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- margin-right: auto;} - -table.autotable { border-collapse: collapse; } - -td {padding: .18em .3em 0 .3em;} - -.tdl {text-align: left; padding-left: 1.5em; text-indent: -1em;} -.tdr {text-align: right;} - -.bb {vertical-align: middle; border-bottom: solid thin;} - - -/* for spacing */ -.pad2 {padding-left: 2em;} -.pad3 {padding-left: 3em;} - -.padr2 {padding-right: 2em;} -.padr6 {padding-right: 6em;} - - -.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ - /* visibility: hidden; */ - position: absolute; - color: #A9A9A9; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; - font-weight: normal; - font-variant: normal; - text-indent: .5em; -} - - -/* blockquote (/# #/) */ -.blockquot { margin: 1.5em 5% 1.5em 5%; } - - -/* general placement and presentation */ -.center {text-align: center; text-indent: 0em;} - -.right {text-align: right; margin-right: 1em;} - -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} -.allsmcap {font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;} - -.lsp {letter-spacing: 0.1em;} -.lsp3 {letter-spacing: 0.35em;} - - -/* Footnotes */ -.footnotes {border: dashed 1px; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 3em; - padding-bottom: 1em;} - -.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 90%;} -.footnote p {text-indent: 0em;} -.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} - -.fnanchor { - vertical-align: super; - font-size: .8em; - text-decoration: none; -} - - -/* Transcriber's notes */ -.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - font-size:smaller; - padding:0.5em; - margin-bottom:3em; - font-family:sans-serif, serif; } - -.transnote p {text-indent: 0em;} - - -/* custom cover (cover.jpg) */ -.customcover {visibility: hidden; display: none;} -.x-ebookmaker .customcover {visibility: visible; display: block;} - - /* ]]> */ </style> -</head> -<body> -<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Considerations on the present peace, by Robert Vaughan</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Considerations on the present peace</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em;'>as far as it is relative to the colonies, and the African trade</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Authors: Robert Vaughan</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em;'>Thomas Carney</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em;'>Various</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: November 14, 2022 [eBook #69348]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: John Campbell and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONSIDERATIONS ON THE PRESENT PEACE ***</div> - - -<div class="transnote"> -<p><strong>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE</strong></p> - -<p>Footnote anchors are denoted by <span class="fnanchor fs80">[number]</span>, -and the footnotes have been placed at the end of the book.</p> - -<p class="customcover">The cover image was created by the transcriber -and is placed in the public domain.</p> - -<p>All changes noted in the <a href="#ERRATA">ERRATA</a> on page 68 have -been applied to the etext. The erratum for p. 21 should have said l. 34, not l. 3. -<span class="screenonly">Each change is indicated -by a <ins class="err">dotted gray</ins> underline.</span></p> - -<p>Some minor changes to the text are noted at the <a href="#TN">end of the book.</a> -<span class="screenonly">These are indicated by a <ins class="corr">dashed blue</ins> underline.</span></p> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<h1> -CONSIDERATIONS<br /> -<span class="fs60 lsp3">ON THE</span><br /> -<span class="fs120">PRESENT PEACE,</span><br /> -<span class="fs30 lsp">As far as it is relative to the</span><br /> -<span class="fs100 lsp3">COLONIES,</span><br /> -<span class="fs60 lsp3">AND THE</span><br /> -<span class="fs120">AFRICAN TRADE.</span></h1> - -<p class="center"><i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Magna est veritas & prævalebit.</i></p> - -<p class="p2 pfs120"> -<span class="lsp3">LONDON:</span><br /> -Printed for <span class="smcap">W. Bristow</span>, at the West End of St. Paul’s<br /> -Church-yard.   MDCCLXIII.</p> - -<p class="pfs120">[Price One Shilling.]</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_i"></a>[Pg i]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak"> -<span class="fs60">TO THE</span><br /> -BRITISH PLANTERS.</h2> -</div> - - -<p class="smcap">Gentlemen,</p> - -<p class="drop-capy">AN uninterested desire of rendering service -to the public, and not an idle -whim, or vanity to appear in print, has -induced the editors of the following facts to -publish them. Author is a title they lay no -claim to.</p> - -<p>By their unornamented energy alone is meant -to gain the reader’s attention, and to enforce -the facts advanced; therefore, without further -apology, they are presented to you in a plain -dress, to point out some measures that were -taken to mislead the legislature, whereby the -African trade, in the year 1750, was put upon -such a plan, as, by the event, has proved extreamly -detrimental to the British colonies. On -that account, the following sheets can be addressed -to none so properly as to you.</p> - -<p>We flatter ourselves it will evidently appear -by the contents of the following pamphlet, -that the forts on the coast of Africa, are by no -means upon a proper establishment; likewise -that the present method of carrying on the African -trade to those parts where the forts are situated, -by the very high price given for Negroes -there, which occasions the profit arising to be<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_ii"></a>[ii]</span> -divided between the <em>European</em> merchants and -the <em>African</em> traders, but must become extreamly -burthensome and disadvantageous to -you, we believe every <em>real planter</em> will allow.</p> - -<p>We cannot admit certain individuals to be -esteemed <em>real planters</em>, notwithstanding they -may have <em>one</em> or <em>more plantations</em>, when at the -same time they are concerned as merchants in -the colonies, who procure the ships from the -coast of Africa to be consigned to them; of -which it is conjectured (and not without foundation) -many of them are part owners; for -these apparent reasons, it being their interest -to keep up the price of Negroes so consigned to -them, as all such advance encreases their -commissions. Therefore, in our humble opinion, -no attention ought to be paid to any remonstrance -from people so much interested, or -from those merchants who reside in Europe, -that are connected with them, against any proposals -that may be offered for the general utility -of the colonies, which has been the case; -and in consequence, very detrimental measures -have been pursued through the misrepresentation -of such opponents.</p> - -<p>Should such destructive measures be continued, -an absolute diminution of the annual income -from your estates in the colonies must inevitably -ensue, whether from the want of Negroes, -or your purchasing them at too high a -rate. In either case, it will prevent your being -able to raise as much sugar, and other plantation-product -you would otherwise do, or<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_iii"></a>[iii]</span> -to take off as great a quantity of the manufactures -of the mother-country, as were you -to have a sufficient number of Negroes at reasonable -prices. Relying upon the <ins class="corr" id="tn-iii" title="Transcriber’s Note—Original text: 'above allegagations'"> -above allegations</ins>, with those you will find in the course of -the following pamphlet, the editors presume -you will think it most expedient and conducive -for your interests, without loss of time, to apply -to the legislative power, in order that some -speedy and effectual measures be taken and -carried into execution for <em>retrieving</em>, better <em>regulating</em> -and <em>extending</em> that valuable branch of -the <em>British</em> commerce, the <em>African trade</em>.</p> - -<p>The present seems the most proper time for -so great a national purpose, in order to prevent -the <em>French</em> getting the start of you, which they -will exert all their <em>power</em> and <em>abilities</em> to <em>effect</em>; -for they are now not only making great -preparations to carry on that trade themselves, -but they have already made several <em>contracts</em> -with <em>British</em> merchants to supply them with -<em>Negroes</em>. So intent are they to secure, by every -method they can contrive, as great a number -as possible of those useful people, on which -the prosperity of the <em>French</em> colonies depend: -besides, as <em>peace</em> is concluded, his majesty’s -ministers, in whose department it is, will have -leisure to examine minutely into the reasons that -induced you to make such application. Therefore -there cannot be a doubt from their known -<em>abilities</em>, and willingness to promote the <em>public -good</em> by their care of the <em>trade</em> and <em>commerce</em> of -these <em>kingdoms</em>, but they will give their most<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_iv"></a>[iv]</span> -serious attention to any proposal you may lay -before them for so good a purpose, as the <em>extending</em> -and <em>preserving</em> the <em>African trade</em>; and -will be as desirous as yourselves to pursue such -plan as appears to them most reasonable for promoting -the general advantage of the <em>British colonies</em>, -and consequently the <em>mother-country</em>. -The editors will not intrude farther on your -time, than to hope something will be done to -secure that valuable branch of commerce to the -<em>British subjects</em>, they being very desirous to -promote the prosperity of the <em>British colonies</em>, -and to assure you that they are with great respect,</p> - -<p class="right"> -<span class="padr6">Gentlemen,</span><br /> -<br /> -Your most obedient, and most<br /> -<br /> -<span class="padr2">Humble servants,</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>London,<br /> -11 April, 1763.</p> - -<p class="right"> -The EDITORS.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1"></a>[Pg 1]</span></p> - -<p class="p2 pfs180">Considerations on the Peace,</p> - -<p class="p2 pfs70">As far as it is relative to the</p> - -<p class="p1 pfs150">Colonies, and the African Trade.</p> - - -<p class="drop-capy">SINCE the preliminary articles of peace were -published by authority, we have heard -many persons in coffee-houses and other -places, censure and blame our negotiators, for -their not having obtained better terms.</p> - -<p>They say, that our acquisitions in North America -are of little consequence: yet when these acquisitions -were in possession of our enemies, they -thought them of inestimable value. Can the <ins class="corr" id="tn-1" title="Transcriber’s Note—Original text: 'meer alienation'"> -mere alienation</ins> of any property cause so sudden a diminution -of its original worth? Surely then pique -or dislike to some of our peace-makers, or private -interest to have the war continued, must have -hurried these men beyond the bounds of reason. -For if they would give themselves the least time -to reflect seriously, and judge dispassionately, they -would find, that by retaining our conquests in -North America (which are extended beyond our -most sanguine expectations) the greatest benefit -and utility must arise to this the mother-country; -inasmuch as we have put ourselves in such a situation<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2"></a>[2]</span> -not only in the north, but also in the southern -parts, that it is to be hoped our inland settlers will -live in a perfect state of tranquillity; and his majesty’s -subjects carry on and cultivate that great -branch of the British commerce, without dread of -the Indians, or interruption from the subjects of -any foreign nation. This good effect surely must -be allowed to be of immense importance and advantage -to Great Britain; and would not have -been the case if we had kept the sugar colonies -ceded to France, instead of part of our continental -conquests.</p> - -<p>What was the occasion of the war but the negotiators -of the last peace not settling the distinct -limits and boundaries of the territories we and -the French were to have in North America? We -rejoice those limits are now settled, and hope so -effectually as to prevent future disputes.</p> - -<p>Among the many altercations concerning the -preliminary articles, and the abilities of our -negotiators, it must be allowed, with respect -to the commercial interest of this country, there is -a noble Lord in high office, and of the cabinet, -whole acknowledged capacity, great application, -and long experience, at a board where he so judiciously -and eminently presided, made him a most -competent judge what measures were proper to be -taken for the security, improvement, and extension -of the trade and commerce of Great-Britain -and her colonies. Therefore, we cannot doubt, -but his majesty has been well and faithfully advised -as to that part of our pacific negotiations; -because the patriotic spirit, honour and integrity -of that nobleman are universally known and approved. -It is not amiss to lay down as a maxim, -that in general the information of merchants is -not to be depended on by the legislature, with respect -to trade and commerce, for many other,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>[3]</span> -besides this principal reason; to wit—A trade may -be very profitable to a particular merchant, city -or town, and, at the same time, be very pernicious -to the general interest of the nation, is a most -notorious fact. Have we not heard <ins class="corr" id="tn-3" title="Transcriber’s Note—Original text: 'many falshoods'"> -many falsehoods</ins> asserted, and seen many erroneous calculations -laid before the public, with an interested -view of obtaining such private ends, and of defeating -in some very essential points the public -welfare?</p> - -<p>Whatever self-interested people may clamour to -the contrary, there cannot be a doubt but his majesty -and his ministers, in their negociations, have -given the most serious attention to the universal -good of this country, without confining their views, -or partially regarding whether <em>North America</em> is -more valuable than the <em>Sugar Islands</em>, because each -merited their notice and care, being both of inestimable -value to the mother-country, and reciprocally -so to each other; and all three so essentially -connected, that whatever happens to the disadvantage -of the one, must in proportion affect the -other. For the West India islands depend upon -<em>North America</em>, in a great measure, for provisions, -mill, and other timber; as well as for horses, cattle, -and many things absolutely necessary for -the use of the plantations; which are paid for in -<em>specie</em>, <em>sugar</em>, <em>rum</em>, melasses, and other plantation-produce: -moreover, the melasses being distilled -into rum in <em>North America</em>, are of great advantage -to the merchants there, in carrying on the African -trade directly from thence, which enables them to -make returns for those manufactures, <em>&c.</em> they -receive from hence with greater facility. All possible -care should be taken to prevent his majesty’s -subjects purchasing sugar, rum, and particularly -melasses, in the French islands, by prohibiting their -importation into North America, by laying a<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>[4]</span> -higher duty upon those articles than that laid by -an act, made in the sixth year of his late majesty’s -reign, entitled, “An act for the better securing -and encouraging the trade of his majesty’s sugar -colonies, <em>&c.</em>” whereby such high duties were -laid on all foreign sugars, rums, and melasses, to -be imported into any of his majesty’s colonies in -America, as, it was thought, would answer all the -ends of a prohibition.</p> - -<p>But experience has shewn that law, and also -those passed in the 12th and 15th <em>Car.</em> II. are too -weak to answer the purposes for which they were -designed; and that some more effectual remedies -must be found to prevent the British traders of -North America importing foreign sugar, rum, -and melasses, which was a great trade carried on -by them from the French islands before the war; -and by that means the commodities from North -America, wanted in the sugar islands, were greatly -advanced to the British planters. And as the northern -traders often refused to take any thing from them -but ready money, which drained them of almost all -their gold and silver, for want of which they were -often brought into great distress; therefore all the -money the North American traders used to receive -from the British planters, was carried to foreign -sugar colonies, and there laid out in the purchase -of sugar, rum, and melasses, which were carried -to our northern colonies, and there supplied the -place of sugar, rum, and melasses from the British -sugar islands; and consequently robbed them -not only of the consumption of so much of their -product, but also of their gold and silver too.</p> - -<p>Whereas if the planters in the foreign colonies -were obliged to purchase what they want from the -British subjects with ready money only, and not -allowed to give their sugar, rum, and melasses in -barter for the same, it would <ins class="corr" id="tn-4" title="Transcriber’s Note—Original text: 'make the ballance'"> -make the balance</ins> of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span> -that trade for the future much more in our favour -than it has been against us; because we having so -greatly extended the British dominion on the continent -of America, the French in their sugar -islands cannot be supplied with what they want -from thence but by the English; therefore the -British traders may chuse to be paid for their merchandizes -in such manner as they shall please, which -the French will be under a necessity of complying -with.</p> - -<p>It is well known to those who are acquainted -with the sugar islands, that the profits of the planter -depend upon the vent he finds for his rum and -melasses; for if sugar only, and no rum and melasses -could be produced from the sugar cane, it -would hardly pay the expence of culture, and manufacturing -it into sugar. Therefore as the consumption -of rum and melasses is stopped or increased, -the sugar colonies (whether English or foreign) -must respectively thrive or decline. And as -rum is not allowed to be imported into old France, -or any of its colonies (because it interferes with -brandy, which is the product of the mother-country) -this evidently shews how much it is in the -power of Great-Britain to check the progress of -the French sugar islands, and advance that of her -own. For if the bringing French rum and melasses -into any of the British dominions, can be effectually -stopped, all the profits made by rum and -melasses, in the French sugar colonies, would be -lost to them; because they could find no vent for -it in any other part of the world.