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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..58574cb --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #69283 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/69283) diff --git a/old/69283-0.txt b/old/69283-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 646d526..0000000 --- a/old/69283-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1103 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The necessity of disinterment, under -existing circumstances, by William Cooke - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The necessity of disinterment, under existing circumstances - -Author: William Cooke - -Release Date: November 1, 2022 [eBook #69283] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Carol Brown, and The Online Distributed Proofreading Team - at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE NECESSITY OF -DISINTERMENT, UNDER EXISTING CIRCUMSTANCES *** - - - - - -THE - -NECESSITY OF DISINTERMENT, - -UNDER EXISTING CIRCUMSTANCES. - - - - -THE - -NECESSITY OF DISINTERMENT, - -UNDER EXISTING CIRCUMSTANCES, - -BEING - -AN APOLOGY, &c., - -IN - -A LETTER TO THE MAYOR OF EXETER. - -BY - -WILLIAM COOKE, SURGEON. - - -“All foreigners express astonishment, when informed, that the teachers -of Anatomy, in this country, are obliged to depend, for the power of -communicating this most necessary and important knowledge, upon a -precarious supply of bodies, which have been suffered to become -putrid, and afterwards been interred. This is, indeed, a national -disgrace; and formerly I would not willingly have acknowledged the -fact of the disinterment of bodies, because it tends to disquiet the -best feelings of the public. The newspaper writers, however, have so -blazoned it forth, as to render any attempt to conceal it unavailing.” - - MR. ABERNETHY. - - - - -LONDON: - -PUBLISHED BY SHERWOOD, GILBERT, AND PIPER, - -PATERNOSTER-ROW. - -MDCCCXXVII. - - - - -Mills, Jowett, and Mills, Bolt-court, Fleet-street. - - - - -AN APOLOGY, &c. - - -SIR, - -Actuated by a respectful deference to the chief magistrate of the city -of Exeter, I venture to address that individual, who so ably occupies -the place and station, at the present moment. After the remarks which -fell from Mr. Justice Park upon the subject of local jurisdiction at -the late city assize,――remarks which no one in court, and least of all -yourself, can possibly have forgotten,――there can be no occasion for -my referring to the subject, for the sake of any explanation of my -conduct, in procuring the removal of my past cause into an adjoining -county. - -You know, I presume to think, Sir, that it is difficult for men -even of enlarged minds to divest themselves of opinions once -formed,――perhaps publicly declared.――Rumour has a thousand tongues, -and prejudice catches every whisper;――is it fair then, that I, or any -one else should be tried by a jury who could by any possibility -prejudge the question? Otherwise, the amount of evidence adduced, -would be but too frequently a secondary consideration. Jurymen at -least might come into court with prejudiced minds; and though -magistrates of talent and character, might, undoubtedly, be very far -from casting “the trash their own suspicion breeds, into the scale -they hold,” yet it would be superfluous to inform you, Sir, that the -mischievous operation of bias and prejudice, need not extend further -than the jurybox, to annihilate every shadow of fair and impartial -justice. - -I do not conceive any farther explanation necessary, Sir, after the -forcible remarks of the learned judge to the same effect; and if any -apology seem to be called for, I beg that it may be considered as -consisting in that explanation which was so appositely provided. - -The objects of this letter, Sir, are various: for, after having -implored your forbearance, as to the liberty I have taken, in placing -your distinguished name in its title page, I would, with your -permission, draw your attention to the circumstances of my late -prosecution. I would, secondly, apologize for some particulars -connected with the case. Thirdly, I would venture to attempt a -demonstration of the necessity and advantages of anatomical pursuits. -And, fourthly, endeavour to convince you, that something to facilitate -the acquisition of subjects _ought to be done_, and that something _is -about to be effected_. - -The dead body of a poor woman was taken from a grave; and with such a -seeming recklessness of consequences, that no steps appeared to have -been taken to prevent detection, and, I had almost said, less than -none to shield public and private feelings from the grossest outrage. -Under such circumstances, was it not the duty of the parish officers -to search for the body, to re-inter it, and to punish the offenders? -Certainly; and had that appeared to have been their only aim,――had -they temperately removed the body, and then indicted me (as it was -found in my possession) for a _misdemeanor_,――I should not have -thought of changing the _venue_ of the late trial into the adjoining -county. But, the desperate proceedings of my prosecutors alarmed me, -and induced me to resolve, that I would not be tried by men who seemed -actuated by a sort of fury. Nemesis, or some of the destinies of -Arimanes, seemed to be employed upon them, and to be working almost as -monstrous evils, as when they - - “From the dull,―― - Do shape out oracles to rule the world.” - -I need not inform you, Sir, but I am anxious to explain to the public, -that _four_ constables were sent to my house, as if some strong -opposition had been expected, or as if there was reason to apprehend -murderous proceedings. The body was found, identified, and quietly -surrendered, and, I believe, there were no particular marks of -violence upon it. I was conducted to the Guildhall, as I supposed to -account for my possession of it; and this I was prepared to do. The -usual proceedings were gone through with no lack of that awful gravity -which suited with the case, and after the ordinary forms. The body -lost was found, and that in my possession, so that every thing seemed -clear and satisfactory, and one would have thought facts enough had -been substantiated as a foundation for future proceedings. But, it -occurred to a person present, (_evidently in office_,) that certain -valuable effects, such as gold rings, and crosses of gold and -jewellery, together with (it was impossible to say what of) needlework -and fine linen, might, _very probably_, have been interred with this -poor woman; and although this _brilliant_ suggestion, I dare say, -seemed worth very little to the intelligent bench of Magistrates, -(one, two, or three of whom saw it in its true colours, and smiled -upon the officious zeal of the officer,) yet as it came from a quarter -to which they were accustomed to pay respect, they did not think it -right, I suppose, entirely to overlook it. It was replied to the -proper question on this important subject, “There is some linen -missing,” and although it was, or very well might have been, presumed, -from the silence of the witness, that no treasure had been interred -with the body, or that it was safe and untouched if it had, yet, (by a -majority, I suppose,) _it was thought advisable_,――and my indignant -feelings compel me into seriousness when I relate it,――_to send -officers a second time to my residence, to search for stolen linen_, -which must necessarily have been of the most ordinary description and -utterly valueless, but _upon the finding of which_, some absurdly -thought, _I might be indicted for felony, and thereupon committed to -prison_. I am acquainted with those, Sir, who hoped for this result; -_nay, with one in office, who was heard to express a resolution, -ready formed, and that before the examination of a single witness, -that it should be brought about_. I know their names, and may let the -public know them too. They are deeply enough implicated already, and -let them beware lest fresh exposures tread upon the heels of their -precursors. Linen was found and identified, and it was of about -twopence value. It is true my very ingenious and able Solicitor, Mr. -Brutton, after some difficulty, succeeded in convincing you of the -non-existence of any virtual felony, (as was shown by your admitting -me to bail upon moderate securities,) yet, could no arguments of Mr. -Brutton, or of a few gentlemen who steadily opposed their rancorous -proceedings, abate the fury of certain individuals of the Parish of -St. David. These persons, catching at the hint profoundly thrown out -in the Chamber, instructed counsel, not only to proceed against me for -the misdemeanor, (to which, as I had possession of the body sought, I -would have pleaded guilty immediately,) but to lay an indictment for -felony also,――an indictment, charging me with a disgraceful and -heinous offence, which _they knew I never did or thought of doing, and -which I indignantly throw back on my accusers, one and all, -collectively and individually_. - -Neither need I inform you, Mr. Mayor, who, though yourself a -parishioner, are, I am sure, as a magistrate, and a gentleman, -strongly opposed to any such malicious proceedings, that parish -meetings were called again and again, during divine service, (being -considered, I suppose, a part of it,) for the purpose of supporting -this double indictment, the expenses of which, it was even proposed to -defray by a rate upon the parish! In justice to that parish, however, -I am bound to admit, that the proceedings of these meetings, both -originated with and were conducted by obscure individuals. Some of the -more respectable parishioners were ignorant of the _first_ meeting, -till its resolutions were made known to them; resolutions to prosecute -me for a felony, which, but for this _accident_, would never have been -adopted. This is evidenced by the opposition with which these -gentlemen met all subsequent proceedings: so that I repeat, it is but -justice to allow, that, though outvoted continually, the conduct of -these gentlemen, in the estimation of the liberal minded, will half -redeem the character of the parish. They will be justified by that -approval of their exertions which was implied in the conduct of Mr. -Justice Park, when he declared that he should be very sorry to try -such an indictment, and gave directions to the jury accordingly: and -again, by the express declaration of the Court of King’s Bench, -through Mr. Justice Bayley. But these gentlemen _were_ outvoted, a -subscription _was_ entered upon, and the originators of this unfounded -indictment triumphed. But, Sir, was I to be tried by such men for a -felony? Tried, I say, because it is more than probable, that some of -those who met to prosecute, would have sat as jurors upon the trial; -and then, Sir, what could have been effected but a ready-made verdict, -and the severest punishments. I confess that I trembled under such an -apprehension, and caught with avidity at the remedy proposed by my -solicitor, that I should remove the cause into the Court of King’s -Bench. The matter being thus carried to London, this indictment for -felony was smiled upon as a jest, or spoken of as a mistake, by