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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ab013a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #69102 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/69102) diff --git a/old/69102-0.txt b/old/69102-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 20151ef..0000000 --- a/old/69102-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,948 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Moon, by Oliver Cummings -Farrington - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The Moon - -Author: Oliver Cummings Farrington - -Release Date: October 6, 2022 [eBook #69102] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Thomas Cosmas compiled from materials made available on The - Internet Archive and placed in the Public Domain. - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MOON *** - - - - - -Transcriber Note - -Text emphasis is denoted as _Italics_. Whole and fractional parts of -number as 1234-56/789. - - - - - THE MOON - - BY - - OLIVER C. FARRINGTON - - CURATOR OF GEOLOGY - - - [Illustration] - - - GEOLOGY - - LEAFLET 6 - - - FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY - - CHICAGO - - 1925 - - -LIST OF GEOLOGICAL LEAFLETS ISSUED TO DATE - - No. 1. Model of an Arizona Gold Mine $ .10 - - No. 2. Models of Blast Furnaces for Smelting Iron .10 - - No. 3. Amber--Its Physical Properties and Geological Occurrence .10 - - No. 4. Meteorites .10 - - No. 5. Soils .10 - - No. 6. The Moon .10 - - D. C. DA VIES, DIRECTOR - - FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY - CHICAGO. U.S.A. - -[Illustration: LEAFLET 6. PLATE I. - -PHOTOGRAPH OF MODEL IN RELIEF OF THE VISIBLE HEMISPHERE OF THE MOON. -HALL 35. - -The model is 19 feet in diameter.] - - - FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY - - DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY - - CHICAGO, 1925 - - ------------------------------------------------------------ - LEAFLET NUMBER 6 - ------------------------------------------------------------ - - Table of Contents - - The Moon 1 - General Observations. 7 - Description of Individual Features. 7 - Sources of Additional Information About the Moon. 13 - - - - -THE MOON - - -Except for occasional comets and meteors, the Moon is the celestial -body nearest the Earth. Its mean distance from the Earth is 237,640 -miles, but as it moves in an elliptical orbit, it has at one point -a remoteness of 253,263 miles and opposite to this one of 221,436 -miles. The diameter of the Moon is about one-fourth that of the Earth, -or 2,160 miles, and its volume is 1/49 that of the Earth. The mass -of the Moon (volume multiplied by density) is 1/81 and the density -⅗ that of the Earth. The period of the Moon's revolution about the -Earth is 27 days, 7 hours, 43 minutes and 11½ seconds. As its period -of rotation on its axis is the same, only one side of the Moon is ever -seen from the Earth. Since, however, the Moon's axis is inclined about -83° to the plane of its orbit, we sometimes see a little distance -beyond each of its poles, and, since the rate of motion of the Moon -in its orbit varies slightly, we sometimes see a little beyond the -eastern and western edges of the hemisphere. The total result of these -_librations_, as they are called, is to make four-sevenths of the -Moon's surface visible to us. Of the remaining three-sevenths, nothing -is known. So far as is known, the Moon is not flattened at the poles. - -Owing to its slow rotation on its axis, the Moon's day has a length of -29½ of our days. Each portion of its surface is therefore exposed to or -shielded from the light of the Sun for a fortnight continuously. - -The Moon has no atmosphere. Hence, it can have no diffused light, and -nothing can be seen on it except where the Sun's rays shine directly. -"If a man stepped into the shadow of a lunar crag," says Todd, "he -would instantly become invisible. For a similar reason, no sound, -however loud, can be heard on the Moon. The rolling of a rock down the -wall of a lunar crater, will be known only by the tremor it produces." -Moreover, changes of temperature on the Moon are rapid and violent. -Where the Sun's rays strike, a temperature about that of boiling water -is believed to be reached, while in unilluminated portions it is -thought to go as low as 100° below zero. - -The force of gravity upon the surface of the Moon is only ⅙ of that on -the Earth. Therefore, a man weighing 150 pounds on the Earth, would -weigh only 25 pounds on the Moon, and the same muscular energy by which -he could jump 6 feet on the Earth would carry him a distance of 36 feet -on the Moon. On the Earth a body falls 16 feet in one second; on the -Moon only 2.6 feet in the same time. - -The surface of the Moon is made up of mountains, valleys and plains, -resembling in general appearance those of the Earth. As a whole, -however, the surface of the Moon is much more uneven than that of the -Earth. Some of the mountains of the Moon have a height of over 20,000 -feet. As there is no sea-level to measure from, this figure expresses -height above the surrounding surface, it being determined by the length -of the shadows cast by the mountains. - -In order to represent in a vivid and accurate manner the character and -appearance of the Moon's surface, the construction of a large model of -the Moon was undertaken a number of years ago by Th. Dickert, Curator -of the Natural History Museum of Bonn, Germany and Dr. J. F. Julius -Schmidt, Director of the Observatory of Athens, Greece and an eminent -selenographer. The model was presented to the Museum by the late Lewis -Reese of Chicago, and is installed at the west end of Hall 35 of the -Museum. The model is 19.2 feet in diameter, and is by far the largest -and most elaborate representation of the Moon's surface ever made. Its -horizontal scale is 1:600,000, one inch on the model equaling 9-47/100 -miles on the surface of the Moon, and its vertical scale is 1:200,000, -one inch equaling 3-15/100 miles on the Moon. - -Some characteristic features of the Moon's surface which are especially -well illustrated on the model are the following: - -1. GRAY PLAINS or "SEAS." These are the darker portions of the Moon's -surface as it is seen with the naked eye. They were thought by earlier -observers to be seas and were so named. We now know, however, that -there is no water on the Moon's surface and that the so-called "seas" -are really low-land plains, some of them of vast extent. The Oceanus -Procellarum, for instance, covers an area of 90,000 square miles. -As seen from the Earth, the plains show a gray-green color, often -of varying intensity and sometimes a little bluish in portions. The -brightest green color is shown by the area known as Mare Serenitatis. -Though appearing perfectly level, a close study shows that these plains -have undulating surfaces. They occupy about one-third of the visible -surface of the Moon. - -2. MOUNTAINS and HIGHLANDS. These constitute the bright portions of the -Moon's surface as it is seen with the naked eye. - -Although these elevated areas are conveniently called mountains, Shaler -has drawn attention to the fact that they are unlike those on the -Earth since they lack features due to erosion and there is absence of -order in their association. The average declivity of their slopes is -also much greater than that of the mountains on the Earth. It has been -estimated that the average angle of the lunar surface to its horizon is -52°, while on the Earth it does not amount to more than one-tenth of -that figure. This difference is probably due to the lack of water on -the Moon, the work of which on the Earth tends continually to reduce -slopes to a level. Using the term mountains for convenience, however, -those on the Moon may be divided into the following classes: - -_a._ MOUNTAIN CHAINS. These may have a length of 80 to 100 miles and -heights of from 5,000 to 17,000 feet. As in the case with the mountains -of the Earth, they are usually steeper on one side than on the other. -The range called the Appenines, seen near the north pole of the Moon, -is a good illustration of such mountain chains. Other ranges are the -so-called Alps and Caucasus. These names were applied by Hevelius, an -astronomer of Danzig, who made the first map of the Moon in 1647. He -gave to the features of the Moon's surface names of localities similar -to those on the Earth which they most resembled. His system was largely -abandoned by later astronomers, however, the later method being to name -the different features of the Moon after celebrated astronomers and -philosophers. - -_b._ HIGHLANDS SURROUNDED BY MOUNTAINS. These are partly with and -partly without well-determined directions. - -_c._ ISOLATED MOUNTAINS. These usually occur on the gray plains. They -vary from 4,000 to 7,000 feet in height. - -_d._ VEIN MOUNTAINS. These occur only on the gray plains. They are -long, narrow, contorted ridges, usually from 700 to 1,000 feet in -height. - -_e._ CIRCULAR MOUNTAINS. These are the most characteristic and peculiar -features of the Moon's surface. They vary in size from the so-called -"Walled Plains," 150 to 15 miles in diameter, to crater mountains whose -diameters range from 15 miles down to a few hundred feet. Thirty-three -thousand of these crater mountains have been counted by one astronomer, -the number increasing as the size diminishes. - -The form of these craters is that of pits, which generally have -ring-like walls about them. These wails slope very steeply to a central -cavity and more gently toward the surrounding country. In all these -pits, as pointed out by Shaler, except those of the smallest size, -and possibly in these, also, there