</p> - -<p>This point strictly attended, and invariably adhered -to, and the African trade secured to the British -subjects, to the extent of their natural and -undoubted right, would diminish the growth of -sugar in the French islands, and increase it in our -own; and might, with the addition of our new -acquisitions, very probably in the course of some<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[6]</span> -years, be a means of enabling the English <ins class="corr" id="tn-6" title="Transcriber’s Note—Original text: 'to undersel them'"> -to undersell them</ins> at all foreign markets in Europe, and -confine them to their own consumption. Therefore -it is humbly submitted to the consideration of -the legislative power, whether this trade, so apparently -hurtful to the national interest of this kingdom, -(which will most certainly be carried on in -the same manner it was before the war) ought not -to be stopped without delay; and the importation -of foreign sugar, rum, or melasses, into any of -the British colonies in North America, prohibited -under such penalties, and with such encouragements -to inform and seize, as may be adequate to -the crime, in order to put an effectual stop to such -a pernicious and destructive commerce.</p> - -<p>From what has been before observed, it will, it -is presumed, evidently appear how necessary it -must be for the advantage of the British sugar colonies, -to promote as much as possible the sale and -consumption of rum and melasses, upon which, -in a great measure, the well-being and prosperity -of the planters depend. On that account, and in -order to promote such desirable purpose, suppose -the duties on melasses, and the excise on rum, were -to be lowered, such procedure would favour our -plantations in their rivalship with France, and the -lessening these duties will, in a great measure, -prevent the smuggling of foreign brandy to such -a degree, as may probably augment the revenue -arising therefrom, by a greater quantity of rum and -melasses being disposed of, which consequently -must considerably encrease our navigation; and the -disadvantage to our rivals in trade will be in proportion -to our success. Besides, rum, if it can be -got at a reasonable rate, will greatly increase the -consumption of malt spirits, by mixing them in -such proportion as are suitable to the palate of an -infinite variety of people. This is evident from<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[7]</span> -the great quantities, and the various prices that -spirits are sold for under the denomination of rum, -which are from 5<em>s.</em> or 7<em>s.</em> to 10<em>s.</em> <em>per</em> gallon.</p> - -<p>The trade carried on between Great Britain, -Ireland, North America, the West India islands -and Africa, is of greater advantage to this country, -than all our other trades whatsoever, arising -from the great exportation of <em>British</em> manufactures, -<em>East India</em> goods, provisions as well as <em>linens</em> from -<em>Ireland</em>, which are paid for with <em>specie</em>, <em>sugar</em>, <em>tobacco</em>, -<em>rice</em>, <em>cotton</em>, and other plantation-produce; -and with the commodities of <em>Africa</em>, such as <em>gold dust</em>, -<em>bees wax</em>, <em>elephants teeth</em>, <em>gum Senegal</em>, various -sorts of <em>dying woods</em>, and particularly <em>Negroes for -the plantations</em>; whence it manifestly appears, upon -the African trade, and the invaluable commerce -of our colonies, above two-thirds of the British -navigation depends; and for this very obvious reason -it may be asserted, that in the vessels employed -for said traffic, the most useful sailors for manning -his majesty’s navy (the great bulwark of this nation) -are bred; because they are inured to the -manner of living on board ships, as well in the -hot as in the cold climates; which is not the case -of sailors taken out of coasting vessels, colliers, and -traders to the north seas, as hath been frequently -experienced by the many (very useful) lives in our -expeditions to the East and West Indies being lost; -and that fatality was chiefly owing to their not -having been accustomed to live on salt provisions, -and to bear the excessive heat of the climate, -which they were unacquainted with, and unpractised -in.</p> - -<p>To prevent the like catastrophes hereafter, when -occasion shall require, we would propose the chusing -out of the several ships that may lie in the -harbours of Great-Britain, such sailors only as shall -have been a voyage or more to the hot countries,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[8]</span> -to man such expedition fleets for those parts of -the world, where the sun’s power is strong, as the -more probable means of preserving the lives of a -great number of those valuable sailors, who may -not have had a seasoning, and have been mostly -employed in the coasting trade and short voyages.</p> - -<p>We have been induced to throw out this hint, in -hopes that it may engage the attention of some -more able pen, to form a scheme for such a good, -humane, and noble end, before the commencement -of another war.<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> - -<p>It must be allowed by those who have a general -knowledge of the trade and commerce of <em>Great-Britain</em> -and <em>Ireland</em>, that the <em>Negro-trade</em> on the -coast of <em>Africa</em>, is the chief and fundamental support -of the <em>British colonies</em>, by supplying them with -that race of useful people called Negroes, to be -employed in cultivating the lands. But when there -is either a deficiency of them, or that they are -purchaseable but at high prices, then such checks -must greatly impoverish our British planters; and -in consequence, considerably diminish the wealth, -power, trade and navigation of these kingdoms, -the encrease of which has been, in a great measure, -owing to the extensive commerce to and -from our colonies and plantations: therefore their -not being properly supplied with Negroes, must -be extremely detrimental to them; which induces -us to make some observations upon a memorial -taken notice of in the <em>Public Ledger</em>, of the third -of November last, wherein it was asserted, that -sir <em>William Meredith</em>, one of the representatives in -parliament for the town of <em>Liverpool</em>, had presented -a memorial to the right honourable the earl<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[9]</span> -of <em>Egremont</em>, one of his majesty’s principal secretaries -of state, “setting forth the great advantages -of the trade of <em>Guadaloupe, where they received</em> -334,605<em>l.</em> 11<em>s.</em> 2<em>d.</em><a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> for 12,347 slaves, the -cargoes of 41 ships, purchased in Africa with -British manufactures; praying that the possession -of that island might be thought of in the -negotiation for peace, if not incompatible with -the general scheme of affairs.” This memorial -we could not have expected from that quarter, -recollecting that the great <em>Hardman</em> is no more. -Had he been living, it would not have been -wondered at, as he was noted for his contriving, -and being industrious at procuring and presenting, -memorials and petitions. He even influenced -some <em>merchants</em> of the town of Rippon in Yorkshire, -to petition the parliament, when that great -and important trade to Africa was under its consideration. -He likewise prevailed on many other -towns to petition, all as little interested and connected -with the trade of Africa, as Rippon; and -said Rippon was never famous for any other manufactory, -that we could hear of, but that of making -spurs; and the cream of the jest is, that not a -single pair, as a commercial article, was ever sent -to Africa; at the same time many other measures -were pursued, very singular methods taken, and -absolute untruths asserted as facts, to mislead the -legislature, in order, as it is supposed, to prevent -the forts and settlements being put upon a proper -establishment, that were all as inconsistent as the -Rippon petition.</p> - -<p>It was at that period boldly advanced at the -bar of the house of Commons, and with great industry -propagated among the members, that the -forts in <em>Africa</em> were only useful, as marks of possession<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[10]</span> -and sovereignty; which, if true, why has 19,565<em>l.</em> -14<em>s.</em> 2<em>d.</em> sterling been expended in building part of -a fort at <em>Anamaboa</em>, to the 30th June, 1756, as appears -by the African committee’s accounts to that -time, when the further building of that fort was -put under the direction of the board of ordnance<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>? -which sum has been since paid by the public more -than the annual grant of 10,000<em>l.</em> then insisted as -sufficient for the support of the forts. But we have -been informed, those prevaricating advocates have -since altered their opinion, and think it a very inadequate -sum for such purpose: and it appears by -the votes of the honourable house of Commons, -application has been made to parliament to enlarge -the annual grant; and there was granted for the -year 1761, 13,000<em>l.</em> and for the year 1762, the -like sum, by which it is conjectured the said advocates -have found it absolutely necessary that the -forts ought to be kept in a better state than that of -marks of <em>possession</em> and <em>sovereignty</em> only.</p> - -<p>But that cannot be done, when we consider in -what manner the money granted by parliament to -the African committee, is appropriated in Africa, -which the government never receives any account of.</p> - -<p>The great argument made use of to the then -ministers<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>, to obtain a dissolution of the late African -company, by the advocates for the present -system, was, that 10,000<em>l.</em> was quite adequate and -sufficient for the support and maintenance of the -forts. <ins class="err" id="err-10" title="Erratum: was 'This, I'"> -This, we</ins> believe, was one of the strongest<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[11]</span> -reasons for those ministers adopting their scheme, -which had as much truth in it, as many other assertions -at that time made use of.</p> - -<p>The late company, from their experience, insisted -that sum was very insufficient; which it really -was, even to give in presents annually to the principal -natives, to cultivate such an interest as is not -only necessary, but absolutely essential to support -and promote the honour, power, jurisdiction, and -trade of Great Britain on the coast of Africa. -However, there has been granted, since the forts -were put under the care of the present Africa -committee for their support, from 2d February, -1751, to 2d February, 1763, 136,000<em>l.</em> which -is 11,333<em>l.</em> 6<em>s.</em> 8<em>d.</em> <em>per annum</em>, exclusive of what -was expended in building the fort at Annamaboa. -Notwithstanding said grants, the forts have not -been kept even<a id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> as marks of possession and sovereignty; -which undeniable truth the <ins class="err" id="err-11" title="Erratum: was 'editor is'"> -editors are</ins> ready to prove, if called upon.</p> - -<p>Mourn! mourn! O <em>Liverpool</em>, for the loss of -thy great hero and champion, who was at all -times ready to enter the lists in defence of thy trade -and commerce. But, Britain rejoice; for what -may have been for the advantage of the town of -<em>Liverpool</em>, might be greatly detrimental and prejudicial -to the general trade and commerce of this -country and its colonies; which surely must -clearly appear from the beforementioned memorial. -<ins class="corr" id="tn-11" title="Transcriber’s Note—Original text: 'For I believe it'"> -For we believe it</ins> will be allowed, if we were -to encrease and extend the number of our colonies -in North America, and the West Indies, it would -be disadvantageous to Great Britain, unless they -can be supplied with a sufficient number of people -for their defence and cultivation, at as reasonable<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[12]</span> -an expence as possible; without taking the hands -that are useful and necessary in husbandry, and the -several manufactures of the mother-country.</p> - -<p>Then surely, as Guadaloupe was surrendered by -capitulation to the British arms, no longer than -since the 4th day of May, 1759; and as the merchants -of <em>Liverpool</em> had imported 12,347 Negroes -into that island some months ago, which must -have been the case, or they could not have had so -exact an account; we may well conclude that a -great number of Negroes have also been carried to -<em>Guadaloupe</em>, and the other conquered islands, by -the merchants of <em>London</em>, <em>Bristol</em>, and other ports, -that carry on a trade to <em>Africa</em>, and have been -carrying negroes from the time they had the last -accounts, which we may suppose to be at least six -months preceding the merchants of <em>Liverpool</em>’s -memorial being presented to lord Egremont.</p> - -<p>This must be undoubtedly of great advantage -to the <em>French</em> planters, and extremely detrimental -to our North American and West India colonies, -for want of the <em>Negroes</em> that have been sold to -those conquered islands; which must consequently -cause a scarcity, and enhance the price of those -carried to the real colonies of Great Britain. Because -the merchants of <em>Liverpool</em>, and others concerned -in the <em>African</em> trade, must be truly sensible, -that they can find beneficial markets in our colonies -for treble the number of Negroes they can purchase -with <em>British</em> manufactures. So that the consumption -of those manufactures is not encreased, as they -would insinuate, by their selling Negroes to the -<em>French islands</em> (<ins class="corr" id="tn-12" title="Transcriber’s Note—Original text: 'for so I must'"> -for so we must</ins> call them while they -have <em>French inhabitants</em>) when the selling such Negroes -is so apparently disadvantageous to our colonies -that are inhabited by British subjects; on -which account we submit, whether as we are to give -back to France <em>Martinico</em>, <em>Guadaloupe</em>, <em>Marigalante</em>,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[13]</span> -<em>Deserade</em>, and <em>St. Lucia</em>, orders should not -be immediately sent to the governors of such -islands, to prevent <em>British</em> subjects selling any Negroes -to the <em>French</em>, which it would be impolitic -to do, even were we to have kept possession of -them.</p> - -<p>The ships that have been fitted out, and are -upon their voyages with an intention to sell Negroes -on the <em>French islands</em>, may dispose of them in -the adjacent <em>British colonies</em>, where they will meet -with purchasers for any number, at such prices as -will make their voyages profitable. Therefore -such order will not be hurtful to the merchants, -but of great advantage to the <em>British planters</em>, and -consequently so to this country.</p> - -<p>It is for that reason we insist it was our interest -to return those islands to France, to whom (if proper -steps are pursued by us) they must and will -become a continual expence, burthen and incumbrance; -nor would our retention of them have -been an advantage to us: for as the inhabitants -are <em>French</em>, we must always have kept a military -force there at a very great expence, of which recruiting -would be no small part. And one great -consideration ought to be, the <em>number of British -subjects that would die in that unhealthy climate</em>, if -they were only the soldiers that must annually be -sent to complete the regiments necessary to be kept -on that service. That service alone would be productive -of a great expence; and the loss of so -many subjects would prove very detrimental to -<em>Great Britain</em>.</p> - -<p>Besides, for argument’s sake, let us suppose we -had kept <em>Martinico</em>, <em>Guadaloupe</em>, <em>St. Lucia</em>, <em>Marigalante</em> -and <em>Deserade</em>, it would have been highly -disadvantageous to the <em>British planters</em>, and must -prejudice them much in their circumstances, so as -in a short time to reduce the old <em>British</em> sugar<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[14]</span> -islands, now so populous and flourishing, to such a -state, that it <ins class="err" id="err-14" title="Erratum: was 'made me'"> -made us</ins> tremble to think of it; because -the British <em>African</em> traders would supply those -islands taken from the French with Negroes, in -preference to the old <em>British</em> colonies; which fully -appears by the number they have been supplied -with already; and as those islands are now ceded -to France, will be of great advantage to the planters -therein, by their having been in our possession, -on account of the Negroes they have purchased to -cultivate their plantations. And had we kept said -islands, as soon as they had been sufficiently stock’d, -they would have carried on a trade for the redundant -Negroes with their countrymen at <em>St. Domingo</em>. -Hence it appears, that great care must be -taken to prevent their having it in their power so -to do after those islands are restored to France; as -we do not in the least doubt, but from the intercourse -our countrymen have had with them for the -sake of profit, contracts will be made for such anti-national -purpose. And such a commerce would -enable them and the planters of <em>St. Domingo</em> to -cultivate sugar and other plantation-produce sufficient -to supply all Europe; and by such means -prevent Great Britain’s reaping the advantage that -she derives from the exportation of the produce of -her colonies: which is so essential a benefit to her, -and is one of the first causes of our receiving -<ins class="corr" id="tn-14" title="Transcriber’s Note—Original text: 'a ballance of trade'"> -a balance of trade</ins> from foreign countries, and in -which the landed interest, merchants and manufacturers -of <em>Great Britain</em> and <em>Ireland</em>, as also the -<em>planters</em> and <em>merchants</em> in our <em>colonies</em>, are so materially -concerned and interested. For the lands in -Britain must always rise and fall in proportion as -our manufactures and navigation prosper or decline, -and the national revenue encrease or diminish, -as the trade of our colonies is in a more or less -flourishing way.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[15]</span></p> - -<p>Therefore is it not evident, that there is not a -man in this kingdom, who, in proportion to his -possession and property in the community, does -not partake of the benefits and advantages accruing -from the <em>African</em>, <em>North American</em>, and <em>West -Indian</em> trades; and who would not be a sufferer in -proportion to his situation in life, should they diminish, -by falling into the hands of people belonging -to any other nation? where, supposing it to -be the case, the profit of those valuable trades -must consequently center.