diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-0.txt | 5634 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-0.zip | bin | 83349 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h.zip | bin | 8191590 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/69285-h.htm | 8823 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/back.png | bin | 230276 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/cover.jpg | bin | 436214 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/cover.png | bin | 115043 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig1.png | bin | 5491 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig10.png | bin | 5554 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig11.png | bin | 5679 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig12-13.png | bin | 7157 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig14-15.png | bin | 6103 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig16.png | bin | 11219 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig17.png | bin | 4227 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig18.png | bin | 2360 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig19.png | bin | 2584 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig2-7.png | bin | 10190 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig20.png | bin | 2890 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig21.png | bin | 3410 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig22.png | bin | 3837 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig23.png | bin | 3583 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig24.png | bin | 31010 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig25-29.png | bin | 17775 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig30.png | bin | 12878 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig31.png | bin | 24447 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig32.png | bin | 15550 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig33.png | bin | 13937 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig34.png | bin | 5548 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig35.png | bin | 21003 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig36.png | bin | 16476 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig37.png | bin | 12160 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig38.png | bin | 10835 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig39.png | bin | 4204 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig40.png | bin | 7788 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig41.png | bin | 7533 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig42.png | bin | 8175 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig43.png | bin | 3898 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig44.png | bin | 19267 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig45.png | bin | 16103 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig46.png | bin | 4391 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig47.png | bin | 13006 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig48.png | bin | 11112 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig49.png | bin | 10083 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig50.png | bin | 16921 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig51.png | bin | 11830 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig52-53.png | bin | 23761 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig54.png | bin | 27198 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig55.png | bin | 6137 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig56.png | bin | 8419 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig57.png | bin | 7110 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig58.png | bin | 2115 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig59.png | bin | 25585 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig8.png | bin | 1242 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fig9.png | bin | 8079 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fireplace_a.png | bin | 24309 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fireplace_b.png | bin | 26828 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/fireplace_c.png | bin | 16924 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/flower.png | bin | 912 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/frontispiece.png | bin | 123526 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/leaf.png | bin | 326 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/logo.png | bin | 3942 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page100.png | bin | 154358 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page101.png | bin | 29842 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page102.png | bin | 161625 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page103.png | bin | 27645 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page10a.png | bin | 41121 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page10b.png | bin | 36482 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page11a.png | bin | 35733 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page11b.png | bin | 32856 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page12.png | bin | 42686 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page13a.png | bin | 32855 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page13b.png | bin | 48543 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page14.png | bin | 44266 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page15.png | bin | 36231 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page16a.png | bin | 27145 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page16b.png | bin | 29703 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page41.png | bin | 42561 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page42.png | bin | 168237 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page43.png | bin | 27951 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page44.png | bin | 161342 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page45.png | bin | 29288 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page46.png | bin | 152993 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page47.png | bin | 27679 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page48.png | bin | 172707 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page49.png | bin | 29366 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page50.png | bin | 166327 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page51.png | bin | 20721 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page52.png | bin | 143875 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page53.png | bin | 21471 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page54.png | bin | 162027 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page55.png | bin | 25312 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page56.png | bin | 187349 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page57.png | bin | 25769 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page58.png | bin | 181585 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page59.png | bin | 30047 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page60.png | bin | 182309 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page61.png | bin | 28770 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page62.png | bin | 155403 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page63.png | bin | 20722 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page64.png | bin | 174167 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page65.png | bin | 20784 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page66.png | bin | 183573 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page67.png | bin | 20456 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page68.png | bin | 153158 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page69.png | bin | 22737 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page6a.png | bin | 40484 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page6b.png | bin | 31005 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page7.png | bin | 36230 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page70.png | bin | 167712 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page71.png | bin | 26545 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page72.png | bin | 155741 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page73.png | bin | 23982 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page74.png | bin | 170664 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page75.png | bin | 28722 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page76.png | bin | 167001 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page77.png | bin | 30875 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page78.png | bin | 161159 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page79.png | bin | 30770 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page8.png | bin | 40099 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page80.png | bin | 160728 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page81.png | bin | 31827 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page82.png | bin | 143084 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page83.png | bin | 32783 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page84.png | bin | 138494 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page85.png | bin | 34017 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page86.png | bin | 137508 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page87.png | bin | 26661 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page88.png | bin | 163212 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page89.png | bin | 36748 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page90.png | bin | 153276 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page91.png | bin | 38821 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page92.png | bin | 147728 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page93.png | bin | 32404 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page94.png | bin | 153089 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page95.png | bin | 31791 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page96.png | bin | 144924 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page97.png | bin | 35734 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page98.png | bin | 147335 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page99.png | bin | 31474 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page9a.png | bin | 36374 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/page9b.png | bin | 44696 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/symbols.png | bin | 5109 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/title.png | bin | 23589 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/title2.png | bin | 19680 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69285-h/images/title3.png | bin | 16625 -> 0 bytes |
148 files changed, 17 insertions, 14457 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1861f64 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #69285 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/69285) diff --git a/old/69285-0.txt b/old/69285-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 0bd832a..0000000 --- a/old/69285-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,5634 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of A manual of face brick construction, -by Anonymous - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: A manual of face brick construction - -Author: Anonymous - -Release Date: November 1, 2022 [eBook #69285] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Tom Cosmas, with assistance from members of the Distributed - Proofreaders, compiled from materials provided by The - Internet Archive and are placed in the Public Domain - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MANUAL OF FACE BRICK -CONSTRUCTION *** - - - - - -Transcriber Note - -Emphasis is displayed as _Italics_ and =Bold=. Whole and fractional -parts of numbers as 123-4/5. - - -[Illustration: A Manual of Face Brick Construction] - -[Illustration: Doorway of Face Brick Cottage, Chicago. Designed by -J. Scheller] - - - - - A MANUAL - - _of_ FACE BRICK - - CONSTRUCTION - - - +=========+ - +===+ A·F·B·A +===+ - | USE FACE BRICK | - +==+ --it Pays +==+ - +===========+ - - - - American Face Brick Association - - 110 SOUTH DEARBORN STREET - - CHICAGO - - - Copyright 1920 by John H. Black for A. F. B. A. - - - - -Table of Contents - - - Modern Brickmaking 7 - - Pre-eminent Merits of Face Brick 9 - - Types of Face Brick Wall 15 - - Putting in Foundations 17 - - Solid Face Brick Construction 18 - - Face Brick on Hollow Tile Construction 25 - - Face Brick Veneer Construction 26 - - Special Uses of Face Brick 29 - - Brick Bonds 33 - - Mortar Joints 35 - - Increasing Fire Protection 37 - - Face Brick House Designs 40 - - Useful Tables and Suggestions 104 - - Problems in Estimating Quantities 107 - - Glossary of Usual Terms in Bricklaying 110 - - Index and List of Illustrations 112 - - Members of Association 114 - - - - -[Illustration: THE ANCIENT AND HONORABLE ART OF BUILDING] - - -No man has more reason to feel pride and satisfaction in his art -than the builder. From the time when men wove together branches of -trees or piled up loose stones and mud for shelter to the present -day, when they erect huge heaven-soaring structures of steel to -house a multitude, the builder has played a most important part in -the progress and development of human civilization. - - -Fundamentals of Building - -The old Roman authority on architecture, Vitruvius, long ago -laid down the three fundamentals of all good building, viz., -_firmness_, _utility_, and _charm_. In working for firmness (strength, -durability) and for utility (serviceableness, convenience), -the builder, we might say, is an engineer; in seeking to give -charm (attractiveness, beauty) to his work, he is an artist. In -other words, the builder always has before him structural and -artistic problems which, aside from his wit in planning the inner -conveniences and serviceableness of the house, depend largely -upon the material he chooses to work in. To what extent does this -material meet the structural requirements of strength, permanence, -durability, and to what extent the artistic requirements of -attractiveness, charm, beauty, are the main issues. - - -Aim of This Book - -This book is meant not only to show how perfectly brick, as a -building material, meets all of these requirements, but to serve -as a Manual for the master carpenter builder in offering various -designs and plans of face brick houses, and in pointing out the -practical methods of constructing either the solid brick, hollow -tile, or veneered wall. - -In fact, the book in many ways will be of use to the mason who will -doubtless find in it helpful suggestions on the application of his -craft to the problems of building. - -Before giving briefly the reasons for the use of face brick, a word -about the history of brick and its manufacture may be of interest. - - - - -THE STORY OF BRICK - - -The manufacture and use of brick go back to the remotest antiquity, -far beyond the earliest recorded history, which is supposed to be -about 3,800 B. C, the date of a clay tablet assigned to the age -of Sargon of Akkad, founder of the Chaldean dynasty, fully two -thousand years before the time of Abraham. - - -Babylonian Origin - -Naturally the use of brick originated where clay, of which they -are made, was abundant; and there is every reason to believe -that the brick industry had its beginning in the broad alluvial -valley of the Euphrates which is the traditional cradle of human -civilization. At any rate, according to one authority, good -brick have been taken from excavations in old Babylonia, dating -back to 4,500 B. C, as good as the day they were made. And the -same authority adds that brickmaking was doubtless practiced ten -thousand years ago. It was Nature that gave the hint, for the -sun hardened the mud along the river bank and cracked it into -irregular pieces which the native could utilize, after shaping -them to the desired size, for piling up in the walls of his crude -hut. It was an easy step in advance to shape the mud beforehand -while soft and lay it out in the sun to bake. This produced -what we call adobe brick, afterwards greatly improved by mixing -chopped reeds or straw with the soft mud before baking. It will -be remembered how the Egyptian Pharaoh embittered the slavery of -the children of Israel by compelling them to find their own straw -for the brick they were required to make. At a very early date -the dwellers in the Euphrates valley learned to burn brick, as -indicated by the biblical story of the Tower of Babel; and by the -time of Nebuchadnezzar, the great Babylonian king (604-562 B. C), -not only were well-burned brick made and used extensively, but -colored enamels were successfully applied for decorative effects. -Considerable remains of this ancient brickwork are still found, -although for many centuries the ruined cities of the Mesopotamian -plain were used as sources of building material for the more modern -cities which have since come into being. - - -Spread of the Craft in Antiquity - -From the Euphrates, brickcraft spread eastward to Persia, India, -and China, and westward to Egypt, Greece, and Rome. The Romans, who -were the great builders of ancient times, made very extensive use -of brick in their immense building operations, wherever good clay -could be found. From the numerous monuments of Roman brickwork that -still remain, the brick are seen to be of an excellent hard-burned -quality, and generally of a large, flat, thin rectangular or -triangular form. - - -Brickwork in the Middle Ages - -When the nations of Europe took form out of the ruins of the Roman -Empire, they inherited among other arts that of making brick, -and subsequently carried it to a higher state of development, -especially in countries such as Northern Italy, Southern France, -the Netherlands, and Northern Germany, where the absence of good -building stone gave a natural impulse to brickmaking. In the great -Gothic epoch of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, brick -enjoyed a wide vogue and was freely and effectively used in the -best types of building such as city halls, great churches, palaces, -and mansions of the wealthy. - -[Illustration: Fig. 1. Man returning after carrying the bricks. - -Figs. 7, 9, 11, 13. Digging and mixing the clay or mud. - -Fig. 16. Fetching water from tank (h). - -Figs. 3, 6. Taskmasters. - -Figs. 4, 5. Men carrying bricks. - -Figs. 8, 14. Making bricks with a wooden mold, d, k. - -At e the bricks (tobi) are said to be made at Thebes. - -Foreign captives employed in making bricks at Thebes. - -From Wilkinson's _Ancient Manners and Customs of the Egyptians_] - -[Illustration: Brickwork in old Persian Tomb at Ardebil] - - -In England - -The use of brick in England began with the Romans in the early -centuries of our era, but native brickmaking does not appear -until well after the days of Magna Charta. In Henry VIII's time, -English brickmaking, probably under Flemish influence, was greatly -developed. But it was not until the days of Queen Anne and the -Georges, in the eighteenth century, that brick building reached its -greatest vogue, so much so that brick nearly drove out all other -materials. This period accounts for those fine old country houses -so representative of substantial comfort and dignity, scattered -throughout England, which delight the eye of the traveler today. -And ever since that time English builders have maintained a fine -sense of the architectural values in sound and beautiful brickwork, -as may be seen in many splendid examples of modern construction. - - -The Use of Brick in America - -In America, aside from the adobe construction which the Spanish -found in Mexico and Peru, the first brick were brought over from -England or Holland. The native industry, however, had an early -start in the seventeenth century, so that the Colonial times saw -many fine specimens of brick building from New England to Virginia. - -In the nineteenth century, up to about 1880, there was no general -attempt to use brick to the best advantage. For the most part the -brick building of that period was confined to the use of common -brick for ordinary construction or for backing stone-faced walls. -From that date, however, to the present, a growing taste has -demanded and secured artistic effects in the brick wall by the -use of specially manufactured face brick which, in a bewildering -variety of beautiful color tones and textures, have been -sympathetically and artistically treated by our leading architects, -as may be seen all over our country. - - - - -MODERN BRICK MAKING - - -It is a long cry from the primitive method of mixing and molding -brick by hand and drying them in the sun, to the modern technical -methods and power machinery used by the American manufacturer. -Determined by the kind of material, whether surface clay, fire -clay or shale, and the kind of brick wanted, there are three chief -methods of manufacture, slop-mold, wire-cut, and dry-press. - -By the first method, the clay, in a soft condition, is pressed by -the machine into molds which have been flushed with water--hence -the term slop-mold--or sprinkled with sand, in which case the brick -are called sand-mold. By the second method, the clay or shale is -ground and tempered into the consistency of a stiff mud which is -forced by an auger machine through a die, in the form of a stiff -mud ribbon, having the cross section of a brick. This stiff mud -ribbon is carried by a belt to a steel table under a series of -piano wires strung on a frame which is revolved by the machine at -proper intervals, cutting the clay ribbon into the desired sizes. -These stiff mud machines will turn out as many as 100,000 face -brick a day, and in some common brick plants they are built for -a 250,000 to 300,000 daily output. The dry-press method reduces -the clay to a fine granular form which is then, in nearly a dry -condition, forced under immense pressure into the proper sized -molds. - -The brick as they come from the machines are known as "green" and -require, except in the case of the best dry-press brick, a certain -period of drying before being set in the kilns where, for from five -to ten days, depending on the quality of the ware and the general -conditions, they are subjected to a process of burning before they -are ready to be built into the wall. - - -Burning the Brick - -This process of burning passes through three main stages which -require very skillful attention on the part of the burner. First, -the water chemically combined with the material must be driven -off; then the various impurities of the clay must be burnt out or -oxidized; and finally, the ware, except in case of fire clays, must -be brought to the point of incipient vitrification. Throughout the -whole process there is danger of distortion or discoloration in -the ware unless the fires are skilfully handled. Properly done, -the brick come out of the kiln in their beautiful, natural colors, -due to the constitution of the clay or the various metallic oxides -contained in it. To enhance these effects, different clays are -sometimes mixed in going through the machines, certain ores may -be added to modify the color, the brick surfaces may be scored in -various ways, or the ware may be set in the kiln so as to avoid or -get the flash of the fire. So that when you specify a fine face -brick, you are getting a product which Nature has taken long to -create and to which man has devoted his best scientific knowledge -and inventive art. - -[Illustration: The Philadelphia Carpenters used Brick Two Centuries -Ago] - - -A Wide Choice Offered - -The American manufacturer of face brick has far outstripped the -rest of the world in the wide range of color tones and textures -he offers. So that the prospective builder has before him the -possibility of giving to the exterior wall surface an enduring -color scheme of monochrome uniformity or polychrome blending, as -his taste may dictate. The whole sweep of color, in smooth or -rough textures, is at his command from the pure, severe tones of -pearl grays or creams, through buff, golden, and bronze tints to a -descending scale of reds, down to purples, maroons, and even gun -metal blacks. Thus, instead of building for your client a house of -a dull, insubstantial, unattractive appearance, you can, by the use -of face brick, build a substantial, enduring house that presents to -the eye a veritable symphony in color, at once a satisfaction to -yourself as well as to him, and a cause of appreciative remark by -his neighbors or the casual passersby. It will always stand to the -credit of your art as a builder. - - -Growing Demand for Brick Houses - -You represent the best work that can be done in your community. -People come to you when they want to build because they know -you as an able designer and one capable not only of giving them -sound advice but of carrying the work through to a successful -termination. Why then confine yourself to one type of building such -as frame or stucco? - -More and more people are going to ask you about a brick house, and -for very good reasons which we intend shortly to give you. Why not -tell them you can build a brick house as easily as you can one of -frame or stucco; and what is more, why not tell them the fact, -viz., that it is a better house in every way, safer, more enduring, -more comfortable, more attractive, and in the end more economical! - -[Illustration: Face Brick Residence, Canton, Ohio. James Buehl, -Architect] - - -Enlarge Your Field as a Builder - -You will thus greatly enlarge your field of action, increase your -profits, and gain a much higher standing in the community as an -all-around builder. If you hesitate about taking up building in -brick, it is doubtless because you share the common erroneous -belief that it costs your client too much, or because you think it -outside of your building practice, presenting difficulties you do -not care to face. But we are very sure that a careful reading of -this Manual will convince you of the pre-eminent value of the face -brick house for your client, and of your complete competence to -build it for him. - - -What You Owe to the Community - -Then we want you to read this Manual because, as a citizen, you owe -something to the community in which you live. And as a builder you -can discharge that obligation in no better way than in building -more enduring and more beautiful houses, as you can by building in -brick. By doing so, your dividends will be not only in material -rewards but in a higher standing among your fellow citizens. You -owe it to yourself to make the most of your noble craft and thus -take the place in the community to which it entitles you. - - - - -PRE-EMINENT MERITS OF FACE BRICK - - -The material you put into the walls of a house should, as Vitruvius -said, always have structural and artistic merit. Face brick have -both in a striking measure, and in consequence can show the -strongest economic and personal reasons why they should be used. - - -Structural Merits of Face Brick - -Structurally, bricks are a material easy to handle and when laid -in the wall endure the heaviest pressures and strains. Hardened -and matured in fire, they resist the ravages of flame. Examine the -scene of any conflagration for evidence. Nor will they corrode or -decay with the passing of time, as remains of ancient brickwork -abundantly prove. - - -Artistic Merits of Face Brick - -Artistically considered, face brick excel all other materials. Even -a well-burned, selected common brick, with proper bond treatment -and mortar color, may be made attractive, but the endless variety -of color tones and textures found in face brick give to the -artistic sense of the builder an unlimited choice. This variety -is such that the most diverse tastes may be met in uniform shades -or, preferably, in blended tones of the most delicate and charming -effects. No other building material can approach face brick in the -possibility of color schemes for the wall surface, either within or -without--and the colors last, for they are an integral part of the -enduring brick. - -[Illustration: Glimpse of an Attractive Chicago Face Brick Cottage] - -[Illustration: Face Brick Residence, Chicago. L. J. Batchelder, -Architect] - - -Effect of Bond and Mortar Joint - -But this is not all there is to be said on the artistic side by -any means. The structural necessity of bonding the brick makes -possible any number of beautiful bond and pattern effects, as -illustrated on pages 33-35; and the kind of mortar joint, struck, -cut flush, tooled, or raked (Fig. 57), properly toned with a color -to harmonize with the brick, produces the most charming results -which, in sunshine or shadow, give ever varying artistic effects. - -In the beauty of brickwork, you have a great opportunity to arouse -and hold the interest of your possible clients. On that basis alone -you can make a strong appeal in offering your services. - - -Economic Merits - -But perhaps the strongest appeal you can make is based on what -naturally grows out of the strength and beauty of good brickwork, -and that is real economy. But don't be deceived by the superficial -error of initial cost. A $4.00 pair of shoes are cheaper than a -$5.00 pair, it is true, but if the $5.00 pair fit better, look -better, and wear twice as long, the $4.00 pair are dearer, and -you would lose not only in money but in personal satisfaction by -getting them. Real economy would lead you to buy the $5.00 pair. - -[Illustration: Face Brick Bungalow, North Evanston, Ill. Robert E. -Seyfarth, Architect] - - -The Importance of Building a Home - -Much more is this principle true in building a house. It is a very -important undertaking for every man, for it involves considerable -outlay of money and intimately concerns his comfort and welfare -for a long period of years. A man rarely builds more than one -house in his life-time, so that it is a serious matter to make -a mistake,--he will always regret it. In other words, when he -builds, he wants to avoid fooling himself, as he does, if he builds -wrong; he wants to build right at the very start. This is what he -certainly can do by building with brick. For out of the structural -strength and artistic beauty of brick he gains advantages that make -it the most economical investment in the end. - - -Upkeep or Maintenance - -Take the items as they come, in their effect upon the value of -the house. First, there is upkeep. So far as brick enter into the -construction of a house, it requires practically no maintenance. -You do not have to patch, repair, or paint a brick wall,--it wears. -It is as sound in twenty-five years as the day it was built, and -even more attractive. Figure up the paint bill for a frame house in -ten years, then add the various little repairs necessitated by the -shrinking, cracking, and decaying of wood exposed to the weather, -and you have a neat little bill of upkeep, for the frame house, -which is exactly nothing for brick. - - -Depreciation - -Next consider depreciation which is a separate item from -maintenance or upkeep, and is practically nil in the case of the -brick house. Appraisal engineers have estimated it, for the brick -house, at only one per cent a year, beginning after the first -five years. And the one per cent in reality should apply only to -such portions of the building as are subject to wear, as finished -floors, plumbing, hardware, roofs, and the like. Approximately 60 -per cent of a well built brick house does not depreciate at all -through a long period of years. On the other hand, a frame house, -according to the same authorities, begins to depreciate from the -day it is finished at from 2 to 3 per cent annually. At the lowest -estimate of 2 per cent a $6,500 frame house would depreciate $130 -a year or $1,300 in ten years. A similar house of brick, worth let -us say $7,000, would depreciate, allowing the full one per cent, -$70 a year from the fifth year on, or $350 in ten years. That is, -when you add to the $350 depreciation the $500 excess cost of the -brick house, the resulting $850 is still less by $450 than the -depreciation alone on the frame house. The wear and tear of time do -not allow us to get away from these facts. - -[Illustration: Face Brick Bank Building, Detroit. Geo. M. Lindsey -Co., Architects] - - -Saving on Insurance Rates - -Furthermore, there is the matter of fire insurance, not a large -one, but growing in the course of years to an appreciable sum. The -reason for better insurance rates on the brick house is one that -makes the strongest appeal to a man, and that is, safety from the -fear and fact of fire, protection for himself and family from a -justly dreaded misfortune. Acting on this reason, the insurance -company will put from 19 to 37 per cent higher rate on a frame or -stucco than on a brick house. Besides, you can carry 20 per cent -less insurance on the more substantial structure. - - -Comfort and Health - -Again the builder must consider the question of comfort and health. -An 8-inch furred brick wall will require less coal to keep the -house warm than in case of frame. This saving, however, is not -nearly as important as uniform comfort which, especially in winter, -has a vital bearing on the health and welfare of the family, more -particularly as it affects very young or delicate children and -old people, or even the strong who may, for the time being, be -indisposed. The man who builds a good brick house saves on his coal -and doctor bills. - -[Illustration: Face Brick Bungalow, Chicago, Ill. J. R. Stone, -Architect] - -[Illustration: Face Brick Public Library, Coatsville, Ind. Graham & -Hill, Architects] - - -Economic Value of Beauty - -But if the brick house, because of its structural merits, is more -economical on the score of upkeep, depreciation, insurance rate, -comfort and health, it has a money value because of its artistic -appearance. The substantial and attractive appearance of a face -brick house makes the same appeal to everybody else as it did to -the owner when he built it, so that if he desires, he can borrow -more money on it, or if he must, can sell or rent it to better -advantage. Beauty has a real economic value. - - -Sentimental Value an Asset - -Finally, there is a sentimental value in owning the better house -which can't be put in terms of money but is, nevertheless, real -in terms of personal satisfaction. Every man feels a certain -justifiable pride in his home if he knows that others admire it. -This exerts an unconscious influence on him and raises his sense -of self-respect. Besides, as a good citizen, a man should make his -home as attractive as possible, not simply in the way of doing his -share to improve his neighborhood, but as showing what he and his -family stand for before the community, the soundest and best things. - -Taking it all in all, you can tell your clients that in building -a face brick house, they get more completely than in case of any -other material the structural values of permanence, fire-safety, -comfort and health, and the artistic value of beauty, out of -which follow a real economy and a genuine personal satisfaction. -What, then, are the facts about the real economy of a face brick -house? To begin with, we frankly admit and, in fact, assert that -such a house costs more than the less substantial frame or stucco -house,--as it ought, because it is worth more. It wears better, -it looks better, it sells and rents better. You can never get -something for nothing. You have to pay for it. But what we can show -from actual figures is that the face brick house at the start costs -only a little more than the frame or stucco house and in the end, -when all the bills are paid, costs much less. It is a question of -initial and final cost. Let us first look at the initial cost. - - -The Test of Figures - -The accompanying table gives the results of actual figures -obtained during the past ten years from all parts of our country -by face brick manufacturers. As the prices of material have -changed greatly, during the period in question, the percentages -of difference will prove to be the only instructive figures, and -are calculated on the total costs of the houses. The bids for -1919 we have in our files for reference and we are ready to show -them to any interested person. As frame construction is generally -the lowest, we take it as the base of comparison and give the -percentage in excess over frame for (1) a solid, 8-inch brick wall, -or face brick on common brick backing; (2) a brick veneer wall, -or face brick in place of clapboards or shingles on frame; (3) a -face brick on hollow tile wall, 8 inches thick; and (4) a stucco on -frame wall. - -A moderate sized 7-room dwelling is used as a typical example -and is the same in every respect, except the exterior wall -construction. First class face brick are used and the solid wall is -furred. - -Table of Percentage Differences - - 1 2 3 4 - _Year_ _Frame_ _Brick_ _Veneer_ _Tile_ _Stucco_ - ---- ----- ----- ------ ----- ------ - 1910 0.0% 9.1% 6.9% 10.7% 2.9% - 1913 0.0% 8.1% 5.9% ..... 4.0% - 1915 0.0% 6.9% 4.9% ..... 1.6% - 1919 0.0% 5.1% 4.4% 6.5% 0.1% - -[Illustration: Face Brick Store Front, Birmingham, Ala. W. M. C. -Weston, Architect] - -These figures represent from nine to twenty-two bids in each -case, on which the average is given. Different contractors in -the same place and different parts of the country sometimes -show considerable divergence, but in view of the wide territory -from which these bids have been gathered and the time covered, -the averages may be taken as indicative of about the constant -percentage of difference in initial cost. - - -The Face Brick House Saves Money - -It should be noted, in the case of the 8-inch solid brick wall and -the brick on tile wall, that they are both over two inches thicker -than the frame or stucco wall. But taking the 8-inch face brick -solid, or hollow tile, wall as a fair comparison with frame and -stucco, you can readily calculate what you really save by paying -a little more at the start for the more substantial construction. -Reverting to the economies of the face brick house you will find -that the maintenance and depreciation items alone on the frame -construction will, in a very few years, entirely wipe out the 5 or -6 per cent excess initial cost of the brick, to say nothing of all -the other items that go to make your face brick home all the time -an investment of a permanent and remunerative value. - -Thus, a $7,000 frame house would mean, figuring excess cost at 6 -per cent, a $7,420 face brick house. Depreciation at the lowest -estimate of 2 per cent annually on the frame in five years would be -$700; add to this a repainting bill of $250 and you have a total -of $950. For the five years under consideration there would be no -depreciation at all to be calculated on the brick house, but a -repainting bill of about 385 for doors, windows, and outside trim -would have to be charged up. This means that the difference of -3865 between frame and brick upkeep or maintenance covers, in five -years, more than twice the $420 excess initial cost of the brick. -You may well suggest to your client that to be penny wise and pound -foolish in building a home looks like an inexcusable folly. As you -are his trusted adviser in all such important matters, you can not -avoid your obligation of giving him the advice best suited to his -interests. - -[Illustration: Face Brick Primary School, Highland Park. Holmes & -Flynn, Architects] - - -Lumber Enters into the Problem - -Please note in the figures of the table the decided tendency toward -a diminished difference of percentages. The probable explanation -is the rising price of lumber which has, from all accounts, by no -means reached its crest, and which is forced by the tremendous -demand now being made for that material in the world markets. -Lumber is one of those staples of such wide and varied use that it -is well to consider seriously its conservation, both in guarding -its supply and in maintaining a reasonable price. We are all -interested, for everybody at one time or another uses some form of -lumber. - -[Illustration: Face Brick Store Front, St. Louis, Mo. Preston J. -Bradshaw, Architect] - - -Need of Saving Lumber - -However wide and varied the normal use of lumber may be, it is at -the present time, due to the conditions in which the great war has -left us, subject to abnormally excessive demands and will be for a -period of years to come. When you consider that even in fireproof -homes built of concrete, stone, or brick, lumber bears from 20 to -25 per cent of the cost of the building, and that now 80 per cent -of the houses in the United States are built entirely of wood, -you can easily guess why so much used to be said, even in pre-war -times, about the disappearance of our forests and the advancing -prices of lumber. - - -The Wastes of War - -But picture what the war has done, and its inevitable effect upon -the demand for lumber. According to a comprehensive report on the -_Direct and Indirect Costs of the War_ recently issued (November, -1919) by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, the -direct cost to the warring nations amounts to 186 billions, -of which the property loss on land was thirty billions and on -sea seven billions. To this must be added forty-five billions -as loss of production. That is, not only were vast amounts of -property destroyed, but the normal supply was greatly lowered. -Take the matter of houses alone, not only were great numbers of -them destroyed in the warring zones, but neither could they be -replaced, nor could the new houses be built which were normally -required by the community. Fortunately for us in America the war -destroyed no property, but for a period of two years it prevented -normal building to the extent of hundreds of thousands of houses. -As a consequence, in Europe all the waste places must be rebuilt -and, in both Europe and America, new houses in great numbers must -be erected to catch up with normal requirements. There is a house -famine the world over. - -[Illustration: Attractive Small Face Brick House, Buffalo, N. Y. -Thos. A. Fisher, Designer] - - -The Lumber Burden of America - -Where is all the needed lumber so lavishly used in building to come -from? The average normal supply would not be sufficient and the -supply cannot be increased for a period of years simply because -Russia, which normally supplies 50 per cent of the lumber for the -European markets, has fallen into such industrial chaos, and needs -so much material for her own reconstruction that, according to -one authority, she will not be able to export lumber again before -1922 or 1923. In consequence, the burden of supplying lumber to -the world market at the present time will fall upon America. The -effect upon prices, as well as upon quality of product, will be -inevitable. The excessive demand will not only compel injurious -denudation of our forest lands, but will more and more force the -cutting of inferior timber. - - -How to Save Lumber - -In view of such conditions there is urgent need of conserving our -lumber supply by every available means, the simplest and most -direct of which is to confine lumber strictly to its legitimate -uses or, at any rate, not use it where more fitting materials are -at hand. Take the abnormal demand pressure off lumber in every -possible way, and we reduce the danger of a lumber famine that -threatens us for some years to come. Thus, lumber should not be -used in the exterior walls of a house, where it is exposed to the -vicissitudes of the weather or to the trial of fire, especially -when building material such as brick, which is nearly as cheap, and -considering its durability and fire-safety, far more economical, is -everywhere in evidence. - -Lumber has its very legitimate and varied uses, but among them is -not outside work where wind and rain and frost and fire search -out its weaknesses. In view of its very nature and the great -variety of its proper uses, it should never displace the exterior -masonry wall, which in stone, tile, or brick makes the most secure -and enduring structure. If the 80 per cent of building in this -country, now done of frame, were put into brick, or other durable -and fire-resistive materials, it would result in a great economic -national gain, people would have better and more substantial -houses, and the lumber which everybody needs would be conserved for -the legitimate uses to which it is admirably adapted. - - - - -TYPES OF FACE BRICK WALL - - -There are three possible ways of using face brick in building a -wall, determined by the backing up material employed, each of which -will be given special attention in the following pages. - -[Sidenote: Solid Brick] - -First, there is the solid brick wall, consisting of face brick with -a common brick backing. Of the strength, permanence, and structural -value of this construction there can be no question. Objection is -sometimes made to its cost but, in view of the facts we give later, -this objection loses its force and proves to be a claim of actual -economy. The only other objection heard is that of the dampness -of the wall. This comes from one or both of two causes, pervious -mortar joints, or sweating due to condensation of interior moisture -on the cooled wall. Either condition may be completely overcome by -furring the interior wall surface, a method recommended in this -Manual, and provided for in the plans offered. The furring provides -an air space that insulates against dampness and cold. With this -furring, the other methods, sometimes employed, of mixing so-called -waterproofing material with the mortar or of using colorless liquid -waterproofing on the surface of the brickwork are not necessary. -Even the furring, in certain climatic conditions as proved out by -local experience and practice, is not needed. But in any case, -it must always be seen that all the exterior joints of the wall, -especially the head or vertical joints, are solidly filled with -mortar. The possibility of efflorescence, which occasionally -appears on the surface of the brick when the outside of the -wall has been subjected to excessive moisture, may be prevented -to a great extent by avoiding such ledges and projections in -construction as permit the soaking of water into the surface of the -brick work. See Glossary, page 110. - -[Sidenote: Hollow Tile Backing] - -Secondly, the face brick wall may be built by using hollow tile -in place of common brick for backing. This wall, like that of -solid brick, being all of burnt clay, has the advantage of being -fire-resistive, although insurance rates are not always as -favorable because, in case of fire, the salvage is not as large -as with the solid wall. Some builders prefer this type of wall, -claiming that it is less expensive to build and that the hollow -dead air spaces act as a heat insulation, giving a drier and warmer -wall. On these points we have no means of forming a definite, final -opinion. Your best plan would be to consult both the common brick -and hollow tile people so as to form a judgment of your own on the -subject. Either wall is sound construction and will give you entire -satisfaction. - -[Sidenote: Face Brick Veneer] - -The third type of wall, known as veneer, is simply the application -of face brick to the wooden framing of a frame house, in place of -the clapboards or shingles. Although, as a substantial or a fire -restrictive wall this type is not equal to solid brick or hollow -tile, it has its friends among builders, largely on the score of -local custom, familiarity, speed of construction, and cost. What -it has to recommend it is the fact that in outer appearance and -value it is a brick house, and in reality a big step in the right -direction. But whichever type of wall you build, it is the face -brick that gives to it character, distinction, class, all of which -means not only deep personal satisfaction to the owner, but real -money in higher rental or sales value, far in excess of the initial -cost of the face brick over poorer and less attractive material. - -[Illustration: Face Brick Bungalow, Atlanta, Ga. Leila Ross -Wilburn, Architect] - -[Sidenote: Weakness of Frame] - -Take the frame wall. Where it is exposed to the weather, it -shrinks, decays, and depreciates, requiring repeated paintings -and repairs. Now substitute, at an added cost of only 4 or 5 per -cent, a fine face brick for the drop siding and at once there -is practically cut out painting, repairs, and depreciation. The -brick veneer has surrounded the house with a solid, monolithic, -permanent, windproof, shell of fireproof material, so that in -consequence the owner has on the exterior, to all intents and -purposes, the strength and beauty of a face brick house. Besides -his own personal satisfaction, he has added many times more than -4 or 5 per cent to the market value of his property. Or, suppose -your client has an old frame house that is built on a good plan, -but outwardly grown dilapidated in appearance and hard to rent or -sell. Induce him to veneer it with an attractive face brick, as we -explain on a later page, and for every dollar he puts in he will -get two out. - -[Sidenote: Weakness of Stucco] - -Then take hollow tile wall construction and compare the value of -it finished with stucco or with face brick. The face brick will -cost from 2 to 3 per cent more on the cost of the house, but -what will it give the owner in wear, appearance, and solidity of -construction! If you stucco hollow tile the interior face of the -wall in most cases must be furred. If you use face brick, not -only additional solidity and strength are added to the wall but -if, as we recommend throughout this Manual, an air space is left -between brick and tile, the inside furring is not needed. Besides, -stucco is apt to stain, crack, or, in damp climates with freezing -weather, peel off in spots, presenting an unsightly appearance. -You can assure your client, who is debating between stucco and -face brick, that years of usage will prove the brick surface to be -both in artistic appearance and actual economy by far the better -investment. It costs a little more at the start, but is worth much -more in the end. - -[Sidenote: Value of Looks] - -Or, it may be that your client concludes to build a thoroughly good -solid brick wall, but wants to save 3 to 4 per cent on the total -cost of the house by using common brick throughout. This will be -a good wall, no doubt, but how will it look! Common brick are not -made with an eye to external appearance; their great merit lies -in solid structural value. Occasionally a well-burned selected -common brick, made of a clay that burns to a good color may be -found and used, with proper care of bond and mortar joint, for -facing purposes; but as a rule, the method of manufacturing common -brick, and the structural uses for which they are intended do not -contribute to the attractiveness of the wall surface. Hence, the -natural development of the great face brick industry which adds to -the solid structural merits of brick the invaluable merit of looks. - -And how much do looks have to do with both the sentimental and -commercial value of a house! What does the good wife think of the -looks of the house she lives in? What do the neighbors think of -it? And to be purely practical, what does the prospective renter -or buyer think of it? You know that when a man wishes to sell his -house, he cleans up the yard, repairs the fence, patches up the -holes, and paints the house from top to bottom because he knows -the value of looks. He knows that his restoring the house to its -pristine glory attracts the purchaser, helps to persuade him, and -secures a far better price of sale. - -Cleanliness, looks, beauty, have a very real value in dollars and -cents. The same principle applies to a face brick finish of the -wall surface. Face brick are made with more care, are handled -and shipped with more care, and laid with more care, just for -the purpose of producing a more attractive wall. When you use -face brick for your clients, you give them the last word in wall -construction, which is at once, as no other material, strong, -enduring, comfortable, fire-safe, economical, and beautiful. - -[Illustration: Start of Veneering over Frame Note footing below and -wall ties above] - -[Illustration: Veneering above Kitchen Roof Note angle irons and -work at windows] - - - - -PUTTING IN FOUNDATIONS - - -The following data have been compiled and the drawings made by Mr. -George W. Repp, a Chicago architect, and are based on the most -widely followed building practice. - -There is no intention of trying to inform the master mason or -the master carpenter about his craft with which he is perfectly -familiar, but to show the master carpenter builder the best methods -of handling the brick problems that may confront him in solid -brick, hollow tile, and veneer wall construction. A glossary of -technical terms will be found at the close of this volume. - -[Sidenote: Footings] - -Whatever type of construction is chosen, solid brick, hollow -tile, or veneer, it should rest upon a solid brick foundation. -In the majority of cases, where soil conditions are favorable, -the brick foundation walls of moderate sized houses do not need a -footing except at points bearing concentrated loads. Naturally, -the excavation should be carried down to good solid earth, free -from loose, spongy soil or filled-in ground which might later -permit sufficient unequal settlement to result in serious cracks -throughout the wall of the house. Where conditions seem to require -a footing, it may be either of brick laid in good cement mortar -(Fig. 1) or of concrete as shown in our working drawings, and -should be strengthened at points of special bearing stress. Which -footing is chosen will depend largely on convenience of getting -local material and labor. The bottom of the foundation wall or -footing must always be below frost line which, of course, varies in -different sections of the country; and this rule applies as well to -all brickwork outside of the foundation wall proper. - -[Illustration: Fig. 1. Brick Footing] - -[Sidenote: Drains or Drainage] - -Where the conditions of soil require, porous tile with open joints -should be laid around the base of the foundation wall, not above -the level of the basement floor nor below the bottom of the wall or -footing, and slightly pitched to a point where it may be connected -with the sewer or some natural outlet. Where this tile is laid in -loose sandy Soil, the open joints should be wrapped with building -paper to prevent the sand from clogging the drain. In heavy clay -soil, the tile should be covered to the depth of about a foot with -crushed stone to prevent packing of clay around the tile. - -[Sidenote: The Wall] - -Foundation walls, technically speaking, are those walls below -the grade line of the building that support the super-structure. -Similar walls around areas are termed retaining walls and are not -properly a part of the foundation. The thickness of foundation, -as well as other walls for different structures, is usually -established by ordinance in cities and towns; but, where there are -no ordinances on the subject, a brick foundation wall of 12 inches, -for two-story buildings, or one of 8 inches, for small one-story -buildings, conforms to good practice. - -[Sidenote: The Bond] - -The foundation wall should be built of a hard-burned common brick, -and laid in Common Bond (See Fig. 47), with a good cement-lime -mortar, starting at the bottom with a header course. As the -headers, which serve as transverse bond, are not long enough to -extend through the entire thickness of the 12-inch, as they do -through the 8-inch wall, the header courses in the 12-inch wall -very naturally cannot be on the same level at the front and back -of the wall. In the bottom course, the header row is laid inside -and the stretcher row outside, while in the next course above the -position is reversed, and so on wherever the bonding header courses -come. - -[Sidenote: Laying the Brick] - -The first course of brick is well bedded in mortar on the footing -or the solid ground, as the case may be. At the corners and at -proper intervals along the wall where necessary, a few brick, -four or five courses high, are laid up in the advance to serve as -leads or starting points for the bond and supports for the line -which guides the mason to the proper level and alignment of the -brick. The mortar is well spread with the trowel along the top of -the brick course, and the brick to be laid is firmly pressed down -on this mortar bed next the lead. The mortar thus squeezed out of -the joint is cut off by the trowel and scraped on the head of the -next brick to be laid which is then pressed on the mortar bed and -shoved against the brick just laid, so as to squeeze mortar into -the bottom of the vertical or head joint which is then thoroughly -filled from the top by slushing with mortar. The stretcher courses -for structural reasons should be well slushed with mortar between -the front and back rows or tiers of brick, laid to break joint. - -As the work progresses, the joints on the inside face of the -basement wall should be neatly struck, while the outside joints -should be cut flush for receiving a waterproof coating. The inside -joints are struck by running the point of the trowel, held firmly -at an angle, along the upper or lower edge of the brick, thus -making a smooth beveled joint (See Fig. 57). - -The wall should be widened where indicated on any plan to serve -as a foundation for the fireplace, and should be built hollow to -provide for an ash pit. Where other chimneys occur, the wall at -their base should be corbeled out to serve as a support for them. - -[Sidenote: Scaffolding] - -After the wall has risen four or five feet, scaffolding is erected -to carry on the upper portion. The scaffolding, necessary for -the usual house, or other small building, consists of a series -of rigid horses or trestles, approximately 5'-0" wide and 5'-0" -high, on which are placed a half-dozen 2" × 10" planks laid close. -The joists for the floor above may be used for this planking and -then lifted into place when the wall is ready to receive them, -thus effecting a saving in labor. Care should be taken to keep -the horses several inches away from the inside face of the wall, -lest the jarring caused by bricks and mortar being deposited on -the scaffold may push the green wall out of plumb. The scaffolding -for the foundation wall may be dispensed with, if it is found more -convenient to lay the upper portion of the wall from the outside. - -[Sidenote: Waterproofing] - -All brick foundation walls should be water-proofed on the outside -except in gravelly, sandy, or very dry soil. In case there is -danger of moisture rising in the wall by capillary attraction, the -top of the footing should be water-proofed, before starting the -walls, by a course of slate well bedded in mortar or by a strip of -composition roofing. In wet locations, it would be well to carry -the waterproofing under the basement floor also. For waterproofing -the foundation walls, in slightly wet soils where the drainage is -fair, a coating of one-half inch cement plaster may be applied to -the outside surface of the brick as the wall is carried up. This -plaster should be composed of one part Portland cement and two -parts clean, sharp sand. The possibility of settlement cracking -this cement coating makes it undesirable for use in heavy soils -such as wet clay, or in low-lying land where the subsoil is likely -to be wet. In such conditions, a coating of asphalt applied -while boiling hot, thoroughly covering the brickwork, is very -satisfactory. A less expensive though excellent waterproofing, -which we suggest in our specifications, is made of three parts -of tar and one of pitch. Tar alone is sometimes used, but is not -recommended as it becomes brittle and is subject to cracks, similar -to cement. Except in dry, warm weather, it is well to prepare -the wall for the waterproofing by sizing or priming it with hot -creosote, to overcome any dampness that might prevent the asphalt -or tar-pitch from taking proper hold. - -[Illustration: Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig. 5 Fig. 6 Fig. 7 - -Types of Exterior Basement Walls] - - - - -SOLID FACE BRICK CONSTRUCTION - - -[Sidenote: Thickness of the Wall] - -Where ordinances do not govern, the thickness of brick walls -above the foundation may be 8 inches (two brick thick) for one or -two-story small houses, except in the case of an unusually high -gable where the first story wall should be 12 inches (three brick -thick). - -[Sidenote: Water Table] - -At the grade line the face brick is started, sometimes with a -rowlock course or a soldier course, set either flush with the outer -surface of the foundation wall or, as usual, slightly projected, -in which case it is known as the water table. On the other hand, -the entire base or lower portion of the building from the grade to -the first floor sometimes extends as a water table beyond the wall -above. Figs. 2-7 show various ways of treating this portion of the -wall which add to the interest of the brickwork. - -The method of laying the face brick is substantially the same as -that for the foundation wall except that much greater care must be -taken with the bond and mortar joints on the surface of the wall. -A description of various bonds and patterns will be found on pages -33-35. - -[Sidenote: Building] - -The method of bonding the face brick to the common brick backing -follows the usual method Bonding means of headers every five or -six courses, the headers in other than Common Bond, not used for -bond, being cut in half. In the widely used Stretcher Bond where -no headers occur except at corners, three methods of bonding may -be employed. First, but only in case of walls 12 inches or more -thick, the back corners of the face brick may be clipped so that -the backing brick fit diagonally into the notches thus provided -(Fig. 8). This sort of concealed bond is weak and should be avoided. - -[Illustration: Fig. 8. Concealed Bond] - -[Illustration: Fig. 9. Metal Wall Ties] - -Secondly, the face brick may be tied to the backing by laying -metal strips or wires, supplied by any material dealer, in the bed -joints of face and backing brick (Fig. 9). Although this method is -frequently used and in a way answers the purpose, we do not regard -it as the simplest and best. - -We recommend the third method which is a natural bond, thoroughly -workmanlike and sound. Every sixth or seventh course, pairs of -headers are laid with a tight buttered, and hence invisible, joint -alternating with the stretchers. As the joint between the headers -is hardly seen, the two headers give the appearance of a stretcher, -so that the effect of the Running or Stretcher Bond is maintained -(See Fig. 31). - -[Sidenote: Backing] - -The face brick are laid up five or six courses in advance of the -backing and the joints on the face of the wall are finished (See -Fig. 57) as the work progresses. On outside exposed surfaces, the -struck joint should be avoided, and particular care should be -taken in seeing that all head or vertical joints are thoroughly -filled with mortar from bottom to top. Each face course should be -started so as to care for the bond or pattern chosen, as well as -for the transverse structural bond. The backing is then laid in -the usual way, always, so far as possible, breaking joint with -the face brick. No attempt, except where strength is specially -demanded, should be made to slush the thin space between the front -and back tiers of brick, as this space helps to make the wall drier -and warmer. Wherever the common brick backing is to be exposed, -the joints must be neatly struck as in the basement wall. At the -close of the day's work, face and backing should be brought to -approximately the same level and covered to protect the work from -the weather. - -[Sidenote: Treatment of Joints] - -The brickwork should be stopped at the point where the first floor -joists are to rest upon it, and care should be taken to have the -top course perfectly level, so that the joists may be set without -wedging or blocking. The joists set by the carpenter should have, -at intervals of approximately six feet, wrought iron joist anchors -solidly spiked to them, and extending into the wall. Great care -should be exercised in placing these anchors as near the bottom of -the joists as possible in order to lessen the strain on the brick -wall, in case a fire causes the joists to drop. - -[Illustration: Fig. 10. Correct Joist Anchor] - -[Illustration: Fig. 11. Bad Joist Anchor] - -For the same reason, the ends of all the joists, with or without -anchors, should be beveled so that, in like conditions, the -joists will readily fall out without injury to the wall. Fig. 10 -illustrates the correct method of attaching the anchor to the -joist. The dotted lines show how the joist would drop without -damaging the wall. Fig. 11 shows the destructive effect caused by -the anchor being placed at the top of the joist. The importance of -these points cannot be emphasized too much as walls have had to -be rebuilt which by proper framing construction would have stood -intact. After the joists are placed, the brickwork is continued up -between, and leaving a small "breathing" space around, them. The -same method of joisting is followed at the upper floors. - -[Illustration: Fig. 12. and Fig. 13. True Corbeling Between Joists] - -If the lower part of a wall is thicker by a brick than the upper -part, it should be carried up its full thickness nearly to the -top of the joists Fire Stops where ft is stepped back to the -inside face of the upper part, thus forming with the plastering -a fire stop at the top of the joists, while a projection of a -quarter brick length should always be provided as a fire stop at -the bottom of the joists, as shown in Fig. 12. If the wall is the -same thickness throughout, the brickwork should be corbeled out -between the joists two inches, the full height of the joists, -to form a fire stop as in Fig. 13. The object of the fire stop -is to block all possible passage of fire from the space between -the joists to that between the furring strips on the wall, or -the reverse. Without these fire stops, a fire originating in the -floor could communicate with the furring space on the wall above, -or originating in the furring space could communicate with the -floor. With the stops, the fire is confined to certain spaces and -is retarded instead of spreading. These corbels also serve the -wholesome purpose of checking vermin of all kinds from passage -through the floor and wall spaces. - -[Sidenote: Ceiling Lath] - -Figs. 12 and 13 also show the proper way of placing the lath at -the corner of the ceiling so as to take full advantage of the fire -stops. The ceiling lath, usually placed first, should be started -far enough away from the side walls so that when the side wall -lath is placed tight, as it ought to be, against the underside -of the floor joist, there will be space enough for the plaster -to push through and form a key touching the bottom brick of the -corbel. As the corbel by construction is necessarily the distance -of a mortar joint above the bottom of the joists, the openings are -thus completely sealed by the plaster key. In cheap speculative -buildings, these fire stops are too often omitted or a pretext for -them is resorted to by projecting only one brick at the top or -bottom of the joists. This, however, is as good as no fire stop at -all. Figs. 14 and 15 show the lath as they ought not to be placed -and also how false corbeling leaves the passages really unstopped, -thus defeating altogether the purpose of fire stops. - -[Illustration: Fig. 14 Fig. 15 - -False Corbeling Between Joists] - -Masonry walls that are to be furred, sometimes have, as the work -progresses, common wood laths laid in the joints of the brickwork -on the inside face of the wall, about every seventh course, except -over chimneys. The lath should be staggered so as to avoid two -vertical lath joints in succession. These serve as nail holds for -the furring strips as explained on page 24. - -[Sidenote: Laying a 2-inch Wall] - -Where local requirements demand a 12-inch wall, the method of -construction is the same as in the 8-inch wall, except that two -rows or tiers of backing brick, instead of one, are carried up -to the advanced level of the face brick, leaving the thin spaces -between the tiers of brick open as the best way of securing a -warmer and drier wall. Of course, in the case of piers and points -in the wall that carry heavy loads, all interior joints should be -well slushed with mortar for evident structural reasons. - -[Sidenote: Roof Plate Anchor] - -Before the top of the wall is reached, the anchors for bolting -down the roof plate should be placed and the brickwork carried up -around them (Fig. 16). They should be made of half-inch bolts at -least 12 inches long, with a tee or washer at the bottom and a nut -and washer at the top, and should be set approximately every 6 feet -along the wall. After the carpenter has placed the roof plate and -before it is bolted down, the mason should bed with cement mortar -under it. - -[Sidenote: Nogging] - -When the wall is finally carried to the top and the roof rafters -set, but before the roof boarding is in place, the mason should -fill in between the roof rafters with one tier of brick as shown -in Fig. 16. This is called nogging. Its purpose is to block -effectually the openings between the roof rafters and prevent the -wind from entering the walls and attic. This adds greatly to the -comfort of the house in cold weather. In warm climates nogging will -be found unnecessary. - -[Illustration: Fig. 16. Rafters and Roof Plate] - - -The Chimney - -While the chimney may be made one of the most charming and -effective elements of the house design, its structural and -practical necessities are its most striking features. - -The proper construction, size, and height of chimneys are of the -utmost importance both for the successful working of the heating -system and for the prevention of fires. The chimney may, though -it need not be, a point of danger to the safety of the home. A -little intelligent care in its construction will prove to be the -best insurance. As a first precaution, all wood framing of floor -and roof must be kept at least 2 inches away from the chimney and -no other woodwork of any kind be projected into the brickwork -surrounding the flues. - -[Illustration: Fig. 17. Chimney Height] - -Chimneys should be tightly built of solid brick, have no openings -except those required for the connection of the heating apparatus, -and should always extend at least one foot above the highest point -of the roof. In some cases, depending on local surroundings, it may -be desirable to carry them somewhat higher. Those terminating below -the level of the roof usually have poor draft because the wind, -sweeping across or against the roof, may form eddies that drive -down the chimney or check the natural rise of the smoke (Fig. 17). - -[Sidenote: Flue Lining] - -The flues of chimneys should not start from the bottom of the -foundation but only about a foot below the first smoke pipe -openings, and should be lined with terra cotta flue lining their -entire height. Care should be taken in setting flue linings to be -sure that the joints are well cemented and, at the same time, that -all spaces between the lining and brickwork are tightly filled with -mortar. Any openings in the joints of the tile lining, or even of -the brickwork, not only check the draft but are a fire menace. -Cement plaster should not be substituted for the flue lining as -it is likely to crack and fall off, thus leaving the flue in a -dangerous condition. However, where flue linings are not available, -a strong smooth cement plaster may be used, in which case the -chimney wall should be at least 8 inches thick. - -Modern heating plants necessitate accurate construction of -chimneys, and most manufacturers of heating apparatus nowadays -recommend the area and height of the flue necessary for their -installations. The following table will prove useful in considering -the question of heating plant or fireplace, by showing the -dimensions of flue linings to be ordered when the required area is -ascertained. - -Table of Commercial Flue Linings - - _Outside Dimensions_ _Actual Inside Area_ - - 8-1/2" × 8-1/2" 52 sq. in. - 8-1/2" × 13 " 80 " " - 13 " × 13 " 126 " " - 13 " × 18 " 169 " " - 18 " × 18 " 240 " " - -[Illustration: Fig. 18. Chimney Withes] - -[Sidenote: Offsets] - -Where two or more flues are contained in one chimney, they should -always be separated by a brick partition 4 inches thick, called a -withe, and bonded to the outside brickwork as shown in Fig. 18. -Chimneys should run as straight as possible from bottom to top, in -order to secure better draft and facilitate cleaning. If, however, -offsets are necessary from one story to another, they should be -very gradual, never less than at an angle of 30° from the vertical. -If abrupt offsets occur in flues, soot will soon be deposited, -choking the flue and making cleaning almost impossible (Fig. 19). -Care should be taken while the chimney is building that the bottom -does not become filled with mortar or brick bats. At the bottom of -the furnace flue in the basement, an iron cleanout door should be -provided as a convenience for removing soot. - -Chimneys erected on the interior of a building are apt to be more -efficient because the warm air surrounding them facilitates the -draft, while those located on the exterior naturally are somewhat -affected by the cool air on the outside. - -[Illustration: Fig. 19. Chimney