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diff --git a/old/69086-0.txt b/old/69086-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 1093555..0000000 --- a/old/69086-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1542 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Review, Vol. 1, No. 6, June 1911, -by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The Review, Vol. 1, No. 6, June 1911 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: October 1, 2022 [eBook #69086] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Franciszek Skawiński and the Online Distributed - Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was - produced from images made available by the HathiTrust - Digital Library.) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REVIEW, VOL. 1, NO. 6, -JUNE 1911 *** - - - - - - -TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE - -Obvious errors and omissions in punctuation have been fixed. - -Any inconsistencies in spelling have been retained. - -Table of contents was created by the transcriber and is hereby placed -in the public domain. - - - - - VOLUME I, No. 6. JUNE, 1911 - - THE REVIEW - - A MONTHLY PERIODICAL, PUBLISHED BY THE - NATIONAL PRISONERS’ AID ASSOCIATION - AT 135 EAST 15th STREET, NEW YORK CITY. - - TEN CENTS A COPY. SEVENTY-FIVE CENTS A YEAR - - E. F. Waite, President. - F. Emory Lyon, Vice President. - O. F. Lewis, Secretary and Editor Review. - E. A. Fredenhagen, Chairman Ex. Committee. - James Parsons, Member Ex. Committee. - A. H. Votaw, Member Ex. Committee. - G. E. Cornwall, Member Ex. Committee. - Albert Steelman, Member Ex. Committee. - - CONTENTS Page - The National Conference 1 - Report of Committee on Lawbreakers 2 - The Suppression of Moral Defectives 7 - The Abolition of the Jail 8 - Mental Defects and Delinquency 9 - Treatment of the Mental Defective - who is also Delinquent 13 - Placing Misdemeanants on Probation 14 - -THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE - - -The national conference of charities and correction was held in -Boston from June 7 to June 14. The committee on lawbreakers had the -opening session, on Wednesday. Three section meetings were held by the -committee during conference week. - -The REVIEW prints in this issue many of the papers prepared for the -sessions of the “lawbreakers,” as they were facetiously called. Other -papers will be printed next month. This is a small monthly, and some -papers have been crowded out. - -The keynotes of the “lawbreakers” sections were: (1) Need for the -abolition of local and county jails as prisons for convicted offenders -and the establishment in their places of state district workhouses -or houses of correction; (2) full and impartial consideration by the -national conference of the problem of prison labor; (3) more rational -and adequate treatment of the mentally defective delinquent; (4) -the imperative need of a change in our treatment of misdemeanants, -especially vagrants, inebriates and offenders under the age of 21; (5) -the necessity of standardizing the methodology of probation work; (6) -the need of far greater organization of parole work; (7) the necessity -of developing crime statistics and statistics regarding offenders so -that records may be of real value. - -Many other notes were struck. The spirit of the sessions was -optimistic, but questions and comments were frank and searching. - -The committee on lawbreakers has a very definite place on the program, -even though, as this year, the name of the committee may be changed, -the committee for 1912 being called “committee on courts and prisons.” - -During the conference strong sentiment was developed in accord with -the recommendation of the committee on lawbreakers that prison labor -be made an important part of the program of the conference for 1912. -It was stated by members of the committee on organization of the -conference that the matter was thoroughly discussed in the committee, -and that the understanding was that the title of the committee for -1912 admits of the introduction of this subject at the next national -conference. It remains now for the members of the committee on courts -and prisons to see that this subject is placed on the program. - -The conference as a whole was characterized by the excellence of -the papers, the fundamental nature of the topics discussed, the -high-water mark in attendance reached, and the hospitality of Boston’s -representatives at the conference. Year by year the conference departs -more from the technical discussion of institutions and methods, -concerning itself increasingly with the problem of the general -improvement of social conditions. The next conference will be held in -Cleveland, Ohio, in 1912. - - - - -REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON LAWBREAKERS - -National Conference of Charities and Correction, O. F. Lewis, General -Secretary of New York Prison Association, Chairman. - - -The Committee on Lawbreakers presents to the National Conference of -Charities and Correction a partial survey of needs not yet met in -the field of the treatment of the delinquent. In October, 1910, the -eighth international prison congress met for the first time on American -soil. Never before had this country been under so comprehensive or so -discriminating a scrutiny by foreign criminologists. As one newspaper -man put it: “The world’s spot-light was turned on American prisons and -American treatment of prisoners.” - -In April, 1911, Sir Evelyn Ruggles-Brise, the Chairman of the English -prison commission, and president-elect of the next international -prison congress of 1915, reported to his government. He commended in -general American state prisons and reformatories, but condemned the -systems, or lack of systems, in vogue in city and county jails. “Among -the jails,” he stated, “many features linger such as called forth the -wrath of John Howard, the great English philanthropist, noted for his -exertions on behalf of prison reform at the end of the 18th century. -Promiscuity, unsanitary conditions, absence of supervision, idleness -and corruption--these remain features in many places,” says the report. -“Until the abuses of the jail system are removed, it is impossible,” -concludes Sir Evelyn, “for the United States to have assigned to her by -general consent a place in the vanguard of _la science penitentiaire_.” - -This is not pleasant reading, yet the question with us tonight is not -whether this criticism makes us as Americans pride-sore, but as to the -truth of this friendly but stinging criticism. On our program this -evening we have a distinguished gentleman, son of the eminent American -founder of the international prison congress, who will testify that the -English comments of Sir Evelyn are mild as compared with the American -reality. - -Rome was not built in a day. As in Chicago you find still in immediate -context the mansion and the hovel, we have, in our treatment of -delinquents, in close juxtaposition the prison and the jail, the -reformatory and the workhouse, children’s courts and lynch law, -probation and short term sentences, the indeterminate sentence and -industrial prison idleness, parole and definite sentences, prison -hospitals for tuberculosis and jail pens for syphilis-infected tramps. -Civic pride in great modern prisons exists side by side with civic -indifference as to filthy lock-ups or town jails. - -At the beginning of the second decade of the twentieth century--the -century of hoped-for social justice--let us face frankly certain -problems yet unsolved in the treatment of delinquents. Far from -feeling that we have reached the thumb-twiddling stage of complacent -satisfaction, let us see where our methods still break down. - -First, _the local and county jails_. Not stopping with the remark of -Thomas Holmes at the international prison congress that “every jail -I saw on the American trip ought to be wiped off the face of the -earth,” and that nowhere in Europe do such conditions exist, we find -Professor Charles R. Henderson as chairman of a special committee -of the American Prison Association of Chicago in 1907, uttering a -scathing arraignment of revolting and demoralizing