</p> - -<p>For notwithstanding the advantage the French -inhabitants would have had by our retention of -those islands, they would take nothing from us for -the use of themselves, or their plantations, but -what they were obliged to out of the greatest necessity; -as we have no wines to supply them with, -which are proper for that country: so that they -would have their wines, and every thing else they -could possibly procure, from France; having been -accustomed from their infancy to wear French, -which they would ever look on as their own native -manufactures. And <ins class="corr" id="tn-15" title="Transcriber’s Note—Original text: 'sorry I am to say'"> -sorry we are to say</ins>, too many -of them are used in the British colonies, as well -as in this country. For which reason they would -always have a dislike to British manufactures, and -that would induce them to pursue every measure -to smuggle their own into those islands; and -for the sake of profit, many English traders would -be induced to carry them from the Isle of Man, -Guernsey, Jersey, and other places, in preference -to those of their own country, which has already -been the case. But supposing it not so, the real -profits of those islands, while possessed by French -inhabitants, would not center in Great Britain, -but in France; because, on account of the difference -in religion, they would send their children -thither for education, and make provision for themselves<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[16]</span> -to retire there, always looking upon it as -their home. Even so our planters do in regard to -Great Britain; for all those who go to the West -Indies, or are born there, have no intention to end -their days in that climate, but are always aiming -to lay by a sufficiency to go home, as they call it; -that is, the <em>English</em> planters to come to <em>Great Britain</em>, -and the <em>French</em> to <em>France</em>.</p> - -<p>By what has hitherto been advanced, surely it -will evidently appear to every impartial reader, -that had we retain’d the French sugar islands, they -would not have been of any advantage to this -country, but on the contrary. It is not the number -of islands, where sugar, tobacco, rice, and -other plantation-products are raised, that will be -advantageous to this or any other country, without -they can be supplied with a sufficient number -of Negroes for their cultivation; the land being -all tilled by hand-labour with the hoe, as there -is no ploughing with oxen and horses in the West -Indies, except in Jamaica, where two or three -planters have used the plough to some part of their -plantations, where the soil was light, and of a sandy -nature; and all other work is done by <em>Negroes</em>, as -Europeans cannot do any laborious work there.</p> - -<p>Their field <em>labourers</em>, sugar <em>boilers</em>, <em>distillers</em>, <em>coopers</em>, -<em>mill-wrights</em>, <em>carpenters</em>, <em>masons</em>, <em>builders</em>, <em>smiths</em>, -and house <em>servants</em>, are <em>blacks</em>; therefore it is not -the number of islands, but the greatest number of -the <em>best Negroes</em> that benefit the mother-country, -<em>which sort</em> we can make appear, the French since -the year 1729, in times of peace, to the commencement -of the present war, have been constantly -supplied with. That is one of the true -causes why they have produced such quantities of -sugar, and other plantation-product; that for several -years before the war, they were become our -rivals at foreign markets, so far as to draw from<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[17]</span> -thence a great annual balance of trade in favour -of France.<a id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> But this <em>effect</em> would have been prevented, -if proper measures had been pursued by -us for the preservation of the <em>African</em> trade, to that -part of <em>Africa</em> where the hardy Negroes, who are -inured to labour in their own country, were to be -purchased.</p> - -<p>The French, from the year 1729, to the end of -the year 1738, carried from the <em>Gold Coast</em>, <em>Popo</em> -and <em>Whydah</em>, <em>fifteen</em> or <em>seventeen thousand</em> of those -valuable people annually; when <em>four thousand</em>, in -any one year during that period, were not carried -to the British plantations; which is the truest -reason that can be assigned for the prosperity of -the French colonies, and the main spring of the -great increase of their product. For they do not -understand the cultivation and management of a -plantation in any degree equal to the British planters: -therefore their advantage and success has -been owing, in a great measure, to the good and -hardy labourers they have had to till their land, -and manufacture the product of it.</p> - -<p>We doubt not but the merchants trading to -Africa will say, they have imported since the year -1729, more Negroes into the <em>British</em> sugar islands, -than the <em>French</em> have to theirs in time of peace (to -the commencement of the present war). We admit -they have, of Negroes from <em>Gambia</em>, <em>Calabar</em>, <em>Boney</em>, -<em>Benin</em>, the <em>windward coast</em>, and <em>Angola</em>. But -we take upon us to assert, they cannot with -truth say, they have imported to the colonies as<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[18]</span> -many Negroes from the <em>Gold Coast</em>, <em>Popo</em>, and <em>Whidah</em>, -which are the most valuable for the laborious -cultivation of the sugar cane, and other plantation-product, -and manufacturing it into sugar and -rum, for the following seasons.</p> - -<p>The <em>Gold Coast</em>, <em>Popo</em>, and <em>Whidah</em> Negroes are -born in a part of Africa that is very barren; a -small bullock carried thither from another part, -when fatted, will sell for near 32<em>l.</em> a sheep for -20<em>s.</em> four small fowls for 4<em>s.</em> sterling, and all other -provisions in proportion, except fish; and their -coarse kind of bread, which is their chief food. -On that account, when able to take the hoe in -hand, they are obliged to go and cultivate the -land for their subsistance. They also live hardily; -so that when they are carried to our plantations (as -they have been used to hard labour from their infancy) -they become a strong, robust people, and -can live upon the sort of food the planters allow -them; which is, bread made of Indian corn, and -fish, such as herrings and pilchards sent from Britain, -and dried fish from North America, being -such food as they lived upon in their own country. -Indeed they live better in general in our plantations; -and they are always ready, on their arrival -there, to go to the hard work necessary in -planting and manufacturing the sugar cane.</p> - -<p>On the other hand, the <em>Gambia</em>, <em>Calabar</em>, <em>Boney</em>, -and <em>Angola</em> Negroes are brought from those parts -of <em>Africa</em>, that are extremely fertile, where every -thing grows almost spontaneously; and where a -bullock may be bought for less than 20<em>s.</em> a sheep -for 1<em>s.</em> and a dozen of fowls for the same. They -have every other necessary of life in great plenty. -On that account, the men never work, but lead an -indolent life, and are in general of a lazy disposition -and tender constitution; for the necessary work -among them is done by the women, which is little<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[19]</span> -more than fetching wood to dress their victuals: -so that when those people are carried to our sugar -islands, they are obliged to be nursed, to be taken -great care of, and brought to work by degrees.</p> - -<p>The planters, when the <em>Gold Coast</em> and <em>Whidah</em> -Negroes were carried to the sugar colonies, before -the <em>French</em> interfered in that trade, found -there was not a sufficient number to extend their -cultivation, by carrying on all the different planting -business, and therefore were accustomed to purchase -those tender (the worst sort of) Negroes, and -employ them for <ins class="corr" id="tn-19" title="Transcriber’s Note—Original text: 'houshold servants'"> -household servants</ins>, to raise corn, -aloes, look after cattle, bring them up to trades -and easy labour, knowing them unfit for the -hard work necessary in sugar-plantations.</p> - -<p>The Negroes of the river <em>Gambia</em> are better than -the last-mentioned; both of which are much more -proper for the North American planters, as they -have plenty of provisions at a small expence, and, -on that account, can use them to gentle labour, -and inure them, by degrees, to work with the same -sort of food they were accustomed to in their own -country.</p> - -<p>But that is not the case of the planters in the -sugar islands; which sufficiently proves how disadvantageous -it must be to have such imported there, -in preference to those that would be so immediately -useful and serviceable, or to let the French -purchase the better sort.</p> - -<p>Yet such has been the case, it being for the interest -of the African merchants to supply the <em>British</em> -planters with the inferior sort, as each Negro -costs much less on the coast of <em>Angola</em>, &c. than -those from the <em>Gold Coast</em>, &c. which saves a great -deal in the outset of the cargoes sent to <em>Africa</em>, -and consequently greatly encreases the net profit -on the voyages, as the tender and worst sort of -Negroes will sell in the sugar islands for near as<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[20]</span> -great a price each as the best, provided there is -none of the latter at market; and a greater number -of the former being subject to die, must encrease -the demand.</p> - -<p><ins class="err" id="err-20" title="Erratum: was 'This I'"> -This we</ins> thought proper to take notice of, to shew -how necessary it will be for the interest of this -country, that the French should not for the future -be allowed to trade in <em>Africa</em>, at cape <em>Appollonia</em>, -or between it and the river <em>Volta</em>, where, and at -<em>Popo</em> and <em>Whidah</em>, to the eastward of that river, -the valuable Negroes beforementioned, adapted by -their natural constitution for cultivating the sugar -plantations, are to be purchased; otherwise in times -of peace, they will be constantly making encroachments -as heretofore; so that when the late -company’s governor at <em>Cape Coast Castle</em> saw a -<em>French</em> vessel upon the Gold Coast, he used to order -an officer to go on board with a message to -the following purport.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>“You are ordered on board the <em>French</em> vessel, -to tell the master, the governor and council do -not make trade with the subjects of <em>France</em>,<a id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> -nor do they suffer the natives to trade with them. -But as there subsists a good friendship and alliance -between the king of Great Britain and the -French king, if the master should be distressed -for water, or such like necessaries, he might -have it upon application, by admitting an officer -on board, to prevent his having intercourse -with the natives, or others, till he should have -received such supplies; but that he should not -be allowed to trade to the westward of the river -<em>Volta</em>, which if he attempted, proper measures -would be taken to prevent and obstruct his commerce. -Therefore, should he neglect those orders, -and receive any damage thereby, it would<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[21]</span> -be his own fault; as the governor and council -held the trade of the <em>Gold Coast</em>, the indubitable -right and property of <span class="smcap">the Royal African -company of England</span>.”</p> -</div> - -<p>This warning sometimes had the desired effect; -at others, the governor and council were obliged -to arm vessels to drive them off, which occasioned -the masters of French ships to protest against the -said governor and council. The protests were sent -to them by the chevalier <em>Glandeuves</em>, commodore -of <i>le Content</i> and <i>Oriflamme</i>, two French men of -war, in his letters dated <em>Annamaboa Road</em>, the 9th -and 12th of February, 1751, wherein he insisted -that the French had an undoubted right to trade -to any part of Africa, out of gun-shot of any European -fort.</p> - -<p>How far the then governor and council were -justifiable, in arming private ships to defend and -preserve the trade and commerce under their care -in time of peace, or any future council may be -for exerting themselves in a like manner, we will -not undertake to say; but are fully satisfied the -French will go thither, and that the governor of -the fort at Annamaboa will not be able to prevent -their having intercourse with the natives, but by -arming vessels to see them to the eastward of the river -<em>Volta</em>. For we are of opinion, property and right -are not to be tamely given up in that part of the -world, in hopes of relief from our administration -at home; it being so remote from the giving of -immediate redress, and distant from appeal; or at -least, it has happened so in all complaints made to -former ministers. Many instances thereof can be -given, which <ins class="err" id="err-21" title="Erratum: was 'induced me'"> -induced us</ins> to lay before the public -the foregoing observations, as the present seems -the most proper time to have such rights settled, to -prevent future disputes between the subjects of -both nations, which if not prevented in an effectual<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[22]</span> -manner, by putting the forts upon an establishment, -that the officers commanding them may -be in such situation, as to protect the trade under -their care from the encroachments of any foreigners, -will inevitably happen.</p> - -<p>It is also necessary to remark, that the French -should not be permitted to re-settle a factory they -had before the war at <em>Abreda</em>, about a league below -<em>James Fort</em>, in the river <em>Gambia</em>, which was -destroyed by that gallant sea officer, and brave -commander Sir George Pocock, in the year 1744, -but settled again after the peace; and again destroyed -this war by Capt. Marsh, commander of -his majesty’s ship Harwich.</p> - -<p>If they are not permitted to re-establish that -factory, and the trade of <em>Gambia</em> and <em>Senegal</em> rivers -are pursued in a proper manner, <em>Goree</em> will be of no -consequence, but an expence to France, for many -good reasons we think it improper at present to enlarge -upon; knowing there is a work in hand that -will soon be published, wherein all the advantages of -the <em>African trade</em> are fully considered from the -time <span class="allsmcap">LETTERS PATENT</span> were granted by king -Charles the second, the 27th day of September, -1672, to establish and incorporate the late royal -African company of England; shewing how the -trade was carried on by that company, and the -true cause of their having been rendered unable -to support their forts and settlements without the -aid of government, with the ill consequences that -attended the decay of that valuable branch of British -commerce, on which the prosperity of our colonies, -and so many branches of our manufactures, -depend; followed by observations on the qualities -of manufactures sent thither, and the regulations -that it is necessary should be made regarding the -same. To which will be added, a plan to revive -and extend that trade to the inland parts of <em>Africa</em>,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a>[23]</span> -so as the most valuable Negroes may be secured -for the British planters, as the only means to prevent -the growth of the French colonies, or at least -to make them extremely expensive and burthensome -to their mother-country; and, on the contrary, -ours to become of the greatest benefit and -advantage to Great Britain and Ireland.</p> - -<p>Senegal is most certainly a great and valuable acquisition -to this country, if put upon a proper establishment, -as it will secure to us all the gum trade, -so useful in our manufactures, and will greatly -encrease the slave, gold and ivory trades in <em>Gambia</em> -river. For when Senegal was in possession of the -French, by means of a fort they had at <em>Gallam</em>, -about five hundred miles from the sea up that river -(since the decline of the late Africa company, -by no factory being kept at <em>Fatatenda</em>, about the -same distance up <em>Gambia</em> river) intercepted the -greatest part of the slave, ivory and gold trades, -that came from the several inland countries to the -north east of those rivers: therefore, if proper steps -are taken, those trades may be greatly encreased -and extended at an inconsiderable expence, not -having the subjects of any foreign nation to <ins class="corr" id="tn-23" title="Transcriber’s Note—Original text: 'inteterest themselves'"> -interest themselves</ins> against such a scheme.</p> - -<p>The African merchants, to vindicate themselves -in carrying on the trade for the <em>worst Negroes</em> in -preference to the other, give out, that the better -sort are not to be come at. But there is no other -grounds for such an <ins class="err" id="err-23" title="Erratum: was 'assertions'"> -assertion</ins>, than that the roads to -those great and populous inland countries lying at -the back of the forts and settlements on the <em>Gold -Coast</em>, have been stopt since the year 1738, which -has prevented all intercourse with the natives, except -those who live within about fifty miles of the -sea-coast; whereby a stop was put to that great -trade which came down, when the roads were kept -open by the power and influence of the company’s<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24"></a>[24]</span> -officers, and by their alliance and friendship with -the several princes and people in power, living in -the different <em>countries near</em>, and in the <em>towns</em> on the -said <em>roads</em>, that were opened and settled by the -late company’s officers at a very great expence.</p> - -<p>One great reason for the decline of their power -and influence was, by the masters of private trading -vessels putting in practice every measure they -could invent to <ins class="corr" id="tn-24" title="Transcriber’s Note—Original text: 'villify and render'"> -vilify and render</ins> the company’s -officers insignificant and contemptible to the inland -people and Negroes under their command.</p> - -<p>By which sinister machinations, they lost that -weight and authority so necessary for them to act -as protectors of the injured, and mediators in adjusting -and deciding disputes that frequently happen -between <em>African</em> princes; which if the company’s -officers cannot accomplish by policy, presents, -or amicable measures, they should be maintained -in such a respectable situation, as to be able -to join the injured party, and to compel the refractory -to accommodate matters<a id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a>, so as to procure -peace, and bring the country to a state of tranquillity.</p> - -<p>For it is a mistaken notion, that the company’s -officers (during their command) created wars between -the <em>African</em> chiefs, in order to purchase the -prisoners, which should be made on either side. -This falsehood was propagated also at a certain -time, to serve particular purposes. On the contrary, -slaves are bred in the inland parts of <em>Africa</em>, -and sent for sale, according to the want those people -are in for <em>European</em> manufactures; the same as -an ox or horse is taken to market, when a farmer -in England wants money to pay his rent, or for -other purposes. Every man in Africa is looked<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25"></a>[25]</span> -upon to be a man of property and power in proportion -to the number of Negroes he is possessed -of.