most -persons to whom it was mentioned. In one instance, a mistake indeed, -and of some consequence, had very nearly arisen from its unusual -nature. A legal gentleman, perceiving that it was a charge of -disinterment, and no more expecting an indictment for felony than one -for high treason, neglected, for some days, to inform me that it was -necessary I should plead to so serious a matter in person. A general -exclamation of surprise and merriment attended its relation; except in -some persons, who conceived it too serious a piece of malice to be met -in any other way than by indignant deprecation. For my own part, I was -content: I felt assured of the view which an enlightened judge would -take of the subject; that he would overrule so ridiculous a complaint, -as that a medical man, of no bad character, had stolen some old rags -of a few pence value, for the purpose of using or selling them: and in -this _intent_ only, as is manifest to common sense, consists the -essence of felony. - -Sir, you are acquainted with the judgment of the Court of King’s -Bench, as, doubtless, my prosecutors are also. Can I not easily -imagine, or rather, may I not positively infer, the poignant chagrin -of those personages, upon finding that I had been more leniently dealt -with than they had hoped. Will they deny that _imprisonment_ was the -doom which their best wishes had assigned me; and will they, after six -months’ persecution, pretend, that there was the slightest leniency in -their inclinations? Not that I mean to say that my sentence was light: -much the contrary. I lament it, not only on my own account, but from a -consideration of the baneful effect which it _may_ have upon those -numerous and ardent minds, who are either prosecuting, or about to -prosecute, their important studies. But, _nil desperandum_: nothing, -Sir, no prejudices, no misguided and self-injuring prosecutors, and -(pardon me if I say) no magisterial interference, can check the ardour -of anatomical students, any more than bigotry, pride, or timidity, -(whichever be the motive of its opponents,) can shut that broad gate, -which is opening, and will be opened wide, for the diffusion of -universal knowledge. It is cheering to reflect, that in the very teeth -of this conviction and sentence, and only a few days subsequent to the -latter, when it must have been fresh in mind, and doubtless had been -seriously pondered over both by teacher and pupils, Dr. Birkbeck, in a -course of Anatomical Lectures which he was then delivering to the -Mechanics of London, having arrived at the precise point whereat my -difficulties arose, proposed to his class to exhibit to them the -muscles upon the recent subject: by which alone, as he explained to -them, they can be properly shewn. He referred to the prejudices which -prevail against practical Anatomy, and professing an inclination to -indulge them, should they be paramount to the general desire of -knowledge, he promised, rather than disgust his audience, to continue -his course (in a very imperfect manner certainly, but as well as he -could) by the aid of plates, diagrams, &c. Dr. B. left it with his -large audience to determine the point, when they, with an honourable -unanimity and readiness, accepted the offer of the recent subject, -with acclamations. The subject was produced in accordance with their -good resolutions, and the course has proceeded regularly, not only -without disgust, but with that genuine delight which accompanies -_perfect_ information. Thus has Dr. Birkbeck accomplished that object -in the acquisition of which I should have preceded him, (though in a -very humble manner as to the Lecturer, yet with the proud and pleasing -advantage of addressing professional, literary and scientific men with -regard to the audience) but for Yarde’s direct disobedience to very -plain and positive orders. Dr. B. is a champion of science and -education, but not such only; he is a true and an enlightened patriot. -He is teaching his countrymen “the _task of greatness_,” as well as -“the path of honour;” and, what is perhaps of more moment than either, -he is teaching them to be happy. “Hæc studia adolescentiam alunt, -senectutem oblectant, secundas res ornant, adversis perfugium ac -solatium præbent, delectant domi, non impediunt foris, pernoctant -nobiscum, peregrinantur, rusticantur. _Quod si ipsi hæc neque -attingere, neque sensu nostro gustare possemus, tamen ea mirari -deberemus, etiam cùm in aliis videremus.”_――CICERO. - -So much for the prosecution: and having been acquitted as a matter of -course, of the obnoxious part of the charge, by a _jury of common -sense_, as I have ever been by those who can appreciate the motives of -a student of science and the feelings of a gentleman, as well as at -that bar, which is to every man of honour as tangible and as terrible -as that of any Guildhall in Europe, the bar of my own conscience; -having, I say, passed unhurt through that ordeal which my prosecutors -presented to me, and through that which they ought sometimes to impose -upon themselves, (on Sundays at least,) I can but say in return, that -I am equally obliged to those who followed up, and those who -suggested, that unique indictment. I regret only, that all its details -were not cited in open court, in order that the deep malignancy, and -the entire impotency of the originators might have appeared in -ludicrous opposition, face to face; and that my own name, of so small -consequence as it is, _per se_, might have borrowed a moment’s lustre -from its proximity to so black a foil. “Let them digest the venom of -their spleen,” and beware, lest some harsh-sounding truth teller apply -to them the lines of the Satirist, - - “Compound for sins they are inclin’d to, - By damning those they have no mind to.” - -They will smile at these remarks because they are unsupported by any -authority. But these gentry _may_ receive a graver and heavier rebuke; -such as, from its eminent and official source, shall convincingly -teach them, that to conspire against the future prospects of any man, -by raking up a groundless charge of felony against him, when his -character is untainted, and his pursuits _even in the imputed felony_ -are useful and honourable, is _in itself_ so very _contemptible_, and -yet so _heinous_ an offence _against common society_, as to require a -_direct rebuke from the Chief Magistrate_, and to deserve that severe -punishment which would follow an action at law. Give me leave, Sir, to -request (if, indeed, in acknowledging your authority, I am not rightly -entitled to demand) that you will, at some convenient opportunity, -signify to my prosecutors, (whose legal superior and whose -fellow-parishioner you are) your strong sense of the impropriety of -their conduct. You cannot be in error, for you are preceded by the -voice of Mr. Justice Park, and by that of the Court of King’s Bench, -and you will be echoed by the loud and equitable cry of the public in -general. Pardon me, Sir, if I press my solicitation upon this point, -as firmly as courtesy will allow me; probably, however, it needs only -to be mentioned.――As a man you will be indignant at such shameful -proceedings, and as a magistrate you will feel it your duty to reprove -them. - -Can there be a gentleman, can there be a scholar, can there be a -Christian, among my persecutors? Gentlemen scorn dishonourable -actions, scholars are liberal toward science and the students of it, -and Christians are just at least, being commanded not to “bear false -witness against their neighbour.” Can they possibly, can _any learned -individual_ among them, find texts to justify the accusing a man of a -disgraceful offence, when he knows that none has been committed? There -_is_ that, however, which “makes all doctrines plain and clear,” and -it is the duty of every man to acquire popularity――his interest at -least――and if his interest, then his duty: because, if it be the duty -of a citizen to promote the _general_ good, how can he do that in a -readier way, than by promoting his _own_ good? For, the whole consists -of parts, and he is, undoubtedly, a part of the whole. Wherefore, by -consulting his own individual good, regardless of irrelevancies, (for -such, in this scholastic view of things, honour and honesty must be -allowed to be,) a man is evidently, and _bona fide_, playing the part -of a good citizen. This is perfectly clear. It appears an irrefragable -syllogism, as fair as some of ours in physic, perhaps as some of yours -in law. For _Divinity_, I have not a word to say about it. I leave it -(_and the present argument too_) in the pastoral hands of _any Divine -who may have already busied himself in it_. Is it then, possible, some -persons may inquire, who are less acquainted with the world and its -hypocrisy, and with the officers of St. David’s, than you, Sir, must -necessarily be; is it possible that any Divines have so degraded -themselves as to have excited or abetted these malicious proceedings? -Yet, it should be remembered, that a desire of popularity will -transform the noblest spirits, as, in the fable, it makes a lion pride -himself upon the accomplishments of an ass. The post of “a -door-keeper” is little desirable, whatever may be said about it, and -the sentiment of the Devil has more admirers: - - “Better to reign in hell, than serve in heaven.” - -Those who have been most active in the late prosecution, cannot have -felt more real regret, than I have myself experienced. _My_ uneasiness -(whatever may have been the nature of _theirs_) consisted in a -participation in the distresses of those persons, whose private -feelings had been so deeply and (as I fear they supposed) cruelly -wounded; and in the reflection, that the disgusting subject of human -disinterment must be again agitated, commented upon, written upon; a -subject which, of all others, whether relating to a necessity or not, -ought to be kept profoundly silent, and almost mysteriously secret. - -Upon this declaration, I proceed to state, that it is one of my -objects in the publication of this letter, to make all the reparation -I am able to the friends of the late Mrs. Taylor; assuring them, that -I sympathize with them in those distresses, which must have arisen -from the violence offered to some of the best of feelings, at the same -time declaring, that the choice made (so far as I know, and as I -believe) was entirely fortuitous, and by no means intended to affect -their family particularly. It is my intention, moreover, by this -letter, to apologize to the public in general, for certain imprudent -conduct which has led to the late lamentable agitation of the public -mind. “Nullum numen abest si sit prudentia.” But after this -acknowledgment I must be permitted to explain myself, and to show -wherein I allow myself to have acted imprudently. To be fairly -understood, I must beg permission to say a few words which would -otherwise be entirely irrelevant. Having it in prospect to settle in -Devon, (solely from certain notions of its warmth and salubrity,) I -determined upon Exeter as my place of residence, without any other -knowledge of it than that possessed by every Englishman; viz. that it -is a large and important city. It was represented to me as a place