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-The Project Gutenberg eBook of A short sketch of the evidence for the
-abolition of the slave trade, delivered before a committee of the House
-of Commons, by William Bell Crafton
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this eBook.
-
-Title: A short sketch of the evidence for the abolition of the slave
-       trade, delivered before a committee of the House of Commons
-
-Author: William Bell Crafton
-
-Release Date: October 16, 2022 [eBook #69166]
-
-Language: English
-
-Produced by: John Campbell and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
-             at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
-             generously made available by The Internet Archive)
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A SHORT SKETCH OF THE
-EVIDENCE FOR THE ABOLITION OF THE SLAVE TRADE, DELIVERED BEFORE A
-COMMITTEE OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS ***
-
-
-
-
-
-  TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
-
-  Italic text is denoted by _underscores_.
-
-  The original text used the character ſ (long-form s); these have been
-  replaced by the normal s in this etext.
-
-  Footnote anchors are denoted by [number], and the footnotes have been
-  placed at the end of the book.
-
-  Some minor changes to the text are noted at the end of the book.
-
-
-
-
-                                  A
-
-                             SHORT SKETCH
-
-                                  OF
-
-                             THE EVIDENCE
-
-                               FOR THE
-
-                              ABOLITION
-
-                                OF THE
-
-                             SLAVE TRADE,
-
-        _Delivered before a Committee of the House of Commons_
-
-                         TO WHICH IS ADDED, A
-
-                    Recommendation of the Subject
-
-                                TO THE
-
-                          SERIOUS ATTENTION
-
-                                  OF
-
-                          PEOPLE IN GENERAL.
-
-                [Illustration: (decorative separator)]
-
-                 “ALL THINGS WHATSOEVER YE WOULD THAT
-                MEN SHOULD DO TO YOU, DO YE EVEN SO TO
-                   THEM,” Matt. chap. vii. ver. 12.
-
-                [Illustration: (decorative separator)]
-
-
-                    LONDON, PRINTED; PHILADELPHIA:
-                    RE-PRINTED BY DANIEL LAWRENCE.
-                             M.DCC.XCII.
-
-
-
-
-ADVERTISEMENT.
-
-
-  _The Design of the following_ SHORT SKETCH _is not to supersede, in
-  any Degree_, MORE IMPORTANT PUBLICATIONS, _but, on the Contrary, to
-  extend their Circulation, and promote their Influence_.
-
-
-
-
-A
-
-SHORT SKETCH, _&c._
-
-
-Virtue, say moralists, is so transcendently beautiful, that she need
-but be _seen_, to be universally admired: and is not VICE so hateful,
-that the more its features are _viewed_, the more it will be avoided?
-The traffic in the human species, particularly as carried on by the
-Europeans on the coast of Africa, has so horrible an aspect, that
-nothing, one should think, but the MASK, under which it has been
-concealed, could have prevented all the civilized nations in the
-world uniting to drive the detested Monster from the face of the
-earth. This MASK is, however, at length taken away, and the traffic
-stands exposed in all its real, unalterable deformity. The PEOPLE
-are now called upon to behold, to feel, and judge for themselves.
-The representations of former writers on this subject were roundly
-denied; the facts they stated were not only contradicted, but deemed
-impossible, and the authors themselves were accused of slander.
-Now we have a body of EVIDENCE to which to appeal; of evidence,
-possessing every essential of _credibility_. The witnesses have
-declared before the Select Committee of the House of Commons, what
-they themselves saw: they had the best opportunities of observation,
-and they are disinterested. And now it appears, that one half of the
-tale of human misery hath not been told: and that every principle,
-that can bind a man of honour and conscience,[1] loudly calls for
-the prohibition of the iniquitous traffic. Hard indeed must those
-hearts be, and inaccessible those understandings,[2] which such
-evidence cannot reach!
-
-The Evidence delivered before the Select Committee of the House of
-Commons is very voluminous, occupying two thousand pages in folio.
-But a judicious Abstract and Arrangement of the Evidence, on the Part
-of the Petitioners for the Abolition of the Slave Trade,[3] has been
-published, and in a short compass, contains the evidence of well
-informed persons on that subject.
-
-In the PREFACE to this important volume of evidence we read of
-rewards offered for taking run-away negroes _alive or dead_--of
-laws being required to be made to prevent the practice of _cutting
-off ears, noses, and tongues_--of _breaking limbs_ and _putting out
-eyes_--to prevent _distempered, maimed, and worn out negroes_ from
-infesting towns--to prevent _aged_ and _infirm_ negroes being driven
-from the plantations _to starve_. We meet also with such kind of
-PREAMBLES to acts as the following, viz.
-
-‘Whereas the extreme cruelty and inhumanity of the managers,
-overseers, and book-keepers of estates, have frequently driven slaves
-into the woods, and occasioned rebellions, internal insurrections,
-&c. And whereas also it frequently happens, that slaves come
-to their deaths by hasty and severe blows and other improper
-treatment of overseers and book-keepers, in the heat of passion;
-and when such accidents do happen, the victims are entered in the
-plantation-books, as having died of convulsions, fits, or other
-causes not to be accounted for; and to conceal the real truth of
-the cause of the death of such slave or slaves, he or they is or
-are immediately put under ground, &c. Other preambles of a similar
-complexion, respecting the lodging, food, and clothes of negroes,
-are here to be met with. We also find that run-away negroes, when
-advertised, are described by the various brands upon their shoulders,
-breasts, cheeks, and foreheads. A woman is described with a wooden
-leg; a man as having both his ears cropt, and another by his nose
-and ears being cut off.’ Cornwall Chronicle, Nov. 7, 1789. Other
-instances occur within the year 1791.
