diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69491-0.txt | 1385 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69491-0.zip | bin | 22093 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69491-h.zip | bin | 738746 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69491-h/69491-h.htm | 1955 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69491-h/images/cover.jpg | bin | 449997 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69491-h/images/i_118.jpg | bin | 14374 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69491-h/images/i_124a.jpg | bin | 132830 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69491-h/images/i_125.jpg | bin | 132266 -> 0 bytes |
11 files changed, 17 insertions, 3340 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4164be5 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #69491 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/69491) diff --git a/old/69491-0.txt b/old/69491-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index a2e4717..0000000 --- a/old/69491-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1385 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Ohio Naturalist, by Ohio State -University. Biological Club - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The Ohio Naturalist - Vol. 1, No. 8, June 1901 - -Author: Ohio State University. Biological Club - -Release Date: December 7, 2022 [eBook #69491] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Bob Taylor and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at - https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE OHIO NATURALIST *** - - - - - - Transcriber’s Note - Italic text displayed as: _Italic_ - Bold text displayed as: =Bold= - - - - - THE OHIO - Naturalist - - PUBLISHED BY - THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY - - - EDITORIAL STAFF - - EDITOR-IN-CHIEF—JOHN H. SCHAFFNER, A. M., M. S. - - ASSOCIATE EDITORS: - - _Zoology_—F. L. LANDACRE, B. Sc. - _Botany_—F. J. TYLER, B. Sc. - _Geology_—J. A. BOWNOCKER, D. Sc. - _Archaeology_—W. C. MILLS, B. Sc. - _Ornithology_—R. F. GRIGGS. - - ADVISORY BOARD: - - PROFESSOR W. A. KELLERMAN. Ph. D. - Department of Botany. - - PROFESSOR HERBERT OSBORN, M. Sc. - Department of Zoology. - - PROFESSOR J. A. BOWNOCKER, D. Sc. - Department of Geology. - - - Volume 1. JUNE, 1901 Number 8 - - - COLUMBUS, OHIO - - _PRESS OF HANN & ADAIR_ - - - - -[Illustration: _THE OHIO NATURALIST_] - - -A journal devoted more especially to the natural history of Ohio. The -official organ of THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY. -Published monthly during the academic year, from November to June (8 -numbers). Price 50 cents per year, payable in advance. To foreign -countries, 75 cents. Single copies 10 cents. - - JOHN H. SCHAFFNER, _Editor_. - F. J. TYLER, _Subscriptions_. - R. F. GRIGGS, _Advertising Agent_. - - _Address_ - THE OHIO NATURALIST, Ohio State University, - COLUMBUS, OHIO. - - - - -CONTENTS - - - A Study in Variation on the Wing of the Honey Bee 119 - _F. L. Landacre_ - - Twelve Plants Additional to the Ohio List 121 - _W. A. Kellerman_ - - The Food Habits of Some Aphrophora Larvae 122 - _E. D. Ball_ - - The Vernation of Salix 124 - _Robert F. Griggs_ - - Ohio Reptiles in the Ohio State University Zoological Museum 126 - _Max Morse_ - - A Preserving Box for Plants 128 - _Edo Claassen_ - - Ohio Tumbleweeds 129 - _John H. Schaffner_ - - Meetings of the Biological Club 129 - _Jas. S. Hine, Sec._ - - -Entered at the Post Office at Columbus, Ohio, as second class matter. - - - - -The Ohio Naturalist - -PUBLISHED BY - -THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY - - Vol. 1. JUNE, 1901 No. 8 - - - - -A STUDY IN VARIATION ON THE WING OF THE HONEY BEE. - -F. L. LANDACRE. - - -While working on the Honey Bee in the laboratory at the University it -was observed that the number of hooks connecting the posterior wing -with the anterior was not constant. - -The query at once arose as to the amount of variation there might be -between different bees in the same hive and also between different -hives. Out of this grew a somewhat practical problem as to whether -the increase in number of hooks was associated with a decrease in the -size of the wing, or whether the increase in number of hooks also -implied an increase in size of wing. - -The wings of the bee are undoubtedly more efficient for being -closely attached to each other. The life of the workers is so short, -being only about three weeks, and their activity so great that any -increase in efficiency, especially in the organs of flight, must -have a very direct influence on the welfare of the whole swarm. So -far as the well being of the swarm depends upon nutritive processes -the efficiency of the hive is equal to the average efficiency of the -workers. Now, if the increase in number of hooks and the consequent, -firmer attachment of the wings is compensated for by a smaller wing, -there is much less opportunity for the operation of natural selection -on the individual bees than if the greater number of hooks is always -associated with a broader or longer wing. - -This selective process might occur either in the hive or between -hives. If it occurs in the hive it would increase the efficiency of -the hive somewhat; but if it occurs between hives it finally means -the elimination of the weaker hive and the consequent increased -efficiency of the species. - -In order to find out the real conditions, one of the students, Mr. -J. N. Frank, took twenty-five workers from each of four hives and -counted the number of hooks on each wing, right and left, and also -measured the width of the anterior and posterior wings on each side, -The width only was taken on account of the difficulty in finding a -good point at the base of the wing from which to measure the length. -The results are so uniform that the width probably gives sufficient -data from which to draw conclusions. - -Of the four hives studied, numbers one and two were very weak. Number -three was a strong hive which made forty (40) pounds of extra honey -in the summer of 1900. Number four was weaker than number three and -made only ten (10) pounds of extra honey. - -The complete measurements are too long to give in detail, and the -averages only will be offered here. - - -AVERAGES OF TWENTY-FIVE MEASUREMENTS FOR EACH HIVE TAKEN WITH AN -EYE-PIECE MICROMETER, EXPRESSED IN MM. - - -HIVE NUMBER ONE. - - ------------------------+----------------------- - Average Number of Hooks.| Average Width of Wing. - -----------+------------+-----------+----------- - Right wing.| Left wing. |Right wing.| Left wing. - | | Ant. Pos.| Ant. Pos. - 21.3 | 20.9 | 4.21 3.61| 4.28 3.55 - -----------+------------+-----------+----------- - - -HIVE NUMBER TWO. - - ------------------------+----------------------- - Average Number of Hooks.| Average Width of Wing. - -----------+------------+-----------+----------- - Right wing.| Left wing. |Right wing.| Left wing. - | | Ant. Pos.| Ant. Pos. - 19.2 | 18.8 | 4.14 3.48| 4.16 3.48 - -----------+------------+-----------+----------- - - -HIVE NUMBER THREE. - - ------------------------+----------------------- - Average Number of Hooks.| Average Width of Wing. - -----------+------------+-----------+----------- - Right wing.| Left wing. |Right wing.| Left wing. - | | Ant. Pos.| Ant. Pos. - 21.0 | 21.0 | 4.06 3.48| 4.07 3.50 - -----------+------------+-----------+----------- - - -HIVE NUMBER FOUR. - - ------------------------+----------------------- - Average Number of Hooks.| Average Width of Wing. - -----------+------------+-----------+----------- - Right wing.| Left wing. |Right wing.| Left wing. - | | Ant. Pos.| Ant. Pos. - 19.6 | 19.6 | 4.09 3.47| 4.03 3.41 - -----------+------------+-----------+----------- - -As to the first query concerning the individual variations in a -single hive the complete table shows that No. 1 varies from 18-21 -hooks, No. 2 from 17-21, No. 3 from 18-23 and No. 4 from 17-21. The -right wing is taken as the standard, and the most active hive, No. -3. shows the greatest individual variation. One bee in this hive -had only sixteen hooks, the remaining three being straight spines, -showing how the hooks have been modified from ordinary hairs. This -reversion occurred on three separate wings, in No. 2 one hook on each -wing being straight. - -As to the relation between the number of hooks and the width of the -wing the averages are very definite. Taking hives number one and two -from the same apiary, it will be seen that the increase in number of -hooks goes with the increase in width of wing. The same relation is -shown by hives numbers three and four from another apiary in the case -of the posterior portion of the right wing and in both anterior and -posterior portions of left wing. - -The results are not conclusive as to the relative efficiency of -different hives because there are so many conditions entering into -the production of large quantities of honey. The number of bees, the -care during the winter, the age of the queen, the number of swarms -produced, and several other factors would have to be taken into -consideration. - -The differences in the right and left wings in the bees of the same -hive is marked. The right wing has the larger number of hooks, but -the left wing is the broader. In hive number one the average number -of hooks in the right wing is 21.3, left 20.9; but the anterior wing -on the right side is 4.21 mm., while the left anterior wing is 4.28; -that is, there is a compensation for the reduced number of hooks in -the increased width of the wing. This is true of the first three -hives. In the fourth hive there is a slight advantage in favor of the -right wing. - -The following general conclusions may be drawn from these -measurements: - -(_a_) There is a variation in the number of hooks in a given hive -ranging between 17 and 23. - -(_b_) The difference in the number of hooks in the right and left -wing is compensated for in a given hive by the increased size of the -wing. The right and left wings are in physiological equilibrium. - -(_c_) In different hives the increase in the number of hooks is -accompanied by an increase in width of wing; that is, the variation -is emphasized so that selection would work much more effectively; -while in the individual, where—if selection operated on account of -this variation—it would have to be between different wings of the -same bee, the variation is eliminated. - - - - -TWELVE PLANTS ADDITIONAL TO THE OHIO LIST. - -W. A. KELLERMAN. - - -The species named below have not heretofore been recorded as a part -of the Ohio flora. The first collector and locality are given for -each of the listed species. The serial number prefixed to each name -indicates where in the Fourth State Catalogue the species should be -inserted. - -123a Sorghum vulgare Pers. Occasionally escaped. - -270b Secale cereale L. Rye. Occasionally escaped. - -781b Dianthus barbatus L. Sweet William. Escaped. Painesville. Otto -Hacker. - -(1042a Crataegus polybracteata Ashe. Reported previously, but without -locality. Franklin, Hocking, and Summit Counties; W. A. Kellerman.) - -1042b Crataegus pruinosa Wendl. Logan County; W. A. Kellerman. - -1042c Crataegus succulenta. Franklin, Fairfield, Knox, Belmont, -Summit, Ottawa, Union, Ross, Carroll, Shelby and Lucas Counties; W. -A. Kellerman. - -1526b Teucrium occidentale Gr. Hairy Germander. “Ohio”, Riddell, -1834, (Bull. Torr. Club, 28:170); Reservoir Park, Perry Co., W. A. -Kellerman. - -1529a Scutellaria serrata Andr. Showy skullcap. Rio Grande. Gallia -County; Ruth E. Brockett. - -1605a Solanum tuberosum L. Potato. Escaped. - -1609c Petunia violacea Lindl. Occasionally escaped. - -1709a Viburnum molle Mx. Soft-leaf Arrow-wood. Scioto County; W. A. -Kellerman. - -1714a Linnaea borealis L. Twin-flower. Canton, Stark County; Mrs. -Theano W. Case. - -1986a Chrysanthemum indicum Hortorum. Escaped. Adams County; W. A. -Kellerman. - - - - -THE FOOD HABITS OF SOME APHROPHORA LARVAE. - -E. D. BALL. - - -The larvae of all the American species of the Family Cercopidae -as far as known envelope themselves in a frothy mass. Contrary to -popular opinion and to most of the published accounts this froth -does not issue as bubbles from the body of the insect, but is made -by pushing the tip of the abdomen up out of the froth and grasping, -with the anal appendages, a bubble of air and bringing it down and -releasing it within a liquid film. This liquid film is simply the -excretion from the alimentary canal of the sap which is imbibed by -these insects in large quantities. This copious liquid excretion is -a common occurrence in other families of the Homoptera. In the Plant -Lice (Aphidae) it gathers in drops and is called “Honey Dew.” The -Leaf Hoppers and Tree Hoppers expel a clear liquid with some force. -In some species this is in sufficient amount so that when the insects -are numerous the foliage may drip, producing the “Weeping trees” of -the Southern States. - -This process of froth making in the Cercopidae was discovered and -first correctly described by Professor E. S. Morse, of Salem, Mass., -and published many years ago in his Elementary Zoology.