is, within the ring wall and at a -considerable though variable depth below its summit, a nearly flat -floor, which often has a central pit of small size or, in its place, -a steep cone. When this floor is more than 20 miles in diameter, and -in increasing numbers as it is wider, there are generally other pits -and cones irregularly scattered upon it. Thus, within the ring called -Plato, which is about 60 miles in diameter, there are some scores of -these lesser pits. On the interior of the ring walls of the pits over -10 miles in diameter, there are usually more or less distinct terraces, -which suggest that the material now forming the solid floors they -inclose was once fluid and stood at greater heights in the pit than -that at which it became permanently frozen. It is, indeed, tolerably -certain that the last movement of this material of the floors was one -of interrupted subsidence from an originally greater elevation on -the outside of the ring wall. The ring wall is commonly of irregular -height, with many peaks. In some places there may be seen tongues or -protrusions of the substance which forms the ring, as if it had flowed -a short distance and then had cooled with steep slopes. It may also -be noted: (_a_) that the pits or craters in many instances intersect -each other, showing that they were not all formed at the same time, -but in succession; (_b_) that the larger of them are not found on the -plains (seas) but on the upland and apparently the older parts of the -surface; and (_c_) that the evidence from the intersections clearly -indicates that the larger of these structures are prevailingly the -older and that in general the smallest were the latest formed. In other -words, says Shaler, whatever was the nature of the action involved in -the production of the craters, its energy diminished with time, until -in the end it could no longer break the crust. These features indicate -that the surface of the Moon has been subject to forces similar to -those which produce volcanoes on the Earth, and it is therefore -customary to refer to the crater-like mountains of the Moon as -volcanoes. As the parallel cannot be drawn too closely, however, Shaler -has urged that the term vulcanoids, meaning volcano-like, be applied to -these mountains. - -3. RILLS or CLEFTS. These are small, deep, ditch-like furrows to be -found over various parts of the Moon's surface. Their course seems -quite independent of the surface topography, for they traverse -mountains and plains with equal facility. They are without doubt the -latest formation on the Moon and some of them may have had their origin -in modern times. - -4. BRIGHT STREAKS. These radiate prominently from many of the great -craters of the Moon. They are streaks of narrow width but sometimes -nearly a hundred miles in length. They are perhaps the most puzzling -of all the Moon's features. They have been supposed by some observers -to represent lava flows whose surface reflected light more brilliantly -than other portions of the Moon. It is more generally believed, -however, that the streaks do not represent any independent elevations, -since they run over the highest mountains as well as through the -deepest craters without variation. - - - - -GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. - - -The condition of the Moon's surface as a whole indicates that it has -been a theater of extraordinary volcanic activity. In size and number -its vulcanoids far exceed the volcanoes of the Earth. The largest -terrestrial crater known is that of Kilauea in the Hawaiian Islands -which is 2½ miles in diameter. Several craters of the Moon, however, -exceed 50 miles in diameter and one measures 114¼ miles. While the -absolute heights of the mountains of the Moon do not greatly exceed -those of the Earth, proportionally they are much higher, since the -Moon's diameter is only one-fourth that of the Earth. The vulcanoids -of the Moon differ in other respects from the volcanoes of our globe. -"On the Earth they are usually openings on the summits or sides of -mountains--on the Moon, depressions below the adjacent surface even -when it is a plain or valley; on the Earth the mass of the cone usually -far exceeds the capacity of the crater--on the Moon they are much -nearer equality; on the Earth they are commonly the sources of long -lava streams--on the Moon, traces of such outpourings are rare." (Webb.) - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF INDIVIDUAL FEATURES. - -(Abridged from Nasmyth and Carpenter.) - -The numbers refer to those on the accompanying chart. - - -COPERNICUS. 147. This may deservedly be considered one of the grandest -and most instructive of lunar craters. Though its diameter (46 miles) -is exceeded by that of other craters, its situation near the center -of the lunar disc renders it so conspicuous as to make it a favorite -object for observation. Its vast rampart rises to upwards of 12,000 -feet above the level of the plateau, nearly in the center of which -stands a magnificent group of cones attaining the height of upwards -of 2400 feet. The rampart is divided by concentric segmented terraced -ridges, which present every appearance of being enormous landslips, -resulting from the crushing of their overloaded summits which have -slid down in vast segments and scattered their debris on the plateau. -Corresponding vacancies in the rampart may be observed from whence -these prodigious masses have broken away. The same may be noticed, to -a somewhat modified degree, around the exterior of the rampart. For -upwards of 70 miles around Copernicus myriads of comparatively minute -but perfectly formed craters can be seen. The district on the southeast -side is especially rich in them. Many somewhat radial ridges or spurs -may be observed leading away from the exterior banks of the great -rampart. They appear to be due to the freer egress which the extruded -matter found near the focus of disruption. - -TRIESNECKER. 150. A fine example of a normal lunar volcanic crater -having all the usual characteristic features in great perfection. -Its diameter is about 20 miles and it possesses a good example of -the central cone and also of interior terracing. The most notable -feature, however, is the remarkable display of cracks or chasms which -may be seen to the west side of it. Several of these cracks obviously -diverge from near the west external bank of the great crater and they -sub-divide or branch out as they extend from the apparent point of -divergence, while they are crossed or intersected by others. These -cracks or chasms are nearly one mile wide at their widest part and -after extending for fully 100 miles taper away till they become -invisible. - -THEOPHILUS. 97. CYRILLUS. 96. CATHARINA. 95. These three magnificent -craters form a conspicuous group. Their diameters and depths are as -follows: Theophilus, diameter, 64 miles; depth of interior plateau -from summit of crater wall, 16,000 feet; central cone, 5200 feet high; -Cyrillus, diameter, 60 miles; depth of interior plateau from summit -of crater wall, 15,000 feet; central cone, 5800 feet high; Catharina, -diameter, 65 miles; depth of interior plateau from summit of crater -wall, 13,000 feet; center of plateau occupied by a confused group of -minor craters and debris. Each of these craters is full of interesting -details presenting in every variety the characteristic features of the -lunar volcanoes and giving unmistakable evidence of the tremendous -energy which at some remote period piled up such gigantic formations. -The intrusion of Theophilus within Cyrillus shows that it is of more -recent formation than the latter. The flanks of Theophilus, especially -on the west side, are studded with apparently minute craters. These -would be considered of great size but for the enormous crater so near. - -PTOLEMY. 111. ALPHONS. 110. ARZACHAEL. 84. The portion of the moon's -surface which includes these features, being near the center of the -lunar disc, is exceptionally well placed for observation. Within -this area may be seen every variety of volcanic craters and a number -of other interesting forms. Ptolemy belongs to the class of walled -plains, its ramparts enclosing a plain 86 miles in diameter. Alphons -and Arzachael are respectively 60 and 55 miles in diameter. They have -all the distinctive features of lunar craters, viz:--central cones, -lofty, ragged ramparts, manifestations of landslip formations in the -great segmental terraces within their ramparts and minor craters -interpolated within their plateaus. A notable object near Alphons is -an enormous straight cliff traversing the diameter of a low, ridged, -circular formation. This great cliff is 60 miles long and from 1000 to -2000 feet high. It is a well known object to lunar observers and has -been termed "The Railway" on account of its straightness. The existence -of this remarkable cliff appears to be due either to an upheaval or a -down-sinking of a portion of the surface of the circular area across -whose diameter it extends. - -TYCHO. 80. This magnificent crater is 54 miles in diameter and upwards -of 16,000 feet deep from the highest ridge of the rampart to the -surface of the plateau. It is one of the most conspicuous of lunar -craters, not so much on account of its dimensions as from its occupying -the great focus of disruption from whence diverge those remarkable -bright streaks many of which may be traced over 1000 miles of the -moon's surface. The interior of the crater presents striking examples -of the concentric, terrace-like formations that are regarded as formed -by landslips. - -WARGENTIN. 26. SCHICKARD. 