diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'old/69018-h/69018-h.htm')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69018-h/69018-h.htm | 17435 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 17435 deletions
diff --git a/old/69018-h/69018-h.htm b/old/69018-h/69018-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index aa5b714..0000000 --- a/old/69018-h/69018-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,17435 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - Dictionary of Place-names, by C. Blackie—A Project Gutenberg eBook - </title> - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - <style type="text/css"> - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - - h1,h2,h3 { - text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ - clear: both; - font-weight: normal; -} - -h2 {font-size: 120%;} - -p { - margin-top: .51em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .49em; -} - -.para { text-indent: 1.2em;} - -.p-index {text-indent: 6em; } - -.p2 {margin-top: 2em;} -.p4 {margin-top: 4em;} -.p6 {margin-top: 6em;} - -.p-min {margin-top: -.5em;} - -hr { - width: 33%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - margin-left: 33.5%; - margin-right: 33.5%; - clear: both; -} - -hr.tb {width: 45%; margin-left: 27.5%; margin-right: 27.5%;} -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;} -@media print { hr.chap {display: none; visibility: hidden;} } - -hr.r65 {width: 65%; margin-top: 3em; margin-bottom: 3em; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%; - margin-top: 0em;} - -div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} - -ul { list-style-type: none; } - -div.parent { text-align: center; } -ul.left { display: inline-block; text-align: left; - list-style-type: none; } - -.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ - /* visibility: hidden; */ - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; - font-weight: normal; - font-variant: normal; -} /* page numbers */ - -.blockquot { - margin-left: 5%; - margin-right: 10%; - font-size: 90%; -} - -.sidenote { - width: 30%; - padding-bottom: .5em; - padding-top: .5em; - padding-left: .5em; - padding-right: .5em; - margin-left: 1em; - margin-right: .5em; - float: left; - clear: left; - margin-top: 1em; - font-size: smaller; - color: black; - background: #eeeeee; - border: 1px dashed; -} - -.center {text-align: center; - text-indent: 0em;} - -.r2 {text-align: right; - margin-right: 2em;} - -.left {text-align: left; - text-indent: 2.5em;} - -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - -.allsmcap {font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;} - -.u {text-decoration: underline;} - -.left { text-align: left;} - -.xs { font-size: x-small;} - -.sm { font-size: small;} - -.lg { font-size: large;} - -.smaller {font-size: 90%; } - -.hangingindent { - padding-left: 2em ; - text-indent: -2em ;} - -#half-title { text-align: center; - font-size: 150%; } - -/* Footnotes */ -.footnotes {border: 1px dashed;} - -.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} - -.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} - -.fnanchor { - vertical-align: super; - font-size: .8em; - text-decoration: - none; -} - -/* Transcriber's notes */ -.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - font-size:smaller; - padding:0.5em; - margin-bottom:5em; - font-family:sans-serif, serif; } - - </style> - </head> -<body> -<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of A dictionary of place-names giving their derivations, by Christina Blackie</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: A dictionary of place-names giving their derivations</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Christina Blackie</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: September 20, 2022 [eBook #69018]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Brian Coe, Karin Spence. The book cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A DICTIONARY OF PLACE-NAMES GIVING THEIR DERIVATIONS ***</div> - - -<p id="half-title" class="p6">DICTIONARY OF PLACE-NAMES</p> - -<p class="center u p6"><i>GEOGRAPHICAL ETYMOLOGY</i></p> - - -<h1><span class="smaller">A DICTIONARY</span><br /> - -<span class="xs">OF</span><br /> - -PLACE-NAMES</h1> - -<p class="center">GIVING THEIR DERIVATIONS</p> - - -<p class="center p2 lg"><span class="smcap">By</span> C. BLACKIE</p> - - -<p class="center p2 sm">WITH AN INTRODUCTION</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By</span> JOHN STUART BLACKIE</p> - -<p class="center xs p-min">PROFESSOR OF GREEK IN THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH</p> - - -<p class="center sm p2"><i>THIRD EDITION, REVISED</i></p> - - -<p class="center p4">LONDON<br /> -JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET<br /> -1887</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_v">[v]</span></p> - -<h2>PREFACE</h2> -</div> - - -<p class="para">The Introduction, by which the present work is ushered into public -notice, renders any lengthened Preface on my part quite unnecessary. -Yet I wish to say a few words with regard to the design and plan of -this little volume.</p> - -<p class="para">The subject, though no doubt possessing a peculiar interest to the -general reader, and especially to tourists in these travelling -days, falls naturally under the head of historical and geographical -instruction in schools; and for such use the book is, in the first -place, specially intended.</p> - -<p class="para">When I was myself one of a class in this city where Geography and -History were taught, no information connected with etymology was -imparted to us. We learned, with more or less trouble and edification, -the names of countries, towns, etc., by rote; but our teacher did not -ask us who gave the names to these places, nor were we expected to -inquire or to know if there was any connection between their names -and their<span class="pagenum" id="Page_vi">[vi]</span> histories. Things are changed now; and I believe the first -stimulus to an awakening interest in Geographical Etymology was given -by the publication of the Rev. Isaac Taylor’s popular work, <i>Words -and Places</i>. About ten years ago, I found that the best teachers in -the English schools of Edinburgh did ask questions on this subject, -and I discovered, at the same time, that a book specially bearing -upon it was a desideratum in school literature. As no one better -qualified came forward, I was induced to make the attempt; and I hope -the following pages, the result of much research and in the face of no -small discouragement, may prove useful to teachers, as well as to their -pupils.</p> - -<p class="para">The Index at the end of the volume, although it contains many names -not included in the body of the work, does by no means include all -that I have given there. This did not seem necessary, because, the -root words being alphabetically arranged, an intelligent teacher or -pupil will easily find the key to the explanation of any special name -by referring to the head under which it is naturally classed. I must, -however, premise that, with regard to names derived from the Celtic -languages, the root word is generally placed at the beginning of the -name—that is, if it contain more than one syllable. This is the case -with such vocables as <i>pen</i>, <i>ben</i>, <i>dun</i>, <i>lis</i>, -<i>rath</i>, <i>strath</i>, etc.; <i>e.g.</i> Lismore, Benmore, -Dungarvan, Strath-Allan. On the other hand,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">[vii]</span> in names derived from -the Teutonic or Scandinavian languages, the root word comes last, as -will be found with regard to <i>ton</i>, <i>dale</i>, <i>burg</i>, -<i>berg</i>, <i>stadt</i>, <i>dorf</i>, <i>ford</i>, etc.</p> - -<p class="para">The index, therefore, may be expected to include principally such names -as, either through corruption or abbreviation, have materially changed -their form, such as are formed from the simple root, like Fürth, Ennis, -Delft, or such as contain more than one, as in Portrush, it being -uncertain under which head I may have placed such names. Along with the -root words, called by the Germans <i>Grundwörter</i>, I have given a -number of defining words (<i>Bestimmungswörter</i>)—such adjectives as -express variety in colour, form, size, etc.</p> - -<p class="para">It is to be regretted that many names have necessarily been omitted -from ignorance or uncertainty with regard to their derivation. This -is the case, unfortunately, with several well-known and important -towns—Glasgow, Berlin, Berne, Madrid, Paisley, etc. With regard to -these and many others, I shall be glad to receive reliable information.</p> - -<p class="para">And now it only remains for me to express my obligations to the -gentlemen who have kindly assisted me in this work, premising that, -in the departments which they have revised, the credit of success is -due mainly to them; while I reserve to myself any blame which may be -deservedly attached to failures or omissions. The Celtic portion of -my proof-sheets has been<span class="pagenum" id="Page_viii">[viii]</span> revised by Dr. Skene, the well-known Celtic -scholar of this city, and by Dr. Joyce, author of <i>Irish Names -of Places</i>. I have also to thank the Rev. Isaac Taylor, author -of <i>Words and Places</i>, for the help and encouragement which -he has given me from time to time; and Mr. Paterson, author of the -<i>Magyars</i>, for valuable information which I received from him -regarding the topography of Hungary. I appreciate the assistance given -me by these gentlemen the more, that it did not proceed from personal -friendship, as I was an entire stranger to all of them. It was the -kindness and courtesy of the stronger and more learned to one weaker -and less gifted than themselves; and I beg they may receive my grateful -thanks, along with the little volume which has been so much their -debtor.</p> - -<p class="r2 p-min">C. B.</p> - -<p class="para"><span class="smcap">Edinburgh</span>, <i>July 1887</i>.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_ix">[ix]</span></p> - -<h2>INTRODUCTION</h2> -</div> - - -<p class="para">Among the branches of human speculation that, in recent times, have -walked out of the misty realm of conjecture into the firm land of -science, and from the silent chamber of the student into the breezy -fields of public life, there are few more interesting than Etymology. -For as words are the common counters, or coins rather, with which we -mark our points in all the business and all the sport of life, any man -whose curiosity has not been blunted by familiarity, will naturally -find a pleasure in understanding what the image and superscription on -these markers mean; and amongst words there are none that so powerfully -stimulate this curiosity as the names of persons and places. About -these the intelligent interest of young persons is often prominently -manifested; and it is a sad thing when parents or teachers, who should -be in a position to gratify this interest, are obliged to waive an -eager intelligence aside, and by repeated negations to repel the -curiosity which they ought to have encouraged. Geography indeed, -a subject full of interest<span class="pagenum" id="Page_x">[x]</span> to the young mind, has too often been -taught in such a way as neither to delight the imagination with vivid -pictures, nor to stimulate inquiry by a frequent reference to the -history of names; and this is an evil which, if found to a certain -extent in all countries, is particularly rank in Great Britain, where -the language of the country is composed of fragments of half a dozen -languages, which only the learned understand, and which, to the ear of -the many, have no more significance than if they were Hebrew or Coptic. -The composite structure of our English speech, in fact, tends to -conceal from us the natural organism of language; so that in our case, -it requires a special training to make us fully aware of the great -truth announced by Horne Tooke, that “in language there is nothing -arbitrary.” Nevertheless, the curiosity about the meaning of words, -though seldom cherished, is not easily extinguished; and, in this age -of locomotion, there are few scraps of information more grateful to -the intelligent tourist than those which relate to the significance of -topographical names. When, for instance, the London holiday-maker, in -his trip to the West Highlands, setting foot in one of Mr. Hutchinson’s -steamboats at Oban, on his way to the historic horrors of Glencoe, -finds on his larboard side a long, low island, green and treeless, -called <i>Lismore</i>, he will be pleased, no doubt, at first by simply -hearing so euphonious a word in a language that he had been taught -to believe was harsh and barbarous, but will be transported into an -altogether different region of intelligent<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xi">[xi]</span> delight when he is made to -understand that this island is wholly composed of a vein of limestone, -found only here in the midst of a wide granitic region skirted with -trap; that, by virtue of this limestone, the island, though treeless, -is more fertile than the surrounding districts; and that for this -reason it has received the Celtic designation of <i>Liosmor</i>, or the -<i>great garden</i>. Connected with this etymology, not only is the -topographical name made to speak reasonably to a reasonable being, but -it contains in its bosom a geological fact, and an œconomical issue, -bound together by a bond of association the most natural and the most -permanent. The pleasant nature of the intelligence thus awakened leads -us naturally to lament that, except to those who are born in Celtic -districts and speak the Celtic language, the significance of so many of -our most common topographical names in the most interesting districts -is practically lost; and it deserves consideration whether, in our -English and classical schools, so much at least of the original speech -of the country should not be taught as would enable the intelligent -student to know the meaning of the local names, to whose parrot-like -repetition he must otherwise be condemned.</p> - -<p class="para">Some of the Celtic words habitually used in the designation of -places—such as <i>Ben</i>, <i>Glen</i>, <i>Strath</i>, and -<i>Loch</i>—have been incorporated into the common English tongue; -and the addition to this stock is not very large, which would enable -an intelligent traveller to hang the points of his picturesque tour -on a philological peg that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xii">[xii]</span> would most materially insure both their -distinctness and their permanence. Nay, more; the germ of appreciation -thus begotten might lead a sympathetic nature easily into some more -serious occupation with the old language of our country; and this might -lead to a discovery full of pleasant surprise, that in the domain of -words, as of physical growth, the brown moors, when examined, often -produce flowers of the most choice beauty with which the flush of the -most cultivated gardens cannot compete, and that a venerable branch of -the old Indo-European family of languages, generally ignored as rude -and unlettered, is rich in a popular poetry, as fervid in passion, and -as healthy in hue, as anything that Homer or Hesiod ever sang.</p> - -<p class="para">In the realm of etymology, as everybody now knows, before Bopp -and Grimm, and other great scholars, laid the sure foundation of -comparative philology on the principles of a philosophy, as all -true philosophy is, at once inductive and deductive, the license of -conjecture played a mad part—a part, it is only too evident, not yet -fully played out—and specially raised such a glamour of illusion -about topographical etymology, that the theme became disgusting to all -sober-minded thinkers, or ludicrous, as the humour might be. We must, -therefore, approach this subject with a more than common degree of -caution, anxious rather to be instructed in what is solid, than to be -amazed with what is ingenious. It shall be our endeavour to proceed -step by step in this matter—patiently, as with the knowledge that our<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiii">[xiii]</span> -foot is on the brink of boggy ground, starting from obvious principles -given by the constitution of the human mind, and confirmed by a large -induction of unquestioned facts.</p> - -<p class="para">The most natural and obvious reason for naming a place so-and-so -would be to express the nature of the situation by its most striking -features, with the double view of impressing its character on the -memory, and conveying to persons who had not seen it an idea of its -peculiarity; <i>i.e.</i> the most obvious and natural topographical -names are such as contain condensed descriptions or rude verbal -pictures of the object. Thus the notion of the highest mountain in -a district may be broadly conveyed by simply calling it the <i>big -mount</i>, or, according to the order of words current in the Celtic -languages, <i>mount big</i>; which is exactly what we find in -<span class="smcap">Benmore</span>, from <i>mor</i>, big, the name of several of the -highest mountains in the Highlands of Scotland, specially of one in -the south of Perthshire, near Killin, of another in Mull, the highest -trap mountain in Scotland, and a third in Assynt. Again, to mark the -very prominent feature of mountains elevated considerably above the -normal height, that they are covered with snow all the year round, we -find <span class="smcap">Lebanon</span>, in the north of Palestine, named from the Hebrew -<i>leban</i>, white; <span class="smcap">Mont Blanc</span>, in Switzerland, in the same -way from an old Teutonic word signifying the same thing, which found -its way into Italian and the other Romanesque languages, fairly ousting -the Latin<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiv">[xiv]</span> <i>albus</i>; <span class="smcap">Olympus</span>, from the Greek λάμπομαι, to -shine; the <span class="smcap">Schneekoppe</span>, in Silesia, from <i>schnee</i>, snow, -and <i>koppe</i>, what we call <i>kip</i> in the Lowland topography -of Scotland, <i>i.e.</i> a pointed hill, the same radically as the -Latin <i>caput</i>, the head. In the same fashion one of the modern -names of the ancient Mount Hermon is <i>Jebel-eth-Thelj</i>, the snowy -mountain, just as the Himalayas receive their names from the Sanscrit -<i>haima</i> = Greek χεîμα, winter.</p> - -<p class="para">The most obvious characteristic of any place, whether mountain or plain -or valley, would be its shape and size, its relative situation high or -low, behind or in the front, its colour, the kind of rock or soil of -which it is composed, the climate which it enjoys, the vegetation in -which it abounds, and the animals by which it is frequented. Let us -take a few familiar examples of each of these cases; and, if we deal -more largely in illustrations from the Scottish Highlands than from -other parts of the world, it is for three sufficient reasons—because -these regions are annually visited by the greatest number of tourists; -because, from the general neglect of the Celtic languages, they -stand most in need of interpretation; and because they are most -familiar—not from book-knowledge only, but by actual inspection—to -the present writer. In the matter of size, the tourist will find at -<span class="smcap">Glenelg</span> (from <i>sealg</i>, to hunt), in Inverness-shire, -opposite Skye, where there are two well-preserved circular forts, the -twin designations of <span class="smcap">Glenmore</span> and <span class="smcap">Glenbeg</span>; that -is, Glenbig and Glenlittle—a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xv">[xv]</span> contrast constantly occurring in the -Highlands; the word <i>beag</i>, pronounced vulgarly in Argyleshire -<i>peek</i>, signifying little, evidently the same as μικ in the -Greek μικρός. As to relative situation, the root <i>ard</i>, in -Latin <i>arduus</i>, frequently occurs; not, however, to express -any very high mountain, but either a bluff fronting the sea, as in -<span class="smcap">Ardnamorchuan</span> (the rise of the great ocean, <i>cuan</i>, -perhaps from ὼκεανός), or more frequently a slight elevation on the -shore of a lake, what they call in England a <i>rise</i>, as in -<span class="smcap">Ardlui</span>, near the head of Loch Lomond, <span class="smcap">Ardvoirlich</span>, -and many others. The word <i>lui</i>, Gaelic <i>laogh</i>—the -<i>gh</i> being silent, as in the English <i>sigh</i>—signifies -a calf or a fawn, and gives name to the lofty mountain which the -tourist sees on his right hand as he winds up where the railway is -now being constructed from Dalmally to Tyndrum. Another frequent root -to mark relative situation is <span class="allsmcap">CUL</span>, <i>behind</i>, Latin -<i>culus</i>, French <i>cul</i>, a word which gives name to a whole -parish in Aberdeenshire, to the famous historical site of Culross, the -reputed birthplace of St. Kentigern, and many others. This word means -simply <i>behind the headland</i>, as does also <span class="smcap">Culchenzie</span> -(from <i>ceann</i>, the head), at the entrance to Loch Leven and -Glencoe, which the tourist looks on with interest, as for two years -the summer residence of the noble-minded Celtic evangelist Dr. Norman -Macleod. But the most common root, marking relative situation, which -the wanderer through Celtic countries encounters is <i>inver</i>, -meaning below, or the bottom of a stream, of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xvi">[xvi]</span> which <i>aber</i> is -only a syncopated form, a variation which, small as it appears, has -given rise to large controversy and no small shedding of ink among -bellicose antiquarians. For it required only a superficial glance to -observe that while <i>Abers</i> are scattered freely over Wales, they -appear scantly in Scotland, and there with special prevalence only in -the east and south-east of the Grampians—as in <span class="smcap">Aberdeen</span>, -<span class="smcap">Aberdour</span>, <span class="smcap">Aberlemno</span> in Fife, and others. On this the -eager genius of archæological discovery, ever ready to poise a pyramid -on its apex, forthwith raised the theory, that the district of Scotland -where the <i>Abers</i> prevailed had been originally peopled by Celts -of the Cymric or Welsh type, while the region of <i>Invers</i> marked -out the ancient seats of the pure Caledonian Celts. But this theory, -which gave great offence to some fervid Highlanders, so far as it stood -on this argument, fell to the ground the moment that some more cool -observer put his finger on half a dozen or a whole dozen of Invers, in -perfect agreement hobnobbing with the Abers, not far south of Aberdeen; -while, on the other hand, a zealous Highland colonel, now departed to a -more peaceful sphere, pointed out several Abers straggling far west and -north-west into the region of the Caledonian Canal and beyond it. But -these slippery points are wisely avoided; and there can be no doubt, on -the general principle, that relative situation has everywhere played -a prominent part in the terminology of districts. Northumberland and -Sutherland, and Cape <span class="smcap">Deas</span> or Cape<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xvii">[xvii]</span> South, in Cantire, are -familiar illustrations of this principle of nomenclature. In such cases -the name, of course, always indicates by what parties it was imposed; -Sutherland, or Southern-land, having received this appellation from the -Orkney men, who lived to the north of the Pentland Firth.</p> - -<p class="para">The next element that claims mention is Colour. In this domain the -most striking contrasts are black and white. In ancient Greece, a -common name for rivers was <span class="smcap">Melas</span>, or Black-water; one of -which, that which flows into the Malaic Gulf, has translated itself -into modern Greek as <span class="smcap">Mauro-nero</span>, μαûρο in the popular -dialect having supplanted the classical μἐλας; and νἐρο, as old, no -doubt, as Nereus and the Nereids, having come into its pre-Homeric -rights and driven out the usurping ὕδωρ. In the Scottish Highlands, -<i>dubh</i>, <i>black</i> or <i>dark</i>, plays, as might be expected, -a great figure in topographical nomenclature; of this let <span class="smcap">Benmuic -Dubh</span>, or the <i>mount of the black sow</i>, familiar to many a -Braemar deer-stalker, serve as an example; while <span class="smcap">Cairngorm</span>, -the cradle of many a golden-gleaming gem, stands with its dark blue -(<i>gorm</i>) cap immediately opposite, and recalls to the classical -fancy its etymological congeners in the <span class="smcap">Cyanean</span> rocks, so -famous in early Greek fable. Of the contrasted epithet <i>white</i>, -<span class="smcap">Leucadia</span> (λευκός), where the poetess Sappho is famed to -have made her erotic leap, is a familiar example. In the Highlands, -<i>ban</i> (fair), or <i>geal</i> (white), is much less familiar in -topographical nomenclature than <i>dubh</i>;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xviii">[xviii]</span> <span class="smcap">Buidhe</span>, on the -other hand (yellow), corresponding to the ξανθός of the Greeks, is -extremely common, as in <span class="smcap">Lochbuie</span> at the south-east corner -of Mull, one of the few remaining scattered links of the possessions -of the Macleans, once so mighty and latterly so foolish, in those -parts. Among other colours, <i>glas</i> (gray) is very common; so is -<i>dearg</i> (red), from the colour of the rock, as in one of those -splendid peaks that shoot up behind the slate quarries at the west end -of Glencoe. <i>Breac</i>, also (spotted or brindled), is by no means -uncommon, as in <span class="smcap">Ben Vrackie</span>, prominent behind Pitlochrie, in -Perthshire, in which word the initial <i>b</i> has been softened into a -<i>v</i> by the law of aspiration peculiar to the Celtic languages.</p> - -<p class="para">There remain the two points of climate and vegetation, of which a -few examples will suffice. In Sicily, the town of <span class="smcap">Selinus</span>, -whose magnificence remains preserved in indelible traces upon the -soil, took its name from the wild parsley, σἐλινον, which grew -plentifully on the ground, and which appears on the coins of the -city. In the Scottish Highlands, no local name is more common than -that which is familiarly known as the designation of one of the most -genuine of the old Celtic chiefs, the head of the clan Macpherson—we -mean the word <span class="smcap">Cluny</span> (Gaelic <i>cluain</i>; possibly only -a variety of <i>grün</i>, green), which signifies simply a green -meadow, a vision often very delightful to a pedestrian after a -long day’s tramp across brown brae and gray fell in those parts. -The abundance of oak in ancient Celtic regions,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xix">[xix]</span> where it is not -so common now, is indicated by the frequency of the termination -<i>darach</i> (from which <span class="smcap">Derry</span>, in Ireland, is corrupted; -Greek δρûς and δόρυ, as in the designation of one of the Campbells -in Argyle, <span class="smcap">Auchin-darroch</span>, <i>i.e.</i> oak-field. The pine, -<i>giubhas</i>, appears in <span class="smcap">Kingussie</span>, pine-end, in the midst -of that breezy open space which spreads out to the north-west of the -Braemar Grampians. In <span class="smcap">Beith</span> and <span class="smcap">Aultbea</span> (birch-brook) -we have <i>beath</i>, Latin <i>betula</i>, a birch-tree; elm and -ash are rare; heather, <i>fraoch</i>, especially in the designation -of islands, as <span class="smcap">Eileanfraoch</span>, in Loch Awe, and another in -the Sound of Kerrera, close by Oban. Of climate we find traces in -<span class="smcap">Auchnasheen</span> (<i>sian</i>), on the open blasty road between -Dingwall and Janetown, signifying the field of wind and rain; in -<span class="smcap">Mealfourvonie</span>, the broad hill of the frosty moor, composed of -the three roots <i>maol</i> (broad and bald), <i>fuar</i> (cold), and -<i>mhonaid</i> (upland); in <span class="smcap">Balfour</span> (cold town), and in the -remarkable mountain in Assynt called <span class="smcap">Canisp</span>, which appears to -be a corruption of <i>Ceann-uisge</i>, or Rainy-head.</p> - -<p class="para">Lastly, of animals: <i>madadh</i>, a fox, appears in <span class="smcap">Lochmaddy</span> -and <span class="smcap">Ardmaddy</span>; <i>coin</i>, of a dog, in <span class="smcap">Achnachoin</span>, -or Dog’s-field, one of the three bloody spots that mark the butchery -of the false Campbell in Glencoe; and, throwing our glance back -two thousand years, in <span class="smcap">Cynoscephalæ</span>, or the Dog’s-head, -in Thessaly, where the sturdy Macedonian power at last bowed in -submission before the proud swoop of the Roman<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xx">[xx]</span> eagles; the familiar -cow (<i>baa</i>, Lat. <i>bos</i>) gives its name to that fair loch, -which sleeps so quietly in the bosom of beautiful Mull; while -the goat, famous also in the sad history of Athenian decline at -<span class="smcap">Aigospotami</span>, or the Goat’s-river, gives its name to the steepy -heights of <span class="smcap">Ardgour</span> (from <i>gobhar</i>, Lat. <i>caper</i>), a -fragment of the old inheritance of the Macleans, which rise up before -the traveller so majestically as he steams northward from Ballachulish -to Fort William and Banavie.</p> - -<p class="para">In a country composed almost entirely of mountain ridges, with -intervening hollows of various kinds, it is only natural that the -variety in the scenery, produced by the various slopes and aspects of -the elevated ground, should give rise to a descriptive nomenclature of -corresponding variety. This is especially remarkable in Gaelic; and the -tourist in the Scottish Highlands will not travel far without meeting, -in addition to the <i>Ben</i> and <i>Ard</i> already mentioned, the -following specific designations:—</p> - -<div class="parent"> -<ul class="left"> - <li><i>Drum</i>—a ridge.</li> - <li><i>Scour</i>—a jagged ridge or peak.</li> - <li><i>Cruach</i>—a conical mountain.</li> - <li><i>Mam</i>—a slowly rising hill.</li> - <li><i>Maol</i>—a broad, flat, bald mountain.</li> - <li><i>Monagh</i>—an upland moor.</li> - <li><i>Tulloch</i> or <i>Tilly</i>—a little hill, a knoll.</li> - <li><i>Tom</i>—a hillock, a mound.</li> - <li><i>Tor</i>—a hillock, a mound.</li> - <li><i>Bruach</i>—a steep slope (Scotch brae).</li> - <li><i>Craig</i>—crag, cliff.</li> - <li><i>Cairn</i>—a heap of stones.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxi">[xxi]</span></li> - <li><i>Lairg</i>—a broad, low slope.</li> - <li><i>Letter</i>—the side of a hill near the water.</li> - <li><i>Croit</i>—a hump.</li> - <li><i>Clach</i>—a stone.</li> - <li><i>Lech</i>—a flagstone.</li> -</ul> -</div> - -<p class="para">In the Lowlands, <i>pen</i>, <i>law</i>, <i>fell</i>, <i>bræ</i>, -<i>hope</i>, <i>rise</i>, <i>edge</i>, indicate similar varieties. -Among these <i>pen</i>, as distinguished from the northern <i>ben</i>, -evidently points to a Welsh original. <i>Hope</i> is a curious word, -which a south-country gentleman once defined to me as “the point of -the low land mounting the hill whence the top can be seen.” Of course, -if this be true, it means an elevation not very far removed from the -level ground, because, as every hill-climber knows, the top of a huge -eminence ceases to be visible the moment you get beyond what the Greeks -call the “fore-feet” of the mountain.</p> - -<p class="para">In the designation of the intervening hollows, or low land, the -variety of expression is naturally less striking. <i>Glen</i> serves -for almost all varieties of a narrow Highland valley. A very narrow -rent or fissured gorge is called a <i>glachd</i>. The English word -<i>dale</i>, in Gaelic <i>dail</i>, means in that language simply -a field, or flat stretch of land at the bottom of the hills. It is -to be noted, however, that this word is both Celtic and Teutonic; -but, in topographical etymology, with a difference distinctly -indicative of a twofold origin. In an inland locality where the -Scandinavians never penetrated, <i>Dal</i> is always prefixed to -the other element of the designation, as in <span class="smcap">Dalwhinnie</span>, -<span class="smcap">Dalnacardoch</span>,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxii">[xxii]</span> and <span class="smcap">Dalnaspidal</span>, the field of -meeting, the field of the smithy, and the field of the hospital, all -in succession within a short distance on the road between the Spey -uplands and Blair Athol. On the other hand, a postfixed <i>dale</i>, -as in <span class="smcap">Borrowdale</span>, <span class="smcap">Easdale</span>, and not a few others, -indicates a Saxon or Norse origin. The word <i>den</i> or <i>dean</i>, -as in the <span class="smcap">Dean Bridge</span>, Edinburgh, and the <span class="smcap">Den Burn</span>, -Aberdeen, is Anglo-Saxon <i>denn</i>, and appears in the English -<span class="smcap">Tenterden</span>, and some others. Another Celtic name for field -is <i>ach</i>, the Latin <i>ag-er</i>, which appears in a number -of Highland places, as in <span class="smcap">Ach-na-cloiche</span> (stone field), -in Argyleshire. A hollow surrounded by mountains is called by the -well-known name of <span class="allsmcap">LAGGAN</span>, which is properly a diminutive -from <i>lag</i>, in Greek λάκκος, in Latin <i>lacus</i>, a hollow -filled with water, and in German a mere <i>loch</i>, or hole, into -which a mouse might creep. A special kind of hollow, lying between -the outstretched arms of a big Ben, and opening at one end into the -vale below, is called in Gaelic <i>coire</i>, literally a cauldron—a -word which the genius of Walter Scott has made a permanent possession -of the English language. In England such mountain hollows are often -denominated <i>combs</i>, as in <span class="smcap">Addiscombe</span>, <span class="smcap">Ashcomb</span>, -a venerable old British word of uncorrupted Cornish descent, and which, -so far as I know, does not appear in Scottish topography, unless -it be in <span class="smcap">Cummertrees</span> (on the shore, <i>traigh</i>), near -Annan, and <span class="smcap">Cumbernauld</span>; but this I am not able to verify by -local knowledge. The word <i>cumar</i> appears<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxiii">[xxiii]</span> in O’Reilly’s Irish -dictionary as “the bed of a large river or a narrow sea, a hollow -generally,” but seems quite obsolete in the spoken Gaelic of to-day. -The termination <i>holm</i> is well-known both in English and Scotch -names, and proclaims itself as characteristically Scandinavian, in the -beautiful metropolis of the Swedes. In Gaelic districts a holm, that -is, a low watery meadow, is generally called a <i>lon</i>, a word which -has retained its place in Scotch as <i>loan</i>—<span class="smcap">Loaning</span>, -<span class="smcap">Loanhead</span>, <span class="smcap">Loanend</span>, and is fundamentally identical -with the English <i>lane</i> and <i>lawn</i>. The varieties of -sea-coast are expressed by the words <i>traigh</i>, <i>cladach</i>, -<i>camus</i>, <i>corran</i>, <i>wick</i>, <i>loch</i>, <i>rutha</i>, -<i>ross</i>, <i>caolas</i>, <i>stron</i>, <i>salen</i>, among which, in -passing, we may specially note <i>camus</i>, from the root <i>cam</i>, -Greek κάμπτω, to bend: hence <span class="smcap">Morecambe Bay</span>, near Lancaster, -signifies the great bend; <i>corran</i>, a scythe, evidently allied -to the Latin <i>curvus</i>, and used in the Highlands to denote any -crescent-shaped shore, as at Corranferry, Ardgour, in Lochfinne; -<i>wick</i>, a familiar Scandinavian word signifying a bay, and which, -with the Gaelic article prefixed, seems to have blundered itself into -<span class="allsmcap">NIGG</span> at Aberdeen, and near Fearn in Ross-shire; <i>caolas</i>, -a strait, combining etymologically the very distant and very different -localities of <span class="smcap">Calais</span> and <span class="smcap">Ballachulish</span>; <i>stron</i> -or <i>sron</i>, a nose, which lends its name to a parish near the end -of Loch Sunart, in Morvern, and thence to a famous mineral found in its -vicinity; lastly, <i>salen</i> is nothing but salt, and appears in the -south of Ireland and the north-west of Scotland,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxiv">[xxiv]</span> under the slightly -varied forms of <span class="smcap">Kinsale</span> and <span class="smcap">Kintail</span>, both of which -words signify the head of the salt water; for Irish and Gaelic are only -one language with a slightly different spelling here and there, and a -sprinkling of peculiar words now and then.</p> - -<p class="para">The only other features of natural scenery that play a noticeable -part in topographical etymology are the rivers, lakes, wells, and -waterfalls; and they need not detain us long. The Gaelic <i>uisge</i>, -water, of which the Latin <i>aqua</i> is an abraded form, appears in -the names of Scottish rivers as <i>Esk</i>, and of Welsh rivers as -<i>Usc</i>. The familiar English Avon is the Gaelic <i>amhainn</i>, -evidently softened down by aspiration from the Latin <i>amnis</i>. This -<i>avon</i> often appears at the end of river names curtailed, as in -<span class="smcap">Garonne</span>, the rough river, from the Gaelic root <i>garbh</i>, -rough. The <span class="smcap">Don</span>, so common as a river name from the Black -Sea to Aberdeen, means either the deep river or the brown river. A -small river, <i>brook</i> in English, gives name to not a few places -and persons. In the Scottish Highlands, and in those parts of the -Lowlands originally inhabited by the Celtic race, the word <i>alt</i> -performs the same functions. <i>Loch</i>, in Gaelic, answering to -the English <i>mere</i> (Latin <i>mare</i>), appears most commonly -in the Highlands, as <span class="smcap">Kinloch</span>, <i>i.e.</i> the town or house -at the head of the lake; and <i>tobar</i>, a well, frequently, as -in <span class="smcap">Holywell</span>, connected with a certain religious sanctity, -appears in <span class="smcap">Tobermory</span>, <i>i.e.</i> the well of the Virgin -Mary, one of the most beautiful quiet bits of bay scenery in Great<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxv">[xxv]</span> -Britain. Of places named from waterfalls (<i>eas</i>, from <i>esk</i>), -a significant element in Highland scenery, <span class="smcap">Inverness</span>, -and <span class="smcap">Moness</span> near Aberfeldy, are the most notable, the one -signifying “the town at the bottom of the river, which flows from the -lake where there is the great waterfall,” <i>i.e.</i> <span class="smcap">Foyers</span>; -and the other, “the waterfall of the moorish uplands,” which every one -understands who walks up to it.</p> - -<p class="para">So much for the features of unappropriated nature, stereotyped, as -it were, at once and for ever, in the old names of local scenery. -But as into a landscape an artist will inoculate his sentiment and -symbolise his fancy, so on the face of the earth men are fond to -stamp the trace of their habitation and their history. Under this -influence the nomenclature of topography becomes at once changed from -a picture of natural scenery to a record of human fortunes. And in -this department it is plain that the less varied and striking the -features of nature, the greater the necessity of marking places by -the artificial differentiation produced by the presence of human -dwellings. Hence, in the flat, monotonous plains of North Germany, the -abundance of places ending in <i>hausen</i> and <i>heim</i>, which -are only the Saxon forms of our English <i>house</i> and <i>home</i>. -Of the termination <i>hausen</i>, <span class="smcap">Sachsenhausen</span>, the home -of the Saxons, and <span class="smcap">Frankenhausen</span>, the home of the Franks, -are amongst the most notable examples. <i>Heim</i> is pleasantly -associated with refreshing draughts in <span class="smcap">Hochheim</span>, <i>i.e.</i> -high home, on the north bank of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxvi">[xxvi]</span> Rhine a little below Mainz, -whence a sharp, clear wine being imported, with the loss of the -second syllable, and the transformation of <i>ch</i> into <i>k</i>, -produced the familiar hock. This <i>heim</i> in a thousand places of -England becomes <i>ham</i>, but in Scotland, where the Celtic element -prevails, appears only rarely in the south-east and near the English -border, as in <span class="smcap">Coldingham</span> and <span class="smcap">Ednam</span>—the birthplace -of the poet Thomson—contracted from Edenham. Another root very widely -expressive of human habitation, under the varying forms of <i>beth</i>, -<i>bo</i>, and <i>by</i>, is scattered freely from the banks of Jordan -to the islands of the Hebrides in the north-west of Scotland. First -under this head we have the great army of Hebrew <i>beths</i>, not -a few of which are familiar to our ear from the cherished teachings -of early childhood, as—<span class="smcap">Bethabara</span>, the house of the ferry; -<span class="smcap">Bethany</span>, the house of dates; <span class="smcap">Bethaven</span>, the house of -naughtiness; <span class="smcap">Bethcar</span>, the house of lambs; <span class="smcap">Bethdagon</span>, -the house of the fish-god Dagon; <span class="smcap">Bethel</span>, the house of God; -<span class="smcap">Bethshemesh</span>, the house of the sun (like the Greek Heliopolis); -and a score of others. <i>Bo</i> is the strictly Danish form of the -root, at least in the dictionary, where the verb <i>boe</i>, to -dwell, also appears. Examples of this are found in <span class="smcap">Skibo</span>, -in Ross-shire, and <span class="smcap">Buness</span>, at the extreme end of Unst, the -seat of the Edmonstones, a family well known in the annals of Shetland -literature; but more generally, in practice, it takes the softened -form of <i>by</i>, as in hundreds of local designations in England, -specially in Lincolnshire,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxvii">[xxvii]</span> where the Danes were for a long time at -home. Near the English border, as in <span class="smcap">Lockerby</span>, this same -termination appears; otherwise in Scotland it is rare. In the Sclavonic -towns of Mecklenburg and Prussia, it takes the form of <i>bus</i>, -as in <span class="smcap">Pybus</span>, while in Cornish it is <i>bos</i>, which is a -later form of <i>bod</i> (German <i>bude</i>, English <i>booth</i>, -Scotch <i>bothy</i>), which stands out prominently in Bodmin and other -towns, not only in Cornwall, but in Wales. The termination <i>bus</i> -appears likewise in not a few local designations in the island of -Islay, where the Danes had many settlements. In Skye it appears as -<i>bost</i>, as in <span class="smcap">Skeabost</span>, one of the oldest seats of the -Macdonalds. The other Saxon or Scandinavian terms frequently met with -throughout England and in the north-east of Scotland are—<i>ton</i>, -<i>setter</i> or <i>ster</i>, <i>stead</i>, <i>stow</i>, <i>stoke</i>, -<i>hay</i>, <i>park</i>, <i>worth</i>, <i>bury</i>, <i>thorp</i>, -<i>toft</i>, <i>thwaite</i>. In Germany, besides <i>heim</i> and -<i>hausen</i>, as already mentioned, we have the English <i>hay</i>, -under the form <i>hagen</i>, a fence; and <i>thorp</i> under the form -<i>dorf</i>, a village; and <i>worth</i> under the forms <i>worth</i> -and <i>werth</i>, which are merely variations of the Greek χόρτος, -English yard, and the Sclavonic <i>gard</i> and <i>gorod</i>, and the -Celtic <i>garad</i>, the familiar word in the Highlands for a stone -wall or dyke. In Germany, also, <i>weiler</i>, from <i>weilen</i>, to -dwell, and <i>leben</i>, to live, are thickly sprinkled; <i>hof</i>, -also, is extremely common, signifying a court or yard—a suffix which -the French, in that part of Germany which they stole from the Empire, -turned into <i>court</i> or <i>ville</i>, as in <i>Thionville</i> from -<i>Diedenhofen</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxviii">[xxviii]</span></p> - -<p class="para">So much for the Teutonic part of this branch of topographical -designation. In the Highlands <i>tigh</i> and <i>bail</i> are the -commonest words to denote a human dwelling, the one manifestly an -aspirated form of the Latin <i>tignum</i> (Greek στἐγος, German -<i>dach</i>), and the other as plainly identical with the πόλις which -appears in Sebastopol, and not a few cities, both ancient and modern, -where Greek influence or Greek affectation prevailed. With regard to -<i>bal</i>, it is noticeable that in Ireland it generally takes the -form of <i>bally</i>, which is the full form of the word in Gaelic -also, <i>baile</i>, there being no final mute vowels in that language; -but in composition for topographical use final <i>e</i> is dropped, as -in <span class="smcap">Balmoral</span>, the majestic town or house, from <i>morail</i>, -magnificent, a very apt designation for a royal residence, by whatever -prophetic charm it came to be so named before her present Majesty -learned the healthy habit of breathing pure Highland air amid the -fragrant birches and clear waters of Deeside. <i>Tigh</i>, though less -common than <i>bal</i>, is not at all unfrequent in the mountains; and -tourists in the West Highlands are sure to encounter two of the most -notable between Loch Lomond and Oban. The first, <span class="smcap">Tyndrum</span>, -the house on the ridge, at the point where the ascent ceases as you -cross from Killin to Dalmally; and the other <span class="smcap">Taynuilt</span>, or -the house of the brook, in Scotch burnhouse, beyond Ben Cruachan, -where the road begins to wend through the rich old copsewood towards -Oban. I remember also a curious instance of the word <i>tigh</i> in -a local designation,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxix">[xxix]</span> half-way between Inveraray and Loch Awe. In -that district a little farmhouse on the right of the road is called -<span class="smcap">Tighnafead</span>, <i>i.e.</i> whistle-house (<i>fead</i>, a whistle, -Latin <i>fides</i>), which set my philological fancy immediately on the -imagination that this exposed place was so called from some peculiar -whistling of the blast down from the hills immediately behind; but -such imaginations are very unsafe; for the fact turned out to be, if -somewhat less poetical, certainly much more comfortable, that this -house of call, in times within memory, stood at a greater distance -from the road than it now does, which caused the traveller, when he -came down the descent on a cold night, sharp-set for a glass of strong -whisky, to make his presence and his wish known by a shrill whistle -across the hollow.</p> - -<p class="para">So much for <i>tigh</i>. The only other remark that I would make here -is, that the word <i>clachan</i>, so well known from Scott’s Clachan -of Aberfoyle, does not properly mean a village, as Lowlanders are -apt to imagine, but only a churchyard, or, by metonymy, a church—as -the common phrase used by the natives, <i>Di domhnaich dol do’n -chlachan</i>, “going to church on Sunday,” sufficiently proves—the -word properly meaning only the stones in the churchyard, which mark the -resting-place of the dead; and if the word is ever used for a village, -it is only by transference to signify the village in which the parish -church is, and the parish churchyard.</p> - -<p class="para">But it is not only the dwellings of men, but their<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxx">[xxx]</span> actions, that make -places interesting; and as the march of events in great historical -movements generally follows the march of armies, it follows that -camps and battle-fields and military settlements will naturally have -left strong traces in the topography of every country where human -beings dwell. And accordingly we find that the <i>chester</i> and -the <i>caster</i>, added as a generic term to so many English towns, -are simply the sites of ancient Roman <i>castra</i> or camps; while -Cologne, on the Rhine, marks one of the most prosperous of their -settlements in Germany. Curiously analogous to this is the <i>Cöln</i>, -a well-known quarter of Berlin, on the Spree, where the German emperors -first planted a Teutonic colony in the midst of a Sclavonic population. -In the solemn march of Ossianic poetry, the word <i>blar</i> generally -signifies a field of battle; but, as this word properly signifies only -a large field or open space, we have no right to say that such names as -<span class="smcap">Blair Athol</span> and <span class="smcap">Blairgowrie</span> have anything to do with -the memory of sanguinary collisions. <span class="smcap">Alexandria</span>, in Egypt, is -one of the few remaining places of note that took their name from the -brilliant Macedonian Helleniser of the East. <span class="smcap">Alexandria</span>, in -the vale of Leven, in Dumbartonshire, tells of the family of Smollett, -well known in the annals of Scottish literary genius, and still, by -their residence, adding a grace to one of the most beautiful districts -of lake scenery in the world. <span class="smcap">Adrianople</span> stereotypes the -memory of one of the most notable of the Roman emperors, who deemed it -his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxxi">[xxxi]</span> privilege and pleasure to visit the extremest limits of his vast -dominions, and leave some beneficial traces of his kingship there. The -name <span class="smcap">Petersburg</span>, whose Teutonic character it is impossible -to ignore, indicates the civilisation of a Sclavonic country by an -emperor whose early training was received from a people of German blood -and breed; while <span class="smcap">Constantinople</span> recalls the momentous change -which took place in the centre of gravity of the European world, when -the declining empire of the Roman Cæsars was about to become Greek in -its principal site, as it had long been in its dominant culture. The -streets of great cities, as one may see prominently in Paris, in their -designations often contain a register of the most striking events of -their national history. Genuine names of streets in old cities are -a historical growth and an anecdotal record, which only require the -pen of a cunning writer to make them as attractive as a good novel. -London, in this view, is particularly interesting; and Emerson, I -recollect, in his book, <i>How the Great City grew</i> (London, -1862), tells an amusing story about the great fire in London, which -certain pious persons observed to have commenced at a street called -<span class="smcap">Pudding Lane</span>, and ended at a place called <span class="smcap">Pye Corner</span>, -in memory of which they caused the figure of a fat boy to be put up at -Smithfield, with the inscription on his stomach, “This boy is in memory -put up for the late fire of London, occasioned by the sin of gluttony, -1666.” Many a dark and odorous close in Old Edinburgh also, to men<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxxii">[xxxii]</span> -who, like the late Robert Chambers, could read stones with knowing -eyes, is eloquent with those tales of Celtic adventure and Saxon -determination which make the history of Scotland so full of dramatic -interest; while, on the other hand, the flunkeyism of the persons -who, to tickle the lowest type of aristocratic snobbery, baptized -certain streets of New Edinburgh with <span class="smcap">Buckingham</span> Terrace, -<span class="smcap">Belgrave</span> Crescent, <span class="smcap">Grosvenor</span> Street, and such like -apish mimicry of metropolitan West Endism, stinks in the nostrils and -requires no comment. But not only to grimy streets of reeking towns, -but to the broad track of the march of the great lines of the earth’s -surface, there is attached a nomenclature which tells the history -of the adventurous captain, or the courageous commander, who first -redeemed these regions from the dim limbo of the unknown, and brought -them into the distinct arena of cognisable and manageable facts. In the -frosty bounds of the far North-West, the names of <span class="smcap">Mackenzie</span>, -<span class="smcap">Maclintock</span>, and <span class="smcap">Maclure</span> proclaim the heroic daring -that belongs so characteristically to the Celtic blood in Scotland. -But it is in the moral triumphs of religion, which works by faith -in what is noble, love of what is good, and reverence for what is -great, that the influence of history over topographical nomenclature -is most largely traced. In ancient Greece, the genial piety which -worshipped its fairest Avatar in the favourite sun-god Apollo, stamped -its devotion on the name of <span class="smcap">Apollonia</span>, on the Ionian Sea, -and other towns whose name was legion. In<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxxiii">[xxxiii]</span> <span class="smcap">Cornwall</span>, almost -every parish is named after some saintly apostle, who, in days of -savage wildness and wastefulness, had brought light and peace and -humanity into these remote regions. In the Highlands of Scotland, -the <span class="smcap">Kilbrides</span> (<i>kill</i> from <i>cella</i>, a shrine), -<span class="smcap">Kilmartins</span>, <span class="smcap">Kilmarnocks</span>, and <span class="smcap">Kilmallies</span> -everywhere attest the grateful piety of the forefathers of the Celtic -race in days which, if more dark, were certainly not more cold than the -times in which we now live. In the Orkneys the civilising influence -of the clergy, or, in some cases, no doubt, their love for pious -seclusion, is frequently marked by the <span class="smcap">Papas</span> or priests’ -islands. In Germany, <span class="smcap">Munich</span> or <span class="smcap">Monacum</span>, which shows a -monk in its coat-of-arms, has retained to the present day the zeal for -sacerdotal sanctitude from which it took its name; and the same must -be said of <span class="smcap">Muenster</span>, in Westphalia (from μοναστῆρι, in modern -Greek a cathedral, English minster), the metropolis of Ultramontane -polity and priestly pretension in Northern Germany.