jail conditions. -We find Frederick H. Wines more recently in Maryland arraigning jail -conditions in many parts of the country. We find Warren F. Spalding of -Massachusetts writing in the Sage Foundation volumes on Correction and -Prevention about the jail friendships that make of the novice a life -long criminal, of the contamination of women prisoners, the herding of -juvenile offenders with adults, the dearth of attention to physical -conditions in jails, the deplorable lack of proper ventilation, the -ravages of disease among jail inmates and the absence of that rigid -vigilance without which the ordinary jail cannot be kept in a sanitary -condition; overcrowding, night buckets, monotony, filth, poorly cooked -or tainted food, unconvicted prisoners and convicted prisoners in -unrestricted communication, the fee system, local inattention to the -fundamental principles of penology. - -The case against the average jail seems proved. Has not the time come -to make a general national campaign against this “school of crime?” - -Mr. F. G. Pettigrove of Massachusetts dissents from the above -statements regarding jails as follows: - -“I do not approve the unqualified general denunciation of jails. Nobody -who is familiar with the Massachusetts jails would make such an attack -upon them as is implied by the form of the reference to that subject.” - -_Prison Labor._ Prison labor is an unsettled problem; one that we -must face; a problem complicated by local and state conditions, and -one in which the motives of men and even communities have often been -impugned. Scanning the titles of papers read at the national conference -of charities and correction during the last decade, we have found only -in the committee report by Mr. Whittaker in 1908 and in the paper of -Dr. James H. Leonard, Superintendent of the Ohio State Reformatory, -definite and extended treatment of the prison labor problem, this -fundamental problem of penology. - -Has the problem been solved? Are prisoners everywhere earning their -maintenance? Has any one system proved satisfactory? Is there general -consensus of opinion that the prisoner shall not be utilized for -private gain? Is there no demoralizing idleness in so-called model -prisons? Is there no high tension labor in so-called model prisons? - -No, prison labor has not reached a satisfactory solution when we can -still cite a recent article of Dr. A. J. McKelway in Volume II. of -“Correction and Prevention” regarding prison labor in the South: “The -leasing of convicts whether to corporations or individuals, is a system -that has been abolished by some of the southern states, but which still -prevails in some of the states, accompanied as it always has been with -indefensible abuses (p. 72). I make bold to affirm that such abuses as -were found to exist in Georgia will be found to exist in a greater or -less degree in every state where the leasing system still prevails.” - -We learn that in Alabama even the wardens and the guards are employed -by the contractors. We find that in Ohio in connection with the -discontinuance of contract labor and the development of the State use -system the state penitentiary was plunged into the most deplorable -idleness. We find in Pennsylvania an archaic legal compulsion to -utilize only hand power machinery, and but thirty-five per cent of -the prisoners at any one time. We find under the present status of -the state use system in New York that the State prisoners earn only -about one-fourth of the cost of their maintenance, and a nominal sum -of not more than 2c. a day, which earnings can be radically reduced by -fines. We find loud protests in Rhode Island because the State lets the -services of able bodied prisoners to contractors at 30c. a day, and we -find in Maryland under the contract system a penitentiary which is said -to have returned to the State treasury in 1910 a surplus of thirty-five -thousand dollars from the earnings of prisoners, while the over time -work earned for the prisoners themselves $41,928. We find the Detroit -House of Correction on the State account system earning a profit in 11 -years of $368,000, paying its prisoners from ten to twenty-five cents -a day wages, and planning to distribute to the families of prisoners, -through the city poor master, $15,000 during the year 1911 in addition -to the surplus which it expects to turn over to the city. We find -the Minnesota State prison under the State account system making the -following report for the last ten years: - - Total earnings $2,210,880 - Total expenses 1,199,248 - ----------- - Excess of earnings $1,011,632 - -The binder twine plan in the ten years has made a profit of $1,653,290, -of which $352,553 was paid to the support fund for convict labor. -Quoting again from Dr. McKelway, we learn that in Texas the convicts -are worked on the leasing, contract, public account and public works -system. “But a legislative investigating committee has recently -discovered horrible abuses in all these systems. A number of convicts -were found who had been literally beaten to death during the last year -(1909) and the prisoners seemed to dread the prison farm as much as -work within the prison wall, if not more.” - -We find Warden Gilmour of the Toronto Central prison stating that -on the prison farm of that institution the inmates work cheerfully -and without guards. And so, ladies and gentlemen, your Committee on -Lawbreakers respectfully suggests that the general subject of prison -labor, in its various phases, be made the chief subject of this -committee at the next national conference. Prison labor is not simply -an administrative problem; it is an industrial problem and a health -problem, and concerns vitally the training and efficiency of scores -of thousands who, leaving prison, are potential subjects for charity -of a public or private nature. It is a vital problem for the national -conference of charities and correction as well as for the American -prison association. The problem of the proper utilization of prisoners -is a fundamental problem in every American state. - -The fact that a separate organization, the National Committee on Prison -Labor, has been established to study the prison labor problem, and the -further fact that the newspaper and magazine press has manifested much -interest in the field which this committee occupies, are evidences of -the extent and importance of the field. - -Frank L. Randall, General Superintendent of the Minnesota State -Reformatory and a member of the Committee on Lawbreakers, makes the -following suggestion: - -“If the recommendation of the Committee on Lawbreakers be adopted to -make the subject of prison labor a feature of the next conference the -leaders of organized labor should be invited to participate. We should -ask the labor representatives, if they urge the state use plan, to -concede to the prisons the field, so far as the products are paid for -with public funds.” - - -_The Treatment of Defective Delinquents._ - -There are undoubtedly thousands of feeble-minded persons in -correctional institutions. In recent annual reports, of Elmira -Reformatory, it has been stated that about 35% of its inmates -are mentally defective. The presence of the feeble-minded is a -detriment to many plans that have been adopted for the instruction -and training of prisoners. The complete exclusion from the ordinary -prison of persons afflicted with tuberculosis has improved the -healthfulness of those prisons and has also supplied a better and more -hopeful means of treatment for the unfortunate sufferers. The same -treatment--segregation--should be applied to all those to whom special -treatment would be a benefit, or whose ailments are of such a nature -as to endanger the welfare of others. Dr. Henry E. Goddard of Vineland -estimates that 25% of delinquents are mentally defective. “All mental -defectives would be delinquents,” he states, “in the very nature of -the case, did not some one exercise some care over them. The mentally -defective must be cared for as we care for irresponsibles.” Mr. Ernest -K. Coulter, for many years clerk of the Children’s Court of Manhattan -and Bronx, New York City, states his belief that the most