</p> - -<p>When such disputes as above glanced at happen, -the consequence is an immediate stoppage of the -roads by those people nearest the sea-side, to prevent -their adversaries getting guns, powder, or -any other necessaries for war; which in 1738 occasioned -the king of <em>Warsaw</em>, and his allies, to draw -a discriminating line along the <em>Gold Coast</em> for that -intent; and this hath ever since prevented all <ins class="corr" id="tn-25" title="Transcriber’s Note—Original text: 'intercouse and trade'"> -intercourse and trade</ins> with the inland natives in the -direct way; as also any gold or slaves for sale coming -from them, except a few stolen away by the -king of <em>Warsaw</em>’s soldiers, with a little gold; and -an inconsiderable number of slaves brought from -the great kingdom of <em>Ashantee</em>, in a very difficult -and dangerous way, by the traders of that country, -in order to purchase guns and powder at the <em>British</em>, -<em>Dutch</em>, and <em>Danish</em> forts at <em>Acra</em>.</p> - -<p>These traders are obliged to come and return in -arm’d bodies, many miles round about through -strange countries, where they are afraid of being -plundered by the natives of their European goods, -and are themselves in danger of being seized upon, -and sold as slaves, which prevents their bringing -the trade down as usual.</p> - -<p>Consequently, whenever the proper roads are -open, and protection given, there will be a great -number of slaves, gold dust and elephants teeth -brought down to the sea-side, to purchase British -manufactures for supplying the inhabitants of those -extensive countries, that have stood in need of them -so many years.</p> - -<p>The obstructing of such intercourse has occasioned -our planters being deprived of fifteen or -twenty thousand of the best and most useful Negroes<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26"></a>[26]</span> -yearly for their plantations,<a id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> and Great Britain -has thereby also been prevented from receiving -<em>fifty or sixty thousand ounces</em> of gold dust,<a id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> besides -thirty or forty tons of elephants teeth annually.<a id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p> - -<p>It is highly probable that <em>Africa</em> abounds with -gold mines, richer than those in the Brazil, or in -any other country; for the late African company, -in the infancy of their trade, imported from their -settlements on that coast, from the year 1675 to the -year 1690, as much gold as was coined at the -Tower into 400,000 guineas<a id="FNanchor_12" href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a>, exclusive of what -was sent and brought home by their officers and -servants, who were always paid their salaries and -commissions upon the trade they made in that commodity, -which must have been no inconsiderable -quantity; because, as the company extended their -forts and settlements upon the Gold Coast, their -gold trade increased so much, that they were used -to take in exchange for British manufactures, and -East India goods in <em>Africa</em>, upwards of two thousand -ounces of gold weekly, which can be proved -from authentic vouchers, and continued so to do -until such time as the private traders made incroachments -upon them, and overstocked the country -with goods by their competitions with each -other, which the natives took the advantage of, -and insisted upon the traders lowering the price of -European merchandize, and raising <ins class="err" id="err-26" title="Erratum: was 'that'"> -those</ins> of Africa, -by keeping their slaves, gold and ivory up to an -exorbitant price, and thereby getting as great a -quantity of goods, for a few slaves, as was sufficient -for their consumption; and was the cause of fewer<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27"></a>[27]</span> -being brought from the inland countries, as by the -high prices, before observed, the Negroes got what -goods they wanted for the small number sold, which -also prevented their bringing gold to market, and -by which means that valuable branch of the <em>African</em> -trade, of such importance to this country, was in a -great measure destroyed, and the profits thereof -centered with the natives of <em>Africa</em>.</p> - -<p>We believe the private traders will admit they -have not altogether imported from <em>Africa</em> into these -kingdoms two thousand ounces of gold annually<a id="FNanchor_13" href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>; -and that since the act of parliament for dissolving -the late company, and putting the forts and settlements -under the management of the committee of -the company of merchants trading to Africa, the -officers commanding there, have not taken gold -sufficient to pay the annual salaries of their servants, -though they are fewer in number than <ins class="err" id="err-27" title="Erratum: was 'those kept'"> -those that were kept</ins> by the late company.</p> - -<p>From what has been stated, we conjecture it will -appear, that the <em>British</em> forts in <em>Africa</em> are not upon -a proper plan; if they were, the commanding officers -for the committee of the company of merchants -trading to <em>Africa</em>, would, in eleven years and upwards, -have opened those roads (which have been -so long stopt) that the colonies and mother-country -might receive those great benefits and advantages -beforementioned, by having the trade brought -down to the forts without interruption, from the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28"></a>[28]</span> -remotest parts of <em>Africa</em>, as it was in the time of the -late company’s prosperity; but that has not been -done, and as the British traders declined that trade -many years before the <em>French</em> seized the opportunity -of stepping in, and reaped so great advantages -thereby, as to have carried to their colonies, not -fewer than one hundred and fifty thousand of those -useful people, from the year 1729 to the year 1739.</p> - -<p>This induces us to think, that the <em>British</em> merchants -forsook that trade, and made the opposition -they did to the late company, to get the forts and -settlements under their management, to prevent -other people putting them upon a proper establishment, -that might hinder the French making the -encroachments they have made in time of peace -(and consequently carrying to their plantations those -most useful people) in order to follow their more -favourite trades to <em>Benin</em>, <em>Calabar</em>, and the coast of -<em>Angola</em>, because there they can purchase three hundred -Negroes with a cargo of 3600<em>l.</em> value, when -that number upon the Gold Coast would cost in -March last 4950<em>l.</em><a id="FNanchor_14" href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a>. Therefore we fear the private -interest of said opposers rather gained an ascendency -over them, to the great prejudice and disadvantage -of the British colonies and the mother-country, -and to the great emolument of the French; -which we thought proper to observe at this juncture, -and to hint also, that it will be more fully set -forth in the description of the African trade beforementioned.</p> - -<p>We hope to see a minister at the head of the administration -in this country, devoid of faction and -corruption, that no private pique or prejudice -against person or party will so far influence him, as -not to pay a due and impartial attention to what is<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29"></a>[29]</span> -laid before the legislative power, relative to that -valuable branch of British commerce, the <em>African</em> -trade.</p> - -<p>We shall rejoice that such enquiries will not for -the future be prevented by ministerial direction, as -happened at a certain period, when it had cost great -pains and expence to bring a matter of the utmost -importance to this country to a hearing, which was -frustrated, by putting a previous question in a great -assembly on purpose to prevent such enquiry; notwithstanding -several persons had been examined -with respect to the <em>African</em> trade, as well as the expenditure -of public money<a id="FNanchor_15" href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a>; and for no other reason, -as we could learn, or can conceive, than<a id="FNanchor_15a" href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> that -one of the greatest planters in the world (who at -this time so worthily fills the first office in this metropolis) -promoted said enquiry; which, under a -wise and able minister, would have been a sufficient -reason for examining minutely into an affair of -such national consequence.</p> - -<p>For what must be prejudicial to that planter’s interest, -must in proportion be so to every other in -the sugar colonies: and those of small property -must feel the effects of being supplied with the worst -sort of Negroes at exorbitant prices, more than -those of affluent circumstances.</p> - -<p>We have the honour to know that gentleman -well, and are fully satisfied he was induced to exert -himself in behalf of that enquiry, not from a motive -of private interest, but for the general good of -all those interested in, and concerned for the prosperity -of the <em>British</em> colonies.</p> - -<p>We therefore hope he will long live to employ -his great abilities in promoting all good, and opposing -all bad measures, with that zeal and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30"></a>[30]</span> -spirit he hath always done, as also to prevent, -to the utmost of his power, any minister (hereafter) -daring to smuggle accounts into a certain assembly, -although great objections had been made to them, -before those objections were canvassed and cleared -up; and that he will ever oppose the issuing public -money intended for other services, till a satisfactory -account is given, which has been the case<a id="FNanchor_16" href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a>. However, -we shall not at present enlarge further upon -this head, because we know an abstract of the report -of the committee, appointed by the honourable -house of commons, will soon be published, to -which we beg leave to refer our readers.</p> - -<p>When the enquiry, relative to the <em>African</em> trade, -was under consideration before the honourable -house of commons in the year 1758, Mr. Pitt, that -wise, great and able statesman, who has done his -king and country so many eminent and good services, -was pleased to declare, that he believed the -then method of carrying on the <em>African</em> trade -wanted alteration and amendment. He also added, -that when we should be so happy as to have a peace, -he would be at all times ready to examine into it, -and give all the assistance in his power to put it -upon such a footing, that our plantations might be -supplied with the best and most valuable Negroes -at reasonable rates. We doubt not but he will -make good his promise to lend his able assistance, -and also to recommend it to the administration to -begin such an enquiry, and continue it, in order to -amend the present, or form such other plan, as will -preserve and secure that valuable trade to the <em>British</em> -subjects, as the only and certain means to encrease<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31"></a>[31]</span> -the produce of the <em>British</em>, and lessen that of the -<em>French</em> colonies. For, with the islands we already -possess, and those which it appears by the preliminaries -are to be ours, we shall have a sufficient -number to raise sugar, <em>&c.</em> for the consumption of -all Europe, if our British planters are properly supplied -with the best sort of Negroes for their cultivation.</p> - -<p>When that gentleman has assisted in doing this -further service to his country, we sincerely wish -him a long series of uninterrupted health, to enjoy -the fruits of an honourable and permanent peace; -and that he may be held in that esteem, reverence -and honour, he so justly merits from all lovers of -this country.</p> - -<p>Should <ins class="corr" id="tn-31" title="Transcriber’s Note—Original text: 'such an equiry'"> -such an enquiry</ins> be made, we hope some -method will be found out, to examine all persons -at the bar of the house of commons upon oath; -for if that could be done, it would save the house -a deal of trouble, and prevent their receiving false -information in matters of the utmost consequence -to this nation and its commerce. Because we have -heard people assert at that bar, what, to our knowledge, -they at the same time knew to be intirely -false; which we most sincerely wish could be remedied; -or at least that persons examined there, -upon matters of importance, should be informed -they will be examined with respect to the same matter -upon oath, at the bar of the house of lords, -which we presume may be done; and if done, will -be attended with great and good consequences to -the whole community.</p> - -<p>We cannot omit observing; that it was industriously -reported, propagated, and even urged as an -argument in a great assembly, when the state of the -sugar islands was under their consideration in the -year 1758, that the British planters had formed a -scheme for a monopoly, by agreeing only to cultivate<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32"></a>[32]</span> -such part of their lands as would produce but -a certain quantity of sugar, in order to raise the -price, and exactingly to obtain as much for a little -as a great quantity; which was as true and likely -to be the case, as if the farmers of <em>Great Britain</em>, -<em>Ireland</em>, <em>France</em>, <em>Sweden</em>, <em>Poland</em> and <em>Denmark</em> were -to enter into a combination to leave such parts of -their lands uncultivated, with an unfair intent of -raising the price of grain; which we believe any -person will readily admit can never be brought -about, although a correspondence may be easier, -and in much less time carried on between the farmers -of those nations, than the planters of our sugar colonies, -as those of Jamaica cannot correspond -with Barbadoes, or any other part of the sugar -islands, sooner than by way of <em>Great Britain</em> or -<em>North America</em>, which would at least be six months -before they could hear from each other; that impediment -alone is sufficient to shew, that people thus -separated, though ever so well inclined, can never -form a monopoly.</p> - -<p>Besides, would it not be absurd, even to suppose -that the farmers of Great Britain, and other -nations, who inhabit corn countries, do not raise -as much grain upon their farms as they possibly -can procure servants at reasonable wages, and can -stock them with horses, cattle, <em>&c.</em> at a cheap -rate?</p> - -<p>But if they are obliged to pay great wages to -their servants, and extravagant prices for their -stock, they can then only put in execution the cultivation -of their lands by degrees, which is exactly -the case of the British planters; for had they a sufficient -supply of the proper sort of Negroes at reasonable -rates, they would not let any of their land -lie idle that was worth being cultivated.</p> - -<p>Therefore the true reason why some lands may -lie unplanted in the sugar islands is, it would -greatly prejudice any planter in their circumstances,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33"></a>[33]</span> -to attempt to make new plantations with those -tender sort of Negroes, who have been carried to -them in great numbers for several years past, and -sold at the extravagant prices from 50<em>l.</em> to 54<em>l.</em> -and upwards each; whereas the best sort of Negroes, -at the time the late company cultivated and -preserved the trade on the <em>Gold Coast</em>, <em>Popo</em>, and -<em>Whidah</em>, so as to prevent the French carrying the -best sort of Negroes to their plantations, who -therefore were sold in ours at the moderate prices -of 20<em>l.</em> to 25<em>l.</em> a head the highest; which was a -very great encouragement to the planters to clear -their lands, and cultivate new plantations, enabling -them thereby greatly to improve and encrease the -product of the islands, which it must be their interest -to do to the very extent of their power, if their -lands are situated with any sort of convenience for -water, or other carriage, to convey the product of -their plantation to the sea-ports, notwithstanding -what was at that time advanced to the contrary, to -serve particular purposes, and in order to divert -the attention of the legislature from the real causes.</p> - -<p>For whatever people may think, who are not well -acquainted with the colonies, because they see some -of our planters come to settle here in great opulence; -that is no reason why those remaining in the -colonies are all rich; for if they were, few of them -would stay there: on the contrary, they are obliged -to cultivate their lands with the greatest pains and -industry, in order to raise as much sugar and other -product as they possibly can, to pay the debts they -owe: for there is not a sugar island but what is -considerably indebted to Great Britain; so that -whatever disadvantages the planters of our colonies -labour under, they must terminate by being prejudicial -to this country.</p> - -<p>We cannot help once more observing, it is not -having the most sugar islands that will be the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34"></a>[34]</span> -greatest benefit and advantage to the mother-country, -unless such islands can be supplied with a sufficient -number of the best Negroes for their cultivation; -therefore as <em>Great Britain</em>, <em>France</em>, <em>Spain</em>, -<em>Holland</em> and <em>Denmark</em> have encreased their number, -and extended their colonies to such a degree, that -Africa cannot sufficiently supply them all with Negroes, -including those that the Portuguese want -and carry off. On that account, in our humble -opinion, the contest ought to be, not who has -the most islands, but who can secure the trade to -those parts of Africa, where the best and greatest -number of those useful people are to be procured, -as the only means to promote the interest and prosperity -of their colonies who may be so lucky to -succeed in doing it, but will be very disadvantageous -to their competitors.</p> - -<p>From what has been before observed, <ins class="corr" id="tn-34" title="Transcriber’s Note—Original text: 'I presume it'"> -we presume it</ins> will be admitted that every equitable -method ought to be pursued and put in practice -by Great Britain, to secure to herself as much as -possible the African trade, in order to prevent the -French purchasing Negroes. For the same reason -we take all the measures we possibly can, to hinder -<ins class="corr" id="tn-34a" title="Transcriber’s Note—Original text: 'the smuggling wool'"> -the smuggling of wool</ins>, or any of our artificers and -manufacturers going to France. It cannot be too -much insisted on that the Negroes are of as much -consequence and use for the cultivation of our colonies, -as the wool is to our manufactory, for these -obvious reasons; that the Negroes are the artificers, -manufacturers, and labourers in the colonies; because -the whole process, from clearing and preparing -the ground to plant the sugar cane, and -manufacturing it into sugar and rum, and the putting -it on board the ships, is the work of Negroes; -therefore it surely must be very prejudicial to our -interest to sell any of those useful people to the -French, even were they to pay gold or silver for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35"></a>[35]</span> -them: there are, besides, much more cogent reasons -to be given why we should exert ourselves to -prevent the French, as much as we can, carrying -<ins class="corr" id="tn-35" title="Transcriber’s Note—Original text: 'them frm Africa'"> -them from Africa</ins>.