</p> - -<p class="para">But it is not only in commemorating, like coins, special historical -events, that local names act as an important adjunct to written -records; they give likewise the clue to great ethnological facts and -movements of which written history preserves no trace. In this respect -topographical etymology presents a striking analogy to geology; for, -as the science of the constitution of the earth’s crust reveals a -fossilised history of life in significant succession, long antecedent -to the earliest action<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxxiv">[xxxiv]</span> of the human mind on the objects of terrestrial -nature, so the science of language to the practised eye discloses a -succession of races in regions where no other sign of their existence -remains. If it were doubted, for instance, whether at any period the -Lowlands of Scotland had been possessed by a Celtic race, and asserted -roundly that from the earliest times the plains had been inhabited -by a people of Teutonic blood, and only the mountain district to the -west and north-west was the stronghold of the Celt, the obvious names -of not a few localities in the east and south-east of Scotland would -present an impassable bar to the acceptance of any such dogma. One -striking instance of this occurs in Haddingtonshire, where a parish -is now called <span class="smcap">Garavalt</span>—by the very same appellation as a -well-known waterfall near Braemar, in the hunting forest of the late -Prince Consort; and with the same propriety in both cases, for the word -in Gaelic signifies a <i>rough brook</i>, and such a brook is the most -striking characteristic of both districts. Cases of this kind clearly -indicate the vanishing of an original Celtic people from districts -now essentially Teutonic both in speech and character. The presence -of a great Sclavonic people in Northern Germany, and of an extensive -Sclavonic immigration into Greece in mediæval times, is attested with -the amplest certitude in the same way. A regular fringe of Scandinavian -names along the north and north-west coast of Scotland would, to the -present hour, attest most indubitably the fact of a Norse dominion -in those<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxxv">[xxxv]</span> quarters operating for centuries, even had Haco and the -battle of Largs been swept altogether from the record of history and -from the living tradition of the people. To every man who has been in -Norway, <span class="smcap">Laxfiord</span>, in West Ross-shire, a stream well known to -salmon-fishers, carries this Scandinavian story on its face; and no -man who has walked the streets of Copenhagen will have any difficulty, -when he sails into the beautiful bay of Portree, in knowing the meaning -of the great cliff called the <span class="smcap">Storr</span>, which he sees along the -coast a little towards the north; for this means simply the great -cliff, <i>storr</i> being the familiar Danish for great, as <i>mor</i> -is the Gaelic. Ethnological maps may in this way be constructed exactly -in the same fashion as geological; and the sketch of one such for -Great Britain the reader will find in Mr. Taylor’s well-known work on -<i>Names and Places</i>.</p> - -<p class="para">With regard to the law of succession in these ethnological strata, -as indicated by topographical nomenclature, the following three -propositions may be safely laid down:—1. The names of great objects -of natural scenery, particularly of mountains and rivers, will -generally be significant in the language of the people who were -the original inhabitants of the country. 2. Names of places in the -most open and accessible districts of a country will be older than -similar names in parts which are more difficult of access; but—3, -these very places being most exposed to foreign invasion, are apt -to invite an adventurous enemy, whose settlement in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxxvi">[xxxvi]</span> the conquered -country is generally accompanied with a partial, sometimes with a very -considerable, change of local nomenclature.</p> - -<p class="para">In reference to this change of population, Mr. Taylor in one place uses -the significant phrase, “The hills contain the ethnological sweepings -of the plains.” Very true; but the effect of this on the ethnological -character of the population of the places is various, and in the -application requires much caution. It is right, for instance, to say -generally that the Celtic language has everywhere in Europe retreated -from the plains into the mountainous districts; but the people often -still remain where the language has retreated, as the examination of -any directory in many a district of Scotland, where only English is now -spoken, will largely show. In Greece, in the same way, many districts -present only Greek and Sclavonic names of places, where the population, -within recent memory, is certainly Albanian. Inquiries of this nature -always require no less caution than learning; otherwise, as Mr. Skene -observes, what might have been, properly conducted, an all-important -element in fixing the ethnology of any country, becomes, in rash hands -and with hot heads, a delusion and a snare.<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> - -<p class="para">But the science of language, when wisely conducted, not only presents -an interesting analogy to geological stratification; it sometimes goes -further, and bears<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxxvii">[xxxvii]</span> direct witness to important geological changes as -conclusive as any evidence derived from the existing conformation of -the earth’s crust. How this comes to pass may easily be shown by a few -familiar examples. The words <i>wold</i> and <i>weald</i> originally -meant <i>wood</i> and <i>forest</i>, as the Anglo-Saxon Dictionary and -the living use of the German language—<i>wald</i>—alike declare; but -the wolds at present known in Yorkshire, Gloucestershire, and other -parts of England, are generally bare and treeless, and in bad weather -very cheerless places indeed. If, then, “there is nothing arbitrary in -language,” and all local names tell an historical tale, it is certain -that, at the time when those names were imposed, these same sites were -part of an immense forest. The geologist, when, in the far-stretching -bogs east of Glencoe, and near Kinloch Ewe, and in many other places -of Scotland, he calls attention to the fact of layers of gigantic -trees lying now deeply embedded under the peat, adduces an argument -with regard to the primitive vegetation of our part of the world not a -whit more convincing. The same fact of a lost vegetation is revealed -in not a few places of England which end in the old word <i>hurst</i>, -signifying a forest. Again, there is a large family of places in -and about the Harz Mountains, in Germany, ending in <i>ode</i>, as -<span class="smcap">Osterode</span>, <span class="smcap">Hasselrode</span>, <span class="smcap">Werningerode</span>, and so -forth. Now most of these places, as specially <span class="smcap">Hasselrode</span>, are -now remarkably free from those leagues of leafy luxuriance that give -such a marked character to the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxxviii">[xxxviii]</span> scenery of that mountain district. It -is certain, however, that they were at one time in the centre of an -immense forest; for the word <i>rode</i>, radically the same as our -<i>rid</i>, and perhaps the Welsh <i>rhydd</i>, Gaelic <i>reidh</i>, -simply means “to make clear” or “clean,” and teaches that the forest in -that part had been cleared for human habitation.</p> - -<p class="para">Once more: it is a well-known fact in geology that the border limit -between sea and land is constantly changing, the briny element in some -cliffy places, as to the north of Hull, systematically undermining -the land, and stealing away the farmer’s acreage inch by inch and -foot by foot; while in other places, from the conjoint action of -river deposits and tidal currents, large tracts of what was once a -sea-bottom are added to the land. The geological proof of this is open -often to the most superficial observer; but the philological proof, -when you once hold the key of it, is no less patent. In the Danish -language—which is a sort of half-way house between high German and -English—the word <i>oe</i> signifies an island. This <i>oe</i>, in -the shape of <i>ay</i>, <i>ea</i>, <i>ey</i>, or <i>y</i>, appears -everywhere on the British coast, particularly in the West Highlands, -as in <span class="smcap">Colonsay</span>, <span class="smcap">Torosay</span>, <span class="smcap">Oransay</span>, and in -<span class="smcap">Orkney</span>; and if there be any locality near the sea wearing -this termination, not now surrounded by water, the conclusion -is quite certain, on philological grounds, that it once was so. -Here the London man will at once think on <span class="smcap">Bermondsey</span> and -<span class="smcap">Chelsea</span>, and he will think rightly; but he must not<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxxix">[xxxix]</span> be hasty -to draw <span class="smcap">Stepney</span> under the conditions of the same category, -for the EY in that word, if I am rightly informed, is a corruption -from <i>hithe</i>, a well-known Anglo-Saxon and good old English -term signifying a <i>haven</i>; and generally, in all questions of -topographical etymology, there is a risk of error where the old -spelling of the word is not confronted with the form which, by the -attritions and abrasions of time, it may have assumed.</p> - -<p class="para">These observations, which at the request of the author of the following -pages I have hastily set down, will be sufficient to indicate the -spirit in which the study of topographical etymology ought to be -pursued. Of course, I have no share in the praise which belongs to the -successful execution of so laborious an investigation; neither, on -the other hand, can blame be attached to me for such occasional slips -as the most careful writer may make in a matter where to err is easy, -and where conjecture has so long been in the habit of usurping the -place of science. But I can bear the most honest witness to the large -research, sound judgment, and conscientious accuracy of the author; -and feel happy to have my name, in a subsidiary way, connected with a -work which, I am convinced, will prove an important addition to the -furniture of our popular schools.</p> - -<p class="para smcap">College, Edinburgh,</p> - -<p class="left p-min"><i>February 1875</i>.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xl">[xl]</span></p> - -<h2>LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS</h2> -</div> - -<div class="parent"> -<ul class="left"> - <li>Anc. (ancient).</li> - <li>Ar. (Arabic).</li> - <li>A. S. (Anglo-Saxon).</li> - <li>Bret. or Brez. (Brezric).</li> - <li>Cel. (Celtic).</li> - <li>Conf. (confluence).</li> - <li>Cym.-Cel. (Cymro-Celtic, including Welsh).</li> - <li>Dan. (Danish).</li> - <li>Dut. (Dutch).</li> - <li>Fr. (French).</li> - <li>Gadhelic (including Gaelic, Irish, and Manx).</li> - <li>Gael. (Gaelic).</li> - <li>Ger. (German).</li> - <li>Grk. (Greek).</li> - <li>Heb. (Hebrew).</li> - <li>Hung. (Hungarian).</li> - <li>Ind. (Indian).</li> - <li>It. (Italian).</li> - <li>Lat. (Latin).</li> - <li>Mt. (mountain).</li> - <li>Par. (parish).</li> - <li>Pers. (Persian).</li> - <li>Phœn. (Phœnician).</li> - <li>P. N. (personal name).</li> - <li>Port. (Portuguese).</li> - <li>R. (river).</li> - <li>Sansc. (Sanscrit).</li> - <li>Scand. (Scandinavian).</li> - <li>Sclav. (Sclavonic).</li> - <li>Span. (Spanish).</li> - <li>Teut. (Teutonic).</li> - <li>Turc. (Turkish).</li> -</ul> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[1]</span></p> - -<h2>A DICTIONARY OF PLACE-NAMES</h2> -</div> - - -<h3>A</h3> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A</span> (Old Norse),</div> - -<p>a possession;<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> <i>e.g.</i> Craika, Torfa, Ulpha; <span class="allsmcap">A</span> (Scand.) -also means an island—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">EA</span>, p. 71.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">AA</span>, <span class="allsmcap">A</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>a stream; from Old Norse <i>â</i>, Goth. <i>aha</i>, Old Ger. -<i>aha</i> (water). The word, in various forms, occurs frequently in -river names throughout Western Europe, especially in Germany and the -Netherlands, and often takes the form of <i>au</i> or <i>ach</i>; -<i>e.g.</i> the rivers Aa, Ach, Aach; Saltach (salt river); Wertach -(a river with many islands)—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">WARID</span>, etc.; Trupach -(troubled stream); Weser, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Wesar-aha</i> (western -stream); Lauter, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Hlauter-aha</i> (clear stream); Danube -or Donau, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Tuon-aha</i> (thundering stream); Main, -<i>i.e.</i> <i>Magin-aha</i> (great stream); Fisch-aha (fish stream); -Schwarza (black stream); Zwiesel-au (the stream of the whirlpool); -Erlach (alder-tree stream); Gron-aha (green stream); Dachau (the clayey -stream); Fulda, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Fold-aha</i> (land stream); Rod-aha -(reedy stream); Saale and Saala from <i>salz</i> (salt stream). The -simple <i>a</i> or <i>o</i>, with a prefix expressive of the character -of the stream, is the most frequent form of the word in Iceland and -Scandinavia, and in the districts of Great Britain colonised by -Norsemen or Danes; <i>e.g.</i> Laxa (salmon river); Hvita (white -river); Brora (bridge river); Rotha (red river); Greta (weeping river); -Storaa (great river); Thurso (Thor’s river), which gives its name to -the town; Lossie, anc. <i>Laxi-a</i> (salmon river).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[2]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">AB</span> (Sansc.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">AW</span> (Pers.),</div> - -<p>water; <i>e.g.</i> Doab (the district of two waters); Menab (the mouth -of the water), on the Persian Gulf; Busheab or <i>Khoshaub</i> (good -water), a river in Hindostan, also an island in the Persian Gulf; -Neelab (blue water); Punjaub (the district of the five streams); Chinab -or Chenaub R., said to be a corrupt. of its former name <i>Chaudra -Bhagee</i> (the garden of the moon), so called from a small lake -of that name from which it proceeds. Cognate with this root is the -Gadhelic <i>abh</i>, in its forms of <i>aw</i> or <i>ow</i>. Thus in -Scotland we have the River Awe and Loch Awe; in Ireland, Ow and Owbeg -(little stream); Ow-nageerah (the stream of the sheep); Finnow (clear -stream). Cognate with these root-words is the Lat. <i>aqua</i> and its -derivations in the Romance languages, as well as <i>ae</i> or <i>ea</i> -(A.S. water). Forsteman finds river names, allied to the foregoing, -throughout Germany and France, in such forms as <i>ap</i>, <i>op</i>, -<i>ep</i>, etc., as in the Oppa, Lennep, Barop, Biberaffa.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ABAD</span> (Pers. and Sansc.),</div> - -<p>a dwelling or town, generally connected with the name of its founder; -<i>e.g.</i> Hyderabad (the town of Hyder Ali, or of the Lion); -Ahmedabad (of the Sultan Ahmed); Furrackabad (founded by Furrack -the Fortunate); Agra or Akberabad (founded by Akber); Nujiabad (of -Nujibah-Dowlah); Auringabad (founded by Aurungzebe); Jafferabad (the -city of Jaffier); Jehanabad (of Shah Jehan); Jellabad (of Jellal, a -chief); Moorshedabad (the town of Moorshed Khoolly-Khan); Moorabad -(named after Morad, the son of Shah Jehan); Shahabad (of the Shah); -Abbas-abad (founded by Abbas the Great); Dowladabad (the town of -wealth); Hajiabad (of the pilgrim); Meschdabad (of the mosque); -Islamabad (of the true faith); Allah-abad (of God); Secunderabad (named -after Alexander the Great); Resoulabad (of the prophet); Asterabad -(on the River Aster); Futteabad (the town of victory); Sadabad or -Suffi-abad (the town of the <i>sadi</i> or <i>suffi</i>, <i>i.e.</i> -the sage).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ABER</span> (Cym.-Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">ABHIR</span> and <span class="allsmcap">OBAIR</span> -(Gael.),</div> - -<p>a confluence of waters; applied, in topography, to places at the conf. -of streams, or at the embouchure of a river. The derivation of the term -has been traced by some etymologists to the conjunction of <i>ath</i> -(Gael.), a ford, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[3]</span> <i>bior</i>, water; by others to Cym.-Cel. -<i>at</i> (at) and <i>bior</i> (water). This prefix is general in -many of the counties of Scotland, throughout Wales, and, in a few -instances, in Ireland, although in the latter country the synonyms -<i>inver</i> and <i>cumar</i> are more frequent. Both words are found -in the topography of the Picts, but the Scots of Argyleshire used only -<i>inver</i> before they came from Ireland to settle in that district. -The word <i>aber</i> seems to have become obsolete among them; and as -there are no <i>abers</i> in Ayrshire, Renfrew, and Lanarkshire, the -word had probably become obsolete before the kingdom of Strathclyde -was formed. Dr. Joyce, in his <i>Irish Names of Places</i>, traces -its use as prefix or affix to the Irish root <i>abar</i> (a mire), -as in the little stream Abberachrinn (<i>i.e.</i> the river of the -miry place of the tree). In Wales we find Aberconway, Aberfraw, -Aberistwyth, Aberavon, Aberayron, Aberdare, Aberdaron, Abergavenny, -at the embouchure of the <i>Conway</i>, <i>Fraw</i>, <i>Istwyth</i>, -<i>Avon</i>, <i>Aeron</i>, <i>Dar</i>, <i>Daron</i>, <i>Gavenny</i>. -Barmouth, corrupt. from Aber-Mowddy, a seaport in Merioneth, at the -mouth of the R. Mowddy. Berriew, corrupt. from Aber-Rhiw (at the -junction of the R. Rhiw with the Severn); Aberdaugledden, the Welsh -name for Haverford-west, at the mouth of twin rivers resembling two -swords (<i>gledden</i>), which unite at Milford Haven. It is called -by the Welsh now Hwlford (the sailing road) because the tide comes up -to the town. Aberhonddu, at the mouth of the R. Honddi or Honddu (the -county town of Brecknock), and Aberdovey, at the embouchure of the R. -Dovey in Wales. In Scotland, Aberbrothwick or Arbroath, Abercorn, anc. -<i>Aeber-curnig</i>, Aberdour, Abergeldie, Abernethy, at the embouchure -of the <i>Brothock</i>, <i>Cornie</i>, <i>Dour</i>, <i>Geldie</i>, and -<i>Nethy</i>. Aberchirder is <i>Abhir-chiar-dur</i> (the conf. of the -dark water); Abercrombie (the curved conf.); Aberfeldy, <i>i.e.</i> -<i>Abhir-feathaile</i> (the smooth conf.); Aberfoyle (the conf. of -the pool, <i>phuill</i>); Aberlemno (the conf. of the leaping water, -<i>leumnach</i>); Arbirlot, anc. <i>Aber-Elliot</i> (at the mouth -of the Elliot); Applecross for <i>Abhir-croisan</i> (the conf. of -trouble); Old Aberdeen and New Aberdeen, at the mouths of the Don and -Dee, Lat. <i>Devana-castra</i>; Fochabers (the <i>plain</i>, at the -river mouth), Gael. <i>faigh</i>, a plain; Lochaber (at the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[4]</span> mouth -of the loch); Barmouth, in Wales, corrupt, of <i>Aber-Mawdoch</i> or -<i>Maw</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ABI</span> (Turc.),</div> - -<p>a river; <i>e.g.</i> Abi-shiran (sweet river); Abi-shur (salt river); -Abi-gurm (warm river); Abi-gard (yellow river); Abi-kuren (the river of -Cyrus); Ab-Allah (God’s river).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ABT</span> (Teut.), an abbot, Lat. <i>abbatis</i>.<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">ABIE</span>, an abbey.</div> - -<p>These and similar words, in the Romance languages, derived from the -Heb. <i>abba</i> (father), were introduced into the languages of -Europe in connection with the monastic system, and are attached to -the names of places founded for monks, or belonging to church lands. -Thus—Absberg (abbot’s hill); Apersdorf, for <i>Abbatesdorf</i> -(abbot’s village); Absholz (abbot’s wood); Abtsroda (abbot’s clearing), -in Germany; Appenzell, anc. <i>Abbatiscella</i> (abbot’s church), -founded by the Abbot of St. Gall, <span class="allsmcap">A.D.</span> 647; Abbeville (abbot’s -dwelling), in France; Abbotsbury (the abbot’s fortified place), Dorset; -Abbeydare (the abbey on the R. Dare in Hereford); Abbotshall, in Fife, -so called from having been the occasional residence of the abbots of -Dunfermline; Abdie (belonging to the abbey of Lindores); Abingdon, in -Berks (abbot’s hill), Abington (with the same meaning), the name of two -parishes in Cambridge and a village in Lanarkshire, and of two parishes -in Ireland; Abbotsford (the ford of the Tweed in the abbey lands of -Melrose); Abbotsrule (the abbey on the R. Rule in Roxburghshire); -Abbeyfeale (on the R. Feale); Abbeyleix (the abbey of Lewy), an Irish -chief Abbeygormacan (Irish <i>mainister</i>); <i>Ua-g Cormacain</i> -(the abbey of the O’Cormacans); Abbeylara, <i>i.e.</i> Irish abbey, -<i>leath-rath</i> (the abbey of the half-rath); Abbeyshrule, anc. -<i>Sruthair</i> (the stream), named for a monastery founded by one -of the O’Farells; Abbeystrowry (with the same meaning), in Ireland; -Abbensee (the lake of the abbey), in Upper Austria; Newabbey, a -<i>Par</i> in Kirkcudbright (named from an abbey founded in 1275 by -Devorgilla, the mother of John Baliol); Badia-San-Salvatore (the abbey -of the Holy Saviour); Badia-Torrita (the abbey with the little tower), -in Italy; Appin, in Argyleshire, anc. <i>Abbphon</i> (abbot’s land), -and Appin, in Dull, indicating probably the territory of a Celtic -monastery.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[5]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ACH</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">ICH</span>,</div> - -<p>a form of the Teut. <i>aha</i> (water), p. 1, as in Salzach (salt -stream), but it is also a common affix to words in the Teut. and Cel. -languages, by which a noun is formed into an adjective, signifying full -of, or abounding in, equivalent to the Lat. terminations <i>etum</i> -and <i>iacum</i>. Thus, in German topography, we find Lindach, -Aichach, Aschach, Buchach, Tannich, Fichtig, <i>i.e.</i> abounding in -<i>lime</i>, <i>oak</i>, <i>ash</i>, <i>beech</i>, <i>fir</i>, and -<i>pine</i> wood; Affaltrach (in apple-trees); Erlicht (in alders); -Heselicht (in hazels); Laubach (in leaves). In Ireland: Darach, Farnach -(abounding in oaks and alders); Ounagh, in Sligo, and Onagh, in Wicklow -(watery place), from the adjective Abhnach (abounding in streams). In -the Sclav. languages, again, the affix <i>zig</i> has the same meaning, -as in Leipzig (abounding in lime-trees).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ACHADH</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">AUCH</span>, <span class="allsmcap">AUGH</span>,<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">AUCHEN</span>,</div> - -<p>a field, plain, or meadow; <i>e.g.</i> Aghinver (the field of -the confluence); Aghindarragh (of the oak wood); Achonry, anc. -<i>Achadh-Chonaire</i> (Conary’s field); Ardagh (high field); Aghabeg -(little field); Aghaboy (yellow field); Aghamore (great field); Aghaboe -(the cow’s field); Aghadown (of the fort); Aghadoe, <i>i.e.</i> -<i>Achadh-da-eo</i> (of the two yew-trees). In Scotland: Auchclach, -Auchinleck, Auchnacloich (the stony field); Achray (smooth field); -Auchinleith (the physician’s field); Auchindoire (the field of the -oak grove); Auchinfad (of the peats); Auchinrath (of the fort); -Auchincruive (of the tree, <i>craoibhe</i>); Auchline (of the pool); -Auchnacraig (of the rock); Auchindinny and Auchteany (the field of the -fire)—<i>teine</i>, <i>i.e.</i> probably places where the Beltane -fires were kindled.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">AESC</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">ASK</span> (Scand.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">ESCHE</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>the ash-tree; <i>e.g.</i> Ashton, Ashby, Askham (ash-tree dwelling); -Ashrigg (the ash-tree ridge), in England. In Germany: Eschdorf, -Eschweil, Eschweiller (ash-tree dwelling); Eschenbach (ash-tree brook); -Eschwege (ash-tree road).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">AESP</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">ASP</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>the aspen or poplar; <i>e.g.</i> Aspley, Aspden (poplar field or -valley).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">AIN</span> (Semitic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">AAYN</span>,</div> - -<p>a fountain; <i>e.g.</i> Aenon (the fountains); Enshemish (the fountain -of the sun); Engedi (of the goat); Enrogel (of the fuller’s field); -Dothan<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[6]</span> (the two fountains); Aayn-el-kebira (the great fountain); -Ain-halu (the sweet fountain); Aayn-taiba (the good fountain); Engannim -(the fountain of the gardens); Enrimmon (of the pomegranates).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">AITE</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">AIT</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">AEHT</span>, or -<span class="allsmcap">EIGEN</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>a place, a possession; <i>e.g.</i> Daviot, anc. <i>Damh-aite</i> -(the place of the ox), in Aberdeenshire, and also in Inverness; -Tynet, <i>i.e.</i> <i>ait-an-taimhu</i> (the place of the river), in -Banffshire. In Ireland the word is used in combination with <i>tigh</i> -(a house); <i>e.g.</i> Atty (the dwelling-place); Atty-Dermot (the -dwelling of Dermot); Atti-duff (the dark dwelling); Oedt (the -possession), a town in Prussia, on the Niers; Iberstolfs-eigen (the -possession of Iberstolf); Iberstolfs-eigen, Smurses-eigen (<i>i.e.</i> -the possession of Iberstolf and Smurse); Souder-eygen (south -possession).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">AITH</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">AED</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">EID</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>a headland; <i>e.g.</i> Aithsvoe (the bay of the headland); Aithsthing -(the place of meeting on the headland); Eidfoss (the waterfall on the -headland).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">AK</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">AEK</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">EK</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">EG</span> (Scand.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">EYKE</span> (Dutch),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">EICHE</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>an oak; <i>e.g.</i> Acton, Acworth (oak town and manor); Oakley (oak -meadow); Oakham (oak dwelling); Auckland (oakland); Acrise (oak -ascent); Wokingham or Oakingham (the dwelling among oaks); Sevenoaks, -anc. <i>Seovanacca</i>, named from some oak-trees which once occupied -the eminence on which it stands, but Okehampton, in Devon, is on the R. -Oke. In Germany and in Holland are Eichstadt, Eichdorf, Eikheim (oak -dwelling); Ekholta (oak wood); Eichhalden (oak height); Eichstegen (oak -path); Echehout, in Hainault (oak wood); Eykebusch (oak thicket).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">AK</span> (Turc.),</div> - -<p>white; <i>e.g.</i> Ak-tag, Ak-dagh (the white mountains); Ak-su (white -river); Ak-hissar (white castle); Ak-serai (white palace); Ak-shehr -(white dwelling); Ak-meschid (white mosque); Ak-kalat (white fortress).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">AL</span> (the Arabic definite article);</div> - -<p><i>e.g.</i> Alkalat (the fortress); Almaden (the mine); Alcantara -(the bridge); Alkasar (the palace); Almeida (the table); Almeria -(the conspicuous); Almazen (the storehouse); Alcarria (the farm); -Alcana (the exchange); Algezira (the island), anc. <i>Mesopotamia</i> -(<i>i.e.</i> between the rivers); Algeciras (the islands), in Spain;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[7]</span> -Algarve (the west); Almansa (the plain); Almazara (the mill); Alhambra -(the red); Alhucen (the beautiful); Alpuxarras (the grassy mountains).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ALD</span>, <span class="allsmcap">EALD</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">ALT</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">OUDE</span>, <span class="allsmcap">OLDEN</span> (Dutch),</div> - -<p>old; <i>e.g.</i> Alton, Oldham, Althorpe, Alcaster, Aldwark (old -dwelling, farm, camp, fortress); Audlem (old lyme or border); Audley -(old field), in England. In Germany: Altenburg, Altendorf, Oldenburg -(old dwelling); Altenmarkt (old market); Altmark (old boundary); -Altstadt (old place); Altsattel (old seat); Altofen (old oven), so -called from its warm baths; Oudenarde (old earth or land); Oudenbosch -(old thicket); Oude-capel (old chapel).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ALDEA</span> (Span. and Port., from the Arabic),</div> - -<p>a village; <i>e.g.</i> Aldea-del-Cano (the dog’s village); Aldea-vieya -(old village); Aldea-el-Muro (the walled village); Aldea-del-Rio (of -the river); Aldea Galliga (of the Gauls).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ALIT</span> (Cym.-Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">ALT</span> (Irish),</div> - -<p>a height or cliff; <i>e.g.</i> Alltmaur (the great height); Builth, in -Wales, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Bu-allt</i> (the steep place of the wild oxen). -The Alts (heights or glen-sides), Monaghan; Altachullion (the cliff of -the holly); Altavilla, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Alt-a-bhile</i> (the glen-side -of the old tree); Altinure (the cliff of the yew-tree); Altanagh -(abounding in cliffs); Altan (the little cliff).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ALP</span>, <span class="allsmcap">AILPE</span> (Celtic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">AIL</span>,</div> - -<p>a rock or cliff; <i>e.g.</i> the Alps; Albainn (the hilly or high -land), the anc. name of Scotland; Albania, with the same meaning; -Alpenach (the mountain stream), at the foot of Mount Pilate; Alva and -Alvah (the rocky), parishes in Scotland; Cantal (the <i>head</i> of -the rock), in France. In Ireland the word <i>ail</i> takes the form -of <i>oil</i>, aspirated <i>foyle</i> or <i>faill</i>; <i>e.g.</i> -Foilycleara (O’Clery’s cliff); Foilnaman (the cliff of the women): -but while the aspirated form of <i>ail</i> is confined to the south, -<i>aill</i> is found all over Ireland; Ayleacotty, <i>i.e.</i> -<i>Aill-a-choite</i> (the cliff of the little boat); Ailla-gower -(the goat’s cliff); Alleen (the diminutive) is found in Alleen-Hogan -and Alleen-Ryan (Hogan’s and Ryan’s little cliff). When, however, -<i>foyle</i> comes in as a termination, it is commonly derived from -<i>poll</i> (a hole), as in Ballyfoyle and Ballyfoile (the town of the -hole). The anc. name of Britain, <i>Albion</i>, has sometimes been -traced to this root, but more<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[8]</span> generally to the <i>white</i> cliffs -(Lat. <i>albus</i>) on the coast of Kent, as seen first by the Romans.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ALR</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">ALNUS</span> (Lat.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">AUNE</span> -(Fr.),</div> - -<p>the alder-tree; <i>e.g.</i> Alr-holt, Aldershot (alder-tree wood); -Alresford (Alderford); Alrewas (alder-tree pasture); Alderley -(alder-tree meadow), in England; Aulney, Aulnoy, Aulnois, Aunay, Auneau -(alder grove), in France.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ALT</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a stream; <i>e.g.</i> the Alt, Aldan, Alta (river names); Alt-dowran -(otter stream); Aultsigh (gliding stream); Alt-na-guish (the stream -of the fir-trees); Aldivalloch, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Allt-a-bhealaich</i> -(the stream of the pass); Alness, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Allt-an-casa</i> -(of the cascade); Alltmore (great stream); Auldearn, <i>i.e.</i> -<i>Allt-fearn</i> (alder-tree stream); Cumbernauld, corrupt. from -<i>Cumar-nan-alta</i> (the confluence of the streams); Garavault in -Aberdeenshire, Garvault in East Lothian, and Garvald in Dumfriesshire -(rough stream); Altderg (red stream).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ALTUN</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">ALTAN</span> (Tartar),</div> - -<p>golden; <i>e.g.</i> the Altai, or golden mountains; Altanor (golden -lake); Altan-su (golden river); Alta-Yeen (the golden mountains); -Altun-tash (golden rock); Altun-kupri (golden bridge).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">AM</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">AN</span>,</div> - -<p>contrac. from Ger. <i>an den</i> (on the, or at the); <i>e.g.</i> -Amberg (at the hill); Amdorf or Ambach, Amsteg, Amwalde (at the -village, brook, path, wood).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">AMAR</span> (Old Ger.),</div> - -<p>a kind of grain; <i>e.g.</i> Amarbach, Amarthal, Amarwang, Amarveld -(the brook, valley, strip of land, field where this grain grew).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">AMBACHT</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">AMT</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a district under the government of an Amtman or bailiff; <i>e.g.</i> -Amt-sluis (the sluice of the Ambacht); Amthof (the court of the -Amtman); Graven-Ambacht (the duke’s district); Ambachtsbrug (the bridge -of the Ambacht).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">AMBR</span>,</div> - -<p>an Indo-Germanic word, signifying a river, allied to the Sansc. -<i>ambu</i> (water). According to Forsteman (<i>v.</i> <i>Deutsche -Ortsnamen</i>) the suffix <b><i>r</i></b> was added by most -European nations before their separation from the Asiatic tribes, -as appears in the Greek <i>ombros</i> and the Lat. <i>imber</i> (a -shower). The word appears in the names of tribes and persons, as well -as of places, on the European continent; <i>e.g.</i> the Ambrones (or -dwellers by the water), and perhaps in Umbria; Amberloo<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[9]</span> and Amersfoort -(the meadow and ford by the water), in Holland; and in such river names -as the Ammer, Emmer, Emmerich, Ambra, etc.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ANGER</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a meadow or field; <i>e.g.</i> Rabenanger (the raven’s field); -Kreutzanger (the field of the cross); Moosanger (mossy field); -Wolfsanger (the wolf’s field, or of Wolf, a man’s name); Vogelsanger -(the birds’ field); Angerhusen (the field houses); Angerbach (the field -brook); Anger (the field), a town in Austria; Angerburg (the fortress -in the field).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ANGRA</span> (Port.),</div> - -<p>a creek or bay; <i>e.g.</i> Angra (a sea-port in the Azores); -Angra-de-los-reyes (the king’s bay).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">AQUA</span> (Lat.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">AGUA</span> (Span. and Port.), -<span class="allsmcap">ACQUA</span> (It.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">EAU</span> (Fr.; Old Fr. <span class="allsmcap">AX</span>),</div> - -<p>water; <i>e.g.</i> Aix, anc. <i>Aquæ-Sextiæ</i> (the warm springs, said -to have been discovered and named by Sextus Calvenus, <span class="allsmcap">B.C.</span> -123), in Provence; Aix, in Dauphiny, anc. <i>Aquæ-Vocontiorum</i> (the -waters of the Vocontii); Aix-les-bains (the bath waters), in Savoy; -Aachen or Aix-la-Chapelle, celebrated for its mineral springs, and -for the chapel erected over the tomb of Charlemagne; Plombières, anc. -<i>Aquæ-plombariæ</i> (waters impregnated with lead); Veraqua, in New -Granada, corrupt. from <i>Verdes-aguas</i> (green waters); Aigue-perse -(the bubbling water), in Auvergne; Aigue-vive (the spring of living -water); Aigue-belle (beautiful water); Aigue-noire (black water, -etc.), in France; Dax, celebrated for its saline springs, corrupt. -from <i>Civitas aquensis</i> (the city of waters); Aigues-mortes -(stagnant waters); Aguas-bellas (beautiful waters), Portugal; -Aguas-calientes (warm waters), Mexico; Evaux, Evreux (on the waters), -France; Evian, anc. <i>Aquarum</i> (the waters), Savoy; Entreves and -Entraigues (between the waters), anc. <i>Interaquæ</i>; Yvoire, anc. -<i>Aquaria</i> (the watery district), on Lake Geneva; Aas or Les Eaux -(the waters), Basses Pyrénées; Nerac, anc. <i>Aquæ Neriedum</i> (the -waters of the Nerii); Amboise and Amboyna (surrounded by waters); -Bordeaux (the dwelling on the water), <i>borda</i>, Low Lat. (a -dwelling); Vichy, anc. <i>Aquæ calidæ</i> (warm waters), on the Allier; -Bex (upon the two waters), at the juncture of the Rhone and Avençon; -Outre L’Eau (beyond the water); Acapulca, in Mexico, corrupt. from -<i>Portus aquæ<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[10]</span> pulchræ</i> (the port of beautiful waters); Agoa-fria -(cold water), Brazil; Aqui, in North Italy, celebrated for its baths; -Acireale, anc. <i>aguas calientes</i> (the warm waters); Agoa-quente -(hot spring), Brazil.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ARA</span>,</div> - -<p>a frequent element in river names, with various and even opposite -meanings. Some of the river names may have come from the Sansc. -<i>ara</i> (swift, or the flowing), and in Tamil <i>aar</i> means -simply a river. There is another Sanscrit word <i>arb</i> (to ravage -or destroy), with which the Gadhelic words <i>garw</i>, <i>garbh</i> -(rough) may be connected; and, on the other hand, there is the Welsh -<i>araf</i> (gentle). According to the locality and the characteristics -of the stream, one must judge to which of these roots its name may -belong. There are, in England, the Aire, Arre, Arro, Arrow; in France, -the Arve, Erve, Arveiron, etc.; in Switzerland and Germany, the Aar, -Are; in Spain and Italy, the Arva, Arno; and in Scotland, the Ayr, -Aray, Irvine, etc. Many of these names may signify simply flowing water -(the river), while others beginning with the syllable <i>ar</i> may be -referred to the adjectival forms, <i>araf</i>, <i>arb</i>, <i>ara</i>, -or <i>garbh</i>, followed by another root-word for <i>water</i>, as in -Arrow (the swift stream); Yarrow (the rough stream); <i>ow</i> (water); -Arveiron (the furious stream); <i>avon</i> (water); Arar (the gentle -stream), now the Saone.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ARD</span>, <span class="allsmcap">AIRD</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a height, or, as an adjective, high; <i>e.g.</i> the Aird (the height) -on the south coast of the island of Lewis, also in Inverness-shire; -Aird Point in the island of Skye; Aird-dhu (the black height), a -hill in Inverness-shire; the Airds (high lands in Argyleshire); -Airdrie, Gael. <i>Aird</i>-righ (the king’s height), or, perhaps, -<i>Aird-reidh</i> (the smooth height); Aird’s Moss (a muirland tract -in Ayrshire); Ardbane (white height); Ardoch (high field); Ardclach -(high stony ground); Ardach and Ardaghy (high field); Ardmore (great -height); Ardeen and Arden (the little height); Ardglass (green height); -Ardfert (the height of the grave or ditch, Irish <i>fert</i>); -Ardrishaig (the height full of briers, <i>driseach</i>); Ardnamurchan -(the height of the great headland, <i>ceann</i>, or of the great ocean, -<i>cuan</i>); Ardgower (goat’s height); Ardtornish (the height of the -cascade, <i>cas</i> and <i>torr</i>); Ardross (high point); Ardrossan -(little high<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[11]</span> point); Ardchattan (St. Cathan’s height); Ardersier, -Gael. <i>Ard-ros-siar</i> (the high western height); Ardlui (the height -of the fawn, <i>laoidh</i>); Ardentinny (of the fire, <i>teine</i>); -Ardboe (of the cow); Ardbraccan (of St. Brachan); Ardfinan (St. Finan’s -height); Armagh, in Ireland, anc. <i>Ardmacha</i> (the height of Macha, -the wife of one of the early Irish colonists); Arroquhar, in Dumbarton, -<i>i.e.</i> Ardthir (the high land); Ardmeanach (the mossy height or -the black isle); Ardgask (the hero’s height, Gael. <i>gaisgeach</i>, -a hero); Ardnacrushy (of the cross); Ardtrea (St. Trea’s height); -Ardnarea, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Ard-na-riaghadh</i> (the height of the -executions, with reference to a dark tale of treachery and murder); -Ardgay (windy height); Ardblair (high field); Ardwick (high town, a -suburb of Manchester). The Lat. root <i>arduus</i> (high) is found in -Ardea, in Italy; the Ardes (or heights), in Auvergne; Auvergne itself -has been traced to <i>Ar-fearann</i> (high lands), but Cocheris, -<i>Au Noms de Lieu</i>, gives its ancient name as <i>Alverniacus</i> -(<i>i.e.</i> the domain of the <i>Auvergni</i>). Ardennes, Forest of -(high-wooded valleys); Ardwick-le-street (the high town on the great -Roman road), <i>stratum</i>. <i>Ard</i>, <i>art</i>, and <i>artha</i> -are also Persian prefixes attached to the names of places and persons; -<i>e.g.</i> Ardboodha (the high place of Buddha); Aravalli (the hill -of strength); and such personal names as Artaxerxes, Artabanes, -Artamenes. In some cases it may refer to the agricultural habits of the -Indo-Germanic races (Lat. <i>aro</i>, Grk. αροω, Goth. <i>arjan</i>, -Old High Ger. <i>aran</i>, Cel. <i>ar</i> (to plough), hence the Aryan -tribes are those belonging to the dominant race—the aristocracy of -landowners, as distinguished from the subject races—<i>v.</i> Taylor’s -<i>Names of Places</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ARN</span>, <span class="allsmcap">ERN</span> (Teut.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">ARNE</span>,<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">ARA</span> (Lat.), a home,<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">AREA</span>, <i>bas</i> (Lat.), -<span class="allsmcap">AIRE</span> (Fr.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">AROS</span> (Cel.),</div> - -<p>a place, farm, dwelling; <i>e.g.</i> Heddern (hiding-place); Beddern -(sleeping-place); Suthern (south place); Arne, a town in Yorkshire; -Chiltern (chalk place); Whithorn, in Wigton, A.S. <i>Whitern</i>, Lat. -<i>Candida-casa</i> (white house); Asperne (the place of poplar-trees); -Femern (of cattle); Domern (of judgment); Thalern (valley dwelling); -Mauthern (toll place); Bevern and Bevergern (the dwelling on the -R. Bever); Aire, Lat. <i>Area-Atrebatum</i><span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[12]</span> (the dwelling of the -Atrebates), on the Adour, in France; also Aire, on the Lys; Les Aires -(the farms); Airon, etc., in France, Bavaria, Ger. <i>Baiern</i> (the -dwelling of the Boii); Aros, Gael. (the dwelling), in Mull; Arosaig -(corner dwelling), Argyle.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ARN</span> (Old Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">ARI</span> (Norse),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">ERYR</span> -(Welsh),</div> - -<p>an eagle. This word is used in topography either with reference to the -bird itself, or to a personal name derived from it; <i>e.g.</i> Arnfels -(eagle’s rock); Arnberg, Arnstein, Arlberg (eagle mountain or rock); -Arisdale (eagle valley, or the valley of a person called Arix); Arnau -(eagle meadow); Arnecke (eagle corner); Arendal (eagle valley); Arenoe -(eagle island); Eryri (the eagle mountain), the Welsh name for Snowdon.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ARX</span> (Lat.),</div> - -<p>a fortress; <i>e.g.</i> Arcé, anc. <i>Arx</i>, a town in Italy -with a hill fortress called <i>Rocca d’Arcé</i> (the rock of the -fortress); Arcis sur Aube (the fortress on the R. Aube), in France; -Arcole and Arcola, in Lombardy and Sardinia; Saar-Louis, anc. -<i>Arx-Ludovici-Sarum</i> (the fortress of Louis on the Saar), founded -by Louis XIV., 1680; Arx-fontana or Fuentes (the fortress of the -fountain), in Spain; Monaco, anc. <i>Arx-Monæci</i> (the fortress of -the Monæci), on the Gulf of Genoa; Thours, anc. <i>Tuedæ-Arx</i> (the -fortress on the R. Thouet), in France.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">AS</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">AAS</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>a hill ridge; <i>e.g.</i> Astadr (ridge dwelling); As and Aas, the -names of several towns in Sweden and Norway; Aswick, Aastrap, Aasthorp -(the village or farm on the ridge) in Shetland.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ASTA</span> (Basque),</div> - -<p>a rock; <i>e.g.</i> Astorga, in Spain, Lat. <i>Asturica-Augusta</i> -(the great city on the rocky water, <i>ura</i>); Astiapa and Estepa -(the dwelling at the foot of the rock), in Spain; Astulez and Astobeza, -also in Spain; Asti, a district in Sardinia which was peopled by -Iberians or Basques; Astura (the rocky river); Asturias (the country of -the dwellers by that river); Ecija, in Spain, anc. <i>Astigi</i> (on -the rock); Estepa and Estepona (rocky ground).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ATH</span>, <span class="allsmcap">AGH</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">AUGH</span>,</div> - -<p>a ford. This root-word is more common in Ireland than in Scotland, -and is cognate with the Lat. <i>vadum</i>, and the A.S. <i>wath</i> -or <i>wade</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Athy, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Ath-Ae</i> (the ford -of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[13]</span> Ae, a Munster chief who was slain at the spot); Athmore (great -ford); Athdare (the ford of oaks); Athenry (the king’s ford); Athlone, -<i>i.e.</i> <i>Ath Luaen</i> (the ford of St. Luan); Athleague (stony -ford); Athane (little ford); Aghanloo (Lewy’s little ford); the town -of Trim is in Irish <i>Athtruim</i> (the ford of the elder trees); -Agolagh, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Athgoblach</i> (the forked ford); Aboyne (the -ford of the river), on the Dee in Aberdeenshire; Athgoe, <i>i.e.</i> -<i>Ath-goibhne</i> (the ford of the smiths), in Dublin.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ATHEL</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">ADEL</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">ADELIG</span> (Gothic),</div> - -<p>noble, or the nobles; <i>e.g.</i> Adelsdorf, Adelsheim, Adelshofen, -Attelbury (the nobles’ dwelling); Athelney (the island of the nobles), -in Somersetshire, formerly insulated by the rivers Tone and Parret; -Addelsfors (the nobles’ waterfall); Adelsberg (the nobles’ hill); -Adelsclag (the nobles’ wood-clearing); Adelsoe (the nobles’ island); -Adelmanns-felden (the nobleman’s field).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">AU</span>, <span class="allsmcap">AUE</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">AUGIA</span> (Lat.),</div> - -<p>a meadow, formed from <i>aha</i> (water), and frequently annexed to -the name of a river; <i>e.g.</i> Aarau, Ilmenau, Rheinau, Wetterau, -Oppenau, Muhrau (the meadow of the <i>Aar</i>, <i>Ilmen</i>, -<i>Rhine</i>, <i>Wetter</i>, <i>Oppa</i>, <i>Muhr</i>); Frankenau (the -Franks’ meadow); Lichtenau (the meadow of light); Reichenau (rich -meadow); Schoenau (beautiful meadow); Greenau (green); Langenau (long); -Weidenau (pasture-meadow); Rosenau (the meadow of roses); Lindau (of -lime-trees); Herisau, Lat. <i>Augia-dominus</i> (the Lord’s meadow); -Eu, anc. <i>Augia</i> (the meadow), in Normandy; Hanau (the enclosed -meadow); Nassau (the moist meadow); Iglau (the meadow of the R. Igla, -in Moravia); Troppau, in Silesia (the meadow of the R. Oppa).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">AUCHTER</span> or <span class="allsmcap">OCHTER</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">UCHDER</span> (Welsh),</div> - -<p>the summit, or, as an adjective, upper; <i>e.g.</i> Auchtertyre, anc. -<i>Auchterardower</i> (the summit on the water); Auchterarder (the -upper high land); Auchterblair (upper field); Auchtercairn (upper -rock); Auchtermuchty (the upper dwelling, <i>tigh</i>, of the wild -boar, <i>muc</i>); Auchterau (the upper water); Auchtertool (the -upper land on the R. Tiel), in Fife; Auchterless (the upper side, -<i>slios</i>). In Ireland this word takes the form of <i>Oughter</i>; -<i>e.g.</i><span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[14]</span> Oughterard (upper height); Oughter-lough (upper lake, in -reference to Loch Erne); Balloughter (upper town); Lissoughter (upper -fort); Killoughter (upper church). The Irish adjective <i>uachdar</i> -is not unfrequently Anglicised <i>water</i>, as in Clowater in Carlow, -<i>i.e.</i> <i>Cloch-uachdar</i> (upper stone or castle); Watree, in -Kilkenny, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Uachdaraighe</i> (upper lands)—<i>v.</i> -Joyce’s <i>Irish Names of Places</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">AVON</span>, <span class="allsmcap">AFON</span> (Cym.-Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">ABHAIN</span>, <span class="allsmcap">ABHUINNE</span> (Gael.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">AMNIS</span> (Lat. Sansc. <i>ap.</i>),</div> - -<p>water, a river; <i>e.g.</i> the Avon, Aven, Aune, Auney, Inney, -Ewenny, Aney, Eveny, river names in England, Wales, and Ireland; -Avengorm (red river); Aven-banna (white river); Avenbui (yellow river); -Avonmore (great river), in Ireland; the Seine, anc. <i>Seimh-au</i> -(smooth river); the Mayenne or Meduana (probably the middle river, -from Cel. <i>meadhou</i>). In France there are from this root—the -Ain, Avenne, Vilaine, Vienne; the Abona, in Spain. In Scotland: the -Almond or <i>Awmon</i>; Devon (deep river); Doon (dark river); Kelvin -(woody river); Annan (quiet river); the Leith, Leithen, Lethen (the -broad or the gray river); the Don, in Scotland and England (dark or -brown river); Irvine and Earn (the west-flowing river); Anwoth, in -Kirkcudbright, <i>i.e.</i> Avonwath (the course of the river); the -Spey, <i>speach-abhain</i> (swift river); the Allan (beauteous river, -<i>aluinn</i>); the Boyne, anc. <i>Bouoninda</i> (perhaps yellow river, -<i>buidhe</i>). Many towns derive their names from their rivers, -or from their vicinity to water: thus, Avignon and Verona (on the -water); Amiens, the cap. of the <i>Ambiani</i> (dwellers on the water, -<i>i.e.</i> of the Samara or Somme). Teramo, anc. <i>Interamnia</i> -(between the rivers), and Terni, with the same meaning; Avenay, -anc. <i>Avenacum</i> (on the river); Avesnes, celebrated for its -mineral springs. But such names as Avenay, Avennes, etc., may have -been derived in many cases from Lat. <i>avena</i>, Fr. <i>avoine</i> -(oats)—<i>v.