Offset] - -[Illustration: Fig. 20 Fig. 21 Outside Angle Corners] - - -Angles, Bays, and Corners - -All the houses represented in this book are designed without any -obtuse or acute angled corners. If, however, you wish to erect a -brick building with an angular corner or bay, specially shaped -face brick for the purpose, called splay or octagon brick, may be -obtained from the dealers or manufacturers. If for any reason these -special shapes are not easily available, the angle may be formed -by the use of standard size brick. The method shown in Fig. 20 is -used only on cheap work and should be discouraged, for it leaves -ledges for the lodgment of snow and dirt, decreases the thickness -of the wall, and besides is rather unsightly. The better method, as -shown in Fig. 21, also has the objection of forming ledges for the -lodgment of snow and dirt, but it makes a wall of full thickness, -and has been used by some architects in a very artistic manner. The -best method of all, for treating these corners, is shown in Fig. -22. Standard bricks are used with the minimum amount of cutting. -Fig. 23 shows a method of laying brick at an acute angled corner. -It is simple to lay up, there is little cutting of brick, and it -presents a better looking corner than one with a sharp angle. - -[Illustration: Fig. 22. Obtuse Angle Turns] - -[Illustration: Fig. 23. Acute Angle Turns] - -[Illustration: Fig. 24 The Solid Brick Wall] - - -Openings - -Window sills in brick buildings should be of brick or stone. -Cement, unless pre-cast, is not well adapted for the purpose. Brick -window sills are preferable to stone for, besides adding a charming -touch to the building, they are inexpensive since they are of the -same material as the wall and placed by the same workmen who lay up -the wall, thus obviating the necessity of additional labor to place -the heavy stone. Brick for sills should be laid on edge and pitched -approximately at an incline of 1 inch in 6 to shed the water. They -should also project at least an inch beyond the face of the wall to -form a drip, and be laid in rich cement mortar composed of equal -parts of cement and sand, with joints well filled and finished with -a hard smooth surface. Door sills may be of wood, brick, or stone. -In case of a stone sill, it should be exactly the height of either -two or three courses of brick. - -[Sidenote: Window Frames] - -The window frames are set by the carpenter on top of the sill in -a thin bed of mortar. When they are leveled, plumbed, and braced, -the brickwork is carried up around the jambs or weight boxes, as -shown in Fig. 24, always making certain that the corner or jamb of -the brick opening is perfectly plumb. Great care should be taken -to fill solid with mortar the spaces between the brickwork and the -window frame, to stop the wind. - -Stock Window Sizes - - _Double Hung Sash, 1-3/8" Thick_ - - _Glass Size, _Masonry - D. S._ _Lights[A]_ _Sash Size_ Opening_ - - 16" × 16" 2 1'- 8" × 3'- 2" 2'-0" × 3'- 6" - 16" × 26" 2 1'- 8" × 4'-10" 2'-0" × 5'- 2" - 22" × 20" 2 2'- 2" × 3'-10" 2'-6" × 4'- 2" - 28" × 26" 2 2'- 8" × 4'-10" 3'-0" × 5'- 2" - 30" × 24" 2 2'-10" × 4'- 6" 3'-2" × 4'-10" - 30" × 26" 2 2'-10" × 4'-10" 3'-2" × 5'- 2" - 34" × 16" 2 3'- 2" × 3'- 2" 3'-6" × 3'- 6" - 34" × 20" 2 3'- 2" × 3'-10" 3'-6" × 4'- 2" - 34" × 26" 2 3'- 2" × 4'-10" 3'-6" × 5'- 2" - 40" × 26" 2 3'- 8" × 4'-10" 4'-0" × 5'- 2" - 42" × 26" 2 3'-10" × 4'-10" 4'-2" × 5'- 2" - 52" × 26" 2 4'- 8" × 4'-10" 5'-0" × 5'- 2" - - _Basement Sash, 1-3/8" Thick_ - - 20" × 14" 2 2'- 0" × 1'- 5" 2'-4" × 1'- 9" - 30" × 14" 3 2'-10" × 1'- 5" 3'-2" × 1'- 9" - 42" × 14" 3 3'-10" × 1'- 5" 4'-2" × 1'- 9" - - _Casement Sash, 1-3/8" or 1-3/4" Thick_ - - 20" × 24" 4 2'- 0" × 2'- 5" 2'-4" × 2'- 9"[B] - 20" × 36" 6 2'- 0" × 3'- 5" 2'-4" × 3'- 9"[B] - 20" × 42" 6 2'- 0" × 3'-11" 2'-4" × 4'- 3"[B] - 20" × 48" 8 2'- 0" × 4'- 5" 2'-4" × 4'- 9"[B] - 20" × 56" 8 2'- 0" × 5'- 1" 2'-4" × 5'- 5"[B] - -[Footnote A: If divided lights are wanted, a special order will be -necessary, the total glass size remaining the same.] - -[Footnote B: These heights are for outswinging casements; for -inswinging casements, add 3/8" to the height of the dimensions -given.] - -Stock Door Sizes[C] - - _Exterior Doors 1-3/8" or 1-3/4" Thick_ - - 2'-8" × 6'-8" - 2'-8" × 7'-0" - 3'-0" × 6'-8" - 3'-0" × 7'-0" - -[Footnote C: Openings will be 4" wider and 2-3/4" higher than -dimensions given.] - -[Sidenote: Stock Sizes] - -Brick linear dimensions should, wherever possible, be calculated -so as to reduce cutting of brick to a minimum, especially where -openings, bays, chimneys, and the like are concerned. Our plans -are drawn with this in view; and to facilitate readily obtaining -sash and exterior door sizes, we would suggest that contractors, so -far as possible, use stock dimensions taken from the accompanying -tables which cover the vast majority of requirements. For each -mullion between grouped, double-hung windows allow 6 inches, and -between casement windows 2 inches. The stock window frames, which -are essentially the same as those used in frame construction, -require no more labor to set and brace than in case of frame walls. -All that is necessary is to box them in to make a housing for the -sash weights. After the brickwork is laid around the frame, a staff -bead or brick mold is nailed to its outside face, fitting snugly up -to the brickwork, adding if so desired a scribing bead. - -Should local stock frames vary slightly from the dimensions -given, or if a scribing bead is used in addition to the regular -staff mold, the brickwork can easily be laid so as to take up the -difference. In case the masonry opening is finished before the -frames arrive on the job, great care should be taken to have them -built the exact size of the frame ordered, always taking into -consideration the 1 inch to 6 inches slope of the sill, and the -scribing bead if used. - -[Illustration: Fig. 25 Fig. 26 Fig. 27 Fig. 28 Fig. 29] - - -Opening Supports - -[Sidenote: Lintels and Arches] - -[Sidenote: Relieving Arches] - -The brickwork over all openings may be supported, either by a steel -or wood lintel, or by a brick arch. Either the full thickness of -the wall or the face brick only may be carried on a steel lintel or -an arch. Lintels are rarely used in combination with semi-circular -arches. When a steel lintel or an arch supports the face brick, the -backing usually rests on a wooden lintel, set higher than the arch -or else concealed by the frame. There should be a brick relieving -arch above wooden lintels, spanning more than 3 feet, bearing on -the wall beyond the ends of the lintel, so that the brickwork will -not be weakened should the lintel be destroyed by fire (Fig. 28). -The space between arch and lintel is filled with brick after the -arch is built. Seasoned brickwork will support itself over the -smaller spans. - -[Sidenote: Steel Lintels] - -For a steel lintel over a small opening, an angle is sufficient. -If the interior wall surface is also to be of face brick, the -lintel is made by placing two angles back to back, as the usual -wood lintel in such a place would be unsightly. For openings up -to 4 feet wide, a 4" × 3" or a 3" × 3" angle is sufficient; wider -openings up to 5 feet would require a 3" × 5" angle. Over larger -openings heavier sections of steel have to be used. Both steel and -wood lintels are usually made 8 inches longer than the width of the -opening. - -[Sidenote: Brick Arches] - -The brick arches generally employed in small buildings are flat, -segmental, or full semi-circular (Figs. 25-29). The segmental and -semi-circular arches are usually best built of rowlock courses, -their number depending upon the width of the opening. Flat brick -arches over two feet wide should be supported by steel, the brick -being usually set soldier fashion. As these brick are slightly -inclined from the vertical, their end edges should be clipped to -make the joints on the face of the arch come in a horizontal line, -as in Fig. 26. In Fig. 25, the appearance of the arch face is not -so workmanlike and neat because the brick have not been clipped -along the line of the middle joints. For either type of arch, the -brickwork both sides of the opening must be beveled in the form of -skewbacks, to serve as beds for receiving the thrust of the arch as -shown in the figures. If these arches are properly handled both as -to design and execution, they add greatly to the appearance of the -entire wall surface. - - -Various Methods of Furring - -[Sidenote: Wood] - -[Sidenote: Hollow Tile] - -[Sidenote: Metal] - -The inside of all exterior brick walls should be furred, except -in climatic conditions where it has proved unnecessary, in order -to form an air space between the brickwork and the plaster. This -furring may be of wood, hollow tile, or metal. The first, which -is ordinarily used, consists of 1" × 2" wooden strips placed -vertically on the wall and spaced 16 inches on center (Fig. 24). -The strips are either nailed to the lath which have been placed in -the joints of the brickwork by the mason, or attached by driving -the nails into the mortar joints. The carpenter, in placing the -strips, should wedge behind them where necessary to make them -plumb. The grounds and lath are placed directly on these strips. -Hollow tile furring is formed by splitting 3-inch or 4-inch "split -furring" tile, which have been scored in manufacturing for this -purpose, placing the webs against the brick wall, and anchoring -them by driving ten-penny nails into the mortar joints over every -third tile in every second course. The tile should be laid without -mortar so as not to make a solid connection which would transmit -moisture. This tile furring makes a good surface for interior -plastering. Metal furring is only used with metal lath and consists -of small steel rods or other stiffening members either placed -separately on the wall or as part of the metal lath. - - -Cleaning and Pointing - -Not until after the plasterer has left the job should the face -brick be cleaned or washed down. This is done with a 5 per cent -muriatic acid solution or about one pint of acid to four gallons -of water. A stronger solution is likely to do injury. Apply with a -good scrubbing brush to remove all dirt and spattered mortar, and -then rinse with clean water. While washing the wall, defects in -joints should be pointed up. - - -The Hollow Brick Wall - -A variation of solid brick construction is the so-called hollow -or vaulted wall in which the face and common brick are separated -by a two-inch air space and bonded together by metal ties laid in -the mortar joints at proper intervals. This type of wall has been -extensively used for many years, especially in the East. - -[Illustration: Fig. 30. Hollow or Vaulted Brick Wall] - -[Sidenote: For and Against] - -Its friends claim that it is stiffer than a solid wall of the same -amount of brick; that it offers a better insulation, by reason of -the air space, against cold and dampness; and that therefore it -saves the necessity of furring and fire stops on the interior wall -surface. On the other hand, admitting the value of the air space -and the consequent saving of furring, objection is made that the -air space is apt to get filled with mortar and brick chips during -construction; that the metal ties, unless heavily galvanized or -dipped in asphaltum, rust out in a comparatively short time; and -that it is not as strong a bearing wall as the solid wall of the -same brick content. Mr. Arthur W. Joslin, a contractor and builder -of Boston, whose extensive practice gives his judgment weight, -says in summing up the pros and cons: "The 10-inch vaulted wall -is strong enough for ordinary dwellings, even though the ties do -rust out, unless it is built out of the poorest kind of brick with -very poor mortar. In my opinion, a vaulted wall, if properly built, -the vault not filled up with droppings, and provisions made for -ventilating from the inside, is an ideal wall for dwelling house -construction, but I would not recommend it for buildings for other -purposes where there would be more or less of a dead load coming on -the floors." On the matter of comparative costs, Mr. Joslin adds: -"It is cheaper to build an 8-inch solid than a 10-inch vaulted -wall, and slightly cheaper to build a 10-inch vaulted than a -12-inch solid wall." - -The accompanying drawing shows a cross section of this type of -brick wall. Except in a few particulars, its construction does not -differ essentially from that of the solid brick wall as already -described. - -A 12-inch brick foundation is wide enough for the 10-inch wall and -a 16-inch foundation for the 14-inch wall. The metal ties, heavily -galvanized or coated with asphaltum, should be placed about 18 -inches apart at every fifth or sixth course and extend at least 2 -inches into the mortar joints. - -Fire stops are not needed, nor is furring, as the plaster may be -laid directly on the brick. In order to preserve the chief merit -of this type of brick wall, great care should be taken, during -construction, that the 2-inch air space be not allowed to fill up -with mortar and brick chips. - - - - -FACE BRICK ON HOLLOW TILE CONSTRUCTION - - - -The local ordinances in some municipalities require thicker walls -with hollow tile construction than where common brick backing is -used, which affects the comparative cost of the buildings; but, -where the total thickness may be kept the same as for solid brick, -the cost is practically the same, with slight differences one way -or the other in different communities. The tile used for backing -may be either soft or hard burned, but never with an absorption -of over 12 per cent, and are scored variously so that there may -always be a good keying surface for plaster. These tile may be set -with the hollow spaces or cells running either horizontally or -vertically, as the case demands or the builder chooses. - -[Sidenote: Construction] - -Walls of this form of construction are built in much the same -manner as walls with common brick backing, except that it is always -desirable to use cement mortar with the tile to insure the needed -strength of bond. The face brick are first carried up four or five -courses and then the hollow tile units, of whatever thickness -chosen, are laid up behind the brick, leaving an inch space between -the tile and brick (Fig. 31). The tile are laid, with broken joint -as in running bond, in a half-inch mortar bed. When the tile width -is over 4 inches, the mortar should be spread only on the front and -back edges of the tile, leaving a hollow space in the center. In -the vertical joints only the front and back webs require mortar. If -vertical tile are used all the webs should be well mortared, while -the vertical joints are simply buttered. - -Care must be taken that the space between the tile and brick does -not get filled up with mortar, for this would defeat its purpose -of serving as an insulation against moisture and cold. With this -one-inch space between brick and tile open, furring and lathing -are saved, as the plaster may be directly laid on the tile and the -necessity of fire stops avoided. - -[Illustration: Fig. 31. Face Brick on Hollow Tile] - -At window and door openings, in case 4" × 5" × 12" or 8" × 5" × 12" -horizontal tile are laid, either common brick or special half and -full closure tile (Figs. 31 and 59) should be used, in order to -close the openings at the end of the horizontal tile courses, thus -making around the frames good joints which should be tightly filled -with mortar. When the 12" × 12" tile are laid horizontal, those in -the window and door jambs need simply be set vertical to serve as -closures. - -It will be found that an even number of tile does not always work -out with the length of the wall or pier, leaving a space of a few -inches. This space may be filled by cutting a tile or using pieces -of tile slabs. - -[Sidenote: Tile Sizes] - -For houses of the character presented in this Manual, tile either -4, 6, or 8 inches wide may be used, depending on local ordinance -or the choice of the owner. A 5-inch backing may be obtained by -simply laying the 4" × 5" × 12" tile on the 5-inch edge. Both 4- -and 8-inch widths are made 5" × 12" or 12" × 12" in height and -length. The 6-inch width generally comes 12" × 12" in height and -length, but may be obtained in the 5" × 12" size from certain -manufacturers, if so desired. - -The 5" × 12" tile in either width are laid horizontal, while the -12" × 12" tile in either width may be laid vertical or horizontal. -Either method is satisfactory although, for heavy bearing walls, -some builders prefer the vertical method on the ground that it -gives a stronger bearing wall because the vertical webs directly -bear on each other. If laid vertical, the top course of tile should -be placed horizontal to give a good bed for the wall plate. - -[Sidenote: Face Brick to Tile] - -Four courses of standard size brick, provided a 3/8-inch mortar -joint is used, will equal in height two 5" × 12" tile, making every -fifth course a bonding course (Fig. 31). And five courses of -standard size brick, provided a 1/4-inch mortar joint is used, will -equal in height one 12" × 12" tile, or if 1/2-inch joints are used, -will equal in height 3 courses of 4" × 12" tile 5 inches wide, -making every sixth course a bonding course. If wider mortar joints -are desired, you can in the latter case make every fifth course a -bonding course by using 12" × 12" vertical tile which you can order -cut to any length required. But where either the 5" × 12" or the -12" × 12" tile are laid horizontal, the number of courses of face -brick and the size of mortar joints cannot be changed. - -[Sidenote: Bonding] - -The face brick are bonded to the tile backing (Fig. 31) precisely -in the same manner as previously explained for common brick, double -headers being used in case of Stretcher Bond and the headers, -wherever required, in other bonds (See page 18). But as this wall -is full 9 inches or more thick, the headers in the bonding courses -leave recesses one inch or more deep at intervals on the inside -face of the wall (Fig. 31). These if shallow, should be filled with -plaster, containing a large amount of fibre, before the regular -plastering is started; if deep, as when the 8-inch wide tile is -used for backing, a stretcher course of common brick or brick-size -hollow tile fills the space. - -The chimney construction does not differ in any essential from -that used for the solid brick wall, but we strongly urge the use -of brick for the chimney, rather than tile or concrete blocks, as -affording more reliable protection for the flue. - -The window sills, door sills, and lintels are the same as in solid -brick construction except that, preferably, instead of the wooden -lintel supporting the backing, the lintel be made of hollow tile -filled with cement and reinforced by one or more steel rods (Fig. -32). These tile lintels should be made on the ground by standing -the tile on end for filling. When the concrete is set, they are -ready to be lifted into place. - -[Illustration: Hollow Tile and Steel Lintels] - -[Sidenote: Laying Out] - -The story heights should be figured so that an exact number of -whole tile may be used from the bottom of the joists on one floor -to the bottom of those on the next floor, always allowing one-half -inch for the bed joints. But where this is not possible, special -tile slabs one inch thick, which may be had from the dealer, should -be used to obtain the exact height required, so that an even and -solid bearing may be formed for the floor joists. The wall plates -for the roof construction are anchored in the same manner as in the -solid brick wall, except that anchors should be 20 inches long; -likewise, brick nogging should be placed between the roof rafters. - -As in the case of the solid brick construction, when the plasterers -have gone, the face brick should be cleaned down and pointed where -necessary. - - - -FACE BRICK VENEER CONSTRUCTION - - -[Sidenote: Advantages] - -As already indicated, this type of wall construction is preferred -by some builders because it is somewhat less expensive than -solid brick or hollow tile and can be more quickly built. The -wooden frame may be completed and roofed before the brick -veneer is started on the outside. If constructed according to -our specifications, the veneered wall makes a much warmer and -more comfortable house than frame, not only because the veneer -wall is over 2 inches thicker than the frame, but because the -brick veneering forms a solid monolithic shell that steadies the -framework and is proof against the wind pressure that searches -out the cracks and crannies of the less substantial construction. -Furthermore, while the veneer house does not get the favored -insurance rates of the solid brick structure, it is, if provided -with a non-combustible roof, safe against adjacent fires; in fact, -from the exterior, presents the advantages of a solid face brick -house. - -[Sidenote: Construction] - -In this type of construction the studding is not placed at the face -of the foundation wall, but set at the back of the wall, allowing -sufficient space in front of the sheathing for the veneer of face -brick. The studs are then sheathed as for the usual frame building -and covered with building paper, held in place with 2" × 1" or 1" -× 5/8" furring strips, laid on vertically or horizontally over each -lap of paper and once between. The face brick, set one inch from -the sheathing, are laid up, so far as the outer bond is concerned, -in the same manner as for facing the solid masonry wall, and are -fastened to the framework by metal ties spaced horizontally about -on every stud and vertically every four or five courses (Fig. 33). - -[Illustration: Fig. 33. Veneer Construction] - -[Sidenote: Bonding Ties] - -These ties are of two kinds, either corrugated metal strips with -one end nailed to the sheathing and the other laid in the bed -joints, or thirty-penny wire nails which must be spaced with the -studs into which they are driven through the sheathing, so as to -leave a projection sufficient to extend about one inch into the bed -joints of the brickwork. - -The last method is recommended as the most substantial and -permanent, but care should be taken that the nails be driven with -a slant into the wood frame at a point somewhat above the brick so -that when tapped by a hammer they may be bent down to the level -of the joint (Fig. 34). If they are driven in at the exact level -of the brick, they will, when bent down, push the brick out of -alignment. - -[Sidenote: Sills and Lintels] - -Brick window sills with this type of construction are the same -as for the solid masonry wall, except that the inner ends of the -brick must be cut to fit against the sheathing. The window and -door frames are set in place as in frame construction. While the -brickwork over openings may be carried on arches, steel angles are -almost universally used for this purpose. - -[Illustration: Fig. 34. Nail Wall Ties] - -The brick porches should have the porch walls and piers of solid -brickwork faced on both sides, with bond pattern or ornamentation -following, in the main, the design of the house walls. - -Chimney construction for the veneer house is the same as for the -brick house, except that care should be taken in setting outside -chimneys clear of the sheathing, so as not to cut into the frame -construction. - - -Veneering Old Frame Structures - -[Sidenote: Old House Made New] - -It often occurs that a frame house is not kept in repair and -depreciates to such an extent that the expenditure for necessary -painting and repairs to restore it would amount to an unwarranted -figure. Or, as in many cases, the frame house, though kept in fair -condition by dint of frequent painting and repairs, is decidedly -out of date, or lacks the "class" that surrounding buildings may -have. This often applies also to the old spotted and stained stucco -house. In either case, the owner suffers loss in the value of his -investment. There is a simple way, however, to recover this loss -and more than restore the value of his investment, and that is by -veneering the house with an attractive face brick. The framing of -the house is in all probability substantially sound, it is only -the exterior that is dilapidated and outclassed. By veneering his -house with a well-chosen face brick, laid in proper bond and mortar -joint, the owner at a comparatively small expenditure has got what -is to all intents and purposes a new house. - -[Sidenote: Paying Investments] - -In the first place, he has "painted" it once and for all with -beautiful colors that will never come off, and he has eliminated -all future paint and repair bills for the exterior where much of -his cost of upkeep for the old frame house came. In the second -place, he has a far more uniformly comfortable house with a -very appreciable reduction of his coal bills, due to the solid, -monolithic shell of brick covering the frame. Practical heating -engineers engaged in installing heating apparatus calculate that -in a moderate sized veneer house as compared with frame there is, -during an average winter in the North, a saving of approximately 8 -per cent on the coal bill. - -Finally, he would have, so far as the community is concerned, or a -possible future purchaser, an attractive modern face brick house, -of which he may be proud as a place of residence, or which would -be more profitable as a renting or selling property. The enhanced -value of his property would be far beyond his expenditure. - -[Sidenote: Increasing Your Profits] - -Many contractors could comfortably increase their profits and -keep busy through dull months by presenting the above facts to -the owner whose old frame or stucco house needs repairs. Instead -of giving him a staggering figure for repair work that is only -temporary, he could be shown how, by investing a little more, -he could greatly contribute to his personal satisfaction and -substantially increase the value of his property. Veneering an old -house, either frame or stucco, is no more difficult than veneering -a new structure and is accomplished in much the same manner. - -[Sidenote: How It is Done] - -An eight-inch concrete footing should be placed against the outside -of the existing foundation wall, extending from grade to below -frost line and resting on good solid soil. The brick veneer, -starting from this footing, is carried up with an inch air space -between it and the old siding (which is not removed) and tied by -driving thirty-penny nails through the siding or other finish into -the sheathing and studs (Fig. 35). - -The usual steel lintels are used over window and door openings. -Where the veneer is to be carried over porches or other low -additions, the siding immediately above the roof should be removed -and a steel angle placed against the sheathing and securely -attached to the studs by lag screws, so that no weight of the -brickwork comes on the roof. See illustrations of work on page 16. - -[Illustration: Fig. 35 Veneering old frame] - -The brickwork is laid up to the door and window trim and a staff -bead molding, in the corner formed by the brick, securely nailed to -the old trim, making a tight joint (See Fig. 35). Similar mouldings -should be placed at the underside of roofs, porch ceilings, and -like places where the brick meets the old frame finish. - - -New Store Fronts - -A very remunerative addition to his business may be made by the -builder in veneering old frame or stucco store buildings. All -that applies to the advantage of veneering the old frame house -especially applies here. An attractive store front is one of the -merchant's best advertisements. It indicates that he is prosperous, -and it draws customers who always prefer to deal with the -successful merchant, and where the surroundings are pleasant. Show -the merchant of your town the increased value of his property and -the increased profits of his business made possible by a beautiful -store front of face brick, and you will get more business yourself. - - -A New Face Brick Porch - -[Sidenote: Method of Construction] - -Sometimes the porch on a frame building is in need of a new floor, -railing, and steps. Instead of rebuilding the frame porch which -will need constant repair and painting, a new face brick porch -with either a brick or wooden floor could be built which would -not only end all repair bills but vastly improve the appearance -of the house. This may be accomplished very easily. Remove the -entire porch except the roof which should be held by temporary -supports. After excavating to the necessary depth, build a common -brick foundation to grade for the piers and wall of the porch. The -piers should be the same dimensions as the brick piers above, and -the connecting wall should be 8 inches thick. Above the grade this -8-inch wall should be finished with face brick on the outside, -while above the porch floor it should be face brick on both sides; -and, at the correct height, should have a coping of face brick -laid on edge. The piers should be carried up to the porch cornice -and may be finished with a course of brick on edge, projecting -slightly, to match the coping on the porch wall, or in any other -plain or ornamental fashion desired. Where the walls join the frame -building they should be anchored with nails driven into the wall -the same as already explained for brick veneer work. - -While the cost of a new brick porch on an old house is moderate, it -adds greatly to the appearance of the house and thus appreciably -increases its market value. - - - - -SPECIAL USES OF FACE BRICK - - - -The Glow of the Friendly Hearth - -It is the dream of most people when planning a home to have a -real fireplace in which they may have a real fire of real logs, -around which to sit with family or friends during the long winter -evenings. Every home, even one built of frame or stucco, should be -provided with at least one real fireplace. - -And no matter what kind of a house a man may build, he won't find -anything else quite so good or appropriate for a fireplace as -brick. For having stood the test of flame in their making, they -defy the flame in their use. The feeling that the roaring fire on -the hearth beats harmlessly against the enduring brick, as the sea -beats in vain against a granite headland, gives a genuine sense -of security and satisfaction. Then the texture and color of the -brick make them at once adaptable to any type of room or scheme of -interior decoration the lady of the house may choose. - -[Sidenote: Location] - -The location of the fireplace in the room is of great importance -to its enjoyment. As it is the most ornamental feature of the -interior of the house, it should be given a prominent position, but -it should not be in the line of travel through the room, near the -entrance door, or where a cross draft sweeps it. The far end of the -room is one of the best locations; or better still, an ingle nook. -If placed on the broad side of a room, it is pretty sure to project -so far as to reduce the practicable width of-the room and force the -rug over the hearth. If placed on an outside wall, it is best not -to have large flanking windows, as one does not like to sit facing -too much light, especially where a strong sun is shining. - -[Illustration: Fig. 36. Part Perspective of Fireplace] - -Proper proportions of the fireplace opening and flue are among the -most essential features of fireplace construction. The larger the -opening, the larger the fire may be and the more air required or -taken from the room for proper combustion, provided the flue is -large enough to give sufficient draft. In the average home, the -actual inside area of flue should never be less than one-tenth of -the area of the fireplace opening. Each fireplace should have its -own individual flue carried full size to the top of the chimney -without connections of any kind from other sources. A low, broad -opening is preferred to a narrow, high one, and splayed sides are -best in any case, because better draft and radiation are thus -secured. A low, broad opening will catch the smoke better and -direct it up the chimney. - -The following dimensions for fireplaces are considered good -practice: - -Fireplace Openings - - _Width_ _Height_ _Depth_ - - 2'-8" 2'-4" 17" to 21" - 3'-0" 2'-4" to 6" 21" - 4'-0" 2'-8" 21" to 25" - -Arched openings may be higher than indicated in the above -dimensions, as their average height may be taken as the top line of -the opening. - -[Sidenote: Construction] - -The ideal form of a fireplace would be a cone with all sides -tapering to the apex for the escape of smoke. Therefore, to -approach this ideal in practice, the sides of the fireplace are -splayed and the back curved forward as shown in Figs. 36 and 37. -This forward curve of the back throws the smoke from the fire -forward to a throat 4 inches wide, extending the full width of the -opening at the front and top of the fireplace, and at the same -time forms a shelf above for the deflection of down drafts in the -chimney. The rear wall of the fireplace should never be straight, -having the throat at the rear, as down drafts would be sure to blow -smoke and dust into the room. - -[Illustration: Fig. 37. Cross Section of Fireplace] - -[Sidenote: The Damper] - -Always place a damper in the throat for regulation of the draft. -The damper should completely fill the throat. There are many -dampers on the market that also serve the purpose of a lintel for -the brickwork, giving a smooth surface for the exit of the smoke. -These patent combinations of damper and throat give a good draft, -prevent smoke, and deserve a more general use. - -[Illustration: Fig. 38. Hearth With Brick on Edge] - -Especial care should be taken in laying up the brickwork above and -around the damper. The joints should be well filled, and nowhere -should there be less than an 8-inch thickness of brickwork unless -protected by the flue lining. - -[Sidenote: The Flue] - -Immediately above the damper, the brickwork should be corbeled -in both ways to the size of the flue lining, which should always -be started on a line with the middle of the fireplace and run -vertically for one length. It then may be jogged over to the -location desired on the floor above. It should be started as low as -possible as this is the hottest part of the chimney. - -The back and sides of the fireplace, as well as the back portion -of the hearth are usually built of fire brick. Certain kinds of -face brick are suitable for this purpose and have been used by -architects with very artistic results. - -[Sidenote: The Hearth] - -The hearth may be either of face brick or tile. If of brick, they -should be preferably smooth so as to facilitate cleaning. They -may be laid either on edge or flat in a variety of patterns. Two -examples of brick hearths are shown in Figs. 38 and 39, one with -the brick set on edge and the other with the brick laid flat. Tiles -may be of any size and laid in various patterns, and if suitable, -may be used also in the back portion of small hearths. The mortar -joints of the hearth should be thin and preferably of a fire clay -mortar, though pure cement mortar will answer the purpose. Wherever -possible, an opening and ash chute in the back hearth, with a pit -and iron cleanout door in the basement, should be installed. - -[Illustration: Fig. 39. Hearth With Brick Flat] - -Always build the fireplace in the rough first, leaving the brick -facing and hearth to be finished after the plasterer has completed -his work. The accompanying designs, A, B, and C, suggest various -methods of treatment. - -[Illustration: Fireplace Design A] - -[Illustration: Fireplace Design B] - -[Illustration: Fireplace Design C] - - -Outside Ornamental Features - -The possibilities of the use of brick for floors, walks, steps, -pergolas, gate posts, seats, and other places about the house and -garden are unlimited. For outside work it is a most permanent and -beautiful material which never cracks or decays requiring periodic -repairs or painting such as other materials do. It may always be -the same color and texture as the brickwork of the house, thereby -linking the house and garden together into one harmonious whole. - -[Sidenote: Steps] - -Brick steps, except where supported by the foundation wall, as -shown in our working drawings, should always be laid over a -concrete slab, reinforced, unless resting on solid, undisturbed -soil. The concrete slab is poured in the form of steps, to -correspond to the finished brick steps, but with proper allowance -for laying the brick flat or on edge in a cushion of sand, at the -option of the owner. Figs. 40-42 illustrate different pitches of -steps and methods of setting the brick. Great care should be taken -in the laying of brick steps, if they have to withstand severe -usage. The joints should all be filled with a rich cement mortar -composed of one part cement to two parts sand. - -[Illustration: Fig. 40. Steps with End-set Treads] - -[Illustration: Fig. 41. Steps with Flat-set Treads] - -[Illustration: Fig. 42. Steps with Edge-set Treads] - -[Sidenote: Walks and Floors] - -Brick walks and floors, with the brick on edge or flat, are usually -laid on a filling of cinders or sand, but if subjected to hard use, -they should be placed on a bed of concrete the same as steps. Two -favorite patterns of edge set brick are shown in Figs. 55 and 56. -The brick may be laid flat in the same patterns, but the effect -is not quite so pleasing. The joints in the brick walk or floor -are usually filled with sand, swept into place with a broom so as -thoroughly to fill the joints, but they may be filled with cement -grouting if desired. The thin grouting is carefully poured into the -joints after the brick are laid, and all grouting that spills on -the surface of the brick cleaned off before it hardens. The borders -of the walk or floor may be made of brick set on edge or on end; -or, if preferred, of concrete, especially when the walk or floor is -placed on concrete. If it is desired to prevent grass and moss from -growing in sanded joints, mix salt with the sand before filling the -joints. - -[Illustration: Fig. 43. Pergola Post] - -[Sidenote: Pergolas] - -For pergola posts, brick imparts a feeling of strength and -solidity, yet care must be taken not to make the posts too large, -as they will be entirely out of fit proportion to the light wooden -rafters and vines which they support. In most cases, a post 12 -inches square will be about the right size. Foundations for these -posts should always extend below the frost line and be of brick -or concrete. A long, one half inch steel rod with nuts and large -washers at each end should be imbedded about 18 inches in this -foundation and extend beyond the top of the finished post. The -brickwork of the post above grade should be one brick thick, laid -in cement or cement-lime mortar giving a hollow space 4 inches -square in the center of the 12-inch post. As the work progresses -this space is filled with concrete around the rod, which, passing -through the center, binds the brickwork together in a solid, -reinforced mass (Fig. 43). The cap of the post may be either brick, -stone, or concrete placed when filling the interior. The wooden -girders of the pergola may now be bolted to the post by means of -the bolt projecting above the top. - -If conditions or design demand a heavier post than 12 inches -square, as in Fig. 44, no steel rod reinforcing will be necessary -for stability. - -[Illustration: Fig. 44. Large Porch or Pergola Post] - -[Sidenote: Gate posts] - -Gate posts are usually lower and heavier than pergola posts and -made stable enough to carry whatever weight the iron or wooden gate -may demand. Large driveway gates (Fig. 45) should have a steel -I-beam or angle placed in the center of the post and extending from -the bottom of the foundation to the top of the post. The anchors -for the support of the gates should be riveted to this steel beam -or angle so that no undue strain will be exerted on the brickwork. -The brickwork should always be laid in cement or cement-lime -mortar. If ornamental caps are desired, they should be of stone or -concrete. On large posts, it is desirable to lay brickwork in some -natural bond as this not only increases the rigidity of the post -but gives a beautiful effect. - -[Sidenote: Garden Walls] - -Long, straight garden walls under 4 feet in height may be built 8 -inches thick; over 4 feet high they should be 12 inches thick. If -the walls are snort or reinforced at intervals with buttresses they -may be only 8 inches thick provided they are not carried up over 6 -feet. A footing is not needed but the foundation of common brick -should extend below frost line. The wall should be finished on both -sides with face brick, laid with cement-lime mortar in a natural -bond, and should have a brick rowlock coping laid in rich cement -mortar. Fig. 45 gives an idea of a garden wall with soldier base -and rowlock coping. - -[Illustration: Fig. 45. Face Brick Gate Post] - - - - -BRICK BONDS - - - -Bond in brickwork is the overlapping of the brick one upon -the other, either along the length of the wall or through its -thickness, in order to bind them together into a secure structural -mass. It is true, mortar is used to cement the brick together into -a monolithic whole, but the real bond is the overlapping of the -brick which the mortar serves to maintain. Units are shifted back -and forth so that the vertical joints in two successive layers or -"courses" do not come into line; in other words, the brick are -laid so as to break joint, the whole forming a natural bond or a -structural unity giving strength to the wall. - -The strength and rigidity of a wall due to this bonding are clearly -shown in Fig. 46. A concentrated load at any point on the wall is -thus distributed over a larger area as indicated by the dotted -arrows. - -[Illustration: Fig. 46. Bonding Strength] - -[Sidenote: Stretcher and Header] - -In speaking of brick bond, two terms are constantly recurring, -viz., "stretcher" and "header." When a brick is laid lengthwise of -the wall, thus showing its long, narrow dimension or "face" on the -surface, it is called a stretcher. If its length extends back into -the wall, so that its short dimension shows on the surface, it is -called a header. The stretcher secures strength in the length of -the wall. The header serves to form the transverse bond, that is, -the strength of the wall through its thickness. When a brick is -broken, as the case may require, the fragment is called a "bat." -Bats are used either simply to fill in; or, as definite sized -pieces, cut and used to make the bond come out right, in which case -they are called "closures." While at certain points of the wall -bats may be necessary, they should be sparingly used and then only -according to the best practices of the craft. - -[Sidenote: Design in Bonds] - -In the old days, and indeed up to comparatively recent times, -brick bond was used only in a structural or natural way, that -is, to secure the strength of the wall as a solid mass; but -in the seventeenth century European builders began to see an -artistic possibility in the bond as it appeared on the surface. -They began to see the fine tracery of the mortar joint running -over the background of the brick, which could be varied into -attractive patterns by different arrangement of the brick bond. -As a consequence, there have been developed, in the main, -three different types of bond, Running or Stretcher, English, -and Flemish, which are used at the present day, with various -modifications, to secure attractive effects in pattern. - -When, as compared with the past, the great variety of brick colors -and textures now offered is taken into consideration, it may be -realized what charming results may be secured in the wall surface -by the combination of brick patterns, colors, textures, and mortar -joints. - -[Sidenote: Running] - -The first and most obvious of these bonds is what is called Running -or Stretcher Bond. The wall surface is made up of stretcher courses -having at the corners a header which appears as a stretcher on -the return side. This bond has the merit of being very strong -longitudinally, but lacks transverse strength; consequently, it is -modified into what is called Common or American Bond by laying a -course of headers about every sixth course (Fig. 47). In order to -maintain the effect of the running bond, a special double header -bond is sometimes used as explained on page 19. - -[Illustration: Fig. 47. Common or American Bond] - -[Illustration: Fig. 48. English Bond] - -This method of using headers as in Common or American Bond, in -order to secure transverse strength of wall, can be treated in a -way to produce very much more pleasing effects, as may be seen in -the English and Flemish Bonds. - -[Sidenote: English or Dutch] - -The English Bond is made up of alternating courses of stretchers -and headers (Fig. 48). This produces a very pleasing series of -Greek crosses and ripple lines up and down the surface of the wall, -and the English brickbuilders claim for it the great merit of -giving transverse strength to the wall. It however has a certain -monotony that has lead to a modification which greatly beautifies -it as a pattern, by breaking the joints of the successive stretcher -courses (Fig. 49). This is called English Cross or Dutch Bond and -results in a very attractive pattern in the wall of Greek crosses -running in diagonal lines. The Dutch Bond differs from the English -Bond only in the way the corners of the wall are treated. - -[Illustration: Fig. 49. English Cross or Dutch Bond] - -[Illustration: Fig. 50. Flemish Bond] - -[Illustration: Fig. 51. Garden Wall Bond] - -[Sidenote: Flemish] - -The Flemish Bond (Fig. 50) secures its effect by laying each course -in alternate stretchers and headers, the header resting upon the -facile of the stretcher in successive courses. This produces a very -attractive pattern of inlaid Greek crosses and is a favorite among -builders because of its artistic effect. It also may be modified in -various ways by shifting the stretcher or header so as to produce -different pattern effects, thus the Garden Wall Bond so-called -(Fig. 51), is made by laying the courses with from two to four -stretchers alternating with a header. - -Figs. 47-51, illustrating the above bonds, are all drawn to show -both exterior and interior corners of a wall, which is drawn as -a two-brick wall at the left end and a three-brick wall at the -right. The inside face of the three-brick wall in all cases is -bonded to the middle tier by Common Bond. The method of starting -the bond at the corner is clearly shown, whether by a quarter, -half, three-quarter, or whole brick, also how the brick are cut or -clipped, and how closures are used. - -[Illustration: Fig. 52 Fig. 53 Diamond Bond Patterns] - -[Sidenote: Face Brick Patterns] - -With these three fundamental bonds--the Running or Stretcher, -the English, and the Flemish, innumerable other patterns may be -made by the simple device of shifting the stretcher or header in -successive courses back and forth, always breaking the joint, that -is, never permitting two successive vertical joints to lie in -the same line. To illustrate, we give examples of diamond-shaped -patterns in Figs. 52 and 53 which are secured by a modification -of the Garden Wall Bond. It is, however, only in case of large -wall surfaces that patterns of an elaborate character could be -recommended; ordinarily, the three bonds mentioned, with their -simple modifications, will cover all requirements of domestic -architecture. Simple patterns in brickwork may be made very -attractive. Any departure from simple bonds adds to the cost of the -bricklaying. - -In addition to bonds proper and the patterns that may be woven -out of them, there are certain other pleasing ornamental effects -that may be secured in the wall surface by the arrangement of the -brick. Thus for a water table or a sill course, the header or the -stretcher may be set vertically. Treated in this way headers are -called "row-locks" and stretchers, "soldiers" (see Figs. 44 and -45). For dadoes and friezes or for paneling, especially on large -surfaces, patterns of a simple or ornate design may be used, as in -Figs. 52-56. - -[Illustration: Fig. 54. Checkerboard Pattern] - -[Illustration: Fig. 55. Basket Weave Pattern] - -[Illustration: Fig. 56. Herringbone Pattern] - - - - -MORTAR JOINTS - - -[Sidenote: Great Importance] - -In examining the bond in a brick wall, the eye naturally is first -attracted to the brick units as so many colored spots arranged in -different order so as to produce a certain pattern effect; but this -pattern effect in the brickwork depends very largely upon what -at first may be overlooked or disregarded, the mortar joint. The -mention of mortar suggests in the mind a very commonplace thing -which the workman mixes and carries in a hod to the bricklayer; but -it is concave one of the most important elements entering into the -beauty, as well as the strength, of a brick wall. - -[Illustration: Fig. 57. Mortar Joints] - -[Sidenote: Effect of Mortar Color] - -When you consider that all the joints in brickwork, both vertical -or "head" joints, and horizontal or "bed" joints, are filled with -mortar weathered of one color or another, amounting on an average -to one-seventh of the wall, it is evident what a vital part they -play in the appearance of the entire wall surface. An artist will -tell you that this amount of color introduced into any surface will -greatly modify, by contrast or analogy, the general effect, so that -it is of the utmost importance, in selecting the sort of brick you -wish for your wall surface, that you also select the mortar joint. - -[Sidenote: Three Elements Involved] - -Three elements must be carefully considered in dealing with the -mortar joint: its color, its texture, and its size and kind. The -color of the mortar joint may be such as entirely to destroy the -beauty of the brick. On the other hand, if it is properly chosen, -it will bring out the fine shades and tones of the brick in such a -way as to enhance very greatly its natural beauty. Then, the mortar -joint has a certain texture which is produced either by finishing -it rough or smoothing it with the trowel or a tool made for that -purpose. This mere treatment of the surface of the mortar joint has -more to do with the appearance of the wall than one might at first -suppose. In addition to that, the size of the mortar joint, running -from a thin "buttered" joint up to an inch in width affects the -color relation of the whole surface; and the kind of joint, whether -cut flush, raked out, or tooled in various shapes, has a distinct -bearing on the whole effect (Fig. 57). In a word, do not neglect -the mortar joint, for it is one of the most important elements -that go to make up the beautiful fabric of the brick wall, in the -building of which there is deserved and required the exercise of a -fine discriminating taste. - -All in all, what with the convenient units of stretcher and header, -each with its color and texture, you have a medium in the choice -of bond, mortar joint, and pattern for weaving the most charming -mosaic or tapestry effects into the wall surface, a possibility -offered by no other material than face brick. - - -Mortar Colors - -Colored mortar joints may be produced in two ways, first, by the -use of a natural colored sand or ground granite or other stone, and -secondly, by the use of artificial mortar colors. Pure white joints -are obtained by using white sand or ground limestone or marble. -As the color of the mortar greatly affects the appearance of the -finished wall, much care should be given to the selection and -proper use of these colors, whether natural or artificial. As the -color of the finished mortar after it has set and dried is never -the same as that of the fresh mortar, experience is the only guide -for the proper preparation of the mortar. Someone has well said -that the right way to make mortar is to mix brains with it. - -When artificial color is used, it should first be thoroughly mixed -with the dry sand. Never add this mixture to hot lime. But after -the slaked lime has thoroughly cooled, mix it with the colored -sand in batches in a separate box. If preferred, the color may be -made into a thick paste with water and then added directly to the -mortar. In either case, thorough mixing and uniform proportion of -quantities are essential. The more thorough the mixing and uniform -the proportions, the more permanent and uniform will be the color -and the less color required. Use the best colors obtainable on the -market, as cheap colors may ruin the appearance of the wall. - -[Sidenote: Quantities] - -As to quantity required, the exact amount of color varies greatly -with the exact shade of the color selected, the width of the mortar -joint, and the brand used. As a fair general estimate, it will take -approximately 75 pounds of coloring matter for every 1000 bricks -laid with 3/8 to 1/2-inch mortar joints. But it is always safest to -follow the directions of the manufacturer as to the kind of color -and the exact amount required. - - -Various Kinds of Mortar - -[Sidenote: Materials] - -Mortar, as the bonding material between brick, must be given -careful attention as the strength of the wall depends on its -quality. Mortar is composed of sand and either lime or cement, or -both. In all cases the materials should be the best. The cement -should pass the test of the American Society for Testing Materials. -The lime should be either fresh and well-burned lump lime, slaked -so as to produce a smooth, puttylike mass without lumps, or the -prepared hydrated kind found on the market. The sand should be -sharp, clean, and free from foreign matter, and screened through a -mesh of the size to secure the proper fineness. For wide joints, -the mortar needs, instead of sand, fine gravel of the size required -to give it sufficient body. - -[Sidenote: Kinds of Mortar] - -In large cities the building ordinances require certain mixtures of -mortar. For various mixtures see page 104. But where there are no -legal requirements, the contractor's own judgment and experience -should guide him in the selection of the proper mix, as each one -has certain qualities which recommend it. Portland cement mortar is -stiffer and harder to work than lime mortar, but should always be -used where permanence and strength are required, as in exposed or -heavy bearing situations, or in cold weather when the mortar must -set before it freezes. Lime mortar may do for the usual work, above -the grade in dry warm climates. It should not, however, be used -for basement walls, except possibly where the soil is extremely -dry, nor for piers or points in the wall that carry heavy loads. -It is smooth and works easily, so that more brick can be laid per -day than with cement mortar, but its use should be limited to the -proper situations. Cement-lime mortar has the combined qualities -of both cement mortar and lime mortar. It has both strength and -good working qualities, and costs less than cement mortar. It is -preferred by many to cement mortar; we recommend its use in proper -situations, throughout this Manual. - -[Sidenote: Mixing Cement Mortar] - -Cement mortar must be mixed and used immediately, as cement sets -very quickly. On this account, it should not be made in large -quantities and, once it has obtained a partial set, should never -be re-tempered. The cement and sand for cement mortar should be -thoroughly mixed while dry, by turning the material over three or -four times with a shovel, when sufficient water to make a plastic -mass should be added, turning again several times. It is always -desirable to add a small quantity of lime, when tempering the -cement mortar, in order to make it easier to work. - -[Sidenote: Mixing Lime Mortar] - -Lump lime should be slaked as soon as possible after delivery on -the job. If it is allowed to stand for any length of time, it -should be stored in an air-tight box; otherwise, it may become air -slaked, reducing mostly to powder and soft, crumbly lumps. The -fresh lime is always in hard lumps and should be free from cinders. -Lime is slaked in a mortar box by adding water to the lump lime. -On adding water the lime becomes very hot, gives off vapor, and -finally burst into a powder which gradually reduces to a paste -known as lime putty. The exact amount of water necessary varies -with different limes, but in all cases, the right proportions used -in slaking must be watched carefully. An excess of water will stop -the slaking process. If not enough water is used the lime will -"burn" and lose its strength. If left overnight, the mortar box -should be covered with planks. - -When slaking is completed, the lime is reduced to what is called -"putty", which should be of uniform consistency throughout, -containing no unslaked lumps. The sand should now be added, the -exact amount depending upon the quality of mortar desired, and -thoroughly mixed with the putty, and then shoveled out on wooden -planks where it should remain for at least a week before using. - -[Sidenote: Hydrated lime] - -Hydrated lime is in powdered form and needs no other preparation -than the addition of water. Its quality is uniform and produces -satisfactory results, even when experienced labor cannot be -obtained, and may be used at once on the job. Its uniformity and -the facility it gives in handling the mortar make it preferable to -lump lime although it costs somewhat more. - -The mixing of cement-lime mortar is very simple, as all that is -needed is to add the proper amount of cement to the lime mortar, -at the time it is tempered for use, and very thoroughly mix into a -consistent mass. - -[Sidenote: Tempering Mortar] - -Working the mortar and adding water to bring it to proper -consistency for actual use on the job is called tempering, a -process that should be continued until the mortar slides easily off -the trowel. All white spots, which are really small lumps of lime, -should be made to disappear; otherwise, these lumps will swell and -"pop" after the mortar is laid in the wall. - - - -INCREASING FIRE PROTECTION - - -[Sidenote: Lessons from Europe] - -The loss by fire which the people of this country suffer every -year, both in human lives and in property values, is appalling. The -loss of life, according to conservation estimates of the National -Board of Fire Underwriters amounts to 15,000 persons annually, and -the destruction of property approaches an average of a quarter of a -billion dollars every year. This certainly is a fearful tribute to -pay for our criminal negligence and mistaken economies. - -We have recently been learning the science and art of war from -Europe to combat unjust aggression, but we have a much better -lesson to learn from the older country in our fight against the -ruthless fire fiend. Making all allowance for difference in the -purchasing value of money between Europe and America, it still -speaks ill for our good sense that we, over a hundred million -strong, besides enduring all the suffering involved, should allow -our National "ash heap" to cost us upwards of $2.00 a piece, when -the European countries manage to get through on a per capita cost -of from 11 to 49 cents. The Demon of Carelessness may account for -much of this inexcusable difference, but our mistaken sense of -economy, in using cheap, combustible types of construction, is -largely to blame. - -[Sidenote: Individual Duty] - -The cure for this disgraceful status in our fire losses should -not be left entirely to municipal ordinances and fire insurance -requirements, but should begin with every individual who builds a -home. He should make it his first concern to see that his house is -as completely protected from fire as possible, not only for the -safety of himself and family but also for that of the community in -which he lives and of which he should form a responsible part. - -Therefore, brick as a building material makes the strongest sort of -appeal to your prospective clients because of its entire proofness -against fire. - -Every brick you put into a house is fireproof, so that the more -brick you use, the more completely is the house free from the risk -of fire. But in situations where brick are not or cannot be used -in house construction, as much protection against fire as possible -should be secured. - -[Sidenote: The Roof] - -As the roof is always a very vulnerable part of the house, in case -of outside fires, it should be covered with a non-combustible or -fire-resisting material such as shingle tile, slate, asbestos, -or asphalt. This will not only reduce insurance rates but will -complete the house consistently with the permanent fireproof nature -of face brick wall construction. - -Serious consideration should be given this point when planning a -house; for, by adopting a roof of this character, each individual -owner not only guards his own welfare but helps to reduce the -enormous annual fire loss in this country which rests as a burden -upon everyone. - -[Sidenote: Wooden Shingles] - -The wooden shingle roof is just so much tinder ready to be set -ablaze by an adjacent fire or a flying firebrand and in turn -throws off similar sparks which are carried by the wind, thus -communicating fire from one house to another. - -[Sidenote: Fire Resistive Shingles] - -Shingle tile, slate, and asbestos are the most fireproof as well -as the most expensive in the group of permanent roof coverings. -They are heavier than the wooden shingle and generally require -a stronger roof construction to support them. Each has artistic -qualities of its own in the way of permanent textures and colors -which recommend it. Asphalt shingles, while not fireproof, are -fire-resistive to a very great degree. They do not support -combustion, cannot be set afire by flying brands, and thus retard -the spread of fire. They are light in weight and can be placed -over the same roof construction as the wooden shingle. We strongly -recommend the use of any of the above mentioned roof materials in -connection with a face brick house. - -[Sidenote: Costs] - -As a general approximate estimate, we might say that a slate roof -of 3/16-inch commercial slate would increase the cost of the house -two per cent, as compared with the use of a wooden shingle roof. -Shingle tile would cost perhaps a little more than slate, while -asbestos shingle would come a little less. Asphalt would cost -no more than wooden shingles, perhaps not quite so much. But we -suggest your seeing the local dealer who will gladly furnish all -information on these different materials as to durability and exact -local cost. - -[Sidenote: Fire Risks] - -According to the figures of the National Board of Fire -Underwriters, the relation of outside to inside fires, for 1916 to -1918, is presented in the table given below. The figures for 1919 -were not compiled at this writing but the ratios would doubtless -run about the same, and the lesson is obvious. If the 25 to 30 per -cent of fires started from without call for fire-safe exterior -construction, the 70 to 75 per cent of interior fires demand -special care against fire within. Much of the interior of a house -is of burnable material, and the matter becomes very serious when -it concerns the wooden floors and partitions which in case of fire -may be consumed, resulting in the total collapse of the interior. -These portions may be protected from the attack of fire by the use -of a first-class metal lath or even gypsum plaster board, as a base -for plastering, which would at least retard the fire from spreading -until it could be subdued and put under control. - -[Sidenote: Protect Weak Parts] - -Instead of protecting the entire interior by metal lath or gypsum -board the desired result may be obtained by using it in certain -places considered most hazardous. First of all, the frame bearing -partitions through the middle of the brick or tile house, which -are the main supports for the floors above, and ceilings under -inhabited floors, should be protected; and, in case of veneer -construction, similar treatment on the inside surface of exterior -walls would add greatly to the safety and value of the house. - -As fires may originate in the ceiling over the heater and coal -bins, at chimney breasts, and around flues, metal lath or gypsum -board at these points would retard the spread of fire; and its use -around, but especially under, stairs would give a far safer exit -from the upper story of the house. - -Having built a face brick house for your client, as the most -substantial and attractive construction to be had, protected on -the outside with a roof of permanent material, and on the inside -with fire-resistive material at the weakest points, you have given -him the best possible value for his money, in a structure at once -beautiful, enduring, economical, and safe against fire. - -Outside and Inside Causes of Fire - - _Outside - Causes - _All Causes_ _Outside Causes_ Percentage_ - - 1916 _Claims_ 361,742 114,900 31.76% - _Loss_ $208,705,340 56,684,837 22.36% - - 1917 _Claims_ 356,896 88,549 24.81% - _Loss_ $231,628,000 61,971,156 26.75% - - 1918 _Claims_ 328,737 104,622 31.83% - _Loss_ $283,103,101 79,947,935 28.24% - - - - - A - - COLLECTION - - _of_ - - PRACTICAL PLANS - - CAREFULLY STUDIED - - TO MEET - - MODERN REQUIREMENTS - -[Illustration] - - - - -[Illustration: FACE BRICK HOUSE DESIGNS] - - -The thirty-one face brick houses here shown were designed for us -by Messrs. Dean & Dean, well-known architects of Chicago, who have -been especially successful in planning the small house. To get -the effect of various color-toned brick, we had the architects' -perspectives done in oil, and were fortunate enough to secure -for this purpose the skillful hand of Mr. Alfred Juergens, an -artist who has won an enviable reputation in this country for his -exquisite color work. While the reproductions, here presented, -cannot adequately give the effect of the originals, they fairly -represent the possibility of beautiful color effects in brickwork. - -If you study the floor plans carefully, you will find them modern -in arrangement and conveniently planned so as to save steps for -the woman of the house. This economical interior arrangement -also effects an economy in cost of construction. The dimensions -of the rooms are shown, also the location of the furniture is -suggested, helping more than anything else to visualize the size -and proportions of the plans. The lighting outlets, switches, and -receptacles are indicated according to the table of symbols given -below. - -[Sidenote: Working Drawings] - -The full working drawings, done at a scale of one-quarter inch -to the foot, include floor plans, elevations, and all necessary -details. The elevations show the size and shape of all windows, -doors, cornices, porches, steps, chimneys, and the pitch of -all roofs. The plans give the size of all rooms and closets, -the location of all doors, windows, stairs, plumbing fixtures, -cabinets, lights and heating registers, and are fully dimensioned. -The details drawn to a larger scale include sections of all -interior trim, kitchen or pantry cabinets, and sections through the -exterior wall, giving story and window heights. - -One of the special merits of these drawings is that three wall -sections are given for each house, showing the complete wall -construction for solid brick, face brick on hollow tile, and face -brick on wood studs. - -This feature is valuable as the purchaser may build the house -according to the method of construction he wishes; he is also thus -put in a position to obtain figures each way to determine for -himself the costs of the different types of construction in his -locality. - -[Sidenote: Specifications] - -The specifications give full description of all materials and items -not usually shown on the plans. They are very clear and explicit, -so that there can be no possibility of misunderstanding. Such items -as kind and grade of lumber, interior finish and floor, and kind -of brick, are left for the individual to determine for himself, as -they are matters of personal preference. Different kinds of roofs -are specified, including tile, slate, asbestos, asphalt, and wooden -shingle. The owner may strike out from the specifications the ones -he does not wish. - -[Sidenote: Quantity Survey] - -The quantity survey is a complete bill of materials for the -brickwork, carpentry, and plastering work, with blank columns for -the use of the estimator in filling in his prices. This feature is -not only of great assistance to the contractor when estimating, -but assures the owner that competing contractors are figuring on -the same materials. This survey is compiled to list the materials -necessary for a house with walls of solid brick, giving at the same -time alternative quantities for walls of face brick on hollow tile, -and face brick on wood studs. - -The quantity survey given is based upon a level lot so that if the -house is to be built upon a slope, certain changes will have to be -made in the quantities of face and common brick. - -It must also be noted that the porch foundations are shown four -feet below grade, a depth meeting the average climatic conditions. -If the house, therefore, is to be constructed in a warm climate, -these foundations need not extend so deep. If in a very cold -climate, on the other hand, all foundations may have to be extended -to the customary depth for that locality. In either case, the -quantity of common brick should be adjusted. - -[Illustration: SYMBOLS.] - -[Sidenote: Reversal] - -A very valuable feature of these plans and elevations is the fact -that each set is drawn in the reverse with a different exterior -design, so as to meet the requirements of any location you desire. -If, however, you prefer the plans of one set and the elevations -of the reverse, order the drawings that way. We will send both -elevations, so that for your convenience you can use the figures on -the original in place of the reversed figures on the reverse. You -thus have in the case of each house three choices, the original, -its complete reverse, and its partial reverse. - -In locations where no public method of sewage disposal exists, -the owner will have to install a disposal system of his own. If -this is the case, let us know when ordering your plans, and we -will send you, without additional charge, details and description -of an inexpensive system of sewage disposal that will fill your -requirements. You will find this subject amply treated in Bulletin -No. 57 of the U. S. Department of Agriculture on "Water Supply, -Plumbing, and Sewage Disposal for Country Houses." - -[Sidenote: Costs] - -We could not venture to state the total cost of any of the houses -shown, as prices not only vary in different localities throughout -the country and fluctuate from time to time in the same locality, -but each prospective owner's taste would require different -materials for both exterior and interior finish, so that it would -be impossible to make any definite statement of cost hold good. - -We are prepared to supply you with complete working drawings, -specifications, and quantity surveys of materials, for any house -you may desire, at an extremely low fee. In view of the fact that -these instruments are the work of architects of high standing -and long experience, the prices indicated in connection with -the designs are merely nominal. Additional copies of the plans, -specifications, and quantity surveys may be obtained at the -following prices: Plans $1.25, specifications $1.25, quantity -surveys 50 cents. Working drawings with bill of materials of -fireplaces shown on pages 30 and 31 will be sent for $1.00 each. - -We shall be glad to be of any help we can on points that are not -clearly understood. - -[Illustration] - - -[Illustration: Four Room House No. 41] - -[Illustration: Floor Plan] - -An attractive exterior and a cozy interior characterize this house. -The living room, exposed on three sides, is light and airy. The -cozy corner, formed by the fireplace and stairs, looks out upon -the garden. There is a convenient coat closet off the living room -near the front entrance. The stairs to the basement are close to -the kitchen and have an entrance door at grade giving access to the -basement from outside. - -The kitchen is large enough for dining purposes, frequently -convenient, and has a large porch and pantry. - -The second floor is complete with two bedrooms and their closets, a -linen closet, and a bath. - -Size 15'0" × 28'0". This design and plan are the reverse of No. 42. - -Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $12.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago. - - -[Illustration: Four Room House No. 42] - -[Illustration: Floor Plan] - -It is seldom that a small house which comes within the limits of a -modest income is as complete as this attractive home. The living -room with its open stairway and fireplace, forming an ingle nook, -is very cheery. - -A coat closet is convenient to the front entrance. The combination -kitchen and dining room is well-arranged and has a large pantry and -porch. - -The two bedrooms on the second floor are exposed on two sides and -the closets have windows. The bathroom and linen closet complete -the plan. - -Size 15'0" × 28'0". This design and plan are the reverse of No. 41. - -Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $12.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago. - - -[Illustration: Four Room House No. 43] - -[Illustration: Floor Plan] - -An excellent house, reduced in size so that it represents a -moderate investment, yet completely fulfilling the requirements of -a small family. As one enters the living room he is greeted by the -attractive fireplace opposite. The open stairway at the end of the -living room gives exposure on that side so that the room is light -and airy. The coat closet is located on the stairs convenient to -the entrance. The kitchen is large enough for dining purposes, -and is connected with the living room by a good-sized pantry. The -basement stairs have an entrance at grade, thereby saving the cost -of outside stairs. - -The two bedrooms on the second floor are good-sized, have large -closets, and exposure on two sides. One of the rooms has an -additional closet and there is a fine linen closet off the hall. - -Size 19'0" × 26'6". This design and plan are the reverse of No. 44. - -Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $12.