-
-The FIRST CHAPTER contains an account of the Enormities committed
-by the Natives of Africa on the persons of one another, to procure
-slaves for the Europeans, proved by the testimony of such as have
-visited that continent--and confirmed by accounts from the slaves
-themselves, after their arrival in the West-Indies.
-
-Under this head, we learn that Kidnapping, or as the natives call it,
-Panyaring, is very common, that war is made on purpose to procure
-slaves. The king’s soldiers set fire to villages in the night,
-and seize the wretched inhabitants as they attempt to escape from
-the flames, and many perish, either by the fire or sword, in the
-execution of this horrid purpose. A Boy, who was carried away in the
-night from his father’s house, says, he believes both his parents
-were killed, he is sure that one was, and that many others were
-killed and some taken. Various instances are mentioned of consummate
-treachery employed in making captives. Kidnapping is professionally
-followed; large parties go up the country three hundred miles to
-drive down captives--they go a wood-ranging, and pick up every one
-they meet, and strip them naked. The purchasers generally say, they
-do not care how the sellers come by their slaves. Many are sold for
-crimes falsely imputed; the Judges participate in the profits of the
-sale, and are therefore strongly induced to condemn the innocent.
-Crimes are invented and multiplied for the purpose of traffic. The
-great men dress up and employ women, to entice young men to be
-connected with them, that they may be convicted of adultery and
-sold. The slaves are separated without the least regard to ties of
-consanguinity, or the pathetic expostulations and remonstrances of
-nature. When slave-ships are on the Coast the natives go armed, but
-are no where safe. The man, invited to drink with his neighbour, on
-rising to go, is seized by two of them and a large dog: and this mode
-of seizure is common.
-
-By the Second Chapter it appears that the Europeans, by means of the
-trade in slaves, are the occasion of the before-mentioned enormities;
-that they sometimes use additional means to excite the natives to
-practise them, often attempt themselves to steal the natives, and
-succeed, force trade as they please, and are guilty of injustice in
-their dealings. In proof of this charge, we learn from the evidence
-that Africans receive European goods in exchange for slaves--that
-they declare when ships cease to come (as in times of war) slaves
-cease to be taken. African dealers make the Princes drunk, in order
-to overcome their aversion to unprovoked war: they furnish the
-natives with arms and ammunition and excite them to pillage.
-
-The term war, in Africa, is used in general to signify pillage; and
-when many towns are seen blazing in the night, the natives say war
-is carrying on.
-
-The Traders advance goods to Chiefs to induce them to seize their
-subjects or neighbours. Capt. Patterson set two villages at variance,
-and brought prisoners from both sides. It is not uncommon to make
-the natives drunk, and then buy them. General Rooke says, that it
-was proposed to him by three English captains of ships, to kidnap
-a hundred, or a hundred and fifty men, women, and children, king
-Damel’s subjects, who had come to Goree in consequence of the
-friendly intercourse between him and Damel: He refused and was much
-shocked by the proposition. They said such things had been done by
-a former governor. Two men, black traders, were invited on board,
-intoxicated, and captured when asleep. The Gregson’s people, in
-running down the coast, kidnapped thirty-two of the natives. The
-Dobson’s boat of Liverpool had stolen a man and woman; the captain
-on the remonstrance of Capt. Briggs, who told him, there would be no
-more trade if he did not deliver up his two captives, restored them;
-upon which the natives loaded a boat with yams, goats, fowls, honey,
-and palm wine, and would take nothing for them,--a striking instance
-of forgiveness of injuries, and of unmerited kindness!
-
-We then meet with as opposite an exhibition of character as can
-possibly be conceived: three or four hundred Africans cruelly
-massacreed or carried off, by means of the treacherous contrivance
-of six English captains in Old Calabar River. But let us “turn our
-eyes for relief to some ordinary wickedness”[4]: Some consider frauds
-as a necessary part of the traffic; they put false heads into powder
-casks, cut off two or three yards from the middle of a piece of
-cloth, adulterate spirits, and steal back articles given. Besides
-these, there are others who pay in bottles, which hold but half the
-contents of the samples shewn; use false steel-yards and weights, and
-sell such guns as burst on firing; so that many of the natives of the
-windward coast, are without their fingers and thumbs on this account,
-and it has become a saying that these guns kill more out of the butt
-than the muzzle.
-
-The Third Chapter contains an account of the transactions of the
-enslaved Africans, and of the method of confining, airing, feeding,
-and exercising them; incidents on the passage, and the manner of
-selling them when arrived at their destined ports; the deplorable
-situation of the refuse or sickly slaves; separation of relations and
-friends; mortality on the passage, and frequently after sale; and the
-causes of this mortality.
-
-On being brought on board, says Dr. Trotter, they shew signs of
-extreme distress and despair, from a feeling of their situation,
-and regret at being torn from their friends and connexions. They
-sometimes dream of being in their own country, and when they awake
-shew their despair by howling and shrieking in a most dreadful
-manner. The women go into fits. In the course of the voyage, the
-slaves are chained to the deck every day from eight in the morning to
-four o’clock in the afternoon. They are fed twice a day with rice,
-yams, and horse-beans, and now and then a little beef and bread:
-after each of these two meals they are allowed half a pint of water:
-and are forced to jump in their irons, which, by the slave dealers,
-is called making them dance. This exercise frequently occasions the
-fetters to excoriate their limbs; and, when it is very painful to
-move at all, they are compelled to dance by a cat-of-nine-tails.