</p> - -<p>If there should at any time be more Negroes -brought to the British colonies than are necessary -for the cultivation there, which <ins class="err" id="err-35" title="Erratum: was 'I have'"> -we have</ins> great reason -to believe is seldom, or perhaps will never be the -case, then such Negroes may be sold to the Spaniards -or Portuguese, because they would pay gold -or silver for them; and moreover, the slaves so -disposed of, would be employed in the mines of -America, and not in cultivating sugar and other -plantation produce, as would be the consequence if -the French were allowed to be the purchasers; by -which means they would be effectually enabled to -become our rivals in trade, as well on account of -their national encouragement and advantages peculiar -to them, by which they may be capacitated to -sell the product of their plantations considerably -cheaper than we can ours at foreign markets<a id="FNanchor_17" href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_36"></a>[36]</span></p> - -<p>In order to remove the prejudices of many worthy -and tender-minded persons against the Negro-trade, -which from a delicacy natural to civilized nations, -they declare to be quite contrary to all dictates of -humanity, and a disgrace to the professors of the -christian religion, we shall lay before them and the -public a true state of the case. As there is no occasion -to enlarge how essentially and absolutely necessary -it is to have Negroes for the cultivation of our -colonies, which is explained in the foregoing sheets; -therefore we shall only beg leave to observe, by -the best information that could be obtained, Africa -in general is divided into little kingdoms and states, -which, when at peace, the natives thereof breed -slaves for sale, as our farmers do stock on their -farms, and sell them as their necessity requires, -which was a traffic carried on among themselves before -Europeans traded thither; and when overstocked, -their practice was putting to death (often -with great torture) the prisoners taken in war. Those -that are bred slaves, are always very desirous to be -purchased by white people, as they are infinitely better -used than by their black masters, who allow -them but a bare subsistance, and treat them with -the greatest barbarity; and were used to put several -to death through custom, when they buried -persons above the common rank, and oftentimes -merely through wantonness, which is prevented by -their having found an advantageous and lucrative -market for them.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37"></a>[37]</span></p> - -<p>Those Negroes taken in war, or prisoners for feloniously -committing <ins class="corr" id="tn-37" title="Transcriber’s Note—Original text: 'crimes in despight'"> -crimes in despite</ins> of the laws, -made by the officers commanding the European -forts, such laws having been agreed to by the natives -under their command and protection, also by -those laws made by the kings and princes in the inland -countries, are now sold, but often unwilling to -go on board ships; perhaps, on account of having -lived in a better situation in their own country than -those who have been bred up in slavery from their -infancy; therefore they often contrive to make -their escape, and by speaking the language, persuade -others to join and assist them to take the ship -from the Europeans, of which we have had too many -fatal instances, and is entirely owing to their ignorance -in not knowing the place they are destined -to; and also that they will be much better treated -and looked after in our colonies than they ever -were in their country; so that when bought by Europeans, -they are in a manner rescued from a state -of misery as to treatment; for in the colonies, -when they are sick, they have great care taken of -them, and physicians to administer proper medicines -for their relief; which, on a similar occasion, -their black masters would give themselves no care -or concern about them.</p> - -<p>Besides, many of them are instructed in the -principles of religion, and become christians and -men of property, which, from experience, we know -to be true, having talked with several who had no -desire to see their own country, living much more -comfortably in our colonies. And we think it -would be politic to send two or three Negroes on -board every ship that goes to Africa, that can talk -the different languages of the countries the master -of such ship intends to trade to, that they might -inform their countrymen how they had <ins class="err" id="err-37" title="Erratum: was 'ben'"> -been</ins> treated. -Such measures, we are convinced, would prevent<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38"></a>[38]</span> -the loss of many lives, by the Negroes being satisfied -they were going where they would be better -treated than in their own country; and, at the -same time, to eradicate that opinion many of them -have, that they are going to be fed and eaten, -which, if effected, would be a means to quiet their -minds, so as not to attempt rising on board of -ships.</p> - -<p>In all fluctuating societies, such as merchants -trading to a country so remote and little known as -Africa, many more than the majority are liable to -be imposed on, even in the trade they intend to -support, a misfortune owing to the want of local -knowledge, and personal experience.</p> - -<p>What chance for truth do those merchants in general -stand, whose ears few other accounts reach, -than the imperfect relation of some master of a -ship, mariner or traditionalist, little to be credited, -and less to be depended upon? As to the former (if -capable) he has little time or opportunity to speculate -into the <em>trade</em>, <em>manners</em>, <em>customs</em>, and <em>temper</em> of -the <em>natives</em>, which they are seldom long enough at -a place to do; and who, from motives of immediate -profit, pursue measures they think most conducive -to make a quick voyage, which is all they -turn their minds to; yet many of them, when -they arrive in Europe, will take upon themselves -to give information in the most interesting matters; -which, without having lived in the country for a -considerable length of time, it is impossible for -them to do with accuracy and any degree of truth, -notwithstanding such impositions being propagated, -have in general prevailed and influenced the minds -of people to such a degree, that those of certain -boroughs, far from having, as has been before observed, -the least connection, interest, or so much -as acquainted in the most minute manner with the -African trade, presented their petitions to the honourable<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39"></a>[39]</span> -house of commons to lay open the same; -though many of the said boroughs have not since -sent the most trifling adventure to Africa, which at -that time, and before, when the forts were under -the direction of the late royal African company, -the trade was much more free and open than it has -been since under the management of the committee -of the company of merchants trading to Africa, -which we conjecture will appear from the following -extract of letters, certificates and affidavits<a id="FNanchor_18" href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a>, -we think it highly necessary, and even our duty, -to lay before the public, thereby to shew how far -they have been imposed on by false pretenders to -knowledge.</p> - -<p class="negin1">Extract of a letter from on board the Fly sloop at -Bristol, Alexander Graham, master, dated 16 -March, 1750, to the late royal African company’s -governor at Cape Coast Castle.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>“I write this to acquaint you, that the French -vessels sailed two days ago; I acknowledge myself -obliged to you for the method you have -taken to send them off, am very much obliged -to you for your advice; have sent my armourer -to alter some handcuffs, your permission will -much oblige, <em>&c.</em>”</p> -</div> - -<p class="negin1">Extract of a letter from six British masters of vessels, -dated on board the Polly in Annamaboa -Road, 20 March, 1750. To the same.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>“Your favour of yesterday we received, and -thank you for the promise of assistance, in protecting -the privileges of the British subjects trading -to this place, too much invaded by the -French, and too little protected from home, but<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40"></a>[40]</span> -at this time shall have no occasion to trouble -you. The French ship is sailed, <em>&c.</em>”</p> -</div> - -<p class="negin1">Extract of a letter from Richard Haskins, master -of a ship from Bristol; dated Annamaboa Road, -27 Dec. 1750. To the same.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>“Am much obliged to you for your kind intelligence, -and all other favours; I shall be obliged -to you to dispatch the carpenter as soon as possible, -being in great want of him. I am, <em>&c.</em>”</p> -</div> - -<p class="negin1">Extract of a letter from John Jepson, master of -a snow from Rhode-Island, dated Annamaboa -Road, 3 July, 1751. To the same.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>“I am sorry you are going off the coast: -but however, as I can do no more for you, -beg to return you my hearty and sincere thanks -for your many favours from time to time, not -only from your willingness to supply us with -any thing in your power of tradesmen’s work, -or any other thing; but also for your pains -and vigilance in protecting the trade, <em>&c.</em> -which will always be justifiable, and hope will -redound to your honour and credit, which is the -sincere wish, <em>&c.</em>”</p> -</div> - -<p class="negin1">Extract of two letters from Henry Ellis, master of -the ship Hallifax, from Bristol, dated Annamaboa -Road, the 13th, and 28th July, 1751. -To the same.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>“The boards you sent me were of real service; -I hope you will not omit charging any expence -I put you to, as I can discharge that, though -not so easily your good offices: we cannot help -the death of the slaves, they are mortal; but do -not think it adviseable to give them rice, as that -kind of diet first gave them a swelling.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41"></a>[41]</span></p> - -<p><em>N. B.</em> He landed all his sickly slaves, which -were kept and taken care of in the castle.</p> -</div> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>“We are not a little astonished at the pains -these new agents take to prejudice the shipping -here, by settling factories ashore to intercept the -trade, and by giving equal prices with us, in -order to distress us the more; it has already been -some money out of the merchants pockets; we -have been obliged to raise the price, or lie idle, -under the hardships we endure. I cannot help -observing the chagrin of the Liverpool captains, -who loudly complain of the new management.”</p> - -<p>“I entirely join issue with you, that this new-fram’d -project will become an errand job, though -but for a season; for I look upon it, the physic -of commerce, which, though it may disorder, -as at present, will in the end work its cure. I -am, <em>&c.</em>”</p> -</div> - -<p class="negin1">Extract of a certificate of eight British masters of -vessels, dated Annamaboa Road, 3 July, 1751. -To the same.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>“We being informed that a report hath been -spread, that the late royal African company’s -governor commanding on this coast, hath, during -his command, acted in an arbitrary tyrannic -manner, both to Europeans and natives on -this coast; do hereby, in justice to the reputation -of that gentleman, voluntarily certify, that -we never heard of, or experienced, any part of -his character or behaviour but what was humane -and good, tending to promote the British interest -and trade in these parts. And farther, that -he has, from time to time, readily assisted us -with all things each or any of us stood in need -of at cape Coast Castle, during his command -there, to the utmost of his power, as we sincerely<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_42"></a>[42]</span> -believe. In witness whereof we have set -our hands, <em>&c.</em>”</p> -</div> - -<p class="negin1">Certificate from Capt. Thomas Derbyshire, of Liverpool, -relating to the use granted him of -Tantumquery fort.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>“This is to certify whom it may concern, that -during my making a voyage to the Gold Coast -of Africa, and my lying at Annamaboa, I settled -a factory at Lagoe; where from a disturbance -there seemed likely to be in the country, I -did not think my goods safe in the factory-house -I had taken: and on my being at cape -Coast Castle in the year 1750, and intimating -the same to the then governor, he offered me -the use of Tantumquery fort to carry on trade -therein, which I accepted; and ordered my -gunner to take my goods from the factory at -Lagoe, and lodge them in Tantumquery fort, -which he did, and continued in the same for -upwards of three months to carry on his trade. -And Mr. John Clifton, chief of said fort, had -orders to render him every service and good -office in his power, without fee or reward; neither -did the said governor receive any benefit, -profit or advantage in any shape or manner, in -consideration for my having the use of the fort -aforesaid. To certify which, I set my hand this -16 Aug. 1751, <em>&c.</em>”</p> -</div> - -<p class="negin1">Extract of a certificate, dated 28 Dec. 1753, from -seven masters of ships, that in the late company’s -time traded to the coast of Africa.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>“That the late company’s governor, during -the continuance of his authority and command -on the coast of Africa, did every thing in his<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43"></a>[43]</span> -power to promote the British interest and trade -there: and from time to time assisted in doing -us such service as our occasions required. In -witness whereof we set our hands, <em>&c. &c.</em>”</p> -</div> - -<p>We think it unnecessary to trouble the public -with any further proofs relative to the conduct of -the late royal African company and their officers, -to shew that they did every thing in their power -to promote the trade of the British subjects in -Africa, as we shall reserve them for a work that is -in hand; therefore will only state some facts regarding -the African committee, their governors, -and officers by them appointed to have the command -and management on the Gold Coast and -Whydah in Africa, for the public to form their -judgment from.</p> - -<p>That by an act of parliament, passed in the 23d -year of the reign of his late majesty, the trade to -Africa was intended to be made free and open to -all his majesty’s subjects, without distinction or -preference. But contrary to the intentions of the -said act, that trade has been engrossed and monopolized -by the officers of the committee on the -Gold Coast and Whydah, by their entering into a -confederacy or joint stock, and intermixing the -government supplies with their own merchandize, -and by that means assorted themselves so as to -command said traffic.</p> - -<p>Those officers have many other great advantages -over free merchants and traders, such as having a -considerable part of their private merchandize sent -to them freight free, their extraordinary influence -over the natives, by the command of the several -castles to deposit their effects in, salaries, maintenance, -European servants, artificers, doctors, -castle-slaves, canoe-men, canoes, medicines, -stores and necessaries of all sorts, being under -their management and direction. Besides, the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_44"></a>[44]</span> -presents to princes, caboceers, and great men of -the countries, being defrayed by the public, together -with the said benefits arising from the government -supplies; and many other advantages which -they have taken, whereby they acquired such -a superiority over the free traders, as obliged the -merchants of Bristol and Liverpool to apply by -memorial in the year 1753, stating therein the -foregoing facts to the lords commissioners of trade -and plantation for redress, which will appear by -said memorial, supported by the following affidavits.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>“Affidavit of William Brown, master of the -Bristol, sworn 16 June, 1753, saith, that when -he was last in Africa carrying on trade, was informed -by Brew, chief of Tantumquery, and Withers, -chief of Winnebah, that they were engaged -in partnership in the slave trade with Melvil, -Young, and the other officers at cape Coast Castle.”</p> - -<p>“That Melvil and others told deponent, they -expected a ship from Holland with a Dutch -cargo, which ship they had some time before -sent to Jamaica with slaves.”</p> - -<p>“That he was in company with Dacres, chief of -Accra, who informed him Young was coming -to turn him out of the fort, by reason he would -not enter into partnership with Melvil and -Young; that Dacres declared he should have -been glad to have continued his employ, but -rather than be uneasy he would quit it, and -soon after did so. That deponent could not -purchase from the chiefs of forts, slaves under -an ounce and half, or two ounces a head more -than he gave for those of equal goodness to the -Negro traders, occasioned by the trade being -carried on by the chiefs of the forts.”</p> - -<p>“That deponent was informed by the Negroes -at Annamaboa, if he wanted to trade under the -forts, he must take canoes and canoe-men; for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45"></a>[45]</span> -the canoe-men under the forts were overawed -by the chiefs, and they durst not assist him in -trading; and deponent did so, and should have -been under difficulties if he had not so done; -and deponent found the Negroe traders under -said forts, cautious and fearful of trading with -him, lest the chiefs should know thereof, and -sent to deponent in a private manner, when they -had slaves to dispose of.”</p> - -<p>“That cape Coast, Tantumquery, Winnebah -and Accra were used by the chiefs as repositories -for their market slaves, and saw them -lodged in said castle and forts; that Negroes -will bear a high price as long as the chiefs are -permitted to trade in them, which will destroy -the trade with all persons, but the chiefs and -those settled at the forts.”</p> - -<p>“Affidavit of James Hamilton, chief mate of -the Polly of Bristol, sworn the same day as above. -Swears to the same purport and effect as above -set forth by Brown, in regard to the chiefs copartnership -conversation with Dacres, and his -being displaced, and the high price of slaves, -and the reasons, <em>&c.