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago. - - -[Illustration: Four Room House No. 44] - -[Illustration: Floor Plan] - -A very cozy and convenient home for the family of moderate means. -The welcome of an open stairway is always pleasing and in this -house it serves a double purpose by adding to the apparent length -of the room. The kitchen is especially large for this small house -and may also be used, if desired, as a dining room. It is connected -with the living room through the pantry. Stairs lead to the -basement from this pantry with a landing and entrance at grade. -There are two rooms on the second floor well supplied with closets, -a bathroom, and a linen closet. There is no waste space anywhere -throughout the house, every square foot being put to use. - -Size 19'0" × 26'6". This design and plan are the reverse of No. 43. - -Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $12.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago. - - -[Illustration: Four Room Bungalow No. 45] - -[Illustration: Floor Plan] - -The convenience of a home with all the rooms on one floor is -appreciated not only by those who have dwelt in an apartment, but -by many others. This small bungalow is very compact and complete. -Notice how the bedroom group is secluded from the living quarter. -Both rooms have access to the bathroom and linen closet by a -private hall. The kitchen being small, saves many steps for the -housewife. It is supplemented by a good pantry in which is placed -the refrigerator, with an outside icing door. There is an excellent -rear porch large enough to be screened in and used, if desired, -either as a summer kitchen or dining room. The basement stairs are -within the house and have an outside entrance at grade. - -Size 28'0" × 30'0". This design and plan are the reverse of No. 46. - -Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $12.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago. - - -[Illustration: Four Room Bungalow No. 46] - -[Illustration: Floor Plan] - -An attractive little bungalow with hipped roof, suitable for a -small family, and very conveniently arranged. - -The bedroom and bath are separated from the living room by a hall. -A linen closet at the end of the hall completes this part of the -house. The living room is of a good size and is connected with the -kitchen by a pantry in which is placed the refrigerator which is -iced from the porch. The basement stairs are within the house. - -Size 28'0" × 30'0". This design and plan are the reverse of No. 45. - -Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $12.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago. - - -[Illustration: Five Room House No. 51] - -[Illustration: Floor Plan] - -A most livable home for a small family. The one large living room, -extending from front to rear of this house, makes it appropriate -for a location on the south side of the street or with an -attractive view to the rear. The kitchen has been combined with the -dining room but has the advantage of a door opening through the -pantry to one end of the living room which, on occasion, may be -used for large dinners, and convenient connection is also made with -the front hall. - -On the second floor are a bath and three bedrooms with ample -closets. - -Size 22'2" × 30'8". This design and plan are the reverse of No. 52. - -Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $15.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago. - - -[Illustration: Five Room House No. 52] - -[Illustration: Floor Plan] - -A cozy little home, substantial and comfortable. In this plan the -living room is larger than usually found in houses of this size, -arranged so that the far end, connected with the kitchen by a -pantry, may be used, if desired, for dining purposes. The kitchen -is of such dimensions and so arranged that it may be used regularly -as the dining room, a point readily appreciated by the woman -without help. The second floor contains three bedrooms, with the -customary closets, and a bath. - -Size 22'2" × 30'8". This design and plan are the reverse of No. 51. - -Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $15.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago. - - -[Illustration: Five Room House No. 53] - -[Illustration: Floor Plan] - -A very conveniently arranged home. The roomy front porch, all of -brick, affords a delightfully cool spot for hot summer evenings. -Entrance is through a vestibule to a hall with an open stairway, -and a coat closet on the lower landing. - -The living room has an attractive fireplace across the corner -of the room and wide openings to dining room and hall. There is -a large pantry and a good porch in connection with the kitchen. -The basement stairs have an entrance at grade, a point readily -appreciated in stormy weather. On the second floor there are two -very large bedrooms. The closet space is much larger than is found -in most houses. - -Size 23'0" × 28'8" exclusive of pantry and porches. This design and -plan are the reverse of No. 54. - -Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $15.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago. - - -[Illustration: Five Room House No. 54] - -[Illustration: Floor Plan] - -A simple design with good proportions and roof lines, and an -excellent plan. The living and dining room are connected by a wide -cased opening, and the hall is practically a part of the living -room because of the large opening between them. There is a coat -closet adjacent to the vestibule, and a direct connection from -the hall to the kitchen and basement stairs. A large pantry is -connected with the kitchen and convenient to the dining room. The -entire second floor is devoted to two large bedrooms and a bath. -Note the dimensions of the bedrooms and the large closets, also the -extra closet in the main bedroom. There is a fine linen room off -the hall. - -Size 23'0" × 28'8" not including pantry and porch. This design and -plan are the reverse of No. 53. - -Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $15.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago. - - -[Illustration: Five Room Bungalow No. 55] - -[Illustration: Floor Plan] - -Simple in design, this bungalow requires nothing more than the -color and texture of face brick for its success. The arrangement of -the plan is excellent and all the rooms are large. - -The bedrooms are placed on the corners to obtain light and air from -two directions, and have exceptionally large closets. In addition, -there are two closets off the hall. The dining and living rooms are -connected by a wide cased opening. There is a built-in sideboard -in the dining room and an attractive brick fireplace in the living -room. Connecting with the kitchen there is a fine pantry with an -outside window, a large rear porch and stairs to the basement -and attic. The basement stairs have an entrance at grade, very -convenient on washday, for garden use, for the removal of ashes, -etc. - -Size 28'0" × 38'0". This design and plan are the reverse of No. 56. - -Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $12.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago. - - -[Illustration: Five Room Bungalow No. 56] - -[Illustration: Floor Plan] - -Country or town, seashore or mountain, this bungalow is suitable -for all locations. Cleverly arranged, with fireplace, built-in -sideboard, and closets ample in size and number, this plan has -much to recommend it. The bedrooms and bath are grouped together -and separated from the main rooms of the house by a hall. The main -porch is enclosed for all-year-round use. There is a large attic -over the entire house. - -Size 29'0" × 38'0". This design and plan are the reverse of No. 55. - -Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $15.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago. - - -[Illustration: Five Room Bungalow No. 57] - -[Illustration: Floor Plan] - -The pleasing lines of the roof, combined with the color and texture -of the brickwork, make this design a success for either town or -country use. The porch is recessed under the main roof, an economy -in a small house. The living and dining rooms have a large cased -opening between them and there is a coat closet adjacent to the -entrance. - -In the dining room there is a recess for a sideboard. The bedrooms -are exposed on two sides and have good closets. The bathroom, -placed between the bedrooms, is connected directly with them, an -arrangement preferred by many. - -The kitchen is equipped with cabinets to take the place of the -pantry. The refrigerator is iced from outside. - -Size 24'6" × 36'0". This design and plan are the reverse of No. 58. - -Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $15.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago. - - -[Illustration: Five Room Bungalow No. 58] - -[Illustration: Floor Plan] - -The very simplicity of this attractive little bungalow makes a -strong appeal to some tastes. The recessed porch which may be -easily glazed in and used during the winter leads to the living -room. The living and dining room are practically one, due to the -large opening between them. The bedrooms have the convenience of -the bath placed between them. The kitchen has a fine back porch -from which the refrigerator may be iced. There are cabinets in the -kitchen in place of the usual pantry. Stairs lead from the kitchen -to the attic, which extends over the entire house. - -Size 24'6" × 36'0". This design and plan are the reverse of No. 57. - -Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $15.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago. - - -[Illustration: Six Room House No. 61] - -[Illustration: Floor Plan] - -One can easily imagine the comfort of a house like this. The -plan is cleverly arranged and complete. The hall, with its open -staircase and view across the living room to the fireplace beyond, -will charm the visitor and delight the owner. The passage from the -kitchen to the hall or to the basement stairs will be appreciated -by the housewife. As in its reverse, No. 62, the convenience of the -porch to the kitchen permits outside dining in pleasant weather. - -The second floor contains three bedrooms, with closets, a bath, -and a large linen closet. All bedrooms are exposed on two sides, -thereby securing excellent cross draft. - -Size 28'9" × 30'0". This design and plan are the reverse of No. 62. - -Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $18.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago. - - -[Illustration: Six Room House No. 62] - -[Illustration: Floor Plan] - -A very pleasing and convenient home for a small family. The low, -rakish effect of the roof sweeping down over the porch produces -a very charming exterior and should make this design a great -favorite. The porch exposed on three sides, affords an ideal summer -lounging place. As it covers a kitchen door it may be used in -pleasant weather as a dining porch also. The entrance hall opens -into the living room with a large cased opening. It has a good coat -closet, and connects with the kitchen and basement stairs. The -pantry between the kitchen and dining room is very convenient from -either room, and is considered by many as an ideal arrangement. -The bedrooms on the second floor are well arranged and have large -closets. Size 28'9" × 30'0". This design and plan are the reverse -of No. 61. - -Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $18.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago. - - -[Illustration: Six Room House No. 63] - -[Illustration: Floor Plan] - -An attractive and substantial looking house, with a broad porch -suggestive of rest and quiet. The fireplace and open stairway -in the living room welcome the stranger and give a feeling of -cheerfulness to the home. The dining room and living room are -connected by a wide opening. The kitchen is small and conveniently -arranged and has a large rear porch. There is a pantry between the -kitchen and dining room from which one may go to the basement. The -basement stairs have the convenience of an entrance at grade. - -The three bedrooms on the second floor are each provided with a -large closet. The bathroom is conveniently located at the head -of the stairs with a linen closet adjacent. The balcony over the -rear porch will be much appreciated as a convenience for domestic -purposes. - -Size 24'0" × 28'8". This design and plan are the reverse of No. 64. - -Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $18.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago. - - -[Illustration: Seven Room House No. 64] - -[Illustration: Floor Plan] - -Because of its convenient arrangement and economical shape, this -house should become a great favorite. In addition to the fine front -porch there is a good-sized porch in the rear, overlooking the -garden. The open stair at the end of the living room is attractive -and especial attention is called to the novel pantry arrangement by -which one may go to the side entrance or basement. - -The second floor has three large bedrooms, each with ample closet -room, a bathroom, and a linen closet. Over the rear porch there is -a flat deck accessible from the rear bedroom and useful for airing -of bedding, beating rugs, etc. - -Size 24'0" × 28'8". This design and plan are the reverse of No. 63. - -Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $20.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago. - - -[Illustration: Seven Room House No. 71] - -[Illustration: Floor Plan] - -A very popular plan in which the owner gets most for his money. The -combination entrance porch and sun parlor is a feature most desired -nowadays. The hall, with its open stair, window seat, and large -opening to the living room, gives a feeling of spaciousness and -welcome. - -The kitchen is very conveniently arranged with cabinets, and is -connected with the dining room by the pantry. The refrigerator, -iced from outside, is placed in this pantry where it is convenient -to both kitchen and dining room. There is also a rear stairway from -the kitchen connecting with the main stairs midway to the second -floor. - -The second floor has four corner bedrooms and one bath. Each room -has its closet, and there are two closets off the hall. - -Size 28'8" × 34'8". - -Full working drawing, specifications and bill of materials may be -had for $20.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago. - - -[Illustration: Seven Room Bungalow No. 73] - -[Illustration: Floor Plan] - -A well-proportioned home of the bungalow type, with the advantage -of a commodious second story, having three large bed rooms. -This result is made possible by the graceful gambrel roof which -dominates the whole design, as it sweeps down over the enclosed -porch, and extends across the entire face of the house. - -The large openings between the enclosed porch, living, dining and -breakfast room give the effect of openness to the house, while the -porch and breakfast room may be closed off by French doors. The den -is conveniently placed and has a closet so that it can be converted -into a bedroom. - -The kitchen is compact and has a large porch and pantry arranged -so that the refrigerator may be iced from outside. The basement -stairs leading from the pantry have an entrance door at the grade, -thus obviating outside steps, so frequently filled with snow in -wintertime. - -The size of the house, 24'8" × 51'0" makes it adaptable to a narrow -or a wide lot. This design and plan are the reverse of No. 74. - -Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $20.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago. - - -[Illustration: Seven Room House No. 74] - -[Illustration: Floor Plan] - -The unusually graceful roof lines make this a most attractive house -and will appeal to the discriminating house owner. The first floor -is very well-arranged. The effect of the living and dining room and -the two porches thrown together is excellent. The den is a feature -desired by many, not alone for such use as office or library, but -for an emergency bedroom on the ground floor. The basement stairs -are within the house but open on the outside at the grade line, -serving the double purpose of outside and inside stairs. - -There are three bedrooms with closets, a bathroom, and a storeroom -on the second floor. - -Size 24'8" × 51'0", including porches. This design and plan are the -reverse of No. 73. - -Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $20.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago. - - -[Illustration: Seven Room Farm House No. 75] - -[Illustration: Floor Plan] - -To those who admire the bungalow type for a home, this design, -which is especially meant for rural localities, should make a -strong appeal. Its low, horizontal lines immediately suggest -"hominess," enhanced by the winter scene in which it is depicted. -The first floor provides in two good-sized bedrooms accommodations -for the family, while there are two bedrooms with closets and a -bath on the second floor for farm help or guests. The house is of -the economical rectangular type and is so arranged that all the -rooms are large, light, and airy. - -Although primarily designed for the farm, this house is quite -adaptable for town use. - -Size 28'0" × 48'0". This design and plan are the reverse of No. 76. - -Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $20.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago. - - -[Illustration: Seven Room Farm House No. 76] - -[Illustration: Floor Plan] - -In this charming house both the beautiful and practical have been -attained to a high degree. The porch is exposed on three sides -and is glazed in for winter use. The well-proportioned roof and -the half-timber gables instantly catch and hold the eye. The -first floor has been planned for the farmer and his family, while -the second floor is specially fitted for the farm help, being -complete with a separate bathroom. The stairway from the second -floor descends to a side entrance from which access is had to the -dining room. The living room is larger than found in most houses, -and has a large open fireplace at one end with a nook and seat -at the other. Especial attention is called to the arrangement of -the bedrooms on the first floor. The kitchen is large enough for -dining purposes, with a well-arranged pantry. There is a good-sized -storeroom in the unoccupied part of the second story. - -Size 28'0" × 48'0". This design and plan are the reverse of No. 75. - -Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $20.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago. - - -[Illustration: Eight Room House No. 81] - -[Illustration: Floor Plan] - -A unique and rambling design with an excellent plan. The wide, -overhanging eaves and gentle slope of the roof give dignity as well -as charm to the house. The plan speaks for itself. It is open, -light and airy. The hall, pantry, and kitchen arrangement has been -very cleverly worked out. There are two stairs, one from the hall -and one from the pantry that meet on a common landing and continue -to the second floor. The side entrance, giving access to the -basement stairs and the first floor is very convenient, with closet -under stairway at entrance for general use. - -The second floor has four bedrooms and two baths. One bathroom is -connected with one of the bedrooms and the other contains a shower -stall in addition to the tub, a feature worth considering. This -plan is especially adapted to a narrow lot, although it may be -turned in any direction desired. - -The size is 24'9" × 47'0". This design and plan are the reverse of -No. 82. - -Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $22.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago. - - -[Illustration: Eight Room House No. 82] - -[Illustration: Floor Plan] - -Stately and dignified, a splendid example of the modern American -home. The lines of the roof and fine proportion of the gables are -very effective from all angles. The plan is simple. The rooms of -the first floor are all open, giving a feeling of spaciousness. -The hall, large and light, with its open staircase, is at once -the keynote of the whole house, welcoming all who may enter. For -convenience, a rear stairway leads from the service pantry to a -landing over the side entrance where it joins the main staircase. -The kitchen is of a good size, not too large, and has a fine rear -porch. There is a closet under stairway at entrance, for general -use. - -Of the two bathrooms on the second floor, one is directly connected -with one of the bedrooms. This arrangement meets the convenience of -the family as well as that of guests or boarders. - -The size of the house is 24'9" × 47'0". This design and plan are -the reverse of No. 81. - -Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $22.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago. - - -[Illustration: Eight Room Farm House No. 83] - -[Illustration: Floor Plan] - -A good type of farm house fitting snugly into the landscape. As in -case of No. 84, it would also suit well as a country town boarding -house. The large living and dining room is connected with the -kitchen by a pantry. The six bedrooms may be used either for a -large family or, if desirable, the upper rooms might be set aside -for the help. Two baths, one on each floor, are necessary in an -arrangement of this kind. There are ample closets and linen space. -The porches are adequate. - -Size 26'6" × 38'8". This design and plan are the reverse of No. 84. - -Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $22.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago. - - -[Illustration: Eight Room House No. 84] - -[Illustration: Floor Plan] - -This commodious house may be used admirably for either a boarding -house in a country town, or a farm house when accommodation is -desired for the help. The living and dining room has been made -especially large on this account. There are four bedrooms with a -bath on the second floor. There are two bedrooms with bath on the -first floor. The rear porch is exceptionally large, being designed -for family use, while the front porch is for the boarders or the -help. There are both inside and outside stairs to the basement, a -very desirable convenience. - -Size 26'6" × 38'8". This design and plan are the reverse of No. 83. - -Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $22.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago. - - -[Illustration: Nine Room House No. 92] - -[Illustration: Floor Plan] - -A striking house for a village street, and yet quite appropriate -for a country home. The porch, an outstanding feature of the modern -American home, is here partly enclosed, forming a sun parlor for -all-year-round use. From the reception hall with its open stairway -and hall seat, one obtains an attractive view, across the living -room, of the fireplace opposite. Likewise the vista from the -dining room to the sun parlor is quite as charming. The kitchen -is arranged with cabinets in addition to the pantry, and has the -convenient feature of a stairway leading up to a landing where it -meets the main stairs midway to the second floor. - -The second floor arrangement is simple. The rooms are large and -the closets ample, without an inch of waste space. There are two -bedrooms with closets, and a bathroom on the third floor, not shown -on these plans. - -The size of the house is 28'8" × 34'8" exclusive of porches and -pantry. - -Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $22.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago. - - -[Illustration: Nine Room Farm House No. 93] - -[Illustration: Floor Plan] - -A well-proportioned house with fine roof lines and charming -brickwork which should arouse admiration throughout the -country-side. It has been designed for the farmer and provides for -the help. - -There are two bedrooms with separate entrance and bath on the first -floor, connected with the dining room. The living room, dining -room, and porch form a very convenient group. The kitchen has a -large pantry and a separate grade entrance on the basement stairs -inside the house, a decided convenience. - -Four bedrooms, with a closet each, a bathroom, a linen room, and a -large storeroom, amply provide for the family. - -Size 30'6" × 38'6". This design and plan are the reverse of No. 94. - -Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $22.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago. - - -[Illustration: Nine Room Farm House No. 94] - -[Illustration: Floor Plan] - -A simple, dignified home, relying for its beauty upon its -proportions and the exquisite charm of the brickwork. It has been -designed with the farmer's needs in view. The living room, with its -low, open fireplace adjoins the dining room and both open directly -on the main porch. The kitchen, which is large and conveniently -arranged, may, on occasion, serve as a dining room for the family, -and is provided with a commodious pantry. The basement stairs are -inside the house, an appealing feature in cold or stormy weather. -Particular attention is called to the bedroom arrangement, which -provides two bedrooms on the first floor for the farm help, -complete with closets, bath, and linen room. There is an individual -entrance from outside and direct communication with the dining -room, a feature readily appreciated by the woman on the farm. - -The second floor is devoted to the family sleeping rooms, with -exceptionally large closets and an ample storeroom. Size 30'6" × -38'6". This design and plan are the reverse of No. 93. - -Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $20.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago. - - -[Illustration: Four Flat Building] - -[Illustration: Floor Plan] - -This building has been planned for a seventy-five foot lot, which, -together with its specially planned form, would give a maximum of -light and air. A party wall divides the building so that either -half, complete in itself, might be sold separately. - -The hall, living, and dining rooms form a pleasant group. -Particular attention is called to the arrangement of the bedrooms, -which together with the bathroom, are isolated from the balance of -the house. An inside stairway leads to the basement from the first -floor. The rear porches which too often are quite unsightly on the -rear of the building, are here recessed between the bedroom wings, -a feature which also gives considerable protection to the porches -in the winter months. The second floor is the same as the first -except that there is an additional bedroom, 8'8" × 10'3" in each -flat, over the entrance vestibules. - -Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $25.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago. - - - - -USEFUL TABLES AND SUGGESTIONS - - -Mortar Mixes for Laying 1,000 Brick, 1/8" Joint - - PROPORTIONS QUANTITIES - - _Cement Mortars_ _Cement_ _Lime_ _Sand_ - - 1 part cement 1-3/4 bbls. 1/4 bbl. 1/2 cu. yd. - 2 parts sand optional - - 1 part cement 1-3/8 bbls. 1/4 bbl. 1/2 cu. yd. - 2-1/2 parts sand optional - - 1 part cement 1/18 bbls. 1/4 bbl. 1/2 cu. yd. - 3 parts sand optional - - _Lump Lime Mortars_ - - 1 part lime 7/8 bbl. 1/2 cu. yd. - 2 parts sand - - 1 part lime 3/4 bbl. 1/2 cu. yd. - 2-1/2 parts sand - - 1 part lime 5/8 bbl. 1/2 cu. yd. - 3 parts sand - - _Hydrated Lime Mortar_ - - 1 part lime 3-1/2 sacks 1/2 cu. yd. - 2 parts sand - - 1 part lime 3 sacks 1/2 cu. yd. - 2-1/2 parts sand - - 1 part lime 2-1/2 sacks 1/2 cu. yd. - 3 parts sand - - _Cement-Lime Mortars_ - - 1 part cement 1 sack - 1 part lime 1/2 bbl. hydrated, or 1/2 cu. yd. - 6 parts sand 1/4 bbl. lump - lime - - _Grout for 3/16"-1/4" Joints_ - - 1 part cement approx. approx. - 3 parts sand 3/4 bbl. 1/3 cu. yd. - - -Mortar Mixes for Laying 1,000 Tile, 1/2" Joint - - _Size of Tile_ _Cement_ _Lime_ _Sand_ - - 4" × 5" × 12" 1-2/3 bbls. 1/4 bbl. 2/3 cu. yd. - - 8" × 5" × 12" 3 bbls. 1/2 bbl. 1-1/3 cu. yd. - - 4" × 12" × 12" 1-3/4 bbls. 1/4 bbl. 3/4 cu. yd. - - 8" × 12" × 12" 4-1/4 bbls. 1/2 bbl. 1-3/4 cu. yd. - - -The above quantities are based on a 380 lb. barrel of Portland -cement; a 180 lb. barrel of lump lime, and a 50 lb. sack of -hydrated lime. Portland cement is sold by the bag or barrel. A bag -of Portland cement weighs approximately 94 pounds. Four bags make -one barrel of approximately 380 pounds. Lump lime is sold by the -bushel or barrel. A bushel of lump lime weighs approximately 75 to -85 pounds. A barrel of lump lime weighs approximately 180 pounds, -and equals 4 sacks of hydrated lime. Brick joints other than 3/8" -will require about 1/3 more or less mortar for each 1/8" difference. - - -Estimating Quantities of Face Brick - -[Sidenote: Size of Brick] - -The dimensions of the standard size face brick adopted by the -American Face Brick Association are 8" × 2-1/4" × 3-3/4"; but -sometimes, due to special conditions in the clay or the kiln burn, -these brick may slightly vary from the dimensions given. Besides, -there are other sizes of brick used, such as pavers, Romans, etc., -so that the contractor should always ascertain the exact size -of the brick specified, whether standard size or not, and take -into consideration the width of mortar joint desired, in order to -calculate more accurately the number of bricks required for a given -wall area. - -The following table gives the number of standard size brick per -square foot of wall surface, 4 inches or one brick thick, estimated -for different widths of mortar joint up to 3/4-inch: - -TABLE 1 - -Number of Face Brick per Square Foot - - _Joint_ 1/8" 1/4" 3/8" 1/2" 5/8" 3/4" - _No. of Brick_ 7-1/2 7 6-1/2 6-1/8 5-3/4 5-1/2 - -[Sidenote: General Rule] - -The method employed in getting these numbers is very simple and -may be applied to any sized brick and joint whatsoever. Thus, take -the brick given in the accompanying illustration (Fig. 58) and let -us use, say, a 3/8" mortar joint. This makes a length of 8-1/4" + -3/8", or 8-5/8" and a height of 2-3/8" + 3/8" or 2-3/4". Hence, -the total area occupied in the wall by this brick, with its mortar -joint, is 8-5/8" × 2-3/4". You can work this out by tractions, -thus, 69/8 × 11/4 = 759/32; or by decimals, thus, 8.625 × 2. 75 = -23.72, the area of the brick and mortar joint in square inches. - -[Illustration: Fig. 58. Brick and Mortar Joint] - -In either case, to get the number of brick required per square foot -you, of course, divide into 144, the number of square inches in -a square foot. That is, 144 ÷ 759/32 = 144 × 32/759 = 4608/759 = -6-54/759 or about 6-1/15. Or divide 144 by 23.72 and you get 6.07, -which amounts to your previous figure. In estimating the whole -number of brick you need, use no fraction less than the eighth next -above the fraction obtained in your number for the square foot. -Thus in the present example, you will count on using 6-1/8 brick -for every square foot of wall area. - -[Sidenote: Quantities for Various Bonds] - -As Table 1 gives the quantities for standard size brick laid in -Running Bond, additional allowances must be made for the number of -brick when other bonds using headers are employed. The following -percentages are to be added to the number of brick required, as -calculated by the use of Table 1, when the face brick are laid in -the bonds indicated: - -TABLE 2 - -Percentages Added for Various Bonds - - _Common_ (full header course - every 5th course) 20% (1/5) - - _Common_ (full header course - every 6th course) 16-2/3% (1/6) - - _Common_ (full header course - every 7th course) 14-1/3% (1/7) - - _English or English Cross_ (full - headers every 6th course) 16-2/3% (1/6) - - _Flemish_ (full headers every 6th - course) 5-2/3% (1/18) - - _Double Header_ (two headers and - a stretcher every 6th course) 8-1/3% (1/12) - - _Double Header_ (two headers and - a stretcher every 5th course) 10% (1/10) - - -For garden walls, porch walls, and other places where an 8-inch -wall is used, with face brick on both sides, no additional brick -are required for any type of bond. - -For walks and floors where the brick are laid on edge, in any -pattern except diagonal ones, calculate as you would for the number -of face brick in a wall laid in running bond. For her- ring-bone -pattern or other diagonal work, an additional number of brick will -be required to compensate for the clipping of the ends of the brick -at the borders. The exact additional amount depends on the total -width of the walk or floor, as the wider the surface the smaller -will be the average wastage per square foot. Walks and floors where -the brick are laid flat require one-third less than the number -required where the brick are laid on edge. - -Provided with these tables, it is a simple matter to calculate the -number of face brick required for every job. - -Thus, estimate the total area of wall surface in square feet, -deduct all openings, except those 10 square feet or less, and -taking into consideration the mortar joint, multiply the result -by the number of brick per square foot as shown in Table 1. This -will give you the number required for Running Bond. For other bonds -simply add to the number of brick obtained for Running Bond the -percentages as given in Table 2. Soldier courses make no difference -in the count; nor do rowlock courses, if half brick only are used. -Although window sills laid rowlock fashion require additional -brick, these are amply provided for in the usual allowances for -wastage. - -[Sidenote: Wastage] - -If the workmen are careful to use bats for closures, instead of -breaking whole bricks, no waste need be figured. The area of the -small openings, not deducted in figuring quantities, and the -doubling of brick at the corners, will give a certain number of -extra brick; and, as it is the usual custom to order the brick to -the quarter-thousand next above the actual number figured, the -ordinary wastage on the job will be provided for. - -If the number of square feet of face brick where there is no common -brick or tile backing, such as chimneys, porch walls, steps, -floors, etc., is kept separated from the number of square feet of -face brick with backing, then the latter number of square feet, -once obtained, may be used in figuring the number of common brick -or tile required for backing, thus saving the contractor time in -estimating. - - -Estimating Quantities of Common Brick - -As the sizes of common brick, for all practical purposes, -approximate the size of the standard face brick, their quantity may -be calculated on the same basis. Thus, for a single thickness of -common brick backing, the number required will be practically the -same as that of the face brick laid in Running Bond. If, however, -two or more thicknesses of backing brick are used, the proper -deductions should be made for the thickness of the walls at the -corners. - -Two thicknesses of common brick backing will, of course, take just -twice the number for one thickness, and so on. In a word, multiply -the number required for face brick by the number of thicknesses or -tiers of the common brick backing, always considering the turns at -the corners, as just indicated. Where other than Running Bond is -used in the facing brick, allowance should be made for the common -brick displaced by the bonding face brick. The deduction in the -number of common brick, it is evident, just equals the increased -number of face brick required for the bond selected. - -In estimating quantities of common brick for fireplaces, figure the -portions projecting beyond the line of the wall, such as breast and -ash pit, as if solid, that is, the number of brick for the surface -multiplied by the number of tiers deep, and then deduct the number -of bricks displaced by all flues and openings, face brick facing, -and fire brick lining. - - -Estimating Quantities of Hollow Tile - -Hollow tile for backing, as already indicated, may be obtained in -the following sizes: - -Stock Tile Sizes - - 4' × 5" × 12" (turned, 5" × 4" × 12") - 4' × 12" × 12" - 6' × 12" × 12" (sometimes 6" × 5" × 12") - 8' × 5" × 12" - 8' × 12" × 12" - -[Illustration: Fig. 59. Stock Tile Units] - -When ordering the 5" × 12" tile shapes, which are laid on the side, -the contractor should state that the usual allowance of 6-inch -and 9-inch length cuts be included for use in piers and other -narrow places, so as to reduce the cutting of tile on the job to -a minimum; also, enough half and full closures should be ordered -for use at window and door openings. See Fig. 59 and Hollow Tile -Problem on opposite page. When it comes to the case of the 12" × -12" tile, it is an easy matter for bricklayers to split off one or -more cells to get the proper shapes for closures, but the usual -allowance of half-lengths should be ordered. Enough 1-inch tile -slabs should be included for use in leveling up the wall for joist -bearings. - -Tile is calculated in terms of pieces, and to arrive at the number -required, use the same square feet dimensions you would for common -brick backing and multiply by the proper one of the following -coefficients: - -Coefficients for Tile Quantities - - _Dimensions of - Tile Face_ _Coefficient_ - - 4" × 12' 2.6 - 5" × 12' 2.15 - 12" × 12" 0.94 - -As the face brick is bonded to the tile backing by a double header -bonding course, as shown on page 25, the amount of tile will have -to be reduced accordingly. For instance, if 12" × 12" tile are -used, the bonding course occurs every sixth course and one-sixth of -the tile should be deducted, but at the same time, there must be -added brick-size hollow tile at the rate of 12 to every 20 square -feet of wall surface for use behind the stretchers in the bonding -courses. - -Or, if 5" × 12" tile are used, the bonding course occurs every -fifth course and one-fifth of the tile should be deducted, and -brick-size hollow tile at the rate of 12 to every 16 square feet of -wall surface should be added for use behind the stretchers in the -bonding courses. When the backing is 8 inches thick, an additional -course of brick-size tile should be calculated behind every bonding -course. If the brick-size tile cannot be obtained in the local -market, an equal number of common brick will answer the purpose -just as well. Two to three per cent should be added to all tile -quantities calculated, to provide for waste. - -In giving the following examples of estimating quantities it is not -meant to indicate that each wall of the house is necessarily to be -estimated by itself, but simply to show the way of estimating any -extent of wall. Except in very elaborate and diverse elevations, -the best way is to figure on the total surface of the four sides in -one operation. This is the more easily done as, generally speaking, -opposite sides of the house are of like area. - - - - -PROBLEMS IN ESTIMATING QUANTITIES - - -Brick Problem - -_To find the number of standard size brick, face and common, laid -in a sixth course Common Bond with a 3/8-inch joint, for an 8-inch -gable wall, 25 feet wide and 18 feet high from grade to eaves and -thence to ridgepole 12 feet. The 12-inch basement wall is 7-1/2 -feet high, 4% feet being below grade. There are 4 windows each -requiring an opening of 3'-6" × 5'-2" and 1 window requiring an -opening of 2'-6" × 4'-2". See window sizes page 22. The basement -windows being less than 10 square feet are disregarded._ - - -Face Brick - - First find the area in sq. ft. for face brick: - - Rectangle of wall 18' × 25' = 450 sq. ft. - Gable triangle 12' × 25' = 300 - 2 = 150 sq. ft. - Total area 600 sq. ft. - Deduct the 5 window openings, thus: - 4 × 3'-6" × 5'-2" = 72-1/3 sq. ft. - 1 × 2'-6" × 4'-2" = 10-5/12 sq. ft. - Window openings to be deducted 83 sq. ft. - --- - =Total area to be covered with face brick= 517 sq. ft. - By Table 1, it takes 6.5 standard - size face brick per sq. ft. for Running - Bond with a 3/8" joint. - Hence, 517 × 6.5 = 3,360 - Add 16-2/3% as per Table 2 560 - ----- - Number of face brick required 3,920 - =Total of face brick to be ordered= 4,000 - - -Common Brick - - The common brick backing takes the - same number as face brick, except - that we deduct the 16-2/3% added - to the face brick quantity as per - Table 2. Hence, the number of - common brick for backing is 3,360 - 560 = 2,800 - As the wall from grade to first floor - is three brick thick, the same as the - foundation wall, it requires two tiers - of common brick and, therefore, an - additional tier must be figured in. - Hence, 25' × 3' or 75 sq. ft. at 6.5 per sq. ft. = 488 - The 4'-6" of foundation wall, being - three brick thick, gives us 25' × 4'-6" - × 3 or 388 sq. ft. to figure on. Hence, - common brick for foundation is 388 × 6.5 = 2,197 - ----- - Total common brick required 5,485 - =Total common brick to be ordered= 5,500 - - -Hollow Tile Problem - -_By referring to pages 25 and 26, it will be seen that four courses -of brick with a 3/8-inch joint equal in height two 5" × 12" tile, -so that, in our present example, if we wish to use the 3/8-inch -joint, we shall have to introduce our bonding course of brick every -fifth instead of every sixth course. This would also naturally -involve a slight change in the number of face brick required. That -is, instead of adding 16-2/3% or we should have to add 20% or -1/5 to the number required for Running Bond, in order to get the -right number for fifth course Common Bond and, in consequence, we -subtract 20% or one fifth from the backing tile wanted. With these -changes understood, our problem for a hollow tile backing for the -gable wall will work out as follows:_ - -If the hollow tile backing is started at grade, the tile and face -brick area will be the same. But as, in the present case, we start -the tile backing from the first floor, we subtract the area of the -wall from grade to first floor or 25' × 3' = 75', and get 517 - 75 -or 442 sq. ft. to be backed with tile. - -The closures for horizontal tile are figured separately. A full -and a half closure are respectively 12 and 6 inches in length and -amount to about one foot in height, and hence cover an area of 3/4 -sq. ft. on each side or 1-1/2 sq. ft. on both sides of the opening. -As the height of our five window openings is approximately 25 feet, -we have 25 × 1-1/2 = 37-1/2 sq. ft. to be deducted from area of -regular tile surface, giving 442 - 37-1/2 or 404-1/2 sq. ft. - - As per coefficient table, page 106, - we have 404.5 × 2.15 = 870 - Deduct 1/5 of tile for brick bond 174 - --- - 696 - Add 3% for wastage or 21 - --- - =Total number of tile to be ordered= 717 - - Requiring 4 closures, 2 full and 2 - half, for each foot of height (both - sides), we need 25 × 4 or 100 closures - Add 3% for wastage or 3 - --- - =Total number of closures needed= 103 - - Order 52 of each size. - - Brick-size tile, 12 to every 16 sq. ft. - needed. Hence, 442 ÷ 16 gives about - 28, and 12 × 28 = 336 - Add 3% for wastage or 10 - --- - =Total brick-size tile to be ordered= 346 - - -Estimating Labor Required - -[Sidenote: Placing Brick and Tile] - -The usual method of estimating the labor bill for brickwork or -tile is to reduce it to the amount per thousand brick or tile -placed, which not only covers the bricklayers' time, but the -mortar, the necessary labor for mixing it, and the labor tending -the bricklayers. This, of course, varies in different localities -and with the different kinds of brick or tile, mortar, and joints. -The contractor is urged to keep an accurate record of the number -of brick or tile laid per day, the amount of mortar of various -kinds used, and the number of bricklayers for which one laborer is -necessary, so that he may determine for himself, from the total, -the unit costs per thousand for placing brick or tile according to -different specifications. - -It must be carefully noted that such items as arches, piers, -panels, special bond patterns, etc., require additional time for -execution, depending upon their nature. The contractor will have -to be guided by his own experiences in making allowances for the -additional labor necessary for this work. - -[Sidenote: Building a Fireplace] - -It is difficult to estimate the labor required for building a -fireplace, due to the variety of designs and the necessary amount -of cutting and fitting required. Therefore many masons estimate -this work at so much per fireplace or at a unit price per thousand -brick. It may be said that a bricklayer should lay the face of a -fireplace 5 to 6 feet wide and 4 to 5 feet high in ten hours, and -the fire brick lining in from 4 to 6 hours. It will take about 4 -hours' time to lay the entire hearth. One-half hour of laborer's -time should be allowed for every hour of bricklayers' time. - -[Sidenote: Cleaning Brickwork] - -The cost of cleaning and pointing face brickwork will vary with the -kind of brick to be cleaned, as it is easier to clean brick with a -smooth surface than with a rough texture. An experienced man should -clean 95 to 100 smooth brick or 75 to 80 rough brick per hour. - -[Sidenote: Waterproofing Foundation Walls] - -For one-half inch plaster coating, composed of one part Portland -cement to two parts sand, 2 bags Portland cement and 4 cubic feet -of sand will be required to cover one square, that is, 100 sq. ft. -of wall surface, and it will require one-half hour of laborer's -time for mixing. An experienced workman and helper should cover -from 40 to 45 sq. ft. of surface per hour. - -For a coating either of hot asphalt or of pitch, to be well applied -with a heavy mop, approximately 200 pounds of material and a half -day for two men will be required to cover 10 squares of wall -surface. About one gallon of creosote sizing would be required per -square, with only one-half to a quarter as much labor as for the -waterproofing. - - -Handling of Materials - -The storage space for all materials should be convenient to the -building, and where the team can reach it so that rehandling may be -avoided. - -[Sidenote: Face Brick] - -When face brick are delivered on the job, they should be -immediately compared with the sample, previously selected, for -color, size, and quality, to prevent any misunderstanding later -when they are laid in the wall. If shipped by freight, they -should be examined before being unloaded from the car. Face brick -should be stacked in neat piles, laid either on edge, face up and -protected with straw, or on their sides in such a way as to protect -the faces. Laborers, in carrying face brick to the mason, should -place them face up for the convenience of handling. - -[Sidenote: Common Brick and Tile] - -Except on large jobs, common brick are not usually stacked. They -are dumped in a pile which makes it easier to wet them down -thoroughly as explained later. Hollow tile should be stacked in -neat piles to prevent undue breakage, each size and shape being -piled separately. - -[Sidenote: Lime and Cement] - -Lump lime should always be stored in a covered box to keep it -dry. This box should have a hinged opening on one side, at the -bottom, from which the lime may be conveniently removed. Lump lime -should be slaked at least a week before used to allow for thorough -hydration and cooling. Hydrated lime and cement should be carefully -protected from the weather by stacking the sacks on planks laid on -the ground and by a covering of planks and tarpaulin. - -[Sidenote: Sand] - -The sand pile should be located as near the mortar box as possible -for convenience in handling. In case the sand needs screening, an -the sand pile should be located at such a distance from the mortar -box that when the sand is thrown through the sieve, it will form a -pile adjacent to the mortar box. - -[Sidenote: Wetting Common Brick] - -All brick, especially the softer grades of common brick, should be -thoroughly wetted just before being placed in the wall, but not -made so wet as to cause sliding on the mortar. The object of this -wetting is to prevent the bricks from absorbing moisture from the -mortar which must be allowed to dry slowly so as to obtain a good -bond. If they are laid dry, the bricks will quickly take up a -large amount of water from the mortar, preventing proper setting -and adhesion. Water increases the weight of brick and consequently -the labor of handling, so that some workmen are inclined to lay -them dry. This should not be allowed except in freezing weather, -when the conditions require quicker setting. Good mortar bond is -essential to a good wall. - - -Work Done in Cold Weather - -In latitudes where the winter temperature is prevailingly below -freezing, all material for mortar, including water, should be -heated. If this is done, the mortar will take its initial set -before it freezes and no damage will result. In extremely cold -weather, added precautions should be taken in case of footings by -protecting them with manure. The following suggestions will be -found useful for cold weather work. - -When being laid the brick should be thoroughly dry; and if possible -warmed. No bricks with ice on them should be laid in the wall, and -cement or cement-lime mortar should be used to get quick setting. -For heating sand and gravel, a corrugated sheet metal culvert, -about 20 inches in diameter and about 10 feet long, may be used. A -wood fire is built in the ends of the pipe over which the sand and -gravel are piled. This easy and simple method will melt all frozen -lumps in the material and dry out the resulting moisture. - -Where city water pressure is available, the water may be heated in -a coil attached to the main and large enough to have a fire built -in the center, a very simple and efficient method which any plumber -can easily install. Place a sheet-iron guard around the coil to -conserve the heat. This equipment proves very satisfactory, as it -warms the water as fast as it is drawn off through the hose. The -entire installation may be found on the market at a comparatively -small cost. Without such an arrangement the water may be heated in -an ordinary iron kettle over a wood fire. Water should never be -heated to the boiling point, as too high a temperature will injure -the setting properties of the mortar. - -A temperature of about 165 degrees, or the same as generally -required for household uses, is best. - -If the above conditions are met, brickwork may be continued -practically throughout the entire winter, except only so far as -the comfort of the workmen dictates. They will usually quit at -about 20 degrees above zero, depending somewhat upon other weather -conditions. If it is not too windy, they will work outside in a -lower temperature than when it is very windy. A shelter, however, -may very easily be constructed for the workmen by nailing a few 2" -× 4" scantlings upright to the scaffolding with another 2" × 4" -nailed along the top as a support for a tarpaulin. A salamander -behind this shelter will make it quite comfortable for the workmen -as well as help the mortar to set. As the use of wood in the -salamander makes a too intense and irregular heat, besides giving -off more or less smoke, coke is recommended. The amount of coke -required on an ordinary job is so small as to be almost negligible. - -The wall at any one point should not be carried very high in one -day. It is better to work around the entire building a few feet at -a time rather than to work on one side and carry the wall six or -more feet high. Walls thus erected are apt to get out of plumb from -the alternating effect of the night cold and the day sun. - -As soon as the floor joists of any story are set in place and -floored, the window and door openings of the floor below should -be tightly closed, either by the permanent sash or by temporary -boarding or building paper, so that salamanders may be placed -inside to dry out the building thoroughly. Once a day the building -should be aired. - -If the above suggestions are followed, there is no reason why -brickwork should not be continued through the average winter -months. The extra work accomplished during the usually dull season -is worth more to the contractor than the trouble he has taken or -the additional cost of labor. - - - - -GLOSSARY OF USUAL TERMS IN BRICK LAYING - - _Angle Iron._ A structural piece of steel in the form of a 90° angle - used in certain situations to sustain brickwork. - - _Backing._ The part of the wall behind the face brick. - - _Bat._ Any part of a brick intentionally or accidentally broken off. - - _Bed._ The horizontal surface on which the bricks of the wall lie in - courses. Also, the mortar on which the brick rest. - - _Bed Joint._ A joint between two horizontal courses of brick. - - _Belt Course._ A horizontal course of brick or other material usually - projecting, and generally in line with window sills or heads. - - _Bench-Mark._ A well defined mark, accurately established, in - a protected location on some immovable object, as a point of - reference. - - _Bond._ The overlapping of brick in various ways so as to give both - longitudinal and transverse strength to the wall, and at the same - time produce a pleasing appearance. - - _Breaking Joint._ The placing of brick so that no two vertical or - head joints come immediately over one another. - - _Buttered Joint._ A very thin mortar joint made by scraping a small - quantity of mortar with the trowel on all edges of the brick and - laying it without the usual mortar bed. - - _Cell._ One of the hollow spaces in building tile. - - _Centering._ The temporary frame or template on which an arch is - turned. - - _Chase._ A vertical recess on the inside face of a wall formed by - omitting one or more bricks in each course to accommodate plumbing, - heating, or other pipes. - - _Chimney Breast._ The projection on the interior or exterior face of - a wall caused by fireplace or flues. - - _Closure._ A quarter or three-quarter brick to close, when required, - the end of a course, as distinguished from a half-brick. This term - equally applies to tile. - - _Coping._ A row of brick, usually projecting, used to cap or finish - the top of a wall and protect it from the weather. It is usually - laid up in very rich Portland cement mortar with tooled joints. - - _Corbel._ One or more courses of brick projecting from the wall to - form a support. - - _Course._ A horizontal row of brick in a wall. - - _Culling._ Sorting brick for size, color, and quality. - - _Culls._ The brick rejected in culling. - - _Diaper._ Any continuous pattern in brickwork of which the various - bonds are examples. It is usually applied however, to diamond or - other diagonal patterns. - - _Edge-set._ A brick set on its narrow instead of on its flat side. - - _Efflorescence._ The deposition of a white powder or crust on the - surface of brickwork, due to soluble salts usually in the mortar - but sometimes in the brick, and, drawn out with the moisture by - the sun, left as a deposit on the surface. Brick clays containing - these salts are now cured by using a carbonate of barium. Against - mortar efflorescence care should be taken to protect all brickwork - at eaves and sill courses from excessive moisture. Also Whitewash - or Whitewashing. - - _Face Brick._ A well-burned brick, especially prepared, selected, - and handled to secure attractive appearance in the face of a wall, - as distinguished from common brick as used for backing or other - structural work. - - _Face._ The long, narrow side of a brick, specially treated in the - manufacture of face brick to produce certain color tones and - textures. - - _Fire Stop._ A projection of brickwork on the walls between the - joists to prevent the spread of fire or vermin. - - _Flat Stretcher Course._ A course of stretchers set on edge and - exposing their flat sides on the surface of the wall. Frequently - done with brick finished for the purpose on the flat side, such as - enameled or glazed brick. - - _Flue._ A passage in a chimney especially for the exit of smoke and - gases, one or more of which may be enclosed in the same chimney. - - _Flue Lining._ A smooth one-celled hollow tile for protecting flues. - - _Footing._ The broadened base of a foundation wall, or other - super-structure. - - _Green Brickwork._ Brickwork in which the mortar has not yet set. - - _Grout._ Rich mortar made very thin so that it will readily run into - the joints of brickwork and fill them. - - _Header._ A brick laid on its flat side across the thickness of the - wall, so as to show the end of the brick on the surface of the wall. - - _Header Course._ A course composed entirely of headers. - - _Head Joint._ A joint between the ends of two bricks in the same - course. Also Vertical Joint. - - _Hearth._ That portion of a fireplace level with the floor, upon - which the fire is built. The rear portion extending into the fire - opening is known as the back hearth. - - _Lead._ A part of the wall at the corners, or elsewhere when needed, - built in advance of the rest of the wall as a guide to which the - line is attached. - - _Lime Putty._ Slaked lime in a soft puttylike condition before sand - or cement is added. - - _Line._ The string stretched taut from lead to lead as a guide for - laying the top edge of a brick course. - - _Lintel._ A horizontal support for brickwork over an opening. - - _Mantel._ A shelf projecting beyond the chimney breast above the - fireplace opening. - - _Nogging._ A filling of brick between the roof rafters from wall - plate to roof boards for the purpose of making the building - wind-tight. - - _Pointing._ Inserting mortar into the joints after the brickwork is - completed, in order to correct defects left in the progress of the - work. - - _Quoins._ Projecting courses of brick at the corners of buildings as - ornamental features. - - _Racking._ Laying the end of the wall with a series of steps so - that when work is resumed, the bond can be easily continued. More - convenient and structurally better than toothing. - - _Reveal._ The vertical side of a window or door opening from face of - wall to frame. - - _Rowlock Course._ A course of headers laid on the edge instead of on - the flat side of the brick as usual. - - _Salmon Brick._ The softer brick of the kiln suitable for places - protected from outside exposure or where great crushing strength is - not required. - - _Selects._ The bricks accepted as the best after culling. - - _Shove Joint._ A vertical joint filled by shoving the brick, when it - is being laid in the bed of mortar, against the next brick. Also - Shoved Joint. - - _Skewback._ In brickwork, a brick or stone cut to make an inclined - surface for receiving thrust or pressure, as of an arch. - - _Slush Joint._ A vertical joint filled by throwing mortar in with the - trowel after the bricks are laid. Also Slushed Joint. - - _Smoke Chamber._ The space in a fireplace immediately above the - throat, where the smoke gathers before passing into the flue, and - narrowed by corbeling to the size of the flue lining above. Also - Smoke Cavern. - - _Soldier Course._ A course of stretchers set on end with the face - showing on the wall surface. - - _Splay._ A slope or bevel, particularly at the sides of a window or - door. - - _Story Pole._ A pole on which the height from joist to joist, as well - as all intermediate openings, brick courses, etc., is indicated. - - _Stretcher._ A brick laid on its flat side so as to show its face on - the surface of the wall. - - _Template._ Any form or pattern, such as centering, over which - brickwork may be formed. - - _Thickness of Wall._ The thickness of a wall stated in terms of - brick, inches, or tiers, thus: - - _In Number - of Brick._ _In Inches._ _In Tiers._ - ------------ ------------ ---------- - One brick 4" 1 tier - Two " 8" or 9" 2 tiers - Three " 12" or 13" 3 tiers - Four " 16" or 17" 4 tiers - - _Throat._ An opening at the top of a fireplace through which the - smoke passes to the smoke chamber and chimney. - - _Tier._ One of the four-inch, or one-brick, layers in the thickness - of a wall. (Gilbreth). - - _Toothing._ The method of building the end of a wall so that the end - stretcher of every alternate course projects one-half its length, - against which another wall may be built. - - _Toothing-in._ Joining a new wall to an old toothed wall. - - _Trimmer Arch._ A brick arch built in front of and below a fireplace - opening to support the hearth, abutting on the fireplace foundation - and thrusting against the header joist. - - _Tuck-pointing._ The filling in of joints in old brickwork with fresh - mortar, usually cement. - - _Vertical Joint._ Same as Head Joint. - - _Washing Down._ Cleaning the surface of the brick wall, after it is - completed and pointed, with a mild solution of muriatic acid. - - _Water Table._ A slight projection of the lower courses of brickwork - at the base of a building. - - _Webb._ The thin wall bounding and separating the cells in hollow - tile. - - Whitewashing, Whitewash. See Efflorescence. - - _Wind Shelf._ The ledge back of the damper at the bottom of the smoke - cavern. - - _Withe._ A partition between two flues in the same chimney. - - - - -INDEX - - - Additional copies of plans, etc. 41 - Adobe, first brick made 5 - in America 7 - Aim of this Manual 5 - America, brick manufacture and use in 7 - American Bond 33 - American Face Brick Association 104 - Anchors, for joist 19 - for roof plate 20 - Angle Irons, use of 23 - Angles in wall construction 21-22 - best method for 22 - Arches, face brick 23 - Architectural Symbols table of 40 - Asbestos Shingles 37-38 - Ash Chute for hearth 30 - Ash Pit for fireplace 18 - Asphalt for waterproofing 18, 108 - Asphalt Shingles 37-38 - - Babylonian origin of brick 5 - Backing, common brick 15, 19, 105 - hollow tile 15, 25, 106 - Basket Weave Pattern 35 - Bats, care in using 33 - Bays, laying corners of 21 - Beauty of House, economic value 11 - Bill of Materials, see Quantity Survey - Bonding, face brick to common 18-19 - face brick to frame 27 - face brick to hollow tile 26 - in foundation walls 17 - Bonds, see Face Brick Bonds - Brick, burning of 7 - common, see Common Brick - face, see Face Brick - manufacture and use in America 7 - method of laying 17 - on edge or flat 31 - per square foot, table 104 - story of 5 - treatment for color 7 - Brickmaking, ancient and modern 6-7 - Brick Veneer, see Face Brick Veneer - Brickwork, extent of ancient use 5-6 - in England and America 6-7 - in Middle Ages 6 - mortar joints used in 35 - strength and rigidity of 33 - Builder, opportunity for the 8 - Building a Home, importance of 10 - Buttered Joints 19, 25, 35 - - Casement Windows 23 - Cement, for waterproofing 18, 108 - handling 108 - in mortar 36, 104 - Cement-lime Mortar 36, 104 - Cement Plaster, when used for flues 21 - when used for waterproofing 18 - Chimneys, interior and exterior 20, 21 - with hollow tile construction 26 - with veneer construction 27 - China 6 - Clays in brickmaking 7 - Cleaning down wall 24, 26 - labor for 108 - Closing in building 109 - Closures, brick 34 - hollow tile 25, 106, 107 - Coefficients for tile, table 106 - Coke for salamanders 109 - Cold Weather, work in 109 - Color Effects, in brick wall 8 - Comfort and Health, in brick house 11 - Common Bond 33 - Common Brick, compared with face 16 - for backing 15, 19, 105 - handling 108 - hard-burned 6, 17 - in place of tile 106 - quantities required 105, 107 - selected 16 - wetting before use 108 - Comparative Costs, in percentages 12 - Concave Mortar Joint 35 - Concealed Bond 19 - Concrete, for footings 17 - for step forms, path borders, etc. 31 - Convex Mortar Joint 35 - Copies, plans and specifications 41 - Corbeling, between joists 19-20 - for chimney support 18 - in fireplaces 30 - Corners of Wall, not right-angled 21-22 - Costs, initial and final 9, 12 - getting a unit of 108 - percentage differences 12 - Cradle of human civilization 5 - Creosote in damp proofing 18 - - Dampness, how to prevent 15 - Dean & Dean, architects 40 - Depreciation, in value of house 10 - Diamond Patterns 34 - Door Frame Sizes, table of 23 - Door Sills, in brick construction 22 - in hollow tile construction 26 - in veneer construction 28 - Double Header Bond 19, 25 - Drains, at base of foundation walls 17 - Drying Brick, before setting in kiln 7 - Drying out building 109 - Dry-press Brick 7 - - Economic merits of face brick 9 - Economic value of beauty 11 - Effect of bond and mortar joint 9 - Efflorescence 15 - Egypt, brickmaking in 6 - England, brickwork in 6 - English and English Cross Bond 33-34 - English Country Houses 6 - Estimating, amount of common brick 105 - amount of face brick 104 - amount of hollow tile 106 - Euphrates Valley 5 - - Face Brick, arches 23 - artistic possibilities of 9, 36 - bond or pattern in 9 - bonding to common 18-19 - bonding to frame 27 - bonding to tile 26 - bonds 33-35 - care in making and handling 16 - color and texture 7-8 - handling on the job 108 - inspection of 108 - pre-eminent merits of 9 - quantities required 104, 107 - standard size of 104 - veneer on old frame 16, 27 - wastage 105 - Face Brick Construction, comfort of 11 - economy of 9, 12, 38 - fire-safety of 38 - solid 16,18 - types of wall 15 - Face Brick Veneer Construction 15, 26, 28 - on old frame houses, etc. 16, 27, 28 - Fire Brick, in fireplaces 30 - Fireplaces, construction of 29 - damper, flue, hearth 30 - designs 30-31 - foundation for 18 - labor for 108 - openings, table of 29 - Fire Causes, interior and exterior, table 38 - Fire Protection 11 - fire-resistive shingles 37-38 - interior protective measures 38 - Fire Protection for the roof 37 - to be increased 37 - Fire Stops 19 - check vermin 20 - right and wrong practice 20 - when not needed 24-25 - Flat Brick Arches, construction of 23 - Flemish Bond 34 - Flemish influence in England 6 - Floors and Walks of brick 31 - Flues and Flue Linings 21 - Flush-cut Mortar joint 35 - Footings, for foundations 17 - for veneer on old frame 28 - Foundation Walls 17 - waterproofing 18 - Frame Construction, up-keep and depreciation 10 - veneering old 16-27-28 - weakness of 15 - Frames, window and door 22-23 - Freezing Weather, work in 109 - Fundamentals of building 5 - Furnace Flue Cleanout 21 - Furring, kinds of 24 - when, and when not, needed 15, 24, 25 - - Garden Walls, bond in 34, 105 - of face brick 32 - Gate Posts, face brick 32 - General rule for brick quantities 104 - Georges, The, days of 6 - Gothic Epoch of building 6 - Gravel, for wide mortar joints 36 - Greek Crosses, seen in bonds 34 - Green Brick 7 - Green Brickwork, in wall 18 - Grounds 24 - Grouting of brick walks 31 - Growing demand for brick building 8 - Gypsum Board, as fire retardant 38 - - Handling Materials 108 - Hearth, The 30 - Henry VIII, times of 6 - Herringbone Pattern 35, 105 - Hollow or Vaulted Brick Wall 24 - Hollow Tile, backing for face brick 5, 15 - bonding to face brick 26 - brick-size 106 - closures 25, 106, 107 - construction 25, 26 - handling 108 - methods of laying 25 - quantities required 106, 107 - reinforced lintel 26 - sizes of 25, 106 - "split furring" 24 - table of sizes 106 - wastage 106 - Home-building, importance of 10 - Homes, shortage of 14 - Hydrated Lime 37, 104 - - Increasing Profits 8, 28 - India 6 - Insurance, saving on 11 - Israel in Egypt 5 - - Joints, slushing of 17, 19 - Joist Anchors, beveling ends of 19 - Joslin, Arthur W., on the hollow wall 24 - Juergens, Alfred, artist 40 - - Labor Required 108 - Lath, where and how placed 20 - Laying out work for brick 23 - for hollow tile 26 - Leads, laying up at corners 17 - Lime, handling 108 - Lime, lump or hydrated 36, 37, 104 - Lintels and Arches 23 - Lumber 13-14 - - Magna Charta, days of 6 - Maintenance or Upkeep 10 - Mesopotamian Plain 5 - Metal Wall Ties 19, 27 - Mexico 7 - Modern Brick Making 7 - Mortar Colors 36 - Mortar Joints 35 - Mortars, mixing and tempering 36-37 - table of mixes 104 - Muriatic Acid, for cleaning walls 24 - - Nail Holds, for furring 20 - Nails, as anchors or ties 24, 27, 28 - National Board of Fire Underwriters 38 - Nebuchadnezzar 5 - Nogging, where, and where not, needed 20 - - Octagon or Splay brick 21 - Offsets in chimneys 21 - Openings 22 - supports for 23 - Origin of brickmaking 5 - Ornamental Brickwork, outside 30-32 - - Patterns in brickwork 34-35 - Paying Investments 27 - - Percentages, of brick added for bonds 105 - of difference in costs 12 - Pergola Posts, face brick 31 - Persia 6 - Peru 7 - Pitch for waterproofing 18, 108 - Plans and Specifications, prices 40-41 - Plastering without furring 24-25 - Pointing up wall 24 - Porches, bond in walls of 105 - of face brick on old buildings 28 - Protection, of bricklayers in winter 109 - of the day's work 19 - Putty, lime 37 - - Quantities of Materials 104, 107 - Quantity Survey 40 - Queen Anne, days of 6 - - Raked Mortar Joint 35 - Reinforcing, of pergola and gate posts 32 - of tile lintels 26 - Relieving Arches 23 - Repp, Geo. W., architect 17 - Reversal of Plans 40 - Rodded Mortar Joint 35 - Roman Brickwork 6 - Roof, fire-resistive material for 37 - point of danger in fire 37 - Roof Plate Anchors 20 - Rowlock Courses 18, 35 - effect on quantities 105 - in arches 23 - Running Bond 33 - - Salamanders, use of 109 - Sand, handling 108 - for mortars 36 - Sand-mold Brick 7 - Sargon of Akkad 5 - Scaffolding 18 - Scribing Bead 23 - Segmental Face Brick Arches 23 - Semi-circular Face Brick Arches 23 - Sentimental Value of the house 11 - Sewage Disposal 40 - Shingle Tile 37-38 - Sills, window and door 22 - Sizes, common brick 105 - hollow tile 25, 106 - standard face brick 104 - Skewbacks, in arch construction 23 - Slaking Lime 37 - Slate Shingles 37-38 - Slop-mold Brick 7 - Slushing Joints 17, 19 - Soldier Courses 18, 35 - effect on quantities 105 - Solid Face Brick Construction 15, 18 - Spanish in Mexico and Peru, the 7 - Specifications and Plans 40 - Splay or Octagon Brick 21 - Staff Bead or Brick Mold 23 - Steel Lintels 23, 28 - Steps, brick 31 - Stiff-mud Brick 7 - Storage Space 108 - Store Fronts Veneered 28 - Stretcher Bond 33 - Striking Joints 17, 19 - Stripped Mortar Joint 35 - Struck Joint, the 35 - when to avoid 19 - Structural Merits of face brick 9 - Stucco, veneering old 27 - weakness of 16 - - Tables - Architectural Symbols 40 - Coefficients for Tile Quantities 106 - Comparative Costs 12 - Door Frame Sizes 23 - Fire Causes 38 - Fireplace Openings 29 - Flue Linings 21 - Mortar Mixes for 1000 Brick 104 - Mortar Mixes for 1000 Tile 104 - Number Brick per Square Foot 104 - Percentages Added for Bonds 105 - Tile Sizes 106 - Window Frame Sizes 22 - Tar, for waterproofing 18, 108 - Tempering Mortars 37 - Terra Cotta Flue Linings 21 - Texture of brick 8 - Thickness of walls 18, 111 - Tower of Babel 5 - - Upkeep, see Maintenance - - Value of Face Brick House, artistic 11, 16 - economic 9, 11 - selling or renting 11 - sentimental 11 - Vaulted or Hollow Brick Wall 24 - Veneering, see Face Brick Veneer - Vermin Stops, see Fire Stops - Vitruvius on elements in architecture 5, 9 - V-tooled Mortar Joint 35 - - Walks and Floors of brick 31 - estimating brick for 105 - Walls, hollow tile 15, 25 - methods of laying 12" 20 - solid brick 15, 18 - veneer 15, 26 - when 8" or 12" 18 - Washing down, see Cleaning down wall - Wastage, of brick 105 - of hollow tile 106 - Wastes of War 13 - Waterproofing Foundation Walls 18 - labor for 108 - Water Tables 18 - Weathered Mortar Joint 35 - Wetting Common Brick 108 - Wide Choice, in color and texture 8 - Wide Mortar Joint, how secured 36 - Window Frames and Sash 22 - table of sizes 22 - Window Sills, in brick construction 22 - in hollow tile construction 26 - in veneer construction 28 - Wire-cut Brick 7 - Withes in chimneys 21 - Wood Shingles 37 - Work in cold weather 109 - - -LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - -HALF-TONES - - Page - Frontispiece 4 - Brickwork of Old Persian Tomb 6 - Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia 7 - Face Brick Bungalow, Evanston, Ill. 10 - Face Brick Bank, Detroit, Mich. 10 - Face Brick Bungalow, Windsor Park, Ill. 11 - Face Brick Library, Coatsville, Ind. 11 - Face Brick Store Front, Birmingham, Ala. 12 - Face Brick School, Highland Park, Ill. 13 - Face Brick Store Front, St. Louis, Mo. 13 - Face Brick House, Buffalo, N. Y. 14 - Face Brick Bungalow, Atlanta, Ga. 15 - Veneering over Old Frame 16 - -ZINCS - - Page - - Brickmaking in Egypt 6 - Brick Footing 17 - Types of Basement Walls 18 - Concealed Bond 19 - Metal Wall Ties 19 - Good and Bad Joist Anchors 19 - True Corbeling between Joists 19 - False Corbeling between joists 20 - Rafters and Roof Plate 20 - Chimney Height 21 - Chimney Withes 21 - Chimney Offset 21 - Outside Angle Corners 21 - Obtuse Angle Turns 22 - Acute Angle Turns 22 - The Solid Brick Wall 22 - Brick Arches 23 - Hollow or Vaulted Brick Wall 24 - Face Brick on Hollow Tile 25 - Hollow Tile and Steel Lintels 26 - Veneer Construction 27 - Nail Wall Ties 27 - Veneering Old Frame 28 - Perspective of Fireplace 29 - Cross Section of Fireplace 29 - Hearth Edge Set 30 - Hearth Flat Set 30 - Fireplace Designs 30 - Steps, End Set Treads 31 - Flat Set Treads 31 - Edge Set Treads 31 - Pergola Post 31 - Fireplace Design 31 - Porch or Pergola post 32 - Gate Post 32 - Bonding Strength 33 - Common or American Bond 33 - English Bond 33 - English Cross or Dutch Bond 34 - Flemish Bond 34 - Garden Wall Bond 34 - Diamond Bond Patterns 34 - Checkerboard Pattern 35 - Basket Weave Pattern 35 - Herringbone Pattern 35 - Mortar Joints 35 - Pergola 41 - Color Plates 42-102 - Brick and Mortar Joint 104 - Stock Tile Shapes 106 - - - - - =The American Face Brick Association= - - JOHN H. BLACK, President S. C. MARTIN, 1st Vice President - B. W. BALLOU, 2nd Vice President R. D. T. HOLLOWELL, Sec.