important -step to be taken by the state in its slow abandonment of antiquated -methods of dealing with child offenders and victims of bad environment -and neglect must be the establishment of institutions for the special -treatment of the mental defectives of this class. In the great state -of New York, there is no special custodial institution to which the -criminal feeble-minded can be committed and transferred. So important -is this matter, that it has been made the subject of one of the section -meetings of this Committee on Lawbreakers. - -_Parole._ The principle of parole is a fundamental complement to the -principle of the indeterminate sentence. Its successful application -requires an efficient merit system within the prison, a competent -parole board and adequate supervision of the post-prison parole period, -the co-operation of the employment giving public, and the persistent -following up, recapture and reimprisonment of wilful violators of -parole. - -Only in a most general way do we yet know the results of the -administration of parole systems in the country. We find a general -belief based on long experience and some careful study of prison -statistics, that about 75% of paroled persons from reformatories or -prisons “stay straight” during the parole period. We still lack any -study of sufficient magnitude to admit of generalization in the case -of any state as to the proportion of criminal recidivism _after_ the -parole period. The New York Prison Association will shortly make public -an extended study of the careers of seven hundred inmates of Elmira -Reformatory, yet this number, though intensively studied, will be too -small for any comprehensive generalization but will rather indicate -both a statistical method of study of criminal careers and the great -inadequacy of present institutional or extra-institutional social facts -and social statistics of delinquents. - -As regards post-prison treatment and aid of the released or discharged -prisoner, we find Amos W. Butler in Volume II of the Sage Foundation -series on “Correction and Prevention” reporting that only about 24 -organizations exist throughout this country for this purpose, though -several of these societies spread their activity through a number of -states. We find also very varying periods of parole, some of six months -as at Elmira, some of seven months, as at Huntington, Pa.; nine months, -as at the Illinois State Reformatory, or until the expiration of the -maximum sentence, as at Concord, Mass., or at Bedford, or Albion in -New York. We find in Mr. Butler’s study state after state recorded as -follows: “State makes no effort to find work or keep in touch with -prisoner after his discharge;” “no provision for aftercare of either -paroled or discharged prisoners;” “no parole officers;” “no parole -agents;” “no provision for finding work or for visiting prisoners,” -etc., etc. - -A prominent eastern reformatory superintendent recently said: “Why -spend nearly two hundred dollars annually to maintain one inmate in a -reformatory, and then spend only $1.50 per inmate during his period of -parole to help him not to go wrong?” This committee on lawbreakers -believes that the parole period of an offender is barely second in -importance to the period of imprisonment. The poorly supervised -parole period breeds recidivism, contempt for law, the alienation of -the sympathy of judges, the irritation and criticism of the public, -unintelligent scorn for reformatory methods, and immense ultimate cost -to the state in further loss of property or life. - -_The Probation Movement_, long known and developed in Massachusetts, -has during this last decade made great national progress. Nevertheless -the probation movement faces grave dangers. It is on the defensive. -The methodology of probation is still in the experimental stage. -More important than the extension of the system is the building up -of an effective technique. In too many places probation is still -synonymous either with sentimental leniency or with perfunctory police -surveillance. The most essential factors in probation work are the -educative, reformatory and reconstructive work represented by home -visitation, the development of right mental habits and the rendering of -practical assistance. - -The improvement of probation methods depends primarily upon the -appointment of interested, faithful and competent probation officers. -The tendency is strongly in the direction of increasing the number -of public salaried probation officers. Although this tendency is -inevitable and desirable, it brings in its trail the gravest danger of -which the probation system must meet, namely the danger of appointments -being made through the influence of partisan politics. Those interested -in the probation system should therefore look squarely in the face the -question as to how probation officers should be appointed; whether by -judges without interference by any outside regulations or authorities; -whether through civil service examination; whether upon the approval of -some outside body such as a state probation commission, or whether the -appointing power should be vested in authorities other than the judges, -as in local non-partisan, non-sectarian committees or commissions. - -Ex-Attorney-General Julius M. Mayer dissents from the foregoing -paragraph as follows: - -“I am opposed to the appointing power being placed in anybody except -the judges, which, to my mind, leaves open only the question as to -whether examinations should be competitive or non-competitive.” - -In a further letter Judge Mayer writes: - -“There cannot be any discussion as to who should appoint probation -officers. It is absurd to say that any person outside of the judge -should appoint. I personally should refuse, if a judge, to place -anybody on probation if the probation officers were appointed by any -one but the court or judge. As a matter of fact I doubt seriously -whether in New York State there would be any legal power in any other -body to make any such appointment. The suggestions, in this regard, -are, to my mind, utterly absurd and unworthy of being dignified by -being incorporated in our report.” - -A problem in administrative efficiency that must be worked out is the -co-ordination of probation and parole systems. There seem no valid -reasons why in general the same persons cannot do both probation and -parole work in the same localities. At present parole supervision is -usually exercised by persons who are not probation officers and often -the parole officers are itinerant officers obliged to travel over wide -areas. The effective supervision and aid of those on parole requires -that those exercising the parole oversight shall confine their efforts -to a comparatively limited area. The efficiency of parole service would -undoubtedly be greatly strengthened in communities where it is not -practicable to have special parole officers, if the parole work were -entrusted to the local probation officers. This combination of work, if -properly carried on, can be carried on with mutual advantage to both -systems and without any detriment to either of them. - -_The Wives and Children of Prisoners._ The dependency of these often -innocent victims of the delinquency of the breadwinner is closely -allied to the problem of prison labor. Any plan is paradoxical that -removes a breadwinner to prison idleness and leaves a despairing family -to exist by charitable help or by the bounty of impoverished neighbors. -The state having the right to protect itself from crime by imprisoning -the offender, has also the duty to make work for him, first to pay for -his own maintenance, and secondly, to contribute, so far as possible, -to the maintenance of his family. No explanations of alleged necessary -idleness, of lack of orders for prison goods, of political interference -with extension of prison labor systems, or of the need of the payment -of prisoners’ earnings to a tax-ridden state should prevail against -the fact that the state or the political subdivision of a state owes -to the stricken family the partial fruits of the toil of the prisoner -and _must_ develop such a system of industry as will both make the -prisoner self supporting and bring to his family some return for his -labor. Inability to accomplish less than this is a confession of -state-inefficiency that should not be tolerated and that invites the -fullest scrutiny. - -_Farm Colonies._ The campaign for compulsory farm colonies for habitual -tramps and vagrants has gained much impetus since 1907, when the -problems of vagrancy were discussed in detail, at the Minneapolis -national conference of charities and correction. In a half dozen -states farm colony bills were introduced last winter, but none were -passed. The press seems almost unanimous in favor of such colonies; -public opinion is expressing even greater annoyance at the so-called -“tramp-army.” Typical of the dissatisfaction with the present expensive -and palliative treatment of vagrancy is the reiterated statement of -the New York State Board of Charities that vagrancy costs the state -of New York about two million dollars a year from public and private -charitable funds. - -The time certainty seems at hand for a systematic campaign against -the vagrancy evil. Drifting methods of alleviation and of passing-on -constitute only an aggravation of the situation. Vagrancy and crime -are closely akin. The Committee on Lawbreakers raises the question -whether the movement partially organized several years ago for a -national vagrancy committee should not at this session of the national -conference be organized with the aim of furthering systematic methods -for the reduction of vagrancy. A problem in European countries -sufficiently serious to be called one of the most fundamental social -problems deserves systematic and adequate attention in the United -States where the problem is still in its earlier stages. - -Closely allied is the great problem of inebriety and its treatment. The -special United States census of 1904 showed that 54% of all commitments -to correctional institutions were due to intoxication, vagrancy and -disorderly conduct. A special committee of this national conference -of 1911 treats of this national question in a general session and in -section meetings. The committee on lawbreakers emphasizes the pressing -immediate need of state and national campaigns for the reduction of -drunkenness and the rational treatment of the drunkard. - -_Prisoners’ Aid Societies._ Organized charitable work of private -societies in the correctional field is woefully slight in comparison -with the charity organization movement for the spread of the gospel -of social service. There are hardly a score of active prisoners’ aid -societies of fairly wide range in the United States. Yet the great -movement for probation and parole, for better prisons and for better -prisoners, for the help of released prisoners and for dependent -families of prisoners, for the reduction of vagrancy and inebriety, for -the better care of the mentally or physically defective delinquents, -for better laws and greater public information--these great movements -need the directing power of strong charitable organizations of the -prisoners’ aid kind. The field of delinquency needs the same thorough -development that in the last generation has been accorded to the field -of charity. A national prisoners’ aid society was organized at the -last meeting of the American Prison Association, to develop greater -co-operation between the now existing prisoners’ aid societies and to -extend the prisoners’ aid work. The national association publishes a -monthly journal of sixteen pages called the Review. - -_American Criminology._ Tendencies in this country in the problems of -the treatment of the criminal have been overwhelmingly administrative -rather than analytical and academic. Our foreign guests in 1910 often -remarked that we characteristically experimented and did things rather -than debated and philosophized on the theories of criminology. The -extravagance of sole adhesion to the former method is increasingly -obvious, however, and has led, among other things, to the organization -of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology, a central -body for the inculcation of more scientific methods for the treatment -of the delinquent as well as for the extension of our knowledge of -the criminal. A recent conference in New York City on the reform of -the criminal law and procedure indicated the wide-spread belief of -the ablest members of the bench and bar that our criminal law and -its administration need radical reforms. In the fields of criminal -statistics, also, we need far more light even if such light shall only -indicate clearly that comprehensive and accurate criminal statistics -are practically impossible to collate. To the efforts of the American -Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology to advance in accuracy, in -dignity, and in usefulness our store of information as to crime and its -treatment, the national conference should give full credit and strong -encouragement. - - - - -THE SUPPRESSION OF MORAL DEFECTIVES - -Abstract of Address of Charles W. Eliot, President Emeritus of Harvard -University - - -The prevention of crime through the isolation or extirpation of -criminals offers many analogies to the prevention of disease by the -isolation or death of diseased persons. These analogies are obvious, -and are based on observed facts and not on any theory that all moral -defects originate in, or are caused by physical defects. Opinions -might differ widely concerning the bodily origin of drunkenness, -inordinate sexual passion, or kleptomania; and yet persons holding -different views on this point might agree as to the wisest treatment in -practice of such moral delinquents. Let us compare society’s treatment -of moral defectives with its best treatment of physical defectives. -In the first place, a large proportion of the crimes committed in -our country are not treated socially at all, the criminals escaping -detection and arrest, or being acquitted when brought to trial through -the ingenious use of legal technicalities and delays. This is as if -victims of scarlet fever or smallpox should be left quite free to -move about in the community so far as their condition permitted, -society manifesting no active interest in their welfare and taking no -precautions whatever against the spread of their disease. - -Secondly, in cases in which criminals are arrested and convicted -the penalties imposed by courts have, as a rule, no remedial and no -preventive effect. Drunkards, for example, brought frequently before -courts for sentence, are sent over and over again to jails or houses -of correction for terms too short for effectual cure, so that they -soon relapse into drunkenness when discharged. Or again, a burglar is -sentenced to a few years in prison, acquires while confined no better -disposition and no new means of earning a livelihood, and so when freed -naturally returns to his former criminal mode of life. - -Thirdly, many researches into the history of criminal families have -made it sure that the propensity to crime, be it moral, or physical, -or both, is eminently transmissible; so that criminals, like imbeciles -and other physical defectives, will surely breed their like, if left -free to do so. To leave them free is to perpetuate and multiply by -inheritance the evils and losses which criminality inflicts on -the race. These comparisons suggest strongly that society needs to -revise its methods of dealing with criminals. In this revision, what -improvements should be aimed at? Better police protection, especially -in the detective department, so that fewer crimes should be committed -with impunity. This would correspond with the improving registration -and responsible social treatment of diseases. - -A lessened use of fines and an increased use of imprisonment for -convicted criminals of all sorts, a fine being an almost useless -penalty for crimes against the person, since it has no improving -or instructive quality whatever, is for the well-to-do a matter -of indifference and is often impossible to collect from the poor. -The habitual use of longer terms of imprisonment, that is, terms -of isolation and temporary exemption from temptation to crime. The -conversion