</em> And then saith, that during -his voyage, he hired a factory at Lagoe, and -endeavoured to purchase slaves; on which Brew -sent Negro traders and goods thither to oppose -deponent; and Brew told deponent, it was impossible -for him to trade to same advantage as -Brew could, as he had so good assortment of -goods; that if deponent gave eight ounces a -head for slaves<a id="FNanchor_19" href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a>, Brew would give eight and -half; and to intimidate deponent, declared he -would send the servants of the forts up the paths, -and prevent the trade coming down, and accordingly<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_46"></a>[46]</span> -did send them with liquor, and carried the -traders to his own fort. That Brew refused to -sell deponent slaves; and his reason was, Melvil -had wrote him not to sell, as he could get a -better price at cape Coast. That Young at Winnebah -refused deponent slaves at ten ounces per head, -unless deponent would give him the very best of -his cargo, which would have unsorted him.”</p> - -<p>“That Young refused him water for fifteen -slaves, and deponent was obliged to give the -natives fifteen shillings for forty gallons. That -he went on shore with his gold <ins class="err" id="err-46" title="Erratum: was 'taken'"> -taker</ins> at Succondee -to trade, carried some checks with him: -that Hippesly, the chief there, took the gold -taker on one side, whispered him, and threatened -to whip him if he ever saw him bring -goods there to trade with the natives.”</p> - -<p>“That the natives and canoe-men at all the forts -were fearful of trading with deponent, and declared -they were afraid of being seen by the -chiefs; that the forts were used as repositories -for slaves, and that the trade will be hurt by -the chiefs trading, as set forth by Brown.”</p> - -<p>“Affidavit of Alexander Graham, master of -the Fly, sworn the same day, saith, that when -he and Jenkins, commander of the Silvia, were -trading at Annamaboa, they at first bought -slaves at five ounces and half, and from thence -to seven and a half per head, and went on in a -good way. On a sudden found a stagnation, enquired -the occasion, and were informed the -prices were raised at the neighbouring forts; -and this deponent was obliged to give an advanced -price; that if the chiefs trade, the prices -will be high, and the trade hurt.”</p> -</div> - -<p>On the foregoing affidavits, and other allegations -and facts, “the merchants of Bristol and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47"></a>[47]</span> -Liverpool presented a memorial to the lords of -trade, setting forth among other things,</p> - -<p>“That an act was passed in the year 1750, for -making the trade to Africa free and open, for -which end the management of the forts and affairs -were trusted to the care of nine persons, a -committee, as there set forth; that the said committee -had the power of appointing officers and -servants for managing their affairs in Africa, -and discharging them at pleasure for not obeying -their orders, or other misdemeanors; and -they were to take care that the orders given -their servants did not extend to public detriment, -or the hurt of the free traders.”</p> - -<p>“That officers were appointed, and leave given -to trade (but not with foreigners, except Portuguese, -for gold and tobacco) so that they became -the regulators of the market. <ins class="corr" id="tn-47" title="Transcriber’s Note—Original text: 'The committe, by'"> -The committee, by</ins> the act, are annually to lay before the -general meeting of the company of the chambers -of London, all resolutions, orders and instructions -given their servants previous to such -meeting, and copies to be sent to Bristol and -Liverpool; but they have not so done.”</p> - -<p>“That the committee’s chief agents, instead of -regarding the interest of their constituents, have -acted opposite thereto, as soon as in power. Instead -of assisting the free trader, they entered -into a joint stock copartnership, and attempted -a monopoly more formidable than any could -have been at home, as they were on the spot, -and had the whole power.”</p> - -<p>“That the merchants of Bristol had advice -of the chief proceedings from their commanders, -which on their return they found too -true; and that by the attempts of the chiefs to -engross the trade, the prices of slaves were raised -much higher than ever known. Also that the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_48"></a>[48]</span> -commanders were denied what strangers were -always before assisted with, <em>viz.</em> canoes, canoe-men, -wood, water, <em>&c.</em>”</p> - -<p>“That a memorial was laid before the committee -for their relief, but, to their great surprize, -they found their complaints were treated -as groundless surmizes, and unjust aspersions of -the character of their officers, arising only from -personal prejudice and party interest; a second -and several repeated applications were made, -and the committee at last informed <ins class="corr" id="tn-48" title="Transcriber’s Note—Original text: 'the mananagers, that'"> -the managers, that</ins> they had referred the matter to the -lords of trade.” Accordingly their lordships -heard the matters in dispute between the merchants -of Bristol and Liverpool, and that of the -committee.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>“And were of opinion, that the officers and -servants employed by the committee, -ought not to be allowed to trade for Negroe-slaves -further than the amount of -the salaries allowed them by the committee; -and that such slaves should be -disposed of for ivory, gold, bills of exchange, -or other proper returns to England -only.”</p> -</div> - -<p>The committee paid no regard to their lordships -opinion, consequently we conjecture, no regulation -or orders has since been given by them to their servants; -or if there has, the execution of such orders -have not been enforced; for it is a truth which cannot -be contradicted, that governor Melvil to his death, -and the other officers of the committee, during his -command, carried on the Negroe trade, and sent -them from Africa to America for their own accounts, -without the least reserve or restraint; also -that governor Senior, and the officers under his -command, did the same; and that governor Bell, -who commanded at cape Coast Castle, when the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_49"></a>[49]</span> -last advice came from thence, did carry on a trade -for Negroes, and continues to send the Negroes so -purchased, to America, in the same manner his -predecessors had done; which the gentlemen of -the African committee must know was, and is the -practice; and also that it is most certainly contrary -to the true <em>spirit</em>, <em>meaning</em> and <em>intention</em> of the <em>act</em> -of <em>parliament</em>, passed in the 23d year of his late -<em>majesty’s reign</em>, for <em>extending</em> and <em>improving</em> the <em>trade</em> -to <em>Africa</em> (by which the African <ins class="err" id="err-49" title="Erratum: was 'committee'"> -company</ins> was established) and the opinion of the lords of trade -and plantation; for the legislative power could -mean no other than to put all his majesty’s subjects -upon an equal footing.</p> - -<p>But lest the gentlemen of the African committee’s -memories should fail, we will remind them of -some things that surely could not have happened -without their knowledge; (to wit) the committee -appointed Mr. <em>Richard Brew</em> in the year 1761, to -the command of <em>Annamaboa</em> fortress; although at -the same time they could not but know that he -had fitted out the Brew, a large ship at Liverpool, -and another in the river Thames; the former with -a large cargo for Africa; the latter went to Holland -for Dutch merchandize, to compleat her -cargo, to the manifest disadvantage of this country, -because it prevents so much of our manufactures -and East India goods being exported; and -the <em>Dutch brandy</em> and <em>Geneva</em> interfere with the -exportation of <em>British spirits</em>, besides being of -great disadvantage to the rum trade from the <em>British -colonies</em> to <em>Africa</em>. Said ship returned from Holland, -and arrived at Portsmouth in or about the -month of July 1761, where Mr. Brew went on -board; and also Messrs. Westgate and Flemming, -who had been in the committee’s service upon the -coast of Africa: but, as we have been informed, they -are now gone out in partnership with said Brew. We<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_50"></a>[50]</span> -have also been informed, that the cargoes of the -said ships were landed in Africa, and deposited in -the fort of Annamaboa; and that Negroes were -purchased with said cargoes, and sent from thence -to Jamaica for the account of Mr. Brew, and those -concerned with him.</p> - -<p>It is also as true that Mr. Samuel Smith, merchant, -in the Old Jury in London, one of the -committee of the company of merchants trading -to Africa, was the acting agent for Messrs. Brew, -Westgate and Flemming, during their residence -in Africa; that he received their consignments from -thence, and acted for them by commission after -their arrival in England; likewise during their -stay there, and since their arrival in Africa; and -also that Mr. Smith lately fitted in the river Thames -a large ship with a great cargo: and we have reason -to believe from good authority, that said ship -and cargo was fitted out for the account of Mr. -Brew, and others concerned with him; which ship -is now on a voyage to Annamaboa; but whether -any of the African committee are concerned or interested -in said ship, besides Mr. Smith, we cannot -take upon us to say.</p> - -<p>We conjecture it never was intended by those -gentlemen who prepared the act of parliament, -which appointed there should be a committee of -nine persons, who were to have the care of the -forts in Africa, with the charge and application -of the monies granted by parliament for their support, -that any one of those persons should supply -merchandize to be paid for with the public money -under their care and management. However, such -has been the case, as appears by the committee’s -accounts laid before parliament. The following is -an abstract of their last account for the year 1761, -so far as it relates to any of the committee-men -furnishing merchandize; by that our readers may<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_51"></a>[51]</span> -form a judgment on their other annual accounts, -they being nearly the same as to the amount of -what the African committee supplied the public with. -Abstract of the beforementioned account as follows:</p> - -<table class="autotable"> -<tr> -<td class="tdl pad3">Messrs. Touchett and company</td> -<td class="tdr"><em>l.</em></td> -<td class="tdr"><em>s.</em></td> -<td class="tdr"><em>d.</em></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">for Manchester goods</td> -<td class="tdr">1774</td> -<td class="tdr">14</td> -<td class="tdr">9</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl pad3">Smith and company for Irish linen</td> -<td class="tdr"></td> -<td class="tdr"></td> -<td class="tdr"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">and provisions</td> -<td class="tdr">796</td> -<td class="tdr">12</td> -<td class="tdr">11</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl pad3">Aufere and company for East</td> -<td class="tdr"></td> -<td class="tdr"></td> -<td class="tdr"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">India goods</td> -<td class="tdr">349</td> -<td class="tdr">1</td> -<td class="tdr">6</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl pad3">Cust and company for ditto ditto</td> -<td class="tdr">250</td> -<td class="tdr">2</td> -<td class="tdr">6</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl pad3">Mr. William Boden for tobacco</td> -<td class="tdr">39</td> -<td class="tdr">0</td> -<td class="tdr">6</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"></td> -<td class="tdr bb" colspan="3"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"></td> -<td class="tdr bb">3209</td> -<td class="tdr bb">12</td> -<td class="tdr bb">2</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>The following are clauses of the act of parliament -that provides for the election of the African -committee.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>“Page 550. And it is hereby further enacted, -by the authority aforesaid, that in all future -elections, the said committee of nine persons -shall annually, on the third day of July in every -year, be nominated and chosen as follows; that -is to say, three of the said committee shall be -nominated and chosen by the major part of the -freemen of the said company, admitted to the -freedom of the said company in London, who -shall assemble for that purpose at London; three -other persons to be of the said committee, shall -be chosen and nominated by the major part of -the freemen of the said company, admitted to -the freedom of the said company in Bristol, who -shall assemble for that purpose at Bristol; and -three other persons to be of the said committee, -shall be chosen and nominated by the major part -of the freemen of the said company, admitted<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_52"></a>[52]</span> -to the freedom of the said company in the town -of Liverpool, who shall assemble for that purpose -at Liverpool.”</p> - -<p>“Page 554. And be it further enacted, by the -authority aforesaid, that no person shall be capable -of being chosen, or acting as a committee-man -above three years successively.”</p> -</div> - -<p>By the foregoing clauses it was most certainly -intended that the election for committee-men -should be free and uninfluenced, but that has not -happened; for there was great interest made by -those who were chosen committee-men the first -year after the act passed, for establishing <em>the company -of merchants trading to Africa</em>. After which, -the several tradesmen employed by the African -committee in London, and by their friends in Bristol -and Liverpool, took up their freedom of the -new company, in order to vote for committee-men; -so that, at the expiration of the first year, -when the committee-men that had been chosen for -<em>London</em>, <em>Bristol</em> and <em>Liverpool</em> for the preceding -year, could act no longer, then, or at the expiration -of the three years (which we cannot now -take upon us to say) three new committee-men -were chosen instead of three that went out, which -nine committee-men so chosen, continued to act -for three years, when the three other were again -elected; by which means there are twelve persons -who take it by rotation alternatively, to be of the -committee or not, as they agree among themselves; -on which account it is a folly for any person, -not being one of the twelve, to attempt getting -elected a committee-man for either <em>London</em>, -<em>Bristol</em>, or <em>Liverpool</em>; there having been as great -interest made against such persons who have offered -themselves, as hath happened on some occasions -preceding the election of a member of parliament; -therefore we have the greatest reason to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_53"></a>[53]</span> -believe, there is not any person who will again -attempt to stand a candidate in opposition to -one of the twelve persons who have had the direction -and management so long, of which number -those gentlemen are, we have mentioned in the -account of the merchandize supplied by the -committee-men, page 51.</p> - -<p>The several articles of merchandize purchased -in Holland, are paid for in money, or bills of exchange, -which is very disadvantageous to this -country; and such goods may serve to make an -assortment with those paid for by the government, -and sent to Africa for the support of the forts -there; which has been proved to have been the -case before, consequently may be so again. That -fact being admitted, and indeed it would be folly -to think otherwise; what chance can any private -traders have, when the committee’s servants have -such a glaring emolument, besides so many other -advantages over them? Were there any reason to -ground the least supposition, that all things in -Africa are carried on upon the square, and no methods -practiced by the officers that command the -several forts to monopolize the trade; can any one -think even in such case, that private merchants, -or matters of ships, who are obliged to pay <em>customs</em>, -<em>house</em> and <em>warehouse rents</em>, <em>servants</em>, and all -sorts of other contingent expences, can possibly -carry on a trade in any degree of equality with -those persons, who are, as hath been before observed, -exonerated from every article of expence?</p> - -<p>The committee’s servants having such advantages, -can it be supposed any private trader can -stand any chance in trade with them, as said trader -must settle in a negroe town, in a mud house covered -with thatch, there being no other sort of -dwelling to be got, without carrying tradesmen of -all sorts from Europe to build it, which would be<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_54"></a>[54]</span> -attended with too great an expence and risk for any -private adventure to undertake? Therefore, on account -of the frequent fires that happen in negroe -towns, persons well acquainted with them, would -not insure any property lodged therein for twenty-five -<em>per cent.</em> annually. That alone is sufficient to -deter any one from settling, except some of the -old or new companies discarded servants, whose -narrow circumstances discourage them from returning -to Europe, not knowing what else to do -with themselves; for there has not one of the -young men from Bristol or Liverpool, <em>&c.</em> that -were to have been intrusted with cargoes by their -relations and friends, to go and settle under the -protection of the British forts in Africa, has yet -made a single attempt to do it, though that was -made use of as an argument, and enforced with -great energy by gentlemen, to obtain a dissolution -of the late royal African company (and in -which they succeeded). But no such boasted consequence -has taken place, because the people of -those places were not to be lulled on to adventure -their property, under the notion of a free trade. -They very well knew what hardships must attend -those who <ins class="corr" id="tn-54" title="Transcriber’s Note—Original text: 'were ncecessitate to'"> -were necessitated to</ins> settle in a negroe -town, from a knowledge, as soon as they did, they -must become subservient in a manner, and brother -citizens with the negroes. It is a joke to think -they can make use of the forts to lodge and defend -their properties in; for the very persons who -(we should imagine) by the spirit and intention of -the act of parliament, ought to be their defenders, -will take every measure, in proportion as they rival -them, and curtail their trade, to exercise -their power over the natives, to prevent the private -trader succeeding with them, which will create -disputes between the officers commanding the -forts and the towns people under them, in which<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_55"></a>[55]</span> -every private trader must bear a part; for no man -can settle in a negroe town without paying his -<em>freedom</em>, and entering into a league to become a -<em>native</em>, and partake of that <em>township’s misfortunes</em>, -<em>advantages and customs</em>. Is there any difference then -between a European trader and an African? -None! one is a native black Negroe, and the -other is become a white one: so that whenever a -dispute happens between <em>the natives</em> and the officers -aforesaid, the <ins class="corr" id="tn-55" title="Transcriber’s Note—Original text: 'indenizend European'"> -indenizened European</ins> will be -under the compulsive necessity of joining his black -fellow <em>townsmen</em> against his <em>countrymen</em> and <em>fortress</em>, -which the <em>British</em> nation intended for his <em>preservation</em> -in time of <em>danger</em>, and last <em>resort</em>.