-Treas. - - [Illustration] - - - - =_Directors_= - - B. W. BALLOU T. P. CUTHBERT - Kansas Buff Brick & Mfg. Co. Fallston Fire Clay Company - Kansas City, Mo. Pittsburgh, Pa. - - GEORGE A. BASS W. H. HOAGLAND - Hydraulic-Press Brick Company Claycraft Mining and Brick Company - St. Louis, Mo. Columbus, O. - - H. R. BEEGLE B. MIFFLIN HOOD - Beaver Clay Manufacturing Company Legg Brick Company - New Galilee, Pa. Atlanta, Ga. - - P. B. BELDEN G. B. LUCKETT - The Belden Brick Company Crawfordsville Shale Brick Co. - Canton, O. Crawfordsville, Ind. - - J. H. BLACK S. C. MARTIN - Jewettville Clay Products Company Kittanning Brick & Fire Clay Co. - Buffalo, N. Y. Pittsburgh, Pa. - - W. H. BRECHT D. H. MILLER - Boone Brick, Tile & Paving Company Milton Brick Company - Boone, Ia. New York, N. Y. - - F. W. BUTTERWORTH J. W. MOULDING - Western Brick Company Thomas Moulding Brick Company - Danville, Ill. Chicago, Ill. - - CHAS. C. STRATTON - Alumina Shale Brick Company - Bradford, Pa. - - [Illustration] - - - =_Members._= - - ALABAMA - - Alphons Custodis Chimney Const. Co. Ragland - Birmingham Clay Products Co. Birmingham - Stephenson, L. L. Lovick - - ARKANSAS - - Fort Smith Brick Co. Fort Smith - - GEORGIA - - Legg Brick Co. Atlanta - - IDAHO - - Burley Brick & Sand Co. Burley - Idaho Pressed Brick Co. Pocatello - - - ILLINOIS - - Acme Brick Co. Danville - Alton Brick Co. Alton - Barr Clay Co. Streator - Decatur Brick Manufacturing Co. Decatur - Hydraulic-Press Brick Co. Chicago - Lacon Clay & Coal Co. Lacon - Peoria Brick & Tile Co. Peoria - Richards Brick Co. Edwardsville - Southern Fire Brick & Clay Co. Chicago - Streator Brick Co. Streator - Western Brick Co. Danville - - IOWA - - Boone Brick, Tile & Paving Co. Des Moines - Des Moines Clay Co. Des Moines - Hydraulic-Press Brick Co. Davenport - - INDIANA - - Adams Clay Products Co. Martinsville - Brazil Clay Co. Brazil - Brooklyn Brick Co. Indianapolis - Crawfordsville Shale Brick Co. Crawfordsville - Huntingburg Press Brick Co. Huntingburg - Hydraulic-Press Brick Co. Indianapolis - Poston Paving Brick Co. Crawfordsville - Standard Brick Co. Crawfordsville - Standard Brick Manufacturing Co. Evansville - U. S. Brick Co. Tell City - - KANSAS - - Cherryvale Brick Co. Cherryvale - Coffeyville Vit. Brick & Tile Co. Coffeyville - V. V. V. Brick & Tile Co. Neodesha - - KENTUCKY - - Coral Ridge Clay Products Co. Louisville - Sphar Brick Co. Maysville - - MICHIGAN - - Briggs Company, The Lansing - - MINNESOTA - - Hydraulic-Press Brick Co. Minneapolis - Twin City Brick Co. St. Paul - - MISSISSIPPI - - Brookhaven Pressed Brick & Mfg. Co. Brookhaven - - MISSOURI - - Hydraulic-Press Brick Co. Kansas City - Hydraulic-Press Brick Co. St. Louis - Kansas Buff Brick & Mfg. Co. Kansas City - - NEW JERSEY - - Krantz Company, A. M. Paterson - Upper Kittanning Brick Co. Jersey City - - NEW YORK - - Jewettville Clay Products Co. Buffalo - - NORTH CAROLINA - - Statesville Brick Co. Statesville - - OHIO - - Acme Brick Co. Marietta - Alliance Brick Co. Alliance - Belden Brick Co. Canton - Claycraft Mining & Brick Co. Columbus - Colonial Pressed Brick Co. Mogadore - Duro Brick Mfg. Co. Akron - Everhard Company, The Massillon - Franklin Brick & Tile Co. Columbus - Fultonham Texture Brick Co. E. Fultonham - Hanover Brick Co. Columbus - Hocking Valley Fire Clay Co. Nelsonville - Hocking Valley Products Co. Columbus - Hydraulic-Press Brick Co. Cleveland - Hydraulic-Press Brick Co. Roseville - Ironclay Brick Co. Columbus - McArthur Brick Co. McArthur - Marietta Shale Brick Co. Marietta - Stark Brick Co. Canton - Straitsville Impervious Brick Co. New Straitsville - Toronto Fire Clay Co. Toronto - Webster Brick Co. Chillicothe - - OKLAHOMA - - Muskogee Vitrified Brick Co. Muskogee - Pawhuska Vit. Brick Si Tile Co. Pawhuska - - PENNSYLVANIA - - Alumina Shale Brick Co. Bradford - Auburn Shale Brick Co. Auburn - Bloomsburg Brick Co. Bloomsburg - Beaver Clay Mfg. Co. New Galilee - Bradford Pressed Brick Co. Bradford - Darlington Brick & Mining Co. Darlington - Darlington Clay Products Co. Darlington - Fallston Fire Clay Co. Pittsburgh - Ferro Brick Co. Watsontown - Gloninger & Co. Pittsburgh - Hydraulic-Press Brick Co. Du Bois - Hydraulic-Press Brick Co. Philadelphia - Kane Brick & Tile Co. St. Marys - Keystone Clay Products Co. Greensburg - Kittanning Brick & Fire Clay Co. Pittsburgh - Kittanning Clay Mfg. Co. Kittanning - Kittanning Clay Products Co. Bradford - Kushequa Brick Co. Kushequa - Latrobe Brick Co. Latrobe - Mill Hall Brick Works Lock Haven - Milton Brick Co. Milton - Penn Brick Corporation Bradford - Pittsburgh-Callery Brick Co. Pittsburgh - Ridgway Brick Co. Watsontown - Rochester Clay Products Co. Rochester - Stuempfle's Sons, David Williamsport - Vanport Brick Co. Pittsburgh - Walker Brick Co., Hay Pittsburgh - Walkers Mills Stone & Brick Co. Pittsburgh - Watsontown Brick Co. Watsontown - Williamsgrove Brick Co. Bigler - Wynn & Starr Co. Trafford - Yingling-Martin Brick Co. Pittsburgh - - SOUTH CAROLINA - - Sumter Brick Works Sumter - - TENNESSEE - - Bush & Company, W. G. Nashville - Dixie Brick & Tile Co. Puryear - Key-James Brick Co. Alton Park - - TEXAS - - Acme Brick Co. Fort Worth - Elgin-Butler Brick & Tile Co. Austin - Elgin-Standard Brick Mfg. Co. Elgin - - UTAH - - Ashton Fire Brick & Tile Co. Ogden - Ogden Pressed Brick & Tile Co. Ogden - Salt Lake Pressed Brick Co. Salt Lake City - Utah Fire Clay Co. Salt Lake City - - WASHINGTON, D. C. - - Hydraulic-Press Brick Co. Washington - - G. C. Mars, Director of Service Department - - - +=========+ - +===+ A·F·B·A +===+ - | USE FACE BRICK | - +==+ --it Pays +==+ - +===========+ - - - * * * * * - - -Transcriber Notes - -Images were relocated so as to not split paragraphs. Since the -floor plan images have the same caption as the architects' -perspective renderings, the caption was replaced with Floor Plan. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MANUAL OF FACE BRICK -CONSTRUCTION *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following -the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use -of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for -copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very -easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation -of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project -Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may -do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected -by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark -license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country other than the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where - you are located before using this eBook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm website -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that: - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of -the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set -forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, -Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up -to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's website -and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without -widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our website which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This website includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/old/69285-0.zip b/old/69285-0.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index f7f7ce7..0000000 --- a/old/69285-0.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h.zip b/old/69285-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index a9d47d2..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/69285-h.htm b/old/69285-h/69285-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 40019bd..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/69285-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,8823 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html> -<html lang="en"> -<head> - <meta charset="UTF-8"> - <title> - A Manual of Face Brick Construction, by American Face Brick Association, a Project Gutenberg eBook. - </title> - <link rel="icon" href="images/cover.jpg" type="image/x-cover"> - <style> - -body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} - -p {margin-top: .75em; text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .75em; text-indent: 1.5em;} - -hr {width: 33%; color: #000; background-color:#000; - margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; - margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; clear: both;} - -hr.tb {width: 45%;} -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin: 2em auto;} - -table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border-collapse: collapse;} - -.pagenum {position: absolute; right: 3.5%; - font-size: small; text-align: right; color: #808080;} /* page numbers */ -.bdb {border-bottom: solid #000 1px;} -.bdl {border-left: solid #000 1px;} -.bdt {border-top: solid #000 1px;} -.bdt2 {border-top: double #000 5px;} -.bdr {border-right: solid #000 1px;} -.bbox {border: solid #000 1px;} -.bbox2 {border: double #000 3px;} - -.vbot {vertical-align: bottom;} -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} -.tdc {text-align: center; margin:0; text-indent: 0;} -.tdc2 {text-align: center; margin:0; text-indent: 2em;} -.vsmall {font-size: 0.5em;} -.smaller {font-size: 0.8em;} -.tdl {text-align: left;} -.tdr {text-align: right;} -.p0 {text-indent: 0;} - -.blockquot p {margin-left: 4em; margin-right: 2em; text-indent: -2em; text-align: justify;} - - -h1, h2, .caption2, .caption3 {font-weight: bold; text-align: center; text-indent: 0;} -h1 {font-size:2.00em; margin-top: 1.5em;} -h2, .caption2 {font-size:1.50em; margin-top: 1em;} -.caption3 {font-size:1.25em; margin-top: 0.5em;} -.caption3nb {font-size:1.25em; text-align: center; margin-top: 1em;} -.pmt4 {margin-top: 4em;} - -/* Images */ - -.fig_center {margin: auto; text-align: center;} - -.fig_left {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; - margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; - margin-right: 1em; padding: 0; text-align: center;} - -.fig_right {float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; - margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; - margin-right: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center;} - -.fig_caption1 {font-size: 0.75em; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: center;} -.fig_caption2 {font-size: 1.15em; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: center; font-variant: small-caps;} - -.drop_cap {float: left; margin-right:0.25em; font-weight: bolder; font-size: 1.75em;} -.hide {display: none;} - -/* Transcriber's notes */ -.transnote {background-color: #e6e6fa; color: black; padding:1.5em; - margin-bottom:5em;} - -/* Footnotes */ -.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} -.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} -.fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} - -.sidenote {float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 0.5em; text-align: center; - font-size: 0.75em; width: 8em; background-color: #d0d0d0;} - -sup {font-size: .6em; position: relative; left: .25em;} -sub {font-size: .6em; position: relative; right: .25em;} - - </style> -</head> -<body> -<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of A manual of face brick construction, by Anonymous</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: A manual of face brick construction</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Anonymous</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: November 1, 2022 [eBook #69285]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Tom Cosmas, with assistance from members of the Distributed Proofreaders, compiled from materials provided by The Internet Archive and are placed in the Public Domain</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MANUAL OF FACE BRICK CONSTRUCTION ***</div> - - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 355px;"> -<img src="images/cover.png" width="355" height="481" alt=""> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1">- 1 -</a></span></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2">- 2 -</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 463px;"> -<img src="images/frontispiece.png" width="463" height="586" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Doorway of Face Brick Cottage, Chicago. Designed by -J. Scheller</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3">- 3 -</a></span></p> - - -<h1 class="tdc">A MANUAL<br> -<i>of</i> FACE BRICK<br> -CONSTRUCTION<br></h1> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 160px;"> -<img src="images/logo.png" width="160" height="70" alt="A·F·B·A USE FACE BRICK--it Payschap"> -</div> - -<p class="caption3nb">American Face Brick Association<br> -<span class="vsmall">110 SOUTH DEARBORN STREET</span><br> -<span class="smaller">CHICAGO</span></p> - -<p class="tdc vsmall">Copyright 1920 by John H. Black for A. F. B. A.</p> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4">- 4 -</a></span></p> - - -<h2><a id="Table_of_Contents">Table of Contents</a></h2> - -<table> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Modern Brickmaking</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#MODERN_BRICK_MAKING">7</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Pre-eminent Merits of Face Brick</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#PRE-EMINENT_MERITS_OF_FACE_BRICK">9</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Types of Face Brick Wall</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#TYPES_OF_FACE_BRICK_WALL">15</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Putting in Foundations</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#PUTTING_IN_FOUNDATIONS">17</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Solid Face Brick Construction</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#SOLID_FACE_BRICK_CONSTRUCTION">18</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Face Brick on Hollow Tile Construction</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FACE_BRICK_ON_HOLLOW_TILE_CONSTRUCTION">25</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Face Brick Veneer Construction</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FACE_BRICK_VENEER_CONSTRUCTION">26</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Special Uses of Face Brick</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#SPECIAL_USES_OF_FACE_BRICK">29</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Brick Bonds</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#BRICK_BONDS">33</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Mortar Joints</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#MORTAR_JOINTS">35</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Increasing Fire Protection</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#INCREASING_FIRE_PROTECTION">37</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Face Brick House Designs</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FACE_BRICK_HOUSE_DESIGNS">40</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Useful Tables and Suggestions</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#USEFUL_TABLES_AND_SUGGESTIONS">104</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Problems in Estimating Quantities</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#PROBLEMS_IN_ESTIMATING_QUANTITIES">107</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Glossary of Usual Terms in Bricklaying</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#GLOSSARY_OF_USUAL_TERMS_IN_BRICK_LAYING">110</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Index and List of Illustrations</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#INDEX">112</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Members of Association</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#The_American_Face_Brick_Association">114</a></td> -</tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5">- 5 -</a></span></p> - - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 527px;"> -<a id="Illustration_THE_ANCIENT_AND_HONORABLE_ART_OF_BUILDING"> -<img src="images/title.png" width="527" height="108" alt="THE ANCIENT AND HONORABLE ART OF BUILDINGchap"></a> -</div> - -<div class="drop_cap">N</div> - -<p class="p0"><span class="hide">N</span>o man has more reason to feel pride and satisfaction in his art -than the builder. From the time when men wove together branches of -trees or piled up loose stones and mud for shelter to the present -day, when they erect huge heaven-soaring structures of steel to -house a multitude, the builder has played a most important part in -the progress and development of human civilization.</p> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Fundamentals of Building</span></p> - -<p>The old Roman authority on architecture, Vitruvius, long ago -laid down the three fundamentals of all good building, viz., -<i>firmness</i>, <i>utility</i>, and <i>charm</i>. In working for firmness (strength, -durability) and for utility (serviceableness, convenience), -the builder, we might say, is an engineer; in seeking to give -charm (attractiveness, beauty) to his work, he is an artist. In -other words, the builder always has before him structural and -artistic problems which, aside from his wit in planning the inner -conveniences and serviceableness of the house, depend largely -upon the material he chooses to work in. To what extent does this -material meet the structural requirements of strength, permanence, -durability, and to what extent the artistic requirements of -attractiveness, charm, beauty, are the main issues.</p> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Aim of This Book</span></p> - -<p>This book is meant not only to show how perfectly brick, as a -building material, meets all of these requirements, but to serve -as a Manual for the master carpenter builder in offering various -designs and plans of face brick houses, and in pointing out the -practical methods of constructing either the solid brick, hollow -tile, or veneered wall.</p> - -<p>In fact, the book in many ways will be of use to the mason who will -doubtless find in it helpful suggestions on the application of his -craft to the problems of building.</p> - -<p>Before giving briefly the reasons for the use of face brick, a word -about the history of brick and its manufacture may be of interest.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap"> -<h2><a id="THE_STORY_OF_BRICK">THE STORY OF BRICK</a></h2> - - -<p>The manufacture and use of brick go back to the remotest antiquity, -far beyond the earliest recorded history, which is supposed to be -about 3,800 B. C, the date of a clay tablet assigned to the age -of Sargon of Akkad, founder of the Chaldean dynasty, fully two -thousand years before the time of Abraham.</p> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Babylonian Origin</span></p> - -<p>Naturally the use of brick originated where clay, of which they -are made, was abundant; and there is every reason to believe -that the brick industry had its beginning in the broad alluvial -valley of the Euphrates which is the traditional cradle of human -civilization. At any rate, according to one authority, good -brick have been taken from excavations in old Babylonia, dating -back to 4,500 B. C, as good as the day they were made. And the -same authority adds that brickmaking was doubtless practiced ten -thousand years ago. It was Nature that gave the hint, for the -sun hardened the mud along the river bank and cracked it into -irregular pieces which the native could utilize, after shaping -them to the desired size, for piling up in the walls of his crude -hut. It was an easy step in advance to shape the mud beforehand -while soft and lay it out in the sun to bake. This produced -what we call adobe brick, afterwards greatly improved by mixing -chopped reeds or straw with the soft mud before baking. It will -be remembered how the Egyptian Pharaoh embittered the slavery of -the children of Israel by compelling them to find their own straw -for the brick they were required to make. At a very early date -the dwellers in the Euphrates valley learned to burn brick, as -indicated by the biblical story of the Tower of Babel; and by the -time of Nebuchadnezzar, the great Babylonian king (604-562 B. C), -not only were well-burned brick made and used extensively, but -colored enamels were successfully applied for decorative effects. -Considerable remains of this ancient brickwork are still found, -although for many centuries the ruined cities of the Mesopotamian -plain were used as sources of building material for the more modern -cities which have since come into being.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6">- 6 -</a></span></p> - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Spread of the Craft in Antiquity</span></p> - -<p>From the Euphrates, brickcraft spread eastward to Persia, India, -and China, and westward to Egypt, Greece, and Rome. The Romans, who -were the great builders of ancient times, made very extensive use -of brick in their immense building operations, wherever good clay -could be found. From the numerous monuments of Roman brickwork that -still remain, the brick are seen to be of an excellent hard-burned -quality, and generally of a large, flat, thin rectangular or -triangular form.</p> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Brickwork in the Middle Ages</span></p> - -<p>When the nations of Europe took form out of the ruins of the Roman -Empire, they inherited among other arts that of making brick, -and subsequently carried it to a higher state of development, -especially in countries such as Northern Italy, Southern France, -the Netherlands, and Northern Germany, where the absence of good -building stone gave a natural impulse to brickmaking. In the great -Gothic epoch of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, brick -enjoyed a wide vogue and was freely and effectively used in the -best types of building such as city halls, great churches, palaces, -and mansions of the wealthy.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 385px;"> -<img src="images/page6b.png" width="385" height="272" alt=""> -<div class="fig_caption1"> -<p>Fig. 1. Man returning after carrying the bricks.</p> - -<p>Figs. 7, 9, 11, 13. Digging and mixing the clay or mud.</p> - -<p>Fig. 16. Fetching water from tank (h).</p> - -<p>Figs. 3, 6. Taskmasters.</p> - -<p>Figs. 4, 5. Men carrying bricks.</p> - -<p>Figs. 8, 14. Making bricks with a wooden mold, d, k.</p> - -<p>At e the bricks (tobi) are said to be made at Thebes.</p> - -<p>Foreign captives employed in making bricks at Thebes.</p> - -<p>From Wilkinson's <i>Ancient Manners and Customs of the Egyptians</i></p> -</div> -</div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 251px;"> -<img src="images/page6a.png" width="251" height="314" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Brickwork in old Persian Tomb at Ardebil</p> -</div> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">In England</span></p> - -<p>The use of brick in England began with the Romans in the early -centuries of our era, but native brickmaking does not appear -until well after the days of Magna Charta. In Henry VIII's time, -English brickmaking, probably under Flemish influence, was greatly -developed. But it was not until the days of Queen Anne and the -Georges, in the eighteenth century, that brick building reached its -greatest vogue, so much so that brick nearly drove out all other -materials. This period accounts for those fine old country houses -so representative of substantial comfort and dignity, scattered -throughout England, which delight the eye of the traveler today. -And ever since that time English builders have maintained a fine -sense of the architectural values in sound and beautiful brickwork, -as may be seen in many splendid examples of modern construction.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7">- 7 -</a></span></p> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">The Use of Brick in America</span></p> - -<p>In America, aside from the adobe construction which the Spanish -found in Mexico and Peru, the first brick were brought over from -England or Holland. The native industry, however, had an early -start in the seventeenth century, so that the Colonial times saw -many fine specimens of brick building from New England to Virginia.</p> - -<p>In the nineteenth century, up to about 1880, there was no general -attempt to use brick to the best advantage. For the most part the -brick building of that period was confined to the use of common -brick for ordinary construction or for backing stone-faced walls. -From that date, however, to the present, a growing taste has -demanded and secured artistic effects in the brick wall by the -use of specially manufactured face brick which, in a bewildering -variety of beautiful color tones and textures, have been -sympathetically and artistically treated by our leading architects, -as may be seen all over our country.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap"> -<h2><a id="MODERN_BRICK_MAKING">MODERN BRICK MAKING</a></h2> - - -<p>It is a long cry from the primitive method of mixing and molding -brick by hand and drying them in the sun, to the modern technical -methods and power machinery used by the American manufacturer. -Determined by the kind of material, whether surface clay, fire -clay or shale, and the kind of brick wanted, there are three chief -methods of manufacture, slop-mold, wire-cut, and dry-press.</p> - -<p>By the first method, the clay, in a soft condition, is pressed by -the machine into molds which have been flushed with water—hence -the term slop-mold—or sprinkled with sand, in which case the brick -are called sand-mold. By the second method, the clay or shale is -ground and tempered into the consistency of a stiff mud which is -forced by an auger machine through a die, in the form of a stiff -mud ribbon, having the cross section of a brick. This stiff mud -ribbon is carried by a belt to a steel table under a series of -piano wires strung on a frame which is revolved by the machine at -proper intervals, cutting the clay ribbon into the desired sizes. -These stiff mud machines will turn out as many as 100,000 face -brick a day, and in some common brick plants they are built for -a 250,000 to 300,000 daily output. The dry-press method reduces -the clay to a fine granular form which is then, in nearly a dry -condition, forced under immense pressure into the proper sized -molds.</p> - -<p>The brick as they come from the machines are known as "green" and -require, except in the case of the best dry-press brick, a certain -period of drying before being set in the kilns where, for from five -to ten days, depending on the quality of the ware and the general -conditions, they are subjected to a process of burning before they -are ready to be built into the wall.</p> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Burning the Brick</span></p> - -<p>This process of burning passes through three main stages which -require very skillful attention on the part of the burner. First, -the water chemically combined with the material must be driven -off; then the various impurities of the clay must be burnt out or -oxidized; and finally, the ware, except in case of fire clays, must -be brought to the point of incipient vitrification. Throughout the -whole process there is danger of distortion or discoloration in -the ware unless the fires are skilfully handled. Properly done, -the brick come out of the kiln in their beautiful, natural colors, -due to the constitution of the clay or the various metallic oxides -contained in it. To enhance these effects, different clays are -sometimes mixed in going through the machines, certain ores may -be added to modify the color, the brick surfaces may be scored in -various ways, or the ware may be set in the kiln so as to avoid or -get the flash of the fire. So that when you specify a fine face -brick, you are getting a product which Nature has taken long to -create and to which man has devoted his best scientific knowledge -and inventive art.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 256px;"> -<img src="images/page7.png" width="256" height="284" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">The Philadelphia Carpenters used Brick Two Centuries -Ago</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8">- 8 -</a></span></p> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">A Wide Choice Offered</span></p> - -<p>The American manufacturer of face brick has far outstripped the -rest of the world in the wide range of color tones and textures -he offers. So that the prospective builder has before him the -possibility of giving to the exterior wall surface an enduring -color scheme of monochrome uniformity or polychrome blending, as -his taste may dictate. The whole sweep of color, in smooth or -rough textures, is at his command from the pure, severe tones of -pearl grays or creams, through buff, golden, and bronze tints to a -descending scale of reds, down to purples, maroons, and even gun -metal blacks. Thus, instead of building for your client a house of -a dull, insubstantial, unattractive appearance, you can, by the use -of face brick, build a substantial, enduring house that presents to -the eye a veritable symphony in color, at once a satisfaction to -yourself as well as to him, and a cause of appreciative remark by -his neighbors or the casual passersby. It will always stand to the -credit of your art as a builder.</p> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Growing Demand for Brick Houses</span></p> - -<p>You represent the best work that can be done in your community. -People come to you when they want to build because they know -you as an able designer and one capable not only of giving them -sound advice but of carrying the work through to a successful -termination. Why then confine yourself to one type of building such -as frame or stucco?</p> - -<p>More and more people are going to ask you about a brick house, and -for very good reasons which we intend shortly to give you. Why not -tell them you can build a brick house as easily as you can one of -frame or stucco; and what is more, why not tell them the fact, -viz., that it is a better house in every way, safer, more enduring, -more comfortable, more attractive, and in the end more economical!</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 362px;"> -<img src="images/page8.png" width="362" height="247" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Face Brick Residence, Canton, Ohio. James Buehl, -Architect</p> -</div> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Enlarge Your Field as a Builder</span></p> - -<p>You will thus greatly enlarge your field of action, increase your -profits, and gain a much higher standing in the community as an -all-around builder. If you hesitate about taking up building in -brick, it is doubtless because you share the common erroneous -belief that it costs your client too much, or because you think it -outside of your building practice, presenting difficulties you do -not care to face. But we are very sure that a careful reading of -this Manual will convince you of the pre-eminent value of the face -brick house for your client, and of your complete competence to -build it for him.</p> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">What You Owe to the Community</span></p> - -<p>Then we want you to read this Manual because, as a citizen, you owe -something to the community in which you live. And as a builder you -can discharge that obligation in no better way than in building -more enduring and more beautiful houses, as you can by building in -brick. By doing so, your dividends will be not only in material -rewards but in a higher standing among your fellow citizens. You -owe it to yourself to make the most of your noble craft and thus -take the place in the community to which it entitles you.</p> - -<hr class="chap"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9">- 9 -</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a id="PRE-EMINENT_MERITS_OF_FACE_BRICK">PRE-EMINENT MERITS OF FACE BRICK</a></h2> - - -<p>The material you put into the walls of a house should, as Vitruvius -said, always have structural and artistic merit. Face brick have -both in a striking measure, and in consequence can show the -strongest economic and personal reasons why they should be used.</p> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Structural Merits of Face Brick</span></p> - -<p>Structurally, bricks are a material easy to handle and when laid -in the wall endure the heaviest pressures and strains. Hardened -and matured in fire, they resist the ravages of flame. Examine the -scene of any conflagration for evidence. Nor will they corrode or -decay with the passing of time, as remains of ancient brickwork -abundantly prove.</p> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Artistic Merits of Face Brick</span></p> - -<p>Artistically considered, face brick excel all other materials. Even -a well-burned, selected common brick, with proper bond treatment -and mortar color, may be made attractive, but the endless variety -of color tones and textures found in face brick give to the -artistic sense of the builder an unlimited choice. This variety -is such that the most diverse tastes may be met in uniform shades -or, preferably, in blended tones of the most delicate and charming -effects. No other building material can approach face brick in the -possibility of color schemes for the wall surface, either within or -without—and the colors last, for they are an integral part of the -enduring brick.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 257px;"> -<img src="images/page9a.png" width="257" height="253" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Glimpse of an Attractive Chicago Face Brick Cottage</p> -</div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 257px;"> -<img src="images/page9b.png" width="257" height="318" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Face Brick Residence, Chicago. L. J. Batchelder, -Architect</p> -</div> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Effect of Bond and Mortar Joint</span></p> - -<p>But this is not all there is to be said on the artistic side by -any means. The structural necessity of bonding the brick makes -possible any number of beautiful bond and pattern effects, as -illustrated on <a href="#Page_33">pages 33-35</a>; and the kind of mortar joint, struck, -cut flush, tooled, or raked (<a href="#Fig_57">Fig. 57</a>), properly toned with a color -to harmonize with the brick, produces the most charming results -which, in sunshine or shadow, give ever varying artistic effects.</p> - -<p>In the beauty of brickwork, you have a great opportunity to arouse -and hold the interest of your possible clients. On that basis alone -you can make a strong appeal in offering your services.</p> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Economic Merits</span></p> - -<p>But perhaps the strongest appeal you can make is based on what -naturally grows out of the strength and beauty of good brickwork, -and that is real economy. But don't be deceived by the superficial -error of initial cost. A $4.00 pair of shoes are cheaper than a -$5.00 pair, it is true, but if the $5.00 pair fit better, look -better, and wear twice as long, the $4.00 pair are dearer, and -you would lose not only in money but in personal satisfaction by -getting them. Real economy would lead you to buy the $5.00 pair.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10">- 10 -</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 331px;"> -<img src="images/page10a.png" width="331" height="239" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Face Brick Bungalow, North Evanston, Ill. Robert E. -Seyfarth, Architect</p> -</div> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">The Importance of Building a Home</span></p> - -<p>Much more is this principle true in building a house. It is a very -important undertaking for every man, for it involves considerable -outlay of money and intimately concerns his comfort and welfare -for a long period of years. A man rarely builds more than one -house in his life-time, so that it is a serious matter to make -a mistake,—he will always regret it. In other words, when he -builds, he wants to avoid fooling himself, as he does, if he builds -wrong; he wants to build right at the very start. This is what he -certainly can do by building with brick. For out of the structural -strength and artistic beauty of brick he gains advantages that make -it the most economical investment in the end.</p> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Upkeep or Maintenance</span></p> - -<p>Take the items as they come, in their effect upon the value of -the house. First, there is upkeep. So far as brick enter into the -construction of a house, it requires practically no maintenance. -You do not have to patch, repair, or paint a brick wall,—it wears. -It is as sound in twenty-five years as the day it was built, and -even more attractive. Figure up the paint bill for a frame house in -ten years, then add the various little repairs necessitated by the -shrinking, cracking, and decaying of wood exposed to the weather, -and you have a neat little bill of upkeep, for the frame house, -which is exactly nothing for brick.</p> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Depreciation</span></p> - -<p>Next consider depreciation which is a separate item from -maintenance or upkeep, and is practically nil in the case of the -brick house. Appraisal engineers have estimated it, for the brick -house, at only one per cent a year, beginning after the first -five years. And the one per cent in reality should apply only to -such portions of the building as are subject to wear, as finished -floors, plumbing, hardware, roofs, and the like. Approximately 60 -per cent of a well built brick house does not depreciate at all -through a long period of years. On the other hand, a frame house, -according to the same authorities, begins to depreciate from the -day it is finished at from 2 to 3 per cent annually. At the lowest -estimate of 2 per cent a $6,500 frame house would depreciate $130 -a year or $1,300 in ten years. A similar house of brick, worth let -us say $7,000, would depreciate, allowing the full one per cent, -$70 a year from the fifth year on, or $350 in ten years. That is, -when you add to the $350 depreciation the $500 excess cost of the -brick house, the resulting $850 is still less by $450 than the -depreciation alone on the frame house. The wear and tear of time do -not allow us to get away from these facts.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 341px;"> -<img src="images/page10b.png" width="341" height="235" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Face Brick Bank Building, Detroit. Geo. M. Lindsey -Co., Architects</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11">- 11 -</a></span></p> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Saving on Insurance Rates</span></p> - -<p>Furthermore, there is the matter of fire insurance, not a large -one, but growing in the course of years to an appreciable sum. The -reason for better insurance rates on the brick house is one that -makes the strongest appeal to a man, and that is, safety from the -fear and fact of fire, protection for himself and family from a -justly dreaded misfortune. Acting on this reason, the insurance -company will put from 19 to 37 per cent higher rate on a frame or -stucco than on a brick house. Besides, you can carry 20 per cent -less insurance on the more substantial structure.</p> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Comfort and Health</span></p> - -<p>Again the builder must consider the question of comfort and health. -An 8-inch furred brick wall will require less coal to keep the -house warm than in case of frame. This saving, however, is not -nearly as important as uniform comfort which, especially in winter, -has a vital bearing on the health and welfare of the family, more -particularly as it affects very young or delicate children and -old people, or even the strong who may, for the time being, be -indisposed. The man who builds a good brick house saves on his coal -and doctor bills.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 335px;"> -<img src="images/page11a.png" width="335" height="239" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Face Brick Bungalow, Chicago, Ill. J. R. Stone, -Architect</p> -</div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 340px;"> -<img src="images/page11b.png" width="340" height="224" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Face Brick Public Library, Coatsville, Ind. Graham & -Hill, Architects</p> -</div> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Economic Value of Beauty</span></p> - -<p>But if the brick house, because of its structural merits, is more -economical on the score of upkeep, depreciation, insurance rate, -comfort and health, it has a money value because of its artistic -appearance. The substantial and attractive appearance of a face -brick house makes the same appeal to everybody else as it did to -the owner when he built it, so that if he desires, he can borrow -more money on it, or if he must, can sell or rent it to better -advantage. Beauty has a real economic value.</p> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Sentimental Value an Asset</span></p> - -<p>Finally, there is a sentimental value in owning the better house -which can't be put in terms of money but is, nevertheless, real -in terms of personal satisfaction. Every man feels a certain -justifiable pride in his home if he knows that others admire it. -This exerts an unconscious influence on him and raises his sense -of self-respect. Besides, as a good citizen, a man should make his -home as attractive as possible, not simply in the way of doing his -share to improve his neighborhood, but as showing what he and his -family stand for before the community, the soundest and best things.</p> - -<p>Taking it all in all, you can tell your clients that in building -a face brick house, they get more completely than in case of any -other material the structural values of permanence, fire-safety, -comfort and health, and the artistic value of beauty, out of -which follow a real economy and a genuine personal satisfaction. -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12">- 12 -</a></span> -What, then, are the facts about the real economy of a face brick -house? To begin with, we frankly admit and, in fact, assert that -such a house costs more than the less substantial frame or stucco -house,—as it ought, because it is worth more. It wears better, -it looks better, it sells and rents better. You can never get -something for nothing. You have to pay for it. But what we can show -from actual figures is that the face brick house at the start costs -only a little more than the frame or stucco house and in the end, -when all the bills are paid, costs much less. It is a question of -initial and final cost. Let us first look at the initial cost.</p> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">The Test of Figures</span></p> - -<p>The accompanying table gives the results of actual figures -obtained during the past ten years from all parts of our country -by face brick manufacturers. As the prices of material have -changed greatly, during the period in question, the percentages -of difference will prove to be the only instructive figures, and -are calculated on the total costs of the houses. The bids for -1919 we have in our files for reference and we are ready to show -them to any interested person. As frame construction is generally -the lowest, we take it as the base of comparison and give the -percentage in excess over frame for (1) a solid, 8-inch brick wall, -or face brick on common brick backing; (2) a brick veneer wall, -or face brick in place of clapboards or shingles on frame; (3) a -face brick on hollow tile wall, 8 inches thick; and (4) a stucco on -frame wall.</p> - -<p>A moderate sized 7-room dwelling is used as a typical example -and is the same in every respect, except the exterior wall -construction. First class face brick are used and the solid wall is -furred.</p> - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Table of Percentage Differences</span></p> - -<table style="margin:2em auto; border: double #000 3px; width: 25em;"> -<tr> - <td class="bbox vbot tdc"><i>Year</i></td> - <td class="bbox vbot tdc"><i>Frame</i></td> - <td class="bbox tdc"><i>1<br>Brick</i></td> - <td class="bbox tdc"><i>1<br>Veneer</i></td> - <td class="bbox tdc"><i>1<br>Tile</i></td> - <td class="bbox tdc"><i>1<br>Stucco</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdl tdl">1910</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">0.0%</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">9.1%</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">6.9%</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">10.7%</td> - <td class="bdl bdr tdc">2.9%</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdl tdl">1913</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">0.0%</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">8.1%</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">5.9</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">.....</td> - <td class="bdl bdr tdc">4.0%</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdl tdl">1915</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">0.0%</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">6.9%</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">4.9</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">.....</td> - <td class="bdl bdr tdc">1.6%</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdl bdb tdl">1919</td> - <td class="bdl bdb tdc">0.0%</td> - <td class="bdl bdb tdc">5.1%</td> - <td class="bdl bdb tdc">4.4%</td> - <td class="bdl bdb tdc">6.5%</td> - <td class="bdl bdr bdb tdc">0.1%</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 349px;"> -<img src="images/page12.png" width="349" height="273" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Face Brick Store Front, Birmingham, Ala. W. M. C. -Weston, Architect</p> -</div> - -<p>These figures represent from nine to twenty-two bids in each -case, on which the average is given. Different contractors in -the same place and different parts of the country sometimes -show considerable divergence, but in view of the wide territory -from which these bids have been gathered and the time covered, -the averages may be taken as indicative of about the constant -percentage of difference in initial cost.</p> - - -<p class="caption3">The Face Brick House Saves Money</p> - -<p>It should be noted, in the case of the 8-inch solid brick wall and -the brick on tile wall, that they are both over two inches thicker -than the frame or stucco wall. But taking the 8-inch face brick -solid, or hollow tile, wall as a fair comparison with frame and -stucco, you can readily calculate what you really save by paying -a little more at the start for the more substantial construction. -Reverting to the economies of the face brick house you will find -that the maintenance and depreciation items alone on the frame -construction will, in a very few years, entirely wipe out the 5 or -6 per cent excess initial cost of the brick, to say nothing of all -the other items that go to make your face brick home all the time -an investment of a permanent and remunerative value.</p> - -<p>Thus, a $7,000 frame house would mean, figuring excess cost at 6 -per cent, a $7,420 face brick house. Depreciation at the lowest -estimate of 2 per cent annually on the frame in five years would be -$700; add to this a repainting bill of $250 and you have a total -of $950. For the five years under consideration there would be no -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13">- 13 -</a></span> -depreciation at all to be calculated on the brick house, but a -repainting bill of about 385 for doors, windows, and outside trim -would have to be charged up. This means that the difference of -3865 between frame and brick upkeep or maintenance covers, in five -years, more than twice the $420 excess initial cost of the brick. -You may well suggest to your client that to be penny wise and pound -foolish in building a home looks like an inexcusable folly. As you -are his trusted adviser in all such important matters, you can not -avoid your obligation of giving him the advice best suited to his -interests.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 349px;"> -<img src="images/page13a.png" width="349" height="229" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Face Brick Primary School, Highland Park. Holmes & -Flynn, Architects</p> -</div> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Lumber Enters into the Problem</span></p> - -<p>Please note in the figures of the table the decided tendency toward -a diminished difference of percentages. The probable explanation -is the rising price of lumber which has, from all accounts, by no -means reached its crest, and which is forced by the tremendous -demand now being made for that material in the world markets. -Lumber is one of those staples of such wide and varied use that it -is well to consider seriously its conservation, both in guarding -its supply and in maintaining a reasonable price. We are all -interested, for everybody at one time or another uses some form of -lumber.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 361px;"> -<img src="images/page13b.png" width="361" height="282" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Face Brick Store Front, St. Louis, Mo. Preston J. -Bradshaw, Architect</p> -</div> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Need of Saving Lumber</span></p> - -<p>However wide and varied the normal use of lumber may be, it is at -the present time, due to the conditions in which the great war has -left us, subject to abnormally excessive demands and will be for a -period of years to come. When you consider that even in fireproof -homes built of concrete, stone, or brick, lumber bears from 20 to -25 per cent of the cost of the building, and that now 80 per cent -of the houses in the United States are built entirely of wood, -you can easily guess why so much used to be said, even in pre-war -times, about the disappearance of our forests and the advancing -prices of lumber.</p> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">The Wastes of War</span></p> - -<p>But picture what the war has done, and its inevitable effect upon -the demand for lumber. According to a comprehensive report on the -<i>Direct and Indirect Costs of the War</i> recently issued (November, -1919) by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, the -direct cost to the warring nations amounts to 186 billions, -of which the property loss on land was thirty billions and on -sea seven billions. To this must be added forty-five billions as -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14">- 14 -</a></span> -loss of production. That is, not only were vast amounts of -property destroyed, but the normal supply was greatly lowered. -Take the matter of houses alone, not only were great numbers of -them destroyed in the warring zones, but neither could they be -replaced, nor could the new houses be built which were normally -required by the community. Fortunately for us in America the war -destroyed no property, but for a period of two years it prevented -normal building to the extent of hundreds of thousands of houses. -As a consequence, in Europe all the waste places must be rebuilt -and, in both Europe and America, new houses in great numbers must -be erected to catch up with normal requirements. There is a house -famine the world over.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 321px;"> -<img src="images/page14.png" width="321" height="289" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Attractive Small Face Brick House, Buffalo, N. Y. -Thos. A. Fisher, Designer</p> -</div> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">The Lumber Burden of America</span></p> - -<p>Where is all the needed lumber so lavishly used in building to come -from? The average normal supply would not be sufficient and the -supply cannot be increased for a period of years simply because -Russia, which normally supplies 50 per cent of the lumber for the -European markets, has fallen into such industrial chaos, and needs -so much material for her own reconstruction that, according to -one authority, she will not be able to export lumber again before -1922 or 1923. In consequence, the burden of supplying lumber to -the world market at the present time will fall upon America. The -effect upon prices, as well as upon quality of product, will be -inevitable. The excessive demand will not only compel injurious -denudation of our forest lands, but will more and more force the -cutting of inferior timber.</p> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">How to Save Lumber</span></p> - -<p>In view of such conditions there is urgent need of conserving our -lumber supply by every available means, the simplest and most -direct of which is to confine lumber strictly to its legitimate -uses or, at any rate, not use it where more fitting materials are -at hand. Take the abnormal demand pressure off lumber in every -possible way, and we reduce the danger of a lumber famine that -threatens us for some years to come. Thus, lumber should not be -used in the exterior walls of a house, where it is exposed to the -vicissitudes of the weather or to the trial of fire, especially -when building material such as brick, which is nearly as cheap, and -considering its durability and fire-safety, far more economical, is -everywhere in evidence.</p> - -<p>Lumber has its very legitimate and varied uses, but among them is -not outside work where wind and rain and frost and fire search -out its weaknesses. In view of its very nature and the great -variety of its proper uses, it should never displace the exterior -masonry wall, which in stone, tile, or brick makes the most secure -and enduring structure. If the 80 per cent of building in this -country, now done of frame, were put into brick, or other durable -and fire-resistive materials, it would result in a great economic -national gain, people would have better and more substantial -houses, and the lumber which everybody needs would be conserved for -the legitimate uses to which it is admirably adapted.</p> - -<hr class="chap"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15">- 15 -</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a id="TYPES_OF_FACE_BRICK_WALL">TYPES OF FACE BRICK WALL</a></h2> - -<div class="drop_cap">T</div> - -<p class="p0"><span class="hide">T</span>here are three possible ways of using face brick in building a -wall, determined by the backing up material employed, each of which -will be given special attention in the following pages.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Solid Brick</div> - -<p>First, there is the solid brick wall, consisting of face brick with -a common brick backing. Of the strength, permanence, and structural -value of this construction there can be no question. Objection is -sometimes made to its cost but, in view of the facts we give later, -this objection loses its force and proves to be a claim of actual -economy. The only other objection heard is that of the dampness -of the wall. This comes from one or both of two causes, pervious -mortar joints, or sweating due to condensation of interior moisture -on the cooled wall. Either condition may be completely overcome by -furring the interior wall surface, a method recommended in this -Manual, and provided for in the plans offered. The furring provides -an air space that insulates against dampness and cold. With this -furring, the other methods, sometimes employed, of mixing so-called -waterproofing material with the mortar or of using colorless liquid -waterproofing on the surface of the brickwork are not necessary. -Even the furring, in certain climatic conditions as proved out by -local experience and practice, is not needed. But in any case, -it must always be seen that all the exterior joints of the wall, -especially the head or vertical joints, are solidly filled with -mortar. The possibility of efflorescence, which occasionally -appears on the surface of the brick when the outside of the -wall has been subjected to excessive moisture, may be prevented -to a great extent by avoiding such ledges and projections in -construction as permit the soaking of water into the surface of the -brick work. See <a href="#GLOSSARY_OF_USUAL_TERMS_IN_BRICK_LAYING">Glossary, page 110</a>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Hollow Tile Backing</div> - -<p>Secondly, the face brick wall may be built by using hollow tile -in place of common brick for backing. This wall, like that of -solid brick, being all of burnt clay, has the advantage of being -fire-resistive, although insurance rates are not always as -favorable because, in case of fire, the salvage is not as large -as with the solid wall. Some builders prefer this type of wall, -claiming that it is less expensive to build and that the hollow -dead air spaces act as a heat insulation, giving a drier and warmer -wall. On these points we have no means of forming a definite, final -opinion. Your best plan would be to consult both the common brick -and hollow tile people so as to form a judgment of your own on the -subject. Either wall is sound construction and will give you entire -satisfaction.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Face Brick Veneer</div> - -<p>The third type of wall, known as veneer, is simply the application -of face brick to the wooden framing of a frame house, in place of -the clapboards or shingles. Although, as a substantial or a fire -restrictive wall this type is not equal to solid brick or hollow -tile, it has its friends among builders, largely on the score of -local custom, familiarity, speed of construction, and cost. What -it has to recommend it is the fact that in outer appearance and -value it is a brick house, and in reality a big step in the right -direction. But whichever type of wall you build, it is the face -brick that gives to it character, distinction, class, all of which -means not only deep personal satisfaction to the owner, but real -money in higher rental or sales value, far in excess of the initial -cost of the face brick over poorer and less attractive material.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 349px;"> -<img src="images/page15.png" width="349" height="198" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Face Brick Bungalow, Atlanta, Ga. Leila Ross -Wilburn, Architect</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Weakness of Frame</div> - -<p>Take the frame wall. Where it is exposed to the weather, it -shrinks, decays, and depreciates, requiring repeated paintings -and repairs. Now substitute, at an added cost of only 4 or 5 per -cent, a fine face brick for the drop siding and at once there -is practically cut out painting, repairs, and depreciation. The -brick veneer has surrounded the house with a solid, monolithic, -permanent, windproof, shell of fireproof material, so that in -consequence the owner has on the exterior, to all intents and -purposes, the -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16">- 16 -</a></span> strength and beauty of a face brick house. Besides -his own personal satisfaction, he has added many times more than -4 or 5 per cent to the market value of his property. Or, suppose -your client has an old frame house that is built on a good plan, -but outwardly grown dilapidated in appearance and hard to rent or -sell. Induce him to veneer it with an attractive face brick, as we -explain on a later page, and for every dollar he puts in he will -get two out.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Weakness of Stucco</div> - -<p>Then take hollow tile wall construction and compare the value of -it finished with stucco or with face brick. The face brick will -cost from 2 to 3 per cent more on the cost of the house, but -what will it give the owner in wear, appearance, and solidity of -construction! If you stucco hollow tile the interior face of the -wall in most cases must be furred. If you use face brick, not -only additional solidity and strength are added to the wall but -if, as we recommend throughout this Manual, an air space is left -between brick and tile, the inside furring is not needed. Besides, -stucco is apt to stain, crack, or, in damp climates with freezing -weather, peel off in spots, presenting an unsightly appearance. -You can assure your client, who is debating between stucco and -face brick, that years of usage will prove the brick surface to be -both in artistic appearance and actual economy by far the better -investment. It costs a little more at the start, but is worth much -more in the end.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Value of Looks</div> - -<p>Or, it may be that your client concludes to build a thoroughly good -solid brick wall, but wants to save 3 to 4 per cent on the total -cost of the house by using common brick throughout. This will be -a good wall, no doubt, but how will it look! Common brick are not -made with an eye to external appearance; their great merit lies -in solid structural value. Occasionally a well-burned selected -common brick, made of a clay that burns to a good color may be -found and used, with proper care of bond and mortar joint, for -facing purposes; but as a rule, the method of manufacturing common -brick, and the structural uses for which they are intended do not -contribute to the attractiveness of the wall surface. Hence, the -natural development of the great face brick industry which adds to -the solid structural merits of brick the invaluable merit of looks.</p> - -<p>And how much do looks have to do with both the sentimental and -commercial value of a house! What does the good wife think of the -looks of the house she lives in? What do the neighbors think of -it? And to be purely practical, what does the prospective renter -or buyer think of it? You know that when a man wishes to sell his -house, he cleans up the yard, repairs the fence, patches up the -holes, and paints the house from top to bottom because he knows -the value of looks. He knows that his restoring the house to its -pristine glory attracts the purchaser, helps to persuade him, and -secures a far better price of sale.</p> - -<p>Cleanliness, looks, beauty, have a very real value in dollars and -cents. The same principle applies to a face brick finish of the -wall surface. Face brick are made with more care, are handled -and shipped with more care, and laid with more care, just for -the purpose of producing a more attractive wall. When you use -face brick for your clients, you give them the last word in wall -construction, which is at once, as no other material, strong, -enduring, comfortable, fire-safe, economical, and beautiful.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 266px;"> -<img src="images/page16a.png" width="266" height="220" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Start of Veneering over Frame Note footing below and -wall ties above</p> -</div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 265px;"> -<img src="images/page16b.png" width="265" height="212" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Veneering above Kitchen Roof Note angle irons and -work at windows</p> -</div> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17">- 17 -</a></span></p> - - - -<h2><a id="PUTTING_IN_FOUNDATIONS">PUTTING IN FOUNDATIONS</a></h2> - - -<p>The following data have been compiled and the drawings made by Mr. -George W. Repp, a Chicago architect, and are based on the most -widely followed building practice.</p> - -<p>There is no intention of trying to inform the master mason or -the master carpenter about his craft with which he is perfectly -familiar, but to show the master carpenter builder the best methods -of handling the brick problems that may confront him in solid -brick, hollow tile, and veneer wall construction. A glossary of -technical terms will be found at the close of this volume.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Footings</div> - -<p>Whatever type of construction is chosen, solid brick, hollow -tile, or veneer, it should rest upon a solid brick foundation. -In the majority of cases, where soil conditions are favorable, -the brick foundation walls of moderate sized houses do not need a -footing except at points bearing concentrated loads. Naturally, -the excavation should be carried down to good solid earth, free -from loose, spongy soil or filled-in ground which might later -permit sufficient unequal settlement to result in serious cracks -throughout the wall of the house. Where conditions seem to require -a footing, it may be either of brick laid in good cement mortar -(<a href="#Fig_1">Fig. 1</a>) or of concrete as shown in our working drawings, and -should be strengthened at points of special bearing stress. Which -footing is chosen will depend largely on convenience of getting -local material and labor. The bottom of the foundation wall or -footing must always be below frost line which, of course, varies in -different sections of the country; and this rule applies as well to -all brickwork outside of the foundation wall proper.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 170px;"> -<a id="Fig_1"></a> -<img src="images/fig1.png" width="170" height="136" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 1. Brick Footing</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Drains or Drainage</div> - -<p>Where the conditions of soil require, porous tile with open joints -should be laid around the base of the foundation wall, not above -the level of the basement floor nor below the bottom of the wall or -footing, and slightly pitched to a point where it may be connected -with the sewer or some natural outlet. Where this tile is laid in -loose sandy Soil, the open joints should be wrapped with building -paper to prevent the sand from clogging the drain. In heavy clay -soil, the tile should be covered to the depth of about a foot with -crushed stone to prevent packing of clay around the tile.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Wall</div> - -<p>Foundation walls, technically speaking, are those walls below -the grade line of the building that support the super-structure. -Similar walls around areas are termed retaining walls and are not -properly a part of the foundation. The thickness of foundation, -as well as other walls for different structures, is usually -established by ordinance in cities and towns; but, where there are -no ordinances on the subject, a brick foundation wall of 12 inches, -for two-story buildings, or one of 8 inches, for small one-story -buildings, conforms to good practice.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Bond</div> - -<p>The foundation wall should be built of a hard-burned common brick, -and laid in Common Bond (See <a href="#Fig_47">Fig. 47</a>), with a good cement-lime -mortar, starting at the bottom with a header course. As the -headers, which serve as transverse bond, are not long enough to -extend through the entire thickness of the 12-inch, as they do -through the 8-inch wall, the header courses in the 12-inch wall -very naturally cannot be on the same level at the front and back -of the wall. In the bottom course, the header row is laid inside -and the stretcher row outside, while in the next course above the -position is reversed, and so on wherever the bonding header courses -come.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Laying the Brick</div> - -<p>The first course of brick is well bedded in mortar on the footing -or the solid ground, as the case may be. At the corners and at -proper intervals along the wall where necessary, a few brick, -four or five courses high, are laid up in the advance to serve as -leads or starting points for the bond and supports for the line -which guides the mason to the proper level and alignment of the -brick. The mortar is well spread with the trowel along the top of -the brick course, and the brick to be laid is firmly pressed down -on this mortar bed next the lead. The mortar thus squeezed out of -the joint is cut off by the trowel and scraped on the head of the -next brick to be laid which is then pressed on the mortar bed and -shoved against the brick just laid, so as to squeeze mortar into -the bottom of the vertical or head joint which is then thoroughly -filled from the top by slushing with mortar. The stretcher courses -for structural reasons should be well slushed with mortar between -the front and back rows or tiers of brick, laid to break joint.</p> - -<p>As the work progresses, the joints on the inside face of the -basement wall should be neatly struck, while the outside joints -should be cut flush for receiving a waterproof coating. The inside -joints are struck by running the point of the trowel, held firmly -at an angle, along the -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18">- 18 -</a></span> -upper or lower edge of the brick, thus -making a smooth beveled joint (See <a href="#Fig_57">Fig. 57</a>).</p> - -<p>The wall should be widened where indicated on any plan to serve -as a foundation for the fireplace, and should be built hollow to -provide for an ash pit. Where other chimneys occur, the wall at -their base should be corbeled out to serve as a support for them.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Scaffolding</div> - -<p>After the wall has risen four or five feet, scaffolding is erected -to carry on the upper portion. The scaffolding, necessary for -the usual house, or other small building, consists of a series -of rigid horses or trestles, approximately 5'-0" wide and 5'-0" -high, on which are placed a half-dozen 2" × 10" planks laid close. -The joists for the floor above may be used for this planking and -then lifted into place when the wall is ready to receive them, -thus effecting a saving in labor. Care should be taken to keep -the horses several inches away from the inside face of the wall, -lest the jarring caused by bricks and mortar being deposited on -the scaffold may push the green wall out of plumb. The scaffolding -for the foundation wall may be dispensed with, if it is found more -convenient to lay the upper portion of the wall from the outside.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Waterproofing</div> - -<p>All brick foundation walls should be water-proofed on the outside -except in gravelly, sandy, or very dry soil. In case there is -danger of moisture rising in the wall by capillary attraction, the -top of the footing should be water-proofed, before starting the -walls, by a course of slate well bedded in mortar or by a strip of -composition roofing. In wet locations, it would be well to carry -the waterproofing under the basement floor also. For waterproofing -the foundation walls, in slightly wet soils where the drainage is -fair, a coating of one-half inch cement plaster may be applied to -the outside surface of the brick as the wall is carried up. This -plaster should be composed of one part Portland cement and two -parts clean, sharp sand. The possibility of settlement cracking -this cement coating makes it undesirable for use in heavy soils -such as wet clay, or in low-lying land where the subsoil is likely -to be wet. In such conditions, a coating of asphalt applied -while boiling hot, thoroughly covering the brickwork, is very -satisfactory. A less expensive though excellent waterproofing, -which we suggest in our specifications, is made of three parts -of tar and one of pitch. Tar alone is sometimes used, but is not -recommended as it becomes brittle and is subject to cracks, similar -to cement. Except in dry, warm weather, it is well to prepare -the wall for the waterproofing by sizing or priming it with hot -creosote, to overcome any dampness that might prevent the asphalt -or tar-pitch from taking proper hold.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 329px;"> -<a id="Fig_2"></a><a id="Fig_3"></a><a id="Fig_4"></a> -<a id="Fig_5"></a><a id="Fig_6"></a><a id="Fig_7"></a> -<img src="images/fig2-7.png" width="329" height="112" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 2  Fig. 3  Fig. 4  Fig. 5  Fig. 6  Fig. 7</p> - -<p>Types of Exterior Basement Walls</p> -</div> - - - - -<h2><a id="SOLID_FACE_BRICK_CONSTRUCTION">SOLID FACE BRICK CONSTRUCTION</a></h2> - - -<div class="sidenote">Thickness of the Wall</div> - -<p>Where ordinances do not govern, the thickness of brick walls -above the foundation may be 8 inches (two brick thick) for one or -two-story small houses, except in the case of an unusually high -gable where the first story wall should be 12 inches (three brick -thick).</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Water Table</div> - -<p>At the grade line the face brick is started, sometimes with a -rowlock course or a soldier course, set either flush with the outer -surface of the foundation wall or, as usual, slightly projected, -in which case it is known as the water table. On the other hand, -the entire base or lower portion of the building from the grade to -the first floor sometimes extends as a water table beyond the wall -above. <a href="#Fig_2">Figs. 2-7</a> show various ways of treating this portion of the -wall which add to the interest of the brickwork.</p> - -<p>The method of laying the face brick is substantially the same as -that for the foundation wall except that much greater care must be -taken with the bond and mortar joints on the surface of the wall. -A description of various bonds and patterns will be found on <a href="#Page_33">pages 33-35</a>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Building</div> - -<p>The method of bonding the face brick to the common brick backing -follows the usual method Bonding means of headers every five or -six courses, the headers in other than Common Bond, not used for -bond, being cut in half. In the widely used Stretcher Bond where -no headers occur except at corners, three methods of bonding may -be employed. First, but only in case of walls 12 inches or more -thick, -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19">- 19 -</a></span> -the back corners of the face brick may be clipped so that -the backing brick fit diagonally into the notches thus provided -(<a href="#Fig_8">Fig. 8</a>). This sort of concealed bond is weak and should be avoided.