-The captains order them to sing, and they sing songs of sorrow, the
-subject of which are their wretched situation, and the idea of never
-returning home: the witness remembers the very words upon these
-occasions.
-
-The slaves are so crouded below, that it is impossible to walk among
-them without treading upon them. Dr. Trotter has seen the slaves
-drawing their breath with all those laborious and anxious efforts for
-life, which are observed in expiring animals, subjected by experiment
-to foul air, or in the exhausted receiver of an air pump: they cry
-out--‘we are dying,’ and many are irrecoverably lost by suffocation,
-having had no previous signs of indisposition. They are closely
-wedged together, and have not so much room as a man in his coffin,
-either in length or breadth. They sometimes go down well at night,
-and are found dead in the morning. Alexander Falconbridge was never
-among them for ten minutes together below, but his shirt was as
-wet as if dipped in water. Sometimes the dead and living are found
-shackled together. They lie on the bare blanks, and the prominent
-parts of their bones, about the shoulder-blade and knees, have
-frequently been seen bare. No situation can be conceived so dreadful
-and disgusting as that of slaves when ill of the flux. In the
-Alexander (A. Falconbridge says) the deck was covered with blood and
-mucus, and resembled a slaughter-house; the stench and foul air were
-intolerable. The slaves, shackled together, frequently quarrel, and
-make a great disturbance. Some refuse food and medicine, and declare
-they want to die. In such cases compulsion is used. The ships are so
-fitted up as to prevent, by net-work, the slaves jumping overboard;
-notwithstanding which they often attempt it, and sometimes succeed,
-shewing signs of exultation in the very jaws of death. Some employ
-other means to destroy themselves, and others go mad: Some resolve
-to starve, and means are ineffectually used to wrench open their
-teeth: they persist in their resolution, and effect their purpose,
-in spite of the utmost pains to prevent it. When severely chastised
-for not taking their food they have looked up with a smile and said,
-“presently we shall be no more.” The thumbscrew is an instrument of
-torture, the application of it sometimes occasions mortifications,
-of which the negroes die. An instance occurs of the cruelty of a
-captain to an infant only nine months old, which one would suppose
-too shocking to be true, were it not corroborated by other specimens
-of as great cruelty in various parts of the evidence. After a series
-of tortures the infant expired, and its savage murderer, not yet
-satiated, would suffer none of the people on deck to throw the body
-overboard, but called the Mother, the wretched Mother, to perform
-this last sad office to her murdered child. Unwilling as it might
-naturally be supposed she was, to comply, “he beat her,” regardless
-of the indignant murmurs of her fettered countrymen, whom in the
-barbarous plenitude of secure tyranny, he permitted to be spectators
-of this horrible scene--“he beat her, until he made her take up the
-child and carry it to the side of the vessel, and then she dropped it
-into the sea, turning her head another way, that she might not see
-it!”[5] Another instance occurs in this chapter, not perhaps of more
-cruelty, though of greater magnitude.
-
-A ship from Africa, with about four hundred slaves on board, struck
-upon some shoals, called the Morant Keys, distant eleven leagues, S.
-S. E. off the east end of Jamaica. The officers and seamen of the
-ship landed in their boats, carrying with them arms and provisions.
-The slaves were left on board in their irons and shackles. This
-happened in the night time. When morning came, it was discovered that
-the negroes had got out of their irons, and were busy making rafts,
-upon which they placed the women and children; the men, who were
-capable of swimming, attended upon the rafts, whilst they drifted
-before the wind towards the island where the seamen had landed.
-From an apprehension that the negroes would consume the water and
-provisions which the seamen had landed, they came to the resolution
-of destroying them, by means of their fire-arms and other weapons.
-As the poor wretches approached the shore they actually destroyed
-between three and four hundred of them. Out of the whole cargo only
-thirty three or thirty four were saved and brought to Kingston, where
-they were sold at public vendue.
-
-When the ships arrive at their destined ports, the cargo of slaves
-is sold, either by scramble or vendue. The sale by scramble is
-described:--“A great number of people come on board with tallies in
-their hands (the ship being first darkened with sails and covered
-round; the men slaves placed on the main deck, and the women on the
-quarter deck), and rush through the barricado door with the ferocity
-of brutes. Some have three or four handkerchiefs tied together, to
-encircle as many as they think fit for their purpose.” This is a very
-general mode of sale, and so terrifies the poor negroes, that forty
-or fifty at a time have leaped into the sea; these, however, the
-witness believes, have been taken up again: the women have got away
-and run about the town as if they were mad. The slaves sold by public
-auction or vendue, are generally the refuse, or sickly slaves. These
-are in such a state of health, that they sell greatly under price.
-They have been known to be sold for five dollars, a guinea, and even
-a single dollar each. Some that are deemed not worth buying are left
-to expire in the place of sale, for nobody gives them any thing to
-eat or drink, and some of them live three days in that situation! In
-the sale no care is taken to prevent the reparation of relations;
-they are separated (says the evidence) like sheep and lambs by
-the butcher. Making the slaves walk the plank, is a term used for
-throwing them overboard when provisions are scarce. Sometimes the
-ships lose more than half their cargoes by the small-pox; at others
-they bury a quarter or one-third on the passage, owing to various
-other causes of mortality: and it is confessed by the planters,[6]
-that half the slaves die in the seasoning, after arrival in the
-West-Indies. Surgeon Wilson says, that of the death of two thirds of
-those who died in his ship, the primary cause was melancholy. The
-disorders which carry off the slaves in such numbers, are ascribed
-by Falconbridge to a diseased mind, sudden transitions from heat to
-cold, a putrid atmosphere, wallowing in their own excrements, and
-being shackled together.