</i> Cocheris’s <i>Noms de Lieu</i>.</p> - - -<h3>B</h3> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BAAL</span>,</div> - -<p>a prefix in Phœnician names, derived from the worship of the sun-god -among that people; <i>e.g.</i> Baalath and Kirjath-Baal (the city of -Baal); Baal-hazor (Baal’s village); BaalHermon<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[15]</span> (near Mount Hermon); -Baal-Judah, etc., in Palestine. Sometimes, however, the word is used as -synonymous with <i>beth</i> (a dwelling), as Baal-tamar and Baal-Meon -(for Bethtamar and Beth Meon). But Baal-Perazim, we are told, means the -<i>place of breaches</i>, and has no reference to the sun-god, Baalbec -(the city of the sun), in Syria.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BAB</span> (Ar.),</div> - -<p>a gate or court; Babel and Babylon, according to the Arabic (the -gate of God), or from a word signifying confusion, Gen. xi. 9; Baab -(the gate), a town in Syria; El-Baab (the gate), in the Sahara; -Bab-el-Mandeb, Strait of (the gate of tears), so called by the Arabs -from its dangerous navigation; Bab-el-estrecho (the gate of the narrow -passage), the Arabic name for the Strait of Gibraltar.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BACH</span>, <span class="allsmcap">BATCH</span> (Teut.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BEC</span>, <span class="allsmcap">BOEK</span> (Scand.),<br /> -but <i>bach</i>, by mutation <i>fach</i> or -<i>vach</i>, in Welsh names means small, little,</div> - -<p>a brook; <i>e.g.</i> Snail-batch and Caldbeck (cold brook or swift -brook); <i>snell</i> in A.S. and Old English means active, sharp, -quick; and in Scotland, as applied to the weather, it means sharp or -severely cold; Crumbeck (crooked brook); Lauterbach (clear brook); -Skurbeck (dividing brook); Griesbach and Sandbach (sandy brook); -Gronenbach (green brook); Over-beck (upper); Reichenbach (rich); -Marbeck (boundary); Schoenbach (beautiful brook); Beckford (the brook -ford); Bacheim and Beckum (the dwelling at the brook); Beckermet (the -meeting of brooks); Bickerstith (the station at the brook); Laubach -and Laybach (the warm brook); but Laubach may also mean rich in -leaves—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">ACH</span>. Bec in Normandy is named from a brook -that flows into the Risle: Birkbeck in Westmoreland (the birch-tree -brook); Ansbach or Anspach (at the stream in Bavaria); Schwalbach -(the swallow’s brook), in Nassau; Houlbec, in Normandy, Holbeck, in -Lincoln and in Denmark (the brook in the hollow); Fulbeck (Lincoln) and -Foulbec, in Normandy (muddy brook).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BAD</span> (Teut.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BADD</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>a bath or mineral spring; <i>e.g.</i> Baden, anc. -<i>Thermæ-Austricæ</i> (the Austrian warm springs); Baden-Baden, anc. -<i>Civitas Aquenses Aurelia</i> (the watering-place of Aurelius); -Baden-bei-Wien (the baths near Vienna); Baden-ober (the upper<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[16]</span> -baths); Franzens-bad (the bath of the Franks); Carlsbad or Kaiser-bad -(the bath-town of the Emperor Charles IV. of Bohemia); Marien-bad, -Lat. <i>Balneum Mariæ</i> (the bath-town of the Virgin Mary); -Wiesbaden, anc. <i>Fontes-Mattiaci</i> (the baths or springs of the -<i>Mattiaci</i>, dwellers on the meadow)—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">WIESE</span>; -Badborn (bath well); Wildbad (wild bath, <i>i.e.</i> not prepared by -art), in the Black Forest; Slangenbad (the bath of snakes), so called -from the number of snakes found in the mineral springs; Badsdorf (bath -village), Bohemia. The Celtic name of the English city <i>Bath</i> was -<i>Caer-badon</i>, or <i>Bathan-ceaster</i> (bath city or fortress); -the Anglo-Saxons made it <i>Akeman-ceaster</i> (the sick man’s -camp), or <i>Aquæ Sulis</i> (dedicated to a British divinity, Sulis, -identified with Minerva).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BAGH</span> (Ar. and Turc.),</div> - -<p>a garden; <i>e.g.</i> Bag, or Baug, in Hindostan. Bagdad superseded -Seleucia, which, it is related, was reduced to such a state of ruin -as to have nothing remaining on the spot where it stood formerly but -the cell of the monk Dad; hence the name of the new city founded by -the Caliph Almazar, <span class="allsmcap">A.D.</span> 762. Baghdad, <i>i.e.</i> the garden -of Dad, a monk who had his cell near the site of the city; Bala-Bagh -(high garden), in Affghanistan; Karabagh (black garden), a district in -Armenia, so called from its thick forests; Alum-bagh (the garden of the -Lady Alum), in Hindostan; Baktschisarai (the palace of the garden), in -Crimea.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BAGNA</span> (It.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BANO</span> (Span.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BANHO</span> (Port.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BAIN</span> (Fr.),</div> - -<p>from the Lat. <i>balneum</i> (a bath); <i>e.g.</i> Bagnacavallo (the -horses’ bath); Bagna-di-aqua (water bath); Bagnazo, Bagnara, Bagnari, -towns in Italy, celebrated for their baths. In France there are -Bagnères-de-Bigorre (the baths of Bigorones, <i>i.e.</i> the dwellers -between two heights); Bagnères-de-Luchon (the baths on the R. Luchon); -Bains-les-du-mont-doré (the baths of the golden mount); with numerous -names with similar meanings, such as Bagneux, Bagneaux, Bagnol, -Bagnoles, Bagnolet, Bagnot, etc. In Italy: Bagnolina (the little bath); -Bagni-di-Lucca, Bagni-di-Pisa (the baths of Lucca and Pisa).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BAHIA</span> (Port.),</div> - -<p>a bay; <i>e.g.</i> Bahia or St. Salvador (the town of the Holy -Saviour), on the bay, in Brazil; Bahia-blanca (white bay); -Bahia-hermosa (beautiful); Bahia-honda<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[17]</span> (deep); Bahia-negra (black); -Bahia-neuva (new bay); Bahia-de-Neustra-Senora (the bay of Our Lady); -Bahia-Escosesa (Scottish bay), in Hayti; Bayonna, in Spain, and -Bayonne, in France (the good bay), from a Basque word, signifying -<i>good</i>; Baia (the town on the bay), in Naples; Bahia-de-todos los -Santos (All Saints’ Bay), in Brazil.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BAHN</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a way or path; <i>e.g.</i> Winter-bahn (winter path); Langen-bahn (long -path); Wild-bahn (wild or uncultivated path).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BAHR</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">BAHAR</span> (Ar.),</div> - -<p>a sea, a lake, and sometimes a river; <i>e.g.</i> Bahar-el-Abiad (the -white); Bahar-el-azrak (the blue river), forming together the Nile; -Bahar-belame (waterless river), in Egypt; Baraach (the sea of wealth), -in Hindostan; Bahari (the maritime district), Lower Egypt; Bahr-assal -(salt lake), Africa; Bahrein (the two seas), a district in Arabia, -between the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea; also a group of islands on -the same coast.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BAILE</span>, <span class="allsmcap">BALLY</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>originally merely a place, a home, then a fort, a town, allied to -the Grk. <i>polis.</i> The word joined with the article <i>an</i> is -found as <i>ballin</i> for <i>baile-an</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Ballinrobe -(the town of the R. Robe); Balbriggan (Brecon’s town); Ballintra and -Ballintrae, in Ireland, and Ballantrae, in Scotland (the dwelling -on the strand); Ballinure (the town of the yew); Ballintubbert -(the town of the well); Ballinakill (of the church or wood); -Ballinahinch (of the island); Ballinamona (of the bog), in Ireland; -Ballycastle (castle town); Ballymena (middle town); Ballymony (of the -shrubbery); Balmagowan and Ballingown (of the smiths); Ballymore and -Ballmore (great town); Nohoval, corrupt. from <i>Nuachongbhail</i> -(new dwelling), localities in Ireland. In Scotland: Balvanie, -anc. <i>Bal-Beni-mor</i> (the dwelling of Beyne, the great first -Bishop of Mortlach), in Aberdeenshire; Balmoral (the majestic -dwelling, <i>morail</i>); Ballater (the dwelling on the hill-slope, -<i>leitir</i>); Balmerino (on the sea-shore, <i>muir</i>); Balachulish, -Gael. <i>Baile-na-caolish</i> (the dwelling on the narrow strait); -Baldernock, Gael. <i>Baile-dair-cnoc</i> (the dwelling at the oak -hill); Balnacraig (dwelling of the rock); Balfour (cold dwelling); -Balgay (windy dwelling, <i>gaoth</i>, wind); Balfron (of mourning, -<i>bhroin</i>), so called, according to tradition, because a number<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[18]</span> of -children had been devoured by wolves at the place; Balgreen (the sunny -place, <i>grianach</i>); Balgarvie (of the rough stream); Ballagan -and Ballogie (the dwelling in the hollow); Balgownie and Balgonie (of -the smiths); Balbardie (of the bard); Balmac Lellan (the dwelling of -the Bal-MacLellan), in Kirkcudbright; Balmaghie (of the Maghies); -Balquhidder (the town at the back of the country); Balblair (of the -field or plain).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BALA</span> (Turc.),</div> - -<p>high; <i>e.g.</i> Bala-hissar (high castle); Bala-dagh (high mountain); -Bala-Ghauts (the high Ghauts); Balasore (high dwelling); Balkan (high -ridge), also called Mount Haemus (the snowy mount), <i>hima</i> -(Sansc.), snow; Balkh (high town), anc. Bactra.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BALKEN</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a ridge; <i>e.g.</i> Griesen-balken (sandy ridge); Moes-balken (mossy -ridge); Schieren-balken (clear ridge)—the word is applied to chains of -mountains in general.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BALTA</span> (Scand.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BALTEUS</span> (Lat.),</div> - -<p>a strait or belt; <i>e.g.</i> Balta (the island of the strait); Baltia -(the country of belts or straits), the ancient name of Scandinavia. The -Great and Little Belts, or straits.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BAN</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>white, fair; <i>e.g.</i> Rivers Bann, Bane, Bain, Bana, Banon, Bandon, -Banney, etc.; Banchory (the fair valley).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BAN</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>a hill or height; <i>e.g.</i> Cefn-y-fan (the hill-ridge); Tal-y-fan -(the face of the hill), in Wales. <i>B</i> by mutation becomes <i>f</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BANT</span>, <span class="allsmcap">BANZ</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">POINT</span> and <span class="allsmcap">PAINT</span>, <i>Ahd</i>,</div> - -<p>a district or enclosure, from Old Ger. <i>pyndan</i> (to confine), -cognate with Cym.-Cel. <i>pant</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Brabant, <i>i.e.</i> -<i>Brach-bant</i> (the ploughed district); Altenbanz (the old); -Ostrevant (the eastern); Grunnenbant (the green district); Hasel-point -(hazel field); Pound-stock (the enclosed place), in Germany; Drenthe, -corrupt. from <i>Thri-banta</i> (the three districts), in Holland; -Bantz, in Bavaria. From <i>pant</i> we have in Monmouth, Panteg -(beautiful valley, <i>têg</i>); Pant-y-goitre (the valley of the town -in the wood).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BANYA</span> (Hung.),</div> - -<p>a mine; <i>e.g.</i> Uj-banya (new mine); Nagy-banya (great mine), -a town of Hungary with gold and silver mines, named by the Germans -<i>Neustadt</i>; Abrud-banya (the mine on the R. Abrud, a district -abounding in metals).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[19]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BARR</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BAR</span> (Cym.-Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BARD</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>a summit; <i>e.g.</i> Barmona (the summit or top of the bog); -Barra-vore (great height, <i>mor</i>); Barmeen (smooth summit), in -Ireland. In several counties in Scotland we have Barr (the uplands), -but Barr in Ayrshire took its name from St. Barr; Barbreac (spotted -point); Barrie and Barra (the head of the water, <i>abh</i>); -Barcaldine (hazel point, <i>calltunn</i>); Barbeth (birch point); -Barrglass (gray point); Bar-darroch (the summit of the oak grove); -Bardearg (red point); Barcaple (the horses’ point); the Bard of Mousa -and of Bressay, in the Shetlands, is the projection on these islands; -the ancient name of the town of Perth was <i>Barr-Tatha</i> (the height -of the R. Tay); Barwyn for Bar-gwn (a white-topped mountain, or tipped -with snow), in Wales. In France the prefix <i>bar</i> is applied to -strongholds, as in Bar-le-Duc (the duke’s citadel); Bar-sur Saone, -Bar-sur Aube (the stronghold on the rivers Saone and Aube).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BARROW</span> (Scand.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BEORH</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>a mound of earth, especially over a grave; <i>e.g.</i> Barrow-by -(the dwelling at the mound); Ingle-barrow (the mound at the grave of -Ingold). But, in some cases, barrow may be a form of A.S. <i>boerw</i> -(a grove), as in Barrow-den (the grove hollow), in Rutland.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BAU</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">GEBAUDE</span>,<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BAÜEN</span>, to build,</div> - -<p>a building; <i>e.g.</i> Brun-bau (the well-house); Neu-bau and -Alten-bau (the old and new building); Buittle (the building), a parish -on the Solway Firth; Tichel-boo (brick building); Forst-gebaude (the -building in the forest). It takes the form of bottle and buttel in -Germany, and battle in Britain—<i>v.</i> p. 27; Newbattle (new -building in Mid Lothian); Wulfen-buttel (the dwelling of Ulpha); -Bolton, in Lancashire, anc. <i>Botl</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BAUM</span> (Ger.)<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BEAM</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BOOM</span> (Dut.),</div> - -<p>a tree, a post; <i>e.g.</i> Baumburg (tree town); Baumgarten (the -orchard); Baumgartenthal (orchard valley); Baum-krüg (the tree inn); -Schöenbaum (beautiful tree); Heesbaum (the hazel-tree), in Germany; -Bampton and Bempton (tree town), in Oxford and Yorkshire; but Bampton -in Devon takes its name from the R. Bathom—its ancient name was -<i>Bathom-ton</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[20]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BEDD</span> (Welsh),</div> - -<p>a grave; <i>e.g.</i> Bedd-gelert (the grave of a favourite hound of -Llewelyn, or, as others affirm, the grave of a saint named Kelert).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BEDW</span> (Cym.-Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BEITH</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BEDWEN</span> (Welsh),</div> - -<p>the birch-tree, cognate with the Lat. <i>betula</i>; <i>e.g.</i> -Beddoe (the birches), Salop; Bedwelty, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Bedw-gwal-ty</i> -(the wild beast’s dwelling among the birches), in Monmouth; Penbedw -(birch hill), Monmouth. In Ireland: Beagh, Beaghy, Behagh, Behy, -<i>i.e.</i> (birch land); Kilbehey, <i>i.e.</i> <i>coill-beithne</i> -(birch wood); Behanagh (birch-producing river); Ballybay, <i>i.e.</i> -<i>Bel-atha-beithe</i> (the ford mouth of the birch); Aghaveagh (birch -field). In Scotland: Beith and Beath, in Fife and Ayrshire; Dalbeath, -Dalbeth, Dalbeathie (the birch field or valley); Barbeth (the summit of -birches).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BEEMD</span> (Dutch),</div> - -<p>a meadow; <i>e.g.</i> Beemd and Beemte (on the meadow); Haagschbeemden -(enclosed meadow); Beemster-polder (the meadow embankment).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BEER</span>, <span class="allsmcap">BIR</span> (Heb. and Ar.),</div> - -<p>a well; <i>e.g.</i> Beer-sheba (the well of the oath); Beer-Elim (the -well of heroes); Beer-lahai-roi (the well of the living sight); Beirout -(the city of wells), in Palestine; Bir, a town of Asiatic Turkey.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BEER</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">BEAR</span> (Teut.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BUR</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BYR</span> (Old Ger.),</div> - -<p>a farm, cottage, or dwelling; <i>e.g.</i> Beer-Regis (the king’s -farm); Beer-Alston (the dwelling of Alston); Beardon and Berewood (the -dwelling on a hill and in a wood); Aylesbear (the dwelling of Aegle); -Bühren, in Hanover and Switzerland; Beuren, in Swabia; Grasbeuren -(grassy dwelling); Sandbuur (sandy dwelling); Erlesbura (dwelling among -elms); Beerendrecht (the dwelling on the pasture); Nassenbeuren (damp -dwelling); Blaubeuren (the blue dwelling); Benediktbeuren (the dwelling -of the Benedictines).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BEG</span>, <span class="allsmcap">BEAG</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BACH</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">BYCHAN</span>, by mutation <i>fach</i> or <i>fychan</i> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>little; <i>e.g.</i> Morbihan (the little sea), in Brittany; -Taafe-fechan (the little River Taafe), in Wales. In Ireland: Castlebeg -(little castle); Downkillybegs (the fortress of the little church); -Bunbeg (small river mouth); Rathbeg (little fort).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[21]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BEIM</span>,</div> - -<p>a contraction of the Ger. <i>bei-dem</i> (by the); <i>e.g.</i> -Beimbach, Beimberg, Beimhofen (by the brook, the hill, the court).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BEINN</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BEN</span>,</div> - -<p>a mountain, cognate with the Cym.-Cel. <i>pen</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Beanach -(a hilly place); Ben-more (great mountain); Ben-a-buird (table -mountain); Ben-a-bhaird (the bard’s mountain); Benan, <i>i.e.</i> -<i>Binnean</i> (the peaked hill or pinnacle); Bencleuch (stony -mountain); Ben-cruachan (the stack-shaped mountain, <i>cruach</i>); -Bendearg (red mountain); Bendronach (the mountain with the hunch, -<i>dronnag</i>); Bengloe (the mountain with the covering or veil, -<i>gloth</i>); Benamore and Bannmore (the great peaks, <i>beanna</i>, -peaks); Bennachie (the hill of the pap, at its summit, <i>ache</i>); -Benavoir (the mountain of gold, <i>or</i>), in Jura; Benclibrig (the -hill of the playing trout); Benloyal, <i>i.e</i>, <i>Ben-laoghal</i> -(the hill of the calves); Ben-na-cailleach (nun’s hill); Ben Lomond, -named from Loch Lomond, <i>quod vide</i>; Benmacdhui, <i>i.e.</i> -<i>Beinn-na-muc-dubh</i> (the mountain of the black sow); Ben -Nevis (the cloud-capped or snowy mountain); Benvenue (the little -mountain), as compared with Benledi; Benwyvis (stupendous mountain, -<i>uabhasach</i>); Benvrachie (spotted mountain); Benvoirlich -(the mountain of the great loch). In Ireland: Benbo, <i>i.e.</i> -Beannabo (the peaks of the cows); Dunmanway, in Cork, corrupt. from -Dun-na-mbeann (the fortress of the pinnacles). In Ireland <i>ben</i> -is more generally applied to small steep hills than to mountains; -<i>e.g.</i> Bengore (the peak of the goats, <i>gabhar</i>); Benburb, -Lat. <i>pinna superba</i> (proud peak), in Tyrone; the Twelve Pins, -<i>i.e.</i> <i>bens</i> or peaks, in Connemara; Banagh and Benagh -(a place full of peaks); Bannaghbane and Bannaghroe (white and red -hilly ground); Banaghar, King’s Co., and Bangor, Co. Down, anc. -<i>Beannchar</i> (the pointed hills or rocks); but Bangor, in Wales, -signifies the high choir; Drumbanagh (the ridge of the peaks).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BEL</span>, <span class="allsmcap">BELLE</span>, <span class="allsmcap">BEAU</span> (Fr.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BELLO</span>, <span class="allsmcap">BELLA</span> (Port., Span., It.),</div> - -<p>beautiful, fine, from the Lat. <i>bellus</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Belchamp, -Belcastro (beautiful field and camp); Belle-isle and Belile (beautiful -island); Beaufort, Beaulieu, Beaumont, Beaumanoir (fine fort, place, -mount, manor); Beaumaris (the fair marsh), so named in the reign -of Edward I.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[22]</span> Some think it may have been formerly <i>Bimaris</i> -(between two seas), a name applied by Horace to Corinth; Belvoir -(beautiful to see), in Rutland; Bewley and Bewdley, corrupt. from -Beaulieu; Beauley, a river and village in Inverness-shire, named from -<i>Prioratus-de-bello-loco</i> (the priory of the beautiful place), -founded in 1230; Beachy Head, according to Camden, is the head of the -beach, but Holland, who published <i>Camden’s Britannia</i>, says it -was called Beaucliff, or, more probably, Beauchef (beautiful headland); -Beaudesert (beautiful retreat); Belper, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Beau-repaire</i> -(with the same meaning), in Warwick and Derbyshire; Leighton-Buzzard, -corrupt. of its ancient name <i>Legionbuhr</i> (the fortress of the -legion); Balaclava, corrupt. from its ancient name <i>Bella-chiava</i> -(the beautiful frontier town, <i>chiave</i>), founded by the Genoese.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BEL</span>, <span class="allsmcap">BIALA</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>white; <i>e.g.</i> Biela (white stream); Bela, Belaia (white place); -Belowes and Belowiz (white village); <i>was</i> or <i>wies</i> (a -town or village); Belgrade, Ger. <i>Weissenburg</i> (white fortress); -Bialgorod, Turc. <i>Akkermann</i> (white castle); Belki or Bielki (a -name applied in Russia to snow-capped mountains); Berat, in Albania, -corrupt. from Belgrade (white fort).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BEL</span>, <span class="allsmcap">BEAL</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a mouth, in its literal sense, but in a secondary sense, signifying -an entrance into any place. In Ireland it is often united with -<i>ath</i> (a ford), forming <i>belatha</i> (ford entrance). The word -<i>bel</i> itself is often used to denote a ford; <i>e.g.</i> Belclair, -<i>i.e.</i> <i>Bel-an-chlair</i> (the ford or entrance to the plain); -<i>Belatha</i> (Anglicised <i>Bella</i>) is found in many names, as -in Bellanagare, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Bel-atha-na-gcarr</i> (the ford mouth -of the cars); Lisbellaw (the fort at the ford mouth); Bel-atha is -often changed in modern names to <i>balli</i> or <i>bally</i>, as if -the original root were <i>baile</i> (a town), as in Ballinamore (the -mouth of the great ford); Ballinafad (the mouth of the long ford); -Ballyshannon is corrupt. from <i>Bel-atha-Seanach</i> (Shannagh’s -ford); Belfast, anc. <i>Bel-feirsde</i> (the ford of the <i>farset</i> -or sandbank); Ballinaboy, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Bel-an-atha-buide</i> (the -mouth of the yellow ford); Ballinasloe, <i>Bel-atha-na-sluaigheadh</i> -(the ford mouth of the armies); <i>Bel</i> (a ford) is not found -in Scotland, but a word with a kindred meaning as applied to land, -<i>bealach</i> (a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[23]</span> pass or opening between hills), is frequent there, -as well as in Ireland, and takes the form of <i>ballagh</i> or -<i>balloch</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Ballaghboy in Ireland, and Ballochbuie in -Scotland (the yellow pass); Ballaghmore (great pass); Ballaghkeen (the -beautiful pass, <i>cæin</i>); Ballaghadereen (the pass of the little -oak grove); Balloch alone occurs in several counties of Scotland, the -best known being Balloch, at the entrance to Loch Lomond; Ballochray -(smooth pass, <i>reidh</i>); Ballochmyle (the bald or bare pass); -Ballochgair (short pass); Ballochcraggan (of the little rock); -Balloch-nam-bo (the pass of the cattle), etc.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BELED</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">BELAD</span> (Ar.),</div> - -<p>a district; <i>e.g.</i> Beled-es-Shurifa (the district of the nobles); -Belad-es-Sûdân (the district of the Blacks); Belad-es-Sukkar (sugar -district); <i>Belad-t-moghrib</i> (the district of the West), the -Arabian name for Morocco, also called <i>Beled-el-Djered</i> (the land -of dates); Beled-el-Sham (the district of the north or on the left), -the Arabic name for Syria, to distinguish it from Yemen (to the south -or right). Syria was also called by the Turks Soristan, and by the -Greeks Suria, <i>i.e.</i> the country of Tyre (<i>Tzur</i>, the rock). -The word in its secondary sense means prosperous or happy—hence the -Greeks called it Αραβια ἡ εὐδαίμων, to distinguish it from Arabia -deserta (Ar.), <i>El-Badiah</i> (the desert), hence the Bedawees or -Bedouins.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BENDER</span> (Ar.),</div> - -<p>a market or harbour. Bender is the name of several towns on the Persian -Gulf, and also of a town on the Dniester; Bender-Erekli (the harbour of -the ancient Heraclea), on the Black Sea.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BENI</span> (Ar.),</div> - -<p>sons of; <i>e.g.</i> Beni-Hassan (a town named from the descendants of -Hassan); Beni-Araba (belonging to the sons of the desert); Beni-Calaf -(to the sons of the Caliph); Beni-Sham (the sons of Shem), <i>i.e.</i> -Syria; Beni-Misr (the land of Mizraim or Egypt).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BERG</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BIERG</span> (Scand.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BRIG</span>, <span class="allsmcap">BRAIGH</span> (Celtic),</div> - -<p>a hill, a summit; <i>e.g.</i> Ailberg (eagle hill); Bleyberg (lead -hill); Schneeberg (snowy hill); Walkenberg (the hill of clouds); -Donnersberg (of thunder); Habsberg, Falkenberg, Valkenberg (of hawks); -Finsterberg (dark hill); Groenberg (green hill); Teufelsberg (the -devil’s hill); Greiffenberg (the griffin’s hill); Geyersberg (of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[24]</span> -vulture); Jarlsberg (of the earl); Dreisellberg (the hill of three -seats); Kupperberg (copper hill); Heilberg (holy hill); Silberberg -(silver hill, near a silver mine); Schoenberg (beautiful hill). The -word <i>berg</i>, however, is often applied to the names of towns and -fortresses instead of <i>burg</i>; and, when this is the case, it -indicates that the town was built on or near a hill, or in connection -with a fortress; <i>e.g.</i> Kaiserberg (the hill fort of the Emperor -Frederick II.); Würtemberg, anc. Wirtenberg (named from the seignorial -chateau, situated upon a hill). The name has been translated (the lord -of the hill) from an Old Ger. word <i>wirt</i> (a lord). Heidelberg -is a corrupt. of Heydenberg (the hell of the pagans), or from heydel -myrtle, which grows in great abundance in the neighbourhood; Lemberg, -Lowenburg, or Leopolis (the fortress of Leo Danielowes), in Galicia; -Nurnberg, anc. <i>Norimberga</i> or <i>Castrum Noricum</i> (the -fortress of the Noricii); Lahnberg (on the R. Lahn); Spermberg (on the -Spree); Wittenberg (white fortress); Köningsberg (the king’s fortress), -in E. Prussia and in Norway; Bamberg (named after Babe, daughter of -the Emperor Otho II.), in Bavaria; Havelberg (on the R. Havel). There -are several towns in Germany and Scandinavia called simply Berg or -Bergen; <i>e.g.</i> Bergen-op-Zoom (the hill fort on the R. Zoom), -in Holland; Bergamo (on a hill), in Italy. Berg (a hill) sometimes -takes the form of <i>berry</i>, as in Queensberry, in Dumfries; also -of <i>borough</i>, as in Flamborough Head and Ingleborough (the hill -of the beacon light). <i>Gebirge</i> signifies a mountain range; -<i>e.g.</i> Schneegebirge (the snow-clad range); Siebengebirge (the -range of seven hills); Fichtelgebirge (of the pines); Erzegebirge (the -ore mountain range); Glasischgebirge (of the glaciers); Eulergebirge -(of the owls).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BETH</span> (Heb.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BEIT</span> (Ar.),</div> - -<p>a house; <i>e.g.</i> Bethany (the house of dates); Bethphage (of figs); -Bethsaida (of fish); Bethoron (of caves); Bethabara (of the ford); -Bethlehem (the house of bread), but its present name, <i>Beit-lahm</i>, -means the house of flesh; Bethesda (of mercy); Betharaba (desert -dwelling); Bethjesimoth (of wastes); Bethshemish Grk. <i>Heliopolis</i> -(the house or city of the sun); its Egyptian name was <i>Aun-i-Aun</i> -(light of light), contracted to <i>On</i>;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[25]</span> Beit-Allah (the house of -God), at Mecca; Beit-el-Fakih (the house of the saint), on the Red Sea.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BETTWS</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>a portion of land lying between a river and a hill, hence a dwelling -so situated; <i>e.g.</i> Bettws-yn-y-coed (the dwelling in the wood); -Bettws-disserth (the retreat dwelling); Bettws-Garmon (of St. Germanus, -where he led the Britons to the famous Alleluia victory over the -Saxons); Bettws-Newydd (new dwelling).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BETULA</span> (Lat.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BOULEAU</span> (Fr.),</div> - -<p>the birch-tree; <i>e.g.</i> Le Boulay, La Boulay, Les Boulages, Les -Boulus, Belloy (places planted with birch-trees).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BIBER</span>, <span class="allsmcap">BEVER</span> (Teut.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BOBR</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>the beaver; <i>e.g.</i> the Biber, Beber, Biberich, Beber-bach (rivers -in Germany); Bober, Boberau, Bobronia (beaver river), in Silesia and -Russia; Bobersburg (on the R. Bober); Biberschlag (beaver’s wood -clearing); Biberstein (beaver rock); Beverley, in Yorkshire, anc. -<i>Biberlac</i> (beaver lake), formerly surrounded by marshy ground, -the resort of beavers; Beverstone, in Gloucester; Beverloo (beaver -marsh), in Belgium.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BILL</span>,</div> - -<p>an old German word, signifying plain or level; <i>e.g.</i> Bilderlah -(the field of the plain); Billig-ham (level dwelling); Wald-billig -(woody plain); Wasser-billig (the watery plain); Bilstein (level rock); -Bielefeld (level field); Bieler-see (the lake on the plain).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BIOR</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>water, an element in many river names; <i>e.g.</i> the Bere, in Dorset; -Ver, Hereford; Bervie, in Mearns. The town of Lifford, in Donegal, -was originally <i>Leith-bhearr</i> (the gray water); Berra, a lake in -France; the Ebura or Eure, in Normandy; and in Yorkshire, the Ebro, -anc. <i>Iberus</i>; Ivry, in Normandy, anc. <i>Ebarovicus</i> (the town -on the Ebura).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BIRCE</span>, <span class="allsmcap">BIRKE</span> (Teut.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BERK</span>, (Lat.) <span class="allsmcap">BETULA</span>,<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BEORC</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>the birch-tree; <i>e.g.</i> Birkenhead (the head of the birches); -Birchholt (birch wood); Berkeley (birch field); Birchington, -Birkhoff (the birch-tree dwelling and court); Birkhampstead (the -home place among the birches); Oberbirchen (the upper birches); but -Berkshire is not from this root; it was called by the Anglo-Saxons -<i>Berroc-shyre</i>, supposed to be named from the abundance of -<i>berroc</i> (boxwood),<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[26]</span> or the <i>bare-oak-shire</i>, from a certain -polled oak in Windsor Forest, where the Britons were wont to hold their -provincial meetings.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BLAEN</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>the source of a stream; <i>e.g.</i> Blaene-Avon, Blaen-Ayron, -Blaen-Hounddu (river sources in Wales); Blaen-porth (the head of the -harbour); Blaen-nant (of the brook); Blaen-Bylan, abbreviated from -Blaen-pwll-glan (the top of pool bank); Blaen-Sillt, at the top of a -small stream, the Sillt, in Wales; Blaen-afon (of the river).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BLAIR</span>, <span class="allsmcap">BLAR</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a plain, originally a battle-field; <i>e.g.</i> Blair-Athole, -Blair-Logie, Blair-Gowrie (the battle-field in these districts); -Blairmore (the great); Blaircreen (the little plain); Blairdaff -(the plain of the oxen, <i>daimh</i>); Blair-burn (of the stream); -Blair-craig (of the rock); Blair-linne (of the pool); Blair-beth -(of birches); Blair-ingone (the field of spears), in Perthshire; -Blair-glass (gray plain); Blarney (little field), in Ireland; -Blair-Drummond, Blair-Adam, modern places named after persons.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BLANC</span> (Fr.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BLANCO</span> (Span.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BIANCO</span> (It.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BRANCO</span> (Port.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BLANC</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BLANK</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>white; <i>e.g.</i> Mont-Blanc, Cape-blanco, Sierra-blanca (white -mountain-ridge); Castella-bianca (white castle); Villa-bianca (white -town); Blankenburg (white town); Blankenham (white dwelling); -Blankenhavn, Blankenloch, Blankenrath, Blankenese (white haven, place, -wood-clearing, cape), in Germany; Bianchi-mandri (white sheep-folds), -in Sicily; Branco (the white stream), in Brazil; Los-Brancos (the -white mountains); Cata-branca (the white cove); Casa-branca (the white -house), in Brazil.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BLISKO</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>near; <i>e.g.</i> Bliesdorf, Bliesendorf, Blieskendorf (near village); -Bliskau (near meadow).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BLOTO</span>, <span class="allsmcap">BLATT</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>a marsh; <i>e.g.</i> Blotto, Blottnitz (marshy land); Wirchen-blatt -(high marsh); Sa-blatt, Sablater, Zablatt (behind the marsh); Na-blatt -(near the marsh). In some cases the <i>b</i> in this word is changed -into <i>p</i>, as in Plotsk and Plattkow (the marshy place); Plattensee -or Balaton (the lake in the marshy land).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BOCA</span> (Span., Port., and It.),</div> - -<p>a mouth—in topography, the narrow entrance of a river or bay; -<i>e.g.</i> Boca-grande, Boca-chica (great and little channel), in -South America; La Bochetta<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[27]</span> (the little opening), a mountain pass in -the Apennines; Desemboque (the river mouth), in Brazil.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BOD</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>a dwelling; <i>e.g.</i> Bodmin, in Cornwall, corrupt. from -<i>Bodminian</i> (the dwelling of monks); Bodffaris (the site of -Varis), the old Roman station on the road to Chester; Hafod, the name -of several places in Wales, corrupt. from Hafbod (a summer residence); -Bosher or Bosherston, corrupt. from <i>Bod</i> and <i>hir</i>, long -(the long ridge abode), in Wales.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BODDEN</span> (Teut.), <span class="allsmcap">BOD</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>a bay, the ocean swell; <i>e.g.</i> Bodden (an arm of the sea which -divides the island of Rugen from Pomerania); Bodden-ness (the headland -of the bay), on the east coast of Scotland.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BODEN</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>the ground, soil—in topography, a meadow; <i>e.g.</i> Gras-boden -(grassy meadow); Dunkel-boden (dark meadow). It may sometimes, however, -be used instead of <i>bant</i> or <i>paint</i>—<i>v.</i> p. 18; and in -Bodenburg, in Brunswick, it is a corrupt. of <i>Ponteburg</i> (bridge -town); and Bodenheim is from a personal name, like Bodensee—<i>v.</i> -SEE.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BOGEN</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a bend or bow—in topography, applied to the bend of a river; -<i>e.g.</i> Bogen, anc. <i>Bogana</i> (the bending river); Bogen, a -town of Bavaria, on a bend of the Danube; Ellbogen or Ellenbogen, Lat. -<i>Cubitus</i> (the town on the elbow or river bend), in Bohemia; -Bogenhausen (the houses on the river bend); Langen-bogen (the long -bend); Entli-buch (the bend on the R. Entle), in Switzerland.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BOLD</span>, <span class="allsmcap">BATTLE</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">BOTTLE</span>,<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BÜTTEL</span>, <span class="allsmcap">BLOD</span> (Teut.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BOL</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">BO</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>a dwelling; <i>e.g.</i> Newbattle, Newbottle, Newbold (new dwelling), -as distinguished from Elbottle (old dwelling); Morebattle (the dwelling -on the marshy plain); Bolton, in Lancashire, A.S. <i>Botl</i>; Buittle, -in Kirkcudbright; Newbald, Yorkshire; Harbottle (the dwelling of the -army, <i>here</i>), a place in Northumberland where, in former times, -soldiers were quartered; Erribold (the dwelling on the tongue of -land, <i>eir</i>); Maybole, in Ayrshire, anc. <i>Minnibole</i> (the -dwelling on the mossy place, Cym.-Cel., <i>myswn</i>); Exnabul, in -Shetland (a place for keeping cattle); <i>yxn</i>, Scand. (a bull or -cow); Walfenbuttel (the dwelling of Ulpha); Brunsbottle (of Bruno); -Ritzbüttel (of Richard);<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[28]</span> Griesenbottel (sandy dwelling); Rescbüttel -(the dwelling among rushes).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BONUS</span> (Lat.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BUEN</span> (Span.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BOA</span>,<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BOM</span> (Port.),</div> - -<p>good; <i>e.g.</i> Bonavista, Boavista (good view); Buenos-Ayres (good -breezes), in South America; Buenaventura (good luck), in California.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BOOM</span> (Sansc.),</div> - -<p><i>Bhuma</i> (land, country); <i>e.g.</i> Birboom (the land of heroes); -Arya-Bhuma (the noble land), the Sanscrit name for Hindostan.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BOR</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>wood; <i>e.g.</i> Bohra, Bohrau, Borowa, Borow (woody place); Borovsk -(the town in the wood); Sabor and Zaborowa (behind the wood); Borzna -(the woody district); the Borysthenes, now the R. Dnieper (the woody -wall), from <i>stena</i> (a wall or rampart), the banks of the river -having been covered with wood; Ratibor (the wood of the Sclavonic god -Razi).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BRACHE</span> (Teut.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BRAK</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>land broken up for tillage, Old Ger. <i>pracha</i> (to plough); -<i>e.g.</i> Brabant, anc. <i>Bracbant</i> (the ploughed district); -Brachstadt, Brachfeld, Brachrade (the ploughed place, field, clearing); -Brakel (the ploughed land), in Holland; Hohenbrack (high ploughed land).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BRAND</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a place cleared of wood by burning; <i>e.g.</i> Eber-brand and -Ober-brand (the upper clearing); Newen-brand and Alten-brand (the -old and new clearing); Brandenburg (the burned city), so called, -according to Buttman, by the Germans; by the Wends corrupted into -<i>Brennabor</i>, and in their own language named <i>Schorelitz</i> -(the destroyed city), because, in their mutual wars, it had been -destroyed by fire. <i>Bran</i> and <i>Brant</i>, in English names, are -probably memorials of the original proprietors of the places, as in -Brandon, Cumbran, Brandeston; Brantingham (the home of the children of -Brand)—<i>v</i>. <span class="allsmcap">ING</span>, <span class="allsmcap">INGEN</span>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BRASA</span> (Sclav.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BERESA</span>,</div> - -<p>the birch-tree; <i>e.g.</i> Briesnitz, Beresoff, Beresek, Beresenskoi, -Beresovoi (places where birches abound); Gross-Briesen (great -birch-tree town); Bresinchen (little Briesen), a colony from it; Birsa -and Beresina (the birch-tree river); Birsk, a town on the R. Birsa; -Brzesce-Litewski (the house of mercy at the birches); the letter -<i>b</i> in this word is often changed into <i>p</i> by the Germans,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[29]</span> -as in Presinitz for <i>Brezenice</i> (birch-tree village), in Bohemia; -also Priebus, with the same meaning, in Silesia; Priegnitz, <i>i.e.</i> -the town of the Brizanen (dwellers among birches); Briezen (the place -of birches), in Moravia, is Germanised into Friedeck (woody corner); -Bryezany (abounding in birches), in Galicia.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BRAY</span> (Cel.),</div> - -<p>damp ground, a marshy place; <i>e.g.</i> Bray, in Normandy; Bray sur -Somme and Bray sur Seine, situated on these rivers; Bray-Maresch, near -Cambray; Bré Côtes-de-Nord; Bray-la-Campagne (calvados, etc.)</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BREIT</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BRAD</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BRED</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>broad; <i>brede</i>, Dutch (a plain); <i>e.g.</i> Breitenbach and -Bredenbeke (broad brook); Breda (the flat meadowland), in Holland; -Breitenbrunn (broad well); Breitenstein, Breitenburg (broad fortress); -Bradford, in Yorkshire, and Bredevoort, in Holland (broad ford); Bredy -(the broad water), in Dorset; Brading, in Isle of Wight, and Bradley -(broad meadow); Bradshaw (broad thicket); Broadstairs, corrupt. from -its ancient name <i>Bradstow</i> (broad place).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BRIA</span> (Thracian),</div> - -<p>a town; <i>e.g.</i> Selymbria, Mesymbria.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BRIGA</span> (Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BRIVA</span>,</div> - -<p>a general name among the Celts for a town—so called, apparently, from -the Celtic words <i>braigh</i>, <i>brugh</i>, <i>brig</i> (a heap, -pile, or elevation), because the nucleus of towns, among uncivilised -tribes in early times, were merely fortified places erected on heights; -cognate with the Teut. and Scand. <i>burg</i>, <i>byrig</i>, the Sclav. -<i>brieg</i> (an embankment or ridge), and the Scottish <i>brae</i> (a -rising ground). Hence the name of the <i>Brigantes</i> (dwellers on -hills); the word <i>Brigand</i> (literally, a mountaineer); Briançon, -anc. <i>Brigantium</i> (the town on the height); Brieg, a town in -Silesia; Braga and Bragança, fortified cities in Portugal; Talavera, -in Spain, anc. <i>Tala-briga</i>, the town on the <i>tala</i>, Span. -(a wood clearing); Bregenz, anc. <i>Brigantium</i>, in the Tyrol; -Breisach Alt and Neuf (the old and new town on the declivity), in the -duchy of Baden—the old fortress was situated on an isolated basalt -hill; Brixen (the town among the hills), in the Tyrol. In Scotland -there are Braemar (the hilly district of Mar); Braidalbane (the hill -country of <i>Albainn</i>, <i>i.e.</i> Scotland); Braeriach (the gray -mountain, <i>riabhach</i>); the Brerachin, a river and district<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[30]</span> in -Perthshire; Brugh and Bruighean, in Ireland, signifying originally -a hill, was subsequently applied to a palace or a distinguished -residence. The term, as applied to the old residences, presupposed the -existence of a fortified brugh or rath, several of which still remain. -The word has suffered many corruptions: thus Bruree, in Limerick, is -from <i>Brugh-righ</i> (the king’s fort); and <i>Bruighean</i> (little -fort) has been transformed into Bruff, Bruis, Bruce, or Bryan. The -word <i>briva</i>, on the other hand, was generally applied to towns -situated on rivers—as in Amiens, anc. <i>Samarabrina</i>, on the R. -Somme—and was gradually used as synonymous with <i>pons</i> (bridge), -as in Pontoise, anc. <i>Briva-Isara</i> (the bridge on the Ouse); -Briare, anc. <i>Brivodurum</i> (the bridge over the water); Brionde, -anc. <i>Brives</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BRINK</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a grassy ridge; <i>e.g.</i> Osterbrink (east ridge); Mittelbrink -(middle ridge); Zandbrink (sand ridge); Brinkhorst (the ridge of the -thicket).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BRO</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>a district; <i>e.g.</i> Broburg (the fort of the district), in -Warwickshire; Pembroke (the head, <i>pen</i>, of the district, it being -the land’s end of Wales).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BROC</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>a rushing stream; <i>e.g.</i> Cranbrook (the stream of the cranes); -Wallbrook (probably the stream at the wall); Wambrook (Woden’s stream).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BROC</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BROX</span>,</div> - -<p>the badger; <i>e.g.</i> Brox-bourne and Broxburn, Brogden, Brokenhurst, -Brockley, Broxholme (the stream, hollow, thicket, meadow, and hill of -the badger).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BROD</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>a ford; <i>e.g.</i> Brod and Brody (at the ford), the name of -several towns in Moravia, Bohemia, Hungary, and Turkey; Brod-sack -(ford dwelling); Brod-Ungarisch (the Hungarian ford), on the Olsawa; -Brod-Deutsch (the German ford), on the Sasawa; Brod-Bohmisch (the -Bohemian ford), on the Zembera; Krasnabrod (beautiful ford); Eisenbrod -(the ford of the Iser); Brodkowitz (ford station).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BROEK</span>, <span class="allsmcap">BRUOCH</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>a marsh; <i>e.g.</i> Broek, a town in Holland; Bogen-brok (the bending -marsh); Breiden-bruch (the broad marsh); Aalten-broek (the old -marsh); Eichen-bruch (the oak marsh); Broekem and Broickhausen (marsh -dwelling); Bruchmühle (the mill on the marsh); Brussels or Bruxelles,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[31]</span> -anc. <i>Bruoch-sella</i> (the seat or site on the marsh); Oberbruch and -Niederbruch (upper and lower marsh).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BROG</span> (Sclav.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BROW</span>,</div> - -<p>a dam; <i>e.g.</i> Biesenbrow and Priebrow, from <i>Pschibrog</i> -(elder-tree dam), by the Germans called <i>Furstenberg</i>, on the -Oder; Colberg, Sclav. <i>Kola-brog</i> (around the dam).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BRON</span> (Welsh),</div> - -<p>the slope or side of a hill; <i>e.g.</i> Brongest (the slope of the -<i>cest</i> or deep glen); Bronwydd (the slope covered with trees); -<i>Wydd</i>, in Wales.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BRÜCKE</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BRIGGE</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BRO</span>, <span class="allsmcap">BRU</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>a bridge; <i>e.g.</i> Brugg-Furstenfeld (the bridge at the prince’s -field); Brugg-an-der-Leitha (the bridge across the Leitha); -Brugg-kloster (the bridge at the monastery); Langenbrück, Langenbrücken -(long bridge); Bruges, in Belgium (a city with many bridges); Saarbrook -(on the R. Saar); Osnaburg, in Hanover, anc. <i>Osnabrücke</i> or -<i>Asenbrücke</i> (the bridge on the R. Ase); Voklabrück (on the R. -Vökle); Bruchsal, in Baden (the bridge on the Salzbach); Zweibrücken or -Deux-ponts (the two bridges); Zerbruggen (at the bridge). In England: -Bridgenorth, anc. <i>Brugge-Morfe</i> (the bridge at the wood called -Morfe, on the opposite bank of the Severn); Brixham, Brixworth, and -Brigham (bridge town); Brixton, A.S. <i>Brixges-stan</i> (the bridge -stone); Cambridge, Cel. <i>Caer-Grant</i> (the fort and bridge on the -R. Granta, now the Cam); Tunbridge (over the R. Tun or Ton), a branch -of the Medway; Colebrook, in Bucks (the bridge over the R. Cole); -Oxbridge (the bridge over the water, <i>uisge</i>); Staley-bridge (at -a bridge over the R. Tame), named after the Staveleigh, a family who -resided there; Bridgewater, corrupt. from <i>Burgh-Walter</i> (the -town of Walter Douay, its founder); Bridgend and Brigham, villages in -different parts of Scotland; Brora (bridge river), in Sutherlandshire, -named when bridges were rarities; Trowbridge, however, did not get -its name from this root, but is a corrupt. of its ancient name, -<i>Trutha-burh</i> (the loyal town).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BRÜEL</span> (Teut.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BRÜHL</span>,</div> - -<p>a marshy place, overgrown with brushwood, cognate with the French -<i>breuil</i> and <i>bruyère</i> (a thicket), the Welsh <i>pryskle</i>, -and the Breton <i>brügek</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Bruel, Bruhl, and Priel, in -Germany; Bruyères,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[32]</span> Broglie, and Brouilly (the thicket), in France; -also Breuil, Bruel, Breuillet, Le Brulet, etc., with the same meaning, -or sometimes a park. St. Denis du Behellan, in Eure, was formerly -<i>Bruellant</i>, <i>i.e.</i> the <i>breuil</i> or park of Herland.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BRUNN</span>, <span class="allsmcap">BRUNNEN</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BRONGA</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>a well, especially a mineral well; <i>e.g.</i> Heilbroun (holy well); -Frau-brunnen, Lat. <i>Fons-beatæ-Virginis</i> (the well of Our Lady); -Brunn-am-Gebirge (the well at the hill-ridge); Haupt-brun (well-head); -Lauter-brunnen (clear well); Salz-brunn, Warm-brunn, Schoen-brunn, -Kaltenbrunn (the salt, hot, beautiful, cold, mineral wells); -Baldersbrunnen, Baldersbrond (the well of the Teutonic god Balder); -Cobern, corrupt. from <i>Cobrunnen</i> (the cow’s well); Paderborn (the -well or source of the R. Pader), in Germany. In the north of France, -and in the departments bordering on Germany, we find traces of this -German word; <i>e.g.</i> Mittel-broun (middle well); Walsch-broun -(foreign well); Belle-brune (beautiful well); Stein-brunn (stony well), -etc.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BRYN</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>a hill-ridge; <i>bron</i> (a round hill); <i>e.g.</i> Brincroes, -Brin-eglwys, Bron-llys (the cross, church, palace, on the hill); -Bryn-gwynn (fair hill); Brynn-uchil (high hill); Bron-Fraidd -(St. Bridget’s hill); Brown-Willy, in Cornwall, corrupt. from -<i>Bryn-huel</i> (the tin mine ridge); Brindon-hill, in Somerset -(merely the hill), with synonymous word <i>dun</i> added to -<i>Bryn</i>; and Brandon, in Suffolk, with the same meaning; Bryn-mawr -(the great hill), in Wales; Bron-gwyn (white hill); Bryn-y-cloddian -(the hill of fences, <i>clawd</i>), so called from its strong -fortifications; Bryn-Barlwm (the bare-topped mountain); Bryn-Gwyddon -(the hill of Gwyddon, a mythological philosopher); Bryn-kinallt (a -mountain without trees); Bryn-berian (the kite’s hill, <i>beri</i>, -a kite); Bryn-bo, with the same meaning, <i>boda</i> in Wales; -Bryn-chwarew (the hill of sports); here the ancient inhabitants -of Wales used to meet to play different games in competition; -Brienne-la-château (the castle on the hill), in France; Brientz, -in Switzerland, on the Brienz See (a lake surrounded by hills); -Brendenkopf (hill-head), and the Brennen Alps, the culminating points -in the mountains of Tyrol.