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 130px;"> -<a id="Fig_8"></a> -<img src="images/fig8.png" width="130" height="42" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 8. Concealed Bond</p> -</div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 133px;"> -<a id="Fig_9"></a> -<img src="images/fig9.png" width="133" height="96" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 9. Metal Wall Ties</p> -</div> - -<p>Secondly, the face brick may be tied to the backing by laying -metal strips or wires, supplied by any material dealer, in the bed -joints of face and backing brick (<a href="#Fig_9">Fig. 9</a>). Although this method is -frequently used and in a way answers the purpose, we do not regard -it as the simplest and best.</p> - -<p>We recommend the third method which is a natural bond, thoroughly -workmanlike and sound. Every sixth or seventh course, pairs of -headers are laid with a tight buttered, and hence invisible, joint -alternating with the stretchers. As the joint between the headers -is hardly seen, the two headers give the appearance of a stretcher, -so that the effect of the Running or Stretcher Bond is maintained -(See <a href="#Fig_31">Fig. 31</a>).</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Backing</div> - -<p>The face brick are laid up five or six courses in advance of the -backing and the joints on the face of the wall are finished (See -<a href="#Fig_57">Fig. 57</a>) as the work progresses. On outside exposed surfaces, the -struck joint should be avoided, and particular care should be -taken in seeing that all head or vertical joints are thoroughly -filled with mortar from bottom to top. Each face course should be -started so as to care for the bond or pattern chosen, as well as -for the transverse structural bond. The backing is then laid in -the usual way, always, so far as possible, breaking joint with -the face brick. No attempt, except where strength is specially -demanded, should be made to slush the thin space between the front -and back tiers of brick, as this space helps to make the wall drier -and warmer. Wherever the common brick backing is to be exposed, -the joints must be neatly struck as in the basement wall. At the -close of the day's work, face and backing should be brought to -approximately the same level and covered to protect the work from -the weather.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Treatment of Joints</div> - -<p>The brickwork should be stopped at the point where the first floor -joists are to rest upon it, and care should be taken to have the -top course perfectly level, so that the joists may be set without -wedging or blocking. The joists set by the carpenter should have, -at intervals of approximately six feet, wrought iron joist anchors -solidly spiked to them, and extending into the wall. Great care -should be exercised in placing these anchors as near the bottom of -the joists as possible in order to lessen the strain on the brick -wall, in case a fire causes the joists to drop.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 154px;"> -<a id="Fig_10"></a> -<img src="images/fig10.png" width="154" height="167" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 10. Correct Joist Anchor</p> -</div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 162px;"> -<a id="Fig_11"></a> -<img src="images/fig11.png" width="162" height="173" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 11. Bad Joist Anchor</p> -</div> - -<p>For the same reason, the ends of all the joists, with or without -anchors, should be beveled so that, in like conditions, the -joists will readily fall out without injury to the wall. <a href="#Fig_10">Fig. 10</a> -illustrates the correct method of attaching the anchor to the -joist. The dotted lines show how the joist would drop without -damaging the wall. <a href="#Fig_11">Fig. 11</a> shows the destructive effect caused by -the anchor being placed at the top of the joist. The importance of -these points cannot be emphasized too much as walls have had to -be rebuilt which by proper framing construction would have stood -intact. After the joists are placed, the brickwork is continued up -between, and leaving a small "breathing" space around, them. The -same method of joisting is followed at the upper floors.</p> - -<div class="fig_right" style="width: 167px;"> -<a id="Fig_12"></a><a id="Fig_13"></a> -<img src="images/fig12-13.png" width="167" height="167" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 12. and Fig. 13. True Corbeling Between Joists</p> -</div> - -<p>If the lower part of a wall is thicker by a brick than the upper -part, it should be carried up its full thickness nearly to the -top of the joists Fire Stops where ft is stepped back to the -inside face of the upper part, thus forming with the plastering -a fire stop at the top of the joists, while a projection of a -quarter brick length should always be provided as a fire stop at -the bottom of the joists, as shown in <a href="#Fig_12">Fig. 12</a>. If the wall is the -same thickness throughout, the brickwork should be corbeled out -between -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20">- 20 -</a></span> -the joists two inches, the full height of the joists, -to form a fire stop as in <a href="#Fig_13">Fig. 13</a>. The object of the fire stop -is to block all possible passage of fire from the space between -the joists to that between the furring strips on the wall, or -the reverse. Without these fire stops, a fire originating in the -floor could communicate with the furring space on the wall above, -or originating in the furring space could communicate with the -floor. With the stops, the fire is confined to certain spaces and -is retarded instead of spreading. These corbels also serve the -wholesome purpose of checking vermin of all kinds from passage -through the floor and wall spaces.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Ceiling Lath</div> - -<p><a href="#Fig_12">Figs. 12 and 13</a> also show the proper way of placing the lath at -the corner of the ceiling so as to take full advantage of the fire -stops. The ceiling lath, usually placed first, should be started -far enough away from the side walls so that when the side wall -lath is placed tight, as it ought to be, against the underside -of the floor joist, there will be space enough for the plaster -to push through and form a key touching the bottom brick of the -corbel. As the corbel by construction is necessarily the distance -of a mortar joint above the bottom of the joists, the openings are -thus completely sealed by the plaster key. In cheap speculative -buildings, these fire stops are too often omitted or a pretext for -them is resorted to by projecting only one brick at the top or -bottom of the joists. This, however, is as good as no fire stop at -all. <a href="#Fig_14">Figs. 14 and 15</a> show the lath as they ought not to be placed -and also how false corbeling leaves the passages really unstopped, -thus defeating altogether the purpose of fire stops.</p> - -<div class="fig_right" style="width: 173px;"> -<a id="Fig_14"></a><a id="Fig_15"></a> -<img src="images/fig14-15.png" width="173" height="163" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 14  Fig. 15</p> - -<p>False Corbeling Between Joists</p> -</div> - -<p>Masonry walls that are to be furred, sometimes have, as the work -progresses, common wood laths laid in the joints of the brickwork -on the inside face of the wall, about every seventh course, except -over chimneys. The lath should be staggered so as to avoid two -vertical lath joints in succession. These serve as nail holds for -the furring strips as explained on <a href="#Page_24">page 24</a>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Laying a 2-inch Wall</div> - -<p>Where local requirements demand a 12-inch wall, the method of -construction is the same as in the 8-inch wall, except that two -rows or tiers of backing brick, instead of one, are carried up -to the advanced level of the face brick, leaving the thin spaces -between the tiers of brick open as the best way of securing a -warmer and drier wall. Of course, in the case of piers and points -in the wall that carry heavy loads, all interior joints should be -well slushed with mortar for evident structural reasons.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Roof Plate Anchor</div> - -<p>Before the top of the wall is reached, the anchors for bolting -down the roof plate should be placed and the brickwork carried up -around them (<a href="#Fig_16">Fig. 16</a>). They should be made of half-inch bolts at -least 12 inches long, with a tee or washer at the bottom and a nut -and washer at the top, and should be set approximately every 6 feet -along the wall. After the carpenter has placed the roof plate and -before it is bolted down, the mason should bed with cement mortar -under it.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Nogging</div> - -<p>When the wall is finally carried to the top and the roof rafters -set, but before the roof boarding is in place, the mason should -fill in between the roof rafters with one tier of brick as shown -in <a href="#Fig_16">Fig. 16</a>. This is called nogging. Its purpose is to block -effectually the openings between the roof rafters and prevent the -wind from entering the walls and attic. This adds greatly to the -comfort of the house in cold weather. In warm climates nogging will -be found unnecessary.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 267px;"> -<a id="Fig_16"></a> -<img src="images/fig16.png" width="267" height="185" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 16. Rafters and Roof Plate</p> -</div> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">The Chimney</span></p> - -<p>While the chimney may be made one of the most charming and -effective elements of the house design, its structural and -practical necessities are its most striking features.</p> - -<p>The proper construction, size, and height of chimneys are of the -utmost importance both for the successful working -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21">- 21 -</a></span> of the heating -system and for the prevention of fires. The chimney may, though -it need not be, a point of danger to the safety of the home. A -little intelligent care in its construction will prove to be the -best insurance. As a first precaution, all wood framing of floor -and roof must be kept at least 2 inches away from the chimney and -no other woodwork of any kind be projected into the brickwork -surrounding the flues.</p> - -<div class="fig_right" style="width: 129px;"> -<a id="Fig_17"></a> -<img src="images/fig17.png" width="129" height="151" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 17. Chimney Height</p> -</div> - -<p>Chimneys should be tightly built of solid brick, have no openings -except those required for the connection of the heating apparatus, -and should always extend at least one foot above the highest point -of the roof. In some cases, depending on local surroundings, it may -be desirable to carry them somewhat higher. Those terminating below -the level of the roof usually have poor draft because the wind, -sweeping across or against the roof, may form eddies that drive -down the chimney or check the natural rise of the smoke (<a href="#Fig_17">Fig. 17</a>).</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Flue Lining</div> - -<p>The flues of chimneys should not start from the bottom of the -foundation but only about a foot below the first smoke pipe -openings, and should be lined with terra cotta flue lining their -entire height. Care should be taken in setting flue linings to be -sure that the joints are well cemented and, at the same time, that -all spaces between the lining and brickwork are tightly filled with -mortar. Any openings in the joints of the tile lining, or even of -the brickwork, not only check the draft but are a fire menace. -Cement plaster should not be substituted for the flue lining as -it is likely to crack and fall off, thus leaving the flue in a -dangerous condition. However, where flue linings are not available, -a strong smooth cement plaster may be used, in which case the -chimney wall should be at least 8 inches thick.</p> - -<p>Modern heating plants necessitate accurate construction of -chimneys, and most manufacturers of heating apparatus nowadays -recommend the area and height of the flue necessary for their -installations. The following table will prove useful in considering -the question of heating plant or fireplace, by showing the -dimensions of flue linings to be ordered when the required area is -ascertained.</p> - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Table of Commercial Flue Linings</span></p> - -<table style="margin:2em auto; border: double #000 3px; width: 25em;"> -<tr> - <td class="bbox vbot tdc"><i>Outside Dimensions</i></td> - <td class="bbox tdc"><i>Actual Inside Area</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdl tdc">8<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>" × 8<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>"</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">  52 sq. in.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdl tdc">8<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>" × 13  "</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">80  "  "</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdl tdc">13   " × 13   "</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">126  "  "</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdl tdc">13   " × 18   "</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">169  "   "</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdl tdc">18   " × 18   "</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">240  "   "</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<table> -<tr> - <td><a id="Fig_18"></a><a id="Fig_19"></a> - <img src="images/fig18.png" width="129" height="62" alt=""></td> - <td><img src="images/fig19.png" width="112" height="84" alt=""></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="fig_caption1">Fig. 18. Chimney Withes</td> - <td class="fig_caption1">Fig. 19. Chimney Offset</td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<div class="sidenote">Offsets</div> - -<p>Where two or more flues are contained in one chimney, they should -always be separated by a brick partition 4 inches thick, called a -withe, and bonded to the outside brickwork as shown in <a href="#Fig_18">Fig. 18</a>. -Chimneys should run as straight as possible from bottom to top, in -order to secure better draft and facilitate cleaning. If, however, -offsets are necessary from one story to another, they should be -very gradual, never less than at an angle of 30° from the vertical. -If abrupt offsets occur in flues, soot will soon be deposited, -choking the flue and making cleaning almost impossible (<a href="#Fig_19">Fig. 19</a>). -Care should be taken while the chimney is building that the bottom -does not become filled with mortar or brick bats. At the bottom of -the furnace flue in the basement, an iron cleanout door should be -provided as a convenience for removing soot.</p> - -<p>Chimneys erected on the interior of a building are apt to be more -efficient because the warm air surrounding them facilitates the -draft, while those located on the exterior naturally are somewhat -affected by the cool air on the outside.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 250px;"> -<a id="Fig_20"></a><a id="Fig_21"></a> -<img src="images/fig20.png" width="78" height="111" alt=""> -<img src="images/fig21.png" width="81" height="120" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 20 Fig. 21 Outside Angle Corners</p> -</div> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Angles, Bays, and Corners</span></p> - -<p>All the houses represented in this book are designed without any -obtuse or acute angled corners. If, however, you wish to erect a -brick building with an angular corner or bay, specially shaped -face brick for the purpose, called splay or octagon brick, may be -obtained from the dealers or manufacturers. If for any reason these -special shapes are not easily available, the angle -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22">- 22 -</a></span> may be formed -by the use of standard size brick. The method shown in <a href="#Fig_20">Fig. 20</a> is -used only on cheap work and should be discouraged, for it leaves -ledges for the lodgment of snow and dirt, decreases the thickness -of the wall, and besides is rather unsightly. The better method, as -shown in <a href="#Fig_21">Fig. 21</a>, also has the objection of forming ledges for the -lodgment of snow and dirt, but it makes a wall of full thickness, -and has been used by some architects in a very artistic manner. The -best method of all, for treating these corners, is shown in <a href="#Fig_22">Fig. 22</a>. -Standard bricks are used with the minimum amount of cutting. -<a href="#Fig_23">Fig. 23</a> shows a method of laying brick at an acute angled corner. -It is simple to lay up, there is little cutting of brick, and it -presents a better looking corner than one with a sharp angle.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 182px;"> -<a id="Fig_22"></a> -<img src="images/fig22.png" width="182" height="164" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 22. Obtuse Angle Turns</p> -</div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 132px;"> -<a id="Fig_23"></a> -<img src="images/fig23.png" width="132" height="187" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 23. Acute Angle Turns</p> -</div> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Openings</span></p> - -<div class="fig_left" style="width: 195px;"> -<a id="Fig_24"></a> -<img src="images/fig24.png" width="195" height="479" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 24 The Solid Brick Wall</p> -</div> - -<p>Window sills in brick buildings should be of brick or stone. -Cement, unless pre-cast, is not well adapted for the purpose. Brick -window sills are preferable to stone for, besides adding a charming -touch to the building, they are inexpensive since they are of the -same material as the wall and placed by the same workmen who lay up -the wall, thus obviating the necessity of additional labor to place -the heavy stone. Brick for sills should be laid on edge and pitched -approximately at an incline of 1 inch in 6 to shed the water. They -should also project at least an inch beyond the face of the wall to -form a drip, and be laid in rich cement mortar composed of equal -parts of cement and sand, with joints well filled and finished with -a hard smooth surface. Door sills may be of wood, brick, or stone. -In case of a stone sill, it should be exactly the height of either -two or three courses of brick.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Window Frames</div> - -<p>The window frames are set by the carpenter on top of the sill in -a thin bed of mortar. When they are leveled, plumbed, and braced, -the brickwork is carried up around the jambs or weight boxes, as -shown in <a href="#Fig_24">Fig. 24</a>, always making certain that the corner or jamb of -the brick opening is perfectly plumb. Great care should be taken -to fill solid with mortar the spaces between the brickwork and the -window frame, to stop the wind.</p> - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Stock Window Sizes</span></p> - -<table> -<tr> - <td class="caption3nb bbox2" colspan="4"><i>Double Hung Sash, 1<sup>3</sup>/<sub>8</sub>" Thick</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bbox tdc"><i>Glass Size, D. S.</i></td> - <td class="bbox tdc"><i>Lights<a id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></i></td> - <td class="bbox tdc"><i>Sash Size</i></td> - <td class="bbox tdc"><i>Masonry  Opening</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdl tdc">16" × 16"</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">2</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">1'- 8" × 3'- 2"</td> - <td class="bdl bdr tdc">2'-0" × 3'- 6"</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdl tdc">16" × 26"</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">2</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">1'- 8" × 4'-10"</td> - <td class="bdl bdr tdc">2'-0" × 5'- 2"</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdl tdc">22" × 20"</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">2</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">2'- 2" × 3'-10"</td> - <td class="bdl bdr tdc">2'-6" × 4'- 2"</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdl tdc">28" × 26"</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">2</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">2'- 8" × 4'-10"</td> - <td class="bdl bdr tdc">3'-0" × 5'- 2"</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdl tdc">30" × 24"</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">2</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">2'-10" × 4'- 6"</td> - <td class="bdl bdr tdc">3'-2" × 4'-10"</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdl tdc">30" × 26"</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">2</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">2'-10" × 4'-10"</td> - <td class="bdl bdr tdc">3'-2" × 5'- 2"</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdl tdc">34" × 16"</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">2</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">3'- 2" × 3'- 2"</td> - <td class="bdl bdr tdc">3'-6" × 3'- 6"</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdl tdc">34" × 20"</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">2</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">3'- 2" × 3'-10"</td> - <td class="bdl bdr tdc">3'-6" × 4'- 2"</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdl tdc">34" × 26"</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">2</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">3'- 2" × 4'-10"</td> - <td class="bdl bdr tdc">3'-6" × 5'- 2"</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdl tdc">40" × 26"</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">2</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">3'- 8" × 4'-10"</td> - <td class="bdl bdr tdc">4'-0" × 5'- 2"</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdl tdc">42" × 26"</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">2</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">3'-10" × 4'-10"</td> - <td class="bdl bdr tdc">4'-2" × 5'- 2"</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdb bdl tdc">52" × 26"</td> - <td class="bdb bdl tdc">2</td> - <td class="bdb bdl tdc">4'- 8" × 4'-10"</td> - <td class="bdb bdl bdr tdc">5'-0" × 5'- 2"</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="caption3nb bbox2" colspan="4"><i>Basement Sash, 1<sup>3</sup>/<sub>8</sub>" Thick</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdl tdc">20" × 14"</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">2</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">2'- 0" × 1'- 5"</td> - <td class="bdr bdl tdc">2'-4" × 1'- 9"</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdl tdc">30" × 14"</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">3</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">2'-10" × 1'- 5"</td> - <td class="bdr bdl tdc">3'-2" × 1'- 9"</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdl tdc">42" × 14"</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">3</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">3'-10" × 1'- 5"</td> - <td class="bdr bdl tdc">4'-2" × 1'- 9"</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="caption3nb bbox2" colspan="4"><i>Casement Sash, 1<sup>3</sup>/<sub>8</sub>" or 1<sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub>" Thick</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdl tdc">20" × 24"</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">4</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">2'- 0" × 2'- 5"</td> - <td class="bdr bdl tdc">2'-4" × 2'- 9"[B]</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdl tdc">20" × 36"</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">6</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">2'- 0" × 3'- 5"</td> - <td class="bdr bdl tdc">2'-4" × 3'- 9"[B]</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdl tdc">20" × 42"</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">6</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">2'- 0" × 3'-11"</td> - <td class="bdr bdl tdc">2'-4" × 4'- 3"[B]</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdl tdc">20" × 48"</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">8</td> - <td class="bdr bdl tdc">2'- 0" × 4'- 5"</td> - <td class="bdr bdl tdc">2'-4" × 4'- 9"[B]</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdb bdl tdc">20" × 56"</td> - <td class="bdb bdl tdc">8</td> - <td class="bdb bdl tdc">2'- 0" × 5'- 1"</td> - <td class="bdb bdr bdl tdc">2'-4" × 5'- 5"<a id="FNanchor_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a></td> -</tr> -</table> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> If divided lights are wanted, a special order will be -necessary, the total glass size remaining the same.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> These heights are for outswinging casements; for -inswinging casements, add <sup>3</sup>/<sub>8</sub>" to the height of the dimensions -given.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23">- 23 -</a></span></p></div> - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Stock Door Sizes</span><a id="FNanchor_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></p> - -<table style="margin:2em auto; border: double #000 3px; width: 25em;"> -<tr> - <td class="caption3nb bbox2" colspan="2"><i>Exterior Doors 1<sup>3</sup>/<sub>8</sub>" or 1<sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub>" Thick</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdb bdl tdc">2'-8" × 6'-8"</td> - <td class="bdb bdl tdc">3'-0" × 6'-8"</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdb bdl tdc">2'-8" × 7'-0"</td> - <td class="bdb bdl tdc">3'-0" × 7'-0"</td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> Openings will be 4" wider and 2<sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub>" higher than -dimensions given.</p></div> - -<div class="sidenote">Stock Sizes</div> - -<p>Brick linear dimensions should, wherever possible, be calculated -so as to reduce cutting of brick to a minimum, especially where -openings, bays, chimneys, and the like are concerned. Our plans -are drawn with this in view; and to facilitate readily obtaining -sash and exterior door sizes, we would suggest that contractors, so -far as possible, use stock dimensions taken from the accompanying -tables which cover the vast majority of requirements. For each -mullion between grouped, double-hung windows allow 6 inches, and -between casement windows 2 inches. The stock window frames, which -are essentially the same as those used in frame construction, -require no more labor to set and brace than in case of frame walls. -All that is necessary is to box them in to make a housing for the -sash weights. After the brickwork is laid around the frame, a staff -bead or brick mold is nailed to its outside face, fitting snugly up -to the brickwork, adding if so desired a scribing bead.</p> - -<p>Should local stock frames vary slightly from the dimensions -given, or if a scribing bead is used in addition to the regular -staff mold, the brickwork can easily be laid so as to take up the -difference. In case the masonry opening is finished before the -frames arrive on the job, great care should be taken to have them -built the exact size of the frame ordered, always taking into -consideration the 1 inch to 6 inches slope of the sill, and the -scribing bead if used.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 286px;"> -<a id="Fig_25"></a><a id="Fig_26"></a><a id="Fig_27"></a> -<a id="Fig_28"></a><a id="Fig_29"></a> -<img src="images/fig25-29.png" width="286" height="267" alt=""> -</div> - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Opening Supports</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">Lintels and Arches</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Relieving Arches</div> - -<p>The brickwork over all openings may be supported, either by a steel -or wood lintel, or by a brick arch. Either the full thickness of -the wall or the face brick only may be carried on a steel lintel or -an arch. Lintels are rarely used in combination with semi-circular -arches. When a steel lintel or an arch supports the face brick, the -backing usually rests on a wooden lintel, set higher than the arch -or else concealed by the frame. There should be a brick relieving -arch above wooden lintels, spanning more than 3 feet, bearing on -the wall beyond the ends of the lintel, so that the brickwork will -not be weakened should the lintel be destroyed by fire (<a href="#Fig_28">Fig. 28</a>). -The space between arch and lintel is filled with brick after the -arch is built. Seasoned brickwork will support itself over the -smaller spans.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Steel Lintels</div> - -<p>For a steel lintel over a small opening, an angle is sufficient. -If the interior wall surface is also to be of face brick, the -lintel is made by placing two angles back to back, as the usual -wood lintel in such a place would be unsightly. For openings up -to 4 feet wide, a 4" × 3" or a 3" × 3" angle is sufficient; wider -openings up to 5 feet would require a 3" × 5" angle. Over larger -openings heavier sections of steel have to be used. Both steel and -wood lintels are usually made 8 inches longer than the width of the -opening.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Brick Arches</div> - -<p>The brick arches generally employed in small buildings are flat, -segmental, or full semi-circular (<a href="#Fig_25">Figs. 25-29</a>). The segmental and -semi-circular arches are usually best built of rowlock courses, -their number depending upon the width of the opening. Flat brick -arches over two feet wide should be supported by steel, the brick -being usually set soldier fashion. As these brick are slightly -inclined from the vertical, their end edges should be clipped to -make the joints on the face of the arch come in a horizontal line, -as in <a href="#Fig_26">Fig. 26</a>. In <a href="#Fig_25">Fig. 25</a>, the appearance of the arch face is not -so workmanlike and neat because the brick have not been clipped -along the line of the middle joints. For either type of arch, the -brickwork both sides of the opening must be beveled in the form of -skewbacks, to serve as beds for receiving the thrust of the arch as -shown in the figures. If these arches are properly handled both as -to design and execution, they add greatly to the appearance of the -entire wall surface.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24">- 24 -</a></span></p> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Various Methods of Furring</span></p> - -<p>The inside of all exterior brick walls should be furred, except -in climatic conditions where it has proved unnecessary, in order -to form an air space between the brickwork and the plaster. This -furring may be of wood, hollow tile, or metal. <span class="sidenote">Wood</span>The first, which -is ordinarily used, consists of 1" × 2" wooden strips placed -vertically on the wall and spaced 16 inches on center (<a href="#Fig_24">Fig. 24</a>). -The strips are either nailed to the lath which have been placed in -the joints of the brickwork by the mason, or attached by driving -the nails into the mortar joints. The carpenter, in placing the -strips, should wedge behind them where necessary to make them -plumb. The grounds and lath are placed directly on these strips. <span class="sidenote">Hollow Tile</span> -Hollow tile furring is formed by splitting 3-inch or 4-inch "split -furring" tile, which have been scored in manufacturing for this -purpose, placing the webs against the brick wall, and anchoring -them by driving ten-penny nails into the mortar joints over every -third tile in every second course. The tile should be laid without -mortar so as not to make a solid connection which would transmit -moisture. This tile furring makes a good surface for interior -plastering. <span class="sidenote">Metal</span>Metal furring is only used with metal lath and consists -of small steel rods or other stiffening members either placed -separately on the wall or as part of the metal lath.</p> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Cleaning and Pointing</span></p> - -<p>Not until after the plasterer has left the job should the face -brick be cleaned or washed down. This is done with a 5 per cent -muriatic acid solution or about one pint of acid to four gallons -of water. A stronger solution is likely to do injury. Apply with a -good scrubbing brush to remove all dirt and spattered mortar, and -then rinse with clean water. While washing the wall, defects in -joints should be pointed up.</p> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">The Hollow Brick Wall</span></p> - -<p>A variation of solid brick construction is the so-called hollow -or vaulted wall in which the face and common brick are separated -by a two-inch air space and bonded together by metal ties laid in -the mortar joints at proper intervals. This type of wall has been -extensively used for many years, especially in the East.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 193px;"> -<a id="Fig_30"></a> -<img src="images/fig30.png" width="193" height="258" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 30. Hollow or Vaulted Brick Wall</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">For and Against</div> - -<p>Its friends claim that it is stiffer than a solid wall of the same -amount of brick; that it offers a better insulation, by reason of -the air space, against cold and dampness; and that therefore it -saves the necessity of furring and fire stops on the interior wall -surface. On the other hand, admitting the value of the air space -and the consequent saving of furring, objection is made that the -air space is apt to get filled with mortar and brick chips during -construction; that the metal ties, unless heavily galvanized or -dipped in asphaltum, rust out in a comparatively short time; and -that it is not as strong a bearing wall as the solid wall of the -same brick content. Mr. Arthur W. Joslin, a contractor and builder -of Boston, whose extensive practice gives his judgment weight, -says in summing up the pros and cons: "The 10-inch vaulted wall -is strong enough for ordinary dwellings, even though the ties do -rust out, unless it is built out of the poorest kind of brick with -very poor mortar. In my opinion, a vaulted wall, if properly built, -the vault not filled up with droppings, and provisions made for -ventilating from the inside, is an ideal wall for dwelling house -construction, but I would not recommend it for buildings for other -purposes where there would be more or less of a dead load coming on -the floors." On the matter of comparative costs, Mr. Joslin adds: -"It is cheaper to build an 8-inch solid than a 10-inch vaulted -wall, and slightly cheaper to build a 10-inch vaulted than a -12-inch solid wall."</p> - -<p>The accompanying drawing shows a cross section of this type of -brick wall. Except in a few particulars, its construction does not -differ essentially from that of the solid brick wall as already -described.</p> - -<p>A 12-inch brick foundation is wide enough for the 10-inch wall and -a 16-inch foundation for the 14-inch wall. The metal ties, heavily -galvanized or coated with asphaltum, should be placed about 18 -inches apart at every fifth or sixth course and extend at least 2 -inches into the mortar joints.</p> - -<p>Fire stops are not needed, nor is furring, as the plaster may be -laid directly on the brick. In order to preserve the chief merit -of this type of brick wall, great care should be taken, during -construction, that the 2-inch air space be not allowed to fill up -with mortar and brick chips.</p> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25">- 25 -</a></span></p> - - -<h2><a id="FACE_BRICK_ON_HOLLOW_TILE_CONSTRUCTION">FACE BRICK ON HOLLOW TILE CONSTRUCTION</a></h2> - - - -<p>The local ordinances in some municipalities require thicker walls -with hollow tile construction than where common brick backing is -used, which affects the comparative cost of the buildings; but, -where the total thickness may be kept the same as for solid brick, -the cost is practically the same, with slight differences one way -or the other in different communities. The tile used for backing -may be either soft or hard burned, but never with an absorption -of over 12 per cent, and are scored variously so that there may -always be a good keying surface for plaster. These tile may be set -with the hollow spaces or cells running either horizontally or -vertically, as the case demands or the builder chooses.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Construction</div> - -<p>Walls of this form of construction are built in much the same -manner as walls with common brick backing, except that it is always -desirable to use cement mortar with the tile to insure the needed -strength of bond. The face brick are first carried up four or five -courses and then the hollow tile units, of whatever thickness -chosen, are laid up behind the brick, leaving an inch space between -the tile and brick (<a href="#Fig_31">Fig. 31</a>). The tile are laid, with broken joint -as in running bond, in a half-inch mortar bed. When the tile width -is over 4 inches, the mortar should be spread only on the front and -back edges of the tile, leaving a hollow space in the center. In -the vertical joints only the front and back webs require mortar. If -vertical tile are used all the webs should be well mortared, while -the vertical joints are simply buttered.</p> - -<p>Care must be taken that the space between the tile and brick does -not get filled up with mortar, for this would defeat its purpose -of serving as an insulation against moisture and cold. With this -one-inch space between brick and tile open, furring and lathing -are saved, as the plaster may be directly laid on the tile and the -necessity of fire stops avoided.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 380px;"> -<a id="Fig_31"></a> -<img src="images/fig31.png" width="380" height="368" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 31. Face Brick on Hollow Tile</p> -</div> - -<p>At window and door openings, in case 4" × 5" × 12" or 8" × 5" × 12" -horizontal tile are laid, either common brick or special half and -full closure tile (Figs. <a href="#Fig_31">31</a> and <a href="#Fig_59">59</a>) should be used, in order to -close the openings at the end of the horizontal tile courses, thus -making around the frames good joints which should be tightly filled -with mortar. When the 12" × 12" tile are laid horizontal, those in -the window and door jambs need simply be set vertical to serve as -closures.</p> - -<p>It will be found that an even number of tile does not always work -out with the length of the wall or pier, leaving a space of a few -inches. This space may be filled by cutting a tile or using pieces -of tile slabs.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Tile Sizes</div> - -<p>For houses of the character presented in this Manual, tile either -4, 6, or 8 inches wide may be used, depending on local ordinance -or the choice of the owner. A 5-inch backing may be obtained by -simply laying the 4" × 5" × 12" tile on the 5-inch edge. Both 4- -and 8-inch widths are made 5" × 12" or 12" × 12" in height and -length. The 6-inch width generally comes 12" × 12" in height and -length, but may be obtained in the 5" × 12" size from certain -manufacturers, if so desired.</p> - -<p>The 5" × 12" tile in either width are laid horizontal, while the -12" × 12" tile in either width may be laid vertical or horizontal. -Either method is satisfactory although, for heavy bearing walls, -some builders prefer the vertical method on the ground that it -gives a stronger bearing wall because the vertical webs directly -bear on each other. If laid vertical, the top course of tile should -be placed horizontal to give a good bed for the wall plate.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Face Brick to Tile</div> - -<p>Four courses of standard size brick, provided a <sup>3</sup>/<sub>8</sub>-inch mortar -joint is used, will equal in height two 5" × 12" tile, making every -fifth course a -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26">- 26 -</a></span> -bonding course (<a href="#Fig_31">Fig. 31</a>). And five courses of -standard size brick, provided a <sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub>-inch mortar joint is used, will -equal in height one 12" × 12" tile, or if <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>-inch joints are used, -will equal in height 3 courses of 4" × 12" tile 5 inches wide, -making every sixth course a bonding course. If wider mortar joints -are desired, you can in the latter case make every fifth course a -bonding course by using 12" × 12" vertical tile which you can order -cut to any length required. But where either the 5" × 12" or the -12" × 12" tile are laid horizontal, the number of courses of face -brick and the size of mortar joints cannot be changed.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Bonding</div> - -<p>The face brick are bonded to the tile backing (<a href="#Fig_31">Fig. 31</a>) precisely -in the same manner as previously explained for common brick, double -headers being used in case of Stretcher Bond and the headers, -wherever required, in other bonds (See <a href="#Page_18">page 18</a>). But as this wall -is full 9 inches or more thick, the headers in the bonding courses -leave recesses one inch or more deep at intervals on the inside -face of the wall (<a href="#Fig_31">Fig. 31</a>). These if shallow, should be filled with -plaster, containing a large amount of fibre, before the regular -plastering is started; if deep, as when the 8-inch wide tile is -used for backing, a stretcher course of common brick or brick-size -hollow tile fills the space.</p> - -<p>The chimney construction does not differ in any essential from -that used for the solid brick wall, but we strongly urge the use -of brick for the chimney, rather than tile or concrete blocks, as -affording more reliable protection for the flue.</p> - -<p>The window sills, door sills, and lintels are the same as in solid -brick construction except that, preferably, instead of the wooden -lintel supporting the backing, the lintel be made of hollow tile -filled with cement and reinforced by one or more steel rods (<a href="#Fig_32">Fig. -32</a>). These tile lintels should be made on the ground by standing -the tile on end for filling. When the concrete is set, they are -ready to be lifted into place.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 274px;"> -<a id="Fig_32"></a> -<img src="images/fig32.png" width="274" height="247" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 32. Hollow Tile and Steel Lintels</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Laying Out</div> - -<p>The story heights should be figured so that an exact number of -whole tile may be used from the bottom of the joists on one floor -to the bottom of those on the next floor, always allowing one-half -inch for the bed joints. But where this is not possible, special -tile slabs one inch thick, which may be had from the dealer, should -be used to obtain the exact height required, so that an even and -solid bearing may be formed for the floor joists. The wall plates -for the roof construction are anchored in the same manner as in the -solid brick wall, except that anchors should be 20 inches long; -likewise, brick nogging should be placed between the roof rafters.</p> - -<p>As in the case of the solid brick construction, when the plasterers -have gone, the face brick should be cleaned down and pointed where -necessary.</p> - - - -<h2><a id="FACE_BRICK_VENEER_CONSTRUCTION"></a>FACE BRICK VENEER CONSTRUCTION</h2> - - -<div class="sidenote">Advantages</div> - -<p>As already indicated, this type of wall construction is preferred -by some builders because it is somewhat less expensive than -solid brick or hollow tile and can be more quickly built. The -wooden frame may be completed and roofed before the brick -veneer is started on the outside. If constructed according to -our specifications, the veneered wall makes a much warmer and -more comfortable house than frame, not only because the veneer -wall is over 2 inches thicker than the frame, but because the -brick veneering forms a solid monolithic shell that steadies the -framework and is proof against the wind pressure that searches -out the cracks and crannies of the less substantial construction. -Furthermore, while the veneer house does not get the favored -insurance rates of the solid brick structure, it is, if provided -with a non-combustible roof, safe against adjacent fires; in fact, -from the exterior, presents the advantages of a solid face brick -house.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Construction</div> - -<p>In this type of construction the studding is not placed at the face -of the foundation wall, but set at the back of the wall, allowing -sufficient space in front of the sheathing for the veneer of face -brick. The studs are then sheathed as for the usual frame building -and covered with building paper, held -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27">- 27 -</a></span> -in place with 2" × 1" or 1" -× <sup>5</sup>/<sub>8</sub>" furring strips, laid on vertically or horizontally over each -lap of paper and once between. The face brick, set one inch from -the sheathing, are laid up, so far as the outer bond is concerned, -in the same manner as for facing the solid masonry wall, and are -fastened to the framework by metal ties spaced horizontally about -on every stud and vertically every four or five courses (<a href="#Fig_33">Fig. 33</a>).</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 258px;"> -<a id="Fig_33"></a> -<img src="images/fig33.png" width="258" height="223" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 33. Veneer Construction</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Bonding Ties</div> - -<p>These ties are of two kinds, either corrugated metal strips with -one end nailed to the sheathing and the other laid in the bed -joints, or thirty-penny wire nails which must be spaced with the -studs into which they are driven through the sheathing, so as to -leave a projection sufficient to extend about one inch into the bed -joints of the brickwork.</p> - -<p>The last method is recommended as the most substantial and -permanent, but care should be taken that the nails be driven with -a slant into the wood frame at a point somewhat above the brick so -that when tapped by a hammer they may be bent down to the level -of the joint (<a href="#Fig_34">Fig. 34</a>). If they are driven in at the exact level -of the brick, they will, when bent down, push the brick out of -alignment.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Sills and Lintels</div> - -<p>Brick window sills with this type of construction are the same -as for the solid masonry wall, except that the inner ends of the -brick must be cut to fit against the sheathing. The window and -door frames are set in place as in frame construction. While the -brickwork over openings may be carried on arches, steel angles are -almost universally used for this purpose.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 135px;"> -<a id="Fig_34"></a> -<img src="images/fig34.png" width="135" height="105" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 34. Nail Wall Ties</p> -</div> - -<p>The brick porches should have the porch walls and piers of solid -brickwork faced on both sides, with bond pattern or ornamentation -following, in the main, the design of the house walls.</p> - -<p>Chimney construction for the veneer house is the same as for the -brick house, except that care should be taken in setting outside -chimneys clear of the sheathing, so as not to cut into the frame -construction.</p> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Veneering Old Frame Structures</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">Old House Made New</div> - -<p>It often occurs that a frame house is not kept in repair and -depreciates to such an extent that the expenditure for necessary -painting and repairs to restore it would amount to an unwarranted -figure. Or, as in many cases, the frame house, though kept in fair -condition by dint of frequent painting and repairs, is decidedly -out of date, or lacks the "class" that surrounding buildings may -have. This often applies also to the old spotted and stained stucco -house. In either case, the owner suffers loss in the value of his -investment. There is a simple way, however, to recover this loss -and more than restore the value of his investment, and that is by -veneering the house with an attractive face brick. The framing of -the house is in all probability substantially sound, it is only -the exterior that is dilapidated and outclassed. By veneering his -house with a well-chosen face brick, laid in proper bond and mortar -joint, the owner at a comparatively small expenditure has got what -is to all intents and purposes a new house.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Paying Investments</div> - -<p>In the first place, he has "painted" it once and for all with -beautiful colors that will never come off, and he has eliminated -all future paint and repair bills for the exterior where much of -his cost of upkeep for the old frame house came. In the second -place, he has a far more uniformly comfortable house with a -very appreciable reduction of his coal bills, due to the solid, -monolithic shell of brick covering the frame. Practical heating -engineers engaged in installing heating apparatus calculate that -in a moderate sized veneer house as compared with frame there is, -during an average winter in the North, a saving of approximately 8 -per cent on the coal bill.</p> - -<p>Finally, he would have, so far as the community is concerned, or a -possible future purchaser, an attractive modern face brick house, -of which he may be proud as a place of residence, or which would -be more profitable as a renting or selling property. The enhanced -value of his property would be far beyond his expenditure.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Increasing Your Profits</div> - -<p>Many contractors could comfortably increase their profits and -keep busy through dull months -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28">- 28 -</a></span> -by presenting the above facts to -the owner whose old frame or stucco house needs repairs. Instead -of giving him a staggering figure for repair work that is only -temporary, he could be shown how, by investing a little more, -he could greatly contribute to his personal satisfaction and -substantially increase the value of his property. Veneering an old -house, either frame or stucco, is no more difficult than veneering -a new structure and is accomplished in much the same manner.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">How It is Done</div> - -<p>An eight-inch concrete footing should be placed against the outside -of the existing foundation wall, extending from grade to below -frost line and resting on good solid soil. The brick veneer, -starting from this footing, is carried up with an inch air space -between it and the old siding (which is not removed) and tied by -driving thirty-penny nails through the siding or other finish into -the sheathing and studs (<a href="#Fig_35">Fig. 35</a>).</p> - -<p>The usual steel lintels are used over window and door openings. -Where the veneer is to be carried over porches or other low -additions, the siding immediately above the roof should be removed -and a steel angle placed against the sheathing and securely -attached to the studs by lag screws, so that no weight of the -brickwork comes on the roof. See illustrations of work on <a href="#Page_16">page 16</a>.</p> - -<div class="fig_left" style="width: 171px;"> -<a id="Fig_35"></a> -<img src="images/fig35.png" width="171" height="446" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 35 Veneering old frame</p> -</div> - -<p>The brickwork is laid up to the door and window trim and a staff -bead molding, in the corner formed by the brick, securely nailed to -the old trim, making a tight joint (See <a href="#Fig_35">Fig. 35</a>). Similar mouldings -should be placed at the underside of roofs, porch ceilings, and -like places where the brick meets the old frame finish.</p> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">New Store Fronts</span></p> - -<p>A very remunerative addition to his business may be made by the -builder in veneering old frame or stucco store buildings. All -that applies to the advantage of veneering the old frame house -especially applies here. An attractive store front is one of the -merchant's best advertisements. It indicates that he is prosperous, -and it draws customers who always prefer to deal with the -successful merchant, and where the surroundings are pleasant. Show -the merchant of your town the increased value of his property and -the increased profits of his business made possible by a beautiful -store front of face brick, and you will get more business yourself.</p> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">A New Face Brick Porch</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">Method of Construction</div> - -<p>Sometimes the porch on a frame building is in need of a new floor, -railing, and steps. Instead of rebuilding the frame porch which -will need constant repair and painting, a new face brick porch -with either a brick or wooden floor could be built which would -not only end all repair bills but vastly improve the appearance -of the house. This may be accomplished very easily. Remove the -entire porch except the roof which should be held by temporary -supports. After excavating to the necessary depth, build a common -brick foundation to grade for the piers and wall of the porch. The -piers should be the same dimensions as the brick piers above, and -the connecting wall should be 8 inches thick. Above the grade this -8-inch wall should be finished with face brick on the outside, -while above the porch floor it should be face brick on both sides; -and, at the correct height, should have a coping of face brick -laid on edge. The piers should be carried up to the porch cornice -and may be finished with a course of brick on edge, projecting -slightly, to match the coping on the porch wall, or in any other -plain or ornamental fashion desired. Where the walls join the frame -building they should be anchored with nails driven into the wall -the same as already explained for brick veneer work.</p> - -<p>While the cost of a new brick porch on an old house is moderate, it -adds greatly to the appearance of the house and thus appreciably -increases its market value.</p> - -<hr class="chap"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29">- 29 -</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a id="SPECIAL_USES_OF_FACE_BRICK">SPECIAL USES OF FACE BRICK</a></h2> - - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">The Glow of the Friendly Hearth</span></p> - -<p>It is the dream of most people when planning a home to have a -real fireplace in which they may have a real fire of real logs, -around which to sit with family or friends during the long winter -evenings. Every home, even one built of frame or stucco, should be -provided with at least one real fireplace.</p> - -<p>And no matter what kind of a house a man may build, he won't find -anything else quite so good or appropriate for a fireplace as -brick. For having stood the test of flame in their making, they -defy the flame in their use. The feeling that the roaring fire on -the hearth beats harmlessly against the enduring brick, as the sea -beats in vain against a granite headland, gives a genuine sense -of security and satisfaction. Then the texture and color of the -brick make them at once adaptable to any type of room or scheme of -interior decoration the lady of the house may choose.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Location</div> - -<p>The location of the fireplace in the room is of great importance -to its enjoyment. As it is the most ornamental feature of the -interior of the house, it should be given a prominent position, but -it should not be in the line of travel through the room, near the -entrance door, or where a cross draft sweeps it. The far end of the -room is one of the best locations; or better still, an ingle nook. -If placed on the broad side of a room, it is pretty sure to project -so far as to reduce the practicable width of-the room and force the -rug over the hearth. If placed on an outside wall, it is best not -to have large flanking windows, as one does not like to sit facing -too much light, especially where a strong sun is shining.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 197px;"> -<a id="Fig_36"></a> -<img src="images/fig36.png" width="197" height="278" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 36. Part Perspective of Fireplace</p> -</div> - -<p>Proper proportions of the fireplace opening and flue are among the -most essential features of fireplace construction. The larger the -opening, the larger the fire may be and the more air required or -taken from the room for proper combustion, provided the flue is -large enough to give sufficient draft. In the average home, the -actual inside area of flue should never be less than one-tenth of -the area of the fireplace opening. Each fireplace should have its -own individual flue carried full size to the top of the chimney -without connections of any kind from other sources. A low, broad -opening is preferred to a narrow, high one, and splayed sides are -best in any case, because better draft and radiation are thus -secured. A low, broad opening will catch the smoke better and -direct it up the chimney.</p> - -<p>The following dimensions for fireplaces are considered good -practice:</p> - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Fireplace Openings</span></p> - -<table style="margin:2em auto; border: double #000 3px; width: 25em;"> -<tr> - <td class="bbox vbot tdc"><i>Width</i></td> - <td class="bbox vbot tdc"><i>Height</i></td> - <td class="bbox vbot tdc"><i>Depth</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdl tdc">2'-8"</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">2'-4"</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">17" to 21"</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdl tdc">3'-0"</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">2'-4" to 6"</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">21"   </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdl tdc">4'-0"</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">2'-8"</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">21" to 25"</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>Arched openings may be higher than indicated in the above -dimensions, as their average height may be taken as the top line of -the opening.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Construction</div> - -<p>The ideal form of a fireplace would be a cone with all sides -tapering to the apex for the escape of smoke. Therefore, to -approach this ideal in practice, the sides of the fireplace are -splayed and the back curved forward as shown in <a href="#Fig_36">Figs. 36 and 37</a>. -This forward curve of the back throws the smoke from the fire -forward to a throat 4 inches wide, extending the full width of the -opening at the front and top of the fireplace, and at the same -time forms a shelf above for the deflection of down drafts in the -chimney. The rear wall of the fireplace should never be straight, -having the throat at the rear, as down drafts would be sure to blow -smoke and dust into the room.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 186px;"> -<a id="Fig_37"></a> -<img src="images/fig37.png" width="186" height="237" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 37. Cross Section of Fireplace</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30">- 30 -</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Damper</div> - -<p>Always place a damper in the throat for regulation of the draft. -The damper should completely fill the throat. There are many -dampers on the market that also serve the purpose of a lintel for -the brickwork, giving a smooth surface for the exit of the smoke. -These patent combinations of damper and throat give a good draft, -prevent smoke, and deserve a more general use.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 229px;"> -<a id="Fig_38"></a> -<img src="images/fig38.png" width="229" height="130" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 38. Hearth With Brick on Edge</p> -</div> - -<p>Especial care should be taken in laying up the brickwork above and -around the damper. The joints should be well filled, and nowhere -should there be less than an 8-inch thickness of brickwork unless -protected by the flue lining.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Flue</div> - -<p>Immediately above the damper, the brickwork should be corbeled -in both ways to the size of the flue lining, which should always -be started on a line with the middle of the fireplace and run -vertically for one length. It then may be jogged over to the -location desired on the floor above. It should be started as low as -possible as this is the hottest part of the chimney.</p> - -<p>The back and sides of the fireplace, as well as the back portion -of the hearth are usually built of fire brick. Certain kinds of -face brick are suitable for this purpose and have been used by -architects with very artistic results.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Hearth</div> - -<p>The hearth may be either of face brick or tile. If of brick, they -should be preferably smooth so as to facilitate cleaning. They -may be laid either on edge or flat in a variety of patterns. Two -examples of brick hearths are shown in <a href="#Fig_38">Figs. 38 and 39</a>, one with -the brick set on edge and the other with the brick laid flat. Tiles -may be of any size and laid in various patterns, and if suitable, -may be used also in the back portion of small hearths. The mortar -joints of the hearth should be thin and preferably of a fire clay -mortar, though pure cement mortar will answer the purpose. Wherever -possible, an opening and ash chute in the back hearth, with a pit -and iron cleanout door in the basement, should be installed.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 151px;"> -<a id="Fig_39"></a> -<img src="images/fig39.png" width="151" height="101" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 39. Hearth With Brick Flat</p> -</div> - -<p>Always build the fireplace in the rough first, leaving the brick -facing and hearth to be finished after the plasterer has completed -his work. The accompanying designs, A, B, and C, suggest various -methods of treatment.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 259px;"> -<a id="Fireplace_A"></a> -<img src="images/fireplace_a.png" width="259" height="269" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fireplace Design A</p> -</div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 263px;"> -<a id="Fireplace_B"></a> -<img src="images/fireplace_b.png" width="263" height="265" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fireplace Design B</p> -</div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 212px;"> -<a id="Fireplace_C"></a> -<img src="images/fireplace_c.png" width="212" height="255" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fireplace Design C</p> -</div> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Outside Ornamental Features</span></p> - -<p>The possibilities of the use of brick for floors, walks, steps, -pergolas, gate posts, seats, and -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31">- 31 -</a></span> -other places about the house and -garden are unlimited. For outside work it is a most permanent and -beautiful material which never cracks or decays requiring periodic -repairs or painting such as other materials do. It may always be -the same color and texture as the brickwork of the house, thereby -linking the house and garden together into one harmonious whole.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Steps</div> - -<p>Brick steps, except where supported by the foundation wall, as -shown in our working drawings, should always be laid over a -concrete slab, reinforced, unless resting on solid, undisturbed -soil. The concrete slab is poured in the form of steps, to -correspond to the finished brick steps, but with proper allowance -for laying the brick flat or on edge in a cushion of sand, at the -option of the owner. <a href="#Fig_40">Figs. 40-42</a> illustrate different pitches of -steps and methods of setting the brick. Great care should be taken -in the laying of brick steps, if they have to withstand severe -usage. The joints should all be filled with a rich cement mortar -composed of one part cement to two parts sand.</p> - -<table> -<tr> - <td><a id="Fig_40"></a><img src="images/fig40.png" width="243" height="139" alt=""></td> - <td><a id="Fig_41"></a><img src="images/fig41.png" width="273" height="94" alt=""></td> - <td><a id="Fig_42"></a><img src="images/fig42.png" width="238" height="119" alt=""></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 40. Steps with End-set Treads</p></td> - <td><p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 41. Steps with Flat-set Treads</p></td> - <td><p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 42. Steps with Edge-set Treads</p></td> -</tr> -</table> - -<div class="sidenote">Walks and Floors</div> - -<p>Brick walks and floors, with the brick on edge or flat, are usually -laid on a filling of cinders or sand, but if subjected to hard use, -they should be placed on a bed of concrete the same as steps. Two -favorite patterns of edge set brick are shown in <a href="#Fig_55">Figs. 55 and 56</a>. -The brick may be laid flat in the same patterns, but the effect -is not quite so pleasing. The joints in the brick walk or floor -are usually filled with sand, swept into place with a broom so as -thoroughly to fill the joints, but they may be filled with cement -grouting if desired. The thin grouting is carefully poured into the -joints after the brick are laid, and all grouting that spills on -the surface of the brick cleaned off before it hardens. The borders -of the walk or floor may be made of brick set on edge or on end; -or, if preferred, of concrete, especially when the walk or floor is -placed on concrete. If it is desired to prevent grass and moss from -growing in sanded joints, mix salt with the sand before filling the -joints.</p> - -<div class="fig_left" style="width: 63px;"> -<a id="Fig_43"></a> -<img src="images/fig43.png" width="63" height="178" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 43. Pergola Post</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Pergolas</div> - -<p>For pergola posts, brick imparts a feeling of strength and -solidity, yet care must be taken not to make the posts too large, -as they will be entirely out of fit proportion to the light wooden -rafters and vines which they support. In most cases, a post 12 -inches square will be about the right size. Foundations for these -posts should always extend below the frost line and be of brick -or concrete. A long, one half inch steel rod with nuts and large -washers at each end should be imbedded about 18 inches in this -foundation and extend beyond the top of the finished post. The -brickwork of the post above grade should be one -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32">- 32 -</a></span> -brick thick, laid -in cement or cement-lime mortar giving a hollow space 4 inches -square in the center of the 12-inch post. As the work progresses -this space is filled with concrete around the rod, which, passing -through the center, binds the brickwork together in a solid, -reinforced mass (<a href="#Fig_43">Fig. 43</a>). The cap of the post may be either brick, -stone, or concrete placed when filling the interior. The wooden -girders of the pergola may now be bolted to the post by means of -the bolt projecting above the top.</p> - -<p>If conditions or design demand a heavier post than 12 inches -square, as in <a href="#Fig_44">Fig. 44</a>, no steel rod reinforcing will be necessary -for stability.</p> - -<div class="fig_left" style="width: 190px;"> -<a id="Fig_44"></a> -<img src="images/fig44.png" width="190" height="343" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 44. Large Porch or Pergola Post</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Gate posts</div> - -<p>Gate posts are usually lower and heavier than pergola posts and -made stable enough to carry whatever weight the iron or wooden gate -may demand. Large driveway gates (<a href="#Fig_45">Fig. 45</a>) should have a steel -I-beam or angle placed in the center of the post and extending from -the bottom of the foundation to the top of the post. The anchors -for the support of the gates should be riveted to this steel beam -or angle so that no undue strain will be exerted on the brickwork. -The brickwork should always be laid in cement or cement-lime -mortar. If ornamental caps are desired, they should be of stone or -concrete. On large posts, it is desirable to lay brickwork in some -natural bond as this not only increases the rigidity of the post -but gives a beautiful effect.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Garden Walls</div> - -<p>Long, straight garden walls under 4 feet in height may be built 8 -inches thick; over 4 feet high they should be 12 inches thick. If -the walls are snort or reinforced at intervals with buttresses they -may be only 8 inches thick provided they are not carried up over 6 -feet. A footing is not needed but the foundation of common brick -should extend below frost line. The wall should be finished on both -sides with face brick, laid with cement-lime mortar in a natural -bond, and should have a brick rowlock coping laid in rich cement -mortar. <a href="#Fig_45">Fig. 45</a> gives an idea of a garden wall with soldier base -and rowlock coping.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 176px;"> -<a id="Fig_45"></a> -<img src="images/fig45.png" width="176" height="246" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 45. Face Brick Gate Post</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33">- 33 -</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a id="BRICK_BONDS">BRICK BONDS</a></h2> - - - -<p>Bond in brickwork is the overlapping of the brick one upon -the other, either along the length of the wall or through its -thickness, in order to bind them together into a secure structural -mass. It is true, mortar is used to cement the brick together into -a monolithic whole, but the real bond is the overlapping of the -brick which the mortar serves to maintain. Units are shifted back -and forth so that the vertical joints in two successive layers or -"courses" do not come into line; in other words, the brick are -laid so as to break joint, the whole forming a natural bond or a -structural unity giving strength to the wall.</p> - -<p>The strength and rigidity of a wall due to this bonding are clearly -shown in <a href="#Fig_46">Fig. 46</a>. A concentrated load at any point on the wall is -thus distributed over a larger area as indicated by the dotted -arrows.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 155px;"> -<a id="Fig_46"></a> -<img src="images/fig46.png" width="155" height="99" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 46. Bonding Strength</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Stretcher and Header</div> - -<p>In speaking of brick bond, two terms are constantly recurring, -viz., "stretcher" and "header." When a brick is laid lengthwise of -the wall, thus showing its long, narrow dimension or "face" on the -surface, it is called a stretcher. If its length extends back into -the wall, so that its short dimension shows on the surface, it is -called a header. The stretcher secures strength in the length of -the wall. The header serves to form the transverse bond, that is, -the strength of the wall through its thickness. When a brick is -broken, as the case may require, the fragment is called a "bat." -Bats are used either simply to fill in; or, as definite sized -pieces, cut and used to make the bond come out right, in which case -they are called "closures." While at certain points of the wall -bats may be necessary, they should be sparingly used and then only -according to the best practices of the craft.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Design in Bonds</div> - -<p>In the old days, and indeed up to comparatively recent times, -brick bond was used only in a structural or natural way, that -is, to secure the strength of the wall as a solid mass; but -in the seventeenth century European builders began to see an -artistic possibility in the bond as it appeared on the surface. -They began to see the fine tracery of the mortar joint running -over the background of the brick, which could be varied into -attractive patterns by different arrangement of the brick bond. -As a consequence, there have been developed, in the main, -three different types of bond, Running or Stretcher, English, -and Flemish, which are used at the present day, with various -modifications, to secure attractive effects in pattern.</p> - -<p>When, as compared with the past, the great variety of brick colors -and textures now offered is taken into consideration, it may be -realized what charming results may be secured in the wall surface -by the combination of brick patterns, colors, textures, and mortar -joints.