28. Wargentin is an object quite unique of -its kind--a crater about 52 miles across, that to all appearance has -been filled to the brim with lava that has been left to consolidate. -There are evidences of the remains of a rampart, especially on the -southwest portion of the rim. The general aspect of Wargentin has been -compared to that of a "thin cheese." The terraced and rutted exterior -of the rampart has all the details of a true crater. The surface of -the high plateau is marked by a few ridges branching from a point -nearly in the center. - -Schickard is one of the finest examples of a walled plain. It is 153 -miles in diameter. Within its rampart are 16 smaller craters and -without, numberless others. - -The following are the names of topographic features of the Moon which -can be located by the corresponding numbers on the accompanying chart. - - 1. Newton. 59. Pontanus. - 2. Short. 60. Poisson. - 3. Simpelius. 61. Aliacensis. - 4. Manzinus. 62. Werner. - 5. Moretus. 63. Pitatus. - 6. Gruemberger. 64. Hesiodus. - 7. Casatus. 65. Mercator. - 8. Klaproth. 66. Vitello. - 9. Wilson. 67. Fourier. - 10. Kircher. 68. Lagrange. - 11. Bettinus. 69. Vieta. - 12. Blancanus. 70. Doppelmayer. - 13. Clavius. 71. Campanus. - 14. Scheiner. 72. Kies. - 15. Zuchius. 73. Purbach. - 16. Segner. 74. La Caille. - 17. Bacon. 75. Playfair. - 18. Nearchus. 76. Azophi. - 19. Vlacq. 77. Sacrobosco. - 20. Hommel. 78. Fracastorius. - 21. Licetus. 79. Santbech. - 22. Maginus. 80. Petavius. - 23. Longomontanus. 81. Wilhelm Humboldt. - 24. Schiller. 82. Polybius. - 25. Phocylides. 83. Geber. - 26. Wargentin. 84. Arzachael. - 27. Inghirami. 85. Thebit. - 28. Schickard. 86. Bullialdus. - 29. Wilhelm I. 87. Hippalus. - 30. Tycho. 88. Cavendish. - 31. Saussure. 89. Mersenius. - 32. Stoefler. 90. Gassendi. - 33. Maurolycus. 91. Lubiniezky. - 34. Barocius. 92. Alpetragius. - 35. Fabricius. 93. Airy. - 36. Metius. 94. Almanon. - 37. Fernelius. 95. Catharina. - 38. Heinsius. 96. Cyrillus. - 39. Hainzel. 97. Theophilus. - 40. Bouvard. 98. Colombo. - 41. Piazzi. 99. Vendelinus. - 42. Ramsden. 100. Langreen. - 43. Capuanus. 101. Goclenius. - 44. Cichus. 102. Guttemberg. - 45. Wurzelbauer. 103. Isidorus. - 46. Gauricus. 104. Capella. - 47. Hell. 105. Kant. - 48. Walter. 106. Descartes. - 49. Nonius. 107. Abulfeda. - 50. Riccius. 108. Parrot. - 51. Rheita. 109. Albategnius. - 52. Furnerius. 110. Alphons. - 53. Stevinus. 111. Ptolemy. - 54. Hase. 112. Herschel. - 55. Snell. 113. Davy. - 56. Borda. 114. Guerike. - 57. Neander. 116. Bonpland. - 58. Piccolomini. - - 117. Lalande. 174. Seleucus. - 118. Reaumur. 175. Herodotus. - 120. Letronne. 176. Aristarchus. - 121. Billy. 177. La Hire. - 122. Fontana. 178. Pytheas. - 123. Hansteen. 179. Bessel. - 124. Damoiseau. 180. Vitruvius. - 125. Grimaldi. 181. Maraldi. - 126. Flamsteed. 182. Macrobius. - 127. Landsberg. 183. Cleomides. - 128. Moesting. 184. Roemer. - 129. Deambrel. 185. Littrow. - 130. Taylor. 186. Posidonius. - 131. Messier. 187. Geminus. - 132. Maskelyne. 188. Linnaeus. - 133. Sabine. 189. Autolycus. - 134. Ritter. 190. Aristillus. - 135. Godin. 191. Archimedes. - 136. Soemmering. 192. Timocharis. - 137. Schroeter. 193. Lambert. - 138. Gambart. 194. Diophantus. - 139. Reinhold. 195. Delisle. - 140. Encke. 196. Briggs. - 141. Hevelius. 197. Lichtenberg. - 142. Riccioli. 199. Calippus. - 143. Lohrman. 200. Cassini. - 144. Cavalerius. 201. Gauss. - 145. Reiner. 202. Messala. - 146. Kepler. 203. Struve. - 147. Copernicus. 204. Mason. - 148. Stadius. 205. Plana. - 149. Pallas. 206. Burg. - 150. Triesnecker. 207. Baily. - 151. Agrippa. 208. Eudoxus. - 152. Arago. 209. Aristotle. - 153. Taruntius. 210. Plato. - 154. Apollonius. 211. Pico. - 155. Schubert. 212. Helicon. - 156. Firmicus. 213. Maupertuis. - 157. Silberschlag. 214. Condamine. - 158. Hyginus. 215. Bianchini. - 159. Ukert. 216. Sharp. - 160. Boscovich. 217. Mairan. - 161. Ross. 218. Gerard. - 162. Proclus. 219. Repsold. - 163. Picard. 220. Pythagoras. - 164. Condorcet. 221. Fontenelle. - 165. Pliny or Menelaus. 222. Timaeus. - 167. Manilius. 223. Epigenes. - 168. Erastothenes. 224. Gartner. - 169. Gay Lussac. 225. Thales. - 170. Tobias Mayer. 226. Strabo. - 171. Marius. 227. Endymion. - 172. Olbers. 228. Atlas. - 173. Vasco de Gama. 229. Hercules. - - - OLIVER C. FARRINGTON. - - - - -SOURCES OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE MOON - - -A number of textbooks and popular works on astronomy deal more or less -fully with the Moon. Among them the following may be mentioned. - - MOULTON, FOREST RAY--Introduction to Astronomy. Macmillan - & Co., New York. 1916. 577 pp. - - YOUNG, CHARLES A.--A Textbook of General Astronomy. Ginn - & Co., Boston. 1898. 630 pp. - - TODD, DAVID P.--Stars and Telescopes. Little, Brown & Co., - Boston. 1899. 419 pp. - -The following are some works which treat exclusively of the Moon. - - NASMYTH, JAMES and CARPENTER, JAMES--The Moon. John - Murray, London. 1885. 213 pp. 25 "Woodburytype" - plates and several text figures. - - PICKERING, WILLIAM H.--The Moon. Doubleday, Page & Co., - New York. 1903. Quarto. 103 pp. and many full-sized - plates. - - PROCTOR, RICHARD A.--The Moon. Longmans, Green & Co., - London. 1898. 314 pp. - - GILBERT, GROVE K.--The Moon's Face. Bulletin of the Philosophical - Society of Washington, 1892-93. Vol. 12, pp. - 241-292. - - SHALER, NATHANIEL S.--A Comparison of the Features of the - Earth and the Moon. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. - 1907. Vol. 34, pp. 1-79. 25 plates. - - -[Illustration: LEAFLET 6. PLATE II. - -CHART OF THE MOON'S SURFACE. AFTER NASMYTH. - -The figures refer to the names given on pp. 11 and 12 and the use of -the chart with the model will enable the reader to name the different -features of the moon.] - - -PRINTED BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS - - - * * * * * - - -Transcriber Note - -The list of "topographic features" (pp. 11-12) have some numbers -missing (115, 116) and a comparison with Nasmyth and Carpenter's The -Moon was missing those numbers but several other numbers were repeated. -The repeated numbers appear to represent craters too close to split out. - - - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MOON *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our website which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This website includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/old/69102-0.zip b/old/69102-0.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index a21c6c8..0000000 --- a/old/69102-0.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69102-h.zip b/old/69102-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 1e0381a..0000000 --- a/old/69102-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69102-h/69102-h.htm b/old/69102-h/69102-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 3f9f261..0000000 --- a/old/69102-h/69102-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2156 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> -<head> - <meta charset="UTF-8" /> - <title> - The Moon, by Oliver C. Farrington—A Project Gutenberg eBook - </title> - <link rel="icon" href="images/cover_epub.jpg" type="image/x-cover" /> - <style> /* <![CDATA[ */ - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - -p { - margin-top: .51em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .49em; - text-indent: 1.5em; -} - -hr { - width: 33%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - margin-left: 33.5%; - margin-right: 33.5%; - clear: both; -} - -hr.tb {width: 45%; margin-left: 27.5%; margin-right: 27.5%;} -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;} -@media print { hr.chap {display: none; visibility: hidden;} } - -div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} -h2.nobreak {page-break-before: avoid;} - -table { - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; - border-collapse: collapse; -} -.tblcont {width: 70%;} -.tblcont tr:hover {background-color: #f5f5f5;} -td .hanging {text-indent:-2em; margin-left:2em; text-align: justify;} - -.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ - /* visibility: hidden; */ - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; - font-weight: normal; - font-variant: normal; -} /* page numbers */ - -.bdb {border-bottom: 1px solid;} -.bdt {border-top: 1px solid;} - -.tdl {text-align: left;} -.tdc {text-align: center;} -.tdr {text-align: right;} - -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - -h1, h2, .caption2, .caption3 {font-weight: bold; text-align: center; text-indent:0;} -h1 {font-size:2.00em; margin-top: 1.5em;} -h2 {font-size:1.50em; margin-top: 1.0em;} -.caption2 {font-size:1.50em; text-align: center; text-indent:0; margin-top: 1.0em;} -.caption3 {font-size:1.25em; text-align: center; text-indent:0; margin-top: 1.0em;} -.caption3nb {font-size:1.25em; text-align: center; text-indent:0; margin-top: 1.0em;} -.pmt2 {margin-top: 2em;} -.pmb2 {margin-bottom: 2em;} -.pmt4 {margin-top: 4em;} -.pmb4 {margin-bottom: 4em;} -.smaller {font-size: 0.8em;} -.blockquot p {margin-left: 4em; margin-right: 2em; text-indent: -2em; text-align: justify;} - -sub, sup {font-size: 0.75em;} - -/* Images */ - -img { - max-width: 100%; - height: auto; -} - -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; - page-break-inside: avoid; - max-width: 100%; -} - - -/* Transcriber's notes */ -.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - font-size:smaller; - padding:0.5em; - margin-bottom:5em; - font-family:sans-serif, serif; } - - - /* ]]> */ </style> -</head> -<body> -<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Moon, by Oliver Cummings Farrington</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The Moon</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Oliver Cummings Farrington</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: October 6, 2022 [eBook #69102]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Thomas Cosmas compiled from materials made available on The Internet Archive and placed in the Public Domain.