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[33]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BUCHE</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BOC</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BOG</span> (Scand.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BUK</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>the beech-tree; <i>e.g.</i> Buch-au, Buch-berg, Buch-egg (the meadow, -hill, corner of the beeches); Buchholtz and Bochholt (beech-wood); -Bockum, Bucheim (beech-dwelling); Butchowitz (the place of beeches), -in Moravia; Bochnia and Buchowina (with the same meaning), in Poland; -Bickleigh (beech-meadow). But Bocking in Essex, and the county of -Buckingham, as well as Bouquinheim in Artois, and Bochingen in -Wurtemberg, were named from the Bocingas (a tribe), probably the -dwellers among beeches.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BUDA</span>, <span class="allsmcap">BUS</span> (Sclav.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BWTH</span>, <span class="allsmcap">BOTH</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BOD</span> (Cym.-Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BUDE</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BOTHY</span> (Scotch),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BOT</span> (Brez.),</div> - -<p>a hut or dwelling; <i>e.g.</i> Budin, Budzin, Bautzen, or Budissen -(the huts); Budweis (the district of hut villages), in Bohemia; -Budzow, Botzen (the place of huts); Briebus (birch-tree dwelling); -Trebus and Triebus (the three dwellings); Putbus (under the hut); -Dobberbus (good dwelling, <i>dobry</i>, good); but Buda, in Hungary, -took its name from Buda, the brother of Attila, as well as Bud-var -and Bud-falva (Buda’s fort and village). The island of Bute, in the -Firth of Clyde, is said to have derived its name from the <i>bwth</i> -or cell of St. Brandon, but its earlier name was Rothsay, from a -descendant of Simon Brek (<i>i.e.</i> Rother’s Isle), while its Gaelic -name is <i>Baile-Mhoide</i> (the dwelling of the court of justice); -Bothwell, anc. <i>Both-uill</i> (the dwelling on the angle of the -R. Clyde). In Ireland we meet with Shanboe, Shanbogh (the old hut, -<i>sean</i>); Raphae, in Donegal, is <i>Rath-both</i> (the fort of the -huts); Bodoney, in Tyrone, is <i>Both-domhnaigh</i> (the tent of the -church); Knockboha (the hill of the hut); Bodmin, in Cornwall, anc. -<i>Bodmanna</i>, p. 27 (the abode of monks, the site of an ancient -priory); Merfod, corrupt. from <i>Meudwy-bod</i> (the dwelling of a -hermit); Bodysgallen (the abode of the thistle, <i>ysgallen</i>); and -Bod-Ederyryn (Edryn’s dwelling). In Lancashire the word takes the form -of <i>booth</i>, as in Barrowford booth and Oakenhead booth, etc.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BÜHIL</span>, <span class="allsmcap">BÜCKEL</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a hill; <i>e.g.</i> Dombühil (the dwelling on the hill); Grünbühill -(green hill); Eichenbühil (oak hill); Birchenbühil (birch hill); -Holzbühil (wood hill); Dinkelsbühil (wheat hill); Kleinbühil (little -hill).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[34]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BÜHNE</span>, <span class="allsmcap">BÖHEN</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a scaffold, sometimes in topography a hill; <i>e.g.</i> Hartböhen (wood -hill); Bündorf (hill village); Osterbeuna (east hill).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BUN</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>the foot, in topography applied to the mouth of a river; e.g. Bunduff -(at the mouth of the dark river, <i>dubh</i>); Bunderan and Bunratty, -the mouth of the R. Dowran and Ratty; Bunowen (at the mouth of the -water). The town of Banff is a corrupt. of <i>Bunaimh</i> (the mouth -of the river); Bunawe (at the opening of Loch Awe); Buness (of the -cascade, <i>cas</i>).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BURG</span>, <span class="allsmcap">BURGH</span> (Teut.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BOROUGH</span>, <span class="allsmcap">BURY</span>,<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BORG</span> (Scand.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BOURG</span> (Fr.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BORGO</span> (It. and Span.),</div> - -<p>a town or city, literally an enclosed and fortified dwelling, from -<i>bergen</i>, Teut. to cover or protect. As these fortified places -were often erected on heights for security, as well as to enable their -inmates to observe the approaches of an enemy, the word <i>berg</i> -(a hill) was frequently used synonymously with <i>burg</i>, as in the -name of Königsberg and other towns—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">BERG</span>. Burgh and -borough are the Anglican forms of the word in England and Scotland, -while <i>bury</i> is distinctively the Saxon form; <i>e.g.</i> -Sudbury (south town), as also Sidbury in Salop, but Sidbury in Devon -takes its name from the R. Sid. Tewkesbury, from Theoc (a certain -hermit); Glastonbury, anc. <i>Glastonia</i> (a district abounding in -woad, <i>glastum</i>); Shaftsbury (the town on the shaft-like hill); -Shrewsbury, anc. <i>Shrobbesbyrig</i> (the fortress among shrubs), -being the Saxon rendering of the native name <i>Pengwerne</i> (the hill -of the alder grove), which the Normans corrupted into Sloppesbury, -hence <i>Salop</i>; Tenbury, on the R. Teme; Canterbury, <i>i.e.</i> -<i>Cant-wara-byrig</i> (the town of the dwellers on the headland), -<i>Cantium</i> or Kent; Wansborough, in Herts; Wanborough, in Surrey -and Wilts; Woodensborough, in Kent; Wednesbury, Stafford; Wembury, -Devon (the town of the Saxon god Woden); Aldeborough, on the R. -Alde; Marlborough, anc. <i>Merlberga</i>, situated at the foot of -a hill of white stones, which our forefathers called <i>marl</i>, -now <i>chalk</i>; Richborough, anc. <i>Ru-tupium</i> (rock town); -Aylesbury, perhaps church town, <i>ecclesia</i>, or from a person’s -name; Badbury (the city of pledges, <i>bad</i>), in Dorset; the Saxon -kings, it is said, kept<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[35]</span> their hostages at this place; Malmesbury, -the town of Maidulf, a hermit; Maryborough, named for Queen Mary. -Burg or burgh, in the names of towns, is often affixed to the name of -the river on which it stands in Britain, as well as on the Continent; -<i>e.g.</i> Lauterburg, Lutterburg, Schwartzburg, Salzburg, Saalburg, -Gottenburg, Rotenburg, and Jedburgh (on the rivers Lauter, Lutter, -Schwarza, Salza, Saale, Gotha, Rothbach, and Jed). Still more -frequently, the prefix is the name of the founder of the town, or of a -saint to whom its church was dedicated; <i>e.g.</i> Edinburgh (Edwin’s -town); Lauenburg, after Henry the Lion; Fraserburgh, in Aberdeenshire, -founded by Sir Alexander Fraser of Philorth in 1570; Peterborough, from -an abbey dedicated to St. Peter; Petersburgh, named by its founder, -Peter the Great; Tasborough, Norfolk, on the R. Thais; Banbury, -anc. <i>Berinburig</i> (Bera’s town); Queenborough, in the Isle of -Sheppey, named by Edward III. in honour of his queen; Helensburgh, -in Dumbartonshire, after the lady of Sir James Colquhoun; Pittsburg, -U.S., after Mr. Pitt; Harrisburg, U.S., after the first settler in -1733; Sumburgh, in Shetland, and Svendborg, Sweden (Sweyn’s fortress); -Oranienburg, in Brandenburg (the fortress of the Orange family); -Bury St. Edmund’s (in memory of Edmund the Martyr); Rabensburg (the -fort of Hrafn, a Dane); Marienburg (the town of the Virgin), founded -by the Grand Master of the Teutonic order in 1274; Rothenburg, in -Prussia, Sclav. <i>Rostarzewo</i> (the town of the Sclav. god Razi); -Duisburg, corrupt. from <i>Tuiscoburgum</i> (the town of the Teut. -god Tuesco); Flensburg, in Sleswick, founded by the knight of Flenes; -Cherbourg, supposed to be Cæsar’s town; Augsburg (the town of the -Emperor Augustus); Salisbury, anc. <i>Searesbyrgg</i> (the town of -Sarum, a chief); Bamborough (the town of Bebba, the Queen of Ida, of -Northumberland); Carrisbrook, corrupt. from <i>Gwïhtgarabyrig</i> (the -fortress of the men of Wight); Amherstburg, in Canada, named in 1780 -after Lord Amherst; Loughborough, anc. <i>Leirburg</i> (the town on the -R. Leir, now the Soar); Hapsburg or Habichtsburg (hawk’s fortress); -Schässburg, Hung. <i>Segevar</i> (treasure fort); Luneburg, in Hanover -(the fort of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[36]</span> Linones, a tribe); Aalburg (Eel-town) on the -Lyme-fiord. There are several towns in Germany named simply Burg (the -fortress), also Burgos in Spain, and Burgo in Italy. As a derivative -from this Teut. root, there is the Irish form of the word, introduced -by the Anglo-Normans—<i>buirghes</i>, Anglicised <i>borris</i> and -<i>burris</i>, as in Borris in Ossory, Burriscarra, Burrishoole -(<i>i.e.</i> the forts erected in the territories of Ossory, Carra, and -Umhal); Borrisokane (O’Keane’s fortress).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BURNE</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BURNE</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a small stream; <i>e.g.</i> Milburn (mill stream); Lambourne (muddy -stream, <i>lam</i>); Radbourne and Redbourne (reedy stream); Sherbourne -(clear stream, or the dividing stream); Cranbourne, Otterbourne (the -stream frequented by cranes and otters); Libourne, in France (the lip -or edge of the stream); Bourne, in Lancashire (on a stream); Burnham -(the dwelling on a stream), in Essex; Melburne, in Yorkshire, in -Doomsday <i>Middelburn</i> (middle stream); Auburn, formerly a village -in Yorkshire, called Eleburn or Eelburn; Bannockburn (the stream of the -white knoll); Sittingbourne, in Kent (the settlement on the stream); -Eastbourne, contracted from its former name Easbourne (probably the -stream of the water or the cascade, <i>cas</i>); Ticheburne (the kid’s -stream, <i>ticcen</i>, A.S. a kid).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BUSCH</span>, <span class="allsmcap">BOSCH</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BOSC</span> (A.S.), Low Lat. <i>Boscus</i>,<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BUISSON</span> (Fr.), <span class="allsmcap">BOIS</span>,<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BOSCO</span>, <span class="allsmcap">BOSQUE</span> (Span. and Port.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BOD</span> or <span class="allsmcap">BAD</span> (Celtic),</div> - -<p>a bushy place or grove; <i>e.g.</i> Boscabel (the beautiful grove); -Bushey (a par. Co. Hertford); Buscot (the hut in the grove); Badenoch -(a place overgrown with bushes), in Inverness; Breitenbusch (the -broad grove); Hesel-boschen (hazel grove); Eichbusch (oak grove); -Ooden-bosch (old grove), in Holland; Auberbosc (Albert’s grove), in -France; Stellenbosch, in S. Africa, founded in 1670 by Van der Stelle, -the governor of the Dutch colony; Biesbosch (the reedy thicket), in -Holland; Aubusson (at the grove), France. Boissac, Boissay, Boissière, -Boissey, etc., in France, from the same root; Bois-le-Duc (the duke’s -wood); Briquebosq (birch-wood), in Normandy.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BWLCH</span> (Welsh),</div> - -<p>a pass or defile; <i>e.g.</i> Dwygyflch (<i>i.e.</i> the joint<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[37]</span> -passes), in Wales; Bwlch-newydd (the new pass); Bwlch-y-groes (of the -cross).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BYSTRI</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>swift; <i>e.g.</i> Bistritza, Bistrica, Weistritz (the swift stream); -Bistritz (the town on this river), called by the Germans Neusohl (new -station).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">BY</span>, <span class="allsmcap">BIE</span>,<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BIGGEN-BO</span>,<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">BŒUF</span> (Fr.),</div> - -<p>(Scand.), a dwelling, a town—from <i>biga</i> (Norse), to build. -This word occurs frequently in town names in the N.E. of England -and in some parts of Scotland formerly possessed by the Danes or -Normans; <i>e.g.</i> Derby, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Dearaby</i> (deer town), -formerly called <i>North Worthige</i> (the northern enclosure); its -Celtic name was <i>Durgwent</i> (the white water), from its river; -Whitby (white town), A.S. <i>Streones-heal</i> (treasure-hall, -<i>streone</i>); Selby (holy town); Danby (Dane’s dwelling); Rugby, -anc. <i>Rochberie</i> (the dwelling on the rock, in reference to its -castle); Appleby (the town of apple-trees); Sonderby (southern town); -Ormsby, Lockerby, Thursby, Grimsby, Lewersby (the dwellings of Ormv, -Loki, Ulf, Grimm, Leward); Risby (beech-tree dwelling); Canisby, in -Caithness, and Canoby or Cannonbie, Dumfries (the dwelling of the -canon), or perhaps Canisby is Canute’s dwelling; Haconby (of Haco); -Harrowby, in Doomsday, is <i>Herigerby</i> (the town of the legion), -A.S. <i>herige</i>; Kirby, Moorby, Ashby (church town, moor town, -ash-tree town); Ashby-de-la-Zouch was simply <i>Ascebi</i> or Esseby, -perhaps the town of the <i>Asci</i>, a tribe. It received the addition -to its name from the family of the Zouches, its proprietors. In France: -Daubœuf, for Dalby (vale dwelling); Elbœuf (old dwelling); Quittebœuf -(white dwelling); Quillebœuf (welltown); Lindebœuf (lime-tree town); -Karlby-gamba and Karlby-ny (old and new Charles’ town), in Finland; -Criquebœuf (crooked town).</p> - - -<h3>C</h3> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CAE</span>, <span class="allsmcap">KAE</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>an enclosure; <i>e.g.</i> Ca-wood (wood-enclosure); Cayton (wood town -or hill). This root is frequently used in Welsh names.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CAELC</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">CEALC</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>chalk or lime—cognate with the Lat. <i>calx</i>, Cel. <i>cailc</i>, -<i>sialc</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Challock, Chaldon, Chalfield (chalk<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[38]</span> place, -hill, and field); Chalgrove (the chalk entrenchment, <i>grab</i>); -the Chiltern Hills (the hills in the chalky district, <i>ern</i>); -Chockier, corrupt. from <i>Calchariæ</i> (the lime kilns), in Belgium; -Kelso, anc. <i>Calchou</i> (the chalk <i>heugh</i> or height), so -called from a calcareous cliff at the confluence of the Tweed and -Teviot, now broken down.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CAER</span>, <span class="allsmcap">CADAER</span> (Welsh),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CATHAIR</span>, <span class="allsmcap">CAHER</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">KAER</span>, <span class="allsmcap">KER</span> (Breton),</div> - -<p>an enclosed fortification, a castle, a town, and in Ireland a -circular stone fort; <i>e.g.</i> Caer-leon, anc. <i>Isca-legionem</i> -(the fort of the legion), on the R. Usk;<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> Caerwent, in Monmouth, -anc. <i>Venta-silurum</i> (the fortress in the province of Gwent); -Caerwys (of the assizes, <i>gwys</i>, a summons); Caermarthen, anc. -<i>Maridunum</i> (the fort on the sea-shore); Caernarvon, Welsh -<i>Caer-yn-ar-Fon</i> (the fortress opposite to Mona); Cardigan -(the fortress of Caredig, a chieftain)—Cardigan is called by the -Welsh Aberteifi (the mouth of the R. Teify); Cardiff, on the R. -Taff; Carriden, anc. <i>Caer-aiden</i> or <i>eden</i> (the fort -on the wing), in Linlithgow; Caerphilly (the fort of the trench, -<i>vallum</i>), corrupt. into philly; Cader-Idris (the seat of Idris, -an astronomer); Caer-gyffin (the border fortress); Grongar, corrupt. -from <i>Caer-gron</i> (the circular fortress); Caer-<i>hen</i> or -<i>hun</i>, corrupt. from <i>Caer-Rhun</i>, named from a Welsh prince; -Carlisle, anc. <i>Caergwawl</i> (the fort at the trench); its Latin -name was <i>Luguvallum</i> (the trench of the legion). It was destroyed -by the Danes in 675, and rebuilt by William II. In Mid-Lothian, -Cramond, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Caer-Almond</i>, on the R. Almond; Cathcart, -on the R. Cart, Renfrew; Crail, anc. <i>Carraile</i> (the fort on the -corner, <i>aile</i>), in the S.E. angle of Fife; Caerlaverock (the fort -of Lewarch Ogg), founded in the sixth century; Sanquhar, <i>i.e.</i> -<i>Sean-cathair</i> (old fort); Carmunnock or <i>Carmannoc</i> (the -fort of the monks); Kirkintilloch, corrupt. from <i>Caer-pen-tulach</i> -(the fort at the head of the hill); Cardross (the promontory fort); -Kier, in Scotland, for <i>Caer</i> or <i>Cathair</i>; Carew (the -fortresses), a castle in Wales; Carhaix, in Brittany, <i>i.e.</i> -<i>Ker-Aes</i> (the fortress on the R. Aes—now the Hières). In -Ireland: Caher (the fortress); Cahereen<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[39]</span> (little fortress); Cahergal -(white fort); Cahersiveen, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Cathair-saidbhin</i> -(Sabina’s fort); Carlingford, Irish <i>Caer-linn</i>, <i>fiord</i> -being added by the Danes; its full name is, therefore, the ford of -Caer-linn. It was also called <i>Suamh-ech</i> (the swimming ford of -the horses); Derry-na-Caheragh (the oak grove of the fort); Caer-gwrle -(the fortress of the great legion), <i>i.e.</i> <i>Caer-gawr-lleon</i>, -with reference to the twentieth Roman legion stationed at Chester, or -<i>Caer-gwr-le</i> (the boundary-place in Flintshire).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CALA</span> (Span.),</div> - -<p>a creek or bay—probably derived from <i>Scala</i> (It.), a seaport, -Cel. <i>cala</i> (a harbour), and cognate with the Teut. <i>kille</i>; -<i>e.g.</i> Callao, in S. America; <i>Cale</i>, the ancient name of -Oporto, and probably <i>Calais</i>; Scala (a seaport), in Italy; -Scala-nova (new port), in Turkey; Kiel, in Sleswick, so called from its -fine bay.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CALO</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">KAHL</span> (Ger.), <span class="allsmcap">KAEL</span> (Dut.),</div> - -<p>bald or bare—synonymous with the Lat. <i>calvus</i> and the Fr. -<i>chauve</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Caumont and Chaumont (bald hill), in France; -Kahlenberg, anc. <i>Mons Calvus</i> (bald hill), belonging to a branch -of the Alps called Kahlen Gebirge.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CAM</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CAM</span> (Cym.-Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CAMBUS</span>, </div> - -<p>a creek, crooked; <i>e.g.</i> Rivers Cam, Camon, Camil, Cambad, -Camlin, Cambeck (crooked stream); Kembach, a parish in Fife, so called -from the R. Kem or Kame; Cambusmore (the great creek in Sutherland); -Cambuscarrig, in Ross, near which a Danish prince (Careg) was buried; -Cambuskenneth (the creek of Kenneth, one of the kings of Scotland); -Camelon (on the bend of the water), near Falkirk; Cambuslang (the -church or enclosure, <i>lann</i>, on the bending water), in Lanark; -Cambus, in Clackmannan; Cambusnethan (on the bend of the R. Nethan); -Campsie, anc. <i>Kamsi</i> (the curved water); but Camus, a town in -Forfarshire, is not from this root, but in memory of a Danish general -who was slain in battle near the place; Camlyn (the crooked pool), in -Anglesea; Cambray or Cambrai, in France, anc. <i>Camaracum</i> (on a -bend of the Scheldt); Chambery, in Savoy, anc. <i>Camberiacum</i>, with -the same meaning; Morecambe Bay (the bend of the sea).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[40]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CAMPUS</span> (Lat.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CAMPO</span> (It., Span., and Port.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CHAMP</span> (Fr.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">KAMPF</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a field or plain; <i>e.g.</i> Campania, Campagna, Champagne (the plain -or level land); Féchamp, Lat. <i>Campus-fiscii</i> (the field of -tribute); Chamouni, Lat. <i>Campus-munitus</i> (the fortified field); -Kempen (at the field); Kempten, Lat. <i>Campodunum</i> (the field of -the fortress); Campvere (the ferry leading to Campen), in Holland; -Campo-bello, Campo-chiaro, Campo-hermoso (beautiful or fair field); -Campo-felici (happy or fortunate field); Campo-frio (cold field); -Campo-freddo (cold field); Campo-largo (broad field); Campillo (little -field); the Campos (vast plains), in Brazil; Capua, supposed to be -synonymous with Campus.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CANNA</span> (Lat. and Grk.),</div> - -<p>a reed; <i>e.g.</i> Cannæ, in Italy; Cannes, in the south of France; -Canneto and Canosa (the reedy place), in Italy.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CAOL</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CAEL</span>,</div> - -<p>a sound or strait; <i>e.g.</i> Caol-Isla, Caol-Muileach (the Straits -of Isla and Mull); the Kyles or <i>Straits</i> of Bute; Eddarachylis -(between the straits), in Sutherlandshire. As an adjective, this word -means narrow; <i>e.g.</i> Glenkeel (narrow glen); Darykeel (narrow oak -grove).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CAPEL</span> (Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">KAPELLE</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a chapel, derived from the Low Lat. <i>capella</i>; <i>e.g.</i> -How-capel (the chapel in the hollow), in Hereford; Capel-Ddewi (St. -David’s chapel); Capel St. Mary and Maria-Kappel (St. Mary’s chapel); -Capel-Garmon (St. Germano’s chapel); Chapelle-au-bois (the chapel in -the wood); Capelle-op-den-Yssel (the chapel on the R. Yessel), in -Holland; Kreuzcappel (the chapel with the cross).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CAPER</span> (Lat.), <span class="allsmcap">CHÈVRE</span> (Fr.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CAPRA</span>, <span class="allsmcap">CABRA</span> (Span., Port., and It.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">GABHAR</span>, and <span class="allsmcap">GOBHAR</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">GAFR</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">GAVAR</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>a goat; <i>e.g.</i> Capri, Caprera, Cabrera (goat island); Chèvreuse, -anc. <i>Capriosa</i> (the place of goats); Chevry, Chevrière, -Chevreville, with the same meaning, in France; Gateshead, in Co. -Durham, Lat. <i>Capræ-caput</i>, perhaps the Latin rendering of the -Saxon word (the head of the <i>gat</i> or passage)—the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[41]</span> <i>Pons -Ælius</i> of the Romans; or, according to another meaning, from the -custom of erecting the head of some animal on a post as a tribal -emblem. In Ireland, Glengower (the glen of the goats), and Glengower, -in Scotland; Ballynagore (goat’s town), in Ireland; Gowrie and Gower, -in several counties of Scotland; Ardgower (goat’s height); Carnan-gour -(the goat’s crag).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CAR</span> (Cel.),</div> - -<p>crooked or bending; <i>e.g.</i> the Rivers Carron, in several parts -of Scotland; Charente and Charenton, in France; also the Cher, anc. -<i>Carus</i> (the winding river).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CARN</span>, <span class="allsmcap">CAIRN</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CARN</span> (Welsh),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CARNEDD</span>, a heap of stones, such as was erected by -the ancient Britons over the graves of their great men; <i>e.g.</i> -Carn-Ingli (the cairn of the English); Carn-Twrne (the cairn of the -turnings). It was named from a stupendous monument which stood on three -pillars, within a circuit of upright stones.</div> - -<p>a heap of stones thrown together in a conical form, also a rocky -mount; <i>e.g.</i> Carnac (abounding in cairns), in Brittany; Carnmore -(great cairn); Carnock (the hill of the cairn); Carntoul, Gael. -<i>Carn-t-sabhal</i> (the cairn of the barn); Carntaggart (of the -priest); Carnrigh (of the king); Cairndow, Cairnglass, Cairngorm (the -black, the gray, the blue mountains); Cairnan and Cairnie (little -cairn); Carnwath (the cairn at the ford); Carnoustie (the cairn of -heroes); Carnbee (the birch cairn), in Scotland. In Ireland: Carntochar -(the hill of the causeway); Carn-Tierno (Tigernach’s cairn); Carnbane -(white cairn); Carnsore Point, in Irish being simply the <i>carn</i> -or monumental heap, <i>ore</i> (a promontory) having been added by the -Danes; Carnteel, Irish <i>Carn-t-Siadhal</i> (Shiel’s monument). In -Wales: Carn-Dafydd (David’s cairn); Carn-Llewelyn (Llewelyn’s cairn); -Carnfach (little cairn), in Monmouth; Fettercairn, perhaps the deer’s -cairn, Gael. <i>feidh</i> (deers); Chirnside (the side or site of the -cairn), on one of the Lammermuir Hills; Carnoch (abounding in cairns), -a parish in Fife; Boharm, in Banffshire, anc. <i>Bocharin</i> (the bow -about the cairn). The countries of Carniola and Carinthia probably -derived their names from this Celtic root.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[42]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CARRAIG</span>, <span class="allsmcap">CARRICK</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CRAG</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">CARREG</span> (Welsh),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CARRAG</span> (Cornish),</div> - -<p>a rock. The words are usually applied to large natural rocks, more or -less elevated. Carrick and Carrig are the names of numerous districts -in Ireland, as well as Carrick in Ayrshire; Carrigafoyle (the rock -of the hole, <i>phoill</i>), in the Shannon; Carrickaness (of the -waterfall); Ballynacarrick (the town of the rocks); Carrigallen, Irish -<i>Carraig-aluinn</i> (the beautiful rock); Carrickanoran (the rock of -the spring, <i>uaran</i>); Carrickfergus (Fergus’s rock), where one -Fergus was drowned; Carrick-on-Suir (on the R. Suir); Carriga-howly, -Irish <i>Carraig-an-chobhlaigh</i> (the rock of the fleet); Carrickduff -(black rock); Carrigeen and Cargan (little rock); Carragh (rocky -ground); but Carrick-on-Shannon is not derived from this root—its -ancient name was <i>Caradh-droma-ruise</i> (the weir of the marsh -ridge); Cerrig-y-Druidion (the rock of the Druids), in Wales.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CARSE</span>,</div> - -<p>a term applied in Scotland to low grounds on the banks of rivers; -<i>e.g.</i> the Carse of Gowrie, Falkirk, Stirling, etc.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CASA</span> (It. and <i>bas</i> Lat.),</div> - -<p>a house; <i>e.g.</i> Casa-Nova and Casa-Vecchia (new and old house), -in Corsica; Casal, Les Casals, Chaise, Les Chaises (the house and the -houses), in France; Chassepiare (corrupt. from <i>Casa-petrea</i> -(stone house), in Belgium.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CASTEL</span>, <span class="allsmcap">CHATEAU</span>,<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CASTELLO</span>, <span class="allsmcap">CASTILLO</span>,<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CASTELL</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>words in the Romance languages derived from the Lat. <i>castellum</i> -(a castle). <i>Caiseal</i>, in the Irish language, either cognate -with the Lat. word or derived from it, has the same meaning, and is -commonly met with in that country under the form of <i>Cashel</i>; -<i>e.g.</i> Cashel, in Tipperary; Cashelfean and Cashelnavean (the fort -of the Fenians); <i>Caislean-n’h-Oghmaighe</i>, now Omagh (the castle -of the beautiful field). It is often changed into the English castle, -as in Ballycastle, in Mayo (the town of the fort); but Ballycastle, -in Antrim, was named from a modern castle, not from a <i>caiseal</i> -or fort; Castle-Dargan (of Lough Dargan); Castlebar, Irish -<i>Caislean-an-Bharraigh</i> (the fort of the Barrys); Castle-Dillon, -Castle-Dermot, and Castle-Kieran were renamed from castles erected -near the hermitages of the monks whose names they bear. Castel,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[43]</span> Lat. -<i>Castellum</i> (the capital of the Electorate of Hesse-Cassel); -Castel Rodrigo (Roderick’s castle), in Portugal; Castel-Lamare (by the -sea-shore); Castel-bianco (white castle); Castel del piano (of the -plain); Castiglione (little castle), in Italy. In France: Castelnau -(new castle); Castelnaudary, anc. <i>Castrum-novum-Arianiorum</i> -(the new castle of the Arians, <i>i.e.</i> the Goths); Chateaubriant, -<i>i.e.</i> <i>Chateau-du-Bryn</i> (the king’s castle); Chateau-Chinon -(the castle decorated with dogs’ heads); Chateau-Gontier (Gontier’s -castle); Chateaulin (the castle on the pool); Chateau-vilain (ugly -castle); Chateau-roux, anc. <i>Castrum-Rodolphi</i> (Rodolph’s castle); -Chatelandrew (the castle of Andrew of Brittany); Chateaumeillant, -anc. <i>Castrum-Mediolanum</i> (the castle in the middle of the plain -or land, <i>lann</i>); Neufchatel (new castle); Newcastle-upon-Tyne, -named from a castle built by Robert, Duke of Normandy, on the site of -Monkchester; Newcastle-under-Line, <i>i.e.</i> under the <i>lyme</i> -or boundary of the palatinate of Chester, having its origin in -a fortress erected by Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, instead of the -old fort of Chesterton; Castleton, in Man, is the translation of -<i>Ballycashel</i> (castle dwelling), founded by one of the kings of -the island; Bewcastle (the castle of Buith, lord of Gilsland); Old and -New Castile, in Spain, so named from the numerous fortresses erected -by Alphonso I. as defences against the Moors. Cassel, in Prussia, -and various places with this prefix in England and Scotland, owe the -names to ancient castles around which the towns or villages arose, as -Castletown of Braemar, Castle-Douglas, Castle-Rising, etc.; Castlecary, -in Stirlingshire, supposed to be the <i>Coria Damnorum</i> of Ptolemy, -and the <i>Caer-cere</i> of Nennius; Barnard Castle, built by Barnard, -the grandfather of Baliol; Castell-Llechryd (the castle at the stone -ford), on the banks of the R. Wye, in Wales; Cestyll-Cynfar (castles in -the air).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CASTER</span>, <span class="allsmcap">CHESTER</span>,<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CEASTER</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>a fortress, city, town, from the Lat. <i>castrum</i> (a fortified -place), and <i>castra</i> (a camp); <i>e.g.</i> Caistor, Castor, -Chester (the site of a Roman fort or camp). The Welsh still called -the city of Chester <i>Caerleon</i>, which means the city called -<i>Legio</i>, often used as a proper name for a city where a Roman -legion<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[44]</span> was stationed; Doncaster, Lancaster, Brancaster, Illchester, -Leicester, Colchester (<i>i.e.</i> the camps on the Rivers Don, -Lune, Bran, Ivel, Legre or Leir, Colne); Alcester, on the Alne; -Chichester (the fortress of Cissa, the Saxon prince of the province); -Cirencester, anc. <i>Corinium-ceaster</i> (the camp on the R. -Churn); Exeter, Cel. <i>Caer-Isc</i> (the fortress on the river or -water, <i>wysk</i>); Towcester, on the R. Towey; Gloucester, Cel. -<i>Caer-glow</i> (the bright fortress); Godmanchester (the fort of the -priest), where Gothrun, the Dane, in the reign of Alfred, embraced -Christianity; Chesterfield and Chester-le-Street (the camp in the -field and the camp on the Roman road, <i>stratum</i>); Winchester, -Cel. <i>Caer-gwent</i> (the camp on the fair plain), p. 38; Dorchester -(the camp of the <i>Durotriges</i> (dwellers by the water); Worcester, -<i>Hwicwara-ceaster</i> (the camp of the Huiccii); Silchester, Cel. -<i>Caer-Segont</i> (the fort of the Segontii); Manchester, probably -the camp at <i>Mancenion</i> (the place of tents), its ancient name; -Rochester, Cel. <i>Durobrivae</i> (the ford of the water), A.S. -<i>Hrofceaster</i>, probably from a proper name; Bicester (the fort of -Biren, a bishop); Alphen, in Holland, anc. <i>Albanium-castra</i> (the -camp of Albanius); Aubagne, in Provence, anc. <i>Castrum-de-Alpibus</i> -(the fortress of the Alps); Champtoceaux, Lat. <i>Castrum-celsum</i> -(lofty fortress); St. Chamond, Lat. <i>Castrum-Anemundi</i> (the -fortress of Ennemond); Chalus, Lat. <i>Castrum-Lucius</i> (the -fortress by Lucius Capriolus, in the reign of Augustus); Passau, in -Bavaria, Lat. <i>Batavia-Castra</i> (the Batavians’ camp), corrupted -first to <i>Patavium</i> and then to Passau; La Chartre, Chartre, and -Chartres (the place of the camps), in France; Chartre-sur-Loire, Lat. -<i>Carcer-Castellum</i> (the castle prison or stronghold); Castril, -Castrillo (little fortress); Castro-Jeriz (Cæsar’s camp); Ojacastro -(the camp on the R. Oja), in Spain.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CAVAN</span>, <span class="allsmcap">CABHAN</span> (Irish),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CAVA</span>, <span class="allsmcap">LA</span> (It.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CUEVA</span> (Span.), a cave,<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">COFA</span> (A.S.), a cove,</div> - -<p>a hollow place, cognate with the Lat. <i>cavea</i> or <i>cavus</i>; -<i>e.g.</i> Cavan (the hollow), the cap. of Co. Cavan, and many other -places from this root in Ireland. <i>Cavan</i>, however, in some parts -of Ireland, signifies a round hill, as in Cavanacaw (the round hill -of the chaff, <i>catha</i>); Cavanagh (the hilly place);<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[45]</span> Cavanalick -(the hill of the flagstone); Covehithe, in Suffolk (the harbour of the -recess); Runcorn, in Cheshire, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Rum-cofan</i> (the wide -cove or inlet); Cowes (the coves), in the Isle of Wight; La Cava, in -Naples; Cuevas-de-Vera (the caves of Vera); Cuevas-del-Valle (of the -valley), in Spain.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CEALD</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">KALT</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">KOUD</span> (Dut.),</div> - -<p>cold; <i>e.g.</i> Caldicott, Calthorpe, Calthwaite (cold dwelling); -Koudhuizon, Koudaim, with the same meaning; Caldbeck, Kalbach, -Kallenbach (cold stream); Kaltenherberg (cold shelter); Calvorde (cold -ford); Kaltenkirchen (cold church); Colwell (cold well).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CEANN</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a head, a point or promontory—in topography <i>kin</i> or <i>ken</i>; -<i>e.g.</i> Kinnaird’s Head (the point of the high headland); -Kintyre or Cantire (the head of the land, <i>tir</i>); Kenmore (the -great point), at the head of Loch Tay; Kinloch (the head of the -lake); Kincraigie (of the little rock); Kinkell (the head church, -<i>cill</i>); Kendrochet (bridge end); Kinaldie and Kinalty (the -head of the dark stream, <i>allt-dubh</i>); Kingussie (the head of -the fir-wood, <i>guith-saith</i>); Kinnaird (the high headland), the -name of a parish in Fife and a village in Stirling. Kinross may mean -the point (<i>ros</i>) at the head of Loch Leven, with reference to -the <i>town</i> or with reference to the <i>county</i>, which in -early times formed part of the large district called the <i>Kingdom -of Fife</i>, anciently called <i>Ross</i>; and in this sense it may -mean either the head of the promontory or of the wood, both of which -are in Celtic <i>ros</i>. The ancient name of Fife, <i>Ross</i>, was -changed into Fife in honour of Duff, Earl of Fife, to whom it was -granted by Kenneth II., and in 1426 Kinross was separated from it, or, -according to Nennius, from <i>Feb</i>, the son of Cruidne, ancestor -of the Picts. Kintore (the head of the hill, <i>tor</i>); Kinneil, -<i>i.e.</i> <i>Ceann-fhail</i> (the head of the wall), <i>i.e.</i> -of Agricola; Kinell, Kinellar (the head of the knoll); King-Edward, -corrupt. from <i>Kinedur</i> (the head of the water, <i>dur</i>); -Kinghorn, from <i>Ceann-cearn</i> (corner headland)—Wester Kinghorn is -now Burntisland; Kingarth, in Bute, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Ceann-garbh</i> (the -rough or stormy headland); Kinnoul (the head of the rock, <i>ail</i>); -Kintail (the head of the flood, <i>tuil</i>), <i>i.e.</i> of the two -salt-water lakes in Ross-shire;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[46]</span> Boleskine (the summit of the furious -cascade, <i>boil cas</i>), <i>i.e.</i> of Foyers, in Inverness-shire; -Kinmundy, in Aberdeenshire, corrupt. from <i>Kinmunny</i> (the head -of the moss, <i>moine</i>); Kinglassie, in Fife, was named after St. -Glass or Glasianus); Kenoway, Gael. <i>ceann-nan-uamh</i> (the head of -the den); Kent, Lat. <i>Cantium</i> (the country of the <i>Cantii</i>, -or dwellers at the headland). In Ireland: Kenmare in Kerry, Kinvarra -in Galway, and Kinsale in Cork, mean the head of the sea, <i>i.e.</i> -<i>ceann-mara</i> and <i>ceann-saile</i> (salt water), the highest -point reached by the tide; Kincon (the dog’s headland); Kinturk (of -the boar); Slyne Head, in Ireland, is in Irish <i>Ceann-leime</i> -(the head of the leap), and Loop Head is <i>Leim-Chonchuillinn</i> -(Cuchullin’s leap); Cintra, in Portugal, may mean the head of the -strand, <i>traigh</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CEFN</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>a ridge, cognate with the Grk. κεφαλη, a head; <i>e.g.</i> the -Cevennes, the Cheviots; Cefn-Llys (palace ridge); Cefn-bryn (hill -ridge); Cefn-coed (wood ridge); Cefn-coch (red ridge); Cefn-y-Fan (the -hill ridge); Cefn-Rhestyn (the row of ridges); Cefn-cyn-warchan (the -watch-tower ridge); Cemmaes (the ridge of the plain), in Wales; Cefalu -(on the headland), in Sicily; Chevin Hill, near Derby; Chevin (a high -cliff), in Yorkshire; Cephalonia (the island of headlands), also called -<i>Samos</i> (lofty); Cynocephale (the dog’s headland), in Thessaly.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CEOL</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">KIELLE</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>a ship; <i>e.g.</i> Keal and Keelby, in Lincoln (ship station); -Ceolescumb, Ceolëswyrth, Ceolseig, and perhaps Kiel, in Denmark; -Chelsea, <i>i.e.</i> Ceolesig, on the Thames.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CEORL</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>a husbandman; <i>e.g.</i> Charlton (the husbandman’s dwelling); -Charlinch (the husbandman’s island), formerly insulated.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CEOSEL</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>sand, gravel; <i>e.g.</i> Chesil (the sand-hill), in Dorset; -Chiselhurst (the thicket at the sand-bank); Chiseldon (sand-hill); -Chiselborough (the fort at the sand-bank); Winchelsea, corrupt. from -<i>Gwent-ceoseley</i> (the sand-bank on the fair plain, <i>gwent</i>), -or, according to another etymology, named after Wincheling, the son of -Cissa, the first king of the South Saxons; Chiswick (sandy bay), on the -Thames.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CERRIG</span> (Welsh),</div> - -<p>a heap of stones; <i>e.g.</i> Cerrig-y-Druidion (the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[47]</span> Druids’ stones); -Cerrig-y-Pryfaed (the crag of the teachers), probably the Druids, in -Wales.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CHEP</span>, <span class="allsmcap">CHEAP</span>, <span class="allsmcap">CHIPPING</span> (Teut.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">KIOPING</span>, <span class="allsmcap">KIOBING</span>,</div> - -<p>a place of merchandise, from A.S. <i>ceapan</i>, Ger. <i>kaufen</i> (to -buy); <i>e.g.</i> Chepstow, Chippenham, Cheapside (the market-place -or town); Chipping-Norton and Chipping-Sodbury (the north and south -market-town); Chippinghurst (the market at the wood or thicket); -Copenhagen, Dan. <i>Kioben-havn</i> (the haven for merchandise); -Lidkioping (the market-place on the R. Lid); Linkioping, anc. -<i>Longakopungar</i> (long market-town), in Sweden; Arroeskiœbing -(the market-place in the island of Arroe); Nykoping, in Funen, and -Nykjobing, in Falster, Denmark (new market-place). The Copeland -Islands on the Irish coast (the islands of merchandise), probably used -as a storehouse by the Danish invaders; Copmansthorpe (the village -of traders), in Yorkshire; Nordköping (north market), in Sweden; -Kaufbeuren (market-place), in Bavaria; Sydenham, in Kent, formerly -Cypenham (market-place).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CHLUM</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>a hill, cognate with the Lat. <i>culmen</i>, transposed by the Germans -into <i>kulm</i> and sometimes into <i>golm</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Kulm, -in W. Prussia (a town on a hill); Kulm, on the R. Saale; Chlumek, -Chlumetz, Golmitz, Golmüz (the little hill).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CILL</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CELL</span> (Cym.-Cel.), from<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CELLA</span> (Lat.), and in the Provence languages,<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CELLA</span>, <span class="allsmcap">CELLULE</span>,</div> - -<p>a cell, a burying-ground, a church; in Celtic topography, <i>kil</i> or -<i>kel</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Kilbride (the cell or church of St. Bridget), -frequent in Ireland and Scotland; Kildonan (of St. Donan); Kilkerran -(of St. Kieran); Kilpeter (of St. Peter); Kilcattan (of St. Chattan); -Kilmichael, Kilmarnock, Kilmarten, Kelpatrick, Kilbrandon (the churches -dedicated to St. Michael, St. Marnock, St. Martin, St. Patrick, -St. Brandon); Kilmaurs, Kilmorick, Kilmurry (St. Mary’s church); I -Columkil or Iona (the island of Columba’s church); Kilwinning (St. -Vimen’s church); Kilkenny (of St. Canice); Kilbeggan, in Ireland, and -Kilbucho, in Peeblesshire (the church of St. Bega); Kil-Fillan (of St. -Fillan); Killaloe, anc. <i>Cill-Dalua</i> (the church of St. Dalua);<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[48]</span> -Killarney, Irish <i>Cill-airneadh</i> (the church of the sloes)—the -ancient name of the lake was Lough Leane, from a famous artificer -who lived on its shores; Killin, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Cill-Fhinn</i> -(the burying-ground of Finn, which is still pointed out); Kilmany -(the church on the mossy ground, <i>moine</i>); Kilmelfort, Cel. -<i>Cill-na-maol-phort</i> (the church on the bald haven); Kilmore -generally means the great church, but Kilmore, Co. Cork, is from -<i>Coillmhor</i> (great wood), and in many places in Ireland and -Scotland it is difficult to determine whether the root of the names -is <i>cill</i> or <i>coill</i>; Kildare, from <i>Cill-dara</i> (the -cell of the oak blessed by St. Bridget); Kilmun, in Argyleshire, -is named from St. Munna, one of St. Columba’s companions; Kilrush, -Co. Clare (the church of the promontory or of the wood); Kells (the -cells) is the name of several places in Ireland, and of a parish -in Dumfries; but Kells, in Meath and Kilkenny, is a contraction of -the ancient name <i>Ceann-lios</i> (the head, <i>lis</i>, or fort); -Closeburn, in Dumfries, is a corrupt. of <i>Cella-Osburni</i> (the -cell of St. Osburn); Bischofzell and Appenzell (the church of the -bishop and of the abbot); Maria-Zell (of St. Mary); Kupferzell, -Jaxt-zell, Zella-am-Hallbach, Zell-am-Harmarsbach (the churches on the -rivers Kupfer, Jaxt, Hallbach, and Harmarsbach); Zell-am-Moss (the -church on the moor); Zell-am-See (on the lake); Zella St. Blasii (of -St. Blaise); Sabloncieux, in France, anc. <i>Sabloncellis</i> (the -cells on the sandy place); but in France <i>La Selle</i> and <i>Les -Selles</i> are often used instead of <i>cella</i> or <i>cellules</i>, -as in Selle-St.-Cloud for <i>Cella-Sanct.-Clotoaldi</i> (the church -dedicated to this saint); Selle-sur-Nahon, anc. <i>Cellula</i> (little -church); Kilconquhar, in Fife (the church of St. Conchobar or Connor); -Kilbernie, in Ayrshire (the church of Berinus, a bishop); Kilspindie -(of St. Pensadius); Kilblane and Kilcolmkill, in Kintyre (of St. -Blane and St. Columba); Kilrenny (of St. Irenaeus); Kilchrenan, in -Argyleshire (the burying-place of St. Chrenan, the tutelary saint of -the parish).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CITTÀ</span>, <span class="allsmcap">CIVITA</span> (It.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CIUDAD</span>, <span class="allsmcap">CIDADE</span> (Sp. and Port.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CIOTAT</span> (Fr.),</div> - -<p>a city or borough, derived from the Lat. <i>civitas</i>; <i>e.g.</i> -Cittadella and Civitella (little city); Città di Castello (castellated<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[49]</span> -city); Città-Vecchia (old city), in Malta; Civita Vecchia (old city), -in Central Italy, formerly named <i>Centum-cellæ</i> (the hundred -apartments), from a palace of the Emperor Trajan; Civita-de-Penné (the -city of the summit), in Naples; Cividad-della-Trinidad (the city of the -Holy Trinity); Ciudad-Rodrigo (Roderick’s city); Ciudad-Reäl (royal -city); Ciudad-de-Gracias (the city of grace), in Spain; Ciudadella -(little city), in Minorca.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CLACH</span>, <span class="allsmcap">CLOCH</span>, <span class="allsmcap">CLOUGH</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a stone; <i>e.g.</i> Clach-breac (the speckled stone); Clach-an-Oban -(the stone of the little bay); Clach-na-darrach (the stone of the -oak grove); Clachach (a stony place). The word clachan, in Scotland, -was originally applied to a circle of stones where the Pagan rites -of worship were wont to be celebrated; and, after the introduction -of Christianity, houses and churches were erected near these spots, -and thus clachan came to mean a hamlet; and, at the present day, the -expression used in asking a person if he is going to church is—“<i>Am -bheil-thu’dol do’n clachan?</i>” (<i>i.e.</i> “Are you going to the -stones?”) There is the Clachan of Aberfoyle in Perthshire; and in -Blair-Athole there is a large stone called <i>Clach n’iobairt</i> -(the stone of sacrifice). In Skye there is <i>Clach-na-h-Annat</i> -(the stone of Annat, the goddess of victory); and those remarkable -Druidical remains, called rocking-stones, are termed in Gaelic -<i>Clach-bhraeth</i> (the stone of knowledge), having been apparently -used for divination. There are others called <i>Clach-na-greine</i> -(the stone of the sun), and <i>Clach-an-t-sagairt</i> (of the priest). -The village of Clackmannan was originally <i>Clachan-Mannan</i>, -<i>i.e.</i> the stone circle or hamlet of the district anciently called -<i>Mannan</i>. In Ireland this root-word commonly takes the form of -<i>clogh</i> or <i>clough</i>, as in Cloghbally, Cloghvally (stony -dwelling); Clogher (the stony land); Clomony (the stony shrubbery); -Clorusk (the stony marsh); Cloichin, Cloghan, Clogheen (land full of -little stones); but the word clochan is also applied to stepping-stones -across a river, as in <i>Clochan-na-bh Fomharaigh</i> (the -stepping-stones of the Fomarians, <i>i.e.</i> the Giant’s Causeway); -Cloghereen (the little stony place); Ballycloch and Ballenaclogh (the -town of the stones); Auchnacloy (the field of the stone); Clochfin (the -white<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[50]</span> stone); Clonakilty, corrupt. from <i>Clough-na-Kiltey</i> (the -stone house of the O’Keelys).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CLAR</span>, <span class="allsmcap">CLARAGH</span> (Irish),</div> - -<p>a board, a plain, a flat piece of land; Clare is the name of several -places in different counties of Ireland, sometimes softened to -<i>Clara</i>. County Clare is said to have derived its name from a -plank placed across the R. Fergus, at the village of Clare. Ballyclare, -Ballinclare (the town of the plain); Clarbane (white plain); Clarderry -(level oak grove); Clarchoill (level wood); Clareen (little plain).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CLAWDD</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>a dyke or embankment; <i>e.g.</i> Clawdd-Offa (Offa’s Dyke).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CLEFF</span> (A.S.), <i>cleof</i> and <i>clyf</i>,<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">KLIPPE</span> (Ger. and Scand.),</div> - -<p>a steep bank or rock, cognate with the Lat. <i>clivus</i> (a slope); -Clive, Cleave, Clee (the cliff); Clifton (the town on the cliff); -Clifdon (cliff hill); Clifford (the ford near the cliff); Hatcliffe -and Hockcliffe (high cliff); Cleveland (rocky land), in Yorkshire; -Cleves (the town on the slope), Rhenish Prussia; Radcliffe (red -cliff); Silberklippen (at the silver cliff); Horncliff (corner -cliff); Undercliff (between the cliff and the sea), in Isle of Wight; -Clitheroe (the cliff near the water), in Lancashire; Lillies-leaf, in -Roxburghshire, a corrupt. of <i>Lille’s-cliva</i> (the cliff of Lilly -or Lille).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CLERE</span> (Anglo-Norman),</div> - -<p>a royal or episcopal residence, sometimes a manor; <i>e.g.</i> -King’s-clere, Co. Hants, so called because the Saxon kings had a palace -there; Burg-clere (where the bishops of Winchester resided), High-clere.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CLUAN</span>, <span class="allsmcap">CLOON</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a fertile piece of land, surrounded by a bog on one side and water -on the other, hence a meadow; <i>e.g.</i> Clunie, Cluny, Clunes, -Clones (the meadow pastures). These fertile pastures, as well as small -islands, were the favourite spots chosen by the monks in Ireland and -Scotland as places of retirement, and became eventually the sites of -monasteries and abbeys, although at first the names of these meadows, -in many instances, had no connection with a religious institution—thus -Clones, Co. Monaghan, was <i>Cluain-Eois</i> (the meadow of Eos, -probably a Pagan chief), before it became a Christian settlement; -Clonard, in Meath, where the celebrated St. Finian had his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[51]</span> school, -in the sixth century, was <i>Cluain-Eraird</i> (Erard’s meadow). In -some instances Clonard may mean the high meadow; Clonmel (the meadow -of honey); Clonfert (of the grave); Clontarf and Clontarbh (the bull’s -pasture); Clonbeg and Cloneen (little meadow); Clonkeen (beautiful -meadow); Cluainte and Cloonty (the meadows); Cloonta-killen (the -meadows of the wood)—<i>v.</i> Joyce’s <i>Irish Names of Places</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CNOC</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">KNWC</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>a knoll, hill, or mound; <i>e.g.</i> Knock, a hill in Banff; Knockbrack -(the spotted knoll); Knockbane, Knockdoo, Knockglass (the white, black, -and gray hill); Carnock (cairn hill); Knockea, Irish <i>Cnoc-Aedha</i> -(Hugh’s hill); Knocklayd, Co. Antrim, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Cnoc-leithid</i> -(broad hill); Knockan, Knockeen (little hill); Knockmoyle (bald hill); -Knocknagaul (the hill of the strangers); Knockrath (of the fort); -Knockshanbally (of the old town); Knocktaggart (of the priest); -Knockatober (of the well); Knockalough (of the lake); Knockanure (of -the yew); Knockaderry (of the oak-wood); Knockane (little hill), Co. -Kerry; Knockandow (little black hill), Elgin; Knockreagh, Knockroe, -Knockgorm (the gray, red, blue hill); Knockacullion (the hill of -the holly); Knockranny (ferny hill); Knockagh (the hilly place); -Knockfirinne (the hill of truth), a noted fairy hill, Co. Limerick, -which serves as a weather-glass to the people of the neighbouring -plains; Ballynock (the town of the hill); Baldernock (the dwelling -at the Druid’s hill), Co. Stirling; Knwc-y Dinas (the hill of the -fortress), in Cardigan.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">COCH</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>red</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">COED</span> (Cym.-Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">COID</span>, this word was -variously written Coit, Coat, or Cuitgoed. In Cornwall it is found -in Penquite (the head of the wood); Pencoed, with the same meaning, -in Wales; Argoed (upon the wood), in Wales; Goedmore (great wood), -in Wales; Coed-llai (short wood); Glascoed (green wood), in Wales; -Caldecot, corrupt. from <i>Cil-y-coed</i> (the woody retreat), in -Wales; Coedglasen, corrupt. from <i>Coed-gleision</i> (green trees).]</div> - -<p>a wood; <i>e.g.</i> Coed-Arthur (Arthur’s wood); Coedcymmer (the wood -of the confluence); Catmoss and Chatmoss (the wood moss); Coitmore -(great wood); Selwood, anc. <i>Coitmaur</i> (great wood); Catlow -(wood hill); Cotswold (wood hill), the Saxon <i>wold</i> having been -added to the Cel. <i>coed</i>. The forms of this word in Brittany are -<i>Koat</i> or <i>Koad</i>—hence Coetbo, Coetmen, Coetmieux, etc.; -Llwyd-goed (gray wood), in Wales.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[52]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">COGN</span> (Cel.),</div> - -<p>the point of a hill between two valleys, or a tongue of land enclosed -between two watercourses; <i>e.g.</i> Cognat, Cougny, Cognac, Le -Coigné, Coigneur, Coigny, etc., in various parts of France—<i>v.</i> -Cocheris’s <i>Noms de Lieu</i>, Paris.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">COILL</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a wood—in topography it takes the forms of kel, kil, kelly, killy, and -kyle; <i>e.g.</i> Kellymore, and sometimes Kilmore (the great wood); -Kelburn, Kelvin, Kellyburn, and Keltie (the woody stream); Callander, -<i>Coille-an-dar</i> (the oak-wood); Cuilty, Quilty, Kilty (the woods); -Kilton (the town in the wood), in Scotland. In Ireland: Kilbowie -(yellow wood); Kildarroch (the oak-wood); Kilcraig (the wood of the -rock); Kildinny (of the fire)—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">TEINE</span>; Killiegowan -(of the smith); Kilgour (of the goats); Eden-keille (the face of the -wood); Kylebrach (the spotted wood); Kylenasagart (the priest’s wood); -Kailzie (the woody), a parish in Peebles; but Kyle, in Ayrshire, is not -from this root, but was named after a mythic Cymric king; Loughill, -in Co. Limerick, corrupt. from <i>Leamhchoill</i> (the elm-wood); -Barnacullia (the top of the wood), near Dublin; Culleen and Coiltean -(little wood); Kildare, anc. <i>Coill-an-chlair</i> (the wood of the -plain).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">COIRE</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">CUIRE</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a ravine, a hollow, a whirlpool; <i>e.g.</i> Corrie-dow (the dark -ravine); Corrie-garth (the field at the ravine); Corrimony (the -hill, <i>monadh</i>, at the ravine); Corrielea (the gray ravine); -Corrie (the hollow), in Dumfriesshire; Corriebeg (the little hollow); -Corryvrechan whirlpool (Brecan’s cauldron); Corgarf (the rough hollow, -<i>garbh</i>); Corralin (the whirlpool of the cataract)—<i>v.</i> -<span class="allsmcap">LIN</span>; Corriebuie (yellow ravine); Corryuriskin (of the -wild spirit); but <i>Cor</i>, in Ireland, generally signifies a -round hill, as in Corbeagh (birch hill); Corglass (green hill); -Corkeeran (rowan-tree hill); Corog and Correen (little hill); while -<i>Cora</i>, or <i>Coradh</i>, signifies a weir across a river, as in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[53]</span> -Kincora (the head of the weir); Kirriemuir, in Forfar, corrupt. from -<i>Corriemor</i> (the great hollow); Loch Venachoir, in Perthshire, is -the fair hollow or valley—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">FIN</span>, p. 80.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">COL</span>, <span class="allsmcap">COLN</span> (Lat. <i>colonia</i>),</div> - -<p>a colony; <i>e.g.</i> Lincoln, anc. <i>Lindum-colonia</i> (the -colony at Lindum, the hill fort on the pool, <i>linne</i>); Colne -(the colony), in Lancashire; Cologne, Lat. <i>Colonia-Agrippina</i> -(the colony), Ger. <i>Köln</i>. The city was founded by the Ubii 37 -<span class="allsmcap">B.C.</span>, and was at first called <i>Ubiorum-oppidum</i>, but a -colony being planted there in 50 <span class="allsmcap">A.D.</span> by Agrippina, the wife -of the Emperor Claudius, it received her name.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">COMAR</span>, <span class="allsmcap">CUMAR</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CYMMER</span>, <span class="allsmcap">KEMBER</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>a confluence, often found as Cumber or Comber; <i>e.g.</i> Comber, Co. -Down; Cefn-coed-y-cymmer (the wood ridge of the confluence), where -two branches of the R. Taff meet; Cumbernauld, in Dumbarton, Gael. -<i>Comar-n-uilt</i> (the meeting of streams, <i>alt</i>). Cumnock, in -Ayrshire, may have the same meaning, from <i>Cumar</i> and <i>oich</i> -(water), as the streams Lugar and Glasnock meet near the village; -Comrie, in Perthshire, at the confluence of the streams Earn, Ruchill, -and Lednock; Kemper and Quimper (the confluence), and Quimper-lé, or -Kember-leach (the place at the confluence), in Brittany. The words -Condate and Condé, in French topography, seem to be cognate with this -Celtic root, as in Condé, in Normandy (at the meeting of two streams); -Condé, in Belgium (at the confluence of the Scheldt and Hawe); -<i>Condate-Rhedorum</i> (the confluence of the Rhedones, a Celtic -tribe), now Rennes, in Brittany; Coucy, anc. <i>Condiceacum</i> (at the -confluence of the Lette and Oise); Congleton, Co. Chester, was formerly -<i>Condate</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">COMBE</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CWM</span>, <span class="allsmcap">KOMB</span> (Cym.-Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CUM</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a hollow valley between hills, a dingle; <i>e.g.</i> Colcombe (the -valley of the R. Coly); Cwmneath (of the Neath); Compton (the town in -the hollow); Gatcombe (the passage through the valley, <i>gat</i>); -Combs, the hollows in the Mendip hills; Wycombe (the valley of the -Wye); Winchcombe (the corner valley); Wivelscombe and Addiscombe, -probably connected with a personal name;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[54]</span> Ilfracombe (Elfric’s dingle); -Cwmrydol and Cwmdyli, in Wales (the hollow of the Rivers Rydol and -Dyli); Cwm-eigian (the productive ridge); Cwmgilla (the hazel-wood -valley); Cwm-Toyddwr (the valley of two waters), near the conf. of -the Rivers Wye and Elain in Wales; Cwm-gloyn (the valley of the brook -Gloyn); Cwmdu (dark valley); Cwm-Barre (the valley of the R. Barre), in -Wales; Combe St. Nicholas, in Somerset and in Cumberland, named for the -saint; Comb-Basset and Comb-Raleigh, named from the proprietors; Cwm-du -(black dingle); Cwm-bychan (little dingle), in Wales; Corscombe (the -dingle in the bog). In Ireland: Coomnahorna (the valley of the barley); -Lackenacoombe (the hillside of the hollow); Lake Como, in Italy (in the -hollow).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CONFLUENTES</span> (Lat.),</div> - -<p>a flowing together, hence the meeting of waters; <i>e.g.</i> Coblentz, -for <i>Confluentes</i> (at the conf. of the Moselle and Rhine); -Conflans (at the conf. of the Seine and Oise); Confluent, a hamlet -situated at the conf. of the Creuse and Gartempe.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">COP</span> (Welsh),</div> - -<p>a summit; <i>e.g.</i> Cop-yr-Leni (the illuminated hill), so called -from the bonfires formerly kindled on the top.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CORCAGH</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">CURRAGH</span> (Irish),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CORS</span> (Welsh),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CAR</span> (Gael.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">KER</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>a marsh; <i>e.g.</i> Corse (the marsh); Corston, Corsby, Corsenside -(the dwelling or settlement on the marsh); Corscombe (marsh dingle), in -England. In Ireland: Cork, anc. <i>Corcach-mor-Mumham</i> (the great -marsh of Munster); Curkeen, Corcaghan (little marsh); Curragh-more -(great marsh); Currabaha (the marsh of birches). Perhaps Careby and -Carton, in Lincoln, part of the Danish district, may be marsh dwelling.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CORNU</span> (Lat.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">KERNE</span>, <span class="allsmcap">CERYN</span> (Cym.-Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CEARN</span> (Gael.), -</div> - -<p>a horn, a corner—in topography, applied to headlands; <i>e.g.</i> -Corneto (the place on the corner), in Italy; Corné, Cornay, Corneuil, -etc., in France, from this root, or perhaps from <i>Cornus</i> -(the cornel cherry-tree); Cornwall, Cel. <i>Cernyu</i>, Lat. -<i>Cornubiæ</i>, A.S. <i>Cornwallia</i> (the promontory or corner -peopled by the <i>Weales</i>, Welsh, or foreigners); Cornuailles, in -Brittany, with the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[55]</span> same meaning—its Celtic name was <i>Pen-Kernaw</i> -(the head of the corner).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">COTE</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">COITE</span> (Gael.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CWT</span> (Welsh),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">KOTHE</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a hut; <i>e.g.</i> Cottenham, Cottingham, Coatham (the village of -huts); Chatham, A.S. <i>Coteham</i>, with the same meaning; Bramcote -(the hut among broom); Fencotes (the huts in the fen or marsh; Prescot -(priest’s hut); Sculcoates, in Yorkshire, probably from the personal -Scandinavian name <i>Skule</i>; Saltcoats, in Ayrshire (the huts -occupied by the makers of salt, a trade formerly carried on to a great -extent at that place); Kothendorf (the village of huts); Hinter-kothen -(behind the huts), in Germany.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">COTE</span>, <span class="allsmcap">COTTA</span> (Sansc.),</div> - -<p>a fortress; <i>e.g.</i> Chicacotta (little fortress); Gazacotta (the -elephant’s fortress); Jagarcote (bamboo fort); Islamcot (the fort of -the true faith, <i>i.e.</i> of Mahomet); Noa-cote (new fort); Devicotta -(God’s fortress); Palamcotta (the camp fort).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CÔTE</span> (Fr.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">COSTA</span> (Span. and Port.),</div> - -<p>a side or coast; <i>e.g.</i> Côte d’Or (the golden coast), a department -of France, so called from its fertility; Côtes-du-Nord (the Northern -coasts), a department of France; Costa-Rica (rich coast), a state of -Central America.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">COURT</span> (Nor. Fr.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CWRT</span> (Cym.-Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CORTE</span> (It., Span., and Port.),</div> - -<p>a place enclosed, the place occupied by a sovereign, a lordly mansion; -from the Lat. <i>cohors</i>, also <i>cors-cortis</i> (an enclosed -yard), cognate with the Grk. <i>hortos</i>. The Romans called the -castles built by Roman settlers in the provinces <i>cortes</i> or -<i>cortem</i>, thence <i>court</i> became a common affix to the names -of mansions in England and France—thus Hampton Court and Hunton -Court, in England; Leoncourt, Aubigne-court, Honnecourt (the mansion -of Leo, Albinius, and Honulf); Aubercourt (of Albert); Mirecourt, Lat. -<i>Mercurii-curtis</i>, where altars were wont to be dedicated to -Mercury. From the diminutives of this word arose Cortiles, Cortina, -Corticella, Courcelles, etc. The words <i>court</i>, <i>cour</i>, and -<i>corte</i> were also used as equivalent to the Lat. <i>curia</i> (the -place of assembly for the provincial councils)—thus Corte, in Corsica, -where the courts of justice were held; but Corsica itself derived its -name from the Phœnician <i>chorsi</i> (a woody<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[56]</span> place). The Cortes, in -Spain, evidently equivalent to the Lat. <i>curia</i>, gives its name -to several towns in that country; Coire, the capital of the Grisons, -in Switzerland, comes from the anc. <i>Curia Rhætiorum</i> (the place -where the provincial councils of the Rhætians were held); Corbridge, in -Northumberland, is supposed to take its name from a Roman <i>curia</i>, -and perhaps Currie, in East Lothian.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CRAIG</span>, <span class="allsmcap">CARRAIG</span>, <span class="allsmcap">CARRICK</span> -(Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CRAIG</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>a rock; <i>e.g.</i> Craigie, Creich, Crathie, Gael. <i>Creagach</i> -(rocky), parishes in Scotland; Carrick and Carrig, in Ireland (either -the rocks or rocky ground); Carrick-on-Suir (the rock of the R. -Suir)—<i>v.</i> p. 42; Craigengower (the goat’s rock); Craigendarroch -(the rock of the oak-wood); Craigdou (black rock); Craigdearg (red -rock); Craigmore (great rock); Craig-Phadric (St. Patrick’s rock), in -Inverness-shire; Craignish (the rock of the island), the extremity -of which is Ardcraignish; Craignethan (the rock encircled by the R. -Nethan), supposed to be the archetype of Tullietudlem; Craigentinny -(the little rock of the fire)—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">TEINE</span>; Criggan (the -little rock). In Wales, Crick-Howel and Crickadarn (the rock of Howel -and Cadarn); Criccaeth (the narrow hill); Crick, in Derbyshire; Creach, -in Somerset; Critch-hill, Dorset.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CREEK</span> (A.S.), <span class="allsmcap">CRECCA</span>,<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">KREEK</span> (Teut.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CRIQUE</span> (Fr.),</div> - -<p>a small bay; <i>e.g.</i> Cricklade, anc. <i>Creccagelade</i> (the -bay of the stream); Crayford (the ford of the creek); Crique-bœuf, -Crique-by, Crique-tot, Crique-villa (the dwelling on the creek); -Criquiers (the creeks), in France. In America this word signifies a -small stream, as Saltcreek, etc.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CROES</span>, <span class="allsmcap">CROG</span> (Cym.-Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CROIS</span>, <span class="allsmcap">CROCH</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CROD</span> (A.S.), <span class="allsmcap">KRYS</span> (Scand.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">KREUTZ</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CROIX</span> (Fr.),</div> - -<p>a cross, cognate with the Lat. <i>crux</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Crosby (the -dwelling near the cross); Crossmichael (the cross of St. Michael’s -Church); Groes-wen for Croes-wen (the blessed cross), in Glamorgan; -Crossthwaite (the forest-clearing at the cross); Croxton (cross town); -Crewe and Crewkerne (the place at the cross); Croes-bychan (little -cross); Kruzstrait (the road at the cross), in Belgium; Crosscanonby, -Crosslee, Crosshill,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[57]</span> places in different parts of Scotland, probably -named from the vicinity of some cross; but Crossgates, Co. Fife, so -called from its situation at a spot where roads cross each other. It -was usual with the Celts in Ireland, as well as with the Spaniards -and Portuguese in America, to mark the place where any providential -event had occurred, or where they founded a church or city, by -erecting a cross—as in St. Croix, Santa-Cruz, and Vera Cruz (the true -cross), in South America. In Ireland: Crosserlough (the cross on the -lake); Crossmolina (O’Mulleeny’s cross); Aghacross (the fort at the -cross); Crossard (high cross); Crossreagh (gray cross); Crossmaglen, -Irish <i>Cros-mag-Fhloinn</i> (the cross of Flann’s son); Crossau, -Crossoge, and Crusheen (little cross); Oswestry, in Shropshire, anc. -<i>Croes-Oswalt</i> (the cross on which Oswald, King of Northumberland, -was executed by Penda of Mercia). Its Welsh name was <i>Maeshir</i> -(long field), by the Saxons rendered <i>Meserfield</i>; Marcross (the -cross on the sea-shore), in Glamorgan; Pen-y-groes, Maen-y-groes, -Rhyd-y-croessau (the hill, the stone of the cross, the ford of the -crosses), in Wales; Glencorse, near Edinburgh, for <i>Glencross</i>, -so named from a remarkable cross which once stood there; Corstorphine, -in Mid-Lothian, corrupt. from <i>Crostorphin</i>, which might mean -the cross of the beautiful hill, <i>torr fioum</i>, or the cross -of a person called Torphin. In the reign of James I. the church of -Corstorphine became a collegiate foundation, with a provost, four -prebendaries, and two singing boys. <i>Croich</i> in Gaelic means a -gallows—thus Knockacrochy (gallows hill); Raheenacrochy (the little -fort of the gallows), in Ireland.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CROAGH</span> (Gael.),</div> - -<p>a hill of a round form—from <i>cruach</i> (a haystack); <i>e.g.</i> -Croghan, Crohane (the little round hill); Ballycroghan (the town of -the little hill), in Ireland; Bencruachan (the stack-shaped hill), in -Argyleshire.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CROFT</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>an enclosed field; <i>e.g.</i> Crofton (the town on the croft); -Thornycroft (thorny field).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CROM</span>, <span class="allsmcap">CRUM</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CRWM</span> (Cym.-Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">KRUMM</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CRUMB</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>crooked; <i>e.g.</i> Cromdale (the winding valley), in Inverness-shire; -Croome, in Worcester; Cromlin, Crimlin (the winding glen, -<i>ghlinn</i>), in Ireland; Krumbach (the winding brook); Krumau -and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[58]</span> Krumenau (the winding water or valley); Ancrum, a village in -Roxburghshire, situated at the <i>bend</i> of the R. Alne at its -confluence with the Teviot.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CRUG</span> (Welsh),</div> - -<p>a hillock; <i>e.g.</i> Crughwel (the conspicuous hillock, -<i>hywel</i>); Crug-y-swllt (the hillock of the treasure), in Wales; -Crickadarn, corrupt. from <i>Crug-eadarn</i> (the strong crag), in -Wales.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CUL</span>, <span class="allsmcap">CUIL</span>} (Gadhelic) -(the corner),}</div> - -<p><i>e.g.</i> Coull, Cults, parishes in Scotland; Culter, <i>i.e.</i> -<i>Cul-tir</i> (at the back of the land), in Lanarkshire; Culcairn (of -the cairn); Culmony (at the back of the hill or moss, <i>monadh</i>); -Culloden for <i>Cul-oiter</i> (at the back of the ridge); Culnakyle (at -the back of the wood); Cultulach (of the hill); Culblair (the backlying -field); Culross (behind the headland), in Scotland. In Ireland: Coolboy -(yellow corner); Coolderry (at the back or corner of the oak-wood); -Cooleen, Cooleeny (little corner); Coleraine, in Londonderry, as well -as Coolraine, Coolrainy, Coolrahne, Irish <i>Cuil-rathain</i> (the -corner of ferns); Coolgreany (sunny corner); Coolnasmear (the corner of -the blackberries).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">CUND</span> (Hindostanee),</div> - -<p>a country; <i>e.g.</i> Bundelcund, Rohilcund (the countries of the -Bundelas and Rohillas).</p> - - -<h3>D</h3> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DAGH</span>, <span class="allsmcap">TAGH</span> (Turc.),</div> - -<p>a mountain; <i>e.g.</i> Daghestan (the mountainous district); -Baba-dagh (father or chief mountain); Kara-dagh (black mountain); -Kezel-dagh (red mountain); Belur-tagh (the snow-capped mountain); -Aktagh (white mountain); Mustagh (ice mountain); Beshtau (the five -mountains); Tak-Rustan (the mountain of Rustan); Tchazr-dagh (tent -mountain); Ala-dagh (beautiful mountain); Bingol-tagh (the mountain of -1000 wells); Agri-dagh (steep mountain); Takht-i-Suliman (Solomon’s -mountain).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DAIL</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">DOL</span> (Cym.-Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">DAHL</span> (Scand.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">THAL</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">DOL</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>a valley, sometimes a field, English <i>dale</i> or <i>dell</i>, and -often joined to the name of the river which flows through the district; -<i>e.g.</i> Clydesdale, Teviotdale, Nithsdale, Liddesdale, Dovedale, -Arundel, Dryfesdale, corrupt. to <i>Drysdale</i> (the valley of the -Clyde, Teviot, Nith,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[59]</span> Liddel, Dove, Arun, Dryfe); Rochdale, on the -Roch, an affluent of the Trivell; Dalmellington (the town in the valley -of the mill). It is to be noted that in places named by the Teut. and -Scand. races, this root-word, as well as others, is placed after the -adjective or defining word; while by the Celtic races it is placed -first. Thus, in Scandinavia, and in localities of Great Britain where -the Danes and Norsemen had settlements, we have—Romsdalen and Vaerdal, -the valleys of the Raumer and Vaer, in Norway; Langenthal, on the R. -Langent, in Switzerland; Rydal (rye valley), Westmoreland; Laugdalr -(the valley of warm springs), Iceland. In districts again peopled by -the Saxons, Avondale, Annandale (the valleys of the Avon and Annan). -This is the general rule, although there are exceptions—Rosenthal -(the valley of roses); Inn-thal (of the R. Inn); Freudenthal (of joy); -Fromenthal (wheat valley); Grunthal (green valley). In Gaelic, Irish, -and Welsh names, on the contrary, <i>dal</i> precedes the defining -word; <i>e.g.</i> Dalry and Dalrigh (king’s level field); Dalbeth -and Dalbeathie (the field of birches); Dalginross (the field at the -head of the promontory or wood); Dalness and Dallas (the field of the -cascade, <i>cas</i>); Dalserf (of St. Serf); Dailly, in Ayrshire, -anc. <i>Dalmaolkeran</i> (the field of the servant, <i>maol</i>, -of St. Kiaran); Dalrymple (the valley of the rumbling pool, -<i>ruaemleagh</i>); Dalgarnock (of the rough hillock); Dalhousie (the -field at the corner of the water, <i>i.e.</i> of the Esk); Dalwhinnie -(the field of the meeting, <i>coinneach</i>); Dalziel (beautiful -field, <i>geal</i>); Dalguise (of the fir-trees, <i>giuthas</i>); -Dalnaspittal (the field of the <i>spideal</i>, <i>i.e.</i> the house -of entertainment); Dalnacheaich (of the stone); Dalnacraoibhe (of the -tree); Dalbowie (yellow field). Dollar, in Clackmannan, may be from -this root, although there is a tradition that it took its name from a -castle in the parish called Castle-Gloom, Gael. <i>doillair</i> (dark); -Deal or Dole (the valley in Kent); Dol and Dole, in Brittany, with the -same meaning; Doldrewin (the valley of the Druidical circles in Wales); -Dolquan (the owl’s meadow); Dolau-Cothi (the meadows of the River -Cothi); Dolgelly (the grove of hazels); Dalkeith (the narrow valley, -<i>caeth</i>); Codale<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[60]</span> (cow field); Grisdale (swine field); Gasdale -(goosefield); Balderdale, Silverdale, Uldale, Ennerdale, Ransdale (from -the personal names, Balder, Sölvar, Ulf, Einer, Hrani); Brachendale -(the valley of ferns); Berrydale, in Caithness, corrupt. from Old -Norse, <i>Berudalr</i> (the valley of the productive wood); Dalecarlia, -called by the Swedes <i>Dahlena</i> (the valleys); Dieppedal (deep -valley); Stendal (stony valley); Oundle, in Northampton, corrupt. from -<i>Avondle</i>; Kendal or Kirkby-Kendal (the church town in the valley -of the R. Ken); Dolgelly (the valley of the grove), in Wales; Dolsk -or Dolzig (the town in the valley), in Posen; Dolzen, in Bohemia; -Bartondale (the dale of the enclosure for the gathered crops), in -Yorkshire; Dalarossie, in Inverness, corrupt. from <i>Dalfergussie</i>, -Fergus’dale; Dalriada, in Ulster, named from a king of the Milesian -race, named <i>Cairbe-Raida</i>, who settled there. His descendants -gradually emigrated to Albin, which from them was afterwards called -Scotland; and that part of Argyleshire where they landed they also -named Dalriada. The three brothers, Fergus, Sorn, and Anghus, came -to Argyleshire in 503 <span class="allsmcap">A.D.</span> Toul and Toulouse, situated in -valleys, probably were named from the same root-word; Toulouse was -anciently called <i>Civitas-Tolosatium</i> (the city of the valley -dwellers, <i>dol-saetas</i>).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DAL</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">GEDEL</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">DEEL</span> (Dutch),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">THEIL</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">DAL</span> (Irish),</div> - -<p>a part, a district; <i>e.g.</i> Kalthusertheil (the district of the -cold houses); Kerckdorfertheil (the district of the village church); -Baradeel (the barren district), in Germany and Holland. This word, -rather than <i>dail</i>, may be the root of Dalriada; see above.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DALEJ</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>far; <i>e.g.</i> Daliz, Dalchow, Dalichow (the distant place).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DAMM</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>an embankment, a dyke; <i>e.g.</i> Rotterdam, Amsterdam, Saardam, -properly Zaandam (the embankment on the Rivers Rotte, Amstel, and -Zaan); Schiedam, on the R. Schie; Leerdam (the embankment on the -field, <i>lar</i>); Veendam (on the marsh, <i>veen</i>); Damm (the -embankment), a town in Prussia; Neudamm (the new dyke); Dammducht (the -embankment of the trench).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DAN</span>,</div> - -<p>in topography, signifies belonging to the Danes; <i>e.g.</i> Danelagh<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">[61]</span> -(that portion of England which the Danes held after their treaty -with Alfred); Danby, Danesbury (the Danes’ dwellings); Danesbanks, -Danesgraves, Danesford, in Salop, where the Danes are believed to -have wintered in 896; Danshalt, in Fife, where they are said to have -halted after their defeat at Falkland; Danthorpe, Denton (Danes’ town); -Denshanger (Danes’ hill or declivity); Dantzic (the Danish fort, built -by a Danish colony in the reign of Waldemar II.); Tennstedt, in Saxony, -corrupt. from <i>Dannenstedi</i> (the Danes’ station); Cruden, in -Aberdeenshire, anc. <i>Cruor-Danorum</i> (the slaughter of the Danes on -the site of the last battle between the Celts and the Danes, which took -place in the parish 1012). The Danish king fell in this battle, and was -buried in the churchyard of Cruden. For centuries the Erroll family -received an annual pension from the Danish Government for taking care -of the grave at Cruden, but after the grave had been desecrated this -pension was discontinued.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DAR</span>, <span class="allsmcap">DERA</span>, <span class="allsmcap">DEIR</span> (Ar.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">DEH</span> (Pers.),</div> - -<p>a dwelling, camp, or district; <i>e.g.</i> Dar-el-hajar (the rocky -district), in Egypt; Darfur (the district of the Foor or Foorians, or -the deer country), in Central Africa; Dera-Fati-Khan, Dera-Ghazi-Khan, -Dera-Ismail-Khan (<i>i.e.</i> the camps of these three chiefs, in the -Derajat, or camp district); Deir (the monk’s dwelling), in Syria; -Diarbekr (the dwellings or tents of Bekr); Dehi-Dervishan (the villages -of the dervishes); Deh-haji (the pilgrims’ village); Dekkergan (the -village of wolves); Deir-Antonius (St. Anthony’s monastery), in Egypt; -Buyukdereh (Turc. the great district on the Bosphorus).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DAR</span>, <span class="allsmcap">DERO</span>, <span class="allsmcap">DERYN</span> (Cym.-Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">DAIR</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>an oak, cognate with the Lat. <i>drus</i>, and Sansc. <i>dru</i>, -<i>doire</i>, or <i>daire</i>, Gadhelic, an oak-wood, Anglicised -<i>derry</i>, <i>darach</i>, or <i>dara</i>, the gen. of <i>dair</i>; -<i>e.g.</i> Daragh (a place abounding in oaks); Adare, <i>i.e.</i> -<i>Athdara</i> (the ford of the oak); Derry, now Londonderry, was -originally <i>Daire-Calgaigh</i> (the oak-wood of Galgacus, Latinised -form of <i>Calgaigh</i>). In 546, when St. Columba erected his -monastery there, it became Derry-Columkille (the oak-wood of Columba’s -Church); in the reign of James<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[62]</span> I., by a charter granted to the London -merchants, it obtained its present name; Derry-fad (the long oak-wood); -Derry-na-hinch (of the island, <i>innis</i>); Dairbhre or Darrery (the -oak forest), the Irish name for the Island of Valentia; Derry-allen -(beautiful wood); Derrybane and Derrybawn (white oak-wood); Derrylane -(broad oak-wood); Durrow, Irish <i>Dairmagh</i>, and Latinised -<i>Robereticampus</i> (the plain of the oaks); New and Old Deer (the -oak-wood), in Aberdeenshire, was a monastery erected in early times -by St. Columba, and given by him to St. Drostan. The old monastery -was situated near a wooded hill, still called <i>Aikie-Brae</i> (oak -hill), and a fair was held annually in the neighbourhood, called -<i>Mercatus querceti</i> (the oak market)—<i>v.</i> <i>Book of -Deer</i>, p. 48; Craigendarroch (the crag of the oak-wood); Darnock, or -Darnick (the oak hillock), in Roxburghshire; Dryburgh, corrupt. from -<i>Darach-bruach</i> (the bank of oaks); Dori, the name of a round hill -covered with oak-trees, in Wales; Darowen (Owen’s oak-wood), in Wales.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DEICH</span>, <span class="allsmcap">DYK</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>a dyke or entrenchment. These dykes were vast earthen ramparts -constructed by the Anglo-Saxons to serve as boundaries between hostile -tribes; <i>e.g.</i> Hoorndyk (the dyke at the corner); Grondick (green -dyke); Wansdyke (Woden’s dyke); Grimsdyke and Offa’s dyke (named after -the chiefs Grim and Offa); Houndsditch (the dog’s dyke); Ditton, Dixton -(towns enclosed by a dyke); Zaadik, in Holland, (the dyke) on the R. -Zaad. Cartsdike, a village in Renfrewshire separated from Greenock by -the burn Cart. Besides Grimesdyke (the name for the wall of Antoninus, -from the R. Forth to the Clyde), there is a Grimsditch in Cheshire.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DELF</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>a canal, from <i>delfan</i> (to dig); <i>e.g.</i> Delft, a town in -Holland, intersected by canals; Delfshaven (the canal harbour); -Delfbrüke (canal bridge).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DEN</span>, <span class="allsmcap">DEAN</span> (Saxon),</div> - -<p>a deep, wooded valley. This word is traced by Leo and others to the -Celtic <i>dion</i> (protection, shelter); <i>e.g.</i> Dibden (deep -hollow); Hazeldean (the valley of hazels); Bowden or Bothanden (St. -Bothan’s valley), in Roxburghshire; Tenterden, anc. <i>Theinwarden</i> -(the guarded valley of the thane or nobleman), in Kent; Howden (the -<i>haugr</i> or <i>mound</i> (in the valley), in Yorkshire; Howdon, -with the same meaning, in Northumberland; Otterden (the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[63]</span> otter’s -valley); Stagsden (of the stag); Micheldean (great valley); Rottingdean -(the valley of Hrotan, a chief); Croxden (the valley of the cross).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DEOR</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">DYR</span> (Scand.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">THIER</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a wild animal—English, a deer; <i>e.g.</i> Deerhurst (deer’s thicket); -Durham, in Gloucester (the dwelling of wild animals). For Durham on the -Wear, <i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">HOLM</span>. Tierbach, Tierhage (the brook and the -enclosure of wild animals).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DESERT</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">DISERT</span>,</div> - -<p>a term borrowed from the Lat. <i>desertum</i>, and applied by the Celts -to the names of sequestered places chosen by the monks for devotion -and retirement; Dyserth, in North Wales, and Dyzard, in Cornwall; -<i>e.g.</i> Dysart, in Fife, formerly connected with the monastery of -Culross, or Kirkcaldy—near Dysart is the cave of St. Serf; Dysertmore -(the great desert), in Co. Kilkenny; Desertmartin in Londonderry, -Desertserges in Cork (the retreats of St. Martin and St. Sergius). In -Ireland the word is often corrupted to <i>Ester</i> or <i>Isert</i>—as -in Isertkelly (Kelly’s retreat); Isertkeeran (St. Ciaran’s retreat).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DEUTSCH</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>from <i>thiod</i>, the people, a prefix used in Germany to distinguish -any district or place from a foreign settlement of the same name. In -Sclavonic districts it is opposed to the word <i>Katholic</i>, in -connection with the form of religion practised by their inhabitants—as -in Deutsch-hanmer (the Protestant village, opposed to Katholic-hanmer, -belonging to the Catholic or Greek Church). In other cases it is -opposed to <i>Walsch</i> (foreign—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">WALSCH</span>), as in -Deutsch-steinach and Walsh-steinach (the German and foreign towns on -the <i>Steinach</i>, or stony water). The Romans employed the word -<i>Germania</i> for <i>Deutsch</i>, which Professor Leo traces to a -Celtic root <i>gair-mean</i> (one who cries out or shouts); <i>e.g.</i> -Deutschen, in the Tyrol; Deutz, in Rhenish Prussia; Deutschendorf, -in Hungary; Deutschenhausen, in Moravia, i.e. the dwellings of the -Germans. The earliest name by which the Germans designated themselves -seems to have been <i>Tungri</i> (the speakers). It was not till the -seventeenth century that the word <i>Dutch</i> was restricted to -the Low Germans. The French name for Germany is modernised from the -<i>Alemanni</i> (a mixed race, and probably means <i>other</i> men, or -<i>foreigners</i>).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[64]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DIEP</span>, <span class="allsmcap">TIEF</span> (Teut.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">DWFN</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>deep; <i>e.g.</i> Deeping, Dibden, Dibdale (deep valley); Deptford -(deep ford); Market-deeping (the market-town in the low meadow); -Devonshire, Cel. <i>Dwfnient</i> (the deep valleys); Diepholz (deep -wood); Dieppe, Scand. <i>Duipa</i> (the deep water), the name of the -river upon which it was built; Abraham’s diep (Abraham’s hollow), in -Holland; Diepenbeck (deep brook); Tiefenthal and Tiefengrund (deep -valley); Teupitz (the deep water), a town in Prussia on a lake of this -name; Defynock (a deep valley), in Wales.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DINAS</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">DIN</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>a fortified height, a city, cognate with the Gadhelic <i>dun</i>; -<i>e.g.</i> Dinmore (the great fort), in Hereford; Dynevor, anc. -<i>Dinas-fawr</i> (great fortress), in Carmarthen; Denbigh, Welsh -<i>Din-bach</i> (little fort); Ruthin, in Co. Denbigh, corrupt. -from <i>Rhudd-din</i> (red castle); Dinas Bran, a mountain and -castle in Wales named after an ancient king named Bran-Dinas-Powys, -corrupt. from <i>Denes Powys</i>, a mansion built by the Prince of -Powys in honour of the lady whom he had married, whose name was -Denis; Hawarden, <i>i.e.</i> fixed on a hill, <i>den</i>, in Flint; -its ancient name was Penarth-Halawig (the headland above the salt -marsh); Dinefwr (the fenced hill), an ancient castle in the vale of -the R. Tywy; Tenby (Dane’s dwelling)—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">DAN</span>; Welsh -<i>Denbych-y-Pysod</i>, <i>i.e.</i> of the fishes—to distinguish from -its namesake in North Wales; Tintern, corrupt. from <i>Din-Teyrn</i> -(the king’s mount), in Wales; Dinan in France; Dinant in Belgium (the -fortress on the water); Digne, anc. <i>Dinia-Bodionticarium</i> (the -fort of the Bodiontici), in France; London, anc. <i>Londinum</i> (the -fort on the marsh—<i>lon</i>, or perhaps on the grove—<i>llwyn</i>). -Din sometimes takes the form of <i>tin</i>, as in Tintagel (St. Degla’s -fort), in Cornwall; Tintern (the fort, <i>din</i>, of the prince, Welsh -<i>teyrn</i>), in Monmouth.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DINKEL</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a kind of grain; <i>e.g.</i> Dinkelburg, Dinkelstadt, Dinkellage, -Dinklar, Dinkelsbuhl (the town, place, field, site, hill, where this -grain abounded).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DIOT</span>, or theod (Teut.),</div> - -<p>the people; <i>e.g.</i> Thetford, corrupt. from <i>Theotford</i> -(the people’s ford); Detmold, corrupt. from <i>Theot-malli</i> (the -people’s place of meeting); Diotweg (the people’s highway); Dettweiller -(the town of the Diet, or people’s<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[65]</span> meeting); Ditmarsh, anc. -<i>Thiedmarsi</i> (the people’s marsh); Dettingen (belonging to the -people)—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">ING</span>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DIVA</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">DWIPA</span> (Sansc.),</div> - -<p>an island; <i>e.g.</i> the Maldives (<i>i.e.</i> the 1000 islands); -the Laccadives (the 10,000 islands); Java or <i>Yava-dwipa</i> -(the island of rice, <i>jawa</i>, or of nutmegs, <i>jayah</i>); -Socotra or <i>Dwipa-Sukadara</i> (the island of bliss); Ceylon or -<i>Sanhala-Dwipa</i> (the island of lions), but called by the natives -Lanka (the resplendent), and by the Arabs Seren-dib (silk island); -Dondrahead, corrupt. from <i>Dewandere</i> (the end of the island), in -Ceylon.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DLAUHY</span>, <span class="allsmcap">DLUGY</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>long, Germanised <i>dolge</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Dlugenmost (long bridge); -Dolgenbrodt (long ford); Dolgensee (long lake); Dolgen, Dolgow, -Dolgenow (long place).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DOBRO</span>, <span class="allsmcap">DOBRA</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>good; <i>e.g.</i> Great and Little Döbern, Dobra, Dobrau, Dobrawitz, -Dobretzee, Dobrezin (good place); Dobberstroh (good pasture); Dobberbus -(good village); Dobrutscha (good land), part of Bulgaria; Dobergast -(good inn).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DODD</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>a hill with a round top; <i>e.g.</i> Dodd-Fell (the round rock), in -Cumberland; Dodmaen (the round stone), in Cornwall, popularly called -Dead Man’s Point.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DOM</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a cathedral, and, in French topography, a house, from the Lat. -<i>domus</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Dom, in Westphalia; Domfront (the dwelling -of Front, a hermit); Dompierre (Peter’s house or church); Domblain (of -St. Blaine); Domleger (of St. Leger); Dongermain (of St. Germanus), -in France; but the word <i>domhnach</i>, in Ireland (<i>i.e.</i> a -church), has another derivation. This word, Anglicised <i>donagh</i>, -signifies Sunday as well as church, from the Lat. <i>Dominica</i> (the -Lord’s day); and all the churches with this prefix to their names were -originally founded by St. Patrick, and the foundations were laid on -Sunday; <i>e.g.</i> Donaghmore (great church); Donaghedy, in Tyrone -(St. Caidoc’s church); Donaghanie, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Domnach-an-eich</i> -(the church of the steed); Donaghmoyne (of the plain); Donaghcloney (of -the meadow); Donaghcumper (of the confluence); Donnybrook (St. Broc’s -church).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DONK</span>, <span class="allsmcap">DUNK</span>,<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">DONG</span> (Old Ger.),</div> - -<p>a mound surrounded by a marsh; <i>e.g.</i> Dong-weir (the mound of the -weir); Dunkhof (the enclosure at the mound); Dongen (the dwelling at -the mound); Hasedonk (the mound of the brushwood).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[66]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DORF</span>, <span class="allsmcap">DORP</span>, <span class="allsmcap">DRUP</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>a village or small town, originally applied to any small assembly -of people; <i>e.g.</i> Altendorf, Oldendorf (old town); Sommerstorf -(summer town); Baiarsdorf (the town of the Boii, or Bavarians); -Gastdorf (the town of the inn, or for guests); Dusseldorf, Meldorf, -Ohrdruff, Vilsendorf (towns of the Rivers Dussel, Miele, Ohr, and -Vils); Jagersdorf (huntsman’s village); Nussdorf (nut village); -Mattersdorf and Matschdorf, Ritzendorf, Ottersdorf (the towns of -Matthew, Richard, and Otho); Lindorf (the village at the linden-tree); -Sandrup (sandy village); Dorfheim, Dorpam (village home).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DORN</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">DOORN</span> (Dutch),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">THYRN</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">DRAENEN</span> (Cym.-Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">DRAEIGHEN</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>the thorn; <i>e.g.</i> Dornburg, Dornheim or Dornum, Dornburen, -Thornton (thorn dwelling); Doorn, the name of several places in the -Dutch colony, South Africa; Dornberg and Doornhoek (thorn hill); -Dornach (full of thorns); but Dornoch, in Sutherlandshire, is not from -this root; it is said to be derived from the Gael. <i>dorneich</i>, -in allusion to a certain Danish leader having been slain at the place -by a blow from a horse’s hoof. Thornhill, Thornbury, village names -in England and Scotland; Thorney (thorn island); Thorne, a town in -Yorkshire; Yr Ddreinog, Welsh (the thorny place), a hamlet in Anglesey; -but Thorn, a town in Prussia—Polish <i>Torun</i>—is probably derived -from a cognate word for <i>torres</i>, a tower. In Ireland: Dreen, -Drinan, Dreenagh, Drinney (places producing the black thorn).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DRECHT</span> (Old Ger.),</div> - -<p>for <i>trift</i>, meadow pasture; <i>e.g.</i> Moordrecht, Zwyndrecht, -Papendrecht, Ossendrecht (the moor, swine, oxen pasture, and the -priest’s meadow); Dort or Dordrecht (the pasture on the water), -situated in an island formed by the Maas; Maestricht, Latinised into -<i>Trajectus-ad-Moesum</i> (the pasture or ford on the Maas or Meuse); -Utrecht, Latinised <i>Trajectus-ad-Rhenum</i> (the ford or pasture on -the Rhine), or <i>Ultra-trajectum</i> (beyond the ford).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DRIESCH</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>fallow ground; <i>e.g.</i> Driesch and Dresche, in Oldenburg; Driesfelt -(fallow field); Bockendriesch (the fallow ground at the beech-trees).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DROICHEAD</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a bridge; <i>e.g.</i> Drogheda, anc. <i>Droichead-atha</i> (the bridge -at the ford); Ballydrehid (bridge town);<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[67]</span> Knockadreet (the hill of the -bridge); Drumadrehid (the ridge at the bridge); Kildrought (the church -at the bridge), in Ireland; <i>Ceann-Drochaid</i> (bridge end), the -Gaelic name for the Castleton of Braemar.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DROOG</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">DURGA</span> (Sansc.),</div> - -<p>a hill fort; <i>e.g.</i> Savendroog (golden fort); Viziadroog (the fort -of victory); Chitteldroog (spotted fort); Calliendroog (flourishing -fort); Sindeedroog (the fort of the sun).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DROWO</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">DRZEWO</span> (Sclav.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">DRU</span> (Sansc.), <span class="allsmcap">TRIU</span> (Goth.), a tree,</div> - -<p>wood, or a forest; <i>e.g.</i> Drebkau, Drewitsch, Drewitz, Drohobicz -(the woody place); Drewiz, Drehnow, Drehna, with the same meaning; -Misdroi (in the midst of woods).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DRUIM</span>, <span class="allsmcap">DROM</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a ridge, from <i>droma</i>, the back-bone of an animal, cognate with -the Lat. <i>dorsum</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Drumard (high ridge); Dromeen, -Drumeen, Drymen (little ridge); Dromore (great ridge); Dromagh and -Drumagh (full of ridges); Dromineer, Co. Tipperary, and Drumminer in -Aberdeenshire (the ridge of the confluence, <i>inbhir</i>); Aughrim, -Irish <i>Each-dhruim</i> (the horses’ ridge); Leitrim, <i>i.e.</i> -<i>Liath-dhruim</i> (gray ridge); Dromanure (the ridge of the -yew-tree); Drumderg (red ridge); Drumlane (broad ridge); Drumcliff, -<i>i.e.</i> <i>Druim-chluibh</i> (the ridge of the baskets); Drummond, -common in Ireland and Scotland, corrupt. from <i>drumen</i> (little -ridge). In Scotland there are Drumoak (the ridge of St. Mozola, a -virgin)—in Aberdeenshire it was originally Dalmaile (the valley of -Mozola); Meldrum-Old (bald ridge), in Aberdeenshire; Drem (the ridge in -East Lothian); Drumalbin, Lat. <i>Dorsum-Britanniae</i> (the back-bone -or ridge of Scotland); Drummelzier, formerly <i>Dunmeller</i> (the fort -of Meldredus, who, according to tradition, slew Merlin, whose grave is -shown in the parish); Drumblate (the warm ridge, or the flowery ridge); -Drumcliff, Co. Sligo, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Druimcliabh</i> (the ridge of the -baskets).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DRWS</span> (Welsh),</div> - -<p>a door or pass; <i>e.g.</i> Drws-y-coed (the pass of the wood); -Drws-y-nant (of the valley); Drws-Ardudwy (of the black water).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DU</span> (Cym.-Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">DUBH</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>black; <i>e.g.</i> Ddulas, a river in Wales; Douglas, in Scotland (the -black stream); Dubyn (the black lake).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[68]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DUB</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>the oak; <i>e.g.</i> Dubicza, Dubrau, Düben, Dubrow (the place -of oak-trees); Teupliz, corrupt. from <i>Dublize</i>, with the -same meaning; Dobojze, Germanised into <i>Daubendorf</i> (oak -village); Dubrawice (oak village); Dubrawka (oak wood), Germanised -<i>Eichenwäldchen</i>, a colony from Dubrow. In Poland this word takes -the form of Dombrowo Dombroka.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DUN</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a stronghold, a hill fort, cognate with the Welsh <i>din</i>. As an -adjective, <i>dun</i> or <i>don</i> means strong, as in Dunluce, -<i>i.e.</i> <i>dun-lios</i> (strong fort); Duncladh (strong dyke). As a -verb, it signifies what is closed or shut in, <i>dunadh</i>, with the -same meaning as the Teut. <i>tun</i>, as in Corra-dhunta (the closed -weir). Its full signification, therefore, is a strong enclosed place, -and the name was accordingly applied in old times to forts surrounded -by several circumvallations, the remains of which are still found in -Ireland and Scotland. Many such places are called simply <i>doon</i> -or <i>down</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Doune Castle, in Perthshire; Down-Patrick, -named from an entrenched <i>dun</i> near the cathedral; Down and the -Downs, King’s Co. and West Meath; Dooneen and Downing (little fort); -Dundalk, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Dun-Dealgan</i> (Delga’s fort); Dundonald (the -fort of Domhnall); Dungannon (Geanan’s fort); Dungarvan (Garvan’s -fort); Dunleary (Laeghaire’s fort), now Kingston; Dunhill and Dunally, -for <i>Dun-aille</i> (the fort on the cliff); Downamona (of the bog); -Shandon (old fort); Doonard (high fort); and many others in Ireland. -In Scotland: Dumbarton (the hill fort of the Britons or Cumbrians); -Dumfries (the fort among shrubs, <i>preas</i>, or of the Feresians, -<i>Caer Pheris</i>)—<i>v.</i> Dr. Skene’s <i>Book of Wales</i>; Dunbar -(the fort on the summit, or of Barr, a chief); Dunblane (of St. Blane); -Dundee, Lat. <i>Tao-dunum</i>, probably for <i>Dun-Tatha</i> (the fort -on the Tay); Dunedin, or Edinburgh (Edwin’s fort), so named by a prince -of Northumberland in 628—its earlier names were <i>Dunmonadh</i> (the -fort of the hill), or in Welsh <i>Dinas-Agned</i> (the city of the -painted people), and the <i>Castrum-Alatum</i> of Ptolemy. The Pictish -maidens of the royal race were kept in Edinburgh Castle, hence it was -also called <i>Castrum-Puellarum</i>; Dunottar (the fort on the reef, -<i>oiter</i>); Dunfermline (the fort of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">[69]</span> the alder-tree pool, or of -the winding pool); Dundrennan (the fort of the thorn bushes); Dunlop -(the fortified hill at the angle of the stream, <i>lub</i>); Dunkeld, -anc. <i>Duncalden</i> (the fort of hazels); Dunbeath (of the birches); -Dunrobin (Robert’s fortress), founded by Robert, Earl of Sutherland; -Dunure (of the yew-trees); Dunnichen, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Dunn-Nechtan</i> -(of Nechtan, a Pictish king); Dunsyre (the prophet’s hill or fort); -Donegall, Irish <i>Dungall</i> (<i>i.e.</i> the fort of the strangers, -the Danes); Lexdon, in Essex, Lat. <i>Legionis-dunum</i> (the fort -of the legion); Leyden, in Holland, Lat. <i>Lugdunum-Batavorum</i> -(the fortress of the Batavians, in the hollow, <i>lug</i>); Lyons, -anc. <i>Lugdunum</i> (the fort in the hollow); Maldon, in Essex, anc. -<i>Camelodunum</i> (the fort of the Celtic war-god Camal); Melun, -anc. <i>Melodunum</i> (bald fort, <i>maol</i>), in France; Nevers, -Lat. <i>Noviodunum</i> (new fort), in France; Thuin, in Belgium, -and Thun, in Switzerland (<i>dun</i>, the hill fort); Yverdun, anc. -<i>Ebrodunum</i> (the fort on the water, <i>bior</i>); Kempten, in -Germany, anc. <i>Campodunum</i> (the fort in the field); Issoudun (the -fort on the water, <i>uisge</i>); Emden (the fort on the R. Ems); -Dijon, anc. <i>Dibisdunum</i> (the fort on two waters), at the conf. of -the Ouche and Suzon; Mehun, Meudon, and Meuny, in France (the fort on -the plain), Lat. <i>Magdunum</i>; Verdun, anc. <i>Verodunum</i> (the -fort on the water, <i>bior</i>), on the R. Meuse, in France; Verden, in -Hanover, on the R. Aller, with the same meaning; Autun, corrupt. from -<i>Augustodunum</i> (the fortress of Augustus); Wimbledon, in Surrey, -anc. <i>Wibbandun</i> (from an ancient proprietor, Wibba); Sion, in -Switzerland, Ger. <i>Sitten</i>, corrupt. from its ancient Celtic name -<i>Suidh-dunum</i> (the seat of the hill fort). From <i>Daingeann</i> -(a fortress) are derived such names as Dangen and Dingen, in Ireland; -also Dingle, in its earlier form <i>Daingean-ui-Chuis</i> (the fort -of O’Cush or Hussey); it received its present name in the reign of -Elizabeth; Ballendine and Ballendaggan (the town of the fort); Dangan -was also the ancient name of Philipstown.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DUNE</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">DOWN</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">DUN</span> (Cel.),</div> - -<p>a grassy hill or mound; <i>e.g.</i> the Downs, in the south of England; -the Dunes, in Flanders; Halidon Hill (the holy hill); Dunham, Dunwick, -and Dutton, originally <i>Dunton</i><span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">[70]</span> (hill town); Croydon (chalk -hill); Dunkirk, in Flanders (the church on the dunes); Snowdon (snowy -hill), in Wales; its Welsh name is <i>Creigiawr</i> (the eagle’s rock), -<i>eryr</i> (an eagle); Dunse, a town in Berwickshire, now <i>Duns</i>, -near a hill of the same name; the Eildon Hills, in Roxburghshire, -corrupt. from <i>Moeldun</i> (the bald hill); Eddertoun, in Ross-shire -(between the hills or dunes).