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Running</div> - -<p>The first and most obvious of these bonds is what is called Running -or Stretcher Bond. The wall surface is made up of stretcher courses -having at the corners a header which appears as a stretcher on -the return side. This bond has the merit of being very strong -longitudinally, but lacks transverse strength; consequently, it is -modified into what is called Common or American Bond by laying a -course of headers about every sixth course (<a href="#Fig_47">Fig. 47</a>). In order to -maintain the effect of the running bond, a special double header -bond is sometimes used as explained on <a href="#Page_19">page 19</a>.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 273px;"> -<a id="Fig_47"></a> -<img src="images/fig47.png" width="273" height="177" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 47. Common or American Bond</p> -</div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 268px;"> -<a id="Fig_48"></a> -<img src="images/fig48.png" width="268" height="173" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 48. English Bond</p> -</div> - -<p>This method of using headers as in Common or American Bond, in -order to secure transverse strength of wall, can be treated in a -way to -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34">- 34 -</a></span> produce very much more pleasing effects, as may be seen in -the English and Flemish Bonds.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">English or Dutch</div> - -<p>The English Bond is made up of alternating courses of stretchers -and headers (<a href="#Fig_48">Fig. 48</a>). This produces a very pleasing series of -Greek crosses and ripple lines up and down the surface of the wall, -and the English brickbuilders claim for it the great merit of -giving transverse strength to the wall. It however has a certain -monotony that has lead to a modification which greatly beautifies -it as a pattern, by breaking the joints of the successive stretcher -courses (<a href="#Fig_49">Fig. 49</a>). This is called English Cross or Dutch Bond and -results in a very attractive pattern in the wall of Greek crosses -running in diagonal lines. The Dutch Bond differs from the English -Bond only in the way the corners of the wall are treated.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 270px;"> -<a id="Fig_49"></a> -<img src="images/fig49.png" width="270" height="153" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 49. English Cross or Dutch Bond</p> -</div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 277px;"> -<a id="Fig_50"></a> -<img src="images/fig50.png" width="277" height="283" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 50. Flemish Bond</p> -</div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 272px;"> -<a id="Fig_51"></a> -<img src="images/fig51.png" width="272" height="155" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 51. Garden Wall Bond</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Flemish</div> - -<p>The Flemish Bond (<a href="#Fig_50">Fig. 50</a>) secures its effect by laying each course -in alternate stretchers and headers, the header resting upon the -facile of the stretcher in successive courses. This produces a very -attractive pattern of inlaid Greek crosses and is a favorite among -builders because of its artistic effect. It also may be modified in -various ways by shifting the stretcher or header so as to produce -different pattern effects, thus the Garden Wall Bond so-called -(<a href="#Fig_51">Fig. 51</a>), is made by laying the courses with from two to four -stretchers alternating with a header.</p> - -<p><a href="#Fig_47">Figs. 47-51</a>, illustrating the above bonds, are all drawn to show -both exterior and interior corners of a wall, which is drawn as -a two-brick wall at the left end and a three-brick wall at the -right. The inside face of the three-brick wall in all cases is -bonded to the middle tier by Common Bond. The method of starting -the bond at the corner is clearly shown, whether by a quarter, -half, three-quarter, or whole brick, also how the brick are cut or -clipped, and how closures are used.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 273px;"> -<a id="Fig_52"></a> -<a id="Fig_53"></a> -<img src="images/fig52-53.png" width="273" height="193" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 52 Fig. 53 Diamond Bond Patterns</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Face Brick Patterns</div> - -<p>With these three fundamental bonds—the Running or Stretcher, -the English, and the Flemish, innumerable other patterns may be -made by the simple device of shifting the stretcher or header in -successive courses back and forth, always breaking the joint, that -is, never permitting two successive vertical joints to lie in -the same line. To illustrate, we give examples of diamond-shaped -patterns in <a href="#Fig_52">Figs. 52 and 53</a> which are -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35">- 35 -</a></span> -secured by a modification -of the Garden Wall Bond. It is, however, only in case of large -wall surfaces that patterns of an elaborate character could be -recommended; ordinarily, the three bonds mentioned, with their -simple modifications, will cover all requirements of domestic -architecture. Simple patterns in brickwork may be made very -attractive. Any departure from simple bonds adds to the cost of the -bricklaying.</p> - -<p>In addition to bonds proper and the patterns that may be woven -out of them, there are certain other pleasing ornamental effects -that may be secured in the wall surface by the arrangement of the -brick. Thus for a water table or a sill course, the header or the -stretcher may be set vertically. Treated in this way headers are -called "row-locks" and stretchers, "soldiers" (see <a href="#Fig_44">Figs. 44 and -45</a>). For dadoes and friezes or for paneling, especially on large -surfaces, patterns of a simple or ornate design may be used, as in -Figs. <a href="#Fig_52">52</a>-<a href="#Fig_54">56</a>.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 406px;"> -<a id="Fig_54"></a> -<img src="images/fig54.png" width="406" height="137" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 54. Checkerboard Pattern</p> -</div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 135px;"> -<a id="Fig_55"></a> -<img src="images/fig55.png" width="135" height="134" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 55. Basket Weave Pattern</p> -</div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 133px;"> -<a id="Fig_56"></a> -<img src="images/fig56.png" width="133" height="133" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 56. Herringbone Pattern</p> -</div> - - - -<hr class="chap"> - -<h2><a id="MORTAR_JOINTS">MORTAR JOINTS</a></h2> - - -<div class="sidenote">Great Importance</div> - -<p>In examining the bond in a brick wall, the eye naturally is first -attracted to the brick units as so many colored spots arranged in -different order so as to produce a certain pattern effect; but this -pattern effect in the brickwork depends very largely upon what -at first may be overlooked or disregarded, the mortar joint. The -mention of mortar suggests in the mind a very commonplace thing -which the workman mixes and carries in a hod to the bricklayer; but -it is concave one of the most important elements entering into the -beauty, as well as the strength, of a brick wall.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 149px;"> -<a id="Fig_57"></a> -<img src="images/fig57.png" width="149" height="161" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption1">Fig. 57. Mortar Joints</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Effect of Mortar Color</div> - -<p>When you consider that all the joints in brickwork, both vertical -or "head" joints, and horizontal or "bed" joints, are filled with -mortar weathered of one color or another, amounting on an average -to one-seventh of the wall, it is evident what a vital part they -play in the appearance of the entire wall surface. An artist will -tell you that this amount of color introduced into any surface will -greatly modify, by contrast or analogy, the general effect, so that -it is of the utmost importance, in selecting the sort of brick you -wish for your wall surface, that you also select the mortar joint.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Three Elements Involved</div> - -<p>Three elements must be carefully considered in dealing with the -mortar joint: its color, its texture, and its size and kind. The -color of the mortar joint may be such as entirely to destroy the -beauty of the brick. On the other hand, if it is properly chosen, -it will bring out the fine shades and tones of the brick in such a -way as to enhance very greatly its natural beauty. Then, the mortar -joint has a certain texture which is produced either by finishing -it rough or smoothing it with the trowel or a tool made for that -purpose. This mere treatment of the surface of the mortar joint has -more to do with the appearance of the wall than one might at first -suppose. In addition to that, the size of the mortar joint, running -from a thin "buttered" joint up to an inch in width affects the -color relation of the whole surface; and the kind of joint, whether -cut flush, raked out, or tooled in various shapes, has -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_36">- 36 -</a></span> -a distinct -bearing on the whole effect (<a href="#Fig_57">Fig. 57</a>). In a word, do not neglect -the mortar joint, for it is one of the most important elements -that go to make up the beautiful fabric of the brick wall, in the -building of which there is deserved and required the exercise of a -fine discriminating taste.</p> - -<p>All in all, what with the convenient units of stretcher and header, -each with its color and texture, you have a medium in the choice -of bond, mortar joint, and pattern for weaving the most charming -mosaic or tapestry effects into the wall surface, a possibility -offered by no other material than face brick.</p> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Mortar Colors</span></p> - -<p>Colored mortar joints may be produced in two ways, first, by the -use of a natural colored sand or ground granite or other stone, and -secondly, by the use of artificial mortar colors. Pure white joints -are obtained by using white sand or ground limestone or marble. -As the color of the mortar greatly affects the appearance of the -finished wall, much care should be given to the selection and -proper use of these colors, whether natural or artificial. As the -color of the finished mortar after it has set and dried is never -the same as that of the fresh mortar, experience is the only guide -for the proper preparation of the mortar. Someone has well said -that the right way to make mortar is to mix brains with it.</p> - -<p>When artificial color is used, it should first be thoroughly mixed -with the dry sand. Never add this mixture to hot lime. But after -the slaked lime has thoroughly cooled, mix it with the colored -sand in batches in a separate box. If preferred, the color may be -made into a thick paste with water and then added directly to the -mortar. In either case, thorough mixing and uniform proportion of -quantities are essential. The more thorough the mixing and uniform -the proportions, the more permanent and uniform will be the color -and the less color required. Use the best colors obtainable on the -market, as cheap colors may ruin the appearance of the wall.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Quantities</div> - -<p>As to quantity required, the exact amount of color varies greatly -with the exact shade of the color selected, the width of the mortar -joint, and the brand used. As a fair general estimate, it will take -approximately 75 pounds of coloring matter for every 1000 bricks -laid with <sup>3</sup>/<sub>8</sub> to <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>-inch mortar joints. But it is always safest to -follow the directions of the manufacturer as to the kind of color -and the exact amount required.</p> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Various Kinds of Mortar</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">Materials</div> - -<p>Mortar, as the bonding material between brick, must be given -careful attention as the strength of the wall depends on its -quality. Mortar is composed of sand and either lime or cement, or -both. In all cases the materials should be the best. The cement -should pass the test of the American Society for Testing Materials. -The lime should be either fresh and well-burned lump lime, slaked -so as to produce a smooth, puttylike mass without lumps, or the -prepared hydrated kind found on the market. The sand should be -sharp, clean, and free from foreign matter, and screened through a -mesh of the size to secure the proper fineness. For wide joints, -the mortar needs, instead of sand, fine gravel of the size required -to give it sufficient body.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Kinds of Mortar</div> - -<p>In large cities the building ordinances require certain mixtures of -mortar. For various mixtures see <a href="#Page_104">page 104</a>. But where there are no -legal requirements, the contractor's own judgment and experience -should guide him in the selection of the proper mix, as each one -has certain qualities which recommend it. Portland cement mortar is -stiffer and harder to work than lime mortar, but should always be -used where permanence and strength are required, as in exposed or -heavy bearing situations, or in cold weather when the mortar must -set before it freezes. Lime mortar may do for the usual work, above -the grade in dry warm climates. It should not, however, be used -for basement walls, except possibly where the soil is extremely -dry, nor for piers or points in the wall that carry heavy loads. -It is smooth and works easily, so that more brick can be laid per -day than with cement mortar, but its use should be limited to the -proper situations. Cement-lime mortar has the combined qualities -of both cement mortar and lime mortar. It has both strength and -good working qualities, and costs less than cement mortar. It is -preferred by many to cement mortar; we recommend its use in proper -situations, throughout this Manual.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Mixing Cement Mortar</div> - -<p>Cement mortar must be mixed and used immediately, as cement sets -very quickly. On this account, it should not be made in large -quantities and, once it has obtained a partial set, should never -be re-tempered. The cement and sand for cement mortar should be -thoroughly mixed while dry, by turning the material over three or -four times with a shovel, when sufficient water to make a plastic -mass should be added, turning again several times. It is always -desirable to add a small quantity of lime, when tempering -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37">- 37 -</a></span> -the cement mortar, in order to make it easier to work.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Mixing Lime Mortar</div> - -<p>Lump lime should be slaked as soon as possible after delivery on -the job. If it is allowed to stand for any length of time, it -should be stored in an air-tight box; otherwise, it may become air -slaked, reducing mostly to powder and soft, crumbly lumps. The -fresh lime is always in hard lumps and should be free from cinders. -Lime is slaked in a mortar box by adding water to the lump lime. -On adding water the lime becomes very hot, gives off vapor, and -finally burst into a powder which gradually reduces to a paste -known as lime putty. The exact amount of water necessary varies -with different limes, but in all cases, the right proportions used -in slaking must be watched carefully. An excess of water will stop -the slaking process. If not enough water is used the lime will -"burn" and lose its strength. If left overnight, the mortar box -should be covered with planks.</p> - -<p>When slaking is completed, the lime is reduced to what is called -"putty", which should be of uniform consistency throughout, -containing no unslaked lumps. The sand should now be added, the -exact amount depending upon the quality of mortar desired, and -thoroughly mixed with the putty, and then shoveled out on wooden -planks where it should remain for at least a week before using.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Hydrated lime</div> - -<p>Hydrated lime is in powdered form and needs no other preparation -than the addition of water. Its quality is uniform and produces -satisfactory results, even when experienced labor cannot be -obtained, and may be used at once on the job. Its uniformity and -the facility it gives in handling the mortar make it preferable to -lump lime although it costs somewhat more.</p> - -<p>The mixing of cement-lime mortar is very simple, as all that is -needed is to add the proper amount of cement to the lime mortar, -at the time it is tempered for use, and very thoroughly mix into a -consistent mass.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Tempering Mortar</div> - -<p>Working the mortar and adding water to bring it to proper -consistency for actual use on the job is called tempering, a -process that should be continued until the mortar slides easily off -the trowel. All white spots, which are really small lumps of lime, -should be made to disappear; otherwise, these lumps will swell and -"pop" after the mortar is laid in the wall.</p> - - -<hr class="chap"> - -<h2><a id="INCREASING_FIRE_PROTECTION"></a>INCREASING FIRE PROTECTION</h2> - - -<div class="sidenote">Lessons from Europe</div> - -<p>The loss by fire which the people of this country suffer every -year, both in human lives and in property values, is appalling. The -loss of life, according to conservation estimates of the National -Board of Fire Underwriters amounts to 15,000 persons annually, and -the destruction of property approaches an average of a quarter of a -billion dollars every year. This certainly is a fearful tribute to -pay for our criminal negligence and mistaken economies.</p> - -<p>We have recently been learning the science and art of war from -Europe to combat unjust aggression, but we have a much better -lesson to learn from the older country in our fight against the -ruthless fire fiend. Making all allowance for difference in the -purchasing value of money between Europe and America, it still -speaks ill for our good sense that we, over a hundred million -strong, besides enduring all the suffering involved, should allow -our National "ash heap" to cost us upwards of $2.00 a piece, when -the European countries manage to get through on a per capita cost -of from 11 to 49 cents. The Demon of Carelessness may account for -much of this inexcusable difference, but our mistaken sense of -economy, in using cheap, combustible types of construction, is -largely to blame.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Individual Duty</div> - -<p>The cure for this disgraceful status in our fire losses should -not be left entirely to municipal ordinances and fire insurance -requirements, but should begin with every individual who builds a -home. He should make it his first concern to see that his house is -as completely protected from fire as possible, not only for the -safety of himself and family but also for that of the community in -which he lives and of which he should form a responsible part.</p> - -<p>Therefore, brick as a building material makes the strongest sort of -appeal to your prospective clients because of its entire proofness -against fire.</p> - -<p>Every brick you put into a house is fireproof, so that the more -brick you use, the more completely is the house free from the risk -of fire. But in situations where brick are not or cannot be used -in house construction, as much protection against fire as possible -should be secured.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Roof</div> - -<p>As the roof is always a very vulnerable part of the house, in case -of outside fires, it should be covered with a non-combustible or -fire-resisting material such as shingle tile, slate, asbestos, -or asphalt. This will not only reduce insurance rates but will -complete the house consistently with the permanent fireproof nature -of face brick wall construction.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38">- 38 -</a></span></p> - -<p>Serious consideration should be given this point when planning a -house; for, by adopting a roof of this character, each individual -owner not only guards his own welfare but helps to reduce the -enormous annual fire loss in this country which rests as a burden -upon everyone.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Wooden Shingles</div> - -<p>The wooden shingle roof is just so much tinder ready to be set -ablaze by an adjacent fire or a flying firebrand and in turn -throws off similar sparks which are carried by the wind, thus -communicating fire from one house to another.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Fire Resistive Shingles</div> - -<p>Shingle tile, slate, and asbestos are the most fireproof as well -as the most expensive in the group of permanent roof coverings. -They are heavier than the wooden shingle and generally require -a stronger roof construction to support them. Each has artistic -qualities of its own in the way of permanent textures and colors -which recommend it. Asphalt shingles, while not fireproof, are -fire-resistive to a very great degree. They do not support -combustion, cannot be set afire by flying brands, and thus retard -the spread of fire. They are light in weight and can be placed -over the same roof construction as the wooden shingle. We strongly -recommend the use of any of the above mentioned roof materials in -connection with a face brick house.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Costs</div> - -<p>As a general approximate estimate, we might say that a slate roof -of <sup>3</sup>/<sub>16</sub>-inch commercial slate would increase the cost of the house -two per cent, as compared with the use of a wooden shingle roof. -Shingle tile would cost perhaps a little more than slate, while -asbestos shingle would come a little less. Asphalt would cost -no more than wooden shingles, perhaps not quite so much. But we -suggest your seeing the local dealer who will gladly furnish all -information on these different materials as to durability and exact -local cost.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Fire Risks</div> - -<p>According to the figures of the National Board of Fire -Underwriters, the relation of outside to inside fires, for 1916 to -1918, is presented in the table given below. The figures for 1919 -were not compiled at this writing but the ratios would doubtless -run about the same, and the lesson is obvious. If the 25 to 30 per -cent of fires started from without call for fire-safe exterior -construction, the 70 to 75 per cent of interior fires demand -special care against fire within. Much of the interior of a house -is of burnable material, and the matter becomes very serious when -it concerns the wooden floors and partitions which in case of fire -may be consumed, resulting in the total collapse of the interior. -These portions may be protected from the attack of fire by the use -of a first-class metal lath or even gypsum plaster board, as a base -for plastering, which would at least retard the fire from spreading -until it could be subdued and put under control.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Protect Weak Parts</div> - -<p>Instead of protecting the entire interior by metal lath or gypsum -board the desired result may be obtained by using it in certain -places considered most hazardous. First of all, the frame bearing -partitions through the middle of the brick or tile house, which -are the main supports for the floors above, and ceilings under -inhabited floors, should be protected; and, in case of veneer -construction, similar treatment on the inside surface of exterior -walls would add greatly to the safety and value of the house.</p> - -<p>As fires may originate in the ceiling over the heater and coal -bins, at chimney breasts, and around flues, metal lath or gypsum -board at these points would retard the spread of fire; and its use -around, but especially under, stairs would give a far safer exit -from the upper story of the house.</p> - -<p>Having built a face brick house for your client, as the most -substantial and attractive construction to be had, protected on -the outside with a roof of permanent material, and on the inside -with fire-resistive material at the weakest points, you have given -him the best possible value for his money, in a structure at once -beautiful, enduring, economical, and safe against fire.</p> - -<p class="tdc"><span class="smcap">Outside and Inside Causes of Fire</span></p> - -<table class="bbox2" style="width:45em;"> -<tr> - <td rowspan="2"></td> - <td class="tdc bdl" colspan="2">1916</td> - <td class="tdc bdl" colspan="2">1917</td> - <td class="tdc bdl" colspan="2">1918</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc bdl"><i>Claims</i></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>Loss</i></td> - <td class="tdc bdl"><i>Claims</i></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>Loss</i></td> - <td class="tdc bdl"><i>Claims</i></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>Loss</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl bdt"><i>All Causes</i></td> - <td class="tdc bdl bdt">361,742</td> - <td class="tdc bdt">$208,705,340</td> - <td class="tdc bdl bdt">356,896</td> - <td class="tdc bdt">$231,628,000</td> - <td class="tdc bdl bdt">328,737</td> - <td class="tdc bdt">$283,103,101</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><i>Outside Causes</i></td> - <td class="tdc bdl">114,900</td> - <td class="tdc">56,684,837</td> - <td class="tdc bdl">88,549</td> - <td class="tdc">61,971,156</td> - <td class="tdc bdl">104,622</td> - <td class="tdc">79,947,935</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><i>Outside Causes Percentage</i></td> - <td class="tdc bdl">31.76%</td> - <td class="tdc">22.36%</td> - <td class="tdc bdl">24.81%</td> - <td class="tdc">26.75%</td> - <td class="tdc bdl">31.83%</td> - <td class="tdc">28.24%</td> -</tr> -</table> - - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39">- 39 -</a></span></p> - - - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 321px; margin-top: 8em;"> -<img src="images/title2.png" width="321" height="341" alt=""> -</div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 38px; margin-top: 10em;"> -<img src="images/flower.png" width="38" height="36" alt=""> -</div> - -<hr class="chap"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40">- 40 -</a></span></p> - - - - -<div id="FACE_BRICK_HOUSE_DESIGNS" class="fig_center" style="width: 553px;"> -<img src="images/title3.png" width="553" height="111" alt=""> -</div> - - -<p>The thirty-one face brick houses here shown were designed for us -by Messrs. Dean & Dean, well-known architects of Chicago, who have -been especially successful in planning the small house. To get -the effect of various color-toned brick, we had the architects' -perspectives done in oil, and were fortunate enough to secure -for this purpose the skillful hand of Mr. Alfred Juergens, an -artist who has won an enviable reputation in this country for his -exquisite color work. While the reproductions, here presented, -cannot adequately give the effect of the originals, they fairly -represent the possibility of beautiful color effects in brickwork.</p> - -<p>If you study the floor plans carefully, you will find them modern -in arrangement and conveniently planned so as to save steps for -the woman of the house. This economical interior arrangement -also effects an economy in cost of construction. The dimensions -of the rooms are shown, also the location of the furniture is -suggested, helping more than anything else to visualize the size -and proportions of the plans. The lighting outlets, switches, and -receptacles are indicated according to the table of symbols given -below.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Working Drawings</div> - -<p>The full working drawings, done at a scale of one-quarter inch -to the foot, include floor plans, elevations, and all necessary -details. The elevations show the size and shape of all windows, -doors, cornices, porches, steps, chimneys, and the pitch of -all roofs. The plans give the size of all rooms and closets, -the location of all doors, windows, stairs, plumbing fixtures, -cabinets, lights and heating registers, and are fully dimensioned. -The details drawn to a larger scale include sections of all -interior trim, kitchen or pantry cabinets, and sections through the -exterior wall, giving story and window heights.</p> - -<p>One of the special merits of these drawings is that three wall -sections are given for each house, showing the complete wall -construction for solid brick, face brick on hollow tile, and face -brick on wood studs.</p> - -<p>This feature is valuable as the purchaser may build the house -according to the method of construction he wishes; he is also thus -put in a position to obtain figures each way to determine for -himself the costs of the different types of construction in his -locality.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Specifications</div> - -<p>The specifications give full description of all materials and items -not usually shown on the plans. They are very clear and explicit, -so that there can be no possibility of misunderstanding. Such items -as kind and grade of lumber, interior finish and floor, and kind -of brick, are left for the individual to determine for himself, as -they are matters of personal preference. Different kinds of roofs -are specified, including tile, slate, asbestos, asphalt, and wooden -shingle. The owner may strike out from the specifications the ones -he does not wish.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Quantity Survey</div> - -<p>The quantity survey is a complete bill of materials for the -brickwork, carpentry, and plastering work, with blank columns for -the use of the estimator in filling in his prices. This feature is -not only of great assistance to the contractor when estimating, -but assures the owner that competing contractors are figuring on -the same materials. This survey is compiled to list the materials -necessary for a house with walls of solid brick, giving at the same -time alternative quantities for walls of face brick on hollow tile, -and face brick on wood studs.</p> - -<p>The quantity survey given is based upon a level lot so that if the -house is to be built upon a slope, certain changes will have to be -made in the quantities of face and common brick.</p> - -<p>It must also be noted that the porch foundations are shown four -feet below grade, a depth meeting the average climatic conditions. -If the house, therefore, is to be constructed in a warm climate, -these foundations need not extend so deep. If in a very cold -climate, on the other hand, all foundations may have to be extended -to the customary depth for that locality. In either case, the -quantity of common brick should be adjusted.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 179px;"> -<img src="images/symbols.png" width="179" height="176" alt="Symbolschap"> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41">- 41 -</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">Reversal</div> - -<p>A very valuable feature of these plans and elevations is the fact -that each set is drawn in the reverse with a different exterior -design, so as to meet the requirements of any location you desire. -If, however, you prefer the plans of one set and the elevations -of the reverse, order the drawings that way. We will send both -elevations, so that for your convenience you can use the figures on -the original in place of the reversed figures on the reverse. You -thus have in the case of each house three choices, the original, -its complete reverse, and its partial reverse.</p> - -<p>In locations where no public method of sewage disposal exists, -the owner will have to install a disposal system of his own. If -this is the case, let us know when ordering your plans, and we -will send you, without additional charge, details and description -of an inexpensive system of sewage disposal that will fill your -requirements. You will find this subject amply treated in Bulletin -No. 57 of the U. S. Department of Agriculture on "Water Supply, -Plumbing, and Sewage Disposal for Country Houses."</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Costs</div> - -<p>We could not venture to state the total cost of any of the houses -shown, as prices not only vary in different localities throughout -the country and fluctuate from time to time in the same locality, -but each prospective owner's taste would require different -materials for both exterior and interior finish, so that it would -be impossible to make any definite statement of cost hold good.</p> - -<p>We are prepared to supply you with complete working drawings, -specifications, and quantity surveys of materials, for any house -you may desire, at an extremely low fee. In view of the fact that -these instruments are the work of architects of high standing -and long experience, the prices indicated in connection with -the designs are merely nominal. Additional copies of the plans, -specifications, and quantity surveys may be obtained at the -following prices: Plans $1.25, specifications $1.25, quantity -surveys 50 cents. Working drawings with bill of materials of -fireplaces shown on <a href="#Page_30">pages 30 and 31</a> will be sent for $1.00 each.</p> - -<p>We shall be glad to be of any help we can on points that are not -clearly understood.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 524px; margin-bottom: 8em;"> -<img src="images/page41.png" width="524" height="270" alt=""> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_42">- 42 -</a></span></p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 479px;"> -<a id="No_41"></a> -<img src="images/page42.png" width="479" height="435" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption2 smcap">Four Room House No. 41</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43">- 43 -</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 550px;"> -<img src="images/page43.png" width="550" height="486" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption2 smcap">Four Room House No. 41</p> -</div> - -<p>An attractive exterior and a cozy interior characterize this house. -The living room, exposed on three sides, is light and airy. The -cozy corner, formed by the fireplace and stairs, looks out upon -the garden. There is a convenient coat closet off the living room -near the front entrance. The stairs to the basement are close to -the kitchen and have an entrance door at grade giving access to the -basement from outside.</p> - -<p>The kitchen is large enough for dining purposes, frequently -convenient, and has a large porch and pantry.</p> - -<p>The second floor is complete with two bedrooms and their closets, a -linen closet, and a bath.</p> - -<p>Size 15'0" × 28'0". This design and plan are the reverse of <a href="#No_42">No. 42</a>.</p> - -<p>Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $12.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_44">- 44 -</a></span></p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 476px;"> -<a id="No_42"></a> -<img src="images/page44.png" width="476" height="411" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption2 smcap">Four Room House No. 42</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45">- 45 -</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 534px;"> -<img src="images/page45.png" width="534" height="504" alt=""> -<p class="fig_caption2 smcap">Four Room House No. 42</p> -</div> - -<p>It is seldom that a small house which comes within the limits of a -modest income is as complete as this attractive home. The living -room with its open stairway and fireplace, forming an ingle nook, -is very cheery.</p> - -<p>A coat closet is convenient to the front entrance. The combination -kitchen and dining room is well-arranged and has a large pantry and -porch.</p> - -<p>The two bedrooms on the second floor are exposed on two sides and -the closets have windows. The bathroom and linen closet complete -the plan.</p> - -<p>Size 15'0" × 28'0". This design and plan are the reverse of <a href="#No_41">No. 41</a>.</p> - -<p>Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $12.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_46">- 46 -</a></span></p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 461px;"> -<a id="No_43"></a> -<img src="images/page46.png" width="461" height="423" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Four Room House No. 43</span> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47">- 47 -</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 503px;"> -<img src="images/page47.png" width="503" height="414" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Four Room House No. 43</span> -</div> - -<p>An excellent house, reduced in size so that it represents a -moderate investment, yet completely fulfilling the requirements of -a small family. As one enters the living room he is greeted by the -attractive fireplace opposite. The open stairway at the end of the -living room gives exposure on that side so that the room is light -and airy. The coat closet is located on the stairs convenient to -the entrance. The kitchen is large enough for dining purposes, -and is connected with the living room by a good-sized pantry. The -basement stairs have an entrance at grade, thereby saving the cost -of outside stairs.</p> - -<p>The two bedrooms on the second floor are good-sized, have large -closets, and exposure on two sides. One of the rooms has an -additional closet and there is a fine linen closet off the hall.</p> - -<p>Size 19'0" × 26'6". This design and plan are the reverse of <a href="#No_44">No. 44</a>.</p> - -<p>Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $12.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_48">- 48 -</a></span></p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 466px;"> -<a id="No_44"></a> -<img src="images/page48.png" width="466" height="433" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Four Room House No. 44</span> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_49">- 49 -</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 523px;"> -<img src="images/page49.png" width="523" height="445" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Four Room House No. 44</span> -</div> - -<p>A very cozy and convenient home for the family of moderate means. -The welcome of an open stairway is always pleasing and in this -house it serves a double purpose by adding to the apparent length -of the room. The kitchen is especially large for this small house -and may also be used, if desired, as a dining room. It is connected -with the living room through the pantry. Stairs lead to the -basement from this pantry with a landing and entrance at grade. -There are two rooms on the second floor well supplied with closets, -a bathroom, and a linen closet. There is no waste space anywhere -throughout the house, every square foot being put to use.</p> - -<p>Size 19'0" × 26'6". This design and plan are the reverse of <a href="#No_43">No. 43</a>.</p> - -<p>Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $12.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_50">- 50 -</a></span></p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 464px;"> -<a id="No_45"></a> -<img src="images/page50.png" width="464" height="433" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Four Room Bungalow No. 45</span> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_51">- 51 -</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 284px;"> -<img src="images/page51.png" width="284" height="447" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Four Room Bungalow No. 45</span> -</div> - -<p>The convenience of a home with all the rooms on one floor is -appreciated not only by those who have dwelt in an apartment, but -by many others. This small bungalow is very compact and complete. -Notice how the bedroom group is secluded from the living quarter. -Both rooms have access to the bathroom and linen closet by a -private hall. The kitchen being small, saves many steps for the -housewife. It is supplemented by a good pantry in which is placed -the refrigerator, with an outside icing door. There is an excellent -rear porch large enough to be screened in and used, if desired, -either as a summer kitchen or dining room. The basement stairs are -within the house and have an outside entrance at grade.</p> - -<p>Size 28'0" × 30'0". This design and plan are the reverse of <a href="#No_46">No. 46</a>.</p> - -<p>Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $12.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_52">- 52 -</a></span></p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 479px;"> -<a id="No_46"></a> -<img src="images/page52.png" width="479" height="369" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Four Room Bungalow No. 46</span> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_53">- 53 -</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 275px;"> -<img src="images/page53.png" width="275" height="455" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Four Room Bungalow No. 46</span> -</div> - -<p>An attractive little bungalow with hipped roof, suitable for a -small family, and very conveniently arranged.</p> - -<p>The bedroom and bath are separated from the living room by a hall. -A linen closet at the end of the hall completes this part of the -house. The living room is of a good size and is connected with the -kitchen by a pantry in which is placed the refrigerator which is -iced from the porch. The basement stairs are within the house.</p> - -<p>Size 28'0" × 30'0". This design and plan are the reverse of <a href="#No_45">No. 45</a>.</p> - -<p>Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $12.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_54">- 54 -</a></span></p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 482px;"> -<a id="No_51"></a> -<img src="images/page54.png" width="482" height="384" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Five Room House No. 51</span> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_55">- 55 -</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 504px;"> -<img src="images/page55.png" width="504" height="427" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Five Room House No. 51</span> -</div> - -<p>A most livable home for a small family. The one large living room, -extending from front to rear of this house, makes it appropriate -for a location on the south side of the street or with an -attractive view to the rear. The kitchen has been combined with the -dining room but has the advantage of a door opening through the -pantry to one end of the living room which, on occasion, may be -used for large dinners, and convenient connection is also made with -the front hall.</p> - -<p>On the second floor are a bath and three bedrooms with ample -closets.</p> - -<p>Size 22'2" × 30'8". This design and plan are the reverse of <a href="#No_52">No. 52</a>.</p> - -<p>Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $15.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_56">- 56 -</a></span></p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 481px;"> -<a id="No_52"></a> -<img src="images/page56.png" width="481" height="444" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Five Room House No. 52</span> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_57">- 57 -</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 519px;"> -<img src="images/page57.png" width="519" height="419" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Five Room House No. 52</span> -</div> - -<p>A cozy little home, substantial and comfortable. In this plan the -living room is larger than usually found in houses of this size, -arranged so that the far end, connected with the kitchen by a -pantry, may be used, if desired, for dining purposes. The kitchen -is of such dimensions and so arranged that it may be used regularly -as the dining room, a point readily appreciated by the woman -without help. The second floor contains three bedrooms, with the -customary closets, and a bath.</p> - -<p>Size 22'2" × 30'8". This design and plan are the reverse of <a href="#No_51">No. 51</a>.</p> - -<p>Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $15.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_58">- 58 -</a></span></p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 476px;"> -<a id="No_53"></a> -<img src="images/page58.png" width="476" height="437" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Five Room House No. 53</span> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_59">- 59 -</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 512px;"> -<img src="images/page59.png" width="512" height="447" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Five Room House No. 53</span> -</div> - -<p>A very conveniently arranged home. The roomy front porch, all of -brick, affords a delightfully cool spot for hot summer evenings. -Entrance is through a vestibule to a hall with an open stairway, -and a coat closet on the lower landing.</p> - -<p>The living room has an attractive fireplace across the corner -of the room and wide openings to dining room and hall. There is -a large pantry and a good porch in connection with the kitchen. -The basement stairs have an entrance at grade, a point readily -appreciated in stormy weather. On the second floor there are two -very large bedrooms. The closet space is much larger than is found -in most houses.</p> - -<p>Size 23'0" × 28'8" exclusive of pantry and porches. This design and -plan are the reverse of <a href="#No_54">No. 54</a>.</p> - -<p>Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $15.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_60">- 60 -</a></span></p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 475px;"> -<a id="No_54"></a> -<img src="images/page60.png" width="475" height="444" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Five Room House No. 54</span> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_61">- 61 -</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 445px;"> -<img src="images/page61.png" width="445" height="434" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Five Room House No. 54</span> -</div> - -<p>A simple design with good proportions and roof lines, and an -excellent plan. The living and dining room are connected by a wide -cased opening, and the hall is practically a part of the living -room because of the large opening between them. There is a coat -closet adjacent to the vestibule, and a direct connection from -the hall to the kitchen and basement stairs. A large pantry is -connected with the kitchen and convenient to the dining room. The -entire second floor is devoted to two large bedrooms and a bath. -Note the dimensions of the bedrooms and the large closets, also the -extra closet in the main bedroom. There is a fine linen room off -the hall.</p> - -<p>Size 23'0" × 28'8" not including pantry and porch. This design and -plan are the reverse of <a href="#No_53">No. 53</a>.</p> - -<p>Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $15.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_62">- 62 -</a></span></p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 480px;"> -<a id="No_55"></a> -<img src="images/page62.png" width="480" height="390" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Five Room Bungalow No. 55</span> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_63">- 63 -</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 242px;"> -<img src="images/page63.png" width="242" height="456" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Five Room Bungalow No. 55</span> -</div> - -<p>Simple in design, this bungalow requires nothing more than the -color and texture of face brick for its success. The arrangement of -the plan is excellent and all the rooms are large.</p> - -<p>The bedrooms are placed on the corners to obtain light and air from -two directions, and have exceptionally large closets. In addition, -there are two closets off the hall. The dining and living rooms are -connected by a wide cased opening. There is a built-in sideboard -in the dining room and an attractive brick fireplace in the living -room. Connecting with the kitchen there is a fine pantry with an -outside window, a large rear porch and stairs to the basement -and attic. The basement stairs have an entrance at grade, very -convenient on washday, for garden use, for the removal of ashes, -etc.</p> - -<p>Size 28'0" × 38'0". This design and plan are the reverse of <a href="#No_56">No. 56</a>.</p> - -<p>Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $12.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_64">- 64 -</a></span></p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 479px;"> -<a id="No_56"></a> -<img src="images/page64.png" width="479" height="441" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Five Room Bungalow No. 56</span> -</div> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_65">- 65 -</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 240px;"> -<img src="images/page65.png" width="240" height="459" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Five Room Bungalow No. 56</span> -</div> - -<p>Country or town, seashore or mountain, this bungalow is suitable -for all locations. Cleverly arranged, with fireplace, built-in -sideboard, and closets ample in size and number, this plan has -much to recommend it. The bedrooms and bath are grouped together -and separated from the main rooms of the house by a hall. The main -porch is enclosed for all-year-round use. There is a large attic -over the entire house.</p> - -<p>Size 29'0" × 38'0". This design and plan are the reverse of <a href="#No_55">No. 55</a>.</p> - -<p>Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $15.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_66">- 66 -</a></span></p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 476px;"> -<a id="No_57"></a> -<img src="images/page66.png" width="476" height="440" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Five Room Bungalow No. 57</span> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_67">- 67 -</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 258px;"> -<img src="images/page67.png" width="258" height="455" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Five Room Bungalow No. 57</span> -</div> - -<p>The pleasing lines of the roof, combined with the color and texture -of the brickwork, make this design a success for either town or -country use. The porch is recessed under the main roof, an economy -in a small house. The living and dining rooms have a large cased -opening between them and there is a coat closet adjacent to the -entrance.</p> - -<p>In the dining room there is a recess for a sideboard. The bedrooms -are exposed on two sides and have good closets. The bathroom, -placed between the bedrooms, is connected directly with them, an -arrangement preferred by many.</p> - -<p>The kitchen is equipped with cabinets to take the place of the -pantry. The refrigerator is iced from outside.</p> - -<p>Size 24'6" × 36'0". This design and plan are the reverse of <a href="#No_58">No. 58</a>.</p> - -<p>Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $15.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_68">- 68 -</a></span></p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 471px;"> -<a id="No_58"></a> -<img src="images/page68.png" width="471" height="434" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Five Room Bungalow No. 58</span> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_69">- 69 -</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 285px;"> -<img src="images/page69.png" width="285" height="456" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Five Room Bungalow No. 58</span> -</div> - -<p>The very simplicity of this attractive little bungalow makes a -strong appeal to some tastes. The recessed porch which may be -easily glazed in and used during the winter leads to the living -room. The living and dining room are practically one, due to the -large opening between them. The bedrooms have the convenience of -the bath placed between them. The kitchen has a fine back porch -from which the refrigerator may be iced. There are cabinets in the -kitchen in place of the usual pantry. Stairs lead from the kitchen -to the attic, which extends over the entire house.</p> - -<p>Size 24'6" × 36'0". This design and plan are the reverse of <a href="#No_57">No. 57</a>.</p> - -<p>Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $15.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_70">- 70 -</a></span></p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 474px;"> -<a id="No_61"></a> -<img src="images/page70.png" width="474" height="442" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Six Room House No. 61</span> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_71">- 71 -</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 518px;"> -<img src="images/page71.png" width="518" height="433" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Six Room House No. 61</span> -</div> - -<p>One can easily imagine the comfort of a house like this. The -plan is cleverly arranged and complete. The hall, with its open -staircase and view across the living room to the fireplace beyond, -will charm the visitor and delight the owner. The passage from the -kitchen to the hall or to the basement stairs will be appreciated -by the housewife. As in its reverse, <a href="#No_62">No. 62</a>, the convenience of the -porch to the kitchen permits outside dining in pleasant weather.</p> - -<p>The second floor contains three bedrooms, with closets, a bath, -and a large linen closet. All bedrooms are exposed on two sides, -thereby securing excellent cross draft.</p> - -<p>Size 28'9" × 30'0". This design and plan are the reverse of <a href="#No_62">No. 62</a>.</p> - -<p>Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $18.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_72">- 72 -</a></span></p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 477px;"> -<a id="No_62"></a> -<img src="images/page72.png" width="477" height="382" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Six Room House No. 62</span> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_73">- 73 -</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 505px;"> -<img src="images/page73.png" width="505" height="479" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Six Room House No. 62</span> -</div> - -<p>A very pleasing and convenient home for a small family. The low, -rakish effect of the roof sweeping down over the porch produces -a very charming exterior and should make this design a great -favorite. The porch exposed on three sides, affords an ideal summer -lounging place. As it covers a kitchen door it may be used in -pleasant weather as a dining porch also. The entrance hall opens -into the living room with a large cased opening. It has a good coat -closet, and connects with the kitchen and basement stairs. The -pantry between the kitchen and dining room is very convenient from -either room, and is considered by many as an ideal arrangement. -The bedrooms on the second floor are well arranged and have large -closets. Size 28'9" × 30'0". This design and plan are the reverse -of <a href="#No_61">No. 61</a>.</p> - -<p>Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $18.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_74">- 74 -</a></span></p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 475px;"> -<a id="No_63"></a> -<img src="images/page74.png" width="475" height="440" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Six Room House No. 63</span> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_75">- 75 -</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 530px;"> -<img src="images/page75.png" width="530" height="437" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Six Room House No. 63</span> -</div> - -<p>An attractive and substantial looking house, with a broad porch -suggestive of rest and quiet. The fireplace and open stairway -in the living room welcome the stranger and give a feeling of -cheerfulness to the home. The dining room and living room are -connected by a wide opening. The kitchen is small and conveniently -arranged and has a large rear porch. There is a pantry between the -kitchen and dining room from which one may go to the basement. The -basement stairs have the convenience of an entrance at grade.</p> - -<p>The three bedrooms on the second floor are each provided with a -large closet. The bathroom is conveniently located at the head -of the stairs with a linen closet adjacent. The balcony over the -rear porch will be much appreciated as a convenience for domestic -purposes.</p> - -<p>Size 24'0" × 28'8". This design and plan are the reverse of <a href="#No_64">No. 64</a>.</p> - -<p>Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $18.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_76">- 76 -</a></span></p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 476px;"> -<a id="No_64"></a> -<img src="images/page76.png" width="476" height="439" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Seven Room House No. 64</span> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_77">- 77 -</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 498px;"> -<img src="images/page77.png" width="498" height="448" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Seven Room House No. 64</span> -</div> - -<p>Because of its convenient arrangement and economical shape, this -house should become a great favorite. In addition to the fine front -porch there is a good-sized porch in the rear, overlooking the -garden. The open stair at the end of the living room is attractive -and especial attention is called to the novel pantry arrangement by -which one may go to the side entrance or basement.</p> - -<p>The second floor has three large bedrooms, each with ample closet -room, a bathroom, and a linen closet. Over the rear porch there is -a flat deck accessible from the rear bedroom and useful for airing -of bedding, beating rugs, etc.</p> - -<p>Size 24'0" × 28'8". This design and plan are the reverse of <a href="#No_63">No. 63</a>.</p> - -<p>Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $20.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_78">- 78 -</a></span></p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 475px;"> -<a id="No_71"></a> -<img src="images/page78.png" width="475" height="444" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Seven Room House No. 71</span> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_79">- 79 -</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 524px;"> -<img src="images/page79.png" width="524" height="441" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Seven Room House No. 71</span> -</div> - -<p>A very popular plan in which the owner gets most for his money. The -combination entrance porch and sun parlor is a feature most desired -nowadays. The hall, with its open stair, window seat, and large -opening to the living room, gives a feeling of spaciousness and -welcome.</p> - -<p>The kitchen is very conveniently arranged with cabinets, and is -connected with the dining room by the pantry. The refrigerator, -iced from outside, is placed in this pantry where it is convenient -to both kitchen and dining room. There is also a rear stairway from -the kitchen connecting with the main stairs midway to the second -floor.</p> - -<p>The second floor has four corner bedrooms and one bath. Each room -has its closet, and there are two closets off the hall.</p> - -<p>Size 28'8" × 34'8".</p> - -<p>Full working drawing, specifications and bill of materials may be -had for $20.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_80">- 80 -</a></span></p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 456px;"> -<a id="No_73"></a> -<img src="images/page80.png" width="456" height="395" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Seven Room Bungalow No. 73</span> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_81">- 81 -</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 487px;"> -<img src="images/page81.png" width="487" height="452" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Seven Room Bungalow No. 73</span> -</div> - -<p>A well-proportioned home of the bungalow type, with the advantage -of a commodious second story, having three large bed rooms. -This result is made possible by the graceful gambrel roof which -dominates the whole design, as it sweeps down over the enclosed -porch, and extends across the entire face of the house.</p> - -<p>The large openings between the enclosed porch, living, dining and -breakfast room give the effect of openness to the house, while the -porch and breakfast room may be closed off by French doors. The den -is conveniently placed and has a closet so that it can be converted -into a bedroom.</p> - -<p>The kitchen is compact and has a large porch and pantry arranged -so that the refrigerator may be iced from outside. The basement -stairs leading from the pantry have an entrance door at the grade, -thus obviating outside steps, so frequently filled with snow in -wintertime.</p> - -<p>The size of the house, 24'8" × 51'0" makes it adaptable to a narrow -or a wide lot. This design and plan are the reverse of <a href="#No_74">No. 74</a>.</p> - -<p>Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $20.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_82">- 82 -</a></span></p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 457px;"> -<a id="No_74"></a> -<img src="images/page82.png" width="457" height="366" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Seven Room House No. 74</span> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_83">- 83 -</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 443px;"> -<img src="images/page83.png" width="443" height="428" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Seven Room House No. 74</span> -</div> - -<p>The unusually graceful roof lines make this a most attractive house -and will appeal to the discriminating house owner. The first floor -is very well-arranged. The effect of the living and dining room and -the two porches thrown together is excellent. The den is a feature -desired by many, not alone for such use as office or library, but -for an emergency bedroom on the ground floor. The basement stairs -are within the house but open on the outside at the grade line, -serving the double purpose of outside and inside stairs.</p> - -<p>There are three bedrooms with closets, a bathroom, and a storeroom -on the second floor.</p> - -<p>Size 24'8" × 51'0", including porches. This design and plan are the -reverse of <a href="#No_73">No. 73</a>.</p> - -<p>Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $20.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_84">- 84 -</a></span></p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 455px;"> -<a id="No_75"></a> -<img src="images/page84.png" width="455" height="364" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Seven Room Farm House No. 75</span> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_85">- 85 -</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 451px;"> -<img src="images/page85.png" width="451" height="443" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Seven Room Farm House No. 75</span> -</div> - -<p>To those who admire the bungalow type for a home, this design, -which is especially meant for rural localities, should make a -strong appeal. Its low, horizontal lines immediately suggest -"hominess," enhanced by the winter scene in which it is depicted. -The first floor provides in two good-sized bedrooms accommodations -for the family, while there are two bedrooms with closets and a -bath on the second floor for farm help or guests. The house is of -the economical rectangular type and is so arranged that all the -rooms are large, light, and airy.</p> - -<p>Although primarily designed for the farm, this house is quite -adaptable for town use.</p> - -<p>Size 28'0" × 48'0". This design and plan are the reverse of <a href="#No_76">No. 76</a>.</p> - -<p>Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $20.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_86">- 86 -</a></span></p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 459px;"> -<a id="No_76"></a> -<img src="images/page86.png" width="459" height="381" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Seven Room Farm House No. 76</span> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_87">- 87 -</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 426px;"> -<img src="images/page87.png" width="426" height="426" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Seven Room Farm House No. 76</span> -</div> - -<p>In this charming house both the beautiful and practical have been -attained to a high degree. The porch is exposed on three sides -and is glazed in for winter use. The well-proportioned roof and -the half-timber gables instantly catch and hold the eye. The -first floor has been planned for the farmer and his family, while -the second floor is specially fitted for the farm help, being -complete with a separate bathroom. The stairway from the second -floor descends to a side entrance from which access is had to the -dining room. The living room is larger than found in most houses, -and has a large open fireplace at one end with a nook and seat -at the other. Especial attention is called to the arrangement of -the bedrooms on the first floor. The kitchen is large enough for -dining purposes, with a well-arranged pantry. There is a good-sized -storeroom in the unoccupied part of the second story.</p> - -<p>Size 28'0" × 48'0". This design and plan are the reverse of <a href="#No_75">No. 75</a>.</p> - -<p>Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $20.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_88">- 88 -</a></span></p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 456px;"> -<a id="No_81"></a> -<img src="images/page88.png" width="456" height="406" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Eight Room House No. 81</span> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_89">- 89 -</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 484px;"> -<img src="images/page89.png" width="484" height="470" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Eight Room House No. 81</span> -</div> - -<p>A unique and rambling design with an excellent plan. The wide, -overhanging eaves and gentle slope of the roof give dignity as well -as charm to the house. The plan speaks for itself. It is open, -light and airy. The hall, pantry, and kitchen arrangement has been -very cleverly worked out. There are two stairs, one from the hall -and one from the pantry that meet on a common landing and continue -to the second floor. The side entrance, giving access to the -basement stairs and the first floor is very convenient, with closet -under stairway at entrance for general use.</p> - -<p>The second floor has four bedrooms and two baths. One bathroom is -connected with one of the bedrooms and the other contains a shower -stall in addition to the tub, a feature worth considering. This -plan is especially adapted to a narrow lot, although it may be -turned in any direction desired.</p> - -<p>The size is 24'9" × 47'0". This design and plan are the reverse of -<a href="#No_82">No. 82</a>.</p> - -<p>Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $22.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_90">- 90 -</a></span></p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 462px;"> -<a id="No_82"></a> -<img src="images/page90.png" width="462" height="393" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Eight Room House No. 82</span> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_91">- 91 -</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 512px;"> -<img src="images/page91.png" width="512" height="472" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Eight Room House No. 82</span> -</div> - -<p>Stately and dignified, a splendid example of the modern American -home. The lines of the roof and fine proportion of the gables are -very effective from all angles. The plan is simple. The rooms of -the first floor are all open, giving a feeling of spaciousness. -The hall, large and light, with its open staircase, is at once -the keynote of the whole house, welcoming all who may enter. For -convenience, a rear stairway leads from the service pantry to a -landing over the side entrance where it joins the main staircase. -The kitchen is of a good size, not too large, and has a fine rear -porch. There is a closet under stairway at entrance, for general -use.</p> - -<p>Of the two bathrooms on the second floor, one is directly connected -with one of the bedrooms. This arrangement meets the convenience of -the family as well as that of guests or boarders.</p> - -<p>The size of the house is 24'9" × 47'0". This design and plan are -the reverse of <a href="#No_81">No. 81</a>.</p> - -<p>Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $22.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_92">- 92 -</a></span></p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 470px;"> -<a id="No_83"></a> -<img src="images/page92.png" width="470" height="376" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Eight Room Farm House No. 83</span> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_93">- 93 -</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 503px;"> -<img src="images/page93.png" width="503" height="477" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Eight Room Farm House No. 83</span> -</div> - -<p>A good type of farm house fitting snugly into the landscape. As in -case of <a href="#No_84">No. 84</a>, it would also suit well as a country town boarding -house. The large living and dining room is connected with the -kitchen by a pantry. The six bedrooms may be used either for a -large family or, if desirable, the upper rooms might be set aside -for the help. Two baths, one on each floor, are necessary in an -arrangement of this kind. There are ample closets and linen space. -The porches are adequate.</p> - -<p>Size 26'6" × 38'8". This design and plan are the reverse of <a href="#No_84">No. 84</a>.</p> - -<p>Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $22.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_94">- 94 -</a></span></p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 464px;"> -<a id="No_84"></a> -<img src="images/page94.png" width="464" height="397" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Eight Room House No. 84</span> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_95">- 95 -</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 508px;"> -<img src="images/page95.png" width="508" height="480" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Eight Room House No. 84</span> -</div> - -<p>This commodious house may be used admirably for either a boarding -house in a country town, or a farm house when accommodation is -desired for the help. The living and dining room has been made -especially large on this account. There are four bedrooms with a -bath on the second floor. There are two bedrooms with bath on the -first floor. The rear porch is exceptionally large, being designed -for family use, while the front porch is for the boarders or the -help. There are both inside and outside stairs to the basement, a -very desirable convenience.</p> - -<p>Size 26'6" × 38'8". This design and plan are the reverse of <a href="#No_83">No. 83</a>.</p> - -<p>Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $22.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_96">- 96 -</a></span></p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 468px;"> -<a id="No_92"></a> -<img src="images/page96.png" width="468" height="377" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Nine Room House No. 92</span> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_97">- 97 -</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 528px;"> -<img src="images/page97.png" width="528" height="447" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Nine Room House No. 92</span> -</div> - -<p>A striking house for a village street, and yet quite appropriate -for a country home. The porch, an outstanding feature of the modern -American home, is here partly enclosed, forming a sun parlor for -all-year-round use. From the reception hall with its open stairway -and hall seat, one obtains an attractive view, across the living -room, of the fireplace opposite. Likewise the vista from the -dining room to the sun parlor is quite as charming. The kitchen -is arranged with cabinets in addition to the pantry, and has the -convenient feature of a stairway leading up to a landing where it -meets the main stairs midway to the second floor.</p> - -<p>The second floor arrangement is simple. The rooms are large and -the closets ample, without an inch of waste space. There are two -bedrooms with closets, and a bathroom on the third floor, not shown -on these plans.</p> - -<p>The size of the house is 28'8" × 34'8" exclusive of porches and -pantry.</p> - -<p>Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $22.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_98">- 98 -</a></span></p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 464px;"> -<a id="No_93"></a> -<img src="images/page98.png" width="464" height="404" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Nine Room Farm House No. 93</span> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_99">- 99 -</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 504px;"> -<img src="images/page99.png" width="504" height="489" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Nine Room Farm House No. 93</span> -</div> - -<p>A well-proportioned house with fine roof lines and charming -brickwork which should arouse admiration throughout the -country-side. It has been designed for the farmer and provides for -the help.