of -enlightened and elegant pursuits, and upon this opinion a -recommendation was founded, that I should offer to its resident gentry -a course of Anatomical Lectures. In furtherance of this design, my -friend, Mr. Wilton Toulmin, the originator of the proposition, held -out to me the following very important inducement; that he could at -any time purchase a subject from a certain medical school in London. -This, from his influence at that school, I did not doubt for a moment. -After some months I proposed my Lectures, by advertisement and by -circulars; and having had abundant encouragement, I commenced them in -October last, before an audience of about forty gentlemen of the -greatest respectability. After the delivery of about ten Lectures, I -arrived at the part of my course where it was necessary (as had been -promised in the circulars) that I should exhibit the muscles upon the -recent subject, and I made my application to London without the least -doubt as to the result. After a few days, my friend (who is as zealous -as persevering, and as able as any agent can possibly be) replied, -that he had been refused in the most direct manner, and that the fact -was to him quite inexplicable. He could not conceive the cause of it. -Persons who were quite familiar to him, and whose business it was to -act upon these occasions, replied steadily to every application, that -an injunction had been laid against sending _me_ a subject, and that -it had been caused by some Exeter person or persons. Is it necessary, -Sir, that I make any comment upon this manœuvre? It seems as if its -ingenious author, who did me the honour of so much notice, determined -to annoy me, and, if possible, defeat my object. To that end, he made -himself acquainted with the place whence I intended to procure my -subject, and then found means of spreading such stories as should -influence its petty officers, box-carriers, beadles, porters, and the -like, (for the head of that establishment is indignant at the -transaction, and cordially promised me his protection,) so as to bring -about that refusal, which (strangely enough) was so very efficacious. -Having thus succeeded in driving me to the necessity either of -discontinuing my Lectures, or of authorizing some disinterment upon -the spot, this _gentleman_ sat silently watching the event. None could -be more fortunate. The resurrection-man seemed as if he had tacitly -come into the gentleman’s project; for, having provided me, not with a -subject only, but with some valueless linen also, to possess which, it -was thought, would have made my misdemeanor a felony, the former, in -the most obliging manner, enacted a dexterous and finishing stroke to -the game thus played by the porters, box-carriers, and gentleman, in -alliance. The man was paid for his trouble, and it was agreed that he -should receive a second fee upon this sole and oft-repeated -condition,――that he returned to the place whence he had procured the -body, and destroyed every vestige of the transaction:――so, leaving the -act “uninjurious because unknown.” He promised, he solemnly promised, -to do this. I had no reason to disbelieve him, and, reflecting upon -the probable efficacy of his promised reward, I confidently hoped, -that the feelings of relations and of the public would have suffered -no injury. What really occurred I need not repeat. The man, I suppose, -went off in some other direction, without making any effort at doing -what it was his duty to have done, and (as I at that time conceived) -that of no other person. Since that affair, however, I can readily -admit that it would have been prudent, and in every respect proper, -either personally, or by means of another, to have ascertained that -the thing was really and decently done and completed. So far as I have -said, I acknowledge myself to have acted imprudently; and so far, -therefore, do I apologize to the public, and more particularly to the -friends of the deceased. - -Anatomy, however, must be studied. Is it possible that any one can -doubt this? I am informed, Sir, that it _is_ possible. But if this be -true, I am sure the strange opinion must be held by those who never -employed a thought upon the subject. Give me leave to recommend such -persons to consult their medical attendants upon the nature and -consequences of the following diseases,――aneurism, hernia, stone, -cataract. Let them inquire, further, how they are to be remedied, and -how frequent they are in their occurrence; and then, and thereafter, I -pledge myself that their prejudices against dissection of the human -body will have been lessened, if not overthrown. - -“Anatomy,” says Mr. Abernethy in a pamphlet published on the occasion -of the enlargement of an Anatomical Theatre, under the sanction of the -Governors of a contiguous Hospital; “Anatomy forms the only basis on -which the superstructure of medical science can possibly be built. We -must understand the healthy structure and functions of the various -organs and parts of the body, or we can never understand the nature of -their diseases, nor the rational mode of effecting their cure.” - -Here is a broad declaration from the highest authority, and comment -would but weaken its effect. To the great majority of thinking men, it -will appear as if I were going about to prove that pain was an evil, -by advancing arguments in proof of the necessity of Anatomy. But I -have good reasons for believing, that certain persons who talk loudly -about the horrors of disinterment, are quite unaware of the nature or -object of that science, which they would consent to sacrifice at the -shrine of an ill-directed, if even a praiseworthy feeling. Let me ask -these persons, whether, in the event of a painful and dangerous -illness occurring to themselves or their families, they would not -desire the attendance of that medical practitioner whom they believed -to be skilled in his profession? If any one of them reply to this -inquiry affirmatively, I beg of that individual to read again the -sentence which I have just quoted from Mr. Abernethy. Dissection and -disinterment are _both_ forgotten and forgiven, when agony distorts -the features of a beloved sufferer, or when death seems to be -impending over him; and when that science which but for Anatomy (_and -in the present state of things but for disinterment_) could not exist, -is ready at hand to relieve from torture, or to snatch from death. On -the other hand, how numerous are actions against surgeons merely for -supposed want of skill in treating fractures and other cases, when the -patient does not acquire that relief which he expects. Suppose I were -exposed to an action from my prosecutors for ignorance in that science -which they have just prosecuted me for studying, who would be more -ready to prosecute than they? - -Lest, however, our patients should delicately refrain from seeking -information of their medical attendants, as supposing that they would -be unwilling to betray the secrets of their _art and mystery_, let -them be assured, that necromancy and juggling are not farther removed -from the _practice_ of medicine and surgery, than are reserve and -mystery from that _theoretical_ information, which every educated -practitioner is, at all times, willing to afford. Permit me, Sir, to -use this opportunity of detailing a case in surgery: a practice which, -in my opinion, ought more frequently to be resorted to, as a means of -impressing the public mind with a conviction of the value, _the -indispensability_, of practical Anatomy. - -There is a large artery on each side of the neck conveying blood to -the head: of so great magnitude is it, that, could the murderer wound -it by a puncture only, his business would be sufficiently done, -without any further division. A very small wound of this vessel would -give vent to so many pounds of blood, in a few seconds, as would cause -immediate death. Now this artery is subject to a disease called -Aneurism, wherein its coats yield (perhaps on one side of the vessel) -so as to form a small pulsating tumour. It is a membranous sac -containing blood. It communicates with the interior of the artery, so -that the contents of the tumour are easily squeezed back into the -artery, whence, upon the removal of the pressure, the blood -immediately returns into the sac. This tumour, gradually enlarged by -the continuance of morbid actions, and by the impetus of the -circulating blood, acquires, perhaps, the size of a large orange. The -skin is in a constant state of increasing tension, and it finally -becomes inflamed, and ulcerates, and the tumour bursts. After what was -said of the size of the artery, I need not dwell upon the certainty of -immediate death. The remedy consists in exposing the vessel between -the diseased portion and the heart, (_i. e._ in the neck,) and closing -it by applying a ligature upon it. This operation well performed, and -under favourable circumstances, effects a perfect cure. But it is -dreadful for any man to attempt it, (and there are many operations -much more difficult,) without the most exact anatomical knowledge. It -were far better that he allowed his patient to die _secundum naturam_, -than that he presumed to hasten his death, by destroying him _secundum -artem_. And, better were it many times over, that he experimented upon -his own, than upon the throats of his unfortunate patients. Does he -know the exact situation of the artery relatively to the deep parts -about it? Does he know by what parts it is covered? Then let him -proceed to expose it. It is surrounded by parts vitally important. It -is in close contact with a great vein which partially overlaps it, and -which is in continual motion. Should he wound this vein ever so -slightly, the probability is that the operation is fatal; and yet, he -has to separate it from the artery, and this at the bottom of a wound -which is covered with blood. Important nerves environ the artery, and -to include one of them in the ligature with it, would be as certainly -fatal as to injure the vein. Suppose a dexterous man and an anatomist -to be the operator: he leaves these important parts uninjured, because -he knows their situation, and that of all the parts concerned; also, -because he is calm and collected, from a consciousness of his own -resources. He exposes a portion of the artery, he conveys a ligature -around it, and his patient is safe. Suppose, again, that the operator, -from a delicate sentimentality, has held disinterment to outweigh, in -horror, any good that can arise from it, and has neglected to study -Anatomy, lest he should encourage this “disgusting traffic.” Imagine -this philosopher encountering these difficulties at the bottom of a -bleeding wound. He cannot find the vessel at all, perhaps, before he -has divided it, and a fatal gush of blood informs him of the result of -his temerity. Or, he opens the vein, he divides some of the nerves, or -he ties them up with the artery. It is all the same. He might as well -have laid open the original tumour, and thus have killed the patient -at once. - -That man’s prejudices against Anatomy, Mr. Mayor, _and even against -disinterment_, must be rooted indeed, who, in the face of such facts -as these, would still oppose