-
-The captains, surgeons, &c. who have quitted the African slave-trade,
-uniformly declare the reason to have been, that they could not
-conscientiously continue in it: they say, that it is an unnatural,
-iniquitous, and villainous trade, founded on injustice and treachery;
-manifestly carried on by oppression and cruelty, and not unfrequently
-terminating in murder. Capt. Hall says, he quitted it (in opposition
-to lucrative offers) from a conviction that it was perfectly illegal,
-and founded in blood.
-
-The Fourth Chapter gives an account of the general estimation and
-treatment of the slaves in the West-Indies. Dr. Jackson says, that
-the negroes are generally esteemed a species of inferior beings, whom
-the right of purchase gives the owner a power of using at his will.
-T. Woolrich says, he never knew the best master in the West-Indies
-use his slaves so well, as the worst master his servants in England:
-that their state is inconceivable--that a sight of a gang would
-convince more than all words.
-
-Slaves are either Field Slaves, or in or out Door Slaves.
-
-The field-slaves begin their work at break of day. They work in
-rows, without exception under the whip of drivers, and the weak are
-made to keep up with the strong. They continue their labour (with
-two intermissions, half an hour during the morning, and two hours at
-noon) till sun set. In the intervals they are made to pick grass for
-the cattle. Cook has known pregnant women worked and flogged a few
-days before their delivery. Some, however, are a little indulged when
-in that state. After the month they work with the children on their
-backs. In the crop-season the labour is of much longer duration[7].
-The slaves sometimes work so long that they cannot help sleeping,
-and then it not unfrequently happens, that their arms are caught in
-the mill and torn off. They are said to be allowed one day in seven
-for rest, but this time is necessarily employed in raising food for
-the other days, and gathering grass for their master’s cattle. The
-best allowance of food is at Barbadoes, which is a pint of grain
-for twenty four hours, and half a rotten herring when to be had.
-When the herrings are unfit for the whites, they are bought up
-by planters for the slaves. Some allow nine pints of corn a week,
-and about one pound of salt fish, which is the greatest allowance
-mentioned in the whole course of the evidence. Some have no provision
-but what they raise themselves, and they are frequently so fatigued
-by the labour of the rest of the week, as scarcely to be able to
-work for their own support on the Sunday. And the land allotted them
-for this purpose is often at the distance of three miles from their
-houses; it would, however, be quite ample for their support, were
-they allowed time sufficient for its cultivation. Sometimes when they
-have been at the pains of clearing their land, their masters take
-it for canes, and give them wood land instead of it. This hardship
-some have so taken to heart as to die. Putrid carcases are burnt; if
-they were buried, the slaves would dig them up and eat them, which
-would breed distempers among them. They are sometimes driven by
-extreme hunger to steal at the hazard of their lives. They are badly
-clothed; one half of them go almost naked. The slaves in general have
-no bed or bedding at all. Their houses are built with four poles and
-thatched. They have little or no property. All the evidence (to whom
-the question has been proposed) agree in answering, that they never
-knew or heard of a field-slave ever amassing such a sum, as enabled
-him to purchase his own freedom. The artificers, such as house
-carpenters, coopers, masons, the drivers and head slaves, are better
-off. The owners of women let them out for prostitution, and flog
-them, if they do not bring home full wages.
-
-The negroes, when whipped, are suspended by the arms, with weights
-at their feet. They are first whipped with a whip made of cow-skin
-(which cuts out the flesh, whereas the military whips cut only the
-skin) and afterwards with ebony bushes (which are more prickly than
-thorn bushes in this country) in order to let out the congealed
-blood. Dr. Harrison thinks the whipping too severe to be inflicted
-on any human being: he could lay two or three fingers into the
-wounds of a man whipped for not coming when he was called. Many
-receive from one hundred and fifty to two hundred lashes at a time;
-and in two or three days this is repeated: they wash the raw parts
-with pickle; this appears from the convulsions it occasions, more
-cruel than whipping; but it is done to prevent mortification. After
-severe whipping, they are worked all day without food, except what
-their friends may give them out of their own poor pittance. They are
-returned to their stocks at night, and worked next day as before.
-This cruel treatment his made many commit suicide. Cook has known
-fourteen slaves, who, in consequence thereof, ran into the woods and
-cut their throats together. These severe punishments are frequent.
-The scars made by whipping last to old age. T. Woolrich has seen
-their backs one undistinguished mass of lumps, holes, and furrows.
-They sometimes die of mortification of the wounds. A planter flogged
-his driver to death, and boasted of having so done.