</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MOON ***</div> - - - - -<div class="figcenter" id="cover" style="width: 256px;"> - <img src="images/cover.png" width="256" height="422" alt="" /> -</div> - - - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Cover2"></span></p> - -<h1>THE MOON</h1> - -<p class="tdc">BY</p> - -<h2>OLIVER C. FARRINGTON</h2> - -<p class="pmb2 tdc"><span class="smcap">Curator of Geology</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter" id="logo" style="width: 201px;"> - <img src="images/logo.png" width="201" height="122" alt="" /> -</div> - - -<p class="pmt4 tdc"><span class="smcap">Geology</span></p> - -<p class="pmb4 tdc"><span class="smcap">Leaflet 6</span></p> - - -<p class="tdc">FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY</p> - -<p class="tdc">CHICAGO</p> - -<p class="pmb4 tdc">1925</p> - - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Cover3"></span></p> - - -<p class="caption3">LIST OF GEOLOGICAL LEAFLETS ISSUED TO DATE</p> - -<div style="width: 44em; margin: 2em auto;"> -<table style="width: 40em;"> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">No. 1.</td> - <td class="tdl">Model of an Arizona Gold Mine</td> - <td class="tdr">$ .10</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">No. 2.</td> - <td class="tdl">Models of Blast Furnaces for Smelting Iron</td> - <td class="tdr">.10</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">No. 3.</td> - <td class="tdl">Amber—Its Physical Properties and Geological Occurrence</td> - <td class="tdr">.10</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">No. 4.</td> - <td class="tdl">Meteorites</td> - <td class="tdr">.10</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">No. 5.</td> - <td class="tdl">Soils</td> - <td class="tdr">.10</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">No. 6.</td> - <td class="tdl">The Moon</td> - <td class="tdr">.10</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p class="tdr">D. C. DA VIES, <span class="smcap">Director</span></p> - -<p>FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY<br /> -        CHICAGO. U.S.A.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Plate_I"></span></p> - - - -<table id="plate1" style="width:90%; margin: 4em auto;"> -<tr> - <td class="tdl smcap">Leaflet 6</td> - <td class="tdc"><div style="width:300px"> </div></td> - <td class="tdr smcap">PLATE I</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="3"> - <a href="images/plate1_lg.png"><img src="images/plate1.png" width="636" height="545" alt="" /></a><br /> - <span class="smaller">Click on image to view larger sized</span> - </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="3"><p class="tdc">PHOTOGRAPH OF MODEL IN RELIEF OF THE VISIBLE HEMISPHERE OF THE MOON. HALL 35.</p> - <p class="tdc">The model is 19 feet in diameter.</p> - </td> -</tr> -</table> - - - - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">- 1 -</span></p> - - -<p class="pmt2 caption2"><span class="smcap">Field Museum of Natural History</span></p> - -<p class="caption3">DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY</p> - -<p class="pmb4 tdc"><span class="smcap">Chicago, 1925</span></p> - - - -<table style="width:80%; margin: 2em auto;"> -<tr> - <td class="bdt bdb tdl smcap">Leaflet</td> - <td class="bdt bdb" style="width:75%"> </td> - <td class="bdt bdb tdr smcap">Number 6</td> -</tr> -</table> - - - - -<p class="caption3nb">Table of Contents</p> - -<table class="tblcont"> -<tr> - <td class="tdl smcap">The Moon</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_MOON">1</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl smcap">General Observations.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#GENERAL_OBSERVATIONS">7</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl smcap">Description of Individual Features.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#DESCRIPTION_OF_INDIVIDUAL_FEATURES">7</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl smcap">Sources of Additional Information About the Moon.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#SOURCES_OF_ADDITIONAL_INFORMATION_ABOUT_THE_MOON">13</a></td> -</tr> -</table> - - - -<h1 id="THE_MOON">THE MOON</h1> - - -<p>Except for occasional comets and meteors, the -Moon is the celestial body nearest the Earth. Its mean -distance from the Earth is 237,640 miles, but as it -moves in an elliptical orbit, it has at one point a -remoteness of 253,263 miles and opposite to this -one of 221,436 miles. The diameter of the Moon is -about one-fourth that of the Earth, or 2,160 miles, -and its volume is <sup>1</sup>/<sub>49</sub> that of the Earth. The mass of -the Moon (volume multiplied by density) is <sup>1</sup>/<sub>81</sub> and -the density ⅗ that of the Earth. The period of the -Moon's revolution about the Earth is 27 days, 7 hours, -43 minutes and 11½ seconds. As its period of rotation -on its axis is the same, only one side of the Moon -is ever seen from the Earth. Since, however, the -Moon's axis is inclined about 83° to the plane of its -orbit, we sometimes see a little distance beyond each -of its poles, and, since the rate of motion of the Moon -in its orbit varies slightly, we sometimes see a little -beyond the eastern and western edges of the hemisphere. -The total result of these <i>librations</i>, as they -are called, is to make four-sevenths of the Moon's surface -visible to us. Of the remaining three-sevenths, -nothing is known. So far as is known, the Moon is -not flattened at the poles.</p> - -<p>Owing to its slow rotation on its axis, the Moon's -day has a length of 29½ of our days. Each portion -of its surface is therefore exposed to or shielded from -the light of the Sun for a fortnight continuously.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">- 2 -</span></p> - -<p>The Moon has no atmosphere. Hence, it can have -no diffused light, and nothing can be seen on it except -where the Sun's rays shine directly. "If a man stepped -into the shadow of a lunar crag," says Todd, "he would -instantly become invisible. For a similar reason, no -sound, however loud, can be heard on the Moon. The -rolling of a rock down the wall of a lunar crater, will -be known only by the tremor it produces." Moreover, -changes of temperature on the Moon are rapid and -violent. Where the Sun's rays strike, a temperature -about that of boiling water is believed to be reached, -while in unilluminated portions it is thought to go as -low as 100° below zero.</p> - -<p>The force of gravity upon the surface of the Moon -is only ⅙ of that on the Earth. Therefore, a man -weighing 150 pounds on the Earth, would weigh only -25 pounds on the Moon, and the same muscular energy -by which he could jump 6 feet on the Earth would -carry him a distance of 36 feet on the Moon. On the -Earth a body falls 16 feet in one second; on the Moon -only 2.6 feet in the same time.</p> - -<p>The surface of the Moon is made up of mountains, -valleys and plains, resembling in general appearance -those of the Earth. As a whole, however, the surface -of the Moon is much more uneven than that of the -Earth. Some of the mountains of the Moon have a -height of over 20,000 feet. As there is no sea-level to -measure from, this figure expresses height above the -surrounding surface, it being determined by the length -of the shadows cast by the mountains.</p> - -<p>In order to represent in a vivid and accurate -manner the character and appearance of the Moon's -surface, the construction of a large model of the Moon -was undertaken a number of years ago by Th. Dickert, -Curator of the Natural History Museum of Bonn, Germany -and Dr. J. F. Julius Schmidt, Director of the -Observatory of Athens, Greece and an eminent selenographer. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">- 3 -</span> -The model was presented to the Museum -by the late Lewis Reese of Chicago, and is installed at -the west end of Hall 35 of the Museum. The model is -19.2 feet in diameter, and is by far the largest and -most elaborate representation of the Moon's surface -ever made. Its horizontal scale is 1:600,000, one inch -on the model equaling 9<sup>47</sup>/<sub>100</sub> miles on the surface of -the Moon, and its vertical scale is 1:200,000, one inch -equaling 3<sup>15</sup>/<sub>100</sub> miles on the Moon.</p> - -<p>Some characteristic features of the Moon's surface -which are especially well illustrated on the model -are the following:</p> - -<p>1. GRAY PLAINS or "SEAS." These are the -darker portions of the Moon's surface as it is seen -with the naked eye. They were thought by earlier -observers to be seas and were so named. We now -know, however, that there is no water on the Moon's -surface and that the so-called "seas" are really low-land -plains, some of them of vast extent. The Oceanus -Procellarum, for instance, covers an area of 90,000 -square miles. As seen from the Earth, the plains -show a gray-green color, often of varying intensity -and sometimes a little bluish in portions. The brightest -green color is shown by the area known as Mare -Serenitatis. Though appearing perfectly level, a close -study shows that these plains have undulating surfaces. -They occupy about one-third of the visible surface -of the Moon.</p> - -<p>2. MOUNTAINS and HIGHLANDS. These constitute -the bright portions of the Moon's surface as -it is seen with the naked eye.