himself against some slight sacrifice of -feeling, to secure such important advantages as anatomical knowledge -has been seen to confer. But, Sir, _the law requires of medical men -that they be Anatomists_. It is illegal to commence practice before -obtaining the certificate of the Society of Apothecaries; and the -candidate for this necessary credential is required to bring proofs of -his having attended anatomical lectures, and is then examined as to -his knowledge of Anatomy. Mark, therefore, Sir, I beseech you, the -dilemma in which we stand. _It is illegal to obey the laws._ I would -humbly hope, that a thorough investigation of the real state of -things, may incline you, in any future transactions of this kind, to -view them with that leniency which gentlemen will always feel inclined -to extend toward scientific objects, and which has been ever held to -be consistent with, if not the most ennobling quality of, Justice. - -And here let me pointedly assert, what is also, I understand, doubted -by many, viz. that actual dissection of the human body is essential to -any available anatomical knowledge. It is one of the terse remarks of -the eminent anatomist whom I have before quoted, in reply to the -vulgar complaint that the dead are “mangled” by Surgeons, “_Either the -dead or the living must be mangled_:”――but, I believe, after what has -been said before upon the connexion between Anatomy and Surgery, that -it is needless to enlarge upon this point. It must be plain that books -and plates cannot qualify a man to remove a stone from his neighbour’s -bladder, or to lay open the fore part of his friend’s eye, and -therefore I refrain from touching upon the subject. - -Next comes the important question, How are subjects to be obtained? -Disinterment, it is now well known, affords by far the greater number -of those used in the schools. But, surely, it is a little hard upon -the profession, not only to deny to them any fair and agreeable means -of procuring subjects, but after compelling them to converse with the -most equivocal characters that they may procure what is absolutely -necessary to them, to denounce their dealings with such men as -criminal and felonious. If there had been any complaint, it might, -most rationally, have been expected from us, pioneers levelling the -path of life: who, while expected to be ever ready to assist our -masters, whensoever their necessities require our interference, are -unprovided with the principal instrument required in the work. Nay -more, when we exert _ourselves_, and procure it in the best way we -can, in a state scarcely fit for handling, the implement being utterly -useless for any other purpose, we are rewarded with complaints and -abuse. Would this were all: we are prosecuted. (_Once, we were, -facetiously enough, indicted for a felony upon this score; but it need -not be feared a second time: for the wit of the proceeding not -happening immediately to appear, this merry conceit assumed too much -the tone of malice aforethought, to render the jest expedient in -future._) But, something ought to be done to relieve the medical -profession from the disgusting necessities under which it is placed. -Criminals whose bodies are sentenced to dissection, afford, happily, a -very inadequate supply. Instances of persons bequeathing their remains -for the purposes of science are very rare. An eminent example, -however, of that kind of liberality occurred lately in the metropolis, -and the donor was of the Medical Profession. It has been said, Why do -not Surgeons _generally_ set an example of such devotedness to -science? There is no justice in such a demand. As well might it be -required of the clergyman, whose duty it is to compose and direct -toward heaven the last thoughts of a dying criminal, that he should -precede or accompany him thither. It is not under the influence of my -own feelings that I deny the fairness of such a demand, but for the -reasons I have stated: for might I hope to bring about a practice, -which I acknowledge to be desirable, while I deny its incumbency, I -would, with the utmost pleasure, put my hand to such a testament -immediately. The gentleman referred to, desired that his body might be -conveyed to a medical school for the benefit of the students, and -having been satisfactorily examined, that it should be returned to his -friends for interment. Such a laudable practice as this, need not be -confined to surgeons: the public are at least _equally_ interested in -it; and most sincerely do I hope, that this eminent example may not -want followers, either in or out of the profession. One of this -gentleman’s declared objects was to recommend such a practice, and it -has every thing noble and useful to recommend it. - -But “they manage these things better in France.” Every dead body which -has lain for inspection a certain time, and is unclaimed, is sent to -one or other of the schools of Anatomy, whence it is returned after -proper examination enveloped in matting and ready for interment. This -is an ancient custom in Paris, and a very important one. A subject is, -by means of it, to be obtained for about five or six francs, and -students are enabled to dissect with greater perseverance than in this -country, where no subject is to be obtained for less than ten or -twelve guineas. “There are unhappily,” says Mr. Abernethy, “in this, -as well as in other countries, numbers who die without friends or -relatives to mourn their loss. If then the superintendents of prisons, -poor-houses, and eleemosynary establishments, would but consent that -the remains of those who die in such circumstances and are unclaimed, -should be made the subjects of anatomical instruction, we should be -put upon the same footing as other nations, and the obnoxious offence -of disinterring the dead, would be no longer necessary, or committed.” -Here would be no injury to the feelings of any person; for the word -“_dissection_,” “_examination_” should be substituted; and it should -be fully understood, that the corpse would be subsequently and -decently buried. Ought not the bodies of many suicides to be so -examined, and would not such a law lessen the frequency of those -horrible occurrences? It is proposed above, to ask the _consent of_ -the superintendents of hospitals, &c.; but I believe, nothing less -than a legal enactment, will relieve the profession and the public -generally, from this constant source of annoyance. You are probably -aware, Sir, that Mr. Peel has given notice of his intention to propose -a bill to facilitate the acquisition of subjects. In what precise -manner it is his intention to proceed in this untrodden path, it is -impossible to presume. But proceed he most certainly will; and if ever -good were to be augured from an enlightened, liberal-minded, talented -senate, now is a time when we may look forward with sanguine -expectation. Mr. Peel is well known to entertain the most liberal -views upon the subject, and it would be strange indeed, if a gentleman -so distinguished, so much a scholar, and so much a patriot, should, -amid numerous wise enactments, overlook those serious obstacles, which -prejudice, ignorance, and vulgarity throw in the way of medical and -surgical science. Upon these hopes I would congratulate the -profession, and their patients no less, as upon a promise of a very -important good. Mr. Peel, I am convinced, will never fail us, if the -good sense of the country do but second his endeavours. For himself, -at least, he will earn the meed of true greatness. “Homines enim ad -Deos nulla re proprius accedunt, quam salutem hominibus dando.” - -I believe, Sir, it is needless that I trouble you with any more -observations. Should the foregoing be a cause of uneasiness to any -person who peruses them, my whole justification lies in this, that -there is not one which I have not felt myself bound to submit. For -yourself, Mr. Mayor, men of eminent ability will, certainly, be -compelled by their less gifted fellow citizens, to assume high and -responsible situations: and dazzling as their elevation may be to the -vulgar eye, we are assured that the cares and toils of office, are -ever in proportion to its dignity and importance. None can be supposed -to enjoy distinction and honour unqualified and unmixed. Of course, -_we_ hold in especial veneration the name of Mayor, connected as it is -with so many grand and sublime associations. We consider, not the -extent of his authority alone, but those high moral and intellectual -qualifications, which are presumed to be inherent in one whose arduous -office it is to fill the Corporation Chair, and dignify the civic -pageant. To such an officer, and actuated by such feelings, have _I_ -betaken myself in my wronged and calumniated situation. - -The adjudication of the past misdemeanor, but for the reasons which -have been stated, would have been heard from you, and doubtless you -would have inflicted some temperate punishment. You would have replied -to any proposer of partiality, _I will do my duty, in spite of threats -or entreaties_――and most honourable would your answer have been. Now, -Sir, I myself have to perform, though an humbler, yet, a piece of duty -equally imperative, if not equally important. While I profess to -practice medicine and surgery it is my duty to study Anatomy, and I -may reply with you, I will do _my_ duty in spite of threats or of -obstacles. Nay, I shall be frank enough to go a little further, and -declare unequivocally, that I will study Practical Anatomy as long as -I have life, and will give all possible assistance to any persons who -are following the same pursuit. - - I am, Mr. Mayor, - - Your very humble servant, - - WM. COOKE. - - - - -Printed by Mills, Jowett, and Mills, Bolt-court, Fleet-street. - - - - -Transcriber’s Note - -This book was written in a period when many words had not become -standardized in their spelling. Words may have multiple spelling -variations or inconsistent hyphenation in the text. These have been -left unchanged. Misspelled words were not corrected. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The necessity of disinterment, under existing circumstances</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: William Cooke</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: November 1, 2022 [eBook #69283]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Carol Brown, and The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE NECESSITY OF DISINTERMENT, UNDER EXISTING CIRCUMSTANCES ***</div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="p4 center">THE</p> - -<h1 class="h1head">NECESSITY OF DISINTERMENT,</h1> - -<p class="center">UNDER EXISTING CIRCUMSTANCES.</p> -</div><!--end chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="p4 center">THE</p> - -<h2 class="h1head">NECESSITY OF DISINTERMENT,</h2> - -<p class="center">UNDER EXISTING CIRCUMSTANCES.</p> - -<p class="center small">BEING</p> - -<p class="center larger"><span class="ls">AN APOLOGY</span>, <abbr title="et cetera">&c.</abbr>,</p> - -<p class="center small">IN</p> - -<p class="center">A LETTER TO THE MAYOR OF EXETER.</p> - -<p class="p2 center small">BY</p> - -<h2 class="h2head">WILLIAM COOKE, <span class="sc">Surgeon</span>.