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DUR</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">DOBHR</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">DWFR</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">DWR</span> (Cym.-Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">DOUR</span> (Breton),</div> - -<p>water; <i>e.g.</i> Dour, Douro, Dore, Duir, <span class="allsmcap">THUR</span>, Doro, Adour, -Durance, Duron (river names); Glasdur (green water); Calder, anc. -<i>Caldover</i> (woody water); Derwent (bright or clear water); Lauder -(the gray water); Ledder and Leader (the broad water); Dorking, Co. -Surrey, anc. <i>Durchinges</i>, or more correctly, <i>Durvicingas</i> -(dwellers by the water—<i>wician</i>, to dwell); Briare, on the -Loire, anc. <i>Briva-durum</i> (the town on the brink of the water, -probably Dover, from this root); Dorchester (the fortress of the -Durotriges—dwellers by the water), <i>trigo</i>, Cym.-Cel. (to dwell), -called by Leland <i>Hydropolis</i>; Rother (the red river); Cawdor, -anc. <i>Kaledor</i> (woody water).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DÜRRE</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">DROOG</span> (Dutch),</div> - -<p>dry, sterile; <i>e.g.</i> Dürrenstein (the barren rock); Dürrental (the -barren valley); Dürrwald (the dry or sterile wood); Droogberg (the -barren hill); Drupach (dry brook).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DWOR</span> (Sclav.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">THUR</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">DORUS</span> (Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">DWAR</span> (Sansc.),</div> - -<p>a door or opening, an open court; <i>e.g.</i> Dvoretz (the town at the -opening), in Russia; Dwarka (the court or gate), Hindostan; Hurdwar -(the court of Hurry or Siva), called also <i>Gangadwara</i> (the -opening of the Ganges), in Hindostan; Issoire, anc. <i>Issiodorum</i> -(the town at door or meeting of the waters, <i>uisge</i>), a town -in France at the conf. of the Allier and Couze; Durrisdeer, Gael. -<i>Dorus-darach</i> (at the opening of the oak-wood), in Dumfriesshire; -Lindores, in Fife, anc. <i>Lindoruis</i> (at the outlet of the waters), -on a lake of the same name which communicates by a small stream with -the Tay.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">DYFFRYN</span> (Welsh),</div> - -<p>a river valley; <i>e.g.</i> Dyffryn-Clydach, Dyffryn-Gwy, in the -valleys of the R. Clwyd and Gwy, in Wales; Dyffryn-golych (the vale of -worship), in Glamorgan.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">[71]</span></p> - -<h3>E</h3> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">EA</span> (A.S.), <span class="allsmcap">EY</span>, <span class="allsmcap">AY</span>,<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">EGE</span> or <span class="allsmcap">EG</span><br /> -<span class="allsmcap">OE</span>, <span class="allsmcap">O</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">A</span> (Scand.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">OOG</span> (Dutch),</div> - -<p>an island; from <i>ea</i>, <i>a</i>, <i>aa</i>, running water; -<i>ea</i> or <i>ey</i> enter into the composition of many A.S. names -of places which are now joined to the mainland or to rich pastures by -the river-side, as in Eton, Eaton, Eyam, Eyworth, Eywick (dwellings by -the water); Eyemouth, Moulsy, on the R. Mole; Bermondsey, now included -in the Metropolis; Eamont, anc. <i>Eamot</i> (the meeting of waters); -Fladda and Fladday (flat island); Winchelsea (either the corner, A.S. -<i>wincel</i>, of the water, or the island of Wincheling, son of the -Saxon king Cissa, who founded it); Swansea (Sweyn’s town, on the -water), at the mouth of the Tawey; Anglesea (the island of the Angles -or English), so named by the Danes—its Welsh name was <i>Ynys-Fonn</i> -or <i>Mona</i>; Portsea (the island of the haven); Battersea (St. -Peter’s isle), because belonging to St. Peter’s Abbey, Westminster; -Chelsea (ship island, or the island of the sandbank)—<i>v.</i> p. -46, <span class="allsmcap">CEOL</span>, <span class="allsmcap">CEOSEL</span>; Ely (eel island); Jersey (Cæsar’s -isle); Olney (holly meadow); Odensee (Woden’s island or town on the -water); Whalsey (whale island, <i>hval</i>); Rona (St. Ronan’s isle); -Mageroe (scraggy island); Nordereys and Sudereys—from this word -Sudereys, the Bishop of Sodor and Man takes his title—(the north and -south isles), names given by the Norsemen to the Hebrides and the -Orkneys under their rule; Oesel (seal island); Oransay (the island -of St. Oran); Pabba and Papa (priest’s isle). The Papae or Christian -anchorites came from Ireland and the west of Scotland to Orkney and -Shetland, and traces of them were found in Iceland on its discovery -by the Norsemen, hence probably such names as Pappa and Crimea (the -island of the Cymri or Cimmerians); Morea (the mulberry-shaped island); -Shapinsay (the isle of Hjalpand, a Norse Viking); Faröe (the sheep -islands—<i>faar</i>, Scand.); Faroe, also in Sweden; but Farr, a -parish in the north of Scotland, is from <i>faire</i>, Gael. a watch -or sentinel, from a chain of watch-towers which existed there in -former times; Staffa (the island of the staves or columns, Scand. -<i>stav</i>); Athelney (the island of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[72]</span> the nobles); Bressay, Norse -<i>Bardie’s ay</i> (giant’s island); Bardsey (the bard’s island), the -last retreat of the Welsh bards; Femoe (cattle island); Fetlar, anc. -<i>Fedor’s-oe</i> (Theodore’s island); Romney (marsh island), Gael. -<i>Rumach</i>; Sheppey, A.S. <i>Sceapige</i> (sheep island); Langeoog -(long island); Oeland (water land); Torsay (the island with conical -hills, <i>torr</i>); Chertsey, A.S. <i>Ceortes-ige</i> (Ceorot’s -island); Lingley (heathery island), <i>ling</i>, Norse (heather); -Muchelney (large island); Putney, A.S. <i>Puttanige</i> (Putta’s isle); -Thorney (thorny island), but its more ancient name was <i>Ankerige</i>, -from an anchorite who dwelt in a cell in the island.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">EADAR</span>, <span class="allsmcap">EDAR</span> (Cel.), between,<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">ENTRE</span> (Fr., Span., and Port.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">INTER</span> (Lat.),</div> - -<p><i>e.g.</i> Eddertoun, Co. Ross (between hills)—<i>v.</i> -<span class="allsmcap">DUNE</span>; Eddra-chillis, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Eadar da Chaolas</i> -(between two firths), Co. Sutherland; Killederdaowen, in Galway, -<i>i.e.</i> <i>Coill-eder-da-abhainn</i> (the wood between two rivers); -and Killadrown, King’s County, with the same meaning; Cloonederowen, -Galway (the meadow between two rivers); Ballydarown (the townland -between two rivers). In France: Entre-deux-mers (between two seas); -Entrevaux (between valleys); Entre-rios (between streams), in Spain; -Entre-Douro-e-Minho (between these rivers), in Portugal; Interlacken -(between lakes), in Switzerland.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">EAGLAIS</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">EGLWYS</span> (Cym.-Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">ILIZ</span> (Armoric),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">EGYHAZ</span> (Hung.),</div> - -<p>a church. These and synonymous words in the Romance languages are -derived from Lat. <i>ecclesia</i>, and that from the Grk. ὲκκλησια -(an assembly); <i>e.g.</i> Eccles, a parish and suburb of Manchester, -also the name of two parishes in Berwickshire; Eccleshall, in -Staffordshire, so called because the bishops of Lichfield formerly -had a palace there; Eccleshill (church hill), in Yorkshire; Eccleston -(church town), in Lancashire; Ecclesmachan (the church of St. -Machan), in Linlithgow; Eaglesham (the hamlet at the church), Co. -Renfrew; Ecclescraig or Ecclesgrieg (the church of St. Gregory or -Grig), in Kincardine; Eglishcormick (St. Cormac’s church), Dumfries; -Ecclescyrus (of St. Cyrus), in Fife; Lesmahago, Co. Lanark, corrupt. -from <i>Ecclesia-Machuti</i> (the church of St. Machute, who is said -to have settled there in the sixth century);<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">[73]</span> Carluke, in Lanarkshire, -corrupt. from <i>Eccles-maol-Luke</i> (the church of the servant -of St. Luke); Terregles, anc. <i>Traver-eglys</i> (church lands), -Gael. <i>treabhair</i> (houses), in Kirkcudbright. In Wales: Eglwys -Fair (St. Mary’s church); Hen-eglwys (old church); Aglish and Eglish -(the church), the names of parishes in Ireland; Aglishcloghone (the -church of the stepping-stones); Iglesuela (little church), in Spain; -Fèhér eghaz (white church), in Hungary. In France: Eglise-aux-bois -(the church in the woods); Eglise neuve (new church); Eglisolles, -Eliçaberry, and Eliçaberria (the church in the plain). Such names as -Aylesford, Aylsworth, Aylesby, etc., may be derived from <i>eglwys</i> -or <i>ecclesia</i>, corrupted.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">EAS</span>, <span class="allsmcap">ESS</span>, <span class="allsmcap">ESSIE</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a waterfall; <i>e.g.</i> the R. Ness and Loch Ness (<i>i.e.</i> the -river and lake of the Fall of Foyers); Essnambroc (the waterfall of -the badger); Essmore (the great waterfall); Doonass (<i>i.e.</i> -Irish <i>Dun easa</i> (the fort of the cataract), on the Shannon; -Caherass, in Limerick, with the same meaning; Pollanass (the pool of -the waterfall); Fetteresso, in Kincardine (the uncultivated land, -<i>fiadhair</i>, near the waterfall); Edessa, in Turkey, seems -to derive its name from the same root, as its Sclavonic name is -<i>Vodena</i>, with the same meaning; Edessa, in Mesopotamia, is on the -R. Daisan; Portessie (the port of the waterfall), Banff.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">EBEN</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a plain; <i>e.g.</i> Ebenried and Ebenrinth (the cleared plain); Ebnit -(on the plain); Breite-Ebnit (broad plain); Holzeben (woody plain).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ECKE</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">EGG</span> (Teut. and Scand.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">VIG</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a nook or corner; <i>e.g.</i> Schönegg (beautiful nook); Eckdorf -(corner village); Eggberg (corner hill); Reinecke (the Rhine corner); -Randecke (the corner of the point, <i>rand</i>); Vilseek (at the corner -of the R. Vils); Wendecken (the corner of the Wends or Sclaves); -Edgcott (the corner hut); Wantage, Co. Berks (Wanta’s corner), on the -edge of a stream; Stevenage, Co. Herts (Stephen’s corner); Gourock (the -goal’s corner); Landeck, in the Tyrol (at the meeting or corner of -three roads); Nigg, Gael. <i>N-uig</i> (at the corner),<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[74]</span> a parish in -Co. Kincardine, and also in Ross and Cromarty; Haideck (heath corner), -in Bavaria.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">EGER</span> (Hung.),</div> - -<p>the alder-tree; <i>e.g.</i> the R. Eger with the town of the same name.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">EILEAN</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">EALAND</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">EYLANDT</span> (Dutch),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">INSEL</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>an island, cognate with the Lat. <i>insula</i>. The Gaelic word is -generally applied to smaller islands than <i>innis</i>; <i>e.g.</i> -<i>Eilean-sgiathach</i> or Skye (the winged island); Eilean-dunan -(the isle of the small fort); Eilean-na-goibhre (of the goats); -Eilean-na-monach (of the monks); Eilean-na-Clearach (of the clergy); -Eilean-na-naoimbh (of the saints), often applied to Ireland; -<i>Eilean-nam-Muchad</i> or Muck (the island of pigs), in the Hebrides; -Flannan, in the Hebrides, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Eilean-an-Flannan</i> (of St. -Flannan); Groote Eylandt (great island), off the coast of Australia; -Rhode Island, in the United States, Dutch (<i>red</i> island), or, -according to another interpretation, so named from its fancied -resemblance in form to the island of Rhodes.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">EISEN</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>iron; <i>e.g.</i> Eisenstadt (iron town); Eisenach, in Germany (on a -river impregnated with iron); Eisenberg (iron hill fort), in Germany; -Eisenburg (iron town), Hung. <i>Vasvar</i>, in Hungary; Eisenirz (iron -ore), on the Erzberg Mountains; Eisenschmidt (iron forge), in Prussia.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ELF</span> (Goth.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">ELV</span>,</div> - -<p>a river; <i>e.g.</i> Alf, Alb, Elbe, Elben, river names; Laagenelv (the -river in the hollow); Dol-elf (valley river); Elbing, a town on a river -of the same name.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ENAGH</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">ÆNAGH</span> (Irish),</div> - -<p>an assembly of people, such as were held in old times by the Irish -at the burial mounds, and in modern times applied to a cattle fair; -<i>e.g.</i> Nenagh, in Tipperary, anc. <i>’n-Ænach-Urmhumhan</i> (the -assembly meeting-place of Ormund), the definite article <i>n</i> having -been added to the name—this place is still celebrated for its great -fairs; Ballinenagh, Ballineanig, Ballynenagh (the town of the fair); -Ardanlanig (the height of the fair); Monaster-an-enagh (the monastery -at the place of meeting). But this word is not to be confounded with -<i>eanach</i> (a watery place or marsh), found under such forms as -<i>enagh</i> and <i>annagh</i>, especially in Ulster. Thus Annabella, -near Mallow, is in Irish <i>Eanachbile</i><span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">[75]</span> (the marsh of the old -tree); Annaghaskin (the marsh of the eels).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ENDE</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>the end or corner; Ostend, in Belgium (at the west end of the canal -opening into the ocean); Ostend, in Essex (at the east end of the -land); Oberende (upper end); Süderende (the south corner); Endfelden -(the corner of the field), probably Enfield, near London. Purmerend (at -the end of the Purmer), a lake in Holland, now drained.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ENGE</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>narrow; <i>e.g.</i> Engberg (narrow hill); Engbrück (narrow bridge); -Engkuizen (the narrow houses).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ERBE</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>an inheritance or property; <i>e.g.</i> Erbstellen (the place of -the inheritance, or the inherited property); Erbhof (the inherited -mansion-house); Sechserben (the property or inheritance of the Saxons).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ERDE</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>cultivated land; <i>e.g.</i> Rotherde (red land); Schwarzenerde (black -land).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ERLE</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>the alder-tree; <i>e.g.</i> Erla and Erlabeka (alder-tree stream); -Erlangen (the dwelling near alder-trees); Erlau, a town in Hungary, on -the Erlau (alder-tree river).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ERMAK</span> (Turc.),</div> - -<p>a river; <i>e.g.</i> Kizel-Ermack (red river); Jekil-Ermak (green -river).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ESCHE</span> (Old Ger.),</div> - -<p>a common or sowed field; <i>e.g.</i> Summeresche, Winteresche (the -field sown in summer and winter); Brachesche (the field broken up for -tillage); Kaiseresche (the emperor’s common). For this word as an -affix, <i>v.</i> p. 5; as a prefix it signifies the ash-tree, as in the -Aschaff or ash-tree river; Aschaffenberg (the fortress on the Aschaff); -Eschach (ash-tree stream); Escheweiller (ash-tree town); Eschau -(ash-tree meadow).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ESGAIR</span> (Welsh),</div> - -<p>a long ridge; <i>e.g.</i> Esgair-hir (the long ridge); Esgair-yn-eira -(the snow ridge).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ESKI</span> (Turc.),</div> - -<p>old; <i>e.g.</i> Eski-djuma (old ditch).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ESPE</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">ASPE</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>the poplar-tree; <i>e.g.</i> Aspach (a place abounding in poplars, or -the poplar-tree stream); Espenfield (the field of poplars); Aspenstadt -(the station of poplars)—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">AESP</span>, p. 5.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ESTERO</span> (Span.),</div> - -<p>a marsh or salt creek; <i>e.g.</i> Estero-Santiago (St. James’s marsh); -Los-Esteros (the salt creeks), in South America.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ETAN</span>, <span class="allsmcap">TANA</span> (Basque),</div> - -<p>a district, with the same meaning as the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[76]</span> Cel. <i>tan</i>, Latinised -<i>tania</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Aquitania (the district of the waters); -Mauritania (of the Moors); Lusitania (the ancient name of Portugal). -This root-word enters into the name of Britain, according to -Taylor—<i>v.</i> <i>Words and Places</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">EUDAN</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">AODANN</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>the forehead—in topography, the front or brow of a hill; <i>e.g.</i> -Edenderry (the hill-brow of the oak-wood); Edenkelly (the front of the -wood); Ednashanlaght (the hill-brow of the old sepulchre); Edenmore -(the great hill-brow); Edina (one of the ancient names of Edinburgh).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">EVES</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>a margin; <i>e.g.</i> Evedon (on the brink of the hill); Evesbatch (the -brink of the brook); Evesham (the dwelling on the bank of the River -Avon, in Worcester, or the dwelling of Eoves, a shepherd, afterwards -made Bishop of Worcester).</p> - - -<h3>F</h3> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FAGUS</span> (Lat.),</div> - -<p>a beech-tree; <i>Fagetum</i>, a place planted with beeches; <i>e.g.</i> -La Fage, Le Faget, Fayet, Les Faus, Faumont, in France.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FAHR</span>, <span class="allsmcap">FUHR</span> (Teut. and Scand.),</div> - -<p>a way or passage—from <i>fahren</i>, to go; <i>e.g.</i> Fahrenhorst -(the passage at the wood); Fahrenbach, Fahrwasser (the passage over -the water); Fahrwangen (the field at the ferry); Rheinfahr (the -passage over the Rhine); Langefahr (long ferry); Niederfahr (lower -ferry); Vere or Campvere, in Holland (the ferry leading to Kampen); -Ferryby (the town of the Ferry), in Yorkshire; Broughty-Ferry, in Fife -(the ferry near a <i>brough</i> or castle, the ruins of which still -remain); Ferry-Port-on-Craig (the landing-place on the rock, opposite -Broughty-Ferry); Queensferry, West Lothian, named from Queen Margaret; -Connal-Ferry (the ferry of the raging flood), <i>confhath-tuil</i>, in -Argyleshire; Fareham, Co. Hants (the dwelling at the ferry).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FALU</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">FALVA</span> (Hung.),</div> - -<p>a village; <i>e.g.</i> Uj-falu (new village); Olah-falu (the village -of the Wallachians or Wallochs, a name which the Germans applied to -the Sclaves); Hanus-falva (John’s village); Ebes-falva (Elizabeth’s -village), Ger. <i>Elizabeth-stadt</i>; Szombat-falva (the village at -which the Saturday market was held); Balars-falva (the village of -Blaise); Bud-falva (the village of Buda).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[77]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FANUM</span> (Lat.),</div> - -<p>a temple; <i>e.g.</i> Fano, in Italy, anc. <i>Fanum-Fortunæ</i> (the -temple of fortune), built here by the Romans to commemorate the defeat -of Asdrubal on the Metaurus; Famars, anc. <i>Fanum-Martis</i> (the -temple of Mars); Fanjeaux, anc. <i>Fanum-Jovis</i> (of Jove); St. Dié, -anc. <i>Fanum-Deodati</i> (the temple of Deodatus, Bishop of Nevers); -St. Dezier, anc. <i>Fanum-Desiderii</i> (the temple of St. Desiderius); -Florent-le-Vieul, anc. <i>Fanum-Florentii</i> (of St. Florentius); St. -Flour, <i>Fanum-Flori</i> (of St. Florus).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FARR</span> (Norse),</div> - -<p>a sheep. This word seems to have given names to several places in the -north of Scotland, as affording good pasture for sheep; <i>e.g.</i> -Farr, a parish in Sutherlandshire); Farra, Faray, islands in the -Hebrides and Orkneys; Fare, a hill in Aberdeenshire.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FEARN</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">FAUR</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">VAUR</span> -(great)—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">MAUR</span>,</div> - -<p>the alder-tree; <i>e.g.</i> Fernagh, Farnagh, and Ferney (a place -abounding in alder-trees), in Ireland; Glenfarne (alder-tree valley); -Ferns, Co. Wexford, anc. <i>Fearna</i> (the place of alders); -Gortnavern (the field of alders); Farney, Co. Monaghan, corrupt. from -<i>Fearn-mhagh</i> (alder-tree plain); Altanfearn (the little stream of -alders); Sronfearn (the point of alders)—<i>v.</i> p. 178; Fearns (the -alder-trees), in Ross-shire; Fearn, also in Forfar; Ferney, on the Lake -of Geneva, probably with same meaning as Ferney in Ireland.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FEHER</span> (Hung.),</div> - -<p>white; Szekes-Fehervar, Ger. <i>Stulweissenburg</i> (the throne of the -white fortress).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FEKETE</span> (Hung.),</div> - -<p>black; <i>e.g.</i> Fekete-halam (black hill).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FEL</span> (Hung.),</div> - -<p>upper, in opposition to <i>al</i>, lower; <i>e.g.</i> Felsovaros (upper -town); Alvaros (lower town).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FELD</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">VELD</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>a plain or field; lit. a place where trees had been felled; <i>e.g.</i> -Feldham (field dwelling); Feldberg (field fortress); Bassevelde, in -Belgium (low plain); Gurkfeld (cucumber field); Leckfeld, Rhinfeld (the -plain of the Rivers Leck and Rhine); Great Driffield, in Yorkshire (dry -field); Huddersfield, in Doomsday <i>Oderesfeld</i>, from a personal -name; Macclesfield (the field of St. Michael’s church); Sheffield, -on the R. Sheaf; Mansfield, on the R. Mann; Lichfield, Co. Stafford -(the field of corpses), A.S. <i>Licenfelt</i>, where, according to -tradition, a great slaughter<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[78]</span> of the Christians took place in the reign -of Diocletian; Wakefield (the field by the wayside, <i>waeg</i>); -Spitalfields, (<i>i.e.</i> the fields near the hospital or place of -entertainment), Lat. <i>hospitalium</i>. There is a watering-place near -Berwick called Spital, also a suburb of Aberdeen called the Spital; -Smithfield, in London, is a corruption of <i>Smethfield</i> (smooth -field); Beaconsfield, Berks, so called from having been built on a -height on which beacon fires were formerly lighted); Coilsfield, in -Ayrshire (the field of Coilus or King Coil). There is a large mound -near it said to mark the site of his grave.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FELL</span>, <span class="allsmcap">FIALL</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">FJELD</span> (Scand.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">FEL</span>, <span class="allsmcap">FELSEN</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a high mountain or mountain range; <i>e.g.</i> Dovrefeld (the gloomy -mountains); Donnersfeld (the mountain range of thunder or of Thor); -Snafel, Iceland, and Sneefell, in the Isle of Man (snow mountain); -Blaefell (blue mountain); Drachenfells (the dragon’s rock); Weissenfels -(the white rock); Rothenfels (red rock); Scawfell (the mountain of -the <i>scaw</i> or promontory); Hartfell (of harts); Hestfell (of the -steed); Lindenfels (of the linden-tree); Lichtenfels (the mountain of -light), a Moravian settlement in Greenland; Fitful Head, corrupt. from -<i>fitfioll</i> (the hill with the promontory running into the sea), -Old Norse <i>fit</i>—in Shetland; Falaise, in France, a promontory, -derived from the Ger. <i>fell</i>; Fellentin (the fort, <i>dun</i>, -on the rock), in France; Souter-fell, Cumberland; Saudfjeld, Norway; -Saudafell, in Iceland (sheep hill), from Old Norse <i>sauder</i>, a -sheep; perhaps Soutra Hill, in Mid-Lothian, may come from the same -word; Criffel (the craggy rock), Dumfries; Felza, Felsbach (rocky -stream), in France; Felsberg (rock fortress), in Germany; Goat-fell, -in Arran, Gael. <i>Gaoth-ceann</i> (the windy point), to which the -Norsemen added their <i>fell</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FENN</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">VEN</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">VEEN</span> (Dutch),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">FEN</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>a marsh; <i>e.g.</i> the Fenns or marshy lands; Fen-ditton (the -enclosed town on the marsh); Fenny-Stratford (the ford on the Roman -road, <i>strat</i>, in the marshy land); Fenwick, Fenton, Finsbury (the -town or enclosed place on the marsh); Venloo, in Belgium (the place -in the marsh); Veenhof, Veenhusen (dwellings in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">[79]</span> marsh); Houtveen -(woody marsh); Diepenveen (deep marsh); Zutphen, in Holland (the south -marsh); Ravenna, in Italy, called <i>Pludosa</i> (the marshy). It was -originally built in a lagoon, on stakes, like Venice; Venice, named -from the <i>Veneti</i>, probably marsh dwellers; Vannes, in France, and -La Vendée, may be from the same word, although others derive the names -from <i>venna</i> (a fisherman), others from <i>gwent</i>, Cel. (the -fair plain); Finland (the land of marshes). The natives call themselves -<i>Suomilius</i>, from <i>suoma</i> (a marsh). <i>Fang</i> in German -and Dutch names, and <i>faing</i> in French names, are sometimes used -instead of fenn—as in Zeefang (lake marsh); Aalfang (eel marsh); -Habechtsfang (hawk’s marsh); Faing-du-buisson, Dom-faing, etc., in the -valleys of the Vosges.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FERN</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">FARN</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>the fern; <i>e.g.</i> Ferndorf, Farndon, Farnham, Farnborough -(dwellings among ferns); Farnhurst (fern thicket); Ferndale (fern -valley); Farringdon (fern hill); Fernruit (a place cleared of ferns).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FERT</span>,<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">FERTA</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a grave or trench; <i>e.g.</i> Farta, Ferta, and Fartha (<i>i.e.</i> -the graves); Fertagh and Fartagh (the place of graves); Moyarta, in -Clare, Irish <i>Magh-fherta</i> (the field of the graves); Fortingall, -in Perthshire, is supposed to have derived its name from this word, -<i>Feart-na-gall</i> (the grave of the strangers), having been the -scene of many bloody battles.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LA FERTE</span>,</div> - -<p>contracted from the French <i>La fermeté</i>, from the Lat. -<i>firmitas</i> (strength), applied in topography to a stronghold; -<i>e.g.</i> La Ferté Bernardi (Bernard’s stronghold); Ferté-freshal, -from <i>Firmitas Fraxinelli</i> (the stronghold of little ash-trees); -La Ferté, in Nièvre and in Jura, etc.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FESTE</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">VESTING</span> (Dutch),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">FAESTUNG</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>a fortress; <i>e.g.</i> Altefeste (high fortress); Franzenfeste (the -fortress of the Franks); Festenburg (the town of the fortress); -Ivanich-festung (John’s fortress), in Croatia.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FEUCHT</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">VOICHTIG</span> (Dutch),</div> - -<p>moist, marshy; <i>e.g.</i> Feuchtwang (the marshy field), in Bavaria, -formerly called <i>Hudropolis</i>, in Greek, with the same meaning; -Feucht (the damp place), also in Bavaria; Viecht-gross and Viecht-klein -(the great and little damp place), in Bavaria.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">[80]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LES FÈVES</span> (Fr.),</div> - -<p>beans, Lat. <i>faba</i>, from which come such places in France as La -Favière, Favières, Faverage, Favray, Faverelles, etc.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FICHTE</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>the pine-tree; <i>e.g.</i> Schoenfichten (the beautiful pine-trees); -Finsterfechten (the dark pine-trees); Fichthorst (pine-wood); Feichheim -(a dwelling among pines). In topography, however, it is difficult to -distinguish this word from <i>feucht</i> (damp).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FIN</span>, <span class="allsmcap">FIONN</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>fair, white, Welsh <i>gwynn</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Findrum (white ridge); -<i>Fionn-uisge</i> (the clear water). The Phœnix Park, in Dublin, was -so called from a beautiful spring well on the grounds; Findlater (the -fair slope, <i>leiter</i>); Fingart (fair field); Finnow, Finnan, and -Finglass (fair stream); Finglen (fair glen); Knockfin (fair hill); Loch -Fyne (clear or beautiful lake); Fintray, in Aberdeenshire; Fintry, in -Stirling (fair strand, <i>traigh</i>); Ventry, Co. Kerry, <i>i.e.</i> -<i>Fionn-traigh</i> (fair strand); Finnow (the fair stream).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FIORD</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">FJORD</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>a creek or inlet formed by an arm of the sea, Anglicised <i>ford</i>, -or in Scotland <i>firth</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Selfiord (herring creek); -Laxfiord (salmon creek); Hvalfiord (whale creek); Lymefiord (muddy -creek); Skagafiord (the inlet of the promontory, <i>skagi</i>); -Halsfiord (the bay of the neck or <i>hals</i>, <i>i.e.</i> the -narrow passage); Waterford, named by the Danes <i>Vadre-fiord</i> -(the fordable part of the bay)—the Irish name of the town was -<i>Port-lairge</i> (the port of the thigh), from its form; Wexford (the -western creek or inlet), also named by the Danes <i>Flekkefiord</i> -(the flat inlet)—its Irish name was <i>Inverslanie</i> (at the mouth -of the Slaney); Strangford Lough (<i>i.e.</i> the loch of the strong -<i>fiord</i>); Carlingford, in Irish <i>Caerlinn</i>, the <i>fiord</i> -having been added by the Danes; Vaeringefiord, in Norway (the inlet -of the Varangians or Warings); Breidafiord (broad inlet), in Ireland; -Haverford, probably from Scand. <i>havre</i> (oats).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FLECKE</span> (Teut. and Scand.),</div> - -<p>a spot or level place, hence a hamlet; <i>e.g.</i> Flegg, East and -West, in Norfolk; Fleckney (the flat island); Fletton (flat town); -Pfaffenfleck (the priest’s hamlet); Amtsfleck (the amptman’s hamlet); -Schœnfleck (beautiful hamlet); Marktflecten (the market village); -Fladda, Flatholme, Fleckeroe (flat island); Fladstrand (flat strand).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[81]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FLEOT</span>, <span class="allsmcap">FLIEZ</span> (Teut.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">VLIET</span> (Dutch),</div> - -<p>a flush of water, a channel or arm of the sea on which vessels may -float; <i>e.g.</i> Fleet (a river name), in Kirkcudbright; Fleet -Loch; Swinefleet (Sweyn’s channel); Saltfleetby (the dwelling on -the salt water channel); Shalfleet (shallow channel); Depenfleth -(deep channel); Adlingfleet (the channel of the Atheling or noble); -Ebbfleet, a place which was a port in the twelfth century, but -is now half a mile from the shore; Purfleet, Co. Essex, anc. -<i>Pourteflete</i> (the channel of the port); Fleetwood (the wood on -the channel of the R. Wyre); Mühlfloss (mill channel); Flushing, in -Holland, corrupt. from <i>Vliessengen</i> (the town on the channel -of the R. Scheldt). In Normandy this kind of channel takes the form -of <i>fleur</i>, <i>e.g.</i> Barfleur (the summit or projection on -the channel); Harfleur or Havrefleur (the harbour on the channel); -Biervliet (the fruitful plain on the channel). <i>Flad</i> as a -prefix sometimes signifies a place liable to be flooded, as Fladbury, -Fledborough. The Lat. <i>flumen</i> (a flowing stream) is akin to -these words, along with its derivations in the Romance languages: -thus Fiume (on the river), a seaport in Croatia, at the mouth of the -R. Fiumara; Fiumicina, a small seaport at the north mouth of the -Tiber; Fiume-freddo (the cold stream), in Italy and Sicily; Flims, in -Switzerland, Lat. <i>Ad-flumina</i> (at the streams); Fiume-della Fine, -near Leghorn, is a corrupt. of its ancient name, <i>Ad-Fines</i> (the -river at the boundary).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FÖLD</span> (Hung.),</div> - -<p>land; <i>e.g.</i> Földvar (land fortress); Alfold (low land); Felföld -(high land); Szekel-föld (the land of the Szeklers); Havasel-föld (the -land beyond the mountains), which is the Hungarian name for Wallachia.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FONS</span> (Lat.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">FONTE</span> (It. and Port.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">FONT</span>, <span class="allsmcap">FONTAINE</span> (Fr.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">FUENTE</span>, and <span class="allsmcap">HONTANA</span> (Span.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">FUARAN</span> and <span class="allsmcap">UARAN</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">FFYNNON</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>a fountain, a well; <i>e.g.</i> Fontainebleau, corrupt. from -<i>Fontaine-de-belle-eau</i> (the spring of beautiful water); -Fontenoy (the place of the fountain); Fontenay (the place of the -fountain); Les Fontaines, Fontanas (the fountains); Fontenelles -(the little fountains); Fontevrault, Lat. <i>Fons-Ebraldi</i> (the -well of St. Evrault); Fuente (the fountain), the name of several -towns in Spain; Fuencaliente<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[82]</span> (the warm fountain); Fuensagrada (holy -well); Fuente-el-fresna (of the ash-tree); Fuente-alamo (of the -poplar); Fontarabia, Span. <i>Fuentarrabia</i>, corrupt. from the -Lat. <i>Fons-rapidans</i> (the swift-flowing spring); Fuenfrido (cold -fountain); Fossano, in Italy, Lat. <i>Fons-sanus</i> (the healing -fountain); Hontanas, Hontanares, Hontananza, Hontangas (the place -of springs), in Spain; Hontomin (the fountain of the R. Omino), in -Spain; Pinos-fuente (pine-tree fountain), in Granada; Saint-fontaine, -in Belgium, corrupt. from <i>Terra-de-centum fontanis</i> (the land -of the hundred springs); Spa, in Belgium, corrupt. from <i>Espa</i> -(the fountain)—its Latin name was <i>Fons-Tungrorum</i> (the well of -the Tungri); Fonthill (the hill of the spring). The town of Spalding, -Co. Lincoln, is said to have derived its name from a <i>spa</i> -of mineral water in the market-place. The Celtic <i>uaran</i> or -<i>fuaran</i> takes the form of <i>oran</i> in Ireland: thus Oranmore -(the great fountain near a holy well); Knock-an-oran (the hill of -the well); Ballynoran (the town of the well); Tinoran, corrupt. -from <i>Tigh-an-uarain</i> (the dwelling at the well); Foveran, in -Aberdeenshire, took its name from a spring, <i>fuaran</i>, at Foveran -Castle; Ffynon-Bed (St. Peter’s well), in Wales.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FORD</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">FURT</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">FURTH</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">VOORD</span> (Dutch),</div> - -<p>a shallow passage over a river; <i>e.g.</i> Bradford (the broad -ford), in Yorkshire, on the R. Aire; Bedford, <i>Bedican ford</i> -(the protected ford), on the Ouse; Brentford, on the R. Brenta; -Chelmsford, on the Chelmer; Camelford, on the Camel; Charford (the ford -of Ceredic); Aylesford (of Ægle); Hacford and Hackfurth (of Haco); -Guildford (of the guilds or trading associations); Hungerford, corrupt. -from <i>Ingle ford</i> (corner ford); Oxford, Welsh <i>Rhyd-ychen</i> -(ford for oxen); Ochsenfurt, in Bavaria, and probably the Bosphorus, -with the same meaning; Hertford (the hart’s ford); Hereford (the ford -of the army), or more probably a mistranslation of its Celtic name, -<i>Caer-ffawydd</i> (the town of the beech-trees); Horsford, Illford, -and Knutsford (the fords of Horsa, Ella, and Canute). Canute had -crossed this ford before gaining a great battle; Watford (the ford on -Watling Street); Milford, the translation of <i>Rhyd-y-milwr</i> (the -ford of the Milwr), a small brook that flows<span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[83]</span> into the haven; Haverford -West—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">HAVN</span>—the Welsh name is <i>Hwlfford</i> (the -sailing way, <i>fford</i>), so called because the tide comes up to -the town; Tiverton, anc. <i>Twyford</i> (the town on the two fords); -Stamford, A.S. <i>Stanford</i> (stony ford), on the Welland; <i>Stoney -Stratford</i> (the stony ford on the Roman road); Stafford, anc. -<i>Statford</i> (the ford at the station, or a ford crossed by staffs -or stilts); Crayford, on the R. Cray; but Crawford, in Lanarkshire, -is corrupt. from <i>Caerford</i> (castle ford); Wallingford, anc. -<i>Gual-hen</i>, Latinised <i>Gallena</i> (the old fort at the ford); -Thetford, anc. <i>Theodford</i> (the people’s ford), on the R. Thet; -Dartford, on the R. Darent; Bideford, in Devonshire (by the ford); -Furth and Pforten (the fords), in Prussia; Erfurt, in Saxony, anc. -<i>Erpisford</i> (the ford of Erpe); Hohenfurth (the high ford), -Bohemia; Frankfort, on the Maine and on the Oder (the ford of the -Franks); Quernfurt and Velvorde (the fords of the Rivers Quern and -Wolowe); Steenvoord (stony ford); Verden, in Hanover (at the ford of -the R. Aller).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FORS</span>, <span class="allsmcap">FOSS</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>a waterfall; <i>e.g.</i> High-force, Low-force, on the R. Tees; -Skogar-foss (the waterfall on the promontory), in Ireland; Wilberforce, -in Yorkshire (the cascade of Wilbera); Sodorfors (the south cascade), -in Sweden; Foston (the town of the waterfall).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FORST</span>, <span class="allsmcap">VORST</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>a wood; <i>e.g.</i> Forst-lohn (the path through the wood); Forst-bach -(forest brook); Eichenforst (oak forest); Forstheim (forest dwelling).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FORT</span>,</div> - -<p>a stronghold; from the Lat. <i>fortis</i>, strong—akin to the Irish -<i>Longphorth</i> (a fortress), and the French <i>La Ferté</i>, -abridged from <i>fermeté</i>—<i>v.</i> p. 79; <i>e.g.</i> Rochefort -(the rock fortress); Fort Augustus, named after the Duke of Cumberland; -Fort-George (after George II.); Fort-William, anc. <i>Inverlochy</i> -(at the mouth of the lake), and surnamed after William III.; Fortrose -(the fortress on the promontory); Fort-Louis, in Upper Rhine, -founded and named by Louis XIV.; Charles-Fort, in Canada, named -after Charles I. In Ireland the town of Longford is called in the -annals <i>Longphorth O’Farrell</i> (the fortress of the O’Farrells). -This Irish word is sometimes corrupted, as in <i>Lonart</i> for -<i>Longphorth</i>, and in Athlunkard for Athlongford (the ford of the -fortress).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FORUM</span> (Lat.),</div> - -<p>a market-place or place of assembly; <i>e.g.</i> Forli,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[84]</span> anc. -<i>Forum-Livii</i> (the forum of Livius), in Italy; Feurs, -in France, anc. <i>Forum-Segusianorum</i> (the forum of the -Segusiani); Forlimpopoli (the forum of the people); Ferrara, -anc. <i>Forum-Alieni</i> (the market-place of the foreigner); -Fornova (new forum); Fossombrone, anc. <i>Forum-Sempronii</i> (of -Sempronius); Fréjus and Friuli, anc. <i>Forum-Julii</i> (of Julius); -Frontignan, anc. <i>Forum-Domitii</i> (of Domitius), also called -<i>Frontiniacum</i> (on the edge of the water); Voorburg, in Holland, -anc. <i>Forum-Hadriani</i> (the market-place of Hadrian); Klagenfurt, -anc. <i>Claudii-Forum</i> (the forum of Claudius); Fordongianus, in -Sardinia, anc. <i>Forum-Trajani</i> (the forum of Trajan); Forcassi, -anc. <i>Forum-Cassii</i> (of Cassius); Fiora, anc. <i>Forum-Aurelii</i> -(of Aurelius); <i>Appii-Forum</i> (of Appius); Marazion, in Cornwall, -or <i>Marketjeu</i>, Latinised by the Romans into <i>Forum-Jovis</i> -(the forum of Jove or of God), resorted to in former times from its -vicinity to the sacred shrine of St. Michael.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FOSSE</span>,</div> - -<p>a ditch or trench dug around a fortified place, from the Lat. -<i>fodio</i>, to dig; <i>e.g.</i> Fosseway (the road near the trench); -Foston (the town with the trench or moat); Fosse, in Belgium; Fos, at -the mouths of the Rhone, anc. <i>Fossæ Marianæ Portus</i> (the port of -the trench or canal of Marius).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FRANK</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>free, but in topography meaning belonging to the Franks; <i>e.g.</i> -Franconia (the district of the Franks); France, abridged from -<i>Frankreich</i> (the kingdom of the Franks or freemen); Frankenthal -(the valley of the Franks); Frankenberg and Frankenfels (the hill and -rock of the Franks); Frankenburg and Frankenhausen (the dwellings -of the Franks); Frankenstein (the rock of the Franks); Frankenmarkt -(the market of the Franks); Ville-franche and Ville-franche sur Saone -(free town), in France; Villa-franca (free town), several in Italy; -Villa-franca (free town), in Spain.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FREI</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">FREY</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a privileged place, as also <i>freiheit</i> (freedom); <i>e.g.</i> -Freyburg and Fribourg (the privileged city); Schloss-freiheit -and Berg-freiheit (the privileged castle); Oude-Vrijheid (the -old privileged place), in Holland; Freystadt, in Hungary, Grk. -<i>Eleutheropolis</i> (free city).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FRÊNE</span> (Fr.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">FRASSINO</span> (It.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">FRESNO</span> (Span.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">FREIXO</span> (Port.),</div> - -<p>the ash-tree; <i>e.g.</i> Les Frênes, Les Fresnes (the ash-trees); -Frenois, Frenoit, Frenai, Frenay,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[85]</span> Fresney (the place abounding in -ash-trees), in France; Frassinetto-di-Po (the ash-tree grove on the R. -Po).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FREUDE</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>joy; <i>e.g.</i> Freudenthal (the valley of joy); Freudenstadt (the -town of joy).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FRIDE</span>,</div> - -<p>a hedge, from the Old Ger. word <i>vride</i>—akin to the Gael. -<i>fridh</i>, and the Welsh <i>fridd</i> (a wood); <i>e.g.</i> -Burgfried (the hedge of the fortress); Friedberg, anc. <i>Vriduperg</i> -(a fortress surrounded by a hedge); but Friedland, in East Prussia, -Grk. <i>Irenopyrgos</i> (the tower of peace), is from <i>friede</i>, -Ger. peace. The prefix <i>fried</i> is also sometimes a contraction for -Frederick—thus Friedburg may mean Frederick’s town.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FRITH</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">FIRTH</span>,</div> - -<p>the navigable estuary of a river, akin to <i>fiord</i> and the Lat. -<i>fretum</i>, a channel; <i>e.g.</i> the Firths of Forth, Tay, and -Clyde; the Solway Firth. This word Solway has had various derivations -assigned to it: one derivation is from the <i>Selgovæ</i>, a tribe; -Ferguson suggests the Old Norse word <i>sulla</i>, Eng. <i>sully</i>, -from its turbid waters, particularly as it was called in Leland’s -<i>Itinera</i> Sulway. I would suggest the A.S. <i>sol</i> (mire), as -this channel is a miry slough at low tide, and can be crossed on foot; -Pentland Firth, corrupt. from <i>Petland Fiord</i> (the bay between the -land of the Picts and the Orkneys).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FROU</span>, <span class="allsmcap">FRAU</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>lord and lady; <i>e.g.</i> Froustalla (the lord or nobleman’s stall); -Frousthorp (the nobleman’s farm); Fraubrunnen (our lady’s well); -Frauenberg, Frauenburg, Fraustadt (our lady’s town); Frauenkirchen (our -lady’s church); Frauenfeld (our lady’s field).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FUL</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>dirty; <i>e.g.</i> Fulbeck, Fulbrook (dirty stream); Fulneck or -<i>Fullanig</i> (dirty water); Fulham or Fullenham (either the -dwelling on the miry place or, according to another derivation, from -<i>fügel</i>, a bird).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FÜRED</span> (Hung.),</div> - -<p>a bath or watering-place; <i>e.g.</i> Tisza-Füred (the watering-place -on the R. Theis or Tisza); Balaton-Füred, on Lake Balaton.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">FURST</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a prince or the first in rank; <i>e.g.</i> Furstenau, Furstenberg, -Furstenfeld, Furstenwald, Furstenwerder, Furstenzell (the meadow, hill, -field, wood, island, church, of the prince); but Furstberg means the -chief or highest hill.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">[86]</span></p> - -<h3>G</h3> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GABEL</span> (Teut.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">GABHAL</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">GOUL</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a fork, applied to river forks; <i>e.g.</i> Gabelbach (the forked -stream); Gabelhof (the court or dwelling at the forked stream), in -Germany. In Ireland: Goul, Gowel, and Gowl (the fork); Gola (forks); -Addergoul, Addergoule, and Edargoule, Irish <i>Eadar-dha-ghabhal</i> -(the place between two river-prongs); Goule, in Yorkshire (on the fork -of two streams).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GADEN</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a cottage; <i>e.g.</i> Holzgaden (wood cottage); Steingaden (rock -cottage).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GADR</span> (Phœn.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">KARTHA</span>,<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">KIRJATH</span> (Heb.),</div> - -<p>an enclosure, a city, or fortified place, from <i>kir</i>, a wall; -<i>e.g.</i> Gades or Cadiz, anc. <i>Gadr</i>, in Spain; Carthage, anc. -<i>Kartha-hadtha</i> (the new city, in opposition to Utica, the old); -Carthagena (New Carthage); Kirjath-Arba (the city of Arba, afterwards -Hebron); Kirjath-sepher (of the book); Kirjath-jearim (of forests); -Kirjath-Baal (Baal’s town); Kirjath-Sannah (of palms); Keriathaim (the -double town); Kir-Moab (the citadel of Moab); Cordova, in Spain, Phœn. -<i>Kartha-Baal</i> (which may mean the city of Baal).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GAMA</span> (Tamul),</div> - -<p>a village; <i>e.g.</i> Alut-gama (new village), in Ceylon.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GANG</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a narrow passage, either on land or by water; <i>e.g.</i> Birkengang -(the birch-tree pass); Strassgang (a narrow street); Gangbach (the -passage across the brook); Ganghofen (the dwelling at the ferry), on -the R. Roth, in Bavaria.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GANGA</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">GUNGA</span> (Sansc.),</div> - -<p>a river; <i>e.g.</i> Borra Ganga or the Ganges (the great river); -Kishenganga (the black river); Neelganga (the blue river); Naraingunga -(the river of Naranyana or Vishnu); Ramgunga (Ram’s river).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GARBH</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">GARW</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>rough; <i>e.g.</i> Rivers Gara, Garry, Garwe, Garwy, Owengarve, -Garonne, Garvault, Yair, Yarrow (rough stream); Garracloon (rough -meadow); Garroch head or Ard-Kingarth (the point of the rough -headland), in Bute; Garioch (the rough district), in Aberdeenshire.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GARENNE</span>,</div> - -<p>a word of Germanic or Celtic origin, from the Low<span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">[87]</span> Lat. <i>warenna</i>, -and that from the High Ger. <i>waran</i> (to take precautions), had -at first the sense of a protected or guarded place, and more lately -of a wood to which was attached the exclusive right of the chase; -<i>e.g.</i> La Garenne, Garenne, Varenne, Varennes, Warennes, in -various departments of France.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GARIEF</span> (South Africa),</div> - -<p>a river; <i>e.g.</i> Ky-garief (yellow river); Nu-garief (black river).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GARRDH</span> (Gadhelic), <span class="allsmcap">GARDD</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>a garden; <i>e.g.</i> Garryowen (Owen’s garden); Gairyard (high -garden); Ballingarry (the town of the garden); Garrane and Garrawn (the -shrubbery); Garranbane (white shrubbery).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GARTH</span> (Welsh),</div> - -<p>a hill; <i>e.g.</i> Tal-garth (the brow of the hill), in -Brecknockshire; Brecknock, named after Brychan, its king, who came from -Ireland in the sixth century. Its ancient name was <i>Garth-Madryn</i> -(the fox’s hill).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GARTH</span>, <span class="allsmcap">GART</span> (Teut. and Scand.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">GARRAD</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">GARRD</span>, <span class="allsmcap">GARZ</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>an enclosed place, either for plants or cattle, then a farm. It is -sometimes found in the form of <i>gort</i> in Ireland and Scotland; -<i>e.g.</i> Garton (the enclosure or enclosed town); Applegarth (the -apple enclosure or farm); Hogarth (an enclosure for hay); Weingarten -(an enclosure for vines, or a vineyard); Stuttgart and Hestingaard (an -enclosure for horses); Nornigard (the sibyl’s dwelling, <i>norn</i>, -a prophetess); Fishgarth or Fishguard (the fisher’s farm), in Wales; -Noostigard (the farm at the <i>naust</i> or ship station); in Shetland; -Smiorgard (butter farm); Prestgard (the priest’s farm); Yardley (the -enclosed meadow); Yardborough (the enclosed town); Gartan (little -field); Gordon, a parish in Berwickshire, corrupt. from <i>Goirtean</i> -(little farm); Gartbane and Gortban (fair field); Gartfarran (the -farm at the fountain, <i>fuaran</i>); Gartbreck (spotted field); -Gortnagclock (the field of the stones); Gortreagh (gray field); -Gortenure (the field of the yew-tree); Oulart, in Ireland, corrupt. -from <i>Abhalghort</i> (apple-field or orchard); Bugard (an enclosure -for cattle), in Shetland; Olligard (the farm or dwelling of Olaf), -in Shetland; Girthon, corrupt. from <i>Girthavon</i> (the enclosure -on the river), in Kirkcudbright). On the other hand, <i>Garda</i> or -<i>Warda</i> in French<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">[88]</span> names signified originally a fortified or -protected place, from an old Teutonic word <i>warta</i>; hence Gardere, -Gardière, La Garderie, La Garde, La Warde, etc.