of houses of correction, jails and prisons into places of -instruction and of instructive labor, with incidental confinement, -from being places of confinement with incidental labor, which is -often uninstructive or impossible of utilization by the individual -on his return to the outer world. Through this transformation houses -of correction and prisons would become agricultural or industrial -colonies, in which most prisoners would acquire the habit of productive -labor and some skill available towards livelihood when they should -again enjoy freedom. - -Every person, male or female, who has been convicted of crime, should -be registered at many points with complete means of identification, and -should be kept under supervision for a long period after discharge; -and the new laws needed to secure such continuous supervision, if any, -should be promptly adopted in all the States. With such systematic -supervision should go assistance in the giving of employment. - - - - -THE ABOLITION OF THE JAIL - -Synopsis of Address by Frederick H. Wines, Statistician, State Board of -Administration, Illinois. - - -The average county or municipal jail in this country is a school -for crime, a cesspool of moral contagion, a propagating house of -criminality, a feeder for the penitentiary, a public nuisance and -a disgrace to modern civilization. The public indifference to the -situation is attributed partly to ignorance. The county officials do -not know what a jail should be and the people do not know what their -jails really are. In plain Anglo-Saxon, the truth is that wherever -there exists local graft and political dishonesty the county prison -is its centre and its stronghold. The sheriff or the jailor makes -a personal profit from crime by charging a per diem for board for -prisoners and by the receipt of fees for locking and unlocking the -jail doors. That profit is a live wire. No local politician, possibly -no member of the Legislature or even of the State administration dares -monkey with it. - -We have substantially won the fight for the reformatory State prison -and the indeterminate sentence because we concentrated our fire upon -a vulnerable point and made every shot tell. In attacking the county -jail system we have pursued the opposite policy. We have addressed our -arguments and remonstrances to the county authorities, of whom there -are in round numbers, 2,500 sets, instead of to the legislative bodies, -of which there are less than fifty. We have pleaded for new jails, -better jails, when we should have demanded their replacement by prisons -owned and controlled by the State and their emancipation from local -political control with its petty and selfish interests. - -There was a time when local control was necessary and proper but that -was long ago. Today the county prison is an anachronism. We imported -it with other institutions from England, but conservative England has -outgrown it and dates the dawn of its regenerate prison system from -the year of its abolition. There is no good and sufficient reason -why the State which enacts a criminal code with its definition of -crime, its prohibitions and its penalties should assume the custody -and care of the man committed to prison for three years and refuse to -recognize its responsibility for the man sentenced for three months, -abandoning him to the haphazard mercies of the inferior jurisdiction -which is certainly ignorant, often brutal and sometimes dishonest. It -is not the majesty of the county but that of the State which calls for -vindication. The supervision of crime, let it take what form it may, is -the business of the State. The State should name, and it should have -exclusive authority over the executive agents to whom it entrusts the -discharge of this supreme governmental function. - -The one hope of enlightened progress in dealing with the problem of -crime is the overthrow of the county jail system. To this end we must -direct our energy. With the State once in command, there can be no -question but it will find a way to right the wrong and remedy the -evils which inhere in the present organization and management of minor -prisons. - - - - -MENTAL DEFECTS AND DELINQUENCY - -WM. HEALY, M. D. - -Director, Juvenile Psychopathic Institute, Chicago - - -Reasons for the abundant ineffectiveness in the treatment of the -criminal are to be found in the historical development of the -situation. His case is handled by court procedure evolved, almost -wholly, from legal precedent and consisting of rules which appertain, -as it were, to a definite contest. As the result of this evolution it -has come about that even modern criminal procedure in several respects -fails to apply well established scientific knowledge and so lags far -behind the dictates of common sense. - -It may be that the experiential wisdom of the ages, crystallized into -modern law, serves well enough as the setting for criminal trials in -which there is much presumption of innocence, as well as for civil -cases, although in this hour of testing mental capacities even some -points here seem doubtful. But what shall we say about the trial of -recidivists, those repeaters who make up the costly and dangerous -class, the confirmed criminals? If there is anything clear about -the matter to the man in the street it is that certain facts either -purposely avoided in court procedure, such as inadmissible evidence, -or not brought out on account of incomplete examination into the case -are frequently most important for decision from the standpoint of the -welfare of society and indeed often of the defendant’s own well-being. -The fact that the defendant has been convicted of crime and perhaps of -this particular type of crime before, that he has mental peculiarities -or physical infirmities that make him specially liable to commit crime, -that he comes from a family in which mental deficiency is inherited -or the criminalistic tendency is rampant--these points among others -are not only of scientific import, but seem clearly germane and most -valuable for deciding what ought to be done with him. - -The facts of recidivism are startling enough to command -attention--whether one’s interest in the matter be economic, legal, -humanitarian or anthropological. The terrific cost of crime, the -failure of court methods to check criminalism, either in the individual -or as a whole, the impotency of ordinary penological efforts and -the considerable inadequacy of even the best reformatory type of -institution are causes for amazement. By even a superficial glance -at the facts we are thrown at once into an inquiry, what manner of a -person is this recidivist, this individual who in spite of admonitory -teachings and punishments goes on pursuing a career which leads him -into just the situation which he wishes to avoid. Justice Rhodes of -England writes an article in a medical journal, putting up the matter -squarely to the medical profession, asking them what it means when -out of 182,000 convictions in a year, 10,000 have been convicted more -than twenty times before. “On the face of it,” he asks, “doesn’t -this seem more like a problem for those who have to do with abnormal -personalities than merely for the law?” - -Even if a statistical survey of crime and recidivism did not point -directly in explanation to the peculiarities of the unit offender, it -would in general seem as if the anthropological outlook, applied to -the criminal himself, would be easily the best point of vantage in -studying the crime situation. Here is a given individual, performing -acts inimical to his fellows and retributively painful to himself. What -leads him socially to react thus and so? Taking this view, common -sense would seem to demand study of the causative factors in every -case, and this means, first and foremost, investigation of those mental -characteristics which underlie conduct. - -Beginning such a study of the causative factors of crime and taking -account of deviation from the normal among the criminalistic, we -immediately see that mental defect looms very large. Just how extensive -this factor is we are unable to say, because thoroughgoing examinations -of delinquents have not yet been