</p> - -<p>From what we have before advanced, our readers -may naturally wonder if the trade to Africa, -where the forts are situated, is carried on so much -to the disadvantage of the British traders, and so -greatly for the benefit of the officers of the African -committee, why said traders do not continue their -complaints, in order to have their grievances redressed. -We conjecture one reason for their not -doing so, is the difficulties they had to encounter -when they presented their former complaint to obtain -satisfaction, which arose from the opposition -raised against them by the African committee, who -refused to give their officers such orders, as would -have obliged them to put in execution the <em>lords of -trade and plantations opinion</em>. Being defeated in -their first attempt, it is natural to suppose they -were fearful of applying again to the legislative -power, lest the methods pursued to carry on that -valuable branch of commerce, since it has been -under the management of the African committee, -should be maturely and attentively enquired into; -for there has been, and is now, as much reason for -such examination, as there was in the year 1753, -1755, 1756 and 1758. But then it began to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_56"></a>[56]</span> -<ins class="corr" id="tn-56" title="Transcriber’s Note—Original text: 'become to serious'"> -become too serious</ins>; and if continued fairly, might -have been a means of putting the forts upon a new -and respectable establishment, such as would have -enabled the officers commanding them, to have -secured the natives under their protection from -the danger they may be in from enemies of -their own colour, and the arbitrary injustice often -imposed upon them by the officers of our -good friends and allies. The Dutch residing in -Africa, to have prevented said <em>Dutch officers</em>, by -their superior power, from wresting violently and -unfairly any part of the territories belonging to -the <em>British forts</em>, or detaining and imprisoning any -of the natives living under their protection, both -which they have illegally done since the decline of -the late company’s power, and confined a number -of them, notwithstanding all remonstrances made -by the British officers, till that <em>noble</em> and <em>gallant</em> -commander, the present honourable lord <em>How</em> arrived -in his majesty’s ship <em>Glory</em>, with the <em>Swan</em> -sloop under his command, upon the Gold Coast, in -the year 1751, who soon after his arrival, did examine -with the greatest attention, all the original -papers relative to the cause of the dispute that happened -between the officers of the English and -Dutch companies. After such examination, he demanded -from the Dutch general the prisoners he -had confined during said dispute in the castle of -St. George’s D. Elmina, the principal Dutch fort -upon the coast of Africa in that noble manner which -it has everbeen the invariable rule of that judicious, -worthy, and great commander to pursue in the -service of his country<a id="FNanchor_20" href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_57"></a>[57]</span></p> - -<p>It is to be hoped that the British forts will be put -upon such an establishment, that the officers commanding -them will be sufficiently empowered to -hinder the Dutch officers from exercising that arbitrary -power they have done, and continued to -do, over the <em>Portugueze</em> upon the <em>Gold Coast</em> of -<em>Africa</em>, to prevent their trading at the British settlements, -in open violation of a treaty concluded -between the English and Dutch principal officers -in Africa, and ratified by both <em>companies</em> in <em>Europe</em><a id="FNanchor_21" href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a>.</p> - -<p>If the African committee has not represented -that affair in a true light to the government, we are -surprized they have neglected it, as it is a very -valuable commerce now wholly engrossed by the -Dutch; who will not suffer the master or supercargo -of any <em>Portugueze</em> vessel to trade at the English -<em>forts</em>, or with the <em>British</em> subjects, notwithstanding -the beforementioned treaty, which, perhaps, -might be deemed obsolete, since the dissolution -of the late company. If that should be the -case, then, in our humble opinion, it ought to be -renewed, as well as many other regulations made -between the English and Dutch in Africa.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_58"></a>[58]</span></p> - -<p>If the British officers should once again obtain -that influence and power so essentially necessary for -them to have, in order to open the trading roads -to the most distant inland countries of Africa, so -long stopped, which would be of immense advantage -to this country, and, at the same time, to -prevent the subjects of France hereafter carrying -to their colonies the most valuable Negroes, as we -have observed they did before the war, and which -will in a great measure be proved, by the extracts -of the following letters from the captains Strange -and Wyndham, commanders of two of his majesty’s -ships war, dated Africa, 20th Sept. 1740, -and 30th Aug. 1742.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Capt. Strange writes to the following purport:</p> - -<p>“The French, by the advantages of their -goods, especially Brandies, occasions a great -price they give for their slaves, which has -brought the English and Dutch trade to the -lowest ebb.”</p> -</div> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Capt. Wyndham writes as follows:</p> - -<p>“This concludes the present state of the royal -African factories; and as to the Dutch factories, -they, as far as I can learn, make no great -hand of their trade any more than the English; -the French, who has ten ships on the coast to -our one, seem to flourish and carry all before -them.”</p> -</div> - -<p>We think it necessary here to observe, that notwithstanding -almost all the trade had been for -some years before, and at that time, carried on by -the French on that part of the coast where the -most valuable Negroes were to be got; the separate -British traders made no application to the legislative<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_59"></a>[59]</span> -power to prevent such pernicious commerce, -though several remonstrances were made -for that purpose by the late royal African company -to the government; who also did lay before the -public, in several letters inserted in the daily papers, -as well as by pamphlets, the danger of the -French incroachments.</p> - -<p>Yet as soon as the private traders found the said -company applying to parliament for money, to -put their forts upon a proper and respectable footing, -to prevent foreign innovations upon the territory -and trade under their care, they took the -alarm, awaked from their lethargy, strained -every nerve, and put every scheme in execution -their invention pointed out, to prevent the company’s -succeeding, and to obtain their dissolution, -which they compleated in the year 1750. But how -far the African trade has been improved thereby, -in upwards of twelve years that the African committee -have had it under their direction and management, -will appear from the facts and truths -we have before stated, to which we beg leave to -refer, and to the judgment of our readers.</p> - -<p>Thus far we can undertake to say with truth, -notwithstanding the great noise and clamour raised -at that time by the African merchants for an open -trade; it was then much more open and free for -all British subjects trading thither, than it has been -since under the direction of the African committee, -and the national grants of money more regularly -and fairly accounted for, as the late company had, -for some years before, sent no ship to Africa, but -freighted the merchandize, stores and provisions -purchased with the money granted by parliament -on board private ships; nor were their officers or -servants permitted to trade otherwise than to barter -to the best advantage. The merchandize purchased -with the <em>public money</em> for the better support<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_60"></a>[60]</span> -of the <em>forts</em>, out of which said servants could -neither make embezzlement or advantage to themselves, -according to the established rules laid down -by the company, and the method by which their -principal officers and other servants were to account -for the same, who were obliged to give ample -and sufficient security, strictly to adhere and -conform to such rules. All persons in the late -company’s service, of what station soever, that -were entrusted with any of their or the government’s -effects, whether the value was much or -little, they were obliged to keep a true account -of all their receipts and disbursements in writing, -and at the end of every two months at farthest, to -render to the council, which presides at the principal -fort, <ins class="corr" id="tn-60" title="Transcriber’s Note—Original text: 'two orignals signed'"> -two originals signed</ins> by said person so -intrusted, and attested to be true by some other -of the company’s servants, who had been privy to -his transactions. That the then accountant residing -at the principal fort, examined and made his -remarks upon the account so rendered; and required -vouchers in writing for such transactions as -were therein mentioned to have been had with Europeans, -it being impracticable to have written -vouchers for dealings with the natives<a id="FNanchor_22" href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a>.</p> - -<p>That said accountant laid all accounts so rendered, -with his remarks thereon, before the said -<em>council</em>, who <em>examined</em>, <em>allowed</em>, or <em>disallowed</em> -such accounts, <em>&c.</em> made such <em>deductions</em> or <em>abatements</em> -to as they saw cause. That afterwards every -such account was returned to the accountant as one -of the vouchers from which he was to compose the -general books to be sent home to the company.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_61"></a>[61]</span> -That by general Books is meant, journals and -ledgers, where the collections, arising from the -vouchers beforementioned, were reduced into order -and method. That the council abroad had not -power to pass, or allow any <em>account</em> or <em>voucher -finally</em>; every thing being subject to the <em>company’s</em> -future <em>examination</em> and <em>approbation</em> in <em>England</em>.</p> - -<p>That each journal and ledger contained the accounts -of six months, which after having been -duly <ins class="corr" id="tn-61" title="Transcriber’s Note—Original text: 'stated and ballanced'"> -stated and balanced</ins> abroad, they were sent -home to the company by the first conveyance, together -with all the original vouchers from which -they were composed and signed; duplicates thereof -were deposited in the principal forts, in case of loss -or accident. That as soon as possible after the -arrival of the said journals and ledgers in England, -they were compared by the company’s accountant -general (who was one of the first accountants in -Europe) with the vouchers, and the said vouchers -themselves were examined; that objections and -deductions were thereupon made by the company, -when due cause was found for so doing. It must -now surely clearly appear, that so many examinations -of the books and accounts, made by persons -whose private interest had not the least connexions -with each other, must render it extreamly difficult -for the late company’s servants to <em>embezzle</em> or -<em>misapply</em> any of the effects committed to their -charge with <em>impunity</em>, or without being <em>detected</em>.</p> - -<p>That after the examinations aforesaid of the accounts, -they were delivered to the <em>auditor</em> of his -<em>majesty’s imprest</em>, and after they were examined -and compared by the deputy-auditor with the -vouchers, and certified by him they were right, -then the company obtained a <em>quietus</em> to discharge -them from any <em>sum</em> or <em>sums</em> of <em>money</em> so accounted -for, that they had received from the <em>public</em>; having<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_62"></a>[62]</span> -first sworn to the truth of such part of said -accounts as had been transacted under their own -inspection, in Europe before one of the barons of -his majesty’s exchequer.</p> - -<p>The following is the copy of a clause from the -act of parliament <em>for extending and improving the -trade to Africa</em>, directing in what manner <ins class="corr" id="tn-62" title="Transcriber’s Note—Original text: 'the committe are to'"> -the committee are to</ins> account for the monies they receive -from the public for the support of the forts -in Africa. In page 556.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>“It is enacted that the committee shall, within -one month after the expiration of the year, for -or during which they shall have been chosen -committee-men, lay before the cursitor baron -of the exchequer, an account of all the money -received by the committee during the preceding -year, and of the application thereof, upon -oath. And the said cursitor baron shall, within -one month after the said account shall be laid -before him, examine, pass, and audit the same; -and for the better discovering of the truth of -such account, the said cursitor baron is hereby -empowered to examine any of the said committee-men, -and such other person or persons as -he shall judge necessary, upon oath, touching -the articles or particulars in such account expressed, -or such of them as the said cursitor baron -shall think fit; which account, so audited -and passed by the cursitor baron, shall be -final and conclusive, and shall be a full and -absolute discharge to the said committee-men, -without their being compelled to give or render -any further or other account thereof.”</p> -</div> - -<p>By the foregoing clause, the African committee -is only obliged to account for the application in -<em>Europe</em> of any monies they receive from government, -or otherwise, for the support of the <em>African -forts</em>, by laying their annual account before the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_63"></a>[63]</span> -cursitor baron, how they have appropriated said -monies, whether by purchasing and shipping merchandizes, -stores, and other supplies for the use of -the forts, or of any other manner they might have -disposed of the same<a id="FNanchor_23" href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a>.</p> - -<p>By said clause, the cursitor baron is obliged to -audit and pass the committee’s account in one -month after it is laid before him; though he should -have objections thereto, as he had to their accounts -for years 1754, 1755 and 1756. However, he -passed them, but submitted it to the house of commons -to allow some charges in said accounts, or not, -that he certainly thought were charged contrary to -act of parliament, or he would not have objected -to them. But that would have appeared as well as -many other facts, with respect to their management -and accounts, if the report, consisting of 87 pages, -of the committee, appointed by the honourable house -of commons to examine into the state and condition -of the forts in Africa in the year 1758, had -been examined into. All we can take upon us to -say with respect to that affair is, said report was -prevented being taken into consideration by the -house, in consequence of a <em>motion</em> being <em>made</em> and -<em>seconded</em> for such <em>purpose</em>, by the <em>African committee’s -friends</em>.</p> - -<p>We can with truth undertake to say, that many -irregularities in the African committee’s accounts -were pointed out during the examination before -the several committee’s appointed by the house; -upon which they desired leave to bring in subsequent<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_64"></a>[64]</span> -accounts to clear up such objections as had -been made, one of which was presented to the committee -the 22d April, 1756, wherein the African -committee deducted <ins class="corr" id="tn-64" title="Transcriber’s Note—Original text: 'from the ballance of'"> -from the balance of</ins> a former -account they had presented 1891<em>l.</em> sterling. We shall -only quote this one instance, to shew how necessary it is -that the African committee and their servants should -be accountable to the public in the same manner the -late African company was, for any monies they are -intrusted with by government, for the application of -said monies on the coast of Africa, before they -should obtain a discharge for the same, which -would lay them under a necessity to examine minutely -into the accounts they receive from their officers -in Africa, of the application of said monies -there; which, as they are now no-ways accountable -for, we may, we hope without being thought severe, -presume is not done; which will, in a great -measure, appear by the subsequent account before -quoted: besides, we fear people, who have accounts -of their own to look after, seldom give themselves -much trouble about those of the public, unless -obligated thereto.</p> - -<p>When the officers, who have the application of the -public money in Africa, are once satisfied that their -accounts will undergo a strict examination by the -committee, and also at the auditor of the imprests -office; that it will induce them to be careful how -they dispose of the merchandize, <em>&c.</em> committed to -their charge; as such <em>officers</em> and their <em>sureties</em> will -be liable to make good any deduction there, -may be made from their accounts. It will likewise -be very advantageous to the inferior servants of the -committee; for such good purpose, a method can be -pointed out to prevent the merchandize purchased -with the public money being made use of by the -superior officers in trade, for their own account and -emolument, to the great injury of the others, many<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_65"></a>[65]</span> -instances of which we have to produce; also that -the soldiers, under-servants, and company’s slaves -have been paid out of the refuse goods that the -commanding officers had taken in the course of -their trade.</p> - -<p>A single instance of such inhumanity to the inferior -servants we think sufficient to trouble the -public with, which happened during governor Melvil’s -command; and that we should not now particularly -take notice of, but as it fell under our observation -when we were upon the spot. It also was -a charge urged against Mr. Melvil when living, -which he never attempted to contradict, to wit, -that John Sweidger, a Prussian, and Gardiner at -Cape Coast, desired his discharge, wanting to go to -his own country. Mr. Melvil, the then governor -and treasurer at Cape Coast Castle, whose business -it was to give written orders upon the warehouse -(or storekeeper) to pay the servants, gave said -Sweidger a note upon the warehouse-keeper, for -wages due to him, amounting to 28<em>l.</em> gold value, -which is about 27<em>l.</em> 2<em>s.</em> 6<em>d.</em> sterling, which said -warehouse-keeper offered to pay in guns, that would -not even purchase the poor man a little fresh provisions -for his voyage. After repeated applications to -the governor and warehouse-keeper, finding he could -not obtain any thing else, he offered the governor’s -note for 28 <em>l.