</p> - -<p>There are two bedrooms with separate entrance and bath on the first -floor, connected with the dining room. The living room, dining -room, and porch form a very convenient group. The kitchen has a -large pantry and a separate grade entrance on the basement stairs -inside the house, a decided convenience.</p> - -<p>Four bedrooms, with a closet each, a bathroom, a linen room, and a -large storeroom, amply provide for the family.</p> - -<p>Size 30'6" × 38'6". This design and plan are the reverse of <a href="#No_94">No. 94</a>.</p> - -<p>Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $22.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_100">- 100 -</a></span></p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 462px;"> -<a id="No_94"></a> -<img src="images/page100.png" width="462" height="377" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Nine Room Farm House No. 94</span> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_101">- 101 -</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 506px;"> -<img src="images/page101.png" width="506" height="431" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Nine Room Farm House No. 94</span> -</div> - -<p>A simple, dignified home, relying for its beauty upon its -proportions and the exquisite charm of the brickwork. It has been -designed with the farmer's needs in view. The living room, with its -low, open fireplace adjoins the dining room and both open directly -on the main porch. The kitchen, which is large and conveniently -arranged, may, on occasion, serve as a dining room for the family, -and is provided with a commodious pantry. The basement stairs are -inside the house, an appealing feature in cold or stormy weather. -Particular attention is called to the bedroom arrangement, which -provides two bedrooms on the first floor for the farm help, -complete with closets, bath, and linen room. There is an individual -entrance from outside and direct communication with the dining -room, a feature readily appreciated by the woman on the farm.</p> - -<p>The second floor is devoted to the family sleeping rooms, with -exceptionally large closets and an ample storeroom. Size 30'6" × -38'6". This design and plan are the reverse of <a href="#No_93">No. 93</a>.</p> - -<p>Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $20.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_102">- 102 -</a></span></p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 467px;"> -<a id="Four_Flat"></a> -<img src="images/page102.png" width="467" height="437" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Four Flat Building</span> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_103">- 103 -</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 369px;"> -<img src="images/page103.png" width="369" height="447" alt=""> -<span class="fig_caption2">Four Flat Building</span> -</div> - -<p>This building has been planned for a seventy-five foot lot, which, -together with its specially planned form, would give a maximum of -light and air. A party wall divides the building so that either -half, complete in itself, might be sold separately.</p> - -<p>The hall, living, and dining rooms form a pleasant group. -Particular attention is called to the arrangement of the bedrooms, -which together with the bathroom, are isolated from the balance of -the house. An inside stairway leads to the basement from the first -floor. The rear porches which too often are quite unsightly on the -rear of the building, are here recessed between the bedroom wings, -a feature which also gives considerable protection to the porches -in the winter months. The second floor is the same as the first -except that there is an additional bedroom, 8'8" × 10'3" in each -flat, over the entrance vestibules.</p> - -<p>Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be -had for $25.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South -Dearborn Street, Chicago.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_104">- 104 -</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a id="USEFUL_TABLES_AND_SUGGESTIONS">USEFUL TABLES AND SUGGESTIONS</a></h2> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Mortar Mixes for Laying 1,000 Brick, <sup>1</sup>/<sub>8</sub>" Joint</span></p> - -<table style="border: double 3px #000;"> -<tr> - <td class="tdc bdb" rowspan="2" colspan="3">PROPORTIONS</td> - <td class="tdc bdl" colspan="3">QUANTITIES</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc bbox"><i>Cement</i></td> - <td class="tdc bbox"><i>Lime</i></td> - <td class="tdc bbox"><i>Sand</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3"><i>Cement Mortars</i></td> - <td class="tdc bdl bdb" rowspan="3">1<sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub> bbls.<br>optional</td> - <td class="tdc bdl bdb" rowspan="3"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> bbl.<br>optional</td> - <td class="tdc bdl bdb" rowspan="3"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> cu. yd.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">1</td> - <td class="tdl">part</td> - <td class="tdl">cement</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl bdb">2</td> - <td class="tdl bdb">parts</td> - <td class="tdl bdb">sand</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">1</td> - <td class="tdl">part</td> - <td class="tdl">cement</td> - <td class="tdc bdl bdb" rowspan="2">1<sup>3</sup>/<sub>8</sub> bbls.</td> - <td class="tdc bdl bdb" rowspan="2"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> bbl.<br>optional</td> - <td class="tdc bdl bdb" rowspan="2"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> cu. yd.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl bdb">2<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub></td> - <td class="tdl bdb">parts</td> - <td class="tdl bdb">sand</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">1</td> - <td class="tdl">part</td> - <td class="tdl">cement</td> - <td class="tdc bdl" rowspan="2">1<sup>1</sup>/<sub>8</sub> bbls.</td> - <td class="tdc bdl" rowspan="2"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> bbl.<br>optional</td> - <td class="tdc bdl" rowspan="2"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> cu. yd.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">3</td> - <td class="tdl">parts</td> - <td class="tdl">sand</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl bdt2" colspan="3"><i>Lump Lime Mortars</i></td> - <td class="bdt2 bdb bdl" rowspan="3"></td> - <td class="tdc bdt2 bdl bdb" rowspan="3"><sup>7</sup>/<sub>8</sub> bbl.</td> - <td class="tdc bdt2 bdl bdb" rowspan="3"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> cu. yd.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">1</td> - <td class="tdl">part</td> - <td class="tdl">lime</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl bdb">2</td> - <td class="tdl bdb">parts</td> - <td class="tdl bdb">sand</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">1</td> - <td class="tdl">part</td> - <td class="tdl">lime</td> - <td class="bdl bdb" rowspan="2"></td> - <td class="tdc bdl bdb" rowspan="2"><sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub> bbl.</td> - <td class="tdc bdl bdb" rowspan="2"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> cu. yd.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl bdb">2<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub></td> - <td class="tdl bdb">parts</td> - <td class="tdl bdb">sand</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">1</td> - <td class="tdl">part</td> - <td class="tdl">lime</td> - <td class="bdl" rowspan="2"></td> - <td class="tdc bdl" rowspan="2"><sup>5</sup>/<sub>8</sub> bbl.</td> - <td class="tdc bdl" rowspan="2"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> cu. yd.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl bdb">3</td> - <td class="tdl bdb">parts</td> - <td class="tdl bdb">sand</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl bdt2" colspan="3"><i>Hydrated Lime Mortar</i></td> - <td class="bdt2 bdl bdb" rowspan="3"></td> - <td class="tdc bdt2 bdl bdb" rowspan="3">3<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> sacks</td> - <td class="tdc bdt2 bdl bdb" rowspan="3"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> cu. yd.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">1</td> - <td class="tdl">part</td> - <td class="tdl">lime</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl bdb">2</td> - <td class="tdl bdb">parts</td> - <td class="tdl bdb">sand</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">1</td> - <td class="tdl">part</td> - <td class="tdl">lime</td> - <td class="bdl bdb" rowspan="2"></td> - <td class="tdc bdl bdb" rowspan="2">3     sacks</td> - <td class="tdc bdl bdb" rowspan="2"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> cu. yd.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl bdb">2<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub></td> - <td class="tdl bdb">parts</td> - <td class="tdl bdb">sand</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">1</td> - <td class="tdl">part</td> - <td class="tdl">lime</td> - <td class="bdl bdb" rowspan="2"></td> - <td class="tdc bdl bdb" rowspan="2">2<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> sacks</td> - <td class="tdc bdl bdb" rowspan="2"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> cu. yd.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl bdb">3</td> - <td class="tdl bdb">parts</td> - <td class="tdl bdb">sand</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl bdt2" colspan="3"><i>Cement-Lime Mortars</i></td> - <td class="tdc bdt2 bdl bdb" rowspan="4"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> bbl.</td> - <td class="tdc bdt2 bdl bdb" rowspan="4">1 sack<br>hydrated, or<br><sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> bbl.<br>lump lime</td> - <td class="tdc bdt2 bdl bdb" rowspan="4"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> cu. yd.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">1</td> - <td class="tdl">part</td> - <td class="tdl">cement</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">1</td> - <td class="tdl">part</td> - <td class="tdl">lime</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">6</td> - <td class="tdl">parts</td> - <td class="tdl">sand</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl bdt2" colspan="3"><i>Grout for <sup>3</sup>/<sub>16</sub>"-<sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub>" Joints</i></td> - <td class="tdc bdt2 bdl bdb" rowspan="3">approx.<br><sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub> bbl.</td> - <td class="bdt2 bdl bdb" rowspan="3"></td> - <td class="tdc bdt2 bdl bdb" rowspan="3">approx.<br><sup>1</sup>/<sub>3</sub> cu. yd.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">1</td> - <td class="tdl">part</td> - <td class="tdl">cement</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">3</td> - <td class="tdl">parts</td> - <td class="tdl">sand</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Mortar Mixes for Laying 1,000 Tile, <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>" Joint</span></p> - -<table class="bbox2"> -<tr> - <td class="tdl bbox tdc"><i>Size of Tile</i></td> - <td class="bbox vbot tdc"><i>Cement</i></td> - <td class="bbox vbot tdc"><i>Lime</i></td> - <td class="bbox vbot tdc"><i>Sand</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc">4" × 5" × 12"</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">1<sup>2</sup>/<sub>3</sub> bbls.</td> - <td class="bdl tdc"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> bbl.</td> - <td class="bdl tdc"><sup>2</sup>/<sub>3</sub> cu. yd.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">8" × 5" × 12"</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">3     bbls.</td> - <td class="bdl tdc"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> bbl.</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">1<sup>1</sup>/<sub>3</sub> cu. yd.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">4" × 12" × 12"</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">1<sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub> bbls.</td> - <td class="bdl tdc"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> bbl.</td> - <td class="bdl tdc"><sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub> cu. yd.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">8" × 12" × 12"</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">4<sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> bbls.</td> - <td class="bdl tdc"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> bbl.</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">1<sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub> cu. yd.</td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<p>The above quantities are based on a 380 lb. barrel of Portland -cement; a 180 lb. barrel of lump lime, and a 50 lb. sack of -hydrated lime. Portland cement is sold by the bag or barrel. A bag -of Portland cement weighs approximately 94 pounds. Four bags make -one barrel of approximately 380 pounds. Lump lime is sold by the -bushel or barrel. A bushel of lump lime weighs approximately 75 to -85 pounds. A barrel of lump lime weighs approximately 180 pounds, -and equals 4 sacks of hydrated lime. Brick joints other than <sup>3</sup>/<sub>8</sub>" -will require about <sup>1</sup>/<sub>3</sub> more or less mortar for each <sup>1</sup>/<sub>8</sub>" difference.</p> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Estimating Quantities of Face Brick</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">Size of Brick</div> - -<p>The dimensions of the standard size face brick adopted by the -American Face Brick Association are 8" × 2<sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub>" × 3<sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub>"; but -sometimes, due to special conditions in the clay or the kiln burn, -these brick may slightly vary from the dimensions given. Besides, -there are other sizes of brick used, such as pavers, Romans, etc., -so that the contractor should always ascertain the exact size -of the brick specified, whether standard size or not, and take -into consideration the width of mortar joint desired, in order to -calculate more accurately the number of bricks required for a given -wall area.</p> - -<p>The following table gives the number of standard size brick per -square foot of wall surface, 4 inches or one brick thick, estimated -for different widths of mortar joint up to <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub>-inch:</p> - -<p class="caption3">TABLE 1</p> - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Number of Face Brick per Square Foot</span></p> - -<table style="width:20em;"> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><i>Joint</i></td> - <td class="tdc"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>8</sub>"</td> - <td class="tdc"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub>"</td> - <td class="tdc"><sup>3</sup>/<sub>8</sub>"</td> - <td class="tdc"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>"</td> - <td class="tdc"><sup>5</sup>/<sub>8</sub>"</td> - <td class="tdc"><sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub>"</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><i>No. of Brick</i></td> - <td class="tdc">7<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub></td> - <td class="tdc">7</td> - <td class="tdc">6<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub></td> - <td class="tdc">6<sup>1</sup>/<sub>8</sub></td> - <td class="tdc">5<sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub></td> - <td class="tdc">5<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub></td> -</tr> -</table> - -<div class="sidenote">General Rule</div> - -<p>The method employed in getting these numbers is very simple and -may be applied to any sized brick and joint whatsoever. Thus, take -the brick given in the accompanying illustration (<a href="#Fig_58">Fig. 58</a>) and let -us use, say, a <sup>3</sup>/<sub>8</sub>" mortar joint. This makes a length of 8<sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub>" + -<sup>3</sup>/<sub>8</sub>", or 8<sup>5</sup>/<sub>8</sub>" and a height of 2<sup>3</sup>/<sub>8</sub>" + <sup>3</sup>/<sub>8</sub>" or 2<sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub>". Hence, -the total area occupied in the wall by this brick, with its mortar -joint, is 8<sup>5</sup>/<sub>8</sub>" × 2<sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub>". You can work this out by tractions, -thus, <sup>69</sup>/<sub>8</sub> × <sup>11</sup>/<sub>4</sub> = <sup>759</sup>/<sub>32</sub>; or by decimals, thus, 8.625 × 2. 75 = -23.72, the area of the brick and mortar joint in square inches.</p> - -<div class="fig_right" style="width: 137px;"> -<a id="Fig_58"></a> -<img src="images/fig58.png" width="137" height="65" alt=""> -<div class="fig_caption1">Fig. 58. Brick and Mortar Joint</div> -</div> - -<p>In either case, to get the number of brick required per square foot -you, of course, divide into 144, the number of square inches in -a square foot. That is, 144 ÷ <sup>759</sup>/<sub>32</sub> = 144 × <sup>32</sup>/<sub>759</sub> = <sup>4608</sup>/<sub>759</sub> = -6<sup>54</sup>/<sub>759</sub> or about 6<sup>1</sup>/<sub>15</sub>. Or divide 144 by 23.72 and you get 6.07, -which amounts to your previous figure. In estimating the whole -number of brick you need, use no fraction less than the eighth next -above the fraction obtained in your number for the square foot. -Thus in the present example, you will count on using 6<sup>1</sup>/<sub>8</sub> brick -for every square foot of wall area.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_105">- 105 -</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">Quantities for Various Bonds</div> - -<p>As Table 1 gives the quantities for standard size brick laid in -Running Bond, additional allowances must be made for the number of -brick when other bonds using headers are employed. The following -percentages are to be added to the number of brick required, as -calculated by the use of Table 1, when the face brick are laid in -the bonds indicated:</p> - -<p class="caption3">TABLE 2</p> - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Percentages Added for Various Bonds</span></p> - -<table> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><i>Common</i> (full header course every 5th course)</td> - <td class="tdr">20%    (<sup>1</sup>/<sub>5</sub>)</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><i>Common</i> (full header course every 6th course)</td> - <td class="tdr">16<sup>2</sup>/<sub>3</sub>% (<sup>1</sup>/<sub>6</sub>)</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><i>Common</i> (full header course every 7th course)</td> - <td class="tdr">14<sup>1</sup>/<sub>3</sub>% (<sup>1</sup>/<sub>7</sub>)</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><i>English or English Cross</i> (full headers every 6th course)</td> - <td class="tdr">16<sup>2</sup>/<sub>3</sub>% (<sup>1</sup>/<sub>6</sub>)</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><i>Flemish</i> (full headers every 6th course)</td> - <td class="tdr">5<sup>2</sup>/<sub>3</sub>% (<sup>1</sup>/<sub>18</sub>)</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><i>Double Header</i> (two headers and a stretcher every 6th course)</td> - <td class="tdr">8<sup>1</sup>/<sub>3</sub>% (<sup>1</sup>/<sub>12</sub>)</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><i>Double Header</i> (two headers and a stretcher every 5th course)</td> - <td class="tdr">10%  (<sup>1</sup>/<sub>10</sub>)</td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<p>For garden walls, porch walls, and other places where an 8-inch -wall is used, with face brick on both sides, no additional brick -are required for any type of bond.</p> - -<p>For walks and floors where the brick are laid on edge, in any -pattern except diagonal ones, calculate as you would for the number -of face brick in a wall laid in running bond. For her- ring-bone -pattern or other diagonal work, an additional number of brick will -be required to compensate for the clipping of the ends of the brick -at the borders. The exact additional amount depends on the total -width of the walk or floor, as the wider the surface the smaller -will be the average wastage per square foot. Walks and floors where -the brick are laid flat require one-third less than the number -required where the brick are laid on edge.</p> - -<p>Provided with these tables, it is a simple matter to calculate the -number of face brick required for every job.</p> - -<p>Thus, estimate the total area of wall surface in square feet, -deduct all openings, except those 10 square feet or less, and -taking into consideration the mortar joint, multiply the result -by the number of brick per square foot as shown in Table 1. This -will give you the number required for Running Bond. For other bonds -simply add to the number of brick obtained for Running Bond the -percentages as given in Table 2. Soldier courses make no difference -in the count; nor do rowlock courses, if half brick only are used. -Although window sills laid rowlock fashion require additional -brick, these are amply provided for in the usual allowances for -wastage.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Wastage</div> - -<p>If the workmen are careful to use bats for closures, instead of -breaking whole bricks, no waste need be figured. The area of the -small openings, not deducted in figuring quantities, and the -doubling of brick at the corners, will give a certain number of -extra brick; and, as it is the usual custom to order the brick to -the quarter-thousand next above the actual number figured, the -ordinary wastage on the job will be provided for.</p> - -<p>If the number of square feet of face brick where there is no common -brick or tile backing, such as chimneys, porch walls, steps, -floors, etc., is kept separated from the number of square feet of -face brick with backing, then the latter number of square feet, -once obtained, may be used in figuring the number of common brick -or tile required for backing, thus saving the contractor time in -estimating.</p> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Estimating Quantities of Common Brick</span></p> - -<p>As the sizes of common brick, for all practical purposes, -approximate the size of the standard face brick, their quantity may -be calculated on the same basis. Thus, for a single thickness of -common brick backing, the number required will be practically the -same as that of the face brick laid in Running Bond. If, however, -two or more thicknesses of backing brick are used, the proper -deductions should be made for the thickness of the walls at the -corners.</p> - -<p>Two thicknesses of common brick backing will, of course, take just -twice the number for one thickness, and so on. In a word, multiply -the number required for face brick by the number of thicknesses or -tiers of the common brick backing, always considering the turns at -the corners, as just indicated. Where other than Running Bond is -used in the facing brick, allowance should be made for the common -brick displaced by the bonding face brick. The deduction in the -number of common brick, it is evident, just equals the increased -number of face brick required for the bond selected.</p> - -<p>In estimating quantities of common brick for fireplaces, figure the -portions projecting beyond the line of the wall, such as breast and -ash pit, as if solid, that is, the number of brick for the surface -multiplied by the number of tiers deep, and then deduct the number -of bricks displaced by all flues and openings, face brick facing, -and fire brick lining.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_106">- 106 -</a></span></p> - - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Estimating Quantities of Hollow Tile</span></p> - -<p>Hollow tile for backing, as already indicated, may be obtained in -the following sizes:</p> - -<table> -<tr> - <td> -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Stock Tile Sizes</span></p> - -<p class="p0"> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">4' ×  5" × 12" (turned, 5" × 4" × 12")</span><br> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">4' × 12" × 12"</span><br> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">6' × 12" × 12" (sometimes 6" × 5" × 12")</span><br> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">8' ×  5" × 12"</span><br> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">8' × 12" × 12"</span><br> -</p> - </td> - <td> -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 267px;"> -<a id="Fig_59"></a> -<img src="images/fig59.png" width="267" height="321" alt=""> -<div class="fig_caption1">Fig. 59. Stock Tile Units</div> -</div> - </td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>When ordering the 5" × 12" tile shapes, which are laid on the side, -the contractor should state that the usual allowance of 6-inch -and 9-inch length cuts be included for use in piers and other -narrow places, so as to reduce the cutting of tile on the job to -a minimum; also, enough half and full closures should be ordered -for use at window and door openings. See <a href="#Fig_59">Fig. 59</a> and Hollow Tile -Problem on opposite page. When it comes to the case of the 12" × -12" tile, it is an easy matter for bricklayers to split off one or -more cells to get the proper shapes for closures, but the usual -allowance of half-lengths should be ordered. Enough 1-inch tile -slabs should be included for use in leveling up the wall for joist -bearings.</p> - -<p>Tile is calculated in terms of pieces, and to arrive at the number -required, use the same square feet dimensions you would for common -brick backing and multiply by the proper one of the following -coefficients:</p> - -<p class="caption3"><span class="smcap">Coefficients for Tile Quantities</span></p> - -<table class="bbox" style="width:15em;"> -<tr> - <td class="tdc bbox"><i>Dimensions of<br>Tile Face</i></td> - <td class="tdc bbox"><i>Coefficient</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc">4" × 12'</td> - <td class="tdc bdl">2.6</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc">5" × 12'</td> - <td class="tdc bdl">2.15</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc">12" × 12"</td> - <td class="tdc bdl">0.94</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>As the face brick is bonded to the tile backing by a double header -bonding course, as shown on <a href="#Page_25">page 25</a>, the amount of tile will have -to be reduced accordingly. For instance, if 12" × 12" tile are -used, the bonding course occurs every sixth course and one-sixth of -the tile should be deducted, but at the same time, there must be -added brick-size hollow tile at the rate of 12 to every 20 square -feet of wall surface for use behind the stretchers in the bonding -courses.</p> - -<p>Or, if 5" × 12" tile are used, the bonding course occurs every -fifth course and one-fifth of the tile should be deducted, and -brick-size hollow tile at the rate of 12 to every 16 square feet of -wall surface should be added for use behind the stretchers in the -bonding courses. When the backing is 8 inches thick, an additional -course of brick-size tile should be calculated behind every bonding -course. If the brick-size tile cannot be obtained in the local -market, an equal number of common brick will answer the purpose -just as well. Two to three per cent should be added to all tile -quantities calculated, to provide for waste.</p> - -<p>In giving the following examples of estimating quantities it is not -meant to indicate that each wall of the house is necessarily to be -estimated by itself, but simply to show the way of estimating any -extent of wall. Except in very elaborate and diverse elevations, -the best way is to figure on the total surface of the four sides in -one operation. This is the more easily done as, generally speaking, -opposite sides of the house are of like area.</p> - -<hr class="chap"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_107">- 107 -</a></span></p> - - -<h2><a id="PROBLEMS_IN_ESTIMATING_QUANTITIES">PROBLEMS IN ESTIMATING QUANTITIES</a></h2> - - -<p class="caption3 smcap">Brick Problem</p> - -<p class="p0" style="padding:0 4em;"><i>To find the number of standard size brick, face and common, laid -in a sixth course Common Bond with a <sup>3</sup>/<sub>8</sub>-inch joint, for an 8-inch -gable wall, 25 feet wide and 18 feet high from grade to eaves and -thence to ridgepole 12 feet. The 12-inch basement wall is 7<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> -feet high, 4% feet being below grade. There are 4 windows each -requiring an opening of 3'-6" × 5'-2" and 1 window requiring an -opening of 2'-6" × 4'-2". See window sizes <a href="#Page_22">page 22</a>. The basement -windows being less than 10 square feet are disregarded.</i></p> - - -<p class="caption3 smcap">Face Brick</p> - -<table> -<tr> - <td colspan="2">First find the area in sq. ft. for face brick:</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Rectangle of wall 18' × 25' =</td> - <td class="tdr">450 sq. ft.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Gable triangle 12' × 25' = 300 - 2 =</td> - <td class="tdr">150 sq. ft.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Total area</td> - <td class="tdr">  600 sq. ft.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Deduct the 5 window openings, thus:</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">4 × 3'-6" × 5'-2" =    72<sup>1</sup>/<sub>3</sub> sq. ft.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">1 × 2'-6" × 4'-2" =    10<sup>5</sup>/<sub>12</sub> sq. ft.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Window openings to be deducted</td> - <td class="bdb tdr">83 sq. ft.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><b>Total area to be covered with face brick</b></td> - <td class="tdr">517 sq. ft.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">By Table 1, it takes 6.5 standard<br> -     size face brick per sq. ft. for Running</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Bond with a <sup>3</sup>/<sub>8</sub>" joint.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Hence, 517 × 6.5 =</td> - <td class="tdr">3,360</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Add 16<sup>2</sup>/<sub>3</sub>% as per Table 2</td> - <td class="bdb tdr">560</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Number of face brick required</td> - <td class="tdr">3,920</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><b>Total of face brick to be ordered</b></td> - <td class="tdr">4,000</td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<p class="caption3 smcap">Common Brick</p> - -<table> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">The common brick backing takes the<br> -      same number as face brick,<br> -      except that we deduct the 16<sup>2</sup>/<sub>3</sub>% added<br> -      to the face brick quantity as per Table 2.<br> -      Hence, the number of common brick for<br> -      backing is 3,360 - 560 =</td> - <td class="vbot tdr">2,800</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">As the wall from grade to first floor<br> -      is three brick thick, the same as the<br> -      foundation wall, it requires two tiers<br> -      of common brick and, therefore, an<br> -      additional tier must be figured in.<br> -      Hence, 25' × 3' or 75 sq. ft. at 6.5 per sq. ft. =</td> - <td class="vbot tdr">488</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">The 4'-6" of foundation wall, being<br> -      three brick thick, gives us 25' × 4'-6"<br> -      × 3 or 388 sq. ft. to figure on. Hence,<br> -      common brick for foundation is 388 × 6.5 =</td> - <td class="bdb vbot tdr">2,197</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Total common brick required</td> - <td class="tdr">5,485</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><b>Total common brick to be ordered</b></td> - <td class="tdr">5,500</td> -</tr> -</table> - - - -<p class="caption3 smcap">Hollow Tile Problem</p> - -<p class="p0" style="padding:0 4em;"><i>By referring to <a href="#Page_25">pages 25 and 26</a>, it will be seen that four courses -of brick with a <sup>3</sup>/<sub>8</sub>-inch joint equal in height two 5" × 12" tile, -so that, in our present example, if we wish to use the <sup>3</sup>/<sub>8</sub>-inch -joint, we shall have to introduce our bonding course of brick every -fifth instead of every sixth course. This would also naturally -involve a slight change in the number of face brick required. That -is, instead of adding 16<sup>2</sup>/<sub>3</sub>% or we should have to add 20% or -<sup>1</sup>/<sub>5</sub> to the number required for Running Bond, in order to get the -right number for fifth course Common Bond and, in consequence, we -subtract 20% or one fifth from the backing tile wanted. With these -changes understood, our problem for a hollow tile backing for the -gable wall will work out as follows:</i></p> - -<p>If the hollow tile backing is started at grade, the tile and face -brick area will be the same. But as, in the present case, we start -the tile backing from the first floor, we subtract the area of the -wall from grade to first floor or 25' × 3' = 75', and get 517 - 75 -or 442 sq. ft. to be backed with tile.</p> - -<p>The closures for horizontal tile are figured separately. A full -and a half closure are respectively 12 and 6 inches in length and -amount to about one foot in height, and hence cover an area of <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub> -sq. ft. on each side or 1<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> sq. ft. on both sides of the opening. -As the height of our five window openings is approximately 25 feet, -we have 25 × 1<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> = 37<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> sq. ft. to be deducted from area of -regular tile surface, giving 442 - 37<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> or 404<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> sq. ft.</p> - -<table> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">As per coefficient table, <a href="#Page_106">page 106</a>,<br> -     we have 404.5 × 2.15 =</td> - <td class="tdr">870</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Deduct <sup>1</sup>/<sub>5</sub> of tile for brick bond</td> - <td class="bdb tdr">174</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td class="bdb tdr">696</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Add 3% for wastage or</td> - <td class="bdb tdr">21</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><b>Total number of tile to be ordered</b></td> - <td class="tdr">717</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Requiring 4 closures, 2 full and 2<br> -     half, for each foot of height (both<br> -     sides), we need 25 × 4 or    100 closures</td> - <td></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Add 3% for wastage or       <span class="bdb">3</span></td> - <td></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><b>Total number of closures needed</b></td> - <td class="tdr">103</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Order 52 of each size.</td> - <td></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Brick-size tile, 12 to every 16 sq. ft.<br> -     >needed. Hence, 442 ÷ 16 gives about<br> -     28, and 12 × 28 =</td> - <td class="tdr">336</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Add 3% for wastage or</td> - <td class="tdr bdb">10</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><b>Total brick-size tile to be ordered</b></td> - <td class="tdr">346</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_108">- 108 -</a></span></p> - - -<p class="caption3 smcap">Estimating Labor Required</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Placing Brick and Tile</div> - -<p>The usual method of estimating the labor bill for brickwork or -tile is to reduce it to the amount per thousand brick or tile -placed, which not only covers the bricklayers' time, but the -mortar, the necessary labor for mixing it, and the labor tending -the bricklayers. This, of course, varies in different localities -and with the different kinds of brick or tile, mortar, and joints. -The contractor is urged to keep an accurate record of the number -of brick or tile laid per day, the amount of mortar of various -kinds used, and the number of bricklayers for which one laborer is -necessary, so that he may determine for himself, from the total, -the unit costs per thousand for placing brick or tile according to -different specifications.</p> - -<p>It must be carefully noted that such items as arches, piers, -panels, special bond patterns, etc., require additional time for -execution, depending upon their nature. The contractor will have -to be guided by his own experiences in making allowances for the -additional labor necessary for this work.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Building a Fireplace</div> - -<p>It is difficult to estimate the labor required for building a -fireplace, due to the variety of designs and the necessary amount -of cutting and fitting required. Therefore many masons estimate -this work at so much per fireplace or at a unit price per thousand -brick. It may be said that a bricklayer should lay the face of a -fireplace 5 to 6 feet wide and 4 to 5 feet high in ten hours, and -the fire brick lining in from 4 to 6 hours. It will take about 4 -hours' time to lay the entire hearth. One-half hour of laborer's -time should be allowed for every hour of bricklayers' time.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Cleaning Brickwork</div> - -<p>The cost of cleaning and pointing face brickwork will vary with the -kind of brick to be cleaned, as it is easier to clean brick with a -smooth surface than with a rough texture. An experienced man should -clean 95 to 100 smooth brick or 75 to 80 rough brick per hour.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Waterproofing Foundation Walls</div> - -<p>For one-half inch plaster coating, composed of one part Portland -cement to two parts sand, 2 bags Portland cement and 4 cubic feet -of sand will be required to cover one square, that is, 100 sq. ft. -of wall surface, and it will require one-half hour of laborer's -time for mixing. An experienced workman and helper should cover -from 40 to 45 sq. ft. of surface per hour.</p> - -<p>For a coating either of hot asphalt or of pitch, to be well applied -with a heavy mop, approximately 200 pounds of material and a half -day for two men will be required to cover 10 squares of wall -surface. About one gallon of creosote sizing would be required per -square, with only one-half to a quarter as much labor as for the -waterproofing.</p> - - -<p class="caption3 smcap">Handling of Materials</p> - -<p>The storage space for all materials should be convenient to the -building, and where the team can reach it so that rehandling may be -avoided.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Face Brick</div> - -<p>When face brick are delivered on the job, they should be -immediately compared with the sample, previously selected, for -color, size, and quality, to prevent any misunderstanding later -when they are laid in the wall. If shipped by freight, they -should be examined before being unloaded from the car. Face brick -should be stacked in neat piles, laid either on edge, face up and -protected with straw, or on their sides in such a way as to protect -the faces. Laborers, in carrying face brick to the mason, should -place them face up for the convenience of handling.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Common Brick and Tile</div> - -<p>Except on large jobs, common brick are not usually stacked. They -are dumped in a pile which makes it easier to wet them down -thoroughly as explained later. Hollow tile should be stacked in -neat piles to prevent undue breakage, each size and shape being -piled separately.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Lime and Cement</div> - -<p>Lump lime should always be stored in a covered box to keep it -dry. This box should have a hinged opening on one side, at the -bottom, from which the lime may be conveniently removed. Lump lime -should be slaked at least a week before used to allow for thorough -hydration and cooling. Hydrated lime and cement should be carefully -protected from the weather by stacking the sacks on planks laid on -the ground and by a covering of planks and tarpaulin.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Sand</div> - -<p>The sand pile should be located as near the mortar box as possible -for convenience in handling. In case the sand needs screening, an -the sand pile should be located at such a distance from the mortar -box that when the sand is thrown through the sieve, it will form a -pile adjacent to the mortar box.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Wetting Common Brick</div> - -<p>All brick, especially the softer grades of common brick, should be -thoroughly wetted just before being placed in the wall, but not -made so wet as to cause sliding on the mortar. The object of this -wetting is to prevent the bricks from absorbing moisture from the -mortar which must be allowed to dry slowly so as to obtain a good -bond. If they are laid dry, the -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_109">- 109 -</a></span> -bricks will quickly take up a -large amount of water from the mortar, preventing proper setting -and adhesion. Water increases the weight of brick and consequently -the labor of handling, so that some workmen are inclined to lay -them dry. This should not be allowed except in freezing weather, -when the conditions require quicker setting. Good mortar bond is -essential to a good wall.</p> - - -<p class="caption3 smcap">Work Done in Cold Weather</p> - -<p>In latitudes where the winter temperature is prevailingly below -freezing, all material for mortar, including water, should be -heated. If this is done, the mortar will take its initial set -before it freezes and no damage will result. In extremely cold -weather, added precautions should be taken in case of footings by -protecting them with manure. The following suggestions will be -found useful for cold weather work.</p> - -<p>When being laid the brick should be thoroughly dry; and if possible -warmed. No bricks with ice on them should be laid in the wall, and -cement or cement-lime mortar should be used to get quick setting. -For heating sand and gravel, a corrugated sheet metal culvert, -about 20 inches in diameter and about 10 feet long, may be used. A -wood fire is built in the ends of the pipe over which the sand and -gravel are piled. This easy and simple method will melt all frozen -lumps in the material and dry out the resulting moisture.</p> - -<p>Where city water pressure is available, the water may be heated in -a coil attached to the main and large enough to have a fire built -in the center, a very simple and efficient method which any plumber -can easily install. Place a sheet-iron guard around the coil to -conserve the heat. This equipment proves very satisfactory, as it -warms the water as fast as it is drawn off through the hose. The -entire installation may be found on the market at a comparatively -small cost. Without such an arrangement the water may be heated in -an ordinary iron kettle over a wood fire. Water should never be -heated to the boiling point, as too high a temperature will injure -the setting properties of the mortar.</p> - -<p>A temperature of about 165 degrees, or the same as generally -required for household uses, is best.</p> - -<p>If the above conditions are met, brickwork may be continued -practically throughout the entire winter, except only so far as -the comfort of the workmen dictates. They will usually quit at -about 20 degrees above zero, depending somewhat upon other weather -conditions. If it is not too windy, they will work outside in a -lower temperature than when it is very windy. A shelter, however, -may very easily be constructed for the workmen by nailing a few 2" -× 4" scantlings upright to the scaffolding with another 2" × 4" -nailed along the top as a support for a tarpaulin. A salamander -behind this shelter will make it quite comfortable for the workmen -as well as help the mortar to set. As the use of wood in the -salamander makes a too intense and irregular heat, besides giving -off more or less smoke, coke is recommended. The amount of coke -required on an ordinary job is so small as to be almost negligible.</p> - -<p>The wall at any one point should not be carried very high in one -day. It is better to work around the entire building a few feet at -a time rather than to work on one side and carry the wall six or -more feet high. Walls thus erected are apt to get out of plumb from -the alternating effect of the night cold and the day sun.</p> - -<p>As soon as the floor joists of any story are set in place and -floored, the window and door openings of the floor below should -be tightly closed, either by the permanent sash or by temporary -boarding or building paper, so that salamanders may be placed -inside to dry out the building thoroughly. Once a day the building -should be aired.</p> - -<p>If the above suggestions are followed, there is no reason why -brickwork should not be continued through the average winter -months. The extra work accomplished during the usually dull season -is worth more to the contractor than the trouble he has taken or -the additional cost of labor.</p> - -<hr class="chap"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_110">- 110 -</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a id="GLOSSARY_OF_USUAL_TERMS_IN_BRICK_LAYING">GLOSSARY OF USUAL TERMS IN BRICK LAYING</a></h2> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>Angle Iron.</i> A structural piece of steel in the form of a 90° angle -used in certain situations to sustain brickwork.</p> - -<p><i>Backing.</i> The part of the wall behind the face brick.</p> - -<p><i>Bat.</i> Any part of a brick intentionally or accidentally broken off.</p> - -<p><i>Bed.</i> The horizontal surface on which the bricks of the wall lie in -courses. Also, the mortar on which the brick rest.</p> - -<p><i>Bed Joint.</i> A joint between two horizontal courses of brick.</p> - -<p><i>Belt Course.</i> A horizontal course of brick or other material usually -projecting, and generally in line with window sills or heads.</p> - -<p><i>Bench-Mark.</i> A well defined mark, accurately established, in -a protected location on some immovable object, as a point of -reference.</p> - -<p><i>Bond.</i> The overlapping of brick in various ways so as to give both -longitudinal and transverse strength to the wall, and at the same -time produce a pleasing appearance.</p> - -<p><i>Breaking Joint.</i> The placing of brick so that no two vertical or -head joints come immediately over one another.</p> - -<p><i>Buttered Joint.</i> A very thin mortar joint made by scraping a small -quantity of mortar with the trowel on all edges of the brick and -laying it without the usual mortar bed.</p> - -<p><i>Cell.</i> One of the hollow spaces in building tile.</p> - -<p><i>Centering.</i> The temporary frame or template on which an arch is -turned.</p> - -<p><i>Chase.</i> A vertical recess on the inside face of a wall formed by -omitting one or more bricks in each course to accommodate plumbing, -heating, or other pipes.</p> - -<p><i>Chimney Breast.</i> The projection on the interior or exterior face of -a wall caused by fireplace or flues.</p> - -<p><i>Closure.</i> A quarter or three-quarter brick to close, when required, -the end of a course, as distinguished from a half-brick. This term -equally applies to tile.</p> - -<p><i>Coping.</i> A row of brick, usually projecting, used to cap or finish -the top of a wall and protect it from the weather. It is usually -laid up in very rich Portland cement mortar with tooled joints.</p> - -<p><i>Corbel.</i> One or more courses of brick projecting from the wall to -form a support.</p> - -<p><i>Course.</i> A horizontal row of brick in a wall.</p> - -<p><i>Culling.</i> Sorting brick for size, color, and quality.</p> - -<p><i>Culls.</i> The brick rejected in culling.</p> - -<p><i>Diaper.</i> Any continuous pattern in brickwork of which the various -bonds are examples. It is usually applied however, to diamond or -other diagonal patterns.</p> - -<p><i>Edge-set.</i> A brick set on its narrow instead of on its flat side.</p> - -<p><i>Efflorescence.</i> The deposition of a white powder or crust on the -surface of brickwork, due to soluble salts usually in the mortar -but sometimes in the brick, and, drawn out with the moisture by -the sun, left as a deposit on the surface. Brick clays containing -these salts are now cured by using a carbonate of barium. Against -mortar efflorescence care should be taken to protect all brickwork -at eaves and sill courses from excessive moisture. Also Whitewash -or Whitewashing.</p> - -<p><i>Face Brick.</i> A well-burned brick, especially prepared, selected, -and handled to secure attractive appearance in the face of a wall, -as distinguished from common brick as used for backing or other -structural work.</p> - -<p><i>Face.</i> The long, narrow side of a brick, specially treated in the -manufacture of face brick to produce certain color tones and -textures.</p> - -<p><i>Fire Stop.</i> A projection of brickwork on the walls between the -joists to prevent the spread of fire or vermin.</p> - -<p><i>Flat Stretcher Course.</i> A course of stretchers set on edge and -exposing their flat sides on the surface of the wall. Frequently -done with brick finished for the purpose on the flat side, such as -enameled or glazed brick.</p> - -<p><i>Flue.</i> A passage in a chimney especially for the exit of smoke and -gases, one or more of which may be enclosed in the same chimney.</p> - -<p><i>Flue Lining.</i> A smooth one-celled hollow tile for protecting flues.</p> - -<p><i>Footing.</i> The broadened base of a foundation wall, or other -super-structure.</p> - -<p><i>Green Brickwork.</i> Brickwork in which the mortar has not yet set.</p> - -<p><i>Grout.</i> Rich mortar made very thin so that it will readily run into -the joints of brickwork and fill them.</p> - -<p><i>Header.</i> A brick laid on its flat side across the thickness of the -wall, so as to show the end of the brick on the surface of the wall.</p> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_111">- 111 -</a></span> -<p><i>Header Course.</i> A course composed entirely of headers.</p> - -<p><i>Head Joint.</i> A joint between the ends of two bricks in the same -course. Also Vertical Joint.</p> - -<p><i>Hearth.</i> That portion of a fireplace level with the floor, upon -which the fire is built. The rear portion extending into the fire -opening is known as the back hearth.</p> - -<p><i>Lead.</i> A part of the wall at the corners, or elsewhere when needed, -built in advance of the rest of the wall as a guide to which the -line is attached.</p> - -<p><i>Lime Putty.</i> Slaked lime in a soft puttylike condition before sand -or cement is added.</p> - -<p><i>Line.</i> The string stretched taut from lead to lead as a guide for -laying the top edge of a brick course.</p> - -<p><i>Lintel.</i> A horizontal support for brickwork over an opening.</p> - -<p><i>Mantel.</i> A shelf projecting beyond the chimney breast above the -fireplace opening.</p> - -<p><i>Nogging.</i> A filling of brick between the roof rafters from wall -plate to roof boards for the purpose of making the building -wind-tight.</p> - -<p><i>Pointing.</i> Inserting mortar into the joints after the brickwork is -completed, in order to correct defects left in the progress of the -work.</p> - -<p><i>Quoins.</i> Projecting courses of brick at the corners of buildings as -ornamental features.</p> - -<p><i>Racking.</i> Laying the end of the wall with a series of steps so -that when work is resumed, the bond can be easily continued. More -convenient and structurally better than toothing.</p> - -<p><i>Reveal.</i> The vertical side of a window or door opening from face of -wall to frame.</p> - -<p><i>Rowlock Course.</i> A course of headers laid on the edge instead of on -the flat side of the brick as usual.</p> - -<p><i>Salmon Brick.</i> The softer brick of the kiln suitable for places -protected from outside exposure or where great crushing strength is -not required.</p> - -<p><i>Selects.</i> The bricks accepted as the best after culling.</p> - -<p><i>Shove Joint.</i> A vertical joint filled by shoving the brick, when it -is being laid in the bed of mortar, against the next brick. Also -Shoved Joint.</p> - -<p><i>Skewback.</i> In brickwork, a brick or stone cut to make an inclined -surface for receiving thrust or pressure, as of an arch.</p> - -<p><i>Slush Joint.</i> A vertical joint filled by throwing mortar in with the -trowel after the bricks are laid. Also Slushed Joint.</p> - -<p><i>Smoke Chamber.</i> The space in a fireplace immediately above the -throat, where the smoke gathers before passing into the flue, and -narrowed by corbeling to the size of the flue lining above. Also -Smoke Cavern.</p> - -<p><i>Soldier Course.</i> A course of stretchers set on end with the face -showing on the wall surface.</p> - -<p><i>Splay.</i> A slope or bevel, particularly at the sides of a window or -door.</p> - -<p><i>Story Pole.</i> A pole on which the height from joist to joist, as well -as all intermediate openings, brick courses, etc., is indicated.</p> - -<p><i>Stretcher.</i> A brick laid on its flat side so as to show its face on -the surface of the wall.</p> - -<p><i>Template.</i> Any form or pattern, such as centering, over which -brickwork may be formed.</p> - -<p><i>Thickness of Wall.</i> The thickness of a wall stated in terms of -brick, inches, or tiers, thus:</p></div> - -<table style="border: double 3px #000; width: 20em;"> -<tr> - <td class="tdc bdb" colspan="2"><i>In Number<br>of Brick.</i></td> - <td class="tdc bdb bdl"><i>In Inches.</i></td> - <td class="tdc bdb bdl"><i>In Tiers.</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">One</td> - <td>brick</td> - <td class="tdc bdl">4"</td> - <td class="tdc bdl">1 tier</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Two</td> - <td class="tdc">"</td> - <td class="tdc bdl">8" or 9"</td> - <td class="tdc bdl">2 tiers</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Three</td> - <td class="tdc">"</td> - <td class="tdc bdl">12" or 13"</td> - <td class="tdc bdl">3 tiers</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Four</td> - <td class="tdc">"</td> - <td class="tdc bdl">16" or 17"</td> - <td class="tdc bdl">4 tiers</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>Throat.</i> An opening at the top of a fireplace through which the -smoke passes to the smoke chamber and chimney.</p> - -<p><i>Tier.</i> One of the four-inch, or one-brick, layers in the thickness -of a wall. (Gilbreth).</p> - -<p><i>Toothing.</i> The method of building the end of a wall so that the end -stretcher of every alternate course projects one-half its length, -against which another wall may be built.</p> - -<p><i>Toothing-in.</i> Joining a new wall to an old toothed wall.</p> - -<p><i>Trimmer Arch.</i> A brick arch built in front of and below a fireplace -opening to support the hearth, abutting on the fireplace foundation -and thrusting against the header joist.</p> - -<p><i>Tuck-pointing.</i> The filling in of joints in old brickwork with fresh -mortar, usually cement.</p> - -<p><i>Vertical Joint.</i> Same as Head Joint.</p> - -<p><i>Washing Down.</i> Cleaning the surface of the brick wall, after it is -completed and pointed, with a mild solution of muriatic acid.</p> - -<p><i>Water Table.</i> A slight projection of the lower courses of brickwork -at the base of a building.</p> - -<p><i>Webb.</i> The thin wall bounding and separating the cells in hollow -tile.</p> - -<p>Whitewashing, Whitewash. See Efflorescence.</p> - -<p><i>Wind Shelf.</i> The ledge back of the damper at the bottom of the smoke -cavern.</p> - -<p><i>Withe.</i> A partition between two flues in the same chimney.</p></div> - -<hr class="chap"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_112">- 112 -</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a id="INDEX">INDEX</a></h2> - - -<table> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><a id="A"></a>Additional copies of plans, etc.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Adobe, first brick made</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    in America</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Aim of this Manual</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">America, brick manufacture and use in</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">American Bond</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">American Face Brick Association</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Anchors, for joist</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    for roof plate</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Angle Irons, use of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Angles in wall construction</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_21">21</a>-<a href="#Page_22">22</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    best method for</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Arches, face brick</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Architectural Symbols table of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Asbestos Shingles</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_37">37</a>-<a href="#Page_38">38</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Ash Chute for hearth</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Ash Pit for fireplace</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Asphalt for waterproofing</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Asphalt Shingles</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_37">37</a>-<a href="#Page_38">38</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><a id="B"></a>Babylonian origin of brick</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Backing, common brick</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    hollow tile</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Basket Weave Pattern</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Bats, care in using</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Bays, laying corners of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Beauty of House, economic value</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Bill of Materials, see <a href="#Quantity_Survey">Quantity Survey</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Bonding, face brick to common</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a>-<a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    face brick to frame</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    face brick to hollow tile</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    in foundation walls</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Bonds, see <a href="#Face_Brick_Bonds">Face Brick Bonds</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Brick, burning of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">    common, see <a href="#Common_Brick">Common Brick</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">    face, see <a href="#Face_Brick">Face Brick</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    manufacture and use in America</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    method of laying</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    on edge or flat</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    per square foot, table</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    story of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    treatment for color</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Brickmaking, ancient and modern</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_6">6</a>-<a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Brick Veneer, see <a href="#Face_Brick_Veneer">Face Brick Veneer</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Brickwork, extent of ancient use</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_5">5</a>-<a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    in England and America</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_6">6</a>-<a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    in Middle Ages</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    mortar joints used in</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    strength and rigidity of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Builder, opportunity for the</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Building a Home, importance of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Buttered Joints</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><a id="C"></a>Casement Windows</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Cement, for waterproofing</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    handling</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    in mortar</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Cement-lime Mortar</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Cement Plaster, when used for flues</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    when used for waterproofing</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Chimneys, interior and exterior</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    with hollow tile construction</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    with veneer construction</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">China</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Clays in brickmaking</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><a id="Cleaning"></a>Cleaning down wall</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    labor for</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Closing in building</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Closures, brick</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    hollow tile</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Coefficients for tile, table</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Coke for salamanders</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Cold Weather, work in</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Color Effects, in brick wall</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Comfort and Health, in brick house</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Common Bond</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><a id="Common_Brick"></a>Common Brick, compared with face</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    for backing</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    handling</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    hard-burned</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    in place of tile</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    quantities required</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    selected</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    wetting before use</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Comparative Costs, in percentages</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Concave Mortar Joint</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Concealed Bond</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Concrete, for footings</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    for step forms, path borders, etc.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Convex Mortar Joint</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Copies, plans and specifications</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Corbeling, between joists</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a>-<a href="#Page_20">20</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    for chimney support</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    in fireplaces</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Corners of Wall, not right-angled</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_21">21</a>-<a href="#Page_22">22</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Costs, initial and final</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    getting a unit of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    percentage differences</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Cradle of human civilization</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Creosote in damp proofing</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><a id="D"></a>Dampness, how to prevent</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Dean & Dean, architects</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Depreciation, in value of house</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diamond Patterns</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Door Frame Sizes, table of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Door Sills, in brick construction</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    in hollow tile construction</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    in veneer construction</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Double Header Bond</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Drains, at base of foundation walls</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Drying Brick, before setting in kiln</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Drying out building</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Dry-press Brick</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><a id="E"></a>Economic merits of face brick</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Economic value of beauty</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Effect of bond and mortar joint</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Efflorescence</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Egypt, brickmaking in</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">England, brickwork in</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">English and English Cross Bond</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_33">33</a>-<a href="#Page_34">34</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">English Country Houses</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Estimating, amount of common brick</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    amount of face brick</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    amount of hollow tile</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Euphrates Valley</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><a id="F"></a><a id="Face_Brick"></a>Face Brick, arches</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    artistic possibilities of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    bond or pattern in</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    bonding to common</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a>-<a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    bonding to frame</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    bonding to tile</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><a id="Face_Brick_Bonds"></a>    bonds</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_33">33</a>-<a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    care in making and handling</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    color and texture</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_7">7</a>-<a href="#Page_8">8</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    handling on the job</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    inspection of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    pre-eminent merits of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    quantities required</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    standard size of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><a id="Face_Brick_Veneer"></a>    veneer on old frame</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    wastage</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Face Brick Construction, comfort of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    economy of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    fire-safety of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    solid</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16</a>,<a href="#Page_18">18</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    types of wall</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Face Brick Veneer Construction</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    on old frame houses, etc.