registered in sufficient numbers. -Sutherland, who has had a large experience and has well considered the -matter, states in his work on Recidivism (p. 50) that it is not wide of -the mark to say that one-third of criminal recidivists are pathological -specimens, “suffering from physical and mental degeneracy characterized -by mental warp, instability and feeblemindedness,” and that of petty -offender recidivists it is equally safe to hold that two-thirds are -pathological in the same sense. The British Royal Commission for the -study of the feebleminded looked at 2,300 prisoners in cursory fashion -and without mental tests decided that they could determine about -ten per cent. to be feebleminded. Incomplete work from many sources -testifies to considerable proportions of feebleminded among criminals. -We ourselves, in our Chicago Institute, are for several reasons doing -fairly intensive work, and I would at once disclaim that our figures -have much statistical value. Yet of 620 cases of youthful repeaters -carefully studied by us and classified in a scale of mental ability -and peculiarity, twenty-six per cent. grade distinctly below the class -which we call poor in native ability. - -We found: - - Mentally subnormal--a class above the ordinary institutional 51 - feebleminded types, but still well below the normal. - - Dull from physical causes, including epilepsy. 36 - - Feebleminded of the upper or moron group. 48 - - Feebleminded of the imbecile group. 5 - - Psychoses (various types of mental disease). 22 - --- - 162 - -Scattered for the most part through these classes we found 7-1/2 per -cent. of the total 620 to be definitely epileptic. - -What a curious maladjustment it seems that while all this acknowledged -social failure is in progress, and while there is this obvious -incompetency of legal methods in ascertaining adequate facts for -betterment of the situation, there should be so very little study -of where the trouble lies. In courts for adult offenders there is -almost no opportunity for unbiassed investigation of the individual -criminal. In the juvenile court, with its advantages of intimate -relationships established there, how can the judge from his short -examination determine even this question of the mental status of -the delinquent? Opinion on this subject in courts is formed by the -questionnaire method, which from a scientific standpoint, for various -reasons, is notoriously unsafe. Not only in court room procedure is -there inadequate investigation of the individual, but all through the -situation in regard to the handling of delinquents the same is true. -Nowadays when the value of efficiency bureaus is everywhere recognized, -it seems strange that this most business-like bit of work should not -have been taken up. The outlay is millions and hundreds of millions for -repression, but practically nothing for the study of how efficiently to -repress. - -In the past the legal disposition of offenders with mental peculiarity -has very largely hinged on the question of criminal responsibility. Now -this question, especially in the case of high-grade mental defectives, -involves some pretty fundamental philosophical points and probably this -most dangerous class will never have its responsibility completely -standardized and determined. We have in sight no likelihood of finding -a test or criterion of the power of ethical discernment and control. -The best thinkers have finally relegated the whole problem to the -common sense of juries. But a much more profitable way of looking at -the matter is whether or not the individual is going to do it again, -whether he is going to become a recidivist, a menace to society, and -whether he is to breed progeny of the same ilk. The self-protection of -society is herein involved. Why should we not drop the technical and -hardly decidable question of criminal responsibility and the idea of -mere punishment, and take up the much more vital problem of how society -is to protect itself? - -Looked at as a matter wherein the welfare of society is the chief -concern, one most difficult point in the problem of mental defect grows -more readily soluble. I speak of those cases in which evidence of -feeblemindedness, although distinct, especially if studied by means of -tests, is minor in degree as compared with the ethical defect present. -These form a class of offenders most difficult to deal with because -so frequently, on account of good development of language ability, -they pass in the world in general, and in courts in particular, as -practically normal individuals. This type has been designated by -various terms. Anton has recently published a symposium monograph -on the subject showing that the consensus of opinion is that there -certainly exists a distinct group in which moral defect is out of -proportion to the amount of mental subnormality. The recent report of -the Massachusetts commission on the increase of criminals emphasizes -this very point. To those who doubt the existence of mental defect in -such cases I commend the use of psychological tests. Better study of -the individual will, in any case, give some indication of that most -important point for the welfare of society, namely, whether or not the -crime will be repeated. - -Turning in the interests of society to the study of the individual -offender, especially the recidivist, we shall at once be led by -practical considerations into an attempt to decipher the causative -factors of his career. The great value of such intelligent study can be -shown in many types of cases, but nowhere is it more evident than when -the offenders are mentally defective. The recent work of Miss Moore for -the Public Education Association of New York shows the after-records of -some children formerly in the subnormal rooms in the New York public -schools and also of some of the feebleminded men who were paroled from -the Elmira Reformatory to New York. The financial and moral cost to the -community has been very great from such sources. We ourselves have many -such records, showing the terrible burden a criminalistic defective is -to the community. Dozens of times, indeed up to a hundred times in the -police stations, is the record of even some of the younger members of -this group, as we have observed them. - -Intelligent study of the problem of recidivism means catching the -repeater as early as possible and making a diagnosis and prognosis -for disposal of his case at once or in the future. The advantages of -studying the recidivist when young are many, both from a scientific and -a reformatory point of view. It is often also of immense importance -to study the adult repeated offender. The disposal of him offers more -difficulties frequently than the adjustment of the juvenile case. There -is one matter in connection with adult offenders upon which I wish -to lay special emphasis. It is in regard to the parole of criminals. -It seems clear to me that if the whole matter of adult probation -is to be placed upon the most sensible basis, the scientific facts -which have bearing upon the situation must be brought into use. I -hold that no criminal should be released upon parole until enough of -a study has been made of his individuality and the causative factors -of his delinquency so that there may be some sort of a guarantee that -his offenses will not be continued. As it stands, almost nothing of -this sort is being done. It should be the first and main inquiry -of any board of parole to know whether or not the individual under -consideration is likely to be a recidivist. Several points of view -would be connected in such an inquiry, but the point we are concerned -with today is one of the greatest value for the decision. The first -question to be asked, if the matter is to be sensibly decided, is about -the mental status of the individual. This inquiry with its various -ramifications will often be found of great significance in answering -the vital question: “Will crime be committed again by this individual?” - -Intelligent study of an actual or a potential recidivist means a fairly -complete investigation and is worth days of work if this be necessary. -It needs a combination of the sociological, medical