-
-Under the head of Extraordinary Punishments, (for those already named
-are reckoned only ordinary), mention is made of iron collars with
-hooks[8], heavy cattle chains, and a half hundred weight fastened to
-them, which the negroes are forced to drag after them, when working
-in the field, suspending by the hands ’till the fingers mortify;
-flogging with ebony bushes ’till they are forced to go on all fours,
-unable to get up, being tied up to the branch of a tree, with a heavy
-weight round the neck, exposed to the noon-day sun--thumb-screws; a
-man was put on the picket, so long as to occasion a mortification
-of his foot and hand, on suspicion of robbing his master, a public
-officer, of a sum of money, which it afterwards appeared, the master
-had taken himself. Yet the master was privy to the punishment, and
-the slave had no compensation. He was punished by order of the
-master, who did not then chuse to make it known that he himself
-had made use of the money. A girl’s ears were nailed to a post,
-afterwards torn away, and clipt off close to her head, with a pair of
-large scissors; besides this, she was unmercifully flogged, and all
-for--BREAKING A PLATE, OR SPILLING A CUP OF TEA! A negro, impelled by
-hunger, had stolen part of a turkey, his master caused him to be held
-down, and, with his own hands, took a hammer and punch and knocked
-out four of his teeth. The hand is cut off if lifted up against a
-white man, and the leg for running away. A planter sent for a surgeon
-to cut off the leg of a negro who had run away. On the surgeon’s
-refusing to do it, the planter took an iron bar, and broke the leg in
-pieces, and then the surgeon took it off. This planter did many such
-acts of cruelty, and all with impunity. The practice of dropping hot
-lead upon the negroes, is here mentioned. H. Ross saw a young female
-suspended by her wrists to a tree, swinging to and fro, while her
-master applied a lighted torch to the different parts of her writhing
-body. It was notorious that Ruthie tortured so many of his negroes
-to death, that he was obliged to sell his estate. Another planter,
-in the same Island[9], destroyed forty slaves out of sixty (in three
-years) by severity. The rest of the conduct of this infamous wretch
-was cancelled by the Committee of the House of Commons, as containing
-circumstances too horrible to be given to the world. We, however,
-go on to read of knocking on the head and stabbing, of a hot iron
-forced between the teeth, of a slave thrown into the boiling juice,
-and killed, of a negro shot and his head cut off. And it appears,
-that the women, deemed of respectability and rank, not only order
-and superintend, but sometimes actually inflict with their own hands
-severe punishments on their slaves.
-
-The offences for which the before-mentioned punishments are inflicted
-are, not coming into the field in time, not picking a sufficient
-quantity of grass, not appearing willing to work, when in fact sick
-and not able; for staying too long on an errand, for not coming
-immediately when called, for not bringing home (the women) the full
-weekly sum enjoined by their owners; for running away, and for theft,
-to which they are often driven by hunger.
-
-Under the head of “Extraordinary Punishments,” some appear to have
-suffered for running away, or for lifting up a hand against a white
-man, or for breaking a plate, or spilling a cup of tea, or to extort
-confession. Others again, in the moments of sudden resentment, and
-one on a diabolical pretext, which the master held out to the world
-to conceal his own villainy, and which he _knew_ to be _false_.
-
-The slaves have little or no redress against ill-usage of any sort;
-the laws to restrict punishment are a mere farce, and universally
-disregarded, or when pretended to be observed they are in divers ways
-effectually evaded: besides, the evidence of a Black is in no case
-whatever admitted against a White Man; which circumstance alone is
-enough to deprive the negroes of all legal protection whatever, were
-the laws, in other respects, ever so just and salutary. Lieutenant
-Davidson was so hurt at the severe and frequent whippings of one of
-the women, that he complained to a magistrate, who said, “he had
-nothing to do with it.”
-
-The particular instances mentioned in the evidence, of slaves dying
-in consequence of severe and cruel treatment from their masters, were
-not punished, though generally known; nor do the perpetrators of
-these barbarities appear to have suffered any disgrace!
-
-If you speak to a negro of future punishments, he says,----“Why
-should a poor negro be punished? he does no wrong? fiery cauldrons,
-and such things, are reserved for white people, as punishments for
-the oppression of slaves.”
-
-In the Fifth Chapter, it is proved, by such as have seen them in
-their own country, that the natives of Africa are equal to the
-Europeans in their natural capacities, feelings, affections, and
-moral character. They manufacture gold and iron, in some respects,
-equal to the European Artists--also cloth and leather with uncommon
-neatness; the former they die blue, yellow, brown and orange. They
-are skilled in making indigo and soap, and pottery wares, and prepare
-salt for their own use from the sea water. They also make ropes with
-aloes. With respect to their moral character, they are very honest
-and hospitable: grateful and affectionate, harmless and innocent;
-punctual in their dealings, and as capable of virtue as the Whites.
-They are susceptible of all the social virtues: generosity, fidelity,
-and gratitude, are allowed them by Dr. Stuart. These virtues Dr.
-Jackson enumerates, and adds charity to all in distress, and a strong
-attachment on the part of parents to their children. T. Woolrich
-says, he never knew of an African, who could express himself, that
-did not believe in the existence of a supreme Being.
-
-In the Sixth and Seventh Chapters it appears that the natives possess
-industry and a spirit of commerce, sufficient for carrying on a new
-trade; that their country abounds with, and might easily be made
-still more productive of, many and various articles of commerce; but
-that the traffic in slaves is an insuperable impediment to opening a
-new trade.
-
-In the Eighth Chapter it is inquired, whether the slave trade be not
-a grave (instead of a nursery) of the seamen employed in it.
-
-It appears by the muster-rolls of Liverpool and Bristol, that in 350
-vessels, 12,263 men were employed, out of whom 2643 were lost, that
-is to say, more than a fifth of the whole number employed, or more
-than seven in every single voyage, besides nearly one half of those
-who go out with the ships are constantly left behind.
-
-Capt. Hall (of the merchant’s service) says that the crews of the
-African ships, when they arrive in the West-Indies, are the most
-miserable objects he ever met with in any country in his life: he
-does not know a single instance to the contrary. He has frequently
-seen them with their toes rotted off, their legs swelled to the size
-of their thighs, and in an ulcerated state all over &c. &c. This
-account is confirmed by Capt. Hall of the navy. Sir W. Young is of
-opinion, that a trade to Africa in the natural productions of the
-country, would not be attended with more inconvenience to the health
-of the seamen employed in it, than the present West-India Trade.