</h2> - -<hr class="medium" /> - -<p class="small">“All foreigners express astonishment, when informed, that the teachers of Anatomy, -in this country, are obliged to depend, for the power of communicating this most necessary -and important knowledge, upon a precarious supply of bodies, which have been -suffered to become putrid, and afterwards been interred. This is, indeed, a national disgrace; -and formerly I would not willingly have acknowledged the fact of the disinterment -of bodies, because it tends to disquiet the best feelings of the public. The newspaper -writers, however, have so blazoned it forth, as to render any attempt to conceal it -unavailing.”</p> -<p class="p0 quotesig"><span class="sc">Mr. Abernethy.</span></p> - -<hr class="medium" /> - -<p class="center ls">LONDON:</p> - -<p class="center">PUBLISHED BY SHERWOOD, GILBERT, AND PIPER,</p> -<p class="center small">PATERNOSTER-ROW.</p> - -<hr class="short" /> -<p class="center sc lowercase">MDCCCXXVII.</p> - -<hr class="p4 unindent left" /> -<p class="unindent smaller">Mills, Jowett, and Mills, Bolt-court, Fleet-street.</p> -</div><!--end chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="center">AN APOLOGY, <abbr title="et cetera">&c.</abbr></p> -<hr class="veryshort" /> - -<p>SIR,</p> - -<p class="p2">Actuated by a respectful deference to the chief -magistrate of the city of Exeter, I venture to address -that individual, who so ably occupies the -place and station, at the present moment. After -the remarks which fell from Mr. Justice Park -upon the subject of local jurisdiction at the late -city assize,—remarks which no one in court, and -least of all yourself, can possibly have forgotten,—there -can be no occasion for my referring to the -subject, for the sake of any explanation of my -conduct, in procuring the removal of my past -cause into an adjoining county.</p> - -<p>You know, I presume to think, Sir, that it is -difficult for men even of enlarged minds to divest -themselves of opinions once formed,—perhaps -publicly declared.—Rumour has a thousand -tongues, and prejudice catches every whisper;—is -it fair then, that I, or any one else should be -tried by a jury who could by any possibility prejudge -the question? Otherwise, the amount of -evidence adduced, would be but too frequently a -secondary consideration. Jurymen at least might -come into court with prejudiced minds; and -though magistrates of talent and character, might, -undoubtedly, be very far from casting “the trash -their own suspicion breeds, into the scale they -hold,” yet it would be superfluous to inform you, -Sir, that the mischievous operation of bias and -prejudice, need not extend further than the jurybox, -to annihilate every shadow of fair and impartial -justice.</p> - -<p>I do not conceive any farther explanation necessary, -Sir, after the forcible remarks of the -learned judge to the same effect; and if any apology -seem to be called for, I beg that it may be -considered as consisting in that explanation which -was so appositely provided.</p> - -<p>The objects of this letter, Sir, are various: for, -after having implored your forbearance, as to the -liberty I have taken, in placing your distinguished -name in its title page, I would, with your permission, -draw your attention to the circumstances of -my late prosecution. I would, secondly, apologize -for some particulars connected with the -case. Thirdly, I would venture to attempt a demonstration -of the necessity and advantages of -anatomical pursuits. And, fourthly, endeavour to -convince you, that something to facilitate the -acquisition of subjects <em>ought to be done</em>, and that -something <em>is about to be effected</em>.</p> - -<p>The dead body of a poor woman was taken -from a grave; and with such a seeming recklessness -of consequences, that no steps appeared -to have been taken to prevent detection, and, I -had almost said, less than none to shield public and -private feelings from the grossest outrage. Under -such circumstances, was it not the duty of the parish -officers to search for the body, to re-inter it, and -to punish the offenders? Certainly; and had that -appeared to have been their only aim,—had they -temperately removed the body, and then indicted -me (as it was found in my possession) for a <em>misdemeanor</em>,—I -should not have thought of changing -the <em>venue</em> of the late trial into the adjoining -county. But, the desperate proceedings of my -prosecutors alarmed me, and induced me to resolve, -that I would not be tried by men who -seemed actuated by a sort of fury. Nemesis, or -some of the destinies of Arimanes, seemed to be -employed upon them, and to be working almost -as monstrous evils, as when they</p> - -<div class="poem-container"> -<div class="poem"> -<div class="i6">“From the dull,—</div> -<div class="i1">Do shape out oracles to rule the world.”</div> -</div><!--end poem--> -</div><!--end container--> - -<p>I need not inform you, Sir, but I am anxious -to explain to the public, that <em>four</em> constables were -sent to my house, as if some strong opposition -had been expected, or as if there was reason to -apprehend murderous proceedings. The body -was found, identified, and quietly surrendered, -and, I believe, there were no particular marks of -violence upon it. I was conducted to the Guildhall, -as I supposed to account for my possession -of it; and this I was prepared to do. The usual -proceedings were gone through with no lack of -that awful gravity which suited with the case, -and after the ordinary forms. The body lost was -found, and that in my possession, so that every -thing seemed clear and satisfactory, and one would -have thought facts enough had been substantiated -as a foundation for future proceedings. But, it -occurred to a person present, (<em>evidently in office</em>,) -that certain valuable effects, such as gold rings, -and crosses of gold and jewellery, together with -(it was impossible to say what of) needlework and -fine linen, might, <em>very probably</em>, have been interred -with this poor woman; and although this -<em>brilliant</em> suggestion, I dare say, seemed worth very -little to the intelligent bench of Magistrates, (one, -two, or three of whom saw it in its true colours, -and smiled upon the officious zeal of the officer,) -yet as it came from a quarter to which they were -accustomed to pay respect, they did not think it -right, I suppose, entirely to overlook it. It was -replied to the proper question on this important -subject, “There is some linen missing,” and -although it was, or very well might have been, -presumed, from the silence of the witness, that no -treasure had been interred with the body, or that -it was safe and untouched if it had, yet, (by a -majority, I suppose,) <em>it was thought advisable</em>,—and -my indignant feelings compel me into seriousness -when I relate it,—<em>to send officers a second -time to my residence, to search for stolen linen</em>, -which must necessarily have been of the most -ordinary description and utterly valueless, but -<em>upon the finding of which</em>, some absurdly thought, -<em>I might be indicted for felony, and thereupon committed -to prison</em>. I am acquainted with those, Sir, -who hoped for this result; <em>nay, with one in office, -who was heard to express a resolution, ready -formed, and that before the examination of a -single witness, that it should be brought about</em>. I -know their names, and may let the public know -them too. They are deeply enough implicated -already, and let them beware lest fresh exposures -tread upon the heels of their precursors. Linen -was found and identified, and it was of about twopence -value. It is true my very ingenious and -able Solicitor, Mr. Brutton, after some difficulty, -succeeded in convincing you of the non-existence -of any virtual felony, (as was shown by your admitting -me to bail upon moderate securities,) yet, -could no arguments of Mr. Brutton, or of a few -gentlemen who steadily opposed their rancorous -proceedings, abate the fury of certain individuals -of the Parish of St. David. These persons, catching -at the hint profoundly thrown out in the -Chamber, instructed counsel, not only to proceed -against me for the misdemeanor, (to which, as I -had possession of the body sought, I would have -pleaded guilty immediately,) but to lay an indictment -for felony also,—an indictment, charging me -with a disgraceful and heinous offence, which <em>they -knew I never did or thought of doing, and which I -indignantly throw back on my accusers, one and all, -collectively and individually</em>.</p> - -<p>Neither need I inform you, Mr. Mayor, who, -though yourself a parishioner, are, I am sure, as a -magistrate, and a gentleman, strongly opposed to -any such malicious proceedings, that parish meetings -were called again and again, during divine -service, (being considered, I suppose, a part of it,) -for the purpose of supporting this double indictment, -the expenses of which, it was even proposed -to defray by a rate upon the parish! In justice to -that parish, however, I am bound to admit, that -the proceedings of these meetings, both originated -with and were conducted by obscure individuals. -Some of the more respectable parishioners were -ignorant of the <em>first</em> meeting, till its resolutions -were made known to them; resolutions to prosecute -me for a felony, which, but for this <em>accident</em>, -would never have been adopted. This is evidenced -by the opposition with which these gentlemen -met all subsequent proceedings: so that I repeat, -it is but justice to allow, that, though outvoted -continually, the conduct of these gentlemen, in the -estimation of the liberal minded, will half redeem -the character of the parish. They will be justified -by that approval of their exertions which was implied -in the conduct of Mr. Justice Park, when -he declared that he should be very sorry to try -such an indictment, and gave directions to the -jury accordingly: and again, by the express declaration -of the Court of King’s Bench, through -Mr. Justice Bayley. But these gentlemen <em>were</em> -outvoted, a subscription <em>was</em> entered upon, and -the originators of this unfounded indictment -triumphed. But, Sir, was I to be tried by such -men for a felony? Tried, I say, because it is more -than probable, that some of those who met to -prosecute, would have sat as jurors upon the trial; -and then, Sir, what could have been effected but -a ready-made verdict, and the severest punishments. -I confess that I trembled under such an -apprehension, and caught with avidity at the -remedy proposed by my solicitor, that I should -remove the cause into the Court of King’s Bench. -The matter being thus carried to London, this indictment -for felony was smiled upon as a jest, or -spoken of as a mistake, by most persons to whom -it was mentioned. In one instance, a mistake -indeed, and of some consequence, had very nearly -arisen from its unusual nature. A legal gentleman, -perceiving that it was a charge of disinterment, -and no more expecting an indictment for -felony than one for high treason, neglected, for -some days, to inform me that it was necessary I -should plead to so serious a matter in person. A -general exclamation of surprise and merriment -attended its relation; except in some persons, -who conceived it too serious a piece of malice to -be met in any other way than by indignant deprecation. -For my own part, I was content: I -felt assured of the view which an enlightened judge -would take of the subject; that he would overrule -so ridiculous a complaint, as that a medical -man, of no bad character, had stolen some old -rags of a few pence value, for the purpose of using -or selling them: and in this <em>intent</em> only, as is -manifest to common sense, consists the essence -of felony.