[1] His -observations were probably made on the larvae of _A. spumarius_ which -belongs to the genus _Philaenus_ as now recognized. - -In the genus _Aphrophora_ as now limited little is known of the food -habits of the larvae. One species (_A._ 4-_notata_) has been found -on various plants and shrubs. The remaining three eastern species, -which belong to a different group and are of some shade of brownish -testaceous, have been given as feeding on pines in the adult state -by various authors. Dr. Fitch has described the larvae of one of -these (_A. parallela_, Fig. 4, Plate 10) as forming frothy masses -on the tips of pine twigs, and in the Nat’l Museum Coll. are some -_Aphrophora_ larvae labeled “Pa. On Pine, July 7,” that undoubtedly -belong to this species leaving little room to doubt the correctness -of Fitch’s determination. - -There are two species belonging to the _parallela_ group occurring in -the Rocky Mountain region both found in the adult stage on pines. Of -one of these (_A. permutata_, Fig. 1, 2 and 3, Plate 10) larvae were -found in abundance on two different plants _Chrysopsis villosa_ and -_Lupinus sp._ Both of these plants grow in clumps and it was always -down in the bases of these clumps, some of them often down below the -surface of the ground among the roots, that the larvae were found. -Often ten or fifteen would be found in a single clump their united -froth masses, held up by the coarse stems, reaching a diameter of two -inches or more. - -The larvae were found in these clumps from late in May until the -first week in July in the foot hills, and higher up in the mountains -they were just beginning to emerge July 20th. When ready to emerge -they climb up a stem during the night far enough to free themselves -from the froth and as soon as the sun strikes then in the morning -they burst their pupal skins and an hour later they are ready to fly -up to the pine trees where their color admirably protects them. - -Although both these plants grow very commonly over a wide extent -of territory the _Aphrophora_ larvae have never been found on them -except where they were within a short distance of a pine tree. At -first sight it would seem probable that the eggs were deposited -in the twigs of the pines, and that the young larvae dropped to -the ground, and from there sought out a food plant, as is the case -in some Cicadas. But as numerous larvae were found in positions -practically inaccessible to any such means of distribution—such as -on the opposite side of a sharp ledge of rocks, across a bramble -thicket, or even on plants growing in the crevices of bare rocks at -a considerable distance above any pines—it seemed nearly certain that -the adults must fly back to the plants to deposit their eggs. - -It will be interesting to discover whether a similar food habit -occurs in any of the Eastern members of the genus or whether this -is peculiar to the western species. It seems possible that original -pine-inhabiting species finding themselves unable to maintain their -froth masses in their exposed positions on pine branches in such a -dry atmosphere were compelled to seek moister conditions such as are -afforded by the shade and contact with the earth under these bushy -plants. - - EXPLANATION OF PLATE.—Fig. 1. _Aphrophora permutata_ Uhl. Adult. X - About 7. Common from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific. 1a—Side - view of head, showing profile of face. - - Fig. 2. Pupa of above. 2a—Side view of head of pupa. - - Fig. 3. Semi-diagrammatic cross-section of a clump of _Chrysopsis - villosa_ to show relative location of larvae with relation to the - froth mass and the surface of the earth. - - Fig. 4. _Aphrophora parallela_ Say Adult. X About 7. Eastern U. S. - to Ohio and Mich. 4a—profile of head of same. - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[1] For a detailed account of this process see Prof. Morse’s article -“A Bubble-blowing Insect.” Pop. Sc. Monthly, May, 1900. - -[Illustration: - - _Plate 10._ - -BALL ON APHROPHORA LARVAE.] - - - - -THE VERNATION OF SALIX. - -ROBERT F. GRIGGS. - - -Most of the manuals are entirely silent regarding the vernation of -the Willows. Sargent[2] describes their leaves as “variously folded -in the bud” and under different species gives them as: involute, -revolute, convolute, and even conduplicate in the bud. The fact that -he gives two species, closely related and difficult to distinguish, -at the time the buds open (Salix nigra and S. amygdaloides), as -having involute and revolute vernations, led me to take up the matter -to see if a key for their identification from bud characters, could -be constructed. - -Not only did I find that they were not involute and revolute -respectively; but that they were neither involute nor revolute, -but both imbricate. On examining other species the same thing was -found. The only exceptions to the true imbricate vernation found are -represented in figures 3 and 4. The section Purpureae, on account of -its tendency to have opposite rather than alternate leaves, often -forms such decussate buds as are shown in figure 3. In Salix incana -Schrenk, a species whose leaves at maturity have revolute margins, -the leaves have a greater or less tendency to roll backwards in the -bud. The most extreme case found is shown in figure 4. Others from -the same twig could be shown where the leaves show only the slightest -tendency to be revolute. If we may consider that this backward -turning is merely a character of the mature leaf manifesting itself -in the bud it is evident that there is here no revolute vernation but -that it is really imbricate. - -[Illustration: Salix buds] - -The other buds examined vary from the form represented in figure 1 -where the whole interior of the bud is taken up with the closely -packed leaves, to that shown in figure 2 where there are a few leaves -with a great deal of wool. - -Species like Salix fragilis L. whose leaves are glabrous when they -unfold have buds like the former while species like Salix discolor -Muhl., with leaves excessively wooly when they unfold, are like the -latter. As there are all intergradations between these two kinds of -leaves, there is naturally a series of buds between these two as -extremes. While further investigation is necessary before we would -be warranted in declaring that the vernation of the whole genus is -imbricate; yet the fact that specimens of thirty-four species and -varieties, taken from thirteen of the nineteen sections given by -Andersson in DeCandolle’s prodromus, have their leaves imbricated in -the buds would seem to establish a presumption in favor of such a -view. - -The buds examined were soaked in 70% alcohol and free-hand sections -cut and mounted in balsam. On account of scarcity of material, -the buds of several species were not sectioned but dissected on -the growing plant. Such are marked with an asterisk (*). As far -as possible living material was taken, mostly from native plants. -Those species not native were studied from specimens growing in -the University Botanic Garden. In a few cases dried specimens were -resorted to. About one hundred and twenty-five plants belonging to -the following species and varieties were examined. - - Salix nigra Marsh. - S. amygdaloides Anders. - S. triandra L. - *S. undulata Ehrh. - S. lucida Muhl. - S. pentandra L. - S. fragilis L. - S. alba L. - S. alba vitellina (L.) Koch. - S. babylonica x fragilis. - S. babylonica L. - S. babylonica japonica (Thumb) Anders. - S. interior Rowlee. - S. bebbiana Sarg. - S. discolor Muhl. - S. myrtilloides L. - S. humilis Marsh. - S. tristis Ait. - S. sericea Marsh. - S. petiolaris Sm. - S. cordata Muhl. - *S. cordata x sericea. - S. cordata var. vestita Anders. - S. glaucophylla Bebb. - S. adenophylla Hook. - *S. daphnoides Vill. - S. smithiana acuminata (Sm) Anders. - S. candida Fluegge. - S. incana Schrenk. - S. purpurea L. - *S. rubra purpureoides Gen. & Godr. - *S. candicans Gen. & Godr. - *S. laurifolia Gen. & Godr. - *S. sieboldii Gen & Godr. - - EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES.—Fig. 1. Salix fragilis L. Bausch and - Lomb obj. ⅔ oc. 2. - - Fig. 2. S. discolor Muhl. B. & L. obj. ⅔ oc. 2. - - Fig. 3. S. purpurea L. B. & L. obj. ⅔ oc. 2. - - Fig. 4. S. incana Schrenk. B. & L. obj. ⅔ oc. 1. - - The figures were drawn with an abbe camera lucida and reduced to ⅖ - of their original size. - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[2] Sargent: Silva of North America 9: 95. - - - - -OHIO REPTILES IN THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY ZOOLOGICAL MUSEUM. - -MAX MORSE. - - -Fam. IGUANIDÆ. - -_Sceloporous undulatus undulatus_ (Latr.). Sugar Grove. - - -Fam. ANGUIDÆ. - -_Ophisaurus ventralis_ (Linn.). No. 57 has the following note in the -accession catalogue:—“Donated by Dr. N. S. Townshend. Said by him to -have been taken on the University farm.” - - -Fam. SCINCIDÆ. - -_Eumeces quinquelineatus_ (Linn.). Columbus. - - -Fam. COLUBRIDÆ. - -_Carphophiops amoenus_ (Say.). This specimen is marked _C. helenae_ -Kenn. The internasal scutae are wanting. The specimen is from Meigs -Co. Another specimen is in the collection but without label. - -_Diadophis punctatus_ (L.) Sugar Grove. - -_Heterodon platyrhinus_ Lat. Cedar Point. Both the spotted and the -black forms occur on Cedar Point. - -_Liopeltis vernalis_ (DeKay.). Sandusky and Columbus. - -_Zamenis constrictor_ (Linn.). Hocking County. - -_Coluber vulpinus_ (B. and G.). The range of the fox snake, as given -by Cope (Rept. U. S. Nat. Mus., ’98, p. 832) is “over the northwest -of the Eastern district, not being known from east of Illinois***.” -Specimens are taken from Cedar Point and vicinity nearly every -summer. Those in the collection are from Castalia and Cedar Point. - -_Coluber obsoletus obsoletus_ Say. Columbus. - -_Osceola doliata triangula_ (Boie.). Columbus and London. - -_Natrix fasciata fasciata_ (Linn.). Warren County. - -_Natrix fasciata sipedon_ (Linn.). This is the common “water snake” -of central Ohio. Specimens are from Sandusky and Columbus. - -_Natrix fasciata erythrogaster_ (Shaw.) Put-in-Bay. Among the islands -of Lake Erie this seems to be the prevailing form. One young _Natrix_ -was taken during the summer of 1900 which resembled _N. f. sipedon_ -L., but aside from this all other forms were _erythrogaster_. It -may be possible that the young of these two sub-species are not -distinguishable—the differences arising later. - -_Natrix leberis_ (Linn.). Columbus and Sandusky. - -_Natrix kirtlandii_ (Kenn.). New London and Sugar Grove. - -_Storeria dekayi_ (Holb.). Columbus. - -_Storeria occipitomaculata_ (Storer). Sugar Grove and Kent. - -_Eutaenia sirtalis sirtalis_ (Linn.). Columbus. - -_Eutaenia sirtalis ordinata_ (Linn.). Columbus. - -_Eutaenia sirtalis obscura_ Cope. Cedar Point and Columbus. - - -Fam. CROTALIDÆ. - -_Ancistrodon contortrix_ (Linn.). Sugar Grove and Knox County. - -_Sistrurus catenatus catenatus_ (Raf.). Urbana. - - -Fam. TRIONYCHIDÆ. - -_Aspidonectes spinifer_ (LeSueur.). Columbus. - - -Fam. KINOSTERNIDÆ. - -_Aromochelys odoratus_ (Lat.). Columbus and Cedar Point. In May and -June, numbers of this turtle have been taken in the sand on Cedar -Point, while depositing their eggs. - - -Fam. EMYDIDÆ. - -_Graptemys geographicus_ (LeSueur.). Columbus, also taken at -Sandusky. - -_Chrysemys marginata_ (Agassiz). Columbus and Cedar Point. The -species picta does not occur in central Ohio—at least west of Licking -Reservoir. One specimen has the normal three dorsal plates broken up -into six which alternate with each other, three being on either side -of the median line. - -_Clemmys guttatus_ (Sch.). Columbus and Licking Reservoir. - -_Emydoidea blandingi_ Holb. Columbus and Sandusky. - -_Terrapene carolina_ (Linn.). Very numerous at Sugar Grove. Found in -sand on Cedar Point. - -SUMMARY FOR REPTILES:—Families 8; genera 22; species 30. - - - - -A PRESERVING BOX FOR PLANTS. - -EDO CLAASSEN. - - -As the time for botanists has arrived when they will depart for -some time from their work at home and walk over fields and into the -forests to collect plants and flowers new to them, I have thought it -would be interesting and useful to describe a box in which they may -preserve for several days, the collected plants and keep them from -shriveling, particularly if the same are quite large, and exceed in -size the usual small collecting box. As I had one made to order and -know by experience the valuable service it did me, I do not hesitate -to recommend it highly. It is well known that many druggists buy -their glycerine and castor oil in five gallon cans, for which, when -empty, they have no further