</p> - -<p>Although these elevated areas are conveniently -called mountains, Shaler has drawn attention to the -fact that they are unlike those on the Earth since -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">- 4 -</span> -they lack features due to erosion and there is absence -of order in their association. The average declivity of -their slopes is also much greater than that of the -mountains on the Earth. It has been estimated that -the average angle of the lunar surface to its horizon -is 52°, while on the Earth it does not amount to more -than one-tenth of that figure. This difference is probably -due to the lack of water on the Moon, the work -of which on the Earth tends continually to reduce -slopes to a level. Using the term mountains for convenience, -however, those on the Moon may be divided -into the following classes:</p> - -<p><i>a.</i> <span class="smcap">Mountain Chains.</span> These may have a length -of 80 to 100 miles and heights of from 5,000 to 17,000 -feet. As in the case with the mountains of the Earth, -they are usually steeper on one side than on the other. -The range called the Appenines, seen near the north -pole of the Moon, is a good illustration of such mountain -chains. Other ranges are the so-called Alps and -Caucasus. These names were applied by Hevelius, an -astronomer of Danzig, who made the first map of the -Moon in 1647. He gave to the features of the Moon's -surface names of localities similar to those on the -Earth which they most resembled. His system was -largely abandoned by later astronomers, however, the -later method being to name the different features of -the Moon after celebrated astronomers and philosophers.</p> - -<p><i>b.</i> <span class="smcap">Highlands Surrounded By Mountains.</span> These are -partly with and partly without well-determined directions.</p> - -<p><i>c.</i> <span class="smcap">Isolated Mountains.</span> These usually occur on -the gray plains. They vary from 4,000 to 7,000 feet -in height.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">- 5 -</span></p> - -<p><i>d.</i> <span class="smcap">Vein Mountains.</span> These occur only on the gray -plains. They are long, narrow, contorted ridges, usually -from 700 to 1,000 feet in height.</p> - -<p><i>e.</i> <span class="smcap">Circular Mountains.</span> These are the most characteristic -and peculiar features of the Moon's surface. -They vary in size from the so-called "Walled -Plains," 150 to 15 miles in diameter, to crater mountains -whose diameters range from 15 miles down to a -few hundred feet. Thirty-three thousand of these -crater mountains have been counted by one astronomer, -the number increasing as the size diminishes.</p> - -<p>The form of these craters is that of pits, which -generally have ring-like walls about them. These -wails slope very steeply to a central cavity and more -gently toward the surrounding country. In all these -pits, as pointed out by Shaler, except those of the -smallest size, and possibly in these, also, there is, within -the ring wall and at a considerable though variable -depth below its summit, a nearly flat floor, which often -has a central pit of small size or, in its place, a -steep cone. When this floor is more than 20 miles -in diameter, and in increasing numbers as it is wider, -there are generally other pits and cones irregularly -scattered upon it. Thus, within the ring called Plato, -which is about 60 miles in diameter, there are some -scores of these lesser pits. On the interior of the -ring walls of the pits over 10 miles in diameter, there -are usually more or less distinct terraces, which suggest -that the material now forming the solid floors -they inclose was once fluid and stood at greater heights -in the pit than that at which it became permanently -frozen. It is, indeed, tolerably certain that the last -movement of this material of the floors was one of -interrupted subsidence from an originally greater -elevation on the outside of the ring wall. The ring -wall is commonly of irregular height, with many peaks. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">- 6 -</span> -In some places there may be seen tongues or protrusions -of the substance which forms the ring, as if it -had flowed a short distance and then had cooled with -steep slopes. It may also be noted: (<i>a</i>) that the pits -or craters in many instances intersect each other, -showing that they were not all formed at the same -time, but in succession; (<i>b</i>) that the larger of them -are not found on the plains (seas) but on the upland -and apparently the older parts of the surface; and -(<i>c</i>) that the evidence from the intersections clearly -indicates that the larger of these structures are prevailingly -the older and that in general the smallest -were the latest formed. In other words, says Shaler, -whatever was the nature of the action involved in -the production of the craters, its energy diminished -with time, until in the end it could no longer break the -crust. These features indicate that the surface of -the Moon has been subject to forces similar to those -which produce volcanoes on the Earth, and it is therefore -customary to refer to the crater-like mountains -of the Moon as volcanoes. As the parallel cannot be -drawn too closely, however, Shaler has urged that the -term vulcanoids, meaning volcano-like, be applied to -these mountains.</p> - -<p>3. RILLS or CLEFTS. These are small, deep, -ditch-like furrows to be found over various parts of -the Moon's surface. Their course seems quite independent -of the surface topography, for they traverse -mountains and plains with equal facility. They are -without doubt the latest formation on the Moon and -some of them may have had their origin in modern -times.</p> - -<p>4. BRIGHT STREAKS. These radiate prominently -from many of the great craters of the Moon. -They are streaks of narrow width but sometimes -nearly a hundred miles in length. They are perhaps -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">- 7 -</span> -the most puzzling of all the Moon's features. They -have been supposed by some observers to represent -lava flows whose surface reflected light more brilliantly -than other portions of the Moon. It is more generally -believed, however, that the streaks do not represent -any independent elevations, since they run over the -highest mountains as well as through the deepest -craters without variation.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="GENERAL_OBSERVATIONS">GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.</h2> -</div> - - -<p>The condition of the Moon's surface as a whole -indicates that it has been a theater of extraordinary -volcanic activity. In size and number its vulcanoids -far exceed the volcanoes of the Earth. The largest -terrestrial crater known is that of Kilauea in the -Hawaiian Islands which is 2½ miles in diameter. -Several craters of the Moon, however, exceed 50 miles -in diameter and one measures 114¼ miles. While the -absolute heights of the mountains of the Moon do not -greatly exceed those of the Earth, proportionally they -are much higher, since the Moon's diameter is only -one-fourth that of the Earth. The vulcanoids of the -Moon differ in other respects from the volcanoes of -our globe. "On the Earth they are usually openings -on the summits or sides of mountains—on the Moon, -depressions below the adjacent surface even when it -is a plain or valley; on the Earth the mass of the -cone usually far exceeds the capacity of the crater — -on the Moon they are much nearer equality; on the -Earth they are commonly the sources of long lava -streams—on the Moon, traces of such outpourings are -rare." (Webb.)</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESCRIPTION_OF_INDIVIDUAL_FEATURES">DESCRIPTION OF INDIVIDUAL FEATURES.</h2> -</div> - - -<p class="tdc">(Abridged from Nasmyth and Carpenter.)</p> - -<p class="tdc">The numbers refer to those on the accompanying -chart.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">- 8 -</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Copernicus.</span> 147. This may deservedly be considered -one of the grandest and most instructive of -lunar craters. Though its diameter (46 miles) is exceeded -by that of other craters, its situation near -the center of the lunar disc renders it so conspicuous -as to make it a favorite object for observation. Its -vast rampart rises to upwards of 12,000 feet above -the level of the plateau, nearly in the center of which -stands a magnificent group of cones attaining the -height of upwards of 2400 feet. The rampart is divided -by concentric segmented terraced ridges, which -present every appearance of being enormous landslips, -resulting from the crushing of their overloaded summits -which have slid down in vast segments and -scattered their debris on the plateau. Corresponding -vacancies in the rampart may be observed from whence -these prodigious masses have broken away. The same -may be noticed, to a somewhat modified degree, around -the exterior of the rampart. For upwards of 70 miles -around Copernicus myriads of comparatively minute -but perfectly formed craters can be seen. The district -on the southeast side is especially rich in them. Many -somewhat radial ridges or spurs may be observed leading -away from the exterior banks of the great rampart. -They appear to be due to the freer egress which the -extruded matter found near the focus of disruption.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Triesnecker.