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GAT</span> (Scand.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">GAEAT</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">GHAT</span> (Sansc.),</div> - -<p>an opening or passage; <i>e.g.</i> the Cattegat (the cat’s throat or -passage); Margate (the sea-gate or passage), anc. <i>Meregate</i>, -there having been formerly a <i>mere</i> or lake here which had -its influx into the sea; Ramsgate (the passage of <i>Ruim</i>, the -ancient name of Thanet); Reigate, contraction from <i>Ridgegate</i> -(the passage through the ridge); Yetholm (the valley at the passage -or border between England and Scotland, <i>yet</i>, Scot. a gate); -Harrowgate, probably the passage of the army, A.S. <i>here</i>, as it -is situated near one of the great Roman roads; Crossgates, a village -in Fife (at the road crossings); Ludgate did not derive its name -from a certain King <i>Lud</i>, according to popular tradition, but -is an instance of tautology, there having been an ancient A.S. word -<i>hlid</i> (a door), hence <i>Geathlid</i> (a postern gate)—<i>v.</i> -<span class="allsmcap">BOSWORTH</span>. In India the word <i>ghat</i> is applied to a pass -between hills or mountains, as in the Ghauts (the two converging -mountain ranges); Sheergotta (the lion’s pass), between Calcutta and -Benares; and Geragaut (the horse’s pass), or to a passage across a -river, as well as to the flights of steps leading from a river to the -buildings on its banks. Thus Calcutta is <i>Kalikuti</i> (the ghauts or -passes leading to the temple of the goddess Kali), on the R. Hoogly; -also Calicut, on the Malabar coast.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GAU</span>, <span class="allsmcap">GOVIA</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a district; <i>e.g.</i> Sundgau, Westgau, Nordgau (south, west, and -north district); Aargau, Rheingau, Thurgau (the districts watered by -the Rivers Aar, Rhine, and Thur); Schöengau (beautiful district); -Wonnegau (the district of delight); Hainault, Ger. <i>Hennegau</i> (the -district of the R. Haine, and <i>ault</i>, the stream); Pinzgau (the -district of rushes, <i>binse</i>), in Tyrol; Oehringen or Oringowe (the -district of the R. Ohr).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GEBEL</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">DJEBEL</span> (Ar.),</div> - -<p>a mountain; <i>e.g.</i> Gebel-Kattarin, in Sinai (St. Catharine’s -mountain), where, according to tradition, the body of St. Catharine -was transported from Alexandria; Djebel-Mousa (the mountain of -Moses), in Horeb; Djebel-Nimrod (of Nimrod), in Armenia; Jebel-Khal -(black<span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">[89]</span> mount), in Africa; Gibraltar, Ar. <i>Gebel-al-Tarik</i> (the -mountain of Tarik, a Moor, who erected a fort on the rock of Calpe, -<span class="allsmcap">A.D.</span> 711); Jebel-Libnan or Lebanon (the white mountain), -supposed to be so called because covered with snow during a great part -of the year; Gebel-Oomar (the mountain of Omar); Gibel-el-Faro (the -mountain with the lighthouse), near Malaga; <i>Djebel-es-Sheikh</i> -(the mount of the sheik or shah, <i>i.e.</i> of the king), the Arabian -name for Mount Hermon—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">INDEX</span>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GEESTE</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>barren land; <i>e.g.</i> Gaste, Geist, Geeste (the barren land); -Geestefeld (barren field); Holzengeist (the barren land in the wood); -Nordergast, Middelgast (the northern and middle barren land).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GEISE</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a goat; <i>e.g.</i> Geisa and Geisbach (the goat’s stream); Geismar -(rich in goats); Geiselhoring, Geisenhausen, Geisenheim (the goat’s -dwelling); Geisberg (goat’s hill).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GEMENDE</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a common; <i>e.g.</i> Gmeind (the common); Petersgemeinde (Peter’s -common); Gemeindmühle (the mill on the common).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GEMUND</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a river-mouth or a confluence; <i>e.g.</i> Neckargemund (at the mouth -of the R. Neckar); Saaregemund (at the conf. of the R. Saare and the -Belise); Gmünd, in Wurtemberg (at the conf. of the two streams); Gemund -and Gemunden, in various parts of Germany. In Holland this word takes -the form of <i>monde</i>, as in Roermonde and Dendermonde (at the -mouths of the Roer and Dender); Emden, in Hanover, is a corrupt. of -<i>Emsmünder</i> (at the conf. of the Ems and a small stream).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GEN</span>,</div> - -<p>an abbreviated form of <i>magen</i> or <i>megen</i>, the Teutonic -form for the Cel. <i>magh</i> (a field)—<i>qu. v.</i>; <i>e.g.</i> -Remagen or Rhemmaghen (the field on the Rhine); Nimeguen, for -<i>Novio-magus</i> (the new field); Schleusingen (the field or plain of -the R. Schleuse); Munchingen (the field of the monks); Beverungen, on -the R. Bever; Meiningen (the great field or plain), in the valley of -the R. Wara.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GEN</span>, <span class="allsmcap">GENAU</span> (Cel.),</div> - -<p>a mouth or opening; <i>e.g.</i> Llanfihangel-genaur’-glyn (the church -of the angel at the mouth of the glen), in Wales; Genappe and Gennep -(the mouth of the water, <i>abh</i>); Geneva (either the opening or -mouth of the water, or the head, <i>ceann</i>, of the water, where the -Rhone<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[90]</span> proceeds from the lake); Genoa, probably with the same meaning; -Ghent or Gend, at the conf. of the Scheldt and Lys, may also mean at -the mouth of the rivers, although, according to tradition, it acquired -its name from a tribe of Vandals, the <i>Gandani</i>, and was called -in the ninth century <i>Gandavum-vicum</i>, from the name of its -inhabitants.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GENT</span>,</div> - -<p>in French topography, beautiful; <i>e.g.</i> Gentilly, anc. -<i>Gentiliacum</i> (the place of beautiful waters), on the -Bièvre—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">OEUIL</span>; Nogent (beautiful meadow).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GERICHT</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a court of justice; <i>e.g.</i> Gerichtsbergen (the hill of the court -of justice); Gerichtstetten (the station of the court of justice).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GHAR</span> (Ar.),</div> - -<p>a cave; <i>e.g.</i> Garbo (the cave), in Malta; Trafalgar, <i>i.e.</i> -<i>Taraf-al-gar</i> (the promontory of the cave).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GHAR</span>, <span class="allsmcap">GHUR</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">GORE</span> (Sansc.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">NAGAR</span>, a city,</div> - -<p>a fort; <i>e.g.</i> Ahmednaghar (the fort of Ahmed); Ramghur (of Ram); -Kishenagur (of Krishna); Furracknagur (of Furrack); Moradnagur (of -Morad); Jehanagur (of Jehan); Allighur (of Allah or of God); Bisnaghur -(triumphant fort); Futtegur (fort of victory); Deoghur (God’s fort); -Neelgur (blue fort); Seringagur (the fort of abundance); Chandernagore -(the fort of the moon); Haidernagur (of Hyder Ali); Bissengur (the fort -of Vishnu); Chunarghur (the fort of the district of Chunar).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GHARI</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">GHERRY</span> (Sansc.),</div> - -<p>a mountain; <i>e.g.</i> Ghaur, a mountainous district in Affghanistan; -Boughir (the woody mountain); Kistnagherry (Krishna’s mountain); -Rutnagiri (the mountain of rubies); Chandgherry (of the moon); -Shevagherry (of Siva); Neilgherries (the blue mountains); Dhawalageri -(the white mountain), being the highest peak of the Himalayas.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GILL</span>, <span class="allsmcap">GJA</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>a ravine; <i>e.g.</i> Buttergill, Horisgill, Ormsgill, Thorsgill, etc. -(ravines in the Lake District named after Norse leaders); Hrafngia (the -ravens’ ravine, or of Hrafan, a Norse leader); Almanna-gja (Allman’s -ravine), in Iceland. The Hebrew <i>gäe</i> (a ravine) answers in -meaning to this word, as in Ge-Hinnom (the ravine of the children -of Hinnom), corrupt. to <i>Gehenna</i>. This word, in the form of -<i>goe</i>, is applied to a small bay, <i>i.e.</i> a ravine which -admits the sea, as in Redgoe, Ravengoe, in the north of Scotland.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GLAISE</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a small stream; <i>e.g.</i> Glasaboy (the yellow<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[91]</span> stream); Tullyglush -(hill stream); Glasheena (abounding in small streams); Douglas, -<i>i.e.</i> <i>Dubhglaise</i> (the black stream), frequent in Ireland -and Scotland; Douglas, in the Isle of Man, is on the R. Douglas; also -the name of a parish and village in Lanarkshire, from which the Douglas -family derive their name. Glasheenaulin (the beautiful little stream), -in Co. Cork; Ardglashin (the height of the rivulet), in Cavan.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GLAN</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>a shore, a brink, a side; <i>e.g.</i> Glan-yr-afon, Welsh (the river -side).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GLAS</span> (Cel.),</div> - -<p>gray, blue, or green; <i>e.g.</i> Glasalt (gray stream); Glascloon -(green meadow); Glasdrummond (green ridge); Glaslough (green lake); -Glasmullagh (green summit), in Ireland; Glass, a parish in Scotland. In -Wales: Glascoed (greenwood); Glascombe (green hollow). Glasgow is said -by James, the author of <i>Welsh Names of Places</i>, to be a corrupt. -of <i>Glas-coed</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GLEANN</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">GLYN</span> and <span class="allsmcap">GLANN</span> (Cym.-Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">GLEN</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>a small valley, often named from the river which flows through it; -<i>e.g.</i> Glen-fender, Glen-finnan, Glen-tilt, Glen-shee, Glen-esk, -Glen-bervie, Glen-bucket, Glen-livet, Glen-lyon, Glen-almond, -Glen-dochart, Glen-luce, Glen-isla, Glen-ary, Glen-coe, Glen-devon -(valleys in Scotland watered by the Rivers Fender, Finnan, Tilt, Shee, -Esk, Bervie, Bucket, Livet, Lyon, Almond, Dochart, Luce, Isla, Aray, -Cona, Devon). In Ireland: Glennagross (the valley of the crosses); -Glenmullion (of the mill); Glendine and Glandine and Glendowan, Irish -<i>Gleann-doimhin</i> (the deep valley)—sometimes it takes the -form of <i>glan</i> or <i>glyn</i>, as in Glin on the Shannon, and -Glynn in Antrim; Glennan, Glenann, Glentane, Glenlaun, etc. (little -valley). When this word occurs at the end of names in Ireland the -<i>g</i> is sometimes suppressed; <i>e.g.</i> Leiglin, in Carlow, anc. -<i>Leith-ghlionn</i> (half glen); Crumlin, Cromlin, and Crimlin (the -winding glen); Glencross or Glencorse, in the Pentlands, named from a -remarkable cross which once stood there; Glenelg (the valley of hunting -or of the roe); Glengarnock (of the rough hillock); Glencroe (of the -sheepfold); Glenmore or <i>Glenmore-nan-Albin</i> (the great glen of -Scotland which divides the Highlands<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">[92]</span> into two nearly equal parts); -Glenmoreston (the valley of the great cascade, <i>i.e.</i> of Foyers); -Glenbeg (little valley); Glenburnie (of the little stream); Glenmuick -(the boars’ valley); Glenure (of the yew); Glenfinlas (of the clear -stream); Glengariff (rough glen); Glendalough, Co. Wicklow, is in Irish -<i>Gleann-da-locha</i> (the glen of the two lakes); Glennamaddy (of the -dogs, <i>madadh</i>); Glinties (the glens), Co. Donegal; Forglen, a -parish in Banffshire (the cold or the grassy glen). In Wales, Glyn-Nedd -(of the R. Nedd.)</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GLEIZ</span> (Old Ger.),</div> - -<p>shining; <i>e.g.</i> Glisbach (shining brook); Gleisberg (shining -hill); Gleesdorf, Gleesweiler (shining dwelling).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GLINA</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>clay; <i>e.g.</i> Glinzig, Glindow, Glintock, Glianicke, Glinow (names -of places near clay pits); Glina (the clayey stream).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GLOG</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>the white thorn; <i>e.g.</i> Glogau, <i>Gross</i>, and Upper Glogau, -in Silesia (places abounding in white thorn); Glognitz, with the same -meaning.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GNADE</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>grace; <i>e.g.</i> Gnadenhütten (the tabernacles of grace), a Moravian -settlement on the Ohio; Gnadenthal (the valley of grace), in Africa; -Gnadenburg and Gnadenfeld (the city and field of grace).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GOBHA</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a blacksmith—in topography <i>Gow</i> or <i>Gowan</i>; <i>e.g.</i> -Ardgowan (the blacksmith’s height); Balgowan, Balnagowan, Balgownie, -Balgonie, in Scotland, and Ballygow, Ballygowan, Ballingown, -Ballynagown, in Ireland (the dwelling of the blacksmith); Athgoe (the -blacksmith’s ford). In early times the blacksmith was regarded as an -important personage, being the manufacturer of weapons of war, and the -ancient Irish, like other nations, had their smith god, Goban, hence -the frequent use of the word in their topography.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GOLA</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">GALA</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>a wood; <i>e.g.</i> Golschow, Goltzen, Golkojye or Kolkwitz, and Gahlen -(the woody place); Galinchen (the little Gahlen, <i>i.e.</i> a colony -from that town); Kallinichen, <i>i.e.</i> the colony from Gallun (the -woody place); Gollnow, in Pomerania, from this root; but Gollnitz, -near Finsterwalde, is corrupt. from <i>Jelenze</i> (stag town), from -<i>jelen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GOLB</span>, <span class="allsmcap">GULB</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>the dove; <i>e.g.</i> Gulbin, Golbitten, Golembin,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">[93]</span> Golembecks, -Golembki (dove town); Gollombken, in Prussia, Ger. <i>Taubendorf</i> -(dove town).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GORA</span> (Sclav.),<br /> -Ὁρος (Grk.),</div> - -<p>a mountain or hill; <i>e.g.</i> Goritz, Ger. <i>Goïs</i> (the town on -the hill), in Hungary, in a province of the same name; Gorlitz (behind -the hill), called also <i>Sgoretz</i>; Gorigk, Ger. <i>Bergheide</i> -(hilly heath); Gorgast (hill inn), <i>gosta</i> corrupt. into -<i>gast</i>; Podgorze, Podgorach, Podgoriza, Poschgorize (near the -hill). This word sometimes takes the form of <i>hora</i>, as in Zahora, -in Turkey (behind the hill); Czernahora (the black hill).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GORT</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a field, cognate with the Lat. <i>hortus</i> and Span. <i>huerta</i>, -and the Teut. <i>garth</i>—<i>v.</i> p. 87; <i>e.g.</i> Huerta-del-rey -(the king’s orchard), in Spain.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GRAB</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>the red beech; <i>e.g.</i> Grabkow, Grabitz, Grabig, Grabow (the place -of red beeches); Grabin, Ger. <i>Finsterwalde</i> (the place of red -beeches or the dark wood).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GRABEN</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">GRAB</span>, <span class="allsmcap">GRAEF</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>a grave or trench, from <i>graben</i>, <i>grafan</i> (to dig); -<i>e.g.</i> Mühlgraben (the mill trench or dam); Vloedgraben (the -trench for the flood); Schutzgraben (the moat of the defence); Grafton -and Graffham (the moated town); Gravesend (the town at the end of the -moat); Bischofsgraef (the bishop’s trench). In Ireland the prefix -<i>graf</i> is applied to lands that have been grubbed up with a kind -of axe called a <i>grafan</i>—hence such names as Graffan, Graffin, -Graffee, Graffy.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GRAF</span>, <span class="allsmcap">GRAAF</span> (Teut. and Scand.),</div> - -<p>a count or earl; <i>e.g.</i> Graffenau, Graffenberg, Grafenschlag, -Grafenstein (the meadow, hill, wood-clearing, and rock of the count); -Grafenworth and Grafenhain (the count’s enclosure or farm); Grafenthal -(the count’s valley); Grafenbrück (the count’s bridge); Grafenmühle -(the count’s mill); Gravelines, in Flanders, anc. <i>Graveninghem</i> -(the count’s domain). In Sclavonic names, Grabik, Grabink, Grobitz, -Hrabowa, Hrabaschin (the count’s town); Grobinow (count’s town), -Germanised into <i>Kroppstadt</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GRANGE</span> (Fr. and Scot.),</div> - -<p>a farm or storehouse for grain, from the Lat. <i>granaria</i>, cognate -with the Gadhelic <i>grainnseach</i>, Low Lat. <i>grangia</i>; -<i>e.g.</i> Grange, a parish and village in Banffshire; Les Granges -(the granaries); La Neuve Grange<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">[94]</span> (the new farm), in France; La Granja, -in Spain; Grangegeeth (the windy farm), in Ireland. From the same root -such names in Ireland as Granagh, Granaghan (places producing grain).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GRENZE</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">GRAN</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>the boundary or corner; <i>e.g.</i> Grenzhausen (the dwellings on -the boundary); Banai-Militar Granze (the border territory under the -government of a military officer called <i>The Ban</i>); Gransee (the -corner lake); Graniz, Granowo (boundary towns), in Hungary; Gran, a -town in Hungary, in a province of the same name through which the R. -Gran flows.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GRIAN</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>the sun; <i>e.g.</i> Greenock, either from <i>grianach</i> (sunny) -or the knoll, <i>cnoc</i> (of the sun); Greenan, Greenane, Greenawn, -and Grennan (literally, a sunny spot), translated by the Irish -Latin-writers <i>solarium</i>; but as it occurs in topographical names -in Ireland, it is used as another name for a royal palace; Grenanstown, -in Co. Tipperary, is a sort of translation of its ancient name -<i>Baile-an-ghrianain</i> (the town of the palace); Greenan-Ely (the -palace of the circular stone fortress, <i>aileach</i>); Tullagreen (the -hill of the sun); Monagreany (sunny bog).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GRIES</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>sand or gravel; <i>e.g.</i> Griesbach (sandy brook); Griesau, Griesthal -(sandy valley); Grieshaim (sandy dwelling); Grieswang (sandy field); -Griesberg (sand hill); Grieskirchen (the church on the sandy land). -<i>Gressius</i> and <i>Gresum</i> in <i>bas</i> Lat. have the same -meaning, and have given names to such places in France as Les Grès, -Grèses, Les Gresillons, La Gressée, La Grezille, etc.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GROD</span>, <span class="allsmcap">GOROD</span>, <span class="allsmcap">GRAD</span> (Sclav.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">HRAD</span> (Turc.),</div> - -<p>a fortified town; <i>e.g.</i> Belgrade and Belgorod (white fortress); -Ekateringrad and Elizabethgrad (the fortified town of the Empress -Catharine and Elizabeth); Zaregorod (the fortress of the Czar or -Emperor); Novgorod (new fortress); Paulograd and Ivanograd (the -fortress of Paul or Ivan, <i>i.e.</i> John); Gratz, Gradiska, Gradizsk, -Gradentz, Grodek, Grodno, Grodzizk (the fortified towns), in Poland and -Russia; Hradeck and Hradisch, with the same meaning, in Bohemia.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GRODEN</span> (Frisian),</div> - -<p>land reclaimed from the sea; <i>e.g.</i> Moorgroden, Ostergroden, -Salzgroden, places in Holland.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">[95]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GRÖN</span>, <span class="allsmcap">GROEN</span>, <span class="allsmcap">GRUN</span> (Teut. and -Scand.),</div> - -<p>green; <i>e.g.</i> Groenloo, Gronau (the green meadow); Grunavoe (green -bay); Grunataing (green promontory); Grunaster (green dwelling), in -Shetland; Greenland, translated from <i>Terra-verde</i>, the name given -to the country by Cortoreal in 1500, but it had been discovered by an -Icelander (Lief, son of Eric the red), in the ninth century, and named -by him <i>Hvitsaerk</i> (white shirt), probably because covered with -snow; Greenwich, A.S. <i>Grenavie</i>, Lat. <i>viridus-vicus</i> (green -town).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GRUND</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a valley; <i>e.g.</i> Amsel-grund, Itygrund (the valleys of the Rivers -Amsel and Ity); Riesengrund (the giant’s valley); Laucha-grund (the -valley of the R. Laucha), in Thuringia.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GUADA</span>,</div> - -<p>the name given to the rivers in Spain by the Moors, from the Arabic -<i>wädy</i> (the dried-up bed of a river); <i>e.g.</i> Guadalaviar, -<i>i.e.</i> Ar. <i>Wadi-l-abyadh</i> (the white river); Guadalete -(the small river); Guadalimar (red river); Guadarama (sandy -river); Guadalertin (the muddy river); Guadaloupe (the river of -the bay, <i>upl</i>); Guadiana (the river of joy), called by the -Greeks <i>Chrysus</i> (the golden); Guadalquivir, <i>i.e.</i> -<i>Wad-al-kebir</i> (the great river); Guaalcazar (of the palace); -Guadalhorra (of the cave, <i>ghar</i>); Guadalbanar (of the -battlefield); Guadaira (of the mills).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GUÉ</span> (Fr.),</div> - -<p>a ford, perhaps from the Celtic <i>gwy</i>, water; <i>e.g.</i> -Gué-du-Loire (the ford of the Loire); Gué-de-l’Isle (of the island); -Le Gué-aux-biches (of the hinds); Boné, formerly <i>Bonum-vadum</i>, -Lat. (the good ford), in France; Bungay, in Suffolk, on the R. Waveney, -corrupt. from <i>Bon-gué</i> (good ford).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GUISA</span> (Old Ger.),</div> - -<p>to gush, found in river names; <i>e.g.</i> Buachgieso (the bending -stream); Goldgieso (golden stream); Wisgoz (the white stream).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GUNGE</span> (Sansc.),</div> - -<p>a market-town; <i>e.g.</i> Saibgunge (the market-town of the -Englishmen); Futtegunge (the town of victory); Sultangunge (of the -Sultan); Shevagunge (of Siva); Jaffiergunge (of Jaffier).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GUT</span>, <span class="allsmcap">GOED</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a property; <i>e.g.</i> Schlossgut (the property of the castle); -Wüstegut (the property in the waste land); but this word, used as a -prefix, denotes <i>good</i>, as in Guttenberg,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">[96]</span> Guttenbrun, Guttenstein -(the good hill, well, and fortress).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GWEN</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>fair, white, cognate with the Gadhelic <i>fionn</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Gwenap -(the fair slope); Gwendur and Derwent (the fair water); Berwyn (the -fair boundary); Corwen (the fair choir); Ventnor (the fair shore); -Guinty or Guindy (the fair or white dwelling), common in Wales. -<i>Gwent</i>, Latinised <i>Venta</i>, meant a fair open plain, and -was applied to the counties of Monmouth, Gloucester, and Hereford, -and Hampshire, as well as to the coast of Brittany: thus Winchester -was formerly <i>Caer-gwent</i> (the fortress of the fair plain), -Latinised <i>Venta-Belgorum</i> (the plain of the Belgians). There was -a <i>gwent</i> also in Norfolk, Latinised <i>Venta-Icenorum</i> (the -plain of the Iceni). This root-word may be the derivation of Vannes -and La Vendée, in Normandy, if not from the <i>Veneti</i>—<i>v.</i> -<span class="allsmcap">FEN</span>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GWENT</span> (Welsh),</div> - -<p>a fair or open region, a campaign. It is a name now confined to -nearly all Monmouthshire, but which anciently comprehended also -parts of the counties of Gloucester and Hereford, being a district -where <i>Caer-went</i> or the <i>Venta-Silurum</i> of the Romans was -the capital; Corwen (the blessed choir or church); Yr Eglwys-Wen -(the blessed choir or church); Wenvoe, in Glamorgan, corrupt. from -<i>Gwenvai</i> (the happy land).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GWERN</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>the alder-tree, also a swamp; <i>e.g.</i> Coed-gwern (alder-tree wood).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GWY</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">WY</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>water; <i>e.g.</i> the Rivers Wye, the Elwy (gliding water); Llugwy -(clear water); Mynewy (small water); Leveny (smooth water); Garway -(rough water); Conway (the chief or head water, <i>cyn</i>); Gwydir, -<i>i.e.</i> <i>Gwy-tir</i> (water land), the ancient name of -Glastonbury; Gwynedd (water glen), an ancient region in North Wales.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">GWYRDD</span> (Welsh),</div> - -<p>green, verdant; <i>e.g.</i> Gwyrdd-y-coed (the winter green).</p> - - -<h3>H</h3> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HAAR</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>an eminence; <i>e.g.</i> Haarlem (the eminence on the clayey soil, -<i>leem</i>).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">[97]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HAFEN</span>, <span class="allsmcap">HAVN</span> (Teut. and Scand.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">HOFEN</span>, <span class="allsmcap">HAMM</span>,<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">HAVRE</span> (Fr.),</div> - -<p>a harbour, from <i>haff</i> (the ocean); <i>e.g.</i> Frische-haff -(freshwater haven); Kurische-haff (the harbour of the <i>Cures</i>, -a tribe); Ludwig’s-hafen (the harbour of Louis); Charles’s-haven, -Frederick’s-haven (named after their founders); Delfshaven (the -canal harbour); Vilshaven (the harbour at the mouth of the R. Vils); -Thorshaven (the harbour of Thor); Heiligenhaven (holy harbour); Hamburg -(the town of the harbour), formerly <i>Hochburi</i> (high town); -Soderhamm (the south harbour); Osterhafen (east harbour); Ryehaven, -in Sussex (the harbour on the bank, <i>rive</i>); Milford-haven (the -harbour of Milford), the modern name of the Cel. <i>Aber-du-gledian</i> -(the confluence of the two <i>swords</i>), a word applied to -<i>streams</i> by the ancient Britons; Whitehaven, in Cumberland, -according to Camden named from its white cliffs; Stonehaven (the -harbour of the rock), in allusion to the projecting rock which shelters -the harbour; Newhaven, Co. Sussex, in allusion to the new harbour made -in 1713—its former name was <i>Meeching</i>; Newhaven, Co. Edinburgh, -named in contradistinction from the old harbour at Leith.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HAG</span>, <span class="allsmcap">HAGEN</span> (Teut. and Scand.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">HAIGH</span>, <span class="allsmcap">HAY</span>, <span class="allsmcap">HAIN</span>,</div> - -<p>an enclosure, literally a place surrounded by a hedge, cognate with -the Celtic <i>cae</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Hagen, in Germany, and La Haye, Les -Hayes, and Hawes (the enclosures), in France, Belgium, and England; -Hagenbach (the hedged-in brook); Hagenbrunn (the enclosed well); -Hagueneau (the enclosed meadow), a town in Germany; Fotheringay -(probably originally an enclosure for fodder or fother); The Hague, -Ger. <i>Gravenhage</i> (the duke’s enclosure, originally a hunting-seat -of the Princes of Orange); Hain-Grossen (the great enclosure); -Jacob’s-hagen (James’s enclosure), in Pomerania; Urishay (the enclosure -of Uris), in Hereford; Haigh and Haywood (the enclosed wood), in -Lancashire.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HAGO</span>, <span class="allsmcap">HEGY</span> (Hung.),</div> - -<p>a hill; <i>e.g.</i> Kiraly-hago (the king’s hill); Szarhegy (the -emperor’s hill).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HAI</span> (Chinese),</div> - -<p>the sea; <i>e.g.</i> Hoanghai (the yellow sea); Nankai (the southern -sea).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">[98]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HAIDE</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">HEIDE</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>a heath or wild wood; <i>e.g.</i> Falkenheid (the falcon’s wood); -Birchenheide (the birch-wood); Hohenheid and Hochheyd (high heath); -Hatfield, Hadleigh, Hatherley, and Hatherleigh (the heathy field or -meadow); Hadlow (heath hill); Haidecke (heath corner); Heydecapelle -(the chapel on the heath), in Holland.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HAIN</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a grove or thicket; <i>e.g.</i> Wildenhain (the wild beasts’ thicket); -Wilhelmshain (William’s grove or thicket); Langenhain (long thicket); -Grossenhain (the thick grove).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HALDE</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a declivity, cognate with <i>hald</i>, Scand. (a rock); <i>e.g.</i> -Leimhalde (clayey declivity); Frederick’s-hald, in Norway, so named by -Frederick III. in 1665. Its old name was simply <i>Halden</i> (on the -declivity).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HALL</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">ALH</span> (Teut.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">HEAL</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>a stone house, a palace; <i>e.g.</i> Eccleshall (church house), in -Staffordshire, where the Bishops of Lichfield had a palace; Coggeshall, -in Essex (Gwgan’s mansion); Kenninghall (the king’s palace), in -Norfolk, at one time the residence of the princes of East Anglia.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HALL</span> and <span class="allsmcap">HALLE</span>,</div> - -<p>in German topography, is a general name for a place where salt is -manufactured. The word has its root in the Cym.-Cel. <i>halen</i> -(salt), cognate with the Gadhelic <i>salen</i> and the Teut. -<i>salz</i>, probably from the Grk. <i>hals</i> (the sea). Hall and -Halle, as town names, are found in connection with <i>Salz</i>; as in -Hall in Upper Austria, near the Salzberg (a hill with salt mines), and -Hall, near the salt mines in the Tyrol; Halle, in Prussian Saxony, -on the R. Saale; Reichenhall (rich salt-work), in Bavaria; Hallein, -celebrated for its salt-works and baths, on the Salza; Hallstadt, also -noted for its salt-works; Hall, in Wurtemberg, near salt springs; -Halton, in Cheshire, probably takes its name from the salt mines and -works in the neighbourhood; <i>Penardhalawig</i> (the headland of the -salt marsh) was the ancient name of Hawarden, in Flint and Cheshire; -Halys and Halycus (salt streams), in Galatia and Sicily.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HAM</span>, <span class="allsmcap">HEIM</span> (Teut. and Scand.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">HJEM</span>, <span class="allsmcap">HEIM</span>,</div> - -<p>a home or family residence, literally a place of shelter, from -<i>heimen</i>, Ger. (to cover), <i>hama</i>, A.S. (a covering), cognate -with the Grk. <i>heima</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Hampstead and Hampton (the -home place); Okehampton (the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">[99]</span> dwelling on the R. Oke), in Devonshire; -Oakham (oak dwelling), so called from the numerous oaks that used -to grow in its vicinity; Buckingham (the home of the Buccingus or -dwellers among beech-trees); Birmingham, probably a patronymic from -the Boerings; Addlingham and Edlingham (the home of the Athelings or -nobles); Horsham (Horsa’s dwelling); Clapham (Clapa’s home); Epsom, -anc. <i>Thermæ-Ebbesham</i> (the warm springs of Ebba, a Saxon queen); -Flitcham (Felex’s home); Blenheim, Ger. <i>Blindheim</i> (dull home), -in Bavaria; Nottingham, A.S. <i>Snotengaham</i> (the dwelling near -caves); Shoreham (the dwelling on the coast); Waltham (the dwelling -near a wood); Framlingham (the dwelling of the strangers), from the -A.S.; Grantham (Granta’s dwelling); Ightham (the parish with eight -villages), in Kent; Wrexham, anc. <i>Writtlesham</i> (the town -of wreaths), A.S. <i>wreoth</i>; Ingelheim (the dwelling of the -Angli); Ingersheim (of Ingra); Oppenheim (of Uppo); Rodelheim (of -Rodolph); Southampton (the <i>south</i> dwelling, in distinction from -Northampton); Twickenham (the dwelling between the streams, where the -Thames seems to be divided into two streams); Rotherham, anc. Cel. -<i>Yr odre</i> (the boundary), Lat. <i>Ad-fines</i> (on the boundary); -Wolverhampton (the dwelling endowed by the Lady Wulfrana in the tenth -century); Godmanham, in Yorkshire (the holy man’s dwelling), the -site of an idol temple, destroyed under the preaching of Paulinus, -whose name it bears. This root-word is often joined to the name of -a river, thus—Coleham, Coverham, Debenham, Hexham or Hestildisham, -Jaxtham, Lenham, Trentham, Tynningham (<i>i.e.</i> towns or villages -on the Rivers Colne, Cover, Deben, Hestild, Jaxt, Len, Trent, Tyne); -Cheltenham, on the Chelt; Oxnam, Co. Roxburgh, formerly Oxenham (a -place of shelter for oxen); Hameln, on the R. Hamel, in Hanover; -Drontheim or Trondjeim (throne dwelling); Kaiserheim (the emperor’s -dwelling); Heidelsheim (the dwelling of Haidulf), in Bavaria; -Hildesheim, probably the dwelling near the field of battle, Old Ger. -<i>hilti</i> (a battle); Mannheim (the dwelling of men), as contrasted -with <i>Asheim</i> or <i>Asgarth</i> (the dwelling of the gods), in -Baden; Hildersham, in Yorkshire, anc. <i>Hildericsham</i> (the dwelling -of Childeric).<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">[100]</span> Ham is often contracted into <i>om</i>, <i>um</i>, -<i>en</i>, or <i>am</i>, etc.—as in Dokum (the town of the port or -dock), in Holland; Nehon, in Normandy, corrupt. from Nigel’s home; -Angeln (the dwelling of the Angli); Oppeln, in Silesia (the dwelling -of Oppo); Edrom, in Berwickshire, corrupt. from <i>Adderham</i> (the -dwelling on the R. Adder); Ednam, on the Eden, in Roxburghshire; -Hitchen, on the Hiz or Hitche, in Herts; Fulham, anc. <i>Fullenham</i> -(the home of birds), A.S. <i>fugil</i>; Hownam (the dwelling of Howen -or Owen), in Roxburghshire. In Flanders <i>ham</i> or <i>heim</i> often -takes the forms of <i>eim</i>, <i>em</i>, etc., as in Killim (the -dwelling of Kilian); Ledringhem (of Ledro); Hem (of Hugnes); Pitgain -(of the well); Wolsen, for Wolfsheim; Bohemia (the home of the Boii); -Dahlen (valley dwelling); Wolsen (Wolfa’s dwelling).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HAMMAN</span> (Ar. and Turc.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">HAMMAH</span>,</div> - -<p>hot springs; <i>e.g.</i> Hamman-Mousa (the hot springs of Moses); -Hamman-Pharoon (of Pharaoh); Hammah-de-Cabes (the warm baths of Cabes), -in North Africa; Alhama (the town of the warm baths), the name of -several places in Spain.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HAMMER</span> (Scand.)</div> - -<p>This word sometimes signifies a village or small town, and sometimes -a rock; <i>e.g.</i> Lillehammer (the little town); Oesthammer (east -village); Hamr (a steep place), in Shetland; Hammerfeste, in the island -of Qualoe, probably means the rock fortress, <i>faestung</i>. In German -topography it is generally connected with the blacksmith’s hammer, and -is common in localities where metals are worked, thus—Hammersmeide -(hammer-smithy); Silberhammer (a place where silver is wrought), near -Dantzic. Kemble also suspects a reference to Thor’s hammer in the -names of some towns or villages in England; <i>e.g.</i> Hamerton, -in Huntingdon, and also in Middlesex; Hammerwich, in Staffordshire; -Hamerton-kirk, in Yorkshire.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HANG</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a declivity, from <i>hängen</i> (to hang), A.S. <i>hongian</i>; -<i>e.g.</i> Hangenheim (the dwelling on the declivity); Pannshanger -(Penn’s slope), in Herts; Clehonger (clayey slope), Hereford.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HAR</span>, <span class="allsmcap">HAER</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>the army; <i>e.g.</i> Harwich (army town or bay), in Essex, so called -because the Danes had a great military depot at this place; Herstal, -in Belgium, anc. <i>Hari-stelle</i><span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">[101]</span> (army place); Hargrave (the -army entrenchment), in Norfolk; Harbottle (the army’s quarters), in -Northumberland. In Edmond’s <i>Names of Places</i> this prefix, as well -as <i>hor</i>, is referred to an A.S. word signifying hoary; under -which he places Harborough, in Leicestershire, the name of which is -traced by Bailey to <i>havre</i> (oats).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HART</span>, <span class="allsmcap">HARZ</span> (Teut.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">HYRST</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>brushwood or a wood; <i>e.g.</i> the Harz Mountains, with the town -of Harzburg (the fortress in the wood); Harsefeld (woody field), -in Hanover; Hurst, in Kent; Deerhurst (deer wood or thicket); -Hurst-Monceaux (the wood of Monceaux, probably a Norman baron), -in Sussex; Hurst, a town in Lancashire; Lyndhurst (the wood of -lime-trees); Midhurst (in the middle of the wood); Hawkhurst -(hawk wood); Gravenhorst (the count’s wood); Horstmar (rich in -wood)—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">MAR</span>; Billing’s-hurst (the wood of the -Billings), a patronymic; Farnhurst and Ferneyhurst (ferny wood); -Sendenhorst (the rushy wood), in Westphalia; Herzovia or Herzegovia -(a woody district), in Turkey; Murrhard, in Wurtemberg, means the -wood on the R. Muhr; Delmenhorst, on the Delme, in Hanover. Hart, in -English topography, however, refers more commonly to <i>heort</i> -(the hart), as in Hart<i>grove</i>, Hart<i>land</i>, Hart<i>ley</i>, -Hart<i>field</i>, Harts<i>ford</i>, Harts<i>hill</i>. It occasionally -takes the form of <i>chart</i>, as in Seal-chart (holy wood); -Chart-Sutton (the wood at the south town).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HASEL</span>, <span class="allsmcap">HAEZEL</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>the hazel-tree; <i>e.g.</i> Hessle (the place of hazels); Haselburn -and Haselbrunnen (the stream and well of the hazels); Haslau (hazel -meadow); Heslington (the dwelling among hazels); Hasselt, in Belgium, -<i>i.e.</i> Hasselholt, Lat. <i>Hasseletum</i> (hazel grove); Hasseloe -(hazel island), in Sweden and Denmark; Hazeldean and Haslingden (the -hollow of the hazels).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HATCH</span>, <span class="allsmcap">HÆCA</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>a bolt, a gate, hence an enclosed dwelling; <i>e.g.</i> Hatch-Beauchamp -(the enclosed dwelling of Beauchamp, a personal name); Colney-Hatch (of -Colney); West-Hatch, in Somerset; Pilgrim’s Hatch, in Essex.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HAUGH</span>, <span class="allsmcap">HEUGH</span>,<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">HOW</span>, <span class="allsmcap">HOPE</span>.</div> - -<p>In Scotland these words generally denote a low-lying meadow between -hills or on the banks of a stream,—as in Hobkirk (<i>i.e.</i> the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">[102]</span> -church in the <i>hope</i> or meadow); Howwood (the wood in the -hollow); Hutton, for <i>How</i>ton (the dwelling in the hollow), -parishes in Scotland. In England <i>how</i> and <i>haugh</i> come -more frequently from the Scand. <i>haugr</i> (a heap or mound often -raised over a grave, like the cairns in Scotland),—as in Silver-how, -Butterlip-how, in the Lake District, probably from mounds over some -Norse leader’s grave; Haugh, in Lincoln; Haugham (the dwelling near -the mound); Howden, in Yorkshire (the valley of the <i>haugr</i> or -mound); Haughley (the meadow near the mound). La Hogue, in France, -is from <i>haugr</i> or from the <i>houg</i>, as also Les Hogues and -La Hoguette (the little mound); Gretna Green is the modern name for -<i>Gretan-how</i> (the great hollow). <i>Haugr</i> also means a temple -or high place, fenced off and hallowed, among the Scandinavians; and to -this word so derived Dasent traces Harrow-on-the-hill and Harrowby.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HAUPT</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">HOVED</span> (Scand.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">HEAFOD</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>a head, a promontory; <i>e.g.</i> Howth Head, in Ireland, from the -Danish <i>hofed</i>—its Irish name is <i>Ben Edair</i> (the hill of -Edar); Brunhoubt (the well head); Berghaupt (hill head); Ruckshoft -(ridge head), in Germany; Hoft (the headland), in the island of -Rugen; Sneehatten (snowy head), in Norway; Hoddam (holm head), in -Dumfriesshire.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HAUS</span> (Teut.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">HUUS</span> (Scand.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">HAZA</span> (Hung.),</div> - -<p>a dwelling, allied to <i>casa</i>, Lat., It., Span., and Port.; -<i>e.g.</i> Mühlhausen (at the mill house); Saxenhausen (the dwelling -of the Saxons); Wendenhausen (of the Wends); Schaffhausen (the ship -station), which consisted originally of a few storehouses on the banks -of the Rhine for the reception of merchandise; Dunkelhauser (the dark -house); Aarhuus (the town on the watercourse), a seaport in Denmark; -Aggers-huus, in Norway, on the R. Agger. This district and river -seems to have been named from an <i>agger</i> or rampart erected near -Christiania in 1302, on the Aggerfiord. Ward-huus (the dwelling in -the island of the watch-tower), on the coast of Fenmark; Holzhausen -(the dwelling at the wood); Burghausen (the fortified dwelling); -Distilhousen (the dwelling among thistles), in Belgium. In Hungary, -Bogdan-haza (God’s house); Oroshaza (the dwelling of the Russians); -Chaise-Dieu, Lat. <i>Casa-Dei</i> (the house of God), in France.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">[103]</span> Also -in France, Chaise, Les Chaises; Casa-nova (new house); Casa-vecchia -(old house), in Corsica; Chassepierre, Lat. <i>Casa-petrea</i> (stone -house), in Belgium; Casa-bianca (white house), in Brazil.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HEL</span>, <span class="allsmcap">HELLE</span>,<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">HELGE</span>, <span class="allsmcap">HEIL</span>,</div> - -<p>prefixes with various meanings in Eng., Ger., and Scand. topography. -Sometimes they mean holy, Ger. <i>heilig</i>, as in Heligoland (holy -isle); Heilbron (holy well); Heligensteen (holy rock); Heilberg and -Hallidon (holy hill); Heiligencreuz (the town of the holy cross), -Hung. <i>Nemet-keresztur</i> (the grove of the cross); Heiligenhaven -(holy harbour); Heiligenstadt (holy town); Halifax, in Yorkshire (holy -face), is said to have been named from an image of John the Baptist, -kept in a hermitage at the place; Hoxton, in Sussex, was originally -<i>Hageltoun</i> (holy town), because it was there that St. Edmund -suffered martyrdom. Sometimes, however, <i>hell</i> denotes a covered -place, as in Helwell, in Devonshire (the covered well); sometimes -it means <i>clear</i>, as in Hellebrunn (clear or bright fountain); -Heilbronn, in Wurtemberg (fountain of health), named from a spring -formerly used medicinally. Hellefors, a waterfall in Norway, and -Hellgate, New York, seem to derive their names from a superstition -connected with <i>Hel</i>, the goddess of the dead; Holyhead, in Wales, -is in Welsh <i>Pen-Caer-Gibi</i> (the hill fort of St. Cybi, called -<i>holy</i> in his honour); Holy Island, Lat. <i>Insula-sancta</i>, -obtained its name from the monastery of St. Cuthbert—its more ancient -name, <i>Lindisfarne</i>, is probably the ferry, <i>fahr</i>, of the -brook Lindis, on the opposite shore; Holywell, in Flint, took its name -from St. Winifred’s Well, celebrated for its miraculous cures—its -Welsh name is <i>Tref-fynnon</i> (the town of the clear water); -Holywood, Dumfriesshire, Cel. <i>Der Congal</i> (the oak grove of St. -Congal).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HELLR</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>a cave into which the tide flows; <i>e.g.</i> Hellr-hals (the neck or -strait of the cave); Heller-holm (the island of the cave); Hellersness -(the headland of the caves).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HELY</span> (Hung.),</div> - -<p>a place; <i>e.g.</i> Vasarhely (the market-place); Varhely (the place -of the fortress); Marosvasarhely (the market-place on the R. Maros), -in Ger. <i>Neumarkt</i>; Vasarhely-hod-Mezö (the market-place of the -beaver’s<span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">[104]</span> meadow); Szombathely (the place where the Saturday market -is held, <i>szombat</i>); Csotortokhely (the Thursday market-place), -Germanised <i>Donners-markt</i>; Udvarhely (court place); Szerdahely -(Wednesday market-place), <i>Vasar</i>, Hung. (a market), from Turc. -<i>Bazar</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HEN</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>old; <i>e.g.</i> Henly (the old place), on the Thames; Hentland, for -Hen-llan (old church, now St. Asaph’s); Henlys (old palace): Hen-egglys -(old church), in Anglesea.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HEN</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>old, ancient; <i>e.g.</i> Henlys (the ancient hall).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HENGST</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>a horse—hence Hengiston, in Cornwall, either an enclosure for horses -or the town of Hengist; Hengestdorf or Pferdsdorf (horse’s village); -Hengistridge (horse’s ridge); Hinksey (the horse’s island or marshy -place); Hinkley (the horses’ meadow).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HERR</span>, <span class="allsmcap">HERZOG</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">HERTOG</span> (Dutch),</div> - -<p>a duke or lord; <i>e.g.</i> Herzogenbosch or Bois-le-Duc (the duke’s -grove); Hertogspodler (the duke’s reclaimed land); Herzogenburg -(the duke’s fortress); Herzogenrath (the duke’s cleared land); -Herrnsbaumgarten (the duke’s orchard); Herrnhut (the Lord’s -tabernacle), founded by Count Zinzendorf, in Saxony, for the -Moravian Brethren, in 1722; Herisau (the duke’s meadow), Lat. -<i>Augia-Domini</i>, in Switzerland.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HESE</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">HEES</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>a hedge or thicket; <i>e.g.</i> Hessingen (the dwelling in the -thicket); Maashees (the thicket on the R. Maas); Wolfhees (the wolf’s -thicket).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HILL</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">HYL</span>, <span class="allsmcap">HOLL</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>an elevation, cognate with the Ger. <i>hugel</i>; <i>e.g.</i> -Silver-hill, named after Sölvar, a Norse leader, in the Lake District; -Hilton, Hilston (hill town); Woolwich, anc. <i>Hyl-vich</i> (hill -town); Butterhill (the hill of Buthar), a personal name in the Lake -District.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HINDU</span> (Pers.),</div> - -<p>water; <i>e.g.</i> the Rivers Indus, Inde, Indre, etc.; Hindostan (the -district watered by the R. Indus).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HIPPO</span> (Phœn.),</div> - -<p>a walled town; <i>e.g.</i> Hippo, near Carthage. There were three -cities called Hippo in Africa and two in Spain: Olisippo (the walled -town), now Lisbon; Oreppo, Belippo, Lacippo.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HIR</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>long.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HIRSCH</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>the hart; <i>e.g.</i> Hirzenach (the hart’s stream); Hersbrock (the -hart’s marsh); Hirschberg, Lat. <i>Corvamontem</i><span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">[105]</span> (the hart’s hill); -Hirschfeld, Herschau, Hirschholm, Hirschhorn (the field, meadow, hill, -peak of the harts).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HISSAR</span> (Turc.),</div> - -<p>a castle; <i>e.g.</i> Kezil-hissar (red castle); Kara-hissar (black -castle); Eski-hissar (old castle), anc. <i>Laodicea</i>; Demir-hissar -(iron castle); Guzel-hissar (white castle); Sevri-hissar (cypress -castle); Sultan-hissar (the sultan’s castle); Kulci-hissar (the castle -on the R. Khelki).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HITHE</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>a haven; <i>e.g.</i> Hythe, in Kent; Greenhithe (the green haven); -Lambeth, anc. <i>Lomehithe</i> (clayey haven); Maidenhead, anc. -<i>Mayden-hithe</i>, i.e. the wharf <i>midway</i> between Marlow -and Windsor; Queenhithe (the queen’s haven); Redriff, in Surrey, -anc. <i>Rethra-hythe</i> (the haven of sailors), A.S. <i>rethra</i>, -also called Rotherhithe (the haven for horned cattle), Old Eng. -<i>rother</i>; Stepney, anc. <i>Stebon-hythe</i> (Stephen’s haven or -timber wharf); Erith, A.S. <i>Ora-hithe</i> (shore haven), in Kent; -Challock, in Kent, corrupt. from <i>ceale hythe</i> (chalk haven).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HJALTI</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>a Viking; <i>e.g.</i> Shapansay, anc. <i>Hjalpansay</i> (the Viking’s -island); Shetland, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Hjaltiland</i>, with the same meaning.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HLINC</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>a ridge; <i>e.g.</i> Linch, in Sussex; Rouselinch (Rouse’s ridge), in -Worcestershire.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HO</span> (Chinese),</div> - -<p>a river or water; <i>e.g.</i> Euho (the precious river); Hoangho (the -yellow river); Peiho (white river); Yuho (imperial river); Keangho -(rapid river); Hoonan (south of the lake); Hoohe (north of the lake, -<i>i.e.</i> of Lake Tongting).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HOCH</span>, <span class="allsmcap">HOHEN</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">HEAH</span>, <span class="allsmcap">HEAG</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">HOOG</span> (Dutch),</div> - -<p>high; <i>höhe</i> (a height); <i>e.g.</i> Hohurst and Hohenhart -(high wood); Hohenberg (high hill); Homburg (high hill fort); -Homburg-von-der-höhe (the high fort in front of the height); Hochfeld -(high field); Hochain (high enclosure); Hochstadt, Hochstetten, -Hochstatten (high dwelling); Hocheim (high home or dwelling), from -which place Hock wines are named; Hochwiesen, Sclav. <i>Velko-polya</i> -(high meadow or plain); Hochst for Hochstadt, and Hoym for Hochham -(high town); Hohenelbi, Grk. <i>Albipolis</i> (the high town on -the Elbe); Hohenlohe (the high meadow or thicket); Hohenstein and -Hohenstauffen (high rock); Hohenwarth, Lat. <i>Altaspecula</i> (the -high watch-tower); Hohenzollern (the high place belonging to the Zwolf -family);<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">[106]</span> Hohenscheid (the high watershed); Hockliffe (high cliff), in -Bedford; Higham, Highworth (high manor or dwelling); Highgate (high -road); Wilhelmshöhe (William’s high place); Hoy, in Shetland (the high -island).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HOF</span> (Teut.