use. The botanist, therefore, may go to -such a druggist, procure two of the above cans, if possible of heavy -tin and with flat sides, have the tinsmith take off their upper parts -and solder the cans together, after having cut out of each of them a -rectangular piece as long and wide as necessary to give room for a -door and after having trimmed any inside edges. The door is then made -from the two pieces cut out, (or from a new piece) with the addition -of several strips of tin, so that it may overlap and close tightly, -and of the necessary hinges and hasp to open and fasten the door. One -of the original wire handles of the cans is fastened in a similar -manner as before on the top of the box and the preserving box is -ready for use, as soon as it had received two coatings of asphaltum -varnish inside and two of paint outside. Any vessel of suitable -size and containing water should then be put into the box, which will -furnish the moisture for the roots or the lower ends of the plants -and at the same time for the air surrounding these. The dimensions -of the box in question can easily be determined by the botanist -himself, but for those not wishing to do so, I may be allowed to -add, that the length of the box should be about twenty-five inches, -the original width of the cans remaining unchanged. The door should -commence at about three inches from the bottom, reach up to two or -two and one-half inches from the top and have a width of six or six -and one-half inches. - -_Cleveland, Ohio._ - - - - -OHIO TUMBLEWEEDS. - -JOHN H. SCHAFFNER. - - -Tumbleweeds are characteristic of wind-swept plains and dry prairies. -As the forests are rapidly disappearing, the conditions in Ohio are -becoming very favorable for the introduction and development of such -forms of vegetation. A few species are already abundant and some -like Amaranthus graecizans appear to flourish better than on the -prairies of the interior. The past summer a number of cornfields -about Columbus were covered with very large tumbleweeds and during -the winter a number of hedgerows were filled with them, presenting an -appearance quite as striking as anything the writer has seen along -this line. - -The following is a list of the Ohio plants which may develop as -tumbleweeds. Those with a question mark have not been seen by the -writer to act as tumbleweeds and a few are given on the authority of -Dr. W. J. Beal. - - -ANNUAL TUMBLEWEEDS. - - 1. Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult. - 2. Salsola tragus L. - 3. Amaranthus graecizans L. - 4. Lepidium apetalum Willd. Beal. - 5. Trifolium procumbens L. Beal. - 6. Onagra biennis (L.) Scop. Beal. - - -TUMBLE-GRASSES. - - 7. Panicum capillare L. - 8. Panicum flexile (Gattg.) Scrib. - 9. Eragrostis pectinacea (Mx.) Steudl. - 10. Eragrostis trichodes (Nutt.) Nash. - 11. Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees. ? - 12. Eragrostis frankii Steud. ? - 13. Eragrostis purshii Schrad. ? - 14. Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) B. S. P. - - -PERENNIAL TUMBLEWEEDS. - - 15. Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br. - - - - -MEETINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB. - - -MAY MEETING. - -The Biological Club met in Zoological Lecture Room May 6, 1901. - -Professor Schaffner reported that the committee appointed to consider -the disposition to make of exchanges, had had a meeting and appointed -Professor Osborn to consider the matter further. - -Professor Landacre gave a paper entitled A Study of Passalus -Cornutus. He gave the more important conclusions he had arrived at, -after an extended study of the muscular and skeletal systems of that -beetle. - -Mr. Griggs read a paper on Vernation in the Willows. - -Moulds and other Fungi Injurious to Foods was the title of a paper -given by Miss Mary Dresbach. She gave a list of fungi found on food -products. - -In discussing this paper Professor Schaffner said the moulds are of -public interest and many important results may be expected from an -extended study of them. Professor Kellerman said that moulds are an -important factor to guard against in canning fruit. It would be a -great step in advance if fruit could be canned and kept without its -being cooked beforehand. - -Miss Elma Perry gave a list of the edible fungi of Ohio. So far 200 -species have been recorded and there are no doubt many yet to add. - -Under the head of personal observations Prof. Kellerman showed some -interesting variations in our common anemone. A paper on this subject -appeared in the May number of THE OHIO NATURALIST. - - -JUNE MEETING. - -The June meeting of the club was held in Zoological Lecture Room on -the evening of the third. - -The editor-in-chief of THE OHIO NATURALIST, Professor Schaffner, gave -a financial statement for the year. - -The Secretary read a communication from Professor Kellerman. This -communication was concerned with the past and future of THE OHIO -NATURALIST and an adjourned meeting was voted for its consideration. -The following invitation was received from Professor W. D. Gibbs, -Secretary of the Omega Chapter of the Society of Sigma Xi: - -The Omega Chapter of the Society of Sigma Xi cordially invites the -members of the Biological Club to be present at the final meeting of -the Chapter, in the Physical Lecture Room, Saturday June 8th, at 11 -o’clock a. m. to hear a lecture by Professor Charles F. Mabery on -the subject: “The Petroleum Industry: Its Rapid Expansion and Future -Promise.” - -Dr. Bownocker delivered an instructive paper on “Oil and Gas in -Southeastern Ohio.” The first oil well in that region was drilled -about 1860 at Maxburg in Washington County. The wells in this region -when first put down oftentimes yield 500 barrels or more daily but -they soon decrease until the product of the same well may be only a -few barrels each day. They are long-lived however and wells drilled -in the Sixties are still producing. The oil in Southeastern Ohio has -its origin in the various sands and therefore differs from that of -Northwestern Ohio where all the oil is of limestone origin. - -The speaker explained the nature of the country, especially in -reference to the arches where practically all the oil is located. - -H. S. Houghton not being present, Professor Landacre gave a short -outline of the subject “A Study of the Muscular and Skeletal -Structures in the Head of a 14 mm. Salamander.” - -A. F. Conradi read a short paper on the subject “A Study of the -Cecidomyidae and their effects upon Vegetation.” - -The motion was made and carried that when we adjourn we adjourn to -meet in the Zoological Lecture Room Friday evening, June 7th, at 4 -o’clock, for the purpose of considering matters connected with the -THE OHIO NATURALIST. - - JAMES S. HINE, Secretary. - - * * * * * - -With this issue THE OHIO NATURALIST completes its first year. The -Editors to be chosen for 1901-2 will continue the Journal along the -same lines and we trust that those interested in the natural history -of Ohio, as well as others, will continue to give their encouragement -and financial support. - -A table of contents and a title-page of Vol. 1 will be sent out with -the first number of Vol. 2. - - JOHN H. SCHAFFNER. - - - - -Ohio State University - - Six distinct and independent Colleges, each - with a Dean and Faculty of its own. - - THIRTY SEVEN DEPARTMENTS. - THIRTY DISTINCT COURSES. - - =AGRICULTURE, ARTS, LAW, - ENGINEERING, PHARMACY, - VETERINARY MEDICINE.= - -Superior facilities for education in Applied Science. Short or -special courses for mature students not candidates for degrees. - - One hundred and twenty-one instructors. Over thirteen hundred students. - FINEST GYMNASIUM IN THE WEST. - - _For further information address the President_, - DR. W. O. THOMPSON, STATE UNIVERSITY, COLUMBUS. - - - - -Ohio Forest Trees Identified by Leaves and Fruit. - -By W. A. KELLERMAN, PH. D., Ohio State University. - - -A neat pamphlet for every one who wishes to learn our native forest -trees. Keys simple. Description plain. Can learn the names of the -trees easily. - - Price reduced from 25 cents to =10 cents=. - -Also, =The Fourth State Catalogue of Ohio Plants=. - - Bound copies at cost of binding, namely =20 cents=. - -Gives list of scientific and common names; distribution by counties. - -Teachers and others will also be interested in Prof. Kellerman’s -Phyto-theca or Herbarium Portfolio, _Practical Studies_ in Elementary -Botany, _Elementary Botany_ with Spring Flora, all published by -Eldredge & Bro., Philadelphia, to whom apply. - -For information or copies of _Forest Trees_ and _Catalogue_ or names -of plant specimens of your region _address_ - - W. A. KELLERMAN, COLUMBUS, OHIO - - - - -American Entomological Co. - -1040 DE KALB AVENUE, BROOKLYN, N. Y. - - Lepidoptera Price List No. 2.—_Price 5 cents_ Refunded - to Buyers - ISSUED NOVEMBER 15th 1900. - - Dealers of all - kinds of ... _ENTOMOLOGICAL SUPPLIES_ - - Manufacturers of the Original - and Celebrated ... SCHMITT INSECT BOXES. - - _Builders of INSECT CABINETS, ETC._ - - - - -The Twentieth Century Text Books of Biology. - - - PLANT RELATIONS, 12mo, cloth $1.10 - PLANT STRUCTURES, 12mo, cloth 1.20 - PLANT STUDIES, 12mo, cloth 1.20 - PLANTS, 12mo, cloth 1.80 - ANALYTICAL KEY TO PLANTS, 12mo, flexible cloth .75 - -All by JOHN MERLE COULTER, A. M., Ph. D., Head of Dept. of Botany, -University of Chicago. - - _They are already the preferred texts, and the reasons will be - apparent on examination._ - - -ANIMAL LIFE: A First Book of Zoology. - - By DAVID S. JORDAN, M. S., M. D., Ph. D., LL. D., President of the - Leland Stanford Junior University, and VERNON L. KELLOGG, M. S., - Professor in Leland Stanford Junior University. 12mo. Cloth, $1.20. - _Now ready._ - -_Not a book for learning the classification, anatomy, and -nomenclature of animals, but to show how animals reached their -present development, the effects of environment, their place in -Nature, their relations to one another and to the human race. -Designed for one-half year’s work in high schools. Send for sample -pages._ - - -ANIMAL FORMS: A Second Book of Zoology. - -By DAVID S. JORDAN. M. S., M. D., Ph. D., LL. D., and HAROLD HEATH, -Ph. D., Professor in Leland Stanford Junior University. _Ready in -February, 1901._ - - -=D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, Publishers=, _New York_, _Chicago_, -_London_. - - - - -RECENT SCIENTIFIC WORKS - - - In =Astronomy=, Dr. Simon Newcomb’s new book, published October, - 1900; in =Physics=, the Johns Hopkins text of Professors Rowland - and Ames; also in Physics for second and third year high school - work, the text of Dr. Hoadley, of Swarthmore; in =Physiology=, - the text by Drs. Macy and Norris, based on the Nervous System; - also the =High School Physiology= indorsed by the W. C. T. U., - written by Drs. Hewes., of Harvard University; in =Geology=, the - =Revised= “=Compend=” of Dr. Le Conte, and the two standard works - of Dana,—The =Manual for University Work=, and the =New Text Book=, - revision and rewriting of Dr. Rice, for fourth year high school - work; in =Chemistry=, the approved =Storer and Lindsay=, recommended - for secondary schools by the leading colleges; in =Zoology=, the - =Laboratory Manual= of Dr. Needham, of Cornell; and the series - “=Scientific Memoirs=” edited by Dr. Ames, of John Hopkins. Nine - volumes ready. - -The publishers cordially invite correspondence. - - -AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY, CINCINNATI - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - pg 124 Changed Semi-diagramatic to: Semi-diagrammatic - pg 126 Assumed reduced to 2-5 to mean: ⅖ - pg 128 Removed duplicate word of: vessel of of suitable - pg 130 Changed the Ohio Naturalist. to: The Ohio Naturalist - pg 131 Added comma after: Engineering, Pharmacy - pg 131 Added period after: Keys simple. - pg 132 Added period after: David S. Jordan M. D - Table of Contents capitalization and punctuation left as written- - does not match chapter headings - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE OHIO NATURALIST *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following -the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use -of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for -copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very -easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation -of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project -Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may -do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected -by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark -license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country other than the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where - you are located before using this eBook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm website -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that: - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of -the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set -forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, -Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up -to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's website -and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without -widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our website which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This website includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/old/69491-0.zip b/old/69491-0.