-
-In the Ninth Chapter we find that the seamen employed in the slave
-trade are in general barbarously used. They are worse fed both in
-quantity and quality of food than the seamen in other trades. They
-have little or no shelter night or day from the inclemency of the
-weather during the whole of the middle passage. They are inhumanly
-treated when ill, and subjected to the fury of the impassioned
-officers for very trifles. A boy, to avoid the cruel treatment of
-his officer, jump’d overboard, and was drowned. A man was killed
-with a hand spike for being very ill and unable to work. Six men
-were chained together by their necks, legs, and hands, for making
-their escape from the vessel; they were allowed only a plantain a
-day; they all died in their chains; one of them (Thomas Jones a very
-good seaman) raving mad! The evidence proves that instances of wanton
-cruelty, and inhuman treatment in general, are numerous, various
-and frequent. One man, with both his legs in irons and his neck in
-an iron collar, was chained to the boat for three months, and very
-often most inhumanly beaten for complaining of his situation, both by
-the captain and other officers. His allowance of provisions was so
-small that (after his release from the boat, on account of extreme
-weakness) he begged something to eat, saying that if it were not
-given him he should die:--the captain reproached him, beat him, and
-bid him die and be damned. The man died in the night. This was in the
-Ship Sally, on board of which ill-treatment was common. Another man
-was deliberately, by a series of shocking barbarities, murdered.
-
-Sir Geo. Young remarks that a ship of the line might be presently
-manned by the sailors who wish to escape from the miseries of African
-ships. One poor young man, when dying in consequence of the ill
-treatment he had received from the captain, said (which were the last
-words A. Falconbridge heard him speak) “I cannot punish him (meaning
-the captain) but God will.” The sailors when sick are beaten for
-being lazy, till they die under the blows!
-
-“If this be the real situation of things, how happens it (the reader
-may perhaps ask) that the objects of such tyranny and oppression
-should not obtain redress, and that our courts of law should not have
-to decide upon more cases of this kind, than they have at present?”
-It is answered, “these objects are generally without friends and
-money, without which the injured will seek for justice but in vain;
-and because the peculiarity of their situation is an impediment to
-their endeavours for redress.” Whoever wishes for a more particular
-answer to this question, may meet with it in “Clarkson’s Essay on
-the Impolicy of the African Slave-Trade,” (page 52) from which the
-question and the above general reply are quoted.
-
-If it should still be asked, “how it happens that seamen enter
-for slave vessels, when such general ill usage on board of them
-can hardly fail of being known?” the reply must be taken from the
-evidence, “that whereas some of them enter voluntarily, the greater
-part of them are trepanned; for that it is the business of certain
-landlords to make them intoxicated, and get them into debt, after
-which _their only alternative is a Guineaman or a Gaol_.”
-
-In the Tenth Chapter it is proved not to be true, what some say,
-that the natives of Africa are happier in the European colonies
-than in their own country. They love their own country, but destroy
-themselves in the colonies, &c. &c. But any comparison between the
-two situations is as (H. Ross says, tho’ on another occasion) “_an
-insult to common sense_.”
-
-The Eleventh, Twelfth, and Thirteenth Chapters are on the subjects
-of negro population in the colonies, and plainly shew that the
-importation of fresh Africans might immediately be superceded, by
-the introduction of general good treatment, and of certain salutary
-regulations therein suggested.
-
-The Fourteenth Chapter is employed to demonstrate, from the evidence
-before the committee, that the colonists would be able to carry on
-the necessary cultivation of their lands, without a fresh importation
-of slaves while the generation immediately succeeding the regulations
-proposed, were growing up to supply the vacancies occasioned by the
-natural deaths of the slaves of all ages, now in their possession.
-
-The Fifteenth Chapter inquires, whether there be not a prevailing
-opinion in the colonies, that it is cheaper to buy or import
-slaves than thus to increase them by population. And whether the
-very reverse of this opinion be not true: namely, that it is more
-profitable to breed than to import. The result of this inquiry is
-clearly in favour of the _immediate_ Abolition of the African Slave
-Trade. The same may be said of the sixteenth _and last_ chapter, in
-which it is considered. Whether it be more political to extend the
-cultivation of the colonies by the continuance of the slave-trade, or
-wait till the rising generation shall be capable of performing it.
-
-Having thus taken a general view of the most striking features of
-the evidence for the abolition of the traffic in the human species,
-as carried on by the English on the coast of Africa, it might not
-be improper to close it with the declaration of a virtuous and wise
-Senator, whose indefatigable labours on behalf of the oppressed
-Africans, cannot fail to insure him the unfeigned respect of every
-lover of freedom and humanity:
-
-“THE ABOLITION OF THE SLAVE TRADE (_says he_) IS INDISPENSIBLY
-REQUIRED OF US, NOT ONLY BY RELIGION AND MORALITY, BUT BY EVERY
-PRINCIPLE OF SOUND POLICY[10].”
-
-The noble exordium of another able advocate of the same righteous
-cause, must not however be omitted in this place: The House of
-Commons being now apprized of the nature of this trade, having
-received evidence, having had the facts undeniably established,
-knowing, in short, _what the Slave-Trade was_, he declared, that
-if they did not, by the vote of that night, mark to all mankind
-their abhorrence of a practice so enormous, so savage, so repugnant
-to all laws, human and divine, it would be more scandalous, and
-more defaming, in the eyes of the country, and of the world, than
-any vote which any House of Commons had ever given. He desired
-them seriously to reflect, before they gave their votes, what they
-were about to do that evening. If they voted that the Slave Trade
-should not be abolished, they would, by their vote that night, give
-a _Parliamentary sanction_ to RAPINE, ROBBERY and MURDER; for a
-system of rapine, robbery, and murder, the Slave Trade had now _most
-clearly_ been proved to be[11].