</span> 150. A fine example of a normal -lunar volcanic crater having all the usual characteristic -features in great perfection. Its diameter is -about 20 miles and it possesses a good example of the -central cone and also of interior terracing. The most -notable feature, however, is the remarkable display -of cracks or chasms which may be seen to the west -side of it. Several of these cracks obviously diverge -from near the west external bank of the great crater -and they sub-divide or branch out as they extend -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">- 9 -</span> -from the apparent point of divergence, while they are -crossed or intersected by others. These cracks or -chasms are nearly one mile wide at their widest part -and after extending for fully 100 miles taper away -till they become invisible.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Theophilus.</span> 97. <span class="smcap">Cyrillus.</span> 96. <span class="smcap">Catharina.</span> 95. -These three magnificent craters form a conspicuous -group. Their diameters and depths are as follows: -Theophilus, diameter, 64 miles; depth of interior -plateau from summit of crater wall, 16,000 feet; -central cone, 5200 feet high; Cyrillus, diameter, 60 -miles; depth of interior plateau from summit of -crater wall, 15,000 feet; central cone, 5800 feet high; -Catharina, diameter, 65 miles; depth of interior plateau -from summit of crater wall, 13,000 feet; center -of plateau occupied by a confused group of minor craters -and debris. Each of these craters is full of interesting -details presenting in every variety the characteristic -features of the lunar volcanoes and giving -unmistakable evidence of the tremendous energy -which at some remote period piled up such gigantic -formations. The intrusion of Theophilus within Cyrillus -shows that it is of more recent formation than -the latter. The flanks of Theophilus, especially on the -west side, are studded with apparently minute craters. -These would be considered of great size but for the -enormous crater so near.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Ptolemy.</span> 111. <span class="smcap">Alphons.</span> 110. <span class="smcap">Arzachael.</span> 84. The -portion of the moon's surface which includes these -features, being near the center of the lunar disc, is -exceptionally well placed for observation. Within this -area may be seen every variety of volcanic craters -and a number of other interesting forms. Ptolemy -belongs to the class of walled plains, its ramparts enclosing -a plain 86 miles in diameter. Alphons and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">- 10 -</span> -Arzachael are respectively 60 and 55 miles in diameter. -They have all the distinctive features of lunar craters, -viz:—central cones, lofty, ragged ramparts, manifestations -of landslip formations in the great segmental -terraces within their ramparts and minor craters interpolated -within their plateaus. A notable object -near Alphons is an enormous straight cliff traversing -the diameter of a low, ridged, circular formation. This -great cliff is 60 miles long and from 1000 to 2000 -feet high. It is a well known object to lunar observers -and has been termed "The Railway" on account of -its straightness. The existence of this remarkable -cliff appears to be due either to an upheaval or a down-sinking -of a portion of the surface of the circular area -across whose diameter it extends.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Tycho.</span> 80. This magnificent crater is 54 miles in -diameter and upwards of 16,000 feet deep from the -highest ridge of the rampart to the surface of the -plateau. It is one of the most conspicuous of lunar -craters, not so much on account of its dimensions as -from its occupying the great focus of disruption from -whence diverge those remarkable bright streaks many -of which may be traced over 1000 miles of the moon's -surface. The interior of the crater presents striking -examples of the concentric, terrace-like formations -that are regarded as formed by landslips.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Wargentin.</span> 26. <span class="smcap">Schickard</span>. 28. Wargentin is an -object quite unique of its kind—a crater about 52 -miles across, that to all appearance has been filled -to the brim with lava that has been left to consolidate. -There are evidences of the remains of a -rampart, especially on the southwest portion of the -rim. The general aspect of Wargentin has been compared -to that of a "thin cheese." The terraced and -rutted exterior of the rampart has all the details of a -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">- 11 -</span> -true crater. The surface of the high plateau is marked -by a few ridges branching from a point nearly in the -center.</p> - -<p>Schickard is one of the finest examples of a walled -plain. It is 153 miles in diameter. Within its rampart -are 16 smaller craters and without, numberless -others.</p> - -<p>The following are the names of topographic features -of the Moon which can be located by the corresponding -numbers on the accompanying chart.</p> - -<table style="width: 35em;"> -<tr> - <td> -<table style="width: 22em;"> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">1.</td> - <td class="tdl">Newton.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">2.</td> - <td class="tdl">Short.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">3.</td> - <td class="tdl">Simpelius.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">4.</td> - <td class="tdl">Manzinus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">5.</td> - <td class="tdl">Moretus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">6.</td> - <td class="tdl">Gruemberger.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">7.</td> - <td class="tdl">Casatus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">8.</td> - <td class="tdl">Klaproth.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">9.</td> - <td class="tdl">Wilson.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">10.</td> - <td class="tdl">Kircher.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">11.</td> - <td class="tdl">Bettinus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">12.</td> - <td class="tdl">Blancanus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">13.</td> - <td class="tdl">Clavius.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">14.</td> - <td class="tdl">Scheiner.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">15.</td> - <td class="tdl">Zuchius.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">16.</td> - <td class="tdl">Segner.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">17.</td> - <td class="tdl">Bacon.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">18.</td> - <td class="tdl">Nearchus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">19.</td> - <td class="tdl">Vlacq.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">20.</td> - <td class="tdl">Hommel.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">21.</td> - <td class="tdl">Licetus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">22.</td> - <td class="tdl">Maginus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">23.</td> - <td class="tdl">Longomontanus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">24.</td> - <td class="tdl">Schiller.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">25.</td> - <td class="tdl">Phocylides.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">26.</td> - <td class="tdl">Wargentin.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">27.</td> - <td class="tdl">Inghirami.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">28.</td> - <td class="tdl">Schickard.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">29.</td> - <td class="tdl">Wilhelm I.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">30.</td> - <td class="tdl">Tycho.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">31.</td> - <td class="tdl">Saussure.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">32.</td> - <td class="tdl">Stoefler.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">33.</td> - <td class="tdl">Maurolycus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">34.</td> - <td class="tdl">Barocius.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">35.</td> - <td class="tdl">Fabricius.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">36.</td> - <td class="tdl">Metius.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">37.</td> - <td class="tdl">Fernelius.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">38.</td> - <td class="tdl">Heinsius.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">39.</td> - <td class="tdl">Hainzel.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">40.</td> - <td class="tdl">Bouvard.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">41.</td> - <td class="tdl">Piazzi.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">42.</td> - <td class="tdl">Ramsden.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">43.</td> - <td class="tdl">Capuanus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">44.</td> - <td class="tdl">Cichus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">45.</td> - <td class="tdl">Wurzelbauer.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">46.</td> - <td class="tdl">Gauricus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">47.</td> - <td class="tdl">Hell.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">48.</td> - <td class="tdl">Walter.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">49.</td> - <td class="tdl">Nonius.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">50.</td> - <td class="tdl">Riccius.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">51.</td> - <td class="tdl">Rheita.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">52.</td> - <td class="tdl">Furnerius.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">53.</td> - <td class="tdl">Stevinus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">54.</td> - <td class="tdl">Hase.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">55.