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fire Brick, in fireplaces</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fireplaces, construction of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    damper, flue, hearth</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    designs</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_30">30</a>-<a href="#Page_31">31</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    foundation for</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    labor for</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    openings, table of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fire Causes, interior and exterior, table</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fire Protection</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    fire-resistive shingles</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_37">37</a>-<a href="#Page_38">38</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    interior protective measures</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fire Protection for the roof</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    to be increased</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><a id="Fire_Stops"></a>Fire Stops</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    check vermin</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    right and wrong practice</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    when not needed</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a>-<a href="#Page_25">25</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Flat Brick Arches, construction of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Flemish Bond</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Flemish influence in England</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Floors and Walks of brick</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Flues and Flue Linings</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Flush-cut Mortar joint</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Footings, for foundations</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    for veneer on old frame</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Foundation Walls</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    waterproofing</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Frame Construction, up-keep and depreciation</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    veneering old</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16</a>-<a href="#Page_27">27</a>-<a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    weakness of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Frames, window and door</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a>-<a href="#Page_23">23</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Freezing Weather, work in</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fundamentals of building</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Furnace Flue Cleanout</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Furring, kinds of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    when, and when not, needed</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><a id="G"></a>Garden Walls, bond in</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    of face brick</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Gate Posts, face brick</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">General rule for brick quantities</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Georges, The, days of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Gothic Epoch of building</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Gravel, for wide mortar joints</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Greek Crosses, seen in bonds</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Green Brick</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Green Brickwork, in wall</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Grounds</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Grouting of brick walks</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Growing demand for brick building</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Gypsum Board, as fire retardant</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><a id="H"></a>Handling Materials</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Hearth, The</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Henry VIII, times of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Herringbone Pattern</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Hollow or Vaulted Brick Wall</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Hollow Tile, backing for face brick</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    bonding to face brick</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    brick-size</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    closures</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    construction</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    handling</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    methods of laying</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    quantities required</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    reinforced lintel</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    sizes of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    "split furring"</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    table of sizes</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    wastage</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Home-building, importance of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Homes, shortage of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Hydrated Lime</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><a id="I"></a>Increasing Profits</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">India</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Insurance, saving on</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Israel in Egypt</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><a id="J"></a>Joints, slushing of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Joist Anchors, beveling ends of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Joslin, Arthur W., on the hollow wall</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Juergens, Alfred, artist</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><a id="L"></a>Labor Required</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Lath, where and how placed</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Laying out work for brick</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    for hollow tile</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Leads, laying up at corners</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Lime, handling - <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_113">- 113 -</a></span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Lime, lump or hydrated</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Lintels and Arches</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Lumber</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_13">13</a>-<a href="#Page_14">14</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><a id="M"></a>Magna Charta, days of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><a id="Maintenance"></a>Maintenance or Upkeep</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Mesopotamian Plain</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Metal Wall Ties</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Mexico</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Modern Brick Making</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Mortar Colors</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Mortar Joints</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Mortars, mixing and tempering</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_36">36</a>-<a href="#Page_37">37</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    table of mixes</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Muriatic Acid, for cleaning walls</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><a id="N"></a>Nail Holds, for furring</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Nails, as anchors or ties</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">National Board of Fire Underwriters</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Nebuchadnezzar</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Nogging, where, and where not, needed</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><a id="O"></a>Octagon or Splay brick</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Offsets in chimneys</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Openings</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    supports for</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Origin of brickmaking</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Ornamental Brickwork, outside</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_30">30</a>-<a href="#Page_32">32</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><a id="P"></a>Patterns in brickwork</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_34">34</a>-<a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Paying Investments</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Percentages, of brick added for bonds</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    of difference in costs</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Pergola Posts, face brick</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Persia</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Peru</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Pitch for waterproofing</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Plans and Specifications, prices</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_40">40</a>-<a href="#Page_41">41</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Plastering without furring</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a>-<a href="#Page_25">25</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Pointing up wall</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Porches, bond in walls of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    of face brick on old buildings</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Protection, of bricklayers in winter</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    of the day's work</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Putty, lime</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><a id="Q"></a>Quantities of Materials</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><a id="Quantity_Survey"></a>Quantity Survey</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Queen Anne, days of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><a id="R"></a>Raked Mortar Joint</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Reinforcing, of pergola and gate posts</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    of tile lintels</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Relieving Arches</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Repp, Geo. W., architect</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Reversal of Plans</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Rodded Mortar Joint</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Roman Brickwork</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Roof, fire-resistive material for</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    point of danger in fire</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Roof Plate Anchors</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Rowlock Courses</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    effect on quantities</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    in arches</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Running Bond</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><a id="S"></a>Salamanders, use of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Sand, handling</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    for mortars</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Sand-mold Brick</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Sargon of Akkad</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Scaffolding</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Scribing Bead</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Segmental Face Brick Arches</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Semi-circular Face Brick Arches</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Sentimental Value of the house</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Sewage Disposal</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Shingle Tile</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_37">37</a>-<a href="#Page_38">38</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Sills, window and door</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Sizes, common brick</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    hollow tile</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    standard face brick</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Skewbacks, in arch construction</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Slaking Lime</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Slate Shingles</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_37">37</a>-<a href="#Page_38">38</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Slop-mold Brick</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Slushing Joints</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Soldier Courses</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    effect on quantities</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Solid Face Brick Construction</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Spanish in Mexico and Peru, the</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Specifications and Plans</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Splay or Octagon Brick</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Staff Bead or Brick Mold</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Steel Lintels</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Steps, brick</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Stiff-mud Brick</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Storage Space</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Store Fronts Veneered</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Stretcher Bond</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Striking Joints</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Stripped Mortar Joint</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Struck Joint, the</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    when to avoid</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Structural Merits of face brick</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Stucco, veneering old</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    weakness of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><a id="T"></a>Tables</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">        Architectural Symbols</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">        Coefficients for Tile Quantities</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">        Comparative Costs</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">        Door Frame Sizes</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">        Fire Causes</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">        Fireplace Openings</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">        Flue Linings</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">        Mortar Mixes for 1000 Brick</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">        Mortar Mixes for 1000 Tile</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">        Number Brick per Square Foot</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">        Percentages Added for Bonds</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">        Tile Sizes</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">        Window Frame Sizes</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Tar, for waterproofing</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Tempering Mortars</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Terra Cotta Flue Linings</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Texture of brick</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Thickness of walls</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Tower of Babel</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><a id="U"></a>Upkeep, see <a href="#Maintenance">Maintenance</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><a id="V"></a>Value of Face Brick House, artistic</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    economic</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    selling or renting</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    sentimental</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Vaulted or Hollow Brick Wall</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Veneering, see <a href="#Face_Brick_Veneer">Face Brick Veneer</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Vermin Stops, see <a href="#Fire_Stops">Fire Stops</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Vitruvius on elements in architecture</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">V-tooled Mortar Joint</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><a id="W"></a>Walks and Floors of brick</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    estimating brick for</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Walls, hollow tile</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    methods of laying 12"</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    solid brick</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    veneer</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    when 8" or 12"</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Washing down, see <a href="#Cleaning">Cleaning down wall</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Wastage, of brick</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    of hollow tile</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Wastes of War</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Waterproofing Foundation Walls</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    labor for</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Water Tables</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Weathered Mortar Joint</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Wetting Common Brick</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Wide Choice, in color and texture</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Wide Mortar Joint, how secured</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Window Frames and Sash</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    table of sizes</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Window Sills, in brick construction</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    in hollow tile construction</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">    in veneer construction</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Wire-cut Brick</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Withes in chimneys</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Wood Shingles</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Work in cold weather</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<p class="caption2">LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</p> - -<p class="caption3">HALF-TONES</p> - -<table> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">Page</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Frontispiece</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Brickwork of Old Persian Tomb</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Face Brick Bungalow, Evanston, Ill.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Face Brick Bank, Detroit, Mich.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Face Brick Bungalow, Windsor Park, Ill.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Face Brick Library, Coatsville, Ind.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Face Brick Store Front, Birmingham, Ala.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Face Brick School, Highland Park, Ill.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Face Brick Store Front, St. Louis, Mo.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Face Brick House, Buffalo, N. Y.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Face Brick Bungalow, Atlanta, Ga.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Veneering over Old Frame</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p class="caption3">ZINCS</p> - -<table> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">Page</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Brickmaking in Egypt</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Brick Footing</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Types of Basement Walls</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Concealed Bond</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Metal Wall Ties</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Good and Bad Joist Anchors</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">True Corbeling between Joists</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">False Corbeling between joists</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Rafters and Roof Plate</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Chimney Height</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Chimney Withes</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Chimney Offset</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Outside Angle Corners</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Obtuse Angle Turns</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Acute Angle Turns</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">The Solid Brick Wall</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Brick Arches</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Hollow or Vaulted Brick Wall</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Face Brick on Hollow Tile</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Hollow Tile and Steel Lintels</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Veneer Construction</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Nail Wall Ties</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Veneering Old Frame</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Perspective of Fireplace</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Cross Section of Fireplace</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Hearth Edge Set</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Hearth Flat Set</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fireplace Designs</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Steps, End Set Treads</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">      Flat Set Treads</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">      Edge Set Treads</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Pergola Post</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fireplace Design</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Porch or Pergola post</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Gate Post</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Bonding Strength</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Common or American Bond</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">English Bond</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">English Cross or Dutch Bond</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Flemish Bond</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Garden Wall Bond</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diamond Bond Patterns</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Checkerboard Pattern</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Basket Weave Pattern</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Herringbone Pattern</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Mortar Joints</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Pergola</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Color Plates</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_42">42</a>-<a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Brick and Mortar Joint</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Stock Tile Shapes</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> -</tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_114">- 114 -</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a id="The_American_Face_Brick_Association"><b>The American Face Brick Association</b></a></h2> - -<table> -<tr> - <td>JOHN H. BLACK, President<br>B. W. BALLOU, 2nd Vice President</td> - <td><div class="fig_center" style="width: 5em;"> - <img src="images/leaf.png" width="12" height="17" alt=""> - </div></td> - <td>S. C. MARTIN, 1st Vice President<br>R. D. T. HOLLOWELL, Sec.-Treas.</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p class="pmt4 caption3"><i>Directors</i></p> - -<table> -<tr> - <td class="tdc2">B. W. BALLOU<br>Kansas Buff Brick & Mfg. Co.<br>Kansas City, Mo.</td> - <td class="tdc2">T. P. CUTHBERT<br>Fallston Fire Clay Company<br>Pittsburgh, Pa.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc2">GEORGE A. BASS<br>Hydraulic-Press Brick Company<br>St. Louis, Mo.</td> - <td class="tdc2">W. H. HOAGLAND<br>Claycraft Mining and Brick Company<br>Columbus, O.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc2">H. R. BEEGLE<br>Beaver Clay Manufacturing Company<br>New Galilee, Pa.</td> - <td class="tdc2">B. MIFFLIN HOOD<br>Legg Brick Company<br>Atlanta, Ga.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc2">P. B. BELDEN<br>The Belden Brick Company<br>Canton, O.</td> - <td class="tdc2">G. B. LUCKETT<br>Crawfordsville Shale Brick Co.<br>Crawfordsville, Ind.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc2">J. H. BLACK<br>Jewettville Clay Products Company<br>Buffalo, N. Y.</td> - <td class="tdc2">S. C. MARTIN<br>Kittanning Brick & Fire Clay Co.<br>Pittsburgh, Pa.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc2">W. H. BRECHT<br>Boone Brick, Tile & Paving Company<br>Boone, Ia.</td> - <td class="tdc2">D. H. MILLER<br>Milton Brick Company<br>New York, N. Y.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc2">F. W. BUTTERWORTH<br>Western Brick Company<br>Danville, Ill.</td> - <td class="tdc2">J. W. MOULDING<br>Thomas Moulding Brick Company<br>Chicago, Ill.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc2" colspan="2">CHAS. C. STRATTON<br>Alumina Shale Brick Company<br>Bradford, Pa.</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 12px; margin-top: 1.5em;"> -<img src="images/leaf.png" width="12" height="17" alt=""> -</div> - - - -<p class="caption3"><i>Members.</i></p> - -<table> -<tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">ALABAMA</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Alphons Custodis Chimney Const. Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Ragland</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Birmingham Clay Products Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Birmingham</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Stephenson, L. L.</td> - <td class="tdl">Lovick</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc2" colspan="2">ARKANSAS</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fort Smith Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Fort Smith</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc2" colspan="2">GEORGIA</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Legg Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Atlanta</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc2" colspan="2">IDAHO</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Burley Brick & Sand Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Burley</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Idaho Pressed Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Pocatello</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc2" colspan="2">ILLINOIS</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Acme Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Danville</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Alton Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Alton</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Barr Clay Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Streator</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Decatur Brick Manufacturing Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Decatur</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Hydraulic-Press Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Chicago</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Lacon Clay & Coal Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Lacon</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Peoria Brick & Tile Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Peoria</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Richards Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Edwardsville</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Southern Fire Brick & Clay Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Chicago</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Streator Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Streator</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Western Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Danville</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc2" colspan="2">IOWA</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Boone Brick, Tile & Paving Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Des Moines</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Des Moines Clay Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Des Moines</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Hydraulic-Press Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Davenport</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc2" colspan="2">INDIANA<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_115">- 115 -</a></span></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Adams Clay Products Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Martinsville</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Brazil Clay Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Brazil</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Brooklyn Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Indianapolis</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Crawfordsville Shale Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Crawfordsville</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Huntingburg Press Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Huntingburg</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Hydraulic-Press Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Indianapolis</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Poston Paving Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Crawfordsville</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Standard Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Crawfordsville</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Standard Brick Manufacturing Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Evansville</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">U. S. Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Tell City</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc2" colspan="2">KANSAS</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Cherryvale Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Cherryvale</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Coffeyville Vit. Brick & Tile Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Coffeyville</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">V. V. V. Brick & Tile Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Neodesha</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc2" colspan="2">KENTUCKY</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Coral Ridge Clay Products Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Louisville</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Sphar Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Maysville</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc2" colspan="2">MICHIGAN</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Briggs Company, The</td> - <td class="tdl">Lansing</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc2" colspan="2">MINNESOTA</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Hydraulic-Press Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Minneapolis</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Twin City Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">St. Paul</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc2" colspan="2">MISSISSIPPI</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Brookhaven Pressed Brick & Mfg. Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Brookhaven</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc2" colspan="2">MISSOURI</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Hydraulic-Press Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Kansas City</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Hydraulic-Press Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">St. Louis</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Kansas Buff Brick & Mfg. Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Kansas City</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc2" colspan="2">NEW JERSEY</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Krantz Company, A. M.</td> - <td class="tdl">Paterson</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Upper Kittanning Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Jersey City</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc2" colspan="2">NEW YORK</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Jewettville Clay Products Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Buffalo</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc2" colspan="2">NORTH CAROLINA</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Statesville Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Statesville</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc2" colspan="2">OHIO</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Acme Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Marietta</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Alliance Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Alliance</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Belden Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Canton</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Claycraft Mining & Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Columbus</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Colonial Pressed Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Mogadore</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Duro Brick Mfg. Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Akron</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Everhard Company, The</td> - <td class="tdl">Massillon</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Franklin Brick & Tile Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Columbus</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fultonham Texture Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">E. Fultonham</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Hanover Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Columbus</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Hocking Valley Fire Clay Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Nelsonville</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Hocking Valley Products Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Columbus</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Hydraulic-Press Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Cleveland</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Hydraulic-Press Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Roseville</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Ironclay Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Columbus</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">McArthur Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">McArthur</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Marietta Shale Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Marietta</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Stark Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Canton</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Straitsville Impervious Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">New Straitsville</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Toronto Fire Clay Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Toronto</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Webster Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Chillicothe</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc2" colspan="2">OKLAHOMA</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Muskogee Vitrified Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Muskogee</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Pawhuska Vit. Brick Si Tile Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Pawhuska</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc2" colspan="2">PENNSYLVANIA</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Alumina Shale Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Bradford</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Auburn Shale Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Auburn</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Bloomsburg Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Bloomsburg</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Beaver Clay Mfg. Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">New Galilee</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Bradford Pressed Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Bradford</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Darlington Brick & Mining Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Darlington</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Darlington Clay Products Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Darlington</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fallston Fire Clay Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Pittsburgh</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Ferro Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Watsontown</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Gloninger & Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Pittsburgh</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Hydraulic-Press Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Du Bois</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Hydraulic-Press Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Philadelphia</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Kane Brick & Tile Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">St. Marys</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Keystone Clay Products Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Greensburg</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Kittanning Brick & Fire Clay Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Pittsburgh</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Kittanning Clay Mfg. Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Kittanning</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Kittanning Clay Products Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Bradford</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Kushequa Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Kushequa</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Latrobe Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Latrobe</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Mill Hall Brick Works</td> - <td class="tdl">Lock Haven</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Milton Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Milton</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Penn Brick Corporation</td> - <td class="tdl">Bradford</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Pittsburgh-Callery Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Pittsburgh</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Ridgway Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Watsontown</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Rochester Clay Products Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Rochester</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Stuempfle's Sons, David</td> - <td class="tdl">Williamsport</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Vanport Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Pittsburgh</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Walker Brick Co., Hay</td> - <td class="tdl">Pittsburgh</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Walkers Mills Stone & Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Pittsburgh</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Watsontown Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Watsontown</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Williamsgrove Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">  Bigler</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Wynn & Starr Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Trafford</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Yingling-Martin Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Pittsburgh</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc2" colspan="2">SOUTH CAROLINA</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Sumter Brick Works</td> - <td class="tdl">Sumter</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc2" colspan="2">TENNESSEE</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Bush & Company, W. G.</td> - <td class="tdl">Nashville</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Dixie Brick & Tile Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Puryear</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Key-James Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Alton Park</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc2" colspan="2">TEXAS</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Acme Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Fort Worth</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Elgin-Butler Brick & Tile Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Austin</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Elgin-Standard Brick Mfg. Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Elgin</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc2" colspan="2">UTAH</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Ashton Fire Brick & Tile Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Ogden</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Ogden Pressed Brick & Tile Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Ogden</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Salt Lake Pressed Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Salt Lake City</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Utah Fire Clay Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Salt Lake City</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc2" colspan="2">WASHINGTON, D. C.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Hydraulic-Press Brick Co.</td> - <td class="tdl">Washington</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">G. C. Mars, Director of Service Department</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_116">- 116 -</a></span></p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 355px;"> -<img src="images/back.png" width="355" height="473" alt=""> -</div> - - -<hr class="tbchap"> - -<hr class="chap"> - - -<div class="transnote"> - - -<p class="caption3nb">Transcriber Notes</p> - -<p>Images were relocated so as to not split paragraphs.</p> - -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MANUAL OF FACE BRICK CONSTRUCTION ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following -the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use -of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for -copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very -easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation -of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project -Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may -do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected -by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark -license, especially commercial redistribution. -</div> - -<div style='margin-top:1em; font-size:1.1em; text-align:center'>START: FULL LICENSE</div> -<div style='text-align:center;font-size:0.9em'>THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE</div> -<div style='text-align:center;font-size:0.9em'>PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project -Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person -or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the -Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when -you share it without charge with others. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country other than the United States. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work -on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the -phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: -</div> - -<blockquote> - <div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most - other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions - whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms - of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online - at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you - are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws - of the country where you are located before using this eBook. - </div> -</blockquote> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project -Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg™ License. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format -other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain -Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -provided that: -</div> - -<div style='margin-left:0.7em;'> - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation.” - </div> - - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ - works. - </div> - - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - </div> - - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works. - </div> -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of -the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set -forth in Section 3 below. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right -of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™ -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, -Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up -to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website -and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread -public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state -visit <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/donate/">www.gutenberg.org/donate</a>. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Most people start at our website which has the main PG search -facility: <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. -</div> - -</div> -</body> -</html> diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/back.png b/old/69285-h/images/back.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index aaf9062..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/back.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/69285-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 82e0312..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/cover.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/cover.png b/old/69285-h/images/cover.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 49c4477..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/cover.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig1.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig1.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 6de29fa..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig1.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig10.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig10.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 7274799..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig10.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig11.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig11.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 7abf16e..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig11.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig12-13.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig12-13.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 690dc93..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig12-13.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig14-15.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig14-15.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 2bcd728..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig14-15.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig16.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig16.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 4a43c15..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig16.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig17.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig17.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 69dd472..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig17.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig18.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig18.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 4fb8924..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig18.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig19.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig19.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 0702bf1..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig19.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig2-7.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig2-7.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 554b703..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig2-7.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig20.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig20.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index b0eae9d..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig20.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig21.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig21.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 5c5f8b5..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig21.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig22.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig22.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 7ed6719..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig22.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig23.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig23.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 28cf25e..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig23.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig24.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig24.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 9844a56..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig24.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig25-29.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig25-29.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 791ac56..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig25-29.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig30.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig30.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 37d5eb1..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig30.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig31.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig31.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index a33d4a4..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig31.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig32.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig32.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index b063e41..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig32.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig33.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig33.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 1513a55..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig33.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig34.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig34.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index e475de1..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig34.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig35.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig35.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index fb2a69a..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig35.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig36.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig36.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 3af185e..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig36.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig37.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig37.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 59d6601..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig37.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig38.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig38.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index caaa4b7..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig38.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig39.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig39.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index a315185..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig39.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig40.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig40.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 55f3836..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig40.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig41.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig41.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index d61644e..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig41.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig42.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig42.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index a4a32e3..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig42.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig43.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig43.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 795dd84..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig43.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig44.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig44.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 99b28a2..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig44.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig45.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig45.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 62fcd33..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig45.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig46.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig46.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 05157cc..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig46.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig47.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig47.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index a3eab1b..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig47.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig48.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig48.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index f48b8dc..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig48.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig49.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig49.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 0b5b91d..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig49.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig50.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig50.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 5d2921b..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig50.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig51.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig51.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index f09895d..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig51.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig52-53.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig52-53.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index d3953b8..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig52-53.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig54.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig54.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 6647b36..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig54.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig55.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig55.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 5bec5c6..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig55.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig56.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig56.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index c04821f..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig56.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig57.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig57.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 3dffaba..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig57.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig58.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig58.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 2672246..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig58.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig59.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig59.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 3c9af80..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig59.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig8.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig8.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 38ca8f1..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig8.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fig9.png b/old/69285-h/images/fig9.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 331ceea..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fig9.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fireplace_a.png b/old/69285-h/images/fireplace_a.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 5b0ea4f..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fireplace_a.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fireplace_b.png b/old/69285-h/images/fireplace_b.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 5f47234..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fireplace_b.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/fireplace_c.png b/old/69285-h/images/fireplace_c.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 5ff3ebe..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/fireplace_c.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/flower.png b/old/69285-h/images/flower.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index a6a4fa0..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/flower.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/frontispiece.png b/old/69285-h/images/frontispiece.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index a34a5e7..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/frontispiece.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/leaf.png b/old/69285-h/images/leaf.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 6efa6a3..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/leaf.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/logo.png b/old/69285-h/images/logo.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index d3b6ce5..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/logo.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page100.png b/old/69285-h/images/page100.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index e2503c9..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page100.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page101.png b/old/69285-h/images/page101.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 469fd1b..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page101.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page102.png b/old/69285-h/images/page102.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 4abb96c..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page102.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page103.png b/old/69285-h/images/page103.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index d2bf281..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page103.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page10a.png b/old/69285-h/images/page10a.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index eb824b1..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page10a.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page10b.png b/old/69285-h/images/page10b.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 0f3fa76..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page10b.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page11a.png b/old/69285-h/images/page11a.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index b2ab6c4..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page11a.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page11b.png b/old/69285-h/images/page11b.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 1d38870..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page11b.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page12.png b/old/69285-h/images/page12.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 938fe3e..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page12.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page13a.png b/old/69285-h/images/page13a.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index df941ba..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page13a.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page13b.png b/old/69285-h/images/page13b.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index a808eac..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page13b.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page14.png b/old/69285-h/images/page14.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index e768fcc..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page14.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page15.png b/old/69285-h/images/page15.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index e135df5..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page15.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page16a.png b/old/69285-h/images/page16a.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index f7d3028..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page16a.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page16b.png b/old/69285-h/images/page16b.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 0a82bf3..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page16b.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page41.png b/old/69285-h/images/page41.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index e1d462f..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page41.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page42.png b/old/69285-h/images/page42.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index c6e9213..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page42.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page43.png b/old/69285-h/images/page43.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index e6d277c..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page43.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page44.png b/old/69285-h/images/page44.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 0c5ce3b..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page44.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page45.png b/old/69285-h/images/page45.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 1c8d6c0..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page45.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page46.png b/old/69285-h/images/page46.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 5399de3..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page46.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page47.png b/old/69285-h/images/page47.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 917ceb5..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page47.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page48.png b/old/69285-h/images/page48.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 882d2ee..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page48.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page49.png b/old/69285-h/images/page49.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 885896a..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page49.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page50.png b/old/69285-h/images/page50.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 87d0f44..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page50.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page51.png b/old/69285-h/images/page51.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index d6177fd..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page51.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page52.png b/old/69285-h/images/page52.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 67b5839..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page52.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page53.png b/old/69285-h/images/page53.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 288c42a..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page53.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page54.png b/old/69285-h/images/page54.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index c7a6cf4..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page54.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page55.png b/old/69285-h/images/page55.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 694f7c5..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page55.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page56.png b/old/69285-h/images/page56.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 0eabbf0..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page56.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page57.png b/old/69285-h/images/page57.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index fd81962..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page57.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page58.png b/old/69285-h/images/page58.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 7528d31..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page58.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page59.png b/old/69285-h/images/page59.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 9417bad..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page59.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page60.png b/old/69285-h/images/page60.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index c439c2e..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page60.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page61.png b/old/69285-h/images/page61.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 21a70e8..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page61.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page62.png b/old/69285-h/images/page62.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 5f4954a..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page62.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page63.png b/old/69285-h/images/page63.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index d07be2e..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page63.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page64.png b/old/69285-h/images/page64.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 4155ff1..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page64.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page65.png b/old/69285-h/images/page65.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index d6eaf7e..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page65.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page66.png b/old/69285-h/images/page66.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 785bbd2..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page66.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page67.png b/old/69285-h/images/page67.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index bed9b4c..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page67.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page68.png b/old/69285-h/images/page68.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index f971f46..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page68.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page69.png b/old/69285-h/images/page69.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index ed2b86d..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page69.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page6a.png b/old/69285-h/images/page6a.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index a1b55ee..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page6a.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page6b.png b/old/69285-h/images/page6b.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 4f3601d..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page6b.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page7.png b/old/69285-h/images/page7.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index c12dbc1..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page7.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page70.png b/old/69285-h/images/page70.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index cf9af7e..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page70.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page71.png b/old/69285-h/images/page71.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index a33da11..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page71.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page72.png b/old/69285-h/images/page72.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 74a5b90..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page72.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page73.png b/old/69285-h/images/page73.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 38658c2..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page73.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page74.png b/old/69285-h/images/page74.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index cf069c3..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page74.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page75.png b/old/69285-h/images/page75.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 6bf12e4..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page75.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page76.png b/old/69285-h/images/page76.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index f48fb9f..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page76.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page77.png b/old/69285-h/images/page77.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index bfbe0ac..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page77.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page78.png b/old/69285-h/images/page78.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 7627225..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page78.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page79.png b/old/69285-h/images/page79.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index fd86681..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page79.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page8.png b/old/69285-h/images/page8.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 25a6a5f..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page8.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page80.png b/old/69285-h/images/page80.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index f132a3d..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page80.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page81.png b/old/69285-h/images/page81.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index d7db586..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page81.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page82.png b/old/69285-h/images/page82.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index f0f48f8..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page82.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page83.png b/old/69285-h/images/page83.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 5512813..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page83.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page84.png b/old/69285-h/images/page84.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index a6334ee..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page84.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page85.png b/old/69285-h/images/page85.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index ec05f02..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page85.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page86.png b/old/69285-h/images/page86.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 11107e8..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page86.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page87.png b/old/69285-h/images/page87.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 10417b7..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page87.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page88.png b/old/69285-h/images/page88.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index dd53a43..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page88.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page89.png b/old/69285-h/images/page89.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index ef91595..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page89.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page90.png b/old/69285-h/images/page90.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 0b7234e..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page90.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page91.png b/old/69285-h/images/page91.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 41302c6..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page91.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page92.png b/old/69285-h/images/page92.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index a78cd4c..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page92.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page93.png b/old/69285-h/images/page93.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 3092ed6..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page93.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page94.png b/old/69285-h/images/page94.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 82b16e2..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page94.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page95.png b/old/69285-h/images/page95.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index a748f65..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page95.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page96.png b/old/69285-h/images/page96.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index c0347d2..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page96.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page97.png b/old/69285-h/images/page97.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 691e117..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page97.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page98.png b/old/69285-h/images/page98.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 27a58da..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page98.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page99.png b/old/69285-h/images/page99.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 2c39466..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page99.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page9a.png b/old/69285-h/images/page9a.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 3d86a83..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page9a.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/page9b.png b/old/69285-h/images/page9b.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 56fcfe0..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/page9b.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/symbols.png b/old/69285-h/images/symbols.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index fe24995..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/symbols.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/title.png b/old/69285-h/images/title.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 7399527..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/title.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/title2.png b/old/69285-h/images/title2.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 92a1f94..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/title2.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69285-h/images/title3.png b/old/69285-h/images/title3.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 883144f..0000000 --- a/old/69285-h/images/title3.png +++ /dev/null |