-
-It remains now to recommend, as earnestly and as strongly as
-possible, to the inhabitants of this Land of Freedom individually,
-a particular and serious attention to THE ABSOLUTE NECESSITY, ON
-EVERY CONSIDERATION OF MORALITY AND JUSTICE, OF PUTTING AN END TO A
-PRACTICE SO PREGNANT WITH CIRCUMSTANCES OF TERROR AND ALARM TO THIS
-COUNTRY.
-
-Much has been lately done, by the united friends of equitable
-freedom, in circulating throughout the kingdom important information
-on this interesting subject: but much remains yet to be done. The
-minds of many have been informed, and their indignation justly
-kindled by the history of a commerce “_written throughout in
-characters of blood_[12].” But the understandings it is to be
-fear’d, of a great majority of the people of England, are still
-unenlightened. Should the foregoing Short Sketch of the Evidence,
-awaken the feelings, or quicken the attention, of any, in favour of
-their greatly injured fellow-creatures, the oppressed Africans, it
-is much to be wished, that they will not hastily dismiss the subject
-from their recollection, or suffer its painful impressions to be
-made in vain: but seek a further acquaintance with the evidence,
-which the more they examine, the stronger will be their inducements
-to exert every power and faculty they possess, for the purpose of
-procuring the Abolition of the Slave-Trade. Let no one say, “my
-situation of privacy and obscurity, precludes all possibility of
-serving the cause”--for the greatest numbers consist of units, and
-the most mighty exertions of states and empires are but aggregates of
-individual ability. Next to Members of Parliament, all who have any
-just influence in the election of them, are particularly concerned
-to consider, how far the attainment of the great end we have in
-view may depend upon their conduct. We may certainly conclude, that
-whoever is not a friend to the liberty of the meanest subject, is
-not fit to be entrusted with that of the state: and even those who
-have no vote, are nevertheless comprehended in our idea of the public
-mind,--nor is any man of sense and virtue, let his situation in a
-free country be what it may, to be deemed of _no account_. Upon his
-judgment, his voice (if not his vote,) his example, much may depend.
-The discovery of truth, the communication of useful knowledge, and
-the exemplary recommendation of virtuous conduct, may dignify a
-plebeian, as well as add lustre to a crown. Even a negro slave,
-amidst the horrors of a middle passage, and debased by every external
-circumstance of degradation and misery that the imagination can
-conceive, shall divide his meagre morsel[13] with the inhuman monster
-in distress, who stole him from his native country, and his nearest
-connexions, thereby returning all the GOOD in his power, for all the
-EVIL his merciless enemy could inflict, and giving an example of true
-benevolence of heart and real greatness of mind, unsurpassed in the
-history of civilized nations, and worthy of the best and purest of
-all religions:--“_if thine enemy hunger, feed him; if he thirst, give
-him drink_[14].” Let no one, therefore, think too meanly of himself
-when called upon to assist in a good cause, seeing, that from the
-most abject state of human wretchedness a lesson may sometimes be
-learnt, and an influence imparted which the proudest philosophy need
-not blush to own. The abolition of the slave trade is an object of
-such high importance, and so nearly concerns every one who has a
-mind to comprehend, and a heart to feel, that no communication or
-assistance is too _small_, nor any too _great_, to be exerted upon
-this occasion.
-
-Some people seem inclined to lend an ear to tales of human woe, and
-feel a certain gratification in beholding the exhibitions of tragedy,
-or in the perusal of pathetic poetry, and the like. Even the case of
-the oppressed Africans, when represented by their favourite bards,
-or appearing in the form of the “_Dying Slave_,” or the “_Negro’s
-Complaint_,” seem to possess, if not charms to please, at least
-powers forcibly to attract their willing attention, and to win their
-sympathetic regard. Yet the evidence delivered before the House of
-Commons, containing a true and faithful account of the miseries and
-wickedness attendant upon the traffic in their fellow-creatures,
-unembellished by flourishes of rhetoric, undecorated with the
-splendid habiliments of poetry, is almost in vain recommended to
-their notice. Should they be prevailed upon to cast their eye over
-a few pages of the shocking history, they presently shut up the
-book--it makes them shudder--they have read enough--such horrid
-barbarities, such complicated sufferings, are not to be endured even
-in imagination! But let such remember--“that humanity consists not in
-a squeamish ear--it consists not in a starting or shrinking at such
-tales as these, but in a disposition of heart to relieve misery, and
-to prevent the repetition of cruelty:--Humanity appertains rather to
-the mind than to the nerves, and prompts men to real, disinterested
-endeavours to give happiness to their fellow-creatures[15].” It is
-therefore to be wished that no affection of extreme sensibility, or
-real effeminacy of manners, may disincline, or disqualify, for the
-service of humanity. That extreme DELICACY which deprives us, if not
-of the disposition, yet of the ability to encounter suffering for
-the sake of, and in order to help our brethren in affliction, and
-under the severest oppression, is detrimental to its possessor, and
-injurious to the community; it renders compassion a painful, useless
-thing, and makes beneficence fruitless.