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index beb3f99..0000000 --- a/old/69491-0.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69491-h.zip b/old/69491-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 0439066..0000000 --- a/old/69491-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69491-h/69491-h.htm b/old/69491-h/69491-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index aab621d..0000000 --- a/old/69491-h/69491-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1955 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html> -<html lang="en"> -<head> - <meta charset="UTF-8"> - <title> - The Ohio Naturalist, by Ohio State University. Biological Club—A Project Gutenberg eBook - </title> - <style> - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - - h1,h2,h3 { - text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ - clear: both; -} - -p { - margin-top: .51em; - text-align: justify; - text-indent: 1em; - margin-bottom: .49em; -} - -hr { - width: 33%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - margin-left: 33.5%; - margin-right: 33.5%; - clear: both; -} - -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;} -hr.r5 {width: 5%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 47.5%; margin-right: 47.5%;} -hr.r65 {width: 65%; margin-top: 3em; margin-bottom: 3em; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;} -hr.r65x {width: 65%; margin-top: 3em; margin-bottom: -.25em; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;} -hr.r65y {width: 65%; margin-top: -.25em; margin-bottom: -.25em; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;} - -div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} -h2.nobreak {page-break-before: avoid;} - -.fs80 {font-size: 80%} -.fs120 {font-size: 120%} -.fs130 {font-size: 130%} - - -table { - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; -} -table.autotable { border-collapse: collapse; } - -.tdl {text-align: left;} -.tdr {text-align: right;} -.tdlx {text-align: left; padding-left: 4em; text-indent: -3.5em; line-height: 1.1em;} -.tdcx {text-align: center; padding-left: 4em; text-indent: -3.5em; line-height: 1.1em;} -.tdly {text-align: left; padding-left: 4em; text-indent: 3em; line-height: 1.1em;} - -.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ - /* visibility: hidden; */ - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: small; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; - font-weight: normal; - font-variant: normal; - text-indent: 0; - color: #A9A9A9; -} /* page numbers */ - - -.blockquot { - margin-left: 5%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - -.bb {border-bottom: 2px solid;} - -.bt {border-top: 2px solid;} - -.br {border-right: 2px solid;} - -.center {text-align: center;} - -.right {text-align: right;} - -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - - -.caption {font-weight: bold;} - -/* Images */ - -img { - max-width: 100%; - height: auto; -} -img.w100 {width: 100%;} - - -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; - page-break-inside: avoid; - max-width: 100%; -} - -.figleft { - float: left; - clear: left; - margin-left: 0; - margin-bottom: 1em; - margin-top: 1em; - margin-right: 1em; - padding: 0; - text-align: center; - page-break-inside: avoid; - max-width: 100%; -} -/* comment out next line and uncomment the following one for floating figleft on ebookmaker output */ -.x-ebookmaker .figleft {float: none; text-align: center; margin-right: 0;} -/* .x-ebookmaker .figleft {float: left;} */ - -/* Footnotes */ -.footnotes {border: 1px dashed; margin-top: 2em;} - -.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} - -.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} - -.fnanchor { - vertical-align: super; - font-size: .8em; - text-decoration: - none; -} - -/* Illustration classes */ -.illowp100 {width: 100%;} -.illowp46 {width: 46%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp46 {width: 100%;} - -/* Transcriber's notes */ -.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - font-size:small; - padding:0.5em; - margin-bottom:5em; - font-family:sans-serif, serif; -} - </style> -</head> -<body> -<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Ohio Naturalist, by Ohio State University. Biological Club</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The Ohio Naturalist</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em;'>Vol. 1, No. 8, June 1901</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Ohio State University. Biological Club</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: December 7, 2022 [eBook #69491]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Bob Taylor and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE OHIO NATURALIST ***</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 55%"> -<img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Cover"> -</div> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</span></p> - -<h1> -THE OHIO<br> -NATURALIST</h1> - -<p class="center fs80">PUBLISHED BY</p> -<p class="center">THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY</p> -<hr class="r65"> - -<p class="center">EDITORIAL STAFF</p> - -<div class="fs80"> -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Editor-in-chief</span>—JOHN H. SCHAFFNER, A. M., M. S.</p> - -<table class="autotable"> -<tr> -<td class="tdlx"><span class="smcap">Associate Editors</span>:</td> -<td class="tdcx"><span class="smcap">Advisory Board</span>:</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdlx"><em>Zoology</em>—F. L. LANDACRE, B. Sc.</td> -<td class="tdcx">PROFESSOR W. A. KELLERMAN. Ph. D.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdlx"><em>Botany</em>—F. J. TYLER, B. Sc.</td> -<td class="tdcx">Department of Botany.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdlx"><em>Geology</em>—J. A. BOWNOCKER, D. Sc.</td> -<td class="tdcx">PROFESSOR HERBERT OSBORN, M. Sc.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdlx"><em>Archaeology</em>—W. C. MILLS, B. Sc.</td> -<td class="tdcx">Department of Zoology.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdlx"><em>Ornithology</em>—R. F. GRIGGS.</td> -<td class="tdcx">PROFESSOR J. A. BOWNOCKER, D. Sc.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdlx"></td> -<td class="tdcx">Department of Geology.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div> -<hr class="r65"> - - -<p class="center"> -Volume 1.<span style="margin-left: 8em;"> -JUNE, 1901</span><span style="margin-left: 8em;"> -Number 8</span></p> - - -<hr class="r65"> - -<p class="center">COLUMBUS, OHIO</p> - -<p class="center fs80"><em>PRESS OF HANN & ADAIR</em> -</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</span></p> - -<div class="figleft illowp100" id="i_118" style="max-width: 7em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_118.jpg" alt="The Ohio Naturalist"> -</div> -</div> - -<p>A journal devoted more especially to the -natural history of Ohio. The official organ -of <span class="smcap">The Biological Club of the Ohio -State University</span>. Published monthly -during the academic year, from November -to June (8 numbers). Price 50 cents per year, payable in advance. -To foreign countries, 75 cents. Single copies 10 cents.</p> - -<div style="margin-left: 15em;"> -<span class="smcap">John H. Schaffner</span>, <em>Editor</em>.<br> -<span class="smcap">F. J. Tyler</span>, <em>Subscriptions</em>.<br> -<span class="smcap">R. F. Griggs</span>, <em>Advertising Agent</em>.<br> -</div> -<br> -<p><em>Address</em><br></p> -<p class="center">THE OHIO NATURALIST, Ohio State University,<br></p> -<p class="right fs80">COLUMBUS, OHIO.<br></p> -<hr class="r65"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS</h2> -</div> - -<table class="autotable"> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">A Study in Variation on the Wing of the Honey Bee</td> -<td class="tdl"><a href="#A_STUDY_IN_VARIATION_ON_THE_WING_OF_THE">119</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdly"><em>F. L. Landacre</em></td> -<td class="tdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Twelve Plants Additional to the Ohio List</td> -<td class="tdl"><a href="#TWELVE_PLANTS_ADDITIONAL_TO_THE_OHIO_LIST">121</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdly"><em>W. A. Kellerman</em></td> -<td class="tdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">The Food Habits of Some Aphrophora Larvae</td> -<td class="tdl"><a href="#THE_FOOD_HABITS_OF_SOME_APHROPHORA_LARVAE">122</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdly"><em>E. D. Ball</em></td> -<td class="tdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">The Vernation of Salix</td> -<td class="tdl"><a href="#THE_VERNATION_OF_SALIX">124</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdly"><em>Robert F. Griggs</em></td> -<td class="tdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Ohio Reptiles in the Ohio State University Zoological Museum</td> -<td class="tdl"><a href="#OHIO_REPTILES_IN_THE_OHIO_STATE_UNIVERSITY">126</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdly"><em>Max Morse</em></td> -<td class="tdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">A Preserving Box for Plants</td> -<td class="tdl"><a href="#A_PRESERVING_BOX_FOR_PLANTS">128</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdly"><em>Edo Claassen</em></td> -<td class="tdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Ohio Tumbleweeds</td> -<td class="tdl"><a href="#OHIO_TUMBLEWEEDS">129</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdly"><em>John H. Schaffner</em></td> -<td class="tdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Meetings of the Biological Club</td> -<td class="tdl"><a href="#MEETINGS_OF_THE_BIOLOGICAL_CLUB">129</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdly"><em>Jas. S. Hine, Sec.</em></td> -<td class="tdl"></td> -</tr> -</table> - -<hr class="r65x"> - -<p class="center fs80">Entered at the Post Office at Columbus, Ohio, as second class matter.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="The_Ohio_Naturalist">The Ohio Naturalist</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center fs80">PUBLISHED BY</p> - -<p class="center">THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY</p> - -<hr class="r65x"> -<p class="center"> -Vol. 1.<span style="margin-left: 8em;">JUNE, 1901</span><span style="margin-left: 8em;">No. 8</span><br> -</p> -<hr class="r65y"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak center" id="A_STUDY_IN_VARIATION_ON_THE_WING_OF_THE">A STUDY IN VARIATION ON THE WING OF THE -HONEY BEE.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">F. L. Landacre.</span></p> - - -<p>While working on the Honey Bee in the laboratory at the University -it was observed that the number of hooks connecting the -posterior wing with the anterior was not constant.</p> - -<p>The query at once arose as to the amount of variation there -might be between different bees in the same hive and also between -different hives. Out of this grew a somewhat practical problem as -to whether the increase in number of hooks was associated with a -decrease in the size of the wing, or whether the increase in number -of hooks also implied an increase in size of wing.</p> - -<p>The wings of the bee are undoubtedly more efficient for being -closely attached to each other. The life of the workers is so -short, being only about three weeks, and their activity so great that -any increase in efficiency, especially in the organs of flight, must -have a very direct influence on the welfare of the whole swarm. -So far as the well being of the swarm depends upon nutritive processes -the efficiency of the hive is equal to the average efficiency of -the workers. Now, if the increase in number of hooks and the consequent, -firmer attachment of the wings is compensated for by a -smaller wing, there is much less opportunity for the operation of -natural selection on the individual bees than if the greater number -of hooks is always associated with a broader or longer wing.</p> - -<p>This selective process might occur either in the hive or between -hives. If it occurs in the hive it would increase the efficiency of the -hive somewhat; but if it occurs between hives it finally means the -elimination of the weaker hive and the consequent increased efficiency -of the species.