</em> to sale to several of the servants in the -castle; and at last sold it to James Hinch, the -overseer of the slaves, for eight pounds. That oppressive -transaction fully points out how necessary it -is that some other method of accounting for the -government’s supplies should be adopted, and carried -into execution, which surely there cannot be -the least objection to.</p> - -<p>For example, we will suppose any gentleman in -England to have an estate in Africa, and that he -was to order Messrs. Trueman and company, or<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_66"></a>[66]</span> -any other respectable merchants in the city of London, -to send out a steward to superintend and take -care of the <ins class="corr" id="tn-66" title="Transcriber’s Note—Original text: 'improvemeut of such'"> -improvement of such</ins> estate; and that -they were to take security from said steward for the -value of any monies or merchandize, <em>&c.</em> that he -may be entrusted with, to pay the servants residing -thereupon, and other expences; also charges of -building and repairs. Is it to be supposed said -gentlemen, notwithstanding he had the greatest faith -in, and opinion of the integrity and honesty of said -merchants, would be satisfied with their giving him -an account only of their having sent such steward, -merchandize, stores and provisions to his estate, -without an account from the steward, properly -vouched, of the application thereof in Africa? -Surely no! then if a private person thinks it necessary -to have such an authenticated account, we -submit it to the judgment of our readers to determine, -whether they think it reasonable the public -should expect the same or not. We, for our own -parts, are inclined to believe, that people intrusted -with the application of public monies, at so great -a distance as Africa, when they can make such -immense advantage of it as the <ins class="corr" id="tn-66a" title="Transcriber’s Note—Original text: 'committe’s officers'"> -committee’s officers</ins> can, will be induced to embrace the opportunity, -however disadvantageous it may be to their country, -when they are satisfied little care will be taken -how they account for the same.</p> - -<p>We shall conclude this pamphlet, with inserting -a copy of a petition, signed by the planters of -the island of Barbadoes, in the year 1710. The reasons -and observations contained therein, in our -humble opinion, fully point out, that they foresaw -what has in effect since happened; therefore -we beg leave to submit it to our readers to form -their own judgment upon.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_67"></a>[67]</span></p> - -<p class="p2 pad2">To the queen’s most excellent majesty,</p> - -<p class="negin1">The humble petition of several planters and others, -inhabitants of your majesty’s island of Barbadoes,</p> - -<p class="p1 pad2">Sheweth,</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>“That the tender care and regard your majesty -hath constantly had of all your subjects, encourages -your petitioners, who are deeply concerned -in the trade to Africa. The constant -supply of Negroes at moderate prices, being the -chief support of this colony; whereby we can -only be enabled to preserve the staple of sugar, and -other commodities, and to afford them in greater -quantities, and cheaper than other nations; most -humbly beg leave to lay before your majesty, -that for many years, while the royal African -company had the sole management of that trade, -this island was duly supplied with a sufficient -number of Negroes at moderate prices, from -10 <em>l.</em> to 20 <em>l.</em> per head the highest, which was a -very great encouragement; and enabled us -greatly to improve the manufacture of this island. -But for several years past, since the trade has -been laid open, the number of Negroes imported -by the royal African company, and separate -traders together, have not been sufficient -to supply this island; and those which have been -imported, have been sold at extravagant prices, -from 20 <em>l.</em> to 40 <em>l.</em> per head, especially those -which are tolerably good; which your petitioners -conceive to have been occasioned by the different -interests of the separate traders, each bidding -upon the other; of which the natives upon the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_68"></a>[68]</span> -coast taking advantage, have raised the price of -their own commodities, and sunk the price of -those of Great Britain, and this island; which -is an unspeakable damage, and discouragement -to your petitioners, tends to the ruin of this -trade, the lessening your majesty’s revenue, and -the navigation of Great Britain.”</p> -</div> - -<div class="pad2 blockquot"> - -<p>“Therefore your petitioners humbly pray, -that the British interest on the coast of -Africa may be preserved; and the trade -put upon such a foot, that a sufficient -number of Negroes may be had upon -the coast, on moderate terms, and your -petitioners supplied at reasonable rates -here.</p> -</div> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>“And your petitioners, as in duty bound, shall -ever pray.”</p> -</div> - -<p> -Barbadoes,<br /> -Aug. 1, 1710.<br /> -</p> - -<p class="right"> -<span class="padr6">“Robert Vaughan,</span><br /> -“Thomas Carney, <em>&c. &c. &c.</em>”</p> - - -<p class="p2 pfs120 lsp3"><em>FINIS.</em></p> - - -<p class="p2 pfs90 lsp3" id="ERRATA"><em>ERRATA.</em></p> - -<div class="blockquot fs90"> - -<p><a href="#err-10">Page 10, last line</a>, for <i>this I</i>, read <i>this we</i>; <a href="#err-11">p. 11. l. 19</a>, -for <i>editor is</i>, r. <i>editors are</i>; <a href="#err-14">p. 14, l. 2</a>, for <i>made me</i>, r. <i>made us</i>; -<a href="#err-20">p. 20, l. 5</a>, for <i>this I</i>, r. <i>this we</i>; <a href="#err-21">p. 21, l. 3</a>, for <i>induced -me</i>, r. <i>induced us</i>; <a href="#err-23">p. 23, l. 30</a>, for <i>assertions</i>, r. <i>assertion</i>; <a href="#err-26">p. 26, -l. 28</a>, for <i>that</i>, r. <i>those</i>; <a href="#err-27">p. 27, l. 18</a>, for <i>those kept</i>, r. -<i>those that were kept</i>; <a href="#err-35">p. 35, l. 7</a>, for <i>I have</i>, r. <i>we have</i>; <a href="#err-37">p. 37, -l. 37</a>, for <i>ben</i>, r. <i>been</i>; <a href="#err-46">p. 46, l. 12</a>, for <i>taken</i>, r. <i>taker</i>; <a href="#err-49">p. 49, -l. 10</a>, for <i>committee</i>, r. <i>company</i>; <a href="#err-56">p. 56, in note, l. 1</a>, for <i>this -ship</i>, r. <i>the ship</i>.</p> -</div> - - -<div class="footnotes"><h2>FOOTNOTES:</h2> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> It is here humbly meant, not to send those sailors that may -be pressed out of colliers, or coasting vessels, directly on southern -voyages, till they have been used to live upon salt provisions for -some time on board ships of war in a cold climate.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">[2]</a> Supposed to be paid for in plantation-produce.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">[3]</a> It appears by the accounts of that board, there has been expended -by them to the 31st March, 1761, in finishing said fort -15,024<em>l.</em> 18<em>s.</em> 3<em>d.</em> so that rebuilding it has cost 34,590<em>l.</em> 12<em>s.</em> -5<em>d.</em> sterling, which fort is only useful for the defence of the -Negroes in the town under it, and to protect them from their -enemies of their own colour, who have no cannon or mortars, -and to defend the landing-place, that no ship of force can get near.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">[4]</a> His grace the d—e of N——le, s——y of st——e; the -right honourable H—y P—lh—m, first lord of the t——y, and -c——r of the e——r.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="label">[5]</a> The African committee have also received to the end of the -year 1756, 1620<em>l.</em> 8<em>s.</em> 8<em>d.</em> for some of the late company’s effects, -and for admissions into the new company.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6" class="label">[6]</a> For several years before the war, the French received from -foreign nations above 1,000,000<em>l.</em> sterling for the article of sugar -only; besides a large sum for indigo, and other West India -products; the loss of which will induce them, without delay, -to push on their trade to Africa with the utmost vigour, which, -we know, they are making great preparations to do, that sufficiently -points out the necessity for some measures to be speedily -taken to prevent their succeeding.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7" class="label">[7]</a> The officers commanding the out-forts, had absolute orders -not to trade with the French.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8" class="label">[8]</a> For mercenary troops are to be hired in Africa, as well as -in Europe, and at a much cheaper rate.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9" class="label">[9]</a> In case the French were not permitted to carry them away, -as they did before the roads were stopt.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10" class="label">[10]</a> 50,000 ounces of gold dust at 3<em>l.</em> 17<em>s.</em> 6<em>d.</em> an ounce, is -193,750<em>l.</em></p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11" class="label">[11]</a> 30 tons of ivory, <ins class="corr" id="tn-26" title="Transcriber’s Note—Original text: 'on an average, is worth about'"> -on an average worth about</ins> 220<em>l.</em> a -ton, is 6,600<em>l.</em></p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12" class="label">[12]</a> Which was upwards of 26,666 guineas annually.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13" class="label">[13]</a> We think it proper to observe, which we conjecture -the merchants will not attempt to deny, that they only put on -board their ships such cargoes as the masters judge will be sufficient -to purchase the number of Negroes each ship will carry, -which when compleated, they will sell any small remainder of -their cargoes for gold or ivory, if to be got: but they often -find a difficulty in doing it, for the reasons before advanced; and -they have many times been obliged to carry them from Africa -for want of purchasers, entirely owing to their giving such great -prices for Negroes.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_14" href="#FNanchor_14" class="label">[14]</a> If the French are allowed to trade on the Gold Coast, a -cargo to purchase 300 Negroes, will cost, if we may judge by -former times, above 6000<em>l.</em></p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_15" href="#FNanchor_15" class="label">[15]</a> As would have appeared by the report of the committee -of the honourable house of commons, in the year 1758, had -it been examined into.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_16" href="#FNanchor_16" class="label">[16]</a> There was issued to the African committee, by warrant -from the right honourable the lords commissioners of the treasury, -in the year 1751, 7140<em>l.</em> 14<em>s.</em> 3<em>d.</em> out of the vote of -credit for 800,000<em>l.</em> notwithstanding several objections were -made before the committee of the honourable house of commons -that such sum was not due.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_17" href="#FNanchor_17" class="label">[17]</a> Because it will employ a great number of French ships and -sailors, and be a market for their manufactures, which they -sell, and also their East India goods, cheaper considerably than -we can purchase ours, which must consequently be hurtful to -our navigation, lessening at the same time the consumption of -our manufactures.</p> - -<p>Besides, the competition between the traders of both nations -would give to the black dealers an opportunity of raising the -price of their Negroes, which advance the French can better -afford than we, as must appear from what is beforementioned, -as well as from the following fact; which is, they pay an anchor -of brandy or two, and at some places three or four, in the -price of a slave, at the rate of four pounds each anchor, containing -about eight gallons, and costs in France but from eight -to ten shillings. Whereas there is not any article can be bought -in England so profitable and vendable a commodity among the -blacks for thirty shillings (as French brandy) that will pay in -the purchase of a slave at four pounds.</p> - -<p>This observation is chiefly meant to point out how necessary -it is to hinder, as much as possible, the French from trading to -Gambia, Senegal, or between cape Appolonia and the river -Volta, where the British forts are situated, and where much the -greatest numbers of the most valuable Negroes are to be procured, -which surely we have a right to do, and may be effected, -if proper measures are pursued for so desirable a purpose.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_18" href="#FNanchor_18" class="label">[18]</a> The original letters and certificates, with authentic copies -of the affidavits, are in the hands of the publisher.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_19" href="#FNanchor_19" class="label">[19]</a> An ounce is a nominal value set upon goods, which cost -about 40<em>s.</em> in Europe; but sold in trade on the coast of Africa -at 4<em>l.</em></p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_20" href="#FNanchor_20" class="label">[20]</a> He came to an anchor nearer to Elmina fort, with -<ins class="err" id="err-56" title="Erratum: was 'this ship'"> -the ship</ins> and sloop under his command, than any merchant ship ever -had been, and sent an officer on shore to demand the prisoners, -which the Dutch general immediately complied with, to the -great joy of their countrymen residing under the British forts, -at their being restored to their liberty.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_21" href="#FNanchor_21" class="label">[21]</a> “That such Portugueze ships as shall come to anchor -in any of the English roads belonging to any of the English -forts or factories, shall not be molested by any Dutch ship -or ships belonging to the said company, nor be blocked up -by them in the said English roads, nor attacked and seized at -their going out of the said roads; neither shall they offer to -seize any ship or ships, that have first put themselves under -the protection of any British fort, or being in possession of any -English vessel, they having one of the said royal African -company’s servants on board certifying the same.”</p> - -<p>“That on the other side, none of the English forts, or company’s -ships, shall attack, or seize, any Portugueze which -were first in possession of any Dutch West India company’s -ships; neither shall the English general, or chief director for -the time being, grant passports to any Portugueze ships, going -to or from Brazil, or any of the Portugueze islands.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_22" href="#FNanchor_22" class="label">[22]</a> What was paid to the natives for ground-rent, or water-custom, -or to the company’s slaves, which appeared by their -lists, or to canoe-men, or other free Negroes, each article was -particularized in the late company’s officers accounts in such -manner, as that no fraud could be committed.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_23" href="#FNanchor_23" class="label">[23]</a> By such mode of accounting, the committee may obtain a -discharge for the money granted by parliament, before the ship -or ships that have the merchandize, stores, <em>&c.</em> on board said -money purchased, sails out of the <em>river Thames</em>. Therefore, if -said <em>merchandize</em> or <em>stores</em> are never landed in <em>Africa</em> for the use of -the <em>forts</em>, we presume the <em>committee</em> are no farther <em>accountable</em> -for <em>them</em>.</p> - -</div> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="p4 transnote"> -<a id="TN"></a> -<p><strong>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE</strong></p> - -<p>Footnote [15] is referenced twice from <a href="#Page_29">page 29</a>.</p> - -<p>Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been -corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within -the text and consultation of external sources.</p> - -<p>Some hyphens in words have been silently removed, some added, -when a predominant preference was found in the original book.</p> - -<p>Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text, -and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.</p> - -<p> -<a href="#tn-iii">Pg iii:</a> ‘above allegagations’ replaced by ‘above allegations’.<br /> -<a href="#tn-1">Pg 1:</a> ‘meer alienation’ replaced by ‘mere alienation’.<br /> -<a href="#tn-3">Pg 3:</a> ‘many falshoods’ replaced by ‘many falsehoods’.<br /> -<a href="#tn-4">Pg 4:</a> ‘make the ballance’ replaced by ‘make the balance’.<br /> -<a href="#tn-6">Pg 6:</a> ‘to undersel them’ replaced by ‘to undersell them’.<br /> -<a href="#tn-11">Pg 11:</a> ‘For I believe it’ replaced by ‘For we believe it’.<br /> -<a href="#tn-12">Pg 12:</a> ‘for so I must’ replaced by ‘for so we must’.<br /> -<a href="#tn-14">Pg 14:</a> ‘a ballance of trade’ replaced by ‘a balance of trade’.<br /> -<a href="#tn-15">Pg 15:</a> ‘sorry I am to say’ replaced by ‘sorry we are to say’.<br /> -<a href="#tn-19">Pg 19:</a> ‘houshold servants’ replaced by ‘household servants’.<br /> -<a href="#tn-23">Pg 23:</a> ‘inteterest themselves’ replaced by ‘interest themselves’.<br /> -<a href="#tn-24">Pg 24:</a> ‘villify and render’ replaced by ‘vilify and render’.<br /> -<a href="#tn-25">Pg 25:</a> ‘intercouse and trade’ replaced by ‘intercourse and trade’.<br /> -<a href="#tn-26">Pg 26 Footnote 11:</a> ‘on an average, is worth about’ replaced by ‘on an average worth about’.<br /> -<a href="#tn-31">Pg 31:</a> ‘such an equiry’ replaced by ‘such an enquiry’.<br /> -<a href="#tn-34">Pg 34:</a> ‘I presume it’ replaced by ‘we presume it’.<br /> -<a href="#tn-34a">Pg 34:</a> ‘the smuggling wool’ replaced by ‘the smuggling of wool’.<br /> -<a href="#tn-35">Pg 35:</a> ‘them frm Africa’ replaced by ‘them from Africa’.<br /> -<a href="#tn-37">Pg 37:</a> ‘crimes in despight’ replaced by ‘crimes in despite’.<br /> -<a href="#tn-47">Pg 47:</a> ‘The committe, by’ replaced by ‘The committee, by’.<br /> -<a href="#tn-48">Pg 48:</a> ‘the mananagers, that’ replaced by ‘the managers, that’.<br /> -<a href="#tn-54">Pg 54:</a> ‘were ncecessitate to’ replaced by ‘were necessitated to’.<br /> -<a href="#tn-55">Pg 55:</a> ‘indenizend European’ replaced by ‘indenizened European’.<br /> -<a href="#tn-56">Pg 56:</a> ‘become to serious’ replaced by ‘become too serious’.<br /> -<a href="#tn-60">Pg 60:</a> ‘two orignals signed’ replaced by ‘two originals signed’.<br /> -<a href="#tn-61">Pg 61:</a> ‘stated and ballanced’ replaced by ‘stated and balanced’.<br /> -<a href="#tn-62">Pg 62:</a> ‘the committe are to’ replaced by ‘the committee are to’.<br /> -<a href="#tn-64">Pg 64:</a> ‘from the ballance of’ replaced by ‘from the balance of’.<br /> -<a href="#tn-66">Pg 66:</a> ‘improvemeut of such’ replaced by ‘improvement of such’.<br /> -<a href="#tn-66a">Pg 66:</a> ‘committe’s officers’ replaced by ‘committee’s officers’.<br /> -</p> -</div> - - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONSIDERATIONS ON THE PRESENT PEACE ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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