</p> - -<p>Sir, you are acquainted with the judgment of -the Court of King’s Bench, as, doubtless, my prosecutors -are also. Can I not easily imagine, or -rather, may I not positively infer, the poignant -chagrin of those personages, upon finding that -I had been more leniently dealt with than they -had hoped. Will they deny that <em>imprisonment</em> -was the doom which their best wishes had assigned -me; and will they, after six months’ persecution, -pretend, that there was the slightest leniency -in their inclinations? Not that I mean to -say that my sentence was light: much the contrary. -I lament it, not only on my own account, -but from a consideration of the baneful effect -which it <em>may</em> have upon those numerous and -ardent minds, who are either prosecuting, or about -to prosecute, their important studies. But, <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">nil -desperandum</em>: nothing, Sir, no prejudices, no -misguided and self-injuring prosecutors, and -(pardon me if I say) no magisterial interference, -can check the ardour of anatomical students, any -more than bigotry, pride, or timidity, (whichever -be the motive of its opponents,) can shut that -broad gate, which is opening, and will be opened -wide, for the diffusion of universal knowledge. -It is cheering to reflect, that in the very teeth -of this conviction and sentence, and only a few -days subsequent to the latter, when it must have -been fresh in mind, and doubtless had been seriously -pondered over both by teacher and pupils, -Dr. Birkbeck, in a course of Anatomical Lectures -which he was then delivering to the Mechanics -of London, having arrived at the precise point -whereat my difficulties arose, proposed to his -class to exhibit to them the muscles upon the recent -subject: by which alone, as he explained to -them, they can be properly shewn. He referred -to the prejudices which prevail against practical -Anatomy, and professing an inclination to indulge -them, should they be paramount to the general -desire of knowledge, he promised, rather than -disgust his audience, to continue his course (in a -very imperfect manner certainly, but as well as -he could) by the aid of plates, diagrams, <abbr title="et cetera">&c.</abbr> -Dr. B. left it with his large audience to determine -the point, when they, with an honourable unanimity -and readiness, accepted the offer of the -recent subject, with acclamations. The subject -was produced in accordance with their good resolutions, -and the course has proceeded regularly, -not only without disgust, but with that genuine -delight which accompanies <em>perfect</em> information. -Thus has Dr. Birkbeck accomplished that object -in the acquisition of which I should have preceded -him, (though in a very humble manner as to the -Lecturer, yet with the proud and pleasing advantage -of addressing professional, literary and scientific -men with regard to the audience) but for -Yarde’s direct disobedience to very plain and -positive orders. Dr. B. is a champion of science -and education, but not such only; he is a true -and an enlightened patriot. He is teaching his -countrymen “the <em>task of greatness</em>,” as well as -“the path of honour;” and, what is perhaps of -more moment than either, he is teaching them to -be happy. “Hæc studia adolescentiam alunt, -senectutem oblectant, secundas res ornant, adversis -perfugium ac solatium præbent, delectant -domi, non impediunt foris, pernoctant nobiscum, -peregrinantur, rusticantur. <cite lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quod si ipsi hæc -neque attingere, neque sensu nostro gustare possemus, -tamen ea mirari deberemus, etiam cùm in -aliis videremus.”</cite>—<span class="sc">Cicero.</span></p> - -<p>So much for the prosecution: and having been -acquitted as a matter of course, of the obnoxious -part of the charge, by a <em>jury of common sense</em>, as I -have ever been by those who can appreciate the -motives of a student of science and the feelings -of a gentleman, as well as at that bar, which is to -every man of honour as tangible and as terrible as -that of any Guildhall in Europe, the bar of my -own conscience; having, I say, passed unhurt -through that ordeal which my prosecutors presented -to me, and through that which they ought -sometimes to impose upon themselves, (on Sundays -at least,) I can but say in return, that I am -equally obliged to those who followed up, and -those who suggested, that unique indictment. I -regret only, that all its details were not cited in -open court, in order that the deep malignancy, -and the entire impotency of the originators might -have appeared in ludicrous opposition, face to -face; and that my own name, of so small consequence -as it is, <em>per se</em>, might have borrowed a -moment’s lustre from its proximity to so black a -foil. “Let them digest the venom of their -spleen,” and beware, lest some harsh-sounding -truth teller apply to them the lines of the Satirist,</p> - -<div class="poem-container"> -<div class="poem"> -<div class="i1a">“Compound for sins they are inclin’d to,</div> -<div class="i1">By damning those they have no mind to.”</div> -</div><!--end poem--> -</div><!--end container--> - -<p>They will smile at these remarks because they -are unsupported by any authority. But these -gentry <em>may</em> receive a graver and heavier rebuke; -such as, from its eminent and official source, shall -convincingly teach them, that to conspire against -the future prospects of any man, by raking up a -groundless charge of felony against him, when his -character is untainted, and his pursuits <em>even in the -imputed felony</em> are useful and honourable, is <em>in -itself</em> so very <em>contemptible</em>, and yet so <em>heinous</em> an -offence <em>against common society</em>, as to require a -<em>direct rebuke from the Chief Magistrate</em>, and to -deserve that severe punishment which would -follow an action at law. Give me leave, Sir, to -request (if, indeed, in acknowledging your authority, -I am not rightly entitled to demand) that you -will, at some convenient opportunity, signify to -my prosecutors, (whose legal superior and whose -fellow-parishioner you are) your strong sense of -the impropriety of their conduct. You cannot -be in error, for you are preceded by the voice of -Mr. Justice Park, and by that of the Court of -King’s Bench, and you will be echoed by the -loud and equitable cry of the public in general. -Pardon me, Sir, if I press my solicitation upon -this point, as firmly as courtesy will allow me; -probably, however, it needs only to be mentioned.—As -a man you will be indignant at such -shameful proceedings, and as a magistrate you -will feel it your duty to reprove them.</p> - -<p>Can there be a gentleman, can there be a -scholar, can there be a Christian, among my persecutors? -Gentlemen scorn dishonourable actions, -scholars are liberal toward science and the students -of it, and Christians are just at least, being commanded -not to “bear false witness against their -neighbour.” Can they possibly, can <em>any learned -individual</em> among them, find texts to justify the -accusing a man of a disgraceful offence, when he -knows that none has been committed? There <em>is</em> -that, however, which “makes all doctrines plain -and clear,” and it is the duty of every man to acquire -popularity—his interest at least—and if his -interest, then his duty: because, if it be the duty -of a citizen to promote the <em>general</em> good, how can -he do that in a readier way, than by promoting -his <em>own</em> good? For, the whole consists of parts, -and he is, undoubtedly, a part of the whole. -Wherefore, by consulting his own individual good, -regardless of irrelevancies, (for such, in this -scholastic view of things, honour and honesty -must be allowed to be,) a man is evidently, and -<em>bona fide</em>, playing the part of a good citizen. This -is perfectly clear. It appears an irrefragable syllogism, -as fair as some of ours in physic, perhaps -as some of yours in law. For <em>Divinity</em>, I have not -a word to say about it. I leave it (<em>and the present -argument too</em>) in the pastoral hands of <em>any Divine -who may have already busied himself in it</em>. Is it -then, possible, some persons may inquire, who -are less acquainted with the world and its -hypocrisy, and with the officers of St. David’s, -than you, Sir, must necessarily be; is it possible -that any Divines have so degraded themselves as -to have excited or abetted these malicious proceedings? -Yet, it should be remembered, that a -desire of popularity will transform the noblest -spirits, as, in the fable, it makes a lion pride himself -upon the accomplishments of an ass. The -post of “a door-keeper” is little desirable, whatever -may be said about it, and the sentiment of the -Devil has more admirers:</p> - -<p class="center">“Better to reign in hell, than serve in heaven.”</p> - -<p>Those who have been most active in the late -prosecution, cannot have felt more real regret, -than I have myself experienced. <em>My</em> uneasiness -(whatever may have been the nature of <em>theirs</em>) -consisted in a participation in the distresses of -those persons, whose private feelings had been so -deeply and (as I fear they supposed) cruelly -wounded; and in the reflection, that the disgusting -subject of human disinterment must be -again agitated, commented upon, written upon; -a subject which, of all others, whether relating to -a necessity or not, ought to be kept profoundly -silent, and almost mysteriously secret.