</p> - -<p>In order to find out the real conditions, one of the students, Mr. -J. N. Frank, took twenty-five workers from each of four hives and -counted the number of hooks on each wing, right and left, and also -measured the width of the anterior and posterior wings on each side,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</span> -The width only was taken on account of the difficulty in finding a -good point at the base of the wing from which to measure the length. -The results are so uniform that the width probably gives sufficient -data from which to draw conclusions.</p> - -<p>Of the four hives studied, numbers one and two were very weak. -Number three was a strong hive which made forty (40) pounds of -extra honey in the summer of 1900. Number four was weaker than -number three and made only ten (10) pounds of extra honey.</p> - -<p>The complete measurements are too long to give in detail, and -the averages only will be offered here.</p> - - -<p class="center">AVERAGES OF TWENTY-FIVE MEASUREMENTS FOR EACH HIVE TAKEN -WITH AN EYE-PIECE MICROMETER, EXPRESSED IN MM.</p> - - -<p class="center">HIVE NUMBER ONE.</p> - - - -<table class="autotable"> -<tr> -<td class="tdcx bt bb br" colspan="2">Average Number of Hooks.</td> -<td class="tdcx bt bb" colspan="4">Average Width of Wing.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdcx br">Right wing.</td> -<td class="tdcx br">Left wing.</td> -<td class="tdcx br" colspan="2">Right wing.</td> -<td class="tdcx" colspan="2">Left wing.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdlx br"></td> -<td class="tdlx br"></td> -<td class="tdcx">Ant.</td> -<td class="tdcx br">Pos.</td> -<td class="tdcx">Ant.</td> -<td class="tdcx">Pos.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdcx br bb">21.3</td> -<td class="tdcx br bb">20.9</td> -<td class="tdcx bb">4.21</td> -<td class="tdcx br bb">3.61</td> -<td class="tdcx bb">4.28</td> -<td class="tdcx bb">3.55</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p class="center">HIVE NUMBER TWO.</p> -<table class="autotable"> -<tr> -<td class="tdcx bt bb br" colspan="2">Average Number of Hooks.</td> -<td class="tdcx bt bb" colspan="4">Average Width of Wing.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdcx br">Right wing.</td> -<td class="tdcx br">Left wing.</td> -<td class="tdcx br" colspan="2">Right wing.</td> -<td class="tdcx" colspan="2">Left wing.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdlx br"></td> -<td class="tdlx br"></td> -<td class="tdcx">Ant.</td> -<td class="tdcx br">Pos.</td> -<td class="tdcx">Ant.</td> -<td class="tdcx">Pos.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdcx br bb">19.2</td> -<td class="tdcx br bb">18.8</td> -<td class="tdcx bb">4.14</td> -<td class="tdcx br bb">3.48</td> -<td class="tdcx bb">4.16</td> -<td class="tdcx bb">3.48</td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<p class="center">HIVE NUMBER THREE.</p> -<table class="autotable"> -<tr> -<td class="tdcx bt bb br" colspan="2">Average Number of Hooks.</td> -<td class="tdcx bt bb" colspan="4">Average Width of Wing.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdcx br">Right wing.</td> -<td class="tdcx br">Left wing.</td> -<td class="tdcx br" colspan="2">Right wing.</td> -<td class="tdcx" colspan="2">Left wing.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdlx br"></td> -<td class="tdlx br"></td> -<td class="tdcx">Ant.</td> -<td class="tdcx br">Pos.</td> -<td class="tdcx">Ant.</td> -<td class="tdcx">Pos.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdcx br bb">21.0</td> -<td class="tdcx br bb">21.0</td> -<td class="tdcx bb">4.06</td> -<td class="tdcx br bb">3.48</td> -<td class="tdcx bb">4.07</td> -<td class="tdcx bb">3.50</td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<p class="center">HIVE NUMBER FOUR.</p> -<table class="autotable"> -<tr> -<td class="tdcx bt bb br" colspan="2">Average Number of Hooks.</td> -<td class="tdcx bt bb" colspan="4">Average Width of Wing.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdcx br">Right wing.</td> -<td class="tdcx br">Left wing.</td> -<td class="tdcx br" colspan="2">Right wing.</td> -<td class="tdcx" colspan="2">Left wing.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdlx br"></td> -<td class="tdlx br"></td> -<td class="tdcx">Ant.</td> -<td class="tdcx br">Pos.</td> -<td class="tdcx">Ant.</td> -<td class="tdcx">Pos.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdcx br bb">19.6</td> -<td class="tdcx br bb">19.6</td> -<td class="tdcx bb">4.09</td> -<td class="tdcx br bb">3.47</td> -<td class="tdcx bb">4.03</td> -<td class="tdcx bb">3.41</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>As to the first query concerning the individual variations in a -single hive the complete table shows that No. 1 varies from 18-21 -hooks, No. 2 from 17-21, No. 3 from 18-23 and No. 4 from 17-21. The -right wing is taken as the standard, and the most active hive, No. 3. -shows the greatest individual variation. One bee in this hive had -only sixteen hooks, the remaining three being straight spines, showing -how the hooks have been modified from ordinary hairs. This<span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</span> -reversion occurred on three separate wings, in No. 2 one hook on -each wing being straight.</p> - -<p>As to the relation between the number of hooks and the width -of the wing the averages are very definite. Taking hives number -one and two from the same apiary, it will be seen that the increase -in number of hooks goes with the increase in width of wing. The -same relation is shown by hives numbers three and four from another -apiary in the case of the posterior portion of the right wing -and in both anterior and posterior portions of left wing.</p> - -<p>The results are not conclusive as to the relative efficiency of different -hives because there are so many conditions entering into the -production of large quantities of honey. The number of bees, the -care during the winter, the age of the queen, the number of swarms -produced, and several other factors would have to be taken into -consideration.</p> - -<p>The differences in the right and left wings in the bees of the -same hive is marked. The right wing has the larger number -of hooks, but the left wing is the broader. In hive number one the -average number of hooks in the right wing is 21.3, left 20.9; but the -anterior wing on the right side is 4.21 mm., while the left anterior -wing is 4.28; that is, there is a compensation for the reduced number -of hooks in the increased width of the wing. This is true of the first -three hives. In the fourth hive there is a slight advantage in favor -of the right wing.</p> - -<p>The following general conclusions may be drawn from these -measurements:</p> - -<p>(<em>a</em>) There is a variation in the number of hooks in a given hive -ranging between 17 and 23.</p> - -<p>(<em>b</em>) The difference in the number of hooks in the right and left -wing is compensated for in a given hive by the increased size of the -wing. The right and left wings are in physiological equilibrium.</p> - -<p>(<em>c</em>) In different hives the increase in the number of hooks is -accompanied by an increase in width of wing; that is, the variation -is emphasized so that selection would work much more effectively; -while in the individual, where—if selection operated on account of -this variation—it would have to be between different wings of the -same bee, the variation is eliminated.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="TWELVE_PLANTS_ADDITIONAL_TO_THE_OHIO_LIST">TWELVE PLANTS ADDITIONAL TO THE OHIO LIST.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">W. A. Kellerman.</span></p> - - -<p>The species named below have not heretofore been recorded as a -part of the Ohio flora. The first collector and locality are given for -each of the listed species. The serial number prefixed to each name -indicates where in the Fourth State Catalogue the species should be -inserted.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</span></p> - -<p>123a Sorghum vulgare Pers. Occasionally escaped.</p> - -<p>270b Secale cereale L. Rye. Occasionally escaped.</p> - -<p>781b Dianthus barbatus L. Sweet William. Escaped. Painesville. -Otto Hacker.</p> - -<p>(1042a Crataegus polybracteata Ashe. Reported previously, but -without locality. Franklin, Hocking, and Summit Counties; W. A. -Kellerman.)</p> - -<p>1042b Crataegus pruinosa Wendl. Logan County; W. A. Kellerman.</p> - -<p>1042c Crataegus succulenta. Franklin, Fairfield, Knox, Belmont, -Summit, Ottawa, Union, Ross, Carroll, Shelby and Lucas -Counties; W. A. Kellerman.</p> - -<p>1526b Teucrium occidentale Gr. Hairy Germander. “Ohio”, -Riddell, 1834, (Bull. Torr. Club, 28:170); Reservoir Park, Perry Co., -W. A. Kellerman.</p> - -<p>1529a Scutellaria serrata Andr. Showy skullcap. Rio Grande. -Gallia County; Ruth E. Brockett.</p> - -<p>1605a Solanum tuberosum L. Potato. Escaped.</p> - -<p>1609c Petunia violacea Lindl. Occasionally escaped.</p> - -<p>1709a Viburnum molle Mx. Soft-leaf Arrow-wood. Scioto -County; W. A. Kellerman.</p> - -<p>1714a Linnaea borealis L. Twin-flower. Canton, Stark County; -Mrs. Theano W. Case.</p> - -<p>1986a Chrysanthemum indicum Hortorum. Escaped. Adams -County; W. A. Kellerman.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_FOOD_HABITS_OF_SOME_APHROPHORA_LARVAE">THE FOOD HABITS OF SOME APHROPHORA LARVAE.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">E. D. Ball.</span></p> - - -<p>The larvae of all the American species of the Family Cercopidae -as far as known envelope themselves in a frothy mass. Contrary to -popular opinion and to most of the published accounts this froth -does not issue as bubbles from the body of the insect, but is made -by pushing the tip of the abdomen up out of the froth and grasping, -with the anal appendages, a bubble of air and bringing it down and -releasing it within a liquid film. This liquid film is simply the excretion -from the alimentary canal of the sap which is imbibed by -these insects in large quantities. This copious liquid excretion is a -common occurrence in other families of the Homoptera. In the -Plant Lice (Aphidae) it gathers in drops and is called “Honey Dew.” -The Leaf Hoppers and Tree Hoppers expel a clear liquid with some -force. In some species this is in sufficient amount so that when the -insects are numerous the foliage may drip, producing the “Weeping -trees” of the Southern States.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</span></p> - -<p>This process of froth making in the Cercopidae was discovered -and first correctly described by Professor E. S. Morse, of Salem, -Mass., and published many years ago in his Elementary Zoology.<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> -His observations were probably made on the larvae of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. spumarius</i> -which belongs to the genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Philaenus</i> as now recognized.</p> - -<p>In the genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aphrophora</i> as now limited little is known of the -food habits of the larvae. One species (<em>A.</em> 4-<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">notata</i>) has been found -on various plants and shrubs. The remaining three eastern species, -which belong to a different group and are of some shade of brownish -testaceous, have been given as feeding on pines in the adult state by -various authors. Dr. Fitch has described the larvae of one of these -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. parallela</i>, Fig. 4, Plate 10) as forming frothy masses on the tips of -pine twigs, and in the Nat’l Museum Coll. are some <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aphrophora</i> -larvae labeled “Pa. On Pine, July 7,” that undoubtedly belong to -this species leaving little room to doubt the correctness of Fitch’s -determination.</p> - -<p>There are two species belonging to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">parallela</i> group occurring -in the Rocky Mountain region both found in the adult stage on pines. -Of one of these (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. permutata</i>, Fig. 1, 2 and 3, Plate 10) larvae were -found in abundance on two different plants <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chrysopsis villosa</i> and -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lupinus sp.</i> Both of these plants grow in clumps and it was always -down in the bases of these clumps, some of them often down below -the surface of the ground among the roots, that the larvae were -found. Often ten or fifteen would be found in a single clump their -united froth masses, held up by the coarse stems, reaching a diameter -of two inches or more.