and psychological -standpoints. We ourselves find particularly rich fields for explanation -of the case in getting the history of families and of developmental -conditions and in psychological examinations. The latter has been much -hampered in the past by lack of practical tests, but of late these -have been developed. At the present time any intelligent observer can -judge something of the mental capacity of an individual by seeing -his performance, under proper conditions, on a group of tests which -correspond to the normal ability of the child. The well-known Binet -tests, imperfect though they probably are in some respects, form an -epoch-making advance in the study of feeblemindedness. We ourselves -have been at much pains in the last two years in developing, with -the help of a number of psychologists, a group of tests directed to -the estimation of native mental ability in older and higher types of -individuals. We may hope for much greater standardization of tests in -the future, but, even as it now stands, there can be no doubt that just -such a practical mental classification as the work with delinquents -demands can be readily carried out by qualified persons. - -If, avoiding _a priori_ standpoints, we enter upon a study of the -recidivist, we find such a considerable number of causative factors -determinable that this at once precludes the idea of crime being -anything like a disease entity. Indeed, one soon comes to feel that -many of the set notions about crime are academic and absurd in -the light of facts ascertainable by a free-minded, practical and -thoroughgoing investigation of the individual cases. Crime may be the -action of a Charlotte Corday or of a Jesse Pomeroy and in form, impulse -and factors of underlying causation may be found to be so varied in its -manifestations that many pseudo-philosophical speculations and legal -pronunciamentos on the subject are readily seen to be nothing but -slipshod generalizations. Quinton, a man of great experience, in his -recent work says, with apparently purposeful exaggeration, that there -are just as many classes as there are criminals. Mental defect is to -be considered simply as one of the causes of crime, but it is a cause -so obvious, so readily determinable in most cases and so certainly -irremediable and provocative of recidivism and moral contagion that -one of the first steps of reform in dealing with criminals ought to -be directed toward this. The mental defective is suitable neither for -probation, reformatory education nor punitive measures. Custodial care -alone is of service and in the case of the criminalistically inclined -defective the courts should directly commit and the state protect -itself by permanent guardianship. - -The time is ripe for better methods of handling this class of cases. -The study of recidivism shows it as a blot upon our civilization, -and demonstrates that many recidivists are mental defectives. The -study, on the other hand, of the individual defective criminal -demonstrates him to be a source of great financial loss and much -moral contagion. Studies in heredity prove that he frequently begets -his kind. Developments along medical and psychological lines have -given us practical methods for diagnosis of mental defectives--even -the border-line cases being easily determinable as such--and give us -assurance of the social future of this class of cases. The work of our -own institute proves not only the applicability of common-sense study -of causative factors in general to court work in this country, but -directly demonstrates the overwhelming value of early differentiation -of a type of offender, who by the very nature of his mental make-up is -bound under ordinary social conditions to become a recidivist. - -In order to get a more business-like administration of criminal affairs -so that there may be practical application of at least some points -which are scientifically demonstrable as imperative for the well-being -of society, certain things are necessary. Concerning our immediate -point, the needs are: first, better education of everybody implicated -in the criminal situation as to the part that mental defect plays in -delinquency. Then in connection with criminal courts, and especially -in connection with juvenile courts, where the development of crime can -be checked, there should be thoroughgoing study of the recidivist. The -court should be acquainted with the practical value of such study and -should act on it. No offender should be allowed on parole unless he -is known to have the mental make-up which, on the whole, will in his -environment tend to prevent his freedom from being inimical to society. -Then, not a difficult matter to insure, there must be better classified -institutional treatment. Finally, the court should have the power to -adjudicate cases of mental defect in the best interests of society. - - - - -TREATMENT OF THE MENTAL DEFECTIVE WHO IS ALSO DELINQUENT - -DR. HENRY H. GODDARD, VINELAND, NEW JERSEY - - -Twenty-five per cent. of delinquents are mentally defective. While we -have no absolute statistics, there are many indications that this is a -safe estimate. All mental defectives would be delinquents in the very -nature of the case, did not some one exercise some care over them. - -There is only one possible answer to the question, “What is to be done -with the feebleminded person who is delinquent?” He must be cared for, -but he must be cared for in a place where we care for irresponsibles. -The jail or prison or reformatory, is not for him, neither must he be -turned loose on the streets or sent back to the home and environment in -which he has already become a delinquent. - -In the present state of our laws and customs, delinquency is the one -means by which we are able to get hold of a certain type of mental -defective and provide for him as he should be provided for. Many of -these feebleminded of the moron type come from homes or have attained -to such an age or position that we have no way of getting hold of them -until they do some wrong and come under the head of delinquents. But -when that has happened and we have them where we can prescribe for -them, it is worse than folly for us to let them go and turn them back -into their former environment where they must only repeat the offense -or even commit a worse one. - -We must have enough institutions or colonies for the feebleminded to -care for all the feebleminded delinquents at least. As it is today, -even under the best conditions, many a judge recognizes mental defect -in the cases that come before him and would gladly send the child to -an institution for the feebleminded, but there is no room, and so he -is compelled to utilize some makeshift which oftentimes is worse than -nothing at all. - -But the broadest treatment of this topic must go farther back than the -question of what to do with these feebleminded persons who have already -become delinquent. We must consider the cause here as we are trying to -do everywhere in modern methods, and treat the cause rather than trying -to cure. In other words, the feebleminded person should be taken care -of before he becomes a delinquent. Here the first problem is diagnosis. -How shall we recognize this feebleminded child of high type, this moron -grade, as we now call them? - -Until recently we have been more or less helpless in this matter, -but now we may say with perfect assurance that the Binet tests of -intelligence are entirely satisfactory and can be relied on to pick out -the mental defective at least up to the age of twelve years. The public -schools will be the clearing house for all these cases, they may there -be tested and their mental condition found out, and they can then be -cared for as condition leads. We have too long attempted to treat all -children alike, whether in the public school or before the courts. When -we have learned to discriminate and recognize the ability of each child -and place upon him such burdens and responsibilities only as he is able -to bear, then we shall have largely solved the problem of delinquency. - - - - -PLACING MISDEMEANANTS ON PROBATION - -JAMES A. COLLINS - -Judge of the City Court, Indianapolis, Indiana - - -In the city campaign of 1909 I pledged the people of the city of -Indianapolis that if elected judge of the city court, I would introduce -a probation system as a means of helping delinquent men and women. The -enactment of a law by the legislature of 1907, under which courts may -exercise the right to suspend sentence or withhold judgment in the -cases of adults, made possible the application of a probation system in -the administration of justice in circuit, criminal and city courts. - -The probation system inaugurated in the city court of Indianapolis has -covered: - - -_The Suspended Sentence._ - -The power to suspend sentence has saved many novices in crime from -undergoing the harsh punishment that would be otherwise meted out to -them, and that seems to be contrary to the constitutional provision -that “all penalties shall be proportioned according to the nature of -the offense.” - -During the past year sentence has been suspended in 236 cases and -judgment withheld in 3,474. The majority of these were first offenders. -In those cases where the judgment was suspended, the court has had to -set aside the suspension of sentence and commit the defendants in only -two cases, and where the judgment has been withheld less than two per -cent. have been returned to court for a second or subsequent offense. - -While there is no provision under the law for the employment of -paid probation officers, adequate supervision in 352 cases was made -possible by good citizens volunteering to serve in that capacity. These -probationers were required to furnish the court a monthly report signed -by the probation officer. Time will not permit the details of these -reports. Each tells its own story of heroic efforts toward right living. - - -_Paying Fines on Installments._ - -The old method of collecting money fines which compelled the defendant -to pay or replevy the same moment he was fined was always a source of -great hardship on the poor. It was unreasonable to expect a common -laborer arrested late at night and convicted in the morning to be -prepared to settle with the state. If he was unable to pay or make -arrangements to have his fine stayed for the statutory period, he -was sent to prison, not because the court had given him a term of -imprisonment, but because he was poor, which is in effect, imprisonment -for debt. - -To aid this particular class there was introduced as a part of the -probation system a plan for the collection of fines in small payments. -In those cases where the defendant appeared deserving he has been -released on his own recognizance and the case held under advisement for -thirty to sixty days, as the circumstances seemed to justify, at the -expiration of which time he was required to report to the court that he -had paid in the amount designated as the fine and costs to be entered -against him. - -At the close of the year 830 persons had been given an opportunity to -pay their fines in this way. Of this number, 64 were re-arrested and -committed for their failure to pay their fine, and the affidavits in -32 other cases are held for re-arrest. The balance lived up to their -obligation with the court and paid in more than $7,100. - -This plan operates to the benefit of the defendant in several ways: -it saves him his employment; it saves his family from humiliation and -disgrace, as well as from the embarrassment incident to imprisonment; -but more than all, it saves him his self-respect. With but a single -exception not one to whom this opportunity has been given and who had -paid his fine in full has been in court a second time. - - -_Drunkenness and the Pledge System._ - -No unfortunates appeal more strongly to the court than the victims of -the liquor habit. In all cases of first offenders charged with being -drunk and in those cases where the defendant had others dependent upon -him for support, the court has made it a condition on withholding -judgment or suspending sentence that the defendant take the pledge for -a period varying from six months to one year. At the close of the year -101 persons had taken the pledge, and of this number all but ten had -kept the same faithfully. - -In the severe cases where the defendant was bordering on delirium -tremens, he was committed to the workhouse and the superintendent -informed of his condition. While there are no special arrangements for -the treatment of inebriates at the workhouse, Superintendent O’Connor -has successfully provided a separate department for such cases. With -these inadequate facilities a splendid work is now being done among -this class of unfortunate and harmless offenders. - - -_Medical and Surgical Treatment._ - -Men suffering from physical defects have frequently been before -the court charged with offenses entirely out of harmony with their -antecedents and environments. In these cases the court has been able -to call to his assistance some of the best-known surgeons of the city. -During the year three surgical operations were performed. Two of these -were brain operations and one was sterilization for degeneracy. Three -additional cases were successfully treated at private institutions for -the drug and liquor habits. - - -_Separate Trials for Women._ - -Acting upon the suggestion of Amos W. Butler and Demarchus C. Brown, -the court set aside Wednesday afternoons for the separate trials of -women and girls. A woman probation officer maintains an adequate system -of investigation and supervision. - -During the seven months that the work among women and girls has been in -charge of a probation officer, 139 cases have been investigated, and of -that number only 11 were imprisoned, and adequate supervision provided -for 70 during the probation period. - -In 18 cases of drunkenness, under the supervision of the probation -officer, pledges were taken, and all but three have kept the same -faithfully. In 15 cases of country girls coming to Indianapolis and -falling into bad company, resulting in their arrest, arrangements were -made, by this officer, for the return of these girls to their homes in -various parts of the state. In the balance of these cases investigation -disclosed that the defendants were more sinned against than sinning and -the cases were dismissed. - - -_Restitution._ - -The criminal code is absolutely silent upon the question of recovery -for loss or damage to property and injuries to the person growing out -of criminal acts except that in cases of malicious trespass the court -may fine a defendant a sum equal to twice the amount of the property -damaged. To fine a person double the value of the property damaged and -because of his failure to pay the same, place the additional burden on -the citizen of supporting him in the workhouse or jail seems in itself -an absurdity. - -As a part of the probation plan the court requires every person charged -with any offense involving the loss or damage to property and injuries -to the person to make full and complete restitution to the injured -party before the final disposition of the case. Upon a proper showing -that restitution has been made the court is then in a position to take -such action as the other facts in the case justify. Under this plan -more than $1,800 in restitution has been recovered and turned over to -the proper parties. - - -_Results._ - -The results of the operation of any system of justice are not to be -measured by dollars and cents. - -During the year 1910 the court disposed of more than 15,000 cases. -Notwithstanding this tremendous volume of business there was a saving -to the county in the cost of feeding prisoners in the county jail of -$1,393.61 and in the maintenance of the workhouse, $4,631.95. - -Yet the reduction by fifty per cent. of the number of commitments -of persons to the workhouse, jail and correctional department of -the woman’s prison speaks with far greater force in favor of the -probation system than any saving in dollars and cents, for of greater -significance to the community is the moral uplift. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REVIEW, VOL. 1, NO. 6, JUNE -1911 *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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