</p> - -<p>Upon this declaration, I proceed to state, that -it is one of my objects in the publication of this -letter, to make all the reparation I am able to the -friends of the late Mrs. Taylor; assuring them, -that I sympathize with them in those distresses, -which must have arisen from the violence offered -to some of the best of feelings, at the same time -declaring, that the choice made (so far as I know, -and as I believe) was entirely fortuitous, and by -no means intended to affect their family particularly. -It is my intention, moreover, by this letter, -to apologize to the public in general, for certain -imprudent conduct which has led to the late lamentable -agitation of the public mind. “Nullum -numen abest si sit prudentia.” But after this -acknowledgment I must be permitted to explain -myself, and to show wherein I allow myself to -have acted imprudently. To be fairly understood, -I must beg permission to say a few words which -would otherwise be entirely irrelevant. Having -it in prospect to settle in Devon, (solely from certain -notions of its warmth and salubrity,) I determined -upon Exeter as my place of residence, without -any other knowledge of it than that possessed -by every Englishman; viz. that it is a large and -important city. It was represented to me as -a place of enlightened and elegant pursuits, and -upon this opinion a recommendation was founded, -that I should offer to its resident gentry a course of -Anatomical Lectures. In furtherance of this design, -my friend, Mr. Wilton Toulmin, the originator -of the proposition, held out to me the following -very important inducement; that he could -at any time purchase a subject from a certain medical -school in London. This, from his influence -at that school, I did not doubt for a moment. -After some months I proposed my Lectures, by -advertisement and by circulars; and having had -abundant encouragement, I commenced them in -October last, before an audience of about forty -gentlemen of the greatest respectability. After -the delivery of about ten Lectures, I arrived at the -part of my course where it was necessary (as had -been promised in the circulars) that I should exhibit -the muscles upon the recent subject, and I -made my application to London without the least -doubt as to the result. After a few days, my -friend (who is as zealous as persevering, and as -able as any agent can possibly be) replied, that -he had been refused in the most direct manner, -and that the fact was to him quite inexplicable. -He could not conceive the cause of it. Persons -who were quite familiar to him, and whose business -it was to act upon these occasions, replied -steadily to every application, that an injunction -had been laid against sending <em>me</em> a subject, and -that it had been caused by some Exeter person -or persons. Is it necessary, Sir, that I make any -comment upon this manœuvre? It seems as if its -ingenious author, who did me the honour of so -much notice, determined to annoy me, and, if possible, -defeat my object. To that end, he made -himself acquainted with the place whence I intended -to procure my subject, and then found -means of spreading such stories as should influence -its petty officers, box-carriers, beadles, -porters, and the like, (for the head of that establishment -is indignant at the transaction, and -cordially promised me his protection,) so as to -bring about that refusal, which (strangely enough) -was so very efficacious. Having thus succeeded -in driving me to the necessity either of discontinuing -my Lectures, or of authorizing some disinterment -upon the spot, this <em>gentleman</em> sat silently -watching the event. None could be more -fortunate. The resurrection-man seemed as if he -had tacitly come into the gentleman’s project; -for, having provided me, not with a subject only, -but with some valueless linen also, to possess -which, it was thought, would have made my misdemeanor -a felony, the former, in the most -obliging manner, enacted a dexterous and finishing -stroke to the game thus played by the -porters, box-carriers, and gentleman, in alliance. -The man was paid for his trouble, and it was -agreed that he should receive a second fee upon -this sole and oft-repeated condition,—that he -returned to the place whence he had procured the -body, and destroyed every vestige of the transaction:—so, -leaving the act “uninjurious because -unknown.” He promised, he solemnly promised, -to do this. I had no reason to disbelieve him, and, -reflecting upon the probable efficacy of his promised -reward, I confidently hoped, that the feelings -of relations and of the public would have -suffered no injury. What really occurred I need -not repeat. The man, I suppose, went off in some -other direction, without making any effort at -doing what it was his duty to have done, and (as -I at that time conceived) that of no other person. -Since that affair, however, I can readily admit -that it would have been prudent, and in every respect -proper, either personally, or by means of -another, to have ascertained that the thing was -really and decently done and completed. So far -as I have said, I acknowledge myself to have -acted imprudently; and so far, therefore, do I -apologize to the public, and more particularly to -the friends of the deceased.</p> - -<p>Anatomy, however, must be studied. Is it possible -that any one can doubt this? I am informed, -Sir, that it <em>is</em> possible. But if this be true, I am -sure the strange opinion must be held by those -who never employed a thought upon the subject. -Give me leave to recommend such persons to -consult their medical attendants upon the nature -and consequences of the following diseases,—aneurism, -hernia, stone, cataract. Let them inquire, -further, how they are to be remedied, and -how frequent they are in their occurrence; and -then, and thereafter, I pledge myself that their -prejudices against dissection of the human body -will have been lessened, if not overthrown.</p> - -<p>“Anatomy,” says Mr. Abernethy in a pamphlet -published on the occasion of the enlargement of -an Anatomical Theatre, under the sanction of the -Governors of a contiguous Hospital; “Anatomy -forms the only basis on which the superstructure -of medical science can possibly be built. We -must understand the healthy structure and functions -of the various organs and parts of the body, -or we can never understand the nature of their -diseases, nor the rational mode of effecting their -cure.”</p> - -<p>Here is a broad declaration from the highest -authority, and comment would but weaken its -effect. To the great majority of thinking men, -it will appear as if I were going about to prove -that pain was an evil, by advancing arguments in -proof of the necessity of Anatomy. But I have -good reasons for believing, that certain persons -who talk loudly about the horrors of disinterment, -are quite unaware of the nature or object of that -science, which they would consent to sacrifice at -the shrine of an ill-directed, if even a praiseworthy -feeling. Let me ask these persons, whether, -in the event of a painful and dangerous -illness occurring to themselves or their families, -they would not desire the attendance of that -medical practitioner whom they believed to be -skilled in his profession? If any one of them -reply to this inquiry affirmatively, I beg of that -individual to read again the sentence which I have -just quoted from Mr. Abernethy. Dissection and -disinterment are <em>both</em> forgotten and forgiven, -when agony distorts the features of a beloved -sufferer, or when death seems to be impending -over him; and when that science which but for -Anatomy (<em>and in the present state of things but -for disinterment</em>) could not exist, is ready at hand -to relieve from torture, or to snatch from death. -On the other hand, how numerous are actions -against surgeons merely for supposed want of -skill in treating fractures and other cases, when -the patient does not acquire that relief which he -expects. Suppose I were exposed to an action -from my prosecutors for ignorance in that -science which they have just prosecuted me for -studying, who would be more ready to prosecute -than they?</p> - -<p>Lest, however, our patients should delicately -refrain from seeking information of their medical -attendants, as supposing that they would be unwilling -to betray the secrets of their <em>art and -mystery</em>, let them be assured, that necromancy -and juggling are not farther removed from the -<em>practice</em> of medicine and surgery, than are reserve -and mystery from that <em>theoretical</em> information, -which every educated practitioner is, at all -times, willing to afford. Permit me, Sir, to use -this opportunity of detailing a case in surgery: -a practice which, in my opinion, ought more frequently -to be resorted to, as a means of impressing -the public mind with a conviction of the value, -<em>the indispensability</em>, of practical Anatomy.</p> - -<p>There is a large artery on each side of the neck -conveying blood to the head: of so great magnitude -is it, that, could the murderer wound it by a -puncture only, his business would be sufficiently -done, without any further division. A very small -wound of this vessel would give vent to so many -pounds of blood, in a few seconds, as would cause -immediate death. Now this artery is subject to a -disease called Aneurism, wherein its coats yield -(perhaps on one side of the vessel) so as to form -a small pulsating tumour. It is a membranous -sac containing blood. It communicates with -the interior of the artery, so that the contents of -the tumour are easily squeezed back into the -artery, whence, upon the removal of the pressure, -the blood immediately returns into the sac. This -tumour, gradually enlarged by the continuance of -morbid actions, and by the impetus of the circulating -blood, acquires, perhaps, the size of a large -orange. The skin is in a constant state of increasing -tension, and it finally becomes inflamed, -and ulcerates, and the tumour bursts. After what -was said of the size of the artery, I need not -dwell upon the certainty of immediate death. The -remedy consists in exposing the vessel between -the diseased portion and the heart, (<i>i. e.</i> in the -neck,) and closing it by applying a ligature upon -it. This operation well performed, and under -favourable circumstances, effects a perfect cure. -But it is dreadful for any man to attempt it, (and -there are many operations much more difficult,) -without the most exact anatomical knowledge. It -were far better that he allowed his patient to die -<em lang="la" xml:lang="la">secundum naturam</em>, than that he presumed to -hasten his death, by destroying him <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">secundum -artem</em>. And, better were it many times over, that -he experimented upon his own, than upon the -throats of his unfortunate patients. Does he -know the exact situation of the artery relatively -to the deep parts about it? Does he know by -what parts it is covered? Then let him proceed -to expose it. It is surrounded by parts vitally -important. It is in close contact with a great -vein which partially overlaps it, and which is in -continual motion. Should he wound this vein -ever so slightly, the probability is that the operation -is fatal; and yet, he has to separate it from -the artery, and this at the bottom of a wound -which is covered with blood. Important nerves -environ the artery, and to include one of them in -the ligature with it, would be as certainly fatal as -to injure the vein. Suppose a dexterous man and -an anatomist to be the operator: he leaves these -important parts uninjured, because he knows their -situation, and that of all the parts concerned; -also, because he is calm and collected, from a consciousness -of his own resources. He exposes -a portion of the artery, he conveys a ligature -around it, and his patient is safe. Suppose, again, -that the operator, from a delicate sentimentality, -has held disinterment to outweigh, in horror, any -good that can arise from it, and has neglected to -study Anatomy, lest he should encourage this -“disgusting traffic.” Imagine this philosopher -encountering these difficulties at the bottom of a -bleeding wound. He cannot find the vessel at -all, perhaps, before he has divided it, and a fatal -gush of blood informs him of the result of his -temerity. Or, he opens the vein, he divides some -of the nerves, or he ties them up with the artery. -It is all the same. He might as well have laid -open the original tumour, and thus have killed -the patient at once.