</p> - -<p>The larvae were found in these clumps from late in May until -the first week in July in the foot hills, and higher up in the -mountains they were just beginning to emerge July 20th. When -ready to emerge they climb up a stem during the night far enough -to free themselves from the froth and as soon as the sun strikes then -in the morning they burst their pupal skins and an hour later they -are ready to fly up to the pine trees where their color admirably -protects them.</p> - -<p>Although both these plants grow very commonly over a wide -extent of territory the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aphrophora</i> larvae have never been found on -them except where they were within a short distance of a pine tree. -At first sight it would seem probable that the eggs were deposited -in the twigs of the pines, and that the young larvae dropped to the -ground, and from there sought out a food plant, as is the case in some -Cicadas. But as numerous larvae were found in positions practically -inaccessible to any such means of distribution—such as on the opposite -side of a sharp ledge of rocks, across a bramble thicket, or<span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</span> -even on plants growing in the crevices of bare rocks at a considerable -distance above any pines—it seemed nearly certain that the adults -must fly back to the plants to deposit their eggs.</p> - -<p>It will be interesting to discover whether a similar food habit -occurs in any of the Eastern members of the genus or whether this -is peculiar to the western species. It seems possible that original -pine-inhabiting species finding themselves unable to maintain their -froth masses in their exposed positions on pine branches in such a -dry atmosphere were compelled to seek moister conditions such as -are afforded by the shade and contact with the earth under these -bushy plants.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><span class="smcap">Explanation of Plate.</span>—Fig. 1. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aphrophora permutata</i> Uhl. Adult. X About 7. Common -from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific. 1a—Side view of head, showing profile of face.</p> - -<p>Fig. 2. Pupa of above. 2a—Side view of head of pupa.</p> - -<p>Fig. 3. Semi-diagrammatic cross-section of a clump of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chrysopsis villosa</i> to show relative -location of larvae with relation to the froth mass and the surface of the earth.</p> - -<p>Fig. 4. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aphrophora parallela</i> Say Adult. X About 7. Eastern U. S. to Ohio and Mich. -4a—profile of head of same.</p> -</div> - - -<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> For a detailed account of this process see Prof. Morse’s article “A Bubble-blowing Insect.” -Pop. Sc. Monthly, May, 1900.</p> - -</div> -</div> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="right"><em>Plate 10.</em></p> -<div class="figcenter illowp46" id="i_124a" style="max-width: 38.8125em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_124a.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="caption"> -</div> -<p class="center">BALL ON APHROPHORA LARVAE.</p></div> -</div> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_VERNATION_OF_SALIX">THE VERNATION OF SALIX.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Robert F. Griggs.</span></p> - - -<p>Most of the manuals are entirely silent regarding the vernation -of the Willows. Sargent<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> describes their leaves as “variously -folded in the bud” and under different species gives them as: involute, -revolute, convolute, and even conduplicate in the bud. The -fact that he gives two species, closely related and difficult to distinguish, -at the time the buds open (Salix nigra and S. amygdaloides), -as having involute and revolute vernations, led me to take -up the matter to see if a key for their identification from bud characters, -could be constructed.</p> - -<p>Not only did I find that they were not involute and revolute -respectively; but that they were neither involute nor revolute, but -both imbricate. On examining other species the same thing was -found. The only exceptions to the true imbricate vernation found -are represented in figures 3 and 4. The section Purpureae, on account -of its tendency to have opposite rather than alternate leaves, often -forms such decussate buds as are shown in figure 3. In Salix incana -Schrenk, a species whose leaves at maturity have revolute margins, -the leaves have a greater or less tendency to roll backwards in the -bud. The most extreme case found is shown in figure 4. Others -from the same twig could be shown where the leaves show -only the slightest tendency to be revolute. If we may consider that -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</span>this backward turning is merely a character of the mature leaf -manifesting itself in the bud it is evident that there is here no revolute -vernation but that it is really imbricate.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_125" style="max-width: 49.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_125.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="caption">Salix buds</div> -</div> - -<p>The other buds examined vary from the form represented in -figure 1 where the whole interior of the bud is taken up with the -closely packed leaves, to that shown in figure 2 where there are a -few leaves with a great deal of wool.</p> - -<p>Species like Salix fragilis L. whose leaves are glabrous when -they unfold have buds like the former while species like Salix discolor -Muhl., with leaves excessively wooly when they unfold, are -like the latter. As there are all intergradations between these two -kinds of leaves, there is naturally a series of buds between these two -as extremes. While further investigation is necessary before we -would be warranted in declaring that the vernation of the whole -genus is imbricate; yet the fact that specimens of thirty-four species -and varieties, taken from thirteen of the nineteen sections given by -Andersson in DeCandolle’s prodromus, have their leaves imbricated -in the buds would seem to establish a presumption in favor of such -a view.</p> - -<p>The buds examined were soaked in 70% alcohol and free-hand -sections cut and mounted in balsam. On account of scarcity of -material, the buds of several species were not sectioned but dissected -on the growing plant. Such are marked with an asterisk (*). As -far as possible living material was taken, mostly from native plants. -Those species not native were studied from specimens growing in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</span> -the University Botanic Garden. In a few cases dried specimens -were resorted to. About one hundred and twenty-five plants belonging -to the following species and varieties were examined.</p> - - -<table class="autotable"> -<tr> -<td class="tdlx"> Salix nigra Marsh.</td> -<td class="tdlx"> S. sericea Marsh.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdlx"> S. amygdaloides Anders.</td> -<td class="tdlx"> S. petiolaris Sm.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdlx"> S. triandra L.</td> -<td class="tdlx"> S. cordata Muhl.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdlx">*S. undulata Ehrh.</td> -<td class="tdlx">*S. cordata x sericea.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdlx"> S. lucida Muhl.</td> -<td class="tdlx"> S. cordata var. vestita Anders.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdlx"> S. pentandra L.</td> -<td class="tdlx"> S. glaucophylla Bebb.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdlx"> S. fragilis L.</td> -<td class="tdlx"> S. adenophylla Hook.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdlx"> S. alba L.</td> -<td class="tdlx">*S. daphnoides Vill.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdlx"> S. alba vitellina (L.) Koch.</td> -<td class="tdlx"> S. smithiana acuminata (Sm) Anders.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdlx"> S. babylonica x fragilis.</td> -<td class="tdlx"> S. candida Fluegge.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdlx"> S. babylonica L.</td> -<td class="tdlx"> S. incana Schrenk.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdlx"> S. babylonica japonica (Thumb) Anders.</td> -<td class="tdlx"> S. purpurea L.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdlx"> S. interior Rowlee.</td> -<td class="tdlx">*S. rubra purpureoides Gen. & Godr.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdlx"> S. bebbiana Sarg.</td> -<td class="tdlx">*S. candicans Gen. & Godr.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdlx"> S. discolor Muhl.</td> -<td class="tdlx">*S. laurifolia Gen. & Godr.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdlx"> S. myrtilloides L.</td> -<td class="tdlx">*S. sieboldii Gen & Godr.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdlx"> S. humilis Marsh.</td> -<td class="tdlx"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdlx"> S. tristis Ait.</td> -<td class="tdlx"></td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<div class="blockquot fs80"> - -<p><span class="smcap">Explanation of the Figures.</span>—Fig. 1. Salix fragilis L. Bausch and Lomb obj. ⅔ oc. 2.</p> - -<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fig. 2. S. discolor Muhl. B. & L. obj. ⅔ oc. 2.</span></p> - -<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fig. 3. S. purpurea L. B. & L. obj. ⅔ oc. 2.</span></p> - -<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fig. 4. S. incana Schrenk. B. & L. obj. ⅔ oc. 1.</span></p> - -<p>The figures were drawn with an abbe camera lucida and reduced to ⅖ of their original size.</p> -</div> - - -<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">[2]</a> Sargent: Silva of North America 9: 95.</p> - -</div> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="OHIO_REPTILES_IN_THE_OHIO_STATE_UNIVERSITY">OHIO REPTILES IN THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY -ZOOLOGICAL MUSEUM.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Max Morse.</span></p> - - -<p class="center">Fam. <span class="smcap">Iguanidæ</span>.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sceloporous undulatus undulatus</i> (Latr.). Sugar Grove.</p> - - -<p class="center">Fam. <span class="smcap">Anguidæ</span>.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ophisaurus ventralis</i> (Linn.). No. 57 has the following note in -the accession catalogue:—“Donated by Dr. N. S. Townshend. Said -by him to have been taken on the University farm.”</p> - - -<p class="center">Fam. <span class="smcap">Scincidæ</span>.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eumeces quinquelineatus</i> (Linn.). Columbus.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</span></p> - - -<p class="center">Fam. <span class="smcap">Colubridæ</span>.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carphophiops amoenus</i> (Say.). This specimen is marked <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. helenae</i> -Kenn. The internasal scutae are wanting. The specimen is from -Meigs Co. Another specimen is in the collection but without label.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Diadophis punctatus</i> (L.) Sugar Grove.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heterodon platyrhinus</i> Lat. Cedar Point. Both the spotted and -the black forms occur on Cedar Point.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Liopeltis vernalis</i> (DeKay.). Sandusky and Columbus.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zamenis constrictor</i> (Linn.). Hocking County.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coluber vulpinus</i> (B. and G.). The range of the fox snake, as -given by Cope (Rept. U. S. Nat. Mus., ’98, p. 832) is “over the northwest -of the Eastern district, not being known from east of Illinois***.” -Specimens are taken from Cedar Point and vicinity nearly every -summer. Those in the collection are from Castalia and Cedar Point.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coluber obsoletus obsoletus</i> Say. Columbus.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Osceola doliata triangula</i> (Boie.). Columbus and London.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Natrix fasciata fasciata</i> (Linn.). Warren County.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Natrix fasciata sipedon</i> (Linn.). This is the common “water -snake” of central Ohio. Specimens are from Sandusky and Columbus.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Natrix fasciata erythrogaster</i> (Shaw.) Put-in-Bay. Among the -islands of Lake Erie this seems to be the prevailing form. One -young <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Natrix</i> was taken during the summer of 1900 which resembled -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">N. f. sipedon</i> L., but aside from this all other forms were <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrogaster</i>. -It may be possible that the young of these two sub-species -are not distinguishable—the differences arising later.