</td> - <td class="tdl">Snell.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">56.</td> - <td class="tdl">Borda.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">57.</td> - <td class="tdl">Neander.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">58.</td> - <td class="tdl">Piccolomini.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2">    </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">117.</td> - <td class="tdl">Lalande.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">- 12 -</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">118.</td> - <td class="tdl">Reaumur.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">120.</td> - <td class="tdl">Letronne.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">121.</td> - <td class="tdl">Billy.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">122.</td> - <td class="tdl">Fontana.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">123.</td> - <td class="tdl">Hansteen.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">124.</td> - <td class="tdl">Damoiseau.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">125.</td> - <td class="tdl">Grimaldi.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">126.</td> - <td class="tdl">Flamsteed.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">127.</td> - <td class="tdl">Landsberg.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">128.</td> - <td class="tdl">Moesting.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">129.</td> - <td class="tdl">Deambrel.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">130.</td> - <td class="tdl">Taylor.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">131.</td> - <td class="tdl">Messier.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">132.</td> - <td class="tdl">Maskelyne.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">133.</td> - <td class="tdl">Sabine.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">134.</td> - <td class="tdl">Ritter.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">135.</td> - <td class="tdl">Godin.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">136.</td> - <td class="tdl">Soemmering.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">137.</td> - <td class="tdl">Schroeter.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">138.</td> - <td class="tdl">Gambart.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">139.</td> - <td class="tdl">Reinhold.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">140.</td> - <td class="tdl">Encke.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">141.</td> - <td class="tdl">Hevelius.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">142.</td> - <td class="tdl">Riccioli.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">143.</td> - <td class="tdl">Lohrman.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">144.</td> - <td class="tdl">Cavalerius.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">145.</td> - <td class="tdl">Reiner.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">146.</td> - <td class="tdl">Kepler.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">147.</td> - <td class="tdl">Copernicus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">148.</td> - <td class="tdl">Stadius.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">149.</td> - <td class="tdl">Pallas.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">150.</td> - <td class="tdl">Triesnecker.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">151.</td> - <td class="tdl">Agrippa.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">152.</td> - <td class="tdl">Arago.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">153.</td> - <td class="tdl">Taruntius.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">154.</td> - <td class="tdl">Apollonius.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">155.</td> - <td class="tdl">Schubert.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">156.</td> - <td class="tdl">Firmicus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">157.</td> - <td class="tdl">Silberschlag.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">158.</td> - <td class="tdl">Hyginus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">159.</td> - <td class="tdl">Ukert.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">160.</td> - <td class="tdl">Boscovich.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">161.</td> - <td class="tdl">Ross.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">162.</td> - <td class="tdl">Proclus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">163.</td> - <td class="tdl">Picard.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">164.</td> - <td class="tdl">Condorcet.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">165.</td> - <td class="tdl">Pliny or Menelaus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">167.</td> - <td class="tdl">Manilius.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">168.</td> - <td class="tdl">Erastothenes.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">169.</td> - <td class="tdl">Gay Lussac.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">170.</td> - <td class="tdl">Tobias Mayer.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">171.</td> - <td class="tdl">Marius.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">172.</td> - <td class="tdl">Olbers.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">173.</td> - <td class="tdl">Vasco de Gama.</td> -</tr> -</table> - </td> - <td> -<table> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">59.</td> - <td class="tdl">Pontanus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">60.</td> - <td class="tdl">Poisson.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">61.</td> - <td class="tdl">Aliacensis.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">62.</td> - <td class="tdl">Werner.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">63.</td> - <td class="tdl">Pitatus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">64.</td> - <td class="tdl">Hesiodus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">65.</td> - <td class="tdl">Mercator.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">66.</td> - <td class="tdl">Vitello.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">67.</td> - <td class="tdl">Fourier.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">68.</td> - <td class="tdl">Lagrange.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">69.</td> - <td class="tdl">Vieta.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">70.</td> - <td class="tdl">Doppelmayer.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">71.</td> - <td class="tdl">Campanus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">72.</td> - <td class="tdl">Kies.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">73.</td> - <td class="tdl">Purbach.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">74.</td> - <td class="tdl">La Caille.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">75.</td> - <td class="tdl">Playfair.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">76.</td> - <td class="tdl">Azophi.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">77.</td> - <td class="tdl">Sacrobosco.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">78.</td> - <td class="tdl">Fracastorius.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">79.</td> - <td class="tdl">Santbech.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">80.</td> - <td class="tdl">Petavius.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">81.</td> - <td class="tdl">Wilhelm Humboldt.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">82.</td> - <td class="tdl">Polybius.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">83.</td> - <td class="tdl">Geber.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">84.</td> - <td class="tdl">Arzachael.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">85.</td> - <td class="tdl">Thebit.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">86.</td> - <td class="tdl">Bullialdus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">87.</td> - <td class="tdl">Hippalus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">88.</td> - <td class="tdl">Cavendish.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">89.</td> - <td class="tdl">Mersenius.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">90.</td> - <td class="tdl">Gassendi.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">91.</td> - <td class="tdl">Lubiniezky.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">92.</td> - <td class="tdl">Alpetragius.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">93.</td> - <td class="tdl">Airy.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">94.</td> - <td class="tdl">Almanon.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">95.</td> - <td class="tdl">Catharina.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">96.</td> - <td class="tdl">Cyrillus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">97.</td> - <td class="tdl">Theophilus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">98.</td> - <td class="tdl">Colombo.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">99.</td> - <td class="tdl">Vendelinus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">100.</td> - <td class="tdl">Langreen.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">101.</td> - <td class="tdl">Goclenius.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">102.</td> - <td class="tdl">Guttemberg.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">103.</td> - <td class="tdl">Isidorus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">104.</td> - <td class="tdl">Capella.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">105.