preferred texts, and the reasons will be - apparent on examination._ - - -ANIMAL LIFE: A First Book of Zoology. - - By DAVID S. JORDAN, M. S., M. D., Ph. D., LL. D., President of the - Leland Stanford Junior University, and VERNON L. KELLOGG, M. S., - Professor in Leland Stanford Junior University. 12mo. Cloth, $1.20. - _Now ready._ - -_Not a book for learning the classification, anatomy, and -nomenclature of animals, but to show how animals reached their -present development, the effects of environment, their place in -Nature, their relations to one another and to the human race. -Designed for one-half year’s work in high schools. Send for sample -pages._ - - -ANIMAL FORMS: A Second Book of Zoology. - -By DAVID S. JORDAN. M. S., M. D., Ph. D., LL. D., and HAROLD HEATH, -Ph. D., Professor in Leland Stanford Junior University. _Ready in -February, 1901._ - - -=D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, Publishers=, _New York_, _Chicago_, -_London_. - - - - -RECENT SCIENTIFIC WORKS - - - In =Astronomy=, Dr. Simon Newcomb’s new book, published October, - 1900; in =Physics=, the Johns Hopkins text of Professors Rowland - and Ames; also in Physics for second and third year high school - work, the text of Dr. Hoadley, of Swarthmore; in =Physiology=, - the text by Drs. Macy and Norris, based on the Nervous System; - also the =High School Physiology= indorsed by the W. C. T. U., - written by Drs. Hewes., of Harvard University; in =Geology=, the - =Revised= “=Compend=” of Dr. Le Conte, and the two standard works - of Dana,—The =Manual for University Work=, and the =New Text Book=, - revision and rewriting of Dr. Rice, for fourth year high school - work; in =Chemistry=, the approved =Storer and Lindsay=, recommended - for secondary schools by the leading colleges; in =Zoology=, the - =Laboratory Manual= of Dr. Needham, of Cornell; and the series - “=Scientific Memoirs=” edited by Dr. Ames, of John Hopkins. Nine - volumes ready. - -The publishers cordially invite correspondence. - - -AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY, CINCINNATI - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - pg 124 Changed Semi-diagramatic to: Semi-diagrammatic - pg 126 Assumed reduced to 2-5 to mean: ⅖ - pg 128 Removed duplicate word of: vessel of of suitable - pg 130 Changed the Ohio Naturalist. to: The Ohio Naturalist - pg 131 Added comma after: Engineering, Pharmacy - pg 131 Added period after: Keys simple. - pg 132 Added period after: David S. Jordan M. D - Table of Contents capitalization and punctuation left as written- - does not match chapter headings - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE OHIO NATURALIST *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following -the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use -of the Project Gutenberg trademark. 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