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Natrix leberis</i> (Linn.). Columbus and Sandusky.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Natrix kirtlandii</i> (Kenn.). New London and Sugar Grove.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Storeria dekayi</i> (Holb.). Columbus.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Storeria occipitomaculata</i> (Storer). Sugar Grove and Kent.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eutaenia sirtalis sirtalis</i> (Linn.). Columbus.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eutaenia sirtalis ordinata</i> (Linn.). Columbus.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eutaenia sirtalis obscura</i> Cope. Cedar Point and Columbus.</p> - - -<p class="center">Fam. <span class="smcap">Crotalidæ</span>.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ancistrodon contortrix</i> (Linn.). Sugar Grove and Knox County.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sistrurus catenatus catenatus</i> (Raf.). Urbana.</p> - - -<p class="center">Fam. <span class="smcap">Trionychidæ</span>.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aspidonectes spinifer</i> (LeSueur.). Columbus.</p> - - -<p class="center">Fam. <span class="smcap">Kinosternidæ</span>.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aromochelys odoratus</i> (Lat.). Columbus and Cedar Point. In -May and June, numbers of this turtle have been taken in the sand -on Cedar Point, while depositing their eggs.</p> - - -<p class="center">Fam. <span class="smcap">Emydidæ</span>.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Graptemys geographicus</i> (LeSueur.). Columbus, also taken at -Sandusky.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</span></p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chrysemys marginata</i> (Agassiz). Columbus and Cedar Point. -The species picta does not occur in central Ohio—at least west of -Licking Reservoir. One specimen has the normal three dorsal -plates broken up into six which alternate with each other, three -being on either side of the median line.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Clemmys guttatus</i> (Sch.). Columbus and Licking Reservoir.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emydoidea blandingi</i> Holb. Columbus and Sandusky.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Terrapene carolina</i> (Linn.). Very numerous at Sugar Grove. -Found in sand on Cedar Point.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Summary for Reptiles</span>:—Families 8; genera 22; species 30.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="A_PRESERVING_BOX_FOR_PLANTS">A PRESERVING BOX FOR PLANTS.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Edo Claassen.</span></p> - - -<p>As the time for botanists has arrived when they will depart for -some time from their work at home and walk over fields and into -the forests to collect plants and flowers new to them, I have thought -it would be interesting and useful to describe a box in which they -may preserve for several days, the collected plants and keep them -from shriveling, particularly if the same are quite large, and exceed -in size the usual small collecting box. As I had one made to order -and know by experience the valuable service it did me, I do not -hesitate to recommend it highly. It is well known that many -druggists buy their glycerine and castor oil in five gallon cans, for -which, when empty, they have no further use. The botanist, therefore, -may go to such a druggist, procure two of the above cans, if -possible of heavy tin and with flat sides, have the tinsmith take off -their upper parts and solder the cans together, after having cut out -of each of them a rectangular piece as long and wide as necessary -to give room for a door and after having trimmed any inside edges. -The door is then made from the two pieces cut out, (or from a new -piece) with the addition of several strips of tin, so that it may overlap -and close tightly, and of the necessary hinges and hasp to open -and fasten the door. One of the original wire handles of the cans is -fastened in a similar manner as before on the top of the box and the -preserving box is ready for use, as soon as it had received two coatings -of asphaltum varnish inside and two of paint outside. Any -vessel of suitable size and containing water should then be put -into the box, which will furnish the moisture for the roots or the -lower ends of the plants and at the same time for the air surrounding -these. The dimensions of the box in question can easily be -determined by the botanist himself, but for those not wishing to do -so, I may be allowed to add, that the length of the box should be -about twenty-five inches, the original width of the cans remaining -unchanged. The door should commence at about three inches from -the bottom, reach up to two or two and one-half inches from the top -and have a width of six or six and one-half inches.</p> - -<p><em>Cleveland, Ohio.</em></p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="OHIO_TUMBLEWEEDS">OHIO TUMBLEWEEDS.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">John H. Schaffner.</span></p> - - -<p>Tumbleweeds are characteristic of wind-swept plains and dry -prairies. As the forests are rapidly disappearing, the conditions in -Ohio are becoming very favorable for the introduction and development -of such forms of vegetation. A few species are already abundant -and some like Amaranthus graecizans appear to flourish -better than on the prairies of the interior. The past summer a -number of cornfields about Columbus were covered with very large -tumbleweeds and during the winter a number of hedgerows were -filled with them, presenting an appearance quite as striking as anything -the writer has seen along this line.</p> - -<p>The following is a list of the Ohio plants which may develop as -tumbleweeds. Those with a question mark have not been seen by -the writer to act as tumbleweeds and a few are given on the authority -of Dr. W. J. Beal.</p> - - -<p class="center">ANNUAL TUMBLEWEEDS.</p> -<div style="margin-left: 1em;"> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">1. Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult.</span><br> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">2. Salsola tragus L.</span><br> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">3. Amaranthus graecizans L.</span><br> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">4. Lepidium apetalum Willd. Beal.</span><br> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">5. Trifolium procumbens L. Beal.</span><br> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">6. Onagra biennis (L.) Scop. Beal.</span><br> -</div> - -<p class="center">TUMBLE-GRASSES.</p> - -<div style="margin-left: 1em;"> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">7. Panicum capillare L.</span><br> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">8. Panicum flexile (Gattg.) Scrib.</span><br> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">9. Eragrostis pectinacea (Mx.) Steudl.</span><br> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">10. Eragrostis trichodes (Nutt.) Nash.</span><br> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">11. Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees. ?</span><br> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">12. Eragrostis frankii Steud. ?</span><br> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">13. Eragrostis purshii Schrad. ?</span><br> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">14. Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) B. S. P.</span><br> -</div> - - -<p class="center">PERENNIAL TUMBLEWEEDS.</p> - -<div style="margin-left: 1em;"> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">15. Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br.</span><br> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="MEETINGS_OF_THE_BIOLOGICAL_CLUB">MEETINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB.</h2> -</div> - - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">May Meeting.</span></p> - -<p>The Biological Club met in Zoological Lecture Room May 6, 1901.</p> - -<p>Professor Schaffner reported that the committee appointed to consider -the disposition to make of exchanges, had had a meeting and -appointed Professor Osborn to consider the matter further.</p> - -<p>Professor Landacre gave a paper entitled A Study of Passalus Cornutus. -He gave the more important conclusions he had arrived at, -after an extended study of the muscular and skeletal systems of that -beetle.</p> - -<p>Mr. Griggs read a paper on Vernation in the Willows.</p> - -<p>Moulds and other Fungi Injurious to Foods was the title of a paper -given by Miss Mary Dresbach. She gave a list of fungi found on food -products.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</span></p> - -<p>In discussing this paper Professor Schaffner said the moulds are of -public interest and many important results may be expected from an -extended study of them. Professor Kellerman said that moulds are an -important factor to guard against in canning fruit. It would be a great -step in advance if fruit could be canned and kept without its being -cooked beforehand.</p> - -<p>Miss Elma Perry gave a list of the edible fungi of Ohio. So far 200 -species have been recorded and there are no doubt many yet to add.</p> - -<p>Under the head of personal observations Prof. Kellerman showed -some interesting variations in our common anemone. A paper on this -subject appeared in the May number of <span class="smcap">The Ohio Naturalist</span>.</p> - - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">June Meeting.</span></p> - -<p>The June meeting of the club was held in Zoological Lecture Room -on the evening of the third.</p> - -<p>The editor-in-chief of <span class="smcap">The Ohio Naturalist</span>, Professor Schaffner, -gave a financial statement for the year.</p> - -<p>The Secretary read a communication from Professor Kellerman. -This communication was concerned with the past and future of <span class="smcap">The -Ohio Naturalist</span> and an adjourned meeting was voted for its consideration. -The following invitation was received from Professor W. -D. Gibbs, Secretary of the Omega Chapter of the Society of Sigma Xi:</p> - -<p>The Omega Chapter of the Society of Sigma Xi cordially invites the -members of the Biological Club to be present at the final meeting of -the Chapter, in the Physical Lecture Room, Saturday June 8th, at 11 -o’clock a. m. to hear a lecture by Professor Charles F. Mabery on the -subject: “The Petroleum Industry: Its Rapid Expansion and Future -Promise.”</p> - -<p>Dr. Bownocker delivered an instructive paper on “Oil and Gas in -Southeastern Ohio.” The first oil well in that region was drilled about -1860 at Maxburg in Washington County. The wells in this region -when first put down oftentimes yield 500 barrels or more daily but they -soon decrease until the product of the same well may be only a few -barrels each day. They are long-lived however and wells drilled in the -Sixties are still producing. The oil in Southeastern Ohio has its origin -in the various sands and therefore differs from that of Northwestern -Ohio where all the oil is of limestone origin.</p> - -<p>The speaker explained the nature of the country, especially in reference -to the arches where practically all the oil is located.</p> - -<p>H. S. Houghton not being present, Professor Landacre gave a -short outline of the subject “A Study of the Muscular and Skeletal -Structures in the Head of a 14 mm. Salamander.”</p> - -<p>A. F. Conradi read a short paper on the subject “A Study of the -Cecidomyidae and their effects upon Vegetation.”</p> - -<p>The motion was made and carried that when we adjourn we adjourn -to meet in the Zoological Lecture Room Friday evening, June 7th, at -4 o’clock, for the purpose of considering matters connected with the -<span class="smcap">The Ohio Naturalist</span>.</p> - -<p class="right"> -<span class="smcap">James S. Hine</span>, Secretary.<br> -</p> - -<hr class="r65"> - -<p>With this issue <span class="smcap">The Ohio Naturalist</span> completes its first year. -The Editors to be chosen for 1901-2 will continue the Journal along -the same lines and we trust that those interested in the natural history -of Ohio, as well as others, will continue to give their encouragement -and financial support.</p> - -<p>A table of contents and a title-page of Vol. 1 will be sent out -with the first number of Vol. 2.</p> - -<p class="right"> -<span class="smcap">John H. Schaffner.