</p> - -<p>That man’s prejudices against Anatomy, Mr. -Mayor, <em>and even against disinterment</em>, must be -rooted indeed, who, in the face of such facts as -these, would still oppose himself against some -slight sacrifice of feeling, to secure such important -advantages as anatomical knowledge has been -seen to confer. But, Sir, <em>the law requires of medical -men that they be Anatomists</em>. It is illegal to -commence practice before obtaining the certificate -of the Society of Apothecaries; and the candidate -for this necessary credential is required to bring -proofs of his having attended anatomical lectures, -and is then examined as to his knowledge of -Anatomy. Mark, therefore, Sir, I beseech you, -the dilemma in which we stand. <em>It is illegal to -obey the laws.</em> I would humbly hope, that a -thorough investigation of the real state of things, -may incline you, in any future transactions of this -kind, to view them with that leniency which gentlemen -will always feel inclined to extend toward -scientific objects, and which has been ever held -to be consistent with, if not the most ennobling -quality of, Justice.</p> - -<p>And here let me pointedly assert, what is also, -I understand, doubted by many, viz. that actual -dissection of the human body is essential to any -available anatomical knowledge. It is one of the -terse remarks of the eminent anatomist whom I -have before quoted, in reply to the vulgar complaint -that the dead are “mangled” by Surgeons, -“<em>Either the dead or the living must be mangled</em>:”—but, -I believe, after what has been said before -upon the connexion between Anatomy and Surgery, -that it is needless to enlarge upon this point. -It must be plain that books and plates cannot -qualify a man to remove a stone from his neighbour’s -bladder, or to lay open the fore part of his -friend’s eye, and therefore I refrain from touching -upon the subject.</p> - -<p>Next comes the important question, How are -subjects to be obtained? Disinterment, it is now -well known, affords by far the greater number of -those used in the schools. But, surely, it is a little -hard upon the profession, not only to deny to -them any fair and agreeable means of procuring -subjects, but after compelling them to converse -with the most equivocal characters that they may -procure what is absolutely necessary to them, -to denounce their dealings with such men as -criminal and felonious. If there had been any -complaint, it might, most rationally, have been -expected from us, pioneers levelling the path of -life: who, while expected to be ever ready to -assist our masters, whensoever their necessities -require our interference, are unprovided with the -principal instrument required in the work. Nay -more, when we exert <em>ourselves</em>, and procure it in -the best way we can, in a state scarcely fit for -handling, the implement being utterly useless for -any other purpose, we are rewarded with complaints -and abuse. Would this were all: we are -prosecuted. (<em>Once, we were, facetiously enough, -indicted for a felony upon this score; but it need -not be feared a second time: for the wit of the -proceeding not happening immediately to appear, -this merry conceit assumed too much the tone of -malice aforethought, to render the jest expedient -in future.</em>) But, something ought to be done to -relieve the medical profession from the disgusting -necessities under which it is placed. Criminals -whose bodies are sentenced to dissection, afford, -happily, a very inadequate supply. Instances of -persons bequeathing their remains for the purposes -of science are very rare. An eminent example, -however, of that kind of liberality occurred -lately in the metropolis, and the donor was of the -Medical Profession. It has been said, Why do -not Surgeons <em>generally</em> set an example of such -devotedness to science? There is no justice in -such a demand. As well might it be required of -the clergyman, whose duty it is to compose and -direct toward heaven the last thoughts of a dying -criminal, that he should precede or accompany him -thither. It is not under the influence of my own -feelings that I deny the fairness of such a demand, -but for the reasons I have stated: for might I -hope to bring about a practice, which I acknowledge -to be desirable, while I deny its incumbency, -I would, with the utmost pleasure, put my -hand to such a testament immediately. The -gentleman referred to, desired that his body might -be conveyed to a medical school for the benefit of -the students, and having been satisfactorily examined, -that it should be returned to his friends -for interment. Such a laudable practice as this, -need not be confined to surgeons: the public are -at least <em>equally</em> interested in it; and most sincerely -do I hope, that this eminent example may -not want followers, either in or out of the profession. -One of this gentleman’s declared objects -was to recommend such a practice, and it has -every thing noble and useful to recommend it.</p> - -<p>But “they manage these things better in -France.” Every dead body which has lain for inspection -a certain time, and is unclaimed, is sent -to one or other of the schools of Anatomy, whence -it is returned after proper examination enveloped -in matting and ready for interment. This is an -ancient custom in Paris, and a very important one. -A subject is, by means of it, to be obtained for -about five or six francs, and students are enabled -to dissect with greater perseverance than in this -country, where no subject is to be obtained for less -than ten or twelve guineas. “There are unhappily,” -says Mr. Abernethy, “in this, as well as in -other countries, numbers who die without friends -or relatives to mourn their loss. If then the -superintendents of prisons, poor-houses, and -eleemosynary establishments, would but consent -that the remains of those who die in such circumstances -and are unclaimed, should be made the -subjects of anatomical instruction, we should be -put upon the same footing as other nations, and -the obnoxious offence of disinterring the dead, -would be no longer necessary, or committed.” -Here would be no injury to the feelings of any -person; for the word “<em>dissection</em>,” “<em>examination</em>” -should be substituted; and it should be fully -understood, that the corpse would be subsequently -and decently buried. Ought not the bodies of -many suicides to be so examined, and would -not such a law lessen the frequency of those horrible -occurrences? It is proposed above, to ask -the <em>consent of</em> the superintendents of hospitals, -<abbr title="et cetera">&c.</abbr>; but I believe, nothing less than a legal enactment, -will relieve the profession and the public -generally, from this constant source of annoyance. -You are probably aware, Sir, that Mr. Peel has given -notice of his intention to propose a bill to facilitate -the acquisition of subjects. In what precise -manner it is his intention to proceed in this untrodden -path, it is impossible to presume. But -proceed he most certainly will; and if ever good -were to be augured from an enlightened, liberal-minded, -talented senate, now is a time when we -may look forward with sanguine expectation. Mr. -Peel is well known to entertain the most liberal -views upon the subject, and it would be strange -indeed, if a gentleman so distinguished, so much -a scholar, and so much a patriot, should, amid -numerous wise enactments, overlook those serious -obstacles, which prejudice, ignorance, and vulgarity -throw in the way of medical and surgical science. -Upon these hopes I would congratulate the profession, -and their patients no less, as upon a promise -of a very important good. Mr. Peel, I am -convinced, will never fail us, if the good sense of -the country do but second his endeavours. For -himself, at least, he will earn the meed of true -greatness. “Homines enim ad Deos nulla re -proprius accedunt, quam salutem hominibus -dando.”</p> - -<p>I believe, Sir, it is needless that I trouble you -with any more observations. Should the foregoing -be a cause of uneasiness to any person -who peruses them, my whole justification lies in -this, that there is not one which I have not -felt myself bound to submit. For yourself, Mr. -Mayor, men of eminent ability will, certainly, -be compelled by their less gifted fellow citizens, -to assume high and responsible situations: and -dazzling as their elevation may be to the vulgar -eye, we are assured that the cares and toils of -office, are ever in proportion to its dignity and -importance. None can be supposed to enjoy distinction -and honour unqualified and unmixed. Of -course, <em>we</em> hold in especial veneration the name -of Mayor, connected as it is with so many grand -and sublime associations. We consider, not the -extent of his authority alone, but those high moral -and intellectual qualifications, which are presumed -to be inherent in one whose arduous office it is to -fill the Corporation Chair, and dignify the civic -pageant. To such an officer, and actuated by -such feelings, have <em>I</em> betaken myself in my -wronged and calumniated situation.</p> - -<p>The adjudication of the past misdemeanor, but -for the reasons which have been stated, would -have been heard from you, and doubtless you -would have inflicted some temperate punishment. -You would have replied to any proposer of partiality, -<em>I will do my duty, in spite of threats or -entreaties</em>—and most honourable would your answer -have been. Now, Sir, I myself have to perform, -though an humbler, yet, a piece of duty -equally imperative, if not equally important. While -I profess to practice medicine and surgery it is -my duty to study Anatomy, and I may reply with -you, I will do <em>my</em> duty in spite of threats or of obstacles. -Nay, I shall be frank enough to go a little -further, and declare unequivocally, that I will -study Practical Anatomy as long as I have life, -and will give all possible assistance to any persons -who are following the same pursuit.</p> - -<p class="flushright r6">I am, Mr. Mayor,</p> - -<p class="flushright r2">Your very humble servant,</p> - -<p class="flushright r1">WM. COOKE.</p> - -<hr class="p4 medium" /> -<p class="center smaller">Printed by Mills, Jowett, and Mills, Bolt-court, Fleet-street.</p> -</div><!--end chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h4 class="h4head">Transcriber's Note</h4> - -<p class="p2">This book was written in a period when many words had not become -standardized in their spelling. Words may have multiple spelling -variations or inconsistent hyphenation in the text. These have been -left unchanged. Misspelled words were not corrected.</p> - -</div><!--end transcriber note--> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE NECESSITY OF DISINTERMENT, UNDER EXISTING CIRCUMSTANCES ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ -concept and trademark. 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