</td> - <td class="tdl">Kant.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">106.</td> - <td class="tdl">Descartes.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">107.</td> - <td class="tdl">Abulfeda.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">108.</td> - <td class="tdl">Parrot.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">109.</td> - <td class="tdl">Albategnius.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">110.</td> - <td class="tdl">Alphons.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">111.</td> - <td class="tdl">Ptolemy.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">112.</td> - <td class="tdl">Herschel.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">113.</td> - <td class="tdl">Davy.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">114.</td> - <td class="tdl">Guerike.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">116.</td> - <td class="tdl">Bonpland.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2">    </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">174.</td> - <td class="tdl">Seleucus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">175.</td> - <td class="tdl">Herodotus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">176.</td> - <td class="tdl">Aristarchus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">177.</td> - <td class="tdl">La Hire.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">178.</td> - <td class="tdl">Pytheas.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">179.</td> - <td class="tdl">Bessel.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">180.</td> - <td class="tdl">Vitruvius.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">181.</td> - <td class="tdl">Maraldi.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">182.</td> - <td class="tdl">Macrobius.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">183.</td> - <td class="tdl">Cleomides.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">184.</td> - <td class="tdl">Roemer.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">185.</td> - <td class="tdl">Littrow.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">186.</td> - <td class="tdl">Posidonius.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">187.</td> - <td class="tdl">Geminus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">188.</td> - <td class="tdl">Linnaeus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">189.</td> - <td class="tdl">Autolycus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">190.</td> - <td class="tdl">Aristillus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">191.</td> - <td class="tdl">Archimedes.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">192.</td> - <td class="tdl">Timocharis.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">193.</td> - <td class="tdl">Lambert.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">194.</td> - <td class="tdl">Diophantus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">195.</td> - <td class="tdl">Delisle.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">196.</td> - <td class="tdl">Briggs.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">197.</td> - <td class="tdl">Lichtenberg.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">199.</td> - <td class="tdl">Calippus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">200.</td> - <td class="tdl">Cassini.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">201.</td> - <td class="tdl">Gauss.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">202.</td> - <td class="tdl">Messala.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">203.</td> - <td class="tdl">Struve.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">204.</td> - <td class="tdl">Mason.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">205.</td> - <td class="tdl">Plana.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">206.</td> - <td class="tdl">Burg.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">207.</td> - <td class="tdl">Baily.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">208.</td> - <td class="tdl">Eudoxus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">209.</td> - <td class="tdl">Aristotle.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">210.</td> - <td class="tdl">Plato.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">211.</td> - <td class="tdl">Pico.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">212.</td> - <td class="tdl">Helicon.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">213.</td> - <td class="tdl">Maupertuis.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">214.</td> - <td class="tdl">Condamine.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">215.</td> - <td class="tdl">Bianchini.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">216.</td> - <td class="tdl">Sharp.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">217.</td> - <td class="tdl">Mairan.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">218.</td> - <td class="tdl">Gerard.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">219.</td> - <td class="tdl">Repsold.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">220.</td> - <td class="tdl">Pythagoras.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">221.</td> - <td class="tdl">Fontenelle.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">222.</td> - <td class="tdl">Timaeus.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">223.</td> - <td class="tdl">Epigenes.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">224.</td> - <td class="tdl">Gartner.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">225.</td> - <td class="tdl">Thales.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">226.</td> - <td class="tdl">Strabo.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">227.</td> - <td class="tdl">Endymion.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">228.</td> - <td class="tdl">Atlas.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">229.</td> - <td class="tdl">Hercules.</td> -</tr> -</table> - </td> -</tr> -</table> - - - -<p class="tdr smcap">Oliver C. Farrington.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">- 13 -</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="SOURCES_OF_ADDITIONAL_INFORMATION_ABOUT_THE_MOON">SOURCES OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE MOON</h2> -</div> - - -<p>A number of textbooks and popular works on astronomy -deal more or less fully with the Moon. Among them the -following may be mentioned.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p><span class="smcap">Moulton, Forest Ray</span>—Introduction to Astronomy. Macmillan -& Co., New York. 1916. 577 pp.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Young, Charles A.</span>—A Textbook of General Astronomy. Ginn -& Co., Boston. 1898. 630 pp.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Todd, David P.</span>—Stars and Telescopes. Little, Brown & Co., -Boston. 1899. 419 pp.</p> -</div> - -<p>The following are some works which treat exclusively of -the Moon.</p> - - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p><span class="smcap">Nasmyth, James</span> and <span class="smcap">Carpenter, James</span>—The Moon. John -Murray, London. 1885. 213 pp. 25 "Woodburytype" plates and several text figures.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Pickering, William H.</span>—The Moon. Doubleday, Page & Co., -New York. 1903. Quarto. 103 pp. and many full-sized plates.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Proctor, Richard A.</span>—The Moon. Longmans, Green & Co., -London. 1898. 314 pp.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Gilbert, Grove K.</span>—The Moon's Face. Bulletin of the Philosophical -Society of Washington, 1892-93. Vol. 12, pp. 241-292.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Shaler, Nathaniel S.</span>—A Comparison of the Features of the -Earth and the Moon. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. 1907. Vol. 34, pp. 1-79. 25 plates.</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_14"></span></p> - - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Plate_II"></span></p> - -<table id="plate2" style="width:90%; margin: 4em auto;"> -<tr> - <td class="tdl smcap">Leaflet 6</td> - <td class="tdc"><div style="width:250px"> </div></td> - <td class="tdr smcap">PLATE II</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="3"> - <a href="images/plate2_lg.png"><img src="images/plate2.png" width="532" height="529" alt="" /></a><br /> - <span class="smaller">Click on image to view larger sized</span> - </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="3"><p class="tdc">CHART OF THE MOON'S SURFACE. AFTER NASMYTH.</p> - <p class="tdc">The figures refer to the names given on pp. 11 and 12 and the use of the chart with the model will enable the reader to name the different features - of the moon.</p> - </td> -</tr> -</table> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_15"></span></p> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_16"></span></p> - - - - -<p class="pmt4 pmb4 tdc">PRINTED BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<hr class="tb" /> - - -<div class="transnote"> - -<p class="caption3nb">Transcriber Note</p> - -<p>The list of "topographic features" (<a href="#Page_11">pp. 11-12</a>) have some numbers missing (115, 116) and a comparison with -Nasmyth and Carpenter's The Moon was missing those numbers but several other numbers were repeated. -The repeated numbers appear to represent craters too close to split out.</p> - - -</div> - - - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MOON ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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