</span><br> -</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Ohio_State_University">Ohio State University</h2> -</div> - - -<table class="autotable"> -<tr> -<td class="tdl fs80"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">Six distinct and independent Colleges, each</span></td> -<td class="tdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl fs80"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">with a Dean and Faculty of its own.</span></td> -<td class="tdl"><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Agriculture, Arts, Law,</b></span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">THIRTY SEVEN DEPARTMENTS.</span></td> -<td class="tdl"><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><b>Engineering, Pharmacy,</b></span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><span style="margin-left: 3em;">THIRTY DISTINCT COURSES.</span></td> -<td class="tdl"><span style="margin-left: 3em;"><b>Veterinary Medicine.</b></span></td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>Superior facilities for education in Applied Science. Short or -special courses for mature students not candidates for degrees.</p> - - -<p>One hundred and twenty-one instructors. Over thirteen hundred students.</p> -<p class="center">FINEST GYMNASIUM IN THE WEST.</p> -<p><em>For further information address the President</em>,<br> -<span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 13em;">Dr. W. O. Thompson, State University, Columbus</span>.<br> -</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Ohio_Forest_Trees_Identified_by_Leaves_and_Fruit">Ohio Forest Trees Identified by Leaves and Fruit.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center">By <span class="smcap">W. A. Kellerman, Ph. D.</span>, Ohio State University.</p> -<hr class="r5"> - -<p>A neat pamphlet for every one who wishes to learn our native forest trees. Keys simple. -Description plain. Can learn the names of the trees easily.</p> - -<p>Price reduced from 25 cents to<span style="margin-left: 16em;"><b>10 cents</b>.</span></p> - -<p class="center fs130">Also, <b>The Fourth State Catalogue of Ohio Plants</b>.</p> - -<p> -Bound copies at cost of binding, namely<span style="margin-left: 12em;"><b>20 cents</b>.</span><br> -</p> - -<p class="center">Gives list of scientific and common names; distribution by counties.</p> - -<p>Teachers and others will also be interested in Prof. Kellerman’s Phyto-theca or Herbarium -Portfolio, <em>Practical Studies</em> in Elementary Botany, <em>Elementary Botany</em> with Spring Flora, all -published by Eldredge & Bro., Philadelphia, to whom apply.</p> - -<p>For information or copies of <em>Forest Trees</em> and <em>Catalogue</em> or names of plant specimens of -your region <em>address</em></p> - -<p class="right"> -<span class="smcap">W. A. Kellerman, Columbus, Ohio</span><br> -</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="American_Entomological_Co">American Entomological Co.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center fs80">1040 DE KALB AVENUE, BROOKLYN, N. Y.</p> - - -<table class="autotable"> -<tr> -<td class="tdl fs120">Lepidoptera Price List No. 2.—<em>Price 5 cents</em></td> -<td class="tdl fs80">Refunded</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"></td> -<td class="tdl fs80">to Buyers</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Issued November</span> 15th 1900.</p> - -<table class="autotable"> -<tr> -<td class="tdl fs80">Dealers of all</td> -<td class="tdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl fs80">kinds of ...</td> -<td class="tdl fs120"><em>Entomological Supplies</em></td> -</tr> -</table> -<br> -<table class="autotable"> -<tr> -<td class="tdl fs80">Manufacturers of the Original</td> -<td class="tdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl fs80">and Celebrated ...</td> -<td class="tdl fs120">SCHMITT INSECT BOXES.</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p class="center"><em>Builders of INSECT CABINETS, ETC.</em></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="The_Twentieth_Century_Text_Books_of_Biology">The Twentieth Century Text Books of Biology.</h2> -</div> -<hr class="r5"> - -<table class="autotable"> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">PLANT RELATIONS, 12mo, cloth</td> -<td class="tdr">$1.10</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">PLANT STRUCTURES, 12mo, cloth</td> -<td class="tdr">1.20</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">PLANT STUDIES, 12mo, cloth</td> -<td class="tdr">1.20</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">PLANTS, 12mo, cloth</td> -<td class="tdr">1.80</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">ANALYTICAL KEY TO PLANTS, 12mo, flexible cloth</td> -<td class="tdr">.75</td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<p>All by JOHN MERLE COULTER, A. M., Ph. D., Head of Dept. of Botany, University of Chicago.</p> - -<div class="blockquot" style="margin-left: 7em;"> - -<em>They are already the preferred texts, and the -reasons will be apparent on examination.</em> -</div> - - -<p class="center fs120">ANIMAL LIFE: A First Book of Zoology.</p> - -<div class="blockquot fs80"> - -By DAVID S. JORDAN, M. S., M. D., Ph. D., LL. D., President of the Leland Stanford Junior -University, and VERNON L. KELLOGG, M. S., Professor in Leland Stanford Junior -University. 12mo. Cloth, $1.20. <em>Now ready.</em> -</div> - -<p class="fs80"><em>Not a book for learning the classification, anatomy, and nomenclature of animals, but to -show how animals reached their present development, the effects of environment, their place -in Nature, their relations to one another and to the human race. Designed for one-half -year’s work in high schools. Send for sample pages.</em></p> - - -<p class="center">ANIMAL FORMS: A Second Book of Zoology.</p> - -<p>By DAVID S. JORDAN. M. S., M. D., Ph. D., LL. D., and HAROLD HEATH, Ph. D.,</p> -<p class="center fs80">Professor in Leland Stanford Junior University. <em>Ready in February, 1901.</em></p> - -<hr class="r5"> -<p><b>D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, Publishers</b>, <em>New York</em>, <em>Chicago</em>, <em>London</em>.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Recent_Scientific_Works"><span class="smcap">Recent Scientific Works</span></h2> -</div> - - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>In <b>Astronomy</b>, Dr. Simon Newcomb’s new book, published -October, 1900; in <b>Physics</b>, the Johns Hopkins -text of Professors Rowland and Ames; also in Physics -for second and third year high school work, the text -of Dr. Hoadley, of Swarthmore; in <b>Physiology</b>, the text -by Drs. Macy and Norris, based on the Nervous System; -also the <b>High School Physiology</b> indorsed by the W. C. -T. U., written by Drs. Hewes., of Harvard University; in -<b>Geology</b>, the <b>Revised</b> “<b>Compend</b>” of Dr. Le Conte, and -the two standard works of Dana,—The <b>Manual for University -Work</b>, and the <b>New Text Book</b>, revision and -rewriting of Dr. Rice, for fourth year high school work; -in <b>Chemistry</b>, the approved <b>Storer and Lindsay</b>, recommended -for secondary schools by the leading colleges; -in <b>Zoology</b>, the <b>Laboratory Manual</b> of Dr. Needham, of -Cornell; and the series “<b>Scientific Memoirs</b>” edited by -Dr. Ames, of John Hopkins. Nine volumes ready.</p> -</div> - -<p class="center">The publishers cordially invite correspondence.</p> - - -<p class="center fs120">AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY, <span class="smcap">Cincinnati</span></p> -<hr class="r65"> - - - -<div class="transnote"> -<h2>Transcriber’s Notes</h2> -<br> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pg 124 Changed Semi-diagramatic to: Semi-diagrammatic</span><br> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pg 126 Assumed reduced to 2-5 to mean: ⅖</span><br> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pg 128 Removed duplicate word of: vessel of of suitable</span><br> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pg 130 Changed the Ohio Naturalist. to: The Ohio Naturalist</span><br> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pg 131 Added comma after: Engineering, Pharmacy</span><br> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pg 131 Added period after: Keys simple.</span><br> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pg 132 Added period after: David S. Jordan M. D</span><br> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Table of Contents capitalization and punctuation left as written-</span><br> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">does not match chapter headings</span><br> -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE OHIO NATURALIST ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following -the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use -of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for -copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very -easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation -of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project -Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may -do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected -by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark -license, especially commercial redistribution. -</div> - -<div style='margin-top:1em; font-size:1.1em; text-align:center'>START: FULL LICENSE</div> -<div style='text-align:center;font-size:0.9em'>THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE</div> -<div style='text-align:center;font-size:0.9em'>PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project -Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person -or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the -Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when -you share it without charge with others. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country other than the United States. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work -on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the -phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: -</div> - -<blockquote> - <div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most - other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions - whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms - of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online - at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you - are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws - of the country where you are located before using this eBook. - </div> -</blockquote> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project -Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg™ License. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format -other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain -Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -provided that: -</div> - -<div style='margin-left:0.7em;'> - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation.” - </div> - - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ - works. - </div> - - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - </div> - - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works. - </div> -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of -the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set -forth in Section 3 below. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right -of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™ -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, -Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up -to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website -and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread -public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state -visit <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/donate/">www.gutenberg.org/donate</a>. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Most people start at our website which has the main PG search -facility: <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. -</div> - -</div> -</body> -</html> diff --git a/old/69491-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/69491-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 30f6a58..0000000 --- a/old/69491-h/images/cover.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69491-h/images/i_118.jpg b/old/69491-h/images/i_118.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index d005d30..0000000 --- a/old/69491-h/images/i_118.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69491-h/images/i_124a.jpg b/old/69491-h/images/i_124a.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 23d08e6..0000000 --- a/old/69491-h/images/i_124a.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69491-h/images/i_125.jpg b/old/69491-h/images/i_125.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index a0e6518..0000000 --- a/old/69491-h/images/i_125.jpg +++ /dev/null |