-
-To the busy and the gay “_a great book is a great evil_.” TWO
-THOUSAND PAGES IN FOLIO, written (like Ezekiel’s roll) within and
-without,--lamentations, mourning and woe, stand but little chance of
-obtaining _their_ notice--even THE ABSTRACT OF THE EVIDENCE, would
-detain some of them too long from their eager pursuits of business,
-or their favourite schemes of pleasure. This HASTY SKETCH will not,
-however, it may be presumed, encroach too much upon their time;
-and well rewarded will the compiler of it be, if it should prove a
-stimulus to further investigation of the Evidence. No one knows what
-opportunities he may have, or how far his influence may extend, to
-assist the endeavours now using for the abolition of a trade, the
-continued carrying on of which, after being so fully apprized of its
-dreadful enormity, may be expected (without the smallest tincture of
-superstitious fear) to expose this nation to the just punishment of
-PROVIDENCE.
-
-Three nations, Juvan, Tubal, and Meshech, are mentioned in
-Scripture[16] as having their principal trade at Tyre in the _selling
-of men_. This circumstance has been appealed to in vindication of the
-African Slave-Trade:--but mark the sequel. In the following chapter,
-verse 18, the Prophet addresses the Prince of Tyre thus:--“Thou hast
-defiled thy sanctuaries by the multitude of thine iniquities, by the
-iniquity of thy traffic: _therefore_ will I bring forth a fire from
-the midst of thee, it shall devour thee, and I will bring thee to
-ashes upon the earth.” A prophecy which has been remarkably fulfilled.
-
-The great leader in the Debates of the House of Commons on this
-momentous subject has declared--“That interested as he may
-be supposed to be in the final event of the question, he was
-comparatively indifferent as to the then decision of the House.
-Whatever they might do, the people of Great Britain, he was
-confident, would abolish the slave-trade, when, as would now soon
-happen, its injustice and cruelty should be fairly laid before them.
-It was (said he) a nest of serpents, which would never have endured
-so long, but for the darkness in which they lay hid. The light of day
-would now be let in upon them, and they would vanish from the sight.”
-
-                                                            _W. B. C._
-
-
-FOOTNOTES:
-
-[1] Speech of the Chancellor of the Exchequer in the House of Commons.
-
-[2] Fox’s ditto.
-
-[3] Printed by J. Phillips, George-Yard, Lombard Street.
-
-[4] Wilberforce’s Speech in the House of Commons.
-
-[5] Speech by W. Smith in the House of Commons.
-
-[6] See Stanley’s Speech in the House of Commons.
-
-[7] In some estates it is usual to dig a hole in the ground, which
-they put the bellies of pregnant women, while they whip them, that
-they may not excuse punishment, nor yet endanger the life of the
-woman or child.
-
-[8] General Tottenham saw a youth, about nineteen, walking in the
-streets, in a most deplorable situation, entirely naked, and with
-an iron collar about his neck, with five long projecting spikes.
-His body, before and behind, his breech, belly and thighs, were
-almost cut to pieces, and with running soars all over them, and
-you might put your finger in some of the wheals. He could not sit
-down, owing to his breech being in a state of mortification, and
-it was impossible for him to lie down, from the projection of the
-prongs. The boy came to the general to ask relief. He was shocked
-at his appearance, and asked him what he had done to suffer such a
-punishment, and who inflicted it. He said it was his master, who
-lived about two miles from town, and that as he could not work, he
-would give him nothing to eat.
-
-[9] Jamaica.
-
-[10] Speech of W. Wilberforce, in the House of Commons.
-
-[11] Speech of C. J. Fox in the House of Commons. Reported by
-Woodfall.
-
-[12] Speech of W. Wilberforce, Esq. in the House of Commons.
-
-[13] In one of the ships we find the slaves privately and voluntarily
-feeding the hungry sailors with a part of their own scanty allowance.
-
-[14] Rom. xii. chap. 20 ver.
-
-[15] Fox’s Speech in the House of Commons.
-
-[16] Ezek. xxvii. 13.
-
-
-
-
-  TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
-
-  Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been
-  corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within
-  the text and consultation of external sources.
-
-  Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text,
-  and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.
-
-  Pg 2: ‘important Puplications’ replaced by ‘important Publications’.
-  Pg 3: ‘SHOTR SKETCH’ replaced by ‘SHORT SKETCH’.
-  Pg 6: ‘participate the profits’ replaced by
-        ‘participate in the profits’.
-  Pg 10: ‘The thumscrew is’ replaced by ‘The thumbscrew is’.
-  Pg 11: ‘capable of swiming’ replaced by ‘capable of swimming’.
-  Pg 11: ‘with the ferociety’ replaced by ‘with the ferocity’.
-  Pg 15: ‘They are retured’ replaced by ‘They are returned’.
-  Pg 16: ‘large scissars’ replaced by ‘large scissors’.
-  Pg 16: ‘took a hammar’ replaced by ‘took a hammer’.
-  Pg 17: ‘his own villany’ replaced by ‘his own villainy’.
-  Pg 18: ‘these barbaraties’ replaced by ‘these barbarities’.
-  Pg 21: ‘or a Goal’ replaced by ‘or a Gaol’.
-  Pg 27: ‘real effiminacy’ replaced by ‘real effeminacy’.
-  Pg 27: ‘severest oppession’ replaced by ‘severest oppression’.
-  Pg 27: ‘superstious fear’ replaced by ‘superstitious fear’.
-
-*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A SHORT SKETCH OF THE EVIDENCE
-FOR THE ABOLITION OF THE SLAVE TRADE, DELIVERED BEFORE A COMMITTEE OF
-THE HOUSE OF COMMONS ***
-
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