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">HOEVE</span> (Dutch),</div> - -<p>an enclosure, manor, and court. In Scandinavia <i>hoff</i> means a -temple; <i>e.g.</i> Eyndhoven (the manor at the corner); Neuhof and -Neunhoffen, in France (new manor); Hof and Hoff (the enclosure), in -Belgium; Hof, in Bavaria, on the R. Saale; Stadt-am-hof, in Bavaria, -anc. <i>Curia Bavarica</i> (the place at the court); Hof-an-der-March -(the court or manor on the R. March); Schoonhoven (beautiful manor), -in Holland; Nonnenhof (the nun’s enclosure); Meerhof (the dwelling on -the marshy land); Peterhof (the court dwelling founded by Peter the -Great); Hoff (the temple), in Iceland; Hoff, a village near Appleby, -has the same meaning, as it is situated in a wood called Hoff-land (the -temple grove). In Iceland, when a chieftain had taken possession of a -district, he erected a temple (<i>hoff</i>) and became, as he had been -in Norway, the chief, the pontiff, and the judge of the district; and -when the Norwegians took possession of Cumberland and Westmoreland they -would naturally act in the same manner.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HOHN</span> (Old Ger.),</div> - -<p>a low place, as in Die-Höhne (the hollows), in the Brocken.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HÖLLE</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>a cave, from <i>hohl</i> (hollow); <i>e.g.</i> Hohenlinden, anc. -<i>Hollinden</i> (the hollow place of lime-trees); Holland or the -Netherlands (the low countries); also Holland, a low-lying district -in Lincolnshire; Holdeornesse (the low promontory of the province of -Deira); Holmer, in Hereford (the low lake, <i>mere</i>).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HOLM</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>a small island; <i>e.g.</i> Flatholm (flat island); Steepholm (steep -island); Priestholm (of the priest); Alderholm (of alders); Holm, in -Sweden, and Hulm, in Norway (the island); Stockholm, anc. <i>Holmia</i> -(the island city, built upon stakes). But <i>holm</i> also signifies -occasionally a hill, as in Smailholm, in Roxburghshire (little hill); -and Hume, or <i>holm</i>, Castle, in Berwickshire (on a hill). -Sometimes also it signifies a low meadow on the banks of a stream, -as in Durham, corrupt. from <i>Dun-holm</i> or <i>Dunelme</i> (the -fortress on the meadow), almost surrounded by the R. Wear; Langholm<span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">[107]</span> -(the long meadow); Denholm (the meadow in the deep valley); Twynholm, -anc. <i>Twynham</i> (the dwelling on the hillock), Welsh <i>twyn</i>, a -parish in Kirkcudbright; Brachenholm (ferny meadow); Lingholme (heather -island), in Windermere; also Silverholme (the island of Sölvar, a -Norse leader); Bornholm, in the Baltic, anc. <i>Burgundaland</i> (the -island of the Burgundians); Axholme, an insulated district in Co. -Lincoln, formed by the Rivers Trent, Idle, and Don, from <i>uisge</i>, -Cel. (water); Drotningholm, in the Mälar Lake near Stockholm (queen’s -island), from Swed. <i>drottmig</i> (a queen); Battleholme, found in -some places in the north of England, according to Ferguson, means -fertile island, from an Old English word <i>battel</i> or <i>bette</i> -(fertile).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HOLT</span>, <span class="allsmcap">HOLZ</span> (A.S. and Ger.),</div> - -<p>a wood; <i>e.g.</i> Aldershot (alder-tree wood); Bergholt (the hill -or hill fort in the wood); Evershot (the boar’s wood, <i>eofer</i>); -Badshot (badger’s wood); Bochholt (beech-wood); Jagerholz (huntsman’s -wood); Oosterhout (east wood); Holzkirchen (the church at the wood); -Thourhout, in East Flanders (the wood consecrated to the god Thor); -Tourotte, in the department of Oise, in France (also Thor’s wood); -Hootenesse (woody promontory), in Belgium; Diepholz (deep wood); -Meerholt and Meerhout (marshy wood); Holt, a woody district in Norfolk.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HOO</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">HOE</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>a spit of land running into the sea; <i>e.g.</i> Sandhoe (the sandy -cape); The Hoe, in Kent; Kew, in Surrey, anc. <i>Kay-hoo</i> (the quay -on the spit of land).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HORN</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">HYRNE</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">HOORN</span> (Dutch),</div> - -<p>a horn-like projection or cape jutting into the sea, or a valley -between hills, curved like a horn; <i>e.g.</i> Hoorn (the promontory), -a seaport in Holland, from which place the Dutch navigator Schoutens -named Cape Horn, Hoorn being his native place; Hornburg (the town on -the projection); Hornby (corner dwelling); Horncastle (the castle on -the promontory); Hornberg and Horndon (the projecting hill); Hornsea -(the projection on the coast); Matterhorn (the peak in the meadows), so -called from the patches of green meadow-land which surround its base; -Schreckhorn (the peak of terror); Finsteraarhorn (the peak out of which -the Finster-Aar, or dark Aar, has its source). This river is so named -to distinguish it from the Lauter or <i>clear</i> river.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">[108]</span> Skagenshorn -(the peak of the Skaw, in Denmark); Faulhorn (the foul peak), so called -from the black shale which disintegrates in water; Wetterhorn (stormy -peak); Katzenhorn (the cat’s peak); Silberhorn (the silvery peak); -Jungfrauhorn (the peak of the maiden).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HOUC</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">HOOG</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>a corner or little elevation, akin to the Scottish <i>heugh</i> and the -Scand. <i>haugr</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Hoogzand and Hoogeveen (the sand and -marsh at the corner); Hoogheyd (corner heath); Hoogbraek (the broken-up -land at the corner); Stanhoug (stone corner).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HUBEL</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">HUGEL</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a little hill; <i>e.g.</i> Haidhugel (heath hill); Steinhugel (stony -hill); Huchel and Hivel (the little hill); Lindhövel (the hill of -lime-trees); Gieshübel (the hill of gushing brooks).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HUNDRED</span> (Eng.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">HUNTARI</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a district supposed to have originally comprised at least one hundred -family dwellings, like Welsh <i>Cantref</i> (from <i>cant</i>, a -hundred), the name of a similar division in Wales; <i>e.g.</i> -Hundrethwaite (the cleared land on this Hundred), a district in -Yorkshire.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HÜTTE</span> (Teut. and Scand.),</div> - -<p>a shed or cottage; <i>e.g.</i> Dunkelhütte (dark cottage); Mooshutten -(the cottage in the mossy land); Buxtehude (the hut on the ox pasture); -Huttenwerke (the huts at the works or mines); Hudemühlen (mill hut); -Hutton (the town of huts). But Landshut, in Bavaria, does not seem to -be derived from <i>hütte</i>, but from <i>schutz</i>, Ger. (a defence), -as it is in the neighbourhood of an old fortress, on the site of a -Roman camp.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">HVER</span> (Norse),</div> - -<p>a warm, bubbling spring; <i>e.g.</i> Uxaver (the oxen’s spring), in -Iceland.</p> - - -<h3>I</h3> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">I</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>an island; <i>e.g.</i> I-Colum-chille or Iona (the island of St. -Columba’s cell); Ierne or Ireland (the western island or the island of -Eire, an ancient queen).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">IA</span> (Cel.),</div> - -<p>a country or land; <i>e.g.</i> Galatia and Galicia, and anc. -<i>Gallia</i> (the country of the Gauls); Andalusia, for Vandalusia -(the country of the Vandals); Batavia (the good<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">[109]</span> land), <i>bette</i>, -good; Britania or Pictavia (probably the land of painted tribes); -Catalonia, corrupt. from <i>Gothalonia</i> (the land of the Goths); -Circassia (the land of the Tcherkes, a tribe); Croatia (the land -of the Choriots or mountaineers); Suabia (of the Suevii); Moravia -(the district of the R. Moravia); Moldavia (of the R. Moldau). It is -called by the natives and Turks Bogdania, from Bogdan, a chieftain -who colonised it in the thirteenth century. Ethiopia (the land of the -blacks, or the people with the sunburnt faces), from Grk. <i>ops</i> -(the face), and <i>aitho</i> (to burn); Phœnicia (the land of palms or -the <i>brown</i> land), Grk. <i>Phœnix</i>; Silesia (the land of the -Suisli); Bosnia (the district of the R. Bosna); Russia, named after -Rourik, a Scandinavian chief; Siberia, from <i>Siber</i>, the ancient -capital of the Tartars; Kaffraria (the country of the Kaffirs or -unbelievers), a name given by the Arabs; Dalmatia (the country of the -Dalmates, who inhabited the city <i>Dalminium</i>); Iberia, the ancient -name of Spain, either from the R. Ebro or from a tribe called the Iberi -or Basques; Caledonia, perhaps from <i>Coille</i> (the wood).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">IACUM</span>,</div> - -<p>an affix used by the Romans, sometimes for <i>ia</i> (a district), -and sometimes the Latinised form of the adjectival termination -<i>ach</i>—<i>qu. v.</i> p. 5; <i>e.g.</i> Juliers, Lat. -<i>Juliacum</i> (belonging to Julius Cæsar); Beauvais, Lat. -<i>Bellovacum</i> (belonging to the Bellovaci); Annonay, Lat. -<i>Annonicum</i> (a place for grain, with large magazines of corn); -Bouvignes, in Belgium, Lat. <i>Boviniacum</i> (the place of oxen); -Clameny, Lat. <i>Clameniacum</i> (belonging to Clement, its founder); -Joigny, anc. <i>Joiniacum</i>, on the R. Yonne; Annecy, Lat. -<i>Anneacum</i> (belonging to Anecius); Cognac, Lat. <i>Cogniacum</i> -(the corner of the water), Fr. <i>coin</i>, Old Fr. <i>coiny</i>, Cel. -<i>cuan</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">IERE</span>,</div> - -<p>an affix in French topography denoting a possession, and generally -affixed to the name of the proprietor; <i>e.g.</i> Guilletière (the -property of Guillet); Guzonière (of Guzon).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ILI</span> (Turc.),</div> - -<p>a district; <i>e.g.</i> Ili-Bosnia (the district of the R. Bosna); -Rumeli or Roumelia (the district of the Romans).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ILLIA</span> (Basque),</div> - -<p>a town; <i>e.g.</i> Elloirio, Illora, and Illura (the town on the -water, <i>ura</i>); Lorca, anc. <i>Illurcis</i> (the town with fine -water); Elibyrge (the town with the tower), Grk. <i>pyrgos</i>; Elché, -anc. <i>Illici</i> (the town on the hill, <i>ci</i>); Illiberus (new<span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">[110]</span> -town, surnamed Elne after the Empress Helena), in Spain; the isle of -Oleron, anc. <i>Illura</i> (the town on the water).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">IM</span> and <span class="allsmcap">IN</span>,</div> - -<p>a contraction for the Ger. <i>in der</i> (in or on the); <i>e.g.</i> -Imgrund (in the valley); Imhorst (in the wood); Eimbeck (on the brook); -Imruke (on the ridge).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ING</span>, <span class="allsmcap">INGEN</span>,<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">INGA</span>,</div> - -<p>an affix used by the Teutonic races, as a patronymic, in the same -sense as <i>Mac</i> is used in Scotland, <i>ap</i> in Wales, -and <i>O</i> in Ireland. <i>Ing</i> is generally affixed to the -settlement of a chief, and <i>ingen</i> to that of his descendants. -<i>Ing</i>, preceding <i>ham</i>, <i>ton</i>, <i>dean</i>, <i>ley</i>, -<i>thorp</i>, <i>worth</i>, etc., is generally an abbreviation of -<i>ingen</i>, and denotes that the place belonged to the family -of the tribe, as in Bonnington, Collington, Collingham, Islington -(the home of the Bonnings, the Collings, and the Islings). In -French topography <i>ingen</i> takes the forms of <i>igny</i>, -<i>igné</i>, or <i>inges</i>; and it appears, by comparing the names -of many towns and villages in England and the north-west of France -with those of Germany, that Teutonic tribes forming settlements in -these countries transferred the names in their native land to their -new homes. For the full elucidation of this subject reference may -be made to Taylor’s <i>Words and Places</i>, chap. vii. and the -Appendix, and to Edmund’s <i>Names of Places</i>, p. 58. Only a few -examples of the use of this patronymic can be given here; thus, from -the <i>Offings</i>—Oving and Ovingham, corresponding to the Ger. -Offingen and the Fr. Offignes. From the <i>Eppings</i>—Epping, Ger. -Eppinghofen, and Fr. Epagne. The <i>Bings</i>—Bing, Bingham, Bingley; -Ger. Bingen; Fr. Buigny. The <i>Basings</i>—Eng. Basing, Basingham, -Bessingby; Fr. Bazigny. From the <i>Raedings</i>—Reading, Co. Berks. -The <i>Harlings</i>—Harlington. The <i>Billings</i>—Bellington. -From the <i>Moerings</i> or <i>Merovingians</i> many French towns and -villages are named; <i>e.g.</i> Morigny, Marigné, Merignac, Merrigny; -in England—Merring, Merrington. We can sometimes trace these tribe -names to the nature of the localities which they inhabited. Thus the -<i>Bucings</i>, from which we have Boking and Buckingham, to a locality -abounding in beech-trees, <i>boc</i>; the <i>Durotriges</i>, from -which we have Dorset and Dorchester, are the dwellers by the water, -<i>dur</i>; as well as the <i>Eburovices</i>, who gave their name to -Evreux, in France. <i>Ing</i>, also, in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">[111]</span> A.S. names, sometimes means a -meadow, as in Clavering, in Essex (clover meadow), A.S. <i>Claefer</i>; -Mountnessing, Co. Essex (the meadow of the Mountneys, who were formerly -lords of the manor); Godalming (the meadow of Godhelm).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">INNER</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>opposed to <i>ausser</i> (the inner and outer), as in Innerzell, -Ausserzell (the inner and outer church).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">INNIS</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">YNYS</span>, <span class="allsmcap">ENEZ</span> (Cym.-Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">INSEL</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">INSULA</span> (Lat.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">NESOS</span> (Grk.),</div> - -<p>an island, also in some cases pasture land near water, or a -peninsula. It often takes the form of <i>inch</i>, as in Inchkeith -(the island of the Keith family); Inchcolm (St. Columba’s Island); -Inchfad (long isle); Inchgarvie (the rough island); Inchard (high -isle); Inch-Cailleach (the island of the old women or nuns), in Loch -Lomond, being the site of an ancient nunnery; Inchmarnoch (of St. -Marnoch), in the Firth of Clyde; Inchbrackie (the spotted isle); -Inchgower (the goat’s isle); Inchtuthill (the island of the flooded -stream); Craignish, anc. <i>Craiginche</i> (the rocky peninsula); -Durness, in Sutherlandshire, is a corrupt. from <i>Doirbh-innis</i> -(the stormy peninsula); Ynys-Bronwen (the island of Bronwen, a Welsh -lady who was buried there), in Anglesey; Ynis-wyllt (wild island), -off the coast of Wales; Inysawdre (the isle and home of refuge), in -Glamorgan. In Ireland: Ennis (the river meadow); Enniskillen, Irish -<i>Inis-Cethlenn</i> (the island of Cethlenn, an ancient queen of -Ireland); Ennisheen (beautiful island); Devenish, in Lough Erne, is -<i>Daimhinis</i> (the island of oxen). But Enniskerry is not from -this root; it is corrupt. from <i>Ath-na-scairbhe</i> (the rough -ford); Orkney Isles, Gael. <i>Orc-innis</i> (the islands of whales); -they are sometimes called <i>Earr-Cath</i> (the tail of Caithness); -Innisfallen, in Lake Kallarney (the island of Fathlenn); the Hebrides -or Sudereys, called <i>Innisgall</i> (the islands of the Gaels); the -Aleutian Islands, from Russ. <i>aleut</i> (a bald rock); in Holland, -Duiveland (pigeon island), and Eyerlandt (the island of the sand-bank); -Eilenburg, in Saxony (the town on an island in the R. Mulda); Isola, a -town in Illyria (on an island); Issola or Imo-Isola (low island), in -Italy; Lille, in Flanders, anc. <i>L’Isle</i>, named from an insulated -castle in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">[112]</span> the midst of a marsh; Peloponnesus (the island of Pelops); -Polynesia (many islands).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">INVER</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">INBHIR</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">INNER</span>,</div> - -<p>a river confluence or a creek at the mouth of a river. This word is -an element in numerous names throughout Scotland; and although it is -not so common in Ireland, it exists in old names, as in Dromineer, for -<i>Druim-inbhir</i> (the ridge of the river mouth). In Scotland it -is used in connection with <i>aber</i>, the word <i>inver</i> being -found sometimes at the mouth and <i>aber</i> farther up the same -stream: thus—Abergeldie and Invergeldie, on the Geldie; Abernyte -and Invernyte, etc.; Inversnaid (the needle or narrow confluence, -<i>snathad</i>, a needle); Innerkip (at the conf. of the Kip and Daff); -Inveresk and Inverkeilor (at the mouths of the Esk and Keilor), in -Mid Lothian and Forfar; Innerleithen (at the conf. of the Leithen and -Tweed), in Peebles; Inveraven (at the conf. of the Aven and Spey); -Inverness (at the conf. of the Ness with the Beauly); Inveraray -(at the mouth of the Aray); Inverury (the Urie); Inverkeithing (of -the Keith); Inverbervie or Bervie (at the mouth of the Bervie); -Peterhead, anc. <i>Inverugie Petri</i> or <i>Petri promontorium</i> -(the promontory of the rock of St. Peter), on the R. Ugie, with its -church dedicated to St. Peter; Inverleith, now Leith (at the mouth of -the Leith); Inverarity (at the mouth of the Arity), in Forfar; Cullen, -anc. <i>Invercullen</i> (at the mouth of the back river)—<i>v.</i> -<span class="allsmcap">CUL</span>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ITZ</span>, <span class="allsmcap">IZ</span>, <span class="allsmcap">IZCH</span>,</div> - -<p>a Sclavonic affix, signifying a possession or quality, equivalent to -the Teut. <i>ing</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Carlovitz (Charles’s town); Mitrowitz -(the town of Demetrius); Studnitz (of the fountain); Targowitz (the -market town); Trebnitz and Trebitsch (poor town); Schwanitz (swine -town); Madlitz (the house of prayer); Publitz (the place of beans); -Janowitz (John’s town); Schwantewitz (the town of the Sclavonic god -Swantewit).</p> - - -<h3>J</h3> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">JABLON</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>the apple-tree; <i>e.g.</i> Jablonez, Jablonka, Jablona, Jablonken, -Jablonoko, Gablenz, Gablona (places abounding in apples); Jablonnoi or -Zablonnoi (the mountain of apples).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">[113]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">JAMA</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>a ditch; <i>e.g.</i> Jamlitz, Jamnitz, and Jamno (places with a ditch -or trench); Jamburg (the town in the hollow or ditch); but Jamlitz may -sometimes mean the place of medlar-trees, from <i>jemelina</i> (the -medlar).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">JASOR</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>a marsh; <i>e.g.</i> Jehser-hohen and Jeser-nieder (the high and lower -marsh), near Frankfort; Jeserig and Jeserize (the marshy place).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">JASSEN</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>the ash-tree; <i>e.g.</i> Jessen, Jessern, Jesseu, Jessnitz (the place -of ash-trees).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">JAWOR</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>the maple-tree; <i>e.g.</i> Great and Little Jawer, in Silesia; Jauer, -in Russia; Jauernitz and Jauerburg (the place of maple-trees), in -Russia.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">JAZA</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>a house; <i>e.g.</i> Jäschen, Jäschwitz, Jäschütz (the houses).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">JEZIRAH</span> (Ar.),</div> - -<p>an island or peninsula; <i>e.g.</i> Algiers or Al-Jezirah, named from -an island near the town; Al-Geziras (the islands), near Gibraltar; -Alghero (the peninsula), in Sardinia; Jezirah-diraz (long island), in -the Persian Gulf; Al-Jezirah or Mesopotamia (between the river).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">JÖKUL</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>a snow-covered hill; <i>e.g.</i> Vatna-Jökul (the hill with the lake); -Orefa-Jökul (the desert hill); Forfa-Jökul (the hill of Forfa): -Long-Jökul (long hill).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">JONC</span> (Fr.),</div> - -<p>from <i>juncus</i>, Lat. (a rush); <i>e.g.</i> Jonchère, Joncheres, -Jonchery, Le Jonquer, La Joncières, etc., place-names in France.</p> - - -<h3>K</h3> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">KAAI</span>, <span class="allsmcap">KAI</span>, <span class="allsmcap">KADE</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>a quay or a bank by the water-side; <i>e.g.</i> Oudekaai (old quay); -Kadzand (the quay or bank on the sand); Moerkade (marshy bank); -Kewstoke (the place on the quay); Kew, in Surrey, on the Thames; -Torquay (the quay of the hill called <i>Tor</i>).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">KAHL</span> (Ger.), <span class="allsmcap">CALO</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>bald, cognate with the Lat. <i>calvus</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Kalenberg and -Kahlengebirge (the bald mountains).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">KAISER</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">KEYSER</span> (Dutch),<br /> -CYZAR (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>the emperor or Cæsar; <i>e.g.</i> Kaisersheim, Kaiserstadt (the -emperor’s town); Kaiserstuhl (the emperor’s seat); Kaiserberg (the -emperor’s fortress), in Alsace, named from a castle erected by -Frederick II.; Kaiserslautern (the emperor’s<span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">[114]</span> place), on the R. -Lauter; Kaiserswerth (the emperor’s island), on the Rhine; Keysersdyk -(the emperor’s dam); Keysersloot (the emperor’s sluice), in Holland; -Cysarowes (the emperor’s village), in Bohemia; Kaisariyeh, anc. -<i>Cæsarea</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">KALAT</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">KALAH</span> (Ar.),</div> - -<p>a castle; <i>e.g.</i> Khelat, in Belochistan; Yenikale (the new -castle), in the Crimea; Calatablanca (white castle), in Sicily; -Calahorra, Ar. <i>Kalat-harral</i> (stone castle), in Spain; -Calata-bellota (the oak-tree castle), in Sicily; Calata-girone (the -surrounded castle), Sicily; Calata-mesetta (the castle of the women); -Calatayud (the castle of Ayud, a Moorish king); Alcala-real (the royal -castle); Alcala-de-Henares (the castle on the R. Henares), in Spain; -Sanjiac-Kaleh (the castle of the standard), corrupt. by the French into -<i>St. Jaques</i>, in Asia Minor; Calatrava (the castle of Rabah).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">KAMEN</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>a stone; <i>e.g.</i> Camentz, Kemmen, Kammena, Kamienetz (the -stony place); Kamminchen (the little stony place), a colony from -Steenkirchen; Chemnitz (the stony town, or the town on the stony -river); Kersna-kaimai (the Christian’s stone house); Schemnitz, Hung. -<i>Selmecz</i> (stony town), in Silesia.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">KARA</span> (Turc.),</div> - -<p>black; <i>e.g.</i> Karamania (the district of the blacks); Karacoum -(the black sand), in Tartary; Kara-su (the black river); Kara-su-Bazar -(the market-town on the Kara-su); Kara-Tappeh (the black mound), in -Persia; Kartagh and Kartaon (the black mountain chains), in Turkey and -Tartary; Kara-Dengis, the Turkish name for the Black Sea, called by the -Russians <i>Tchernœ-more</i>, Ger. <i>Schawarz-meer</i>; Kara-mulin -(black mill); Cape Kara-bournow (the black nose), in Asia Minor.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">KEHLE</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a gorge or defile; <i>e.g.</i> Bergkehle (hill gorge): Hundkehle (the -dog’s gorge); Langkehl (long gorge); Kehl (the gorge), in Baden; -Schuylkill (the hidden gorge), a river in America.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">KESSEL</span>, <span class="allsmcap">KEZIL</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">KYTEL</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>literally a kettle, but in topography applied to a bowl-shaped valley -surrounded by hills; <i>e.g.</i> Ketel, in Holstein; Kessel, in -Belgium; Kessel-loo (the low-lying grove or swamp), in Belgium; Kesselt -(the low-lying wood, <i>holt</i>), in Belgium;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">[115]</span> Kettle or King’s-kettle -(the hollow), in the valley of the R. Eden, in Fife, formerly belonging -to the crown; but such names as Kesselstadt, Kesselsham, Kettlesthorpe, -and Kettleshulme are probably connected with the personal name Chetil -or Kettle, being common names among the Teutons and Scandinavians.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">KIR</span> (Heb.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">KIRJATH</span>,</div> - -<p>a wall or stronghold, a city or town; <i>e.g.</i> Kir-Moab (the -stronghold of Moab); Kiriathaim (the two cities); Kirjath-Arba (the -city of Arba), now Hebron; Kirjath-Baal (of Baal); Kirjath-Huzoth -(the city of villas); Kirjath-jearim (of forests); Kirjath-sannah (of -palms), also called Kirjath-sepher (the city of the book). The Breton -<i>Ker</i> (a dwelling) seems akin to this word, as in Kergneû (the -house at the nut-trees), in Brittany.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">KIRCHE</span> (Ger. and Scand.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CYRIC</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">KERK</span> (Dutch),</div> - -<p>a church. The usual derivation of this word is from <i>kuriake</i>, -Grk. <i>oikos-kuriou</i> (the Lord’s house); <i>e.g.</i> Kirkham, -Kerkom, Kirchdorf (church town); Kirchhof (church court); Kirchwerder -(church island), on an island in the R. Elbe; Kirchditmold (the -church at the people’s place of meeting)—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">DIOT</span>. -Fünfkirchen (the five churches), in Hungary; Kirchberg (church hill), -in Saxony. Many parishes in Scotland have this affix to their names, -as in Kirkbean (the church of St Bean); Kirkcaldy (the church of the -Culdees, who formerly had a cell there); Kirkcolm (of St. Columba); -Kirkconnel (of St. Connal); Kirkcowan, anc. <i>Kirkuen</i> (of St. -Keuin); Kirkcudbright (of St. Cuthbert); Kirkden (the church in the -hollow); Kirkhill (on the hill); Kirkhope (in the valley); Kirkinner -(the church of St. Kinneir). In England: Kirkby-Lonsdale (the church -town), in the valley of the Lune; Kirkby-Stephen (of St. Stephen, to -whom the church was dedicated); Kirkdale, in Lancashire; Kirkham, also -in Lancashire; Kirkliston (the church of the strong fort, founded by -the Knights Templars), in Linlithgow; Kirkoswald, named after Oswald, -King of Northumberland; Kirkurd, in Peeblesshire, Lat. <i>Ecclesia de -Orde</i> (the church of Orde or Horda, a personal name); Kirkwall, -Norse <i>Kirk-ju-vagr</i> (the church on the bay); Hobkirk (the church -in the <i>hope</i> or valley); Ladykirk, in Berwickshire, dedicated<span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">[116]</span> -to the Virgin Mary by James IV. on his army crossing the Tweed near -the place; Falkirk, supposed to be the church on the <i>Vallum</i> -or wall of Agricola, but more likely to be the A.S. rendering of its -Gaelic name <i>Eglais-bhrac</i> (the spotted church), <i>fah</i> in -A.S. being of divers colours; Stonykirk, in Wigtonshire, corrupt. -from <i>Steenie-kirk</i> (St. Stephen’s church); Kirkmaden (of St. -Medan); Carmichael for Kirk-Michael (of St. Michael); Bridekirk (of -St. Bridget); Carluke for Kirkluke (of St. Luke); Selkirk, anc. -<i>Sella-chyrche-Regis</i> (the seat of the king’s church, originally -attached to a royal hunting-seat); Laurencekirk (the church of -St. Laurence, Archbishop of Canterbury, called the Apostle of the -Picts); Kirby-Kendal (the church in the valley of the Ken or Kent); -Channelkirk, in Berwickshire, anc. <i>Childer-kirk</i> (the children’s -church, having been dedicated to the Innocents).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">KIS</span> (Hung.),</div> - -<p>little; <i>e.g.</i> Kis-sceg (little corner), in Transylvania; -Kishissar (little fort).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">KLAUSE</span>, <span class="allsmcap">KLOSTER</span>,</div> - -<p>a place shut in, from the Lat. <i>claudo</i>, also a cloister; -<i>e.g.</i> Klausen (the enclosed place), in Tyrol; Klausenburg -(the enclosed fortress); Klausenthal (the enclosed valley); -Kloster-Neuburg (the new town of the cloister); Chiusa, in Tuscany, -anc. <i>Clusium</i>, and Clusa, in Saxony (the enclosed place), -also La Chiusa, in Piedmont; but <i>claus</i>, as a prefix, may be -<i>Klaus</i>, the German for Nicholas, and is sometimes attached to the -names of churches dedicated to that saint.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">KLEIN</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>little; <i>e.g.</i> Klein-eigher (the little giant), a mountain in -Switzerland.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">KNAB</span>, <span class="allsmcap">KNOP</span> (Scand. and Teut.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CNAP</span> (Cel.),</div> - -<p>a hillock; <i>e.g.</i> Noopnoss (the projecting point); Knabtoft (the -farm of the hillock); The Knab, in Cumberland; Knapen-Fell (the hill -with the protuberance), in Norway; Knapdale (the valley of hillocks), -Argyleshire; Knapton, Knapwell (the town and well near the hillock); -Snape (the hillock), in Suffolk and Yorkshire; Nappan (little hillock), -and Knapagh (hilly land), in Ireland.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">KNOLL</span> (Teut.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">KNOW</span>,</div> - -<p>a hillock; <i>e.g.</i> Knowle and Knoyle (the hillock); Knowl-end (hill -end); Knowsley (hill, valley, or field). In the form of <i>know</i> or -<i>now</i> it is common as an affix in Scotland.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">[117]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">KOH</span> (Pers.),</div> - -<p>a mountain; <i>e.g.</i> Koh-baba (the chief or father mountain); -Caucasus (mountain on mountain, or the mountain of the gods, -<i>Asses</i>); Kuh-i-Nuh (Noah’s mountain), the Persian name for -Ararat; Kashgar (the mountain fortress).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">KOI</span> (Turc.),</div> - -<p>a village; <i>e.g.</i> Kopri-koi (bridge village); Haji-Veli-koi (the -village of the pilgrim Veli); Papaskoi (the priest’s village); Kadikoi -(the judge’s village); Hajikoi (the pilgrim’s village); Akhmedkoi -(Achmed’s village); Boghaz-koi (God’s house), near the ruins of an -ancient temple in Asia Minor.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">KÖNIG</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CING</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>a king; <i>e.g.</i> Königshofen (the king’s court); Königheim (the -king’s dwelling); Königsbrunn (the king’s well); Königshain (the king’s -enclosure); Königshaven (the king’s harbour); Königsberg, in Prussia, -and Kongsberg, in Norway (the king’s mountain); Königstein (the king’s -rock fortress); Coningsby, Connington, Coniston, Kingsbury, places in -England where the Anglo-Saxons held their court; Kingston, in Surrey, -where their kings were generally crowned; Kingston or Hull, upon the -R. Hull, in Yorkshire, named after Edward I.; Kingston, Co. Dublin, so -named in commemoration of George IV.’s visit to Ireland; Kingston, in -Jamaica, named after William III.; Cunningham, Kingthorpe, Kingsby (the -king’s dwelling or farm); but Cuningsburg, in Shetland, may be derived -from <i>Kuningr</i> (a rabbit); Kingsbarns, in Fife, so called from -certain storehouses erected there by King John during his occupation of -the castle now demolished.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">KOPF</span>, <span class="allsmcap">KOPPE</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">COPA</span> (Welsh),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">KUPA</span> (Sclav.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CABO</span> (Span.),</div> - -<p>a headland or mountain peak; <i>e.g.</i> Catzenkopf (the cat’s head); -Schneekopf and Schneekoppe (snowy peak); Ochsenkopf (the oxen’s peak); -Riesenkoppe (giants’ peak); Perecop, in Russia (the gate of the -headland); Vogelskuppe (the birds’ peak); Cape Colonna (the headland -of the pillars), so named from the ruins of a temple to Minerva; Cape -Leuca (the white); Cape Negro (the black); Cape Roxo (the red cape); -Kuopio (on a headland), in Russia; Cabeza-del-buey (ox headland), -in Spain; Cabeciera (black headland), in Spain; Capo-d’Istria (the -summit of Istria); Copeland, a district in Cumberland full of peaks or -headlands.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">[118]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">KOPRI</span>, <span class="allsmcap">KUPRI</span> (Turc.),</div> - -<p>a bridge; <i>e.g.</i> Vezir-kopri (the vizier’s bridge); Keupri-bazaar -(the market-town at the bridge); Keupris (bridge town), in Turkey.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">KOS</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>a goat; <i>e.g.</i> Koselo (goat’s river); Koslin (goat town), in -Pomerania.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">KOSCIOL</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>a Romish church; <i>e.g.</i> Kostel, Kosteletz (towns with a Romish -church), a Protestant church being called <i>Zbor</i>, and a Greek -church <i>Zerkwa</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">KRAL</span>, <span class="allsmcap">KROL</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>a king; <i>e.g.</i> Kralik, Kralitz, Krolow, Kraliewa, Kralowitz (the -king’s town or fortress).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">KRASNA</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>beautiful; <i>e.g.</i> Krasnabrod (the beautiful ford); Krasnapol (the -beautiful city); Krasno-Ufimsk (the beautiful town of the R. Ufa); -Krasna and Krasne (the beautiful place).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">KRE</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>a coppice; <i>e.g.</i> Sakrau, Sakrow (behind the coppice).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">KREIS</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a circle; <i>e.g.</i> Saalkreis (the circle watered by the R. Saal); -Schwardswaldkreis (the circle of the Black Forest).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">KREM</span>, <span class="allsmcap">KRIM</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>a stone building; <i>e.g.</i> The Kremlin (the stone fort of Moscow); -Kremmen, Kremenetz, Kremnitz, Kremmenaia, Kremenskaia, towns in Russia, -Poland, and Lusatia.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">KRONE</span>, <span class="allsmcap">KRON</span> (Teut. and Scand.),</div> - -<p>a crown; <i>e.g.</i> Kronstadt, Hung. <i>Brasso</i> (crown city), in -Hungary; Cronstadt, in Russia, founded by Peter the Great; Königscrone -(the king’s crown); Carlscrone (Charles’s crown); Landscrone (the crown -or summit of the land), a mountain and town in Silesia—also with the -same meaning, Landscrona, in Sweden. <i>Kron</i>, however, as a prefix, -comes occasionally from <i>krahn</i> (a crane), as in Kronwinkel (the -crane’s corner).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">KRUG</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a small inn; <i>e.g.</i> Dornkrug (the thorn inn); Krugmülle (the mill -at the inn).</p> - - -<h3>L</h3> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LAAG</span>, <span class="allsmcap">LAGE</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">LOOG</span> (Dutch),</div> - -<p>a site, a low-lying field; <i>e.g.</i> Brawenlage (brown field); -Wittlage (white field or wood field); Blumlage (flowery field); -Mühlenloog (the mill field or site); Dinkellage (wheat field). This -word is also used as an adjective, signifying <i>low</i>; <i>e.g.</i><span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">[119]</span> -Loogkirk (low church); Loogheyde (low heath); Loogemeer (low lake); -Laaland (low island).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LAC</span> (Fr.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">LACHE</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">LAGO</span> (It., Span., and Port.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">LAGUNA</span>,</div> - -<p>a lake, cognate with the Lat. <i>lacus</i> and the Cel. <i>loch</i> -or <i>lwch</i>. These words in the various dialects originally -signified a <i>hollow</i>, from the roots <i>lag</i>, <i>lug</i>, and -Grk. <i>lakos</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Lachen, Lat. <i>Adlacum</i> (at the -lake), a town on Lake Zurich; Interlachen (between the lakes), in -Switzerland; Biberlachen (beaver lake); Lago Maggiore (the greater -lake), with reference to Lake Lugano, which itself means simply the -lake or hollow; Lago Nuovo (new lake), in Tyrol,—it was formed a few -years ago by a landslip; Lagoa (on a lake or marsh), in Brazil; Lagow -(on a lake), in Prussia; Lagos, in Portugal (on a large bay or lake); -Laguna-de-Negrillos (the lake of the elms) and Laguna-Encinillos -(of the evergreen oaks), in Spain; Laach, in the Rhine Provinces -(situated on a lake), the crater of an extinct volcano; Anderlecht -or Anderlac (at the lake or marsh), in Belgium; Chablais, Lat. -<i>Caput-lacensis</i> (at the head of the lake, <i>i.e.</i> of Geneva); -Missolonghi, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Mezzo-laguno</i> (in the midst of a marshy -lagoon); Beverley, in Yorkshire, anc. <i>Biberlac</i> (the beaver lake -or marsh); Lago-dos-Patos (the lake of geese), in Brazil; Niederhaslach -and Oberhaslach (lower and upper lake), in Bas Rhin; Lake Champlain -takes its name from a Norman adventurer, Governor-general of Canada, -in the seventeenth century; Alagoas (abounding in lakes), a province -in Brazil, with its capital of the same name; Filey, in Yorkshire, in -Doomsday <i>Fuielac</i> (<i>i.e.</i> bird lake, <i>fugæ</i>).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LAD</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>a pile or heap; <i>e.g.</i> Ladhouse, Ladhill, Ladcragg, Ladrigg (the -house, hill, crag, ridge of the mound or cairn), probably so named from -a heap or cairn erected over the grave of some Norse leader.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LADE</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">LODE</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>a way, passage, or canal; <i>e.g.</i> Ladbrook (the passage of the -brook); Lechlade, in Gloucester (the passage of the R. Lech into the -Thames); Evenlode (at brink of the passage or stream); Cricklade, anc. -<i>Crecca-gelade</i> or <i>Crecca-ford</i> (the creek at the opening or -entrance of the Churn and Key into the Thames).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">[120]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LAEN</span> (Teut.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">LEHEN</span>,</div> - -<p>land leased out, a fief; <i>e.g.</i> Kingsland or Kingslaen, in -Middlesex, Hereford, and Orkney; Haylene (the enclosed fief), in -Hereford; Lenham (the dwelling on the laen); Lenton, ditto.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LAESE</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>pasture, literally moist, wet land; <i>e.g.</i> Lewes, in Sussex; -Lesowes, in Worcester (the wet pasture); Lewisham (the dwelling on the -pasture), in Kent; Leswalt (wood pasture), in Dumfriesshire.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LAG</span>, <span class="allsmcap">LUG</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">LÜCKE</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a hollow, cognate with the Lat. <i>lacus</i> and the Grk. -<i>lakkos</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Logie (the hollow), in Stirling; Logiealmond -(the hollow of the R. Almond in Perth); Logie-Buchan, in Aberdeenshire; -Logie-Coldstone, Gael. <i>Lag-cul-duine</i> (the hollow behind the -fort), Aberdeen; Logie-Easter and Logie-Wester, in Cromarty; Logie Loch -and Laggan Loch (the lake in the hollow); Logan (the little hollow); -Logierait, Gael. <i>Lag-an-rath</i> (the hollow of the <i>rath</i> or -castle, so called from the Earls of Atholl having formerly had their -castle there in Perthshire); Mortlach, Co. Banff, probably meaning -the great hollow. In Ireland: Legachory, Lagacurry, Legacurry (the -hollow of the pit or caldron, <i>coire</i>); Lugduff (dark hollow); -Lugnaquillia (the highest of the Wicklow mountains), is from the -Irish <i>Lug-na-gcoilleach</i> (the hollow of the cocks, <i>i.e.</i> -<i>grouse</i>); Lough Logan (the lake of the little hollow); Lagnieu, -in France, anc. <i>Lagniacum</i> (the place in the hollow of the -waters); Laconia and Lacedemonia (in the hollow), in Greece.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LANN</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">LLAN</span> (Cym.-Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">LAND</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>an enclosure, a church, a house; but Mr. Skene considers that the Cel. -<i>llan</i> comes from the Lat. <i>planum</i> (a level place), just as -the Gael. <i>lan</i> (full) comes from the Lat. <i>plenus</i>. This -word is more common in Welsh names than in the topography of Ireland -and Scotland, and in its signification of a church forms the groundwork -of a vast number of Welsh names. In Ireland it means a house as well -as a church, as in Landbrock (the badger’s house); Landmore (the great -church), in Londonderry; Landahussy (O’Hussy’s church), in Tyrone; -Lanaglug (the church of the bells). It is not so frequent in Scotland, -but the modern name of Lamlash, in the Island of Arran, formerly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">[121]</span> -<i>Ard-na-Molas</i>, the height of St. Molios, who lived in a cave -there, seems to be the church or enclosure of this saint; Lambride, -in Forfar, is <i>Lannbride</i> (St. Bridget’s church); Lumphanan is -from <i>Lann-Finan</i> (St. Finan’s church). The derivation of Lanark, -anc. <i>Lanerk</i>, is probably from the Welsh <i>Llanerch</i> (a -distinct spot or fertile piece of ground). There are many examples -of this root in Brittany; <i>e.g.</i> Lanleff (the enclosure on the -R. Leff); Lanmeur (great church); Lannion (the little enclosure); -Landerneau and Lannoy (the enclosure on the water); but in French -topography the Teut. <i>land</i> generally signifies uncultivated -ground; <i>e.g.</i> La Lande, Landes, Landelles, La Landelle, Les -Landais, Landau, etc.—<i>v.</i> Cocheris’s <i>Noms de Lieu</i>. -Launceston, in Cornwall, is probably corrupt. from <i>Llan-Stephen</i>. -The greatest number of our examples must be taken from Wales. There -are Lantony or <i>Llan-Ddevinant</i> (the church of St. David in -the valley, <i>nant</i>, of the R. Hodeny); Llan-Dewi-Aberarth (St. -David’s church at the mouth of the Arth); Lampeter (of St. Peter); -Llan-Asaph (of St. Asaph); Llanbadern-fawr (the great church founded by -Paternus), also Llan-Badarn-Odyn; Llandelo-vawr (of Feilo the Great); -Llandewi-Brefi (St. David’s church). Brevi here means the bellowing, -from the dismal moans of a sacred animal killed here; Llandovery, -corrupt. from <i>Llan-ym-dyffrwd</i> (the church among the rivers, at -the confluence of three streams); Llanudno (of St. Tudno); Llanelly (of -St. Elian); Llanfair (of St. Mary); Llanover (the church of the Gover -wells); Llanon (the church dedicated to Nonn, the mother of St. David); -Llanfair-yn-nghornwy (on the horn or headland of the water). There -are several of this name,—as Llan-fair-ar-y-bryn (St. Mary’s church -on the hill); Llanfair-helygen (St. Mary’s church among willows); -Llanfair-o’r-llwyn (on the lake); Llanfihangel (of the angel); -Llanfihangel-genau’r-glyn (the church of the angels at the opening of -the valley); Llanfihangel-y-creuddin, a church erected probably on the -site of a bloody battle; Llanfihangel-lledrod (the church at the foot -of a declivity); Llangadogvawr (of St. Cadoc the Great); Llangeler (of -St. Celert); Llangollen (of St. Collen); Llanidloes (of St. Idloes); -Llaniestyn (of St. Constantine); Llannethlin,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">[122]</span> anc. <i>Mediolanum</i> -(the church among the pools or marshes); Llantrissant (of three -saints); Llanddeusaint (of two saints); Llanberis (of St. Peres); -Llandegla (of St. Theckla); Llanrhaiadr (the church of the cataract); -Llanfaes (the church of the battle-field); Landaff, on the R. Taff; -Llangoedmore (the church of the great wood); Llanaml-lech (the church -on the stony ground, etc.); Llangwyllog (the gloomy church, perhaps in -the shade of the Druidic grove); Llanfleiddian (dedicated to a bishop -named Flaidd); Llanllawer (the church of the multitude, <i>llawer</i>, -close to which was a sainted well famous for its medicinal properties, -and which was resorted to by crowds of impotent folk); Llancilcen (the -church in the nook, <i>cil</i>, at the top, <i>cen</i>, of a hill), -a parish in Flint; Llan-mabon (of St. Mabon); Llan-Beblig, corrupt. -from <i>Bublicius</i>, named for the son of Helen, a Welsh princess; -Llan-sant-Fagan, named in honour of St. Faganus, a missionary from -Rome. <i>Llan</i> is sometimes corrupted to <i>long</i> in Scotland, -as in Longniddrie; Lagny, a town in France, anc. <i>Laniacum</i> -(the church or enclosure on the stream). From the Teut. <i>land</i>, -<i>i.e.</i> a country or district, some names may come in appropriately -under this head—thus Scotland (the land of the Scots), from Ireland; -Monkland, in Lanarkshire (belonging to the monks); Natland, in Norway -(the land of horned cattle); Sutherland (the southern land, as compared -with Caithness), both Sutherland and Caithness having formed part -of the Orkney Jarldom; Cumberland (the land of the Cymbri), being -part of the British kingdom of Cumbria; Holland (the marshy land, -<i>ollant</i>); Gippsland, named in honour of Sir George Gipps, a -governor of Port Philip; Friesland (the land of the Frisii); Beveland -(of oxen or beeves); Baardland (of the Lombards); Westmoreland (the -land of the <i>Westmoringas</i> or people of the Western moors); -Gothland, in Sweden (the land of the Goths); Jutland (the land of the -Getæ or Jutes, the Cimbric Chersonesus of the ancients).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LAR, LAAR, LEER</span> (Old Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">LAER</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">LATHAIR</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">LAUER</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a site, a bed; and in Germany, according to Buttmann, a field; in -topography, synonymous with <i>lage</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Goslar (the -site<span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">[123]</span> or field on the R. Gose), in Hanover; Somplar (marshy field); -Wittlar (woody field); Dinklar (wheat field); Wetzlar, in Prussia, anc. -<i>Wittlara</i> (woody field); Wassarlar (watery field); Noordlaren -(the northern site); Lahr (the site), a town in Baden. In Ireland this -word takes the forms of <i>laragh</i> and <i>lara</i>; <i>e.g.</i> -Laraghleas (the site of the fort); Laraghshankill (of the old church). -Lara, however, is sometimes a corrupt. of <i>Leath-rath</i> (half -rath), as in Laragh, in West Meath; and <i>laar</i> and <i>lare</i> -often mean <i>middle</i>, as in Rosslare (the middle peninsula); -Ennislare (the middle island); Latheron, in Caithness, is the site of -the seal.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LAUF</span>, <span class="allsmcap">LAUFEND</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">LOOP</span> (Dutch),</div> - -<p>a current, a rapid, from <i>laufen</i>, Ger.; <i>hlaupen</i>, Scand.; -<i>hleapen</i>, A.S. (to run, to leap); <i>e.g.</i> Laufen (the -rapids), on the R. Salzach; Lauffenberg (the town near the rapids of -the Rhine); Laufnitz (the leaping river); Lauffen (on the rapids of the -R. Inn); Leixlip, in Ireland, Old Norse <i>Lax-hlaup</i> (salmon-leap), -on a cataract of the R. Liffey; Beck-loop (brook cataract), in Holland; -Loop-Head, Co. Clare, Irish <i>Leim-Chon-Chuillerin</i> (Cuchullin’s -leap)—<i>v.</i> Joyce’s <i>Names of Places</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LAW</span> (A.S.), <i>hleaw</i>,<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">LOW</span>,</div> - -<p>a hill, cognate with the Irish <i>lagh</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Houndslow (the -dog’s hill); Ludlow (the people’s hill, <i>leod</i>); Greenlaw, in -Berwickshire (the green hill)—the modern town is situated on a plain, -but old Greenlaw was on a hill; Winslow (the hill of victory), in -Berks; Marlow (the chalk or marshy hill); Wardlaw (guard hill); Hadlow, -anc. <i>Haslow</i> (hazel hill); Castlelaw, in the Lammermuir range, -named from Roman camps on these hills; Sidlaw Hills (the south hills, -in reference to their forming the southern boundary of Strathmore); -Warmlow, Co. Worcester, anc. <i>Waermundes-hleau</i> (the hill of -Waermund, a personal name); Fala, a parish in Mid Lothian, abbreviated -from <i>Fallaw</i> (the speckled hill); Mintlaw, in Aberdeenshire, -corrupt. from <i>Moan-alt-law</i> (the hill at the moss burn).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LAYA</span> (Sansc.),</div> - -<p>an abode; <i>e.g.</i> Naglaya (the abode of snakes); the Himalaya -Mountains (the abode of snow); Hurrial, for <i>Arayalaya</i> (the abode -of Hari or Vishnu).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">[124]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LEAC</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">LLECH</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>a flat stone—in topography, found in the forms of <i>lick</i> and -<i>leck</i>, cognate with the Lat. <i>lapis</i> and Grk. <i>lithos</i>; -<i>e.g.</i> Lackeen, Licken (the little stone); Slieve-league (the -mountain of the flagstone); Lickmollasy (St. Molasse’s flagstone); -Bel-leek, Irish <i>Bel-leice</i> (the ford of the flagstone), near -Ballyshannon; Lackagh (full of flagstones); Lickfinn (white flagstone); -Duleek, anc. <i>Doimhliag</i> (the stone house or church); Auchinleck -(the field of the stone), in Ayrshire; Harlech, in Merioneth; Ar-llech -(on the rock, the place being situated on a craggy eminence); -Llananl-lech—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">LLAN</span>; Llech-trufin, probably -originally Llech-treffen (the rock of the look-out, or <i>twrfine</i>); -Llanml-lech (the church among many stones); Tre-llech (stone dwelling); -Llech-rhyd (the ford of the flat stone); Leck, Lech, Leckbeck (the -stony rivers); Leckfield (the field on the R. Leck); Leckwith, in -Wales, for Lechwedd (a slope).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LEAMHAN</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>the elm-tree; <i>e.g.</i> the Laune, a river at Killarney, and the -Leven, in Scotland (the elm-tree stream); Lennox or Levenach (the -district of the R. Leven), the ancient name of Dumbartonshire; -Lislevane (the fort of the elm-tree), in Ireland. According to Mr. -Skene, the Rivers Leven in Dumbartonshire and in Fife have given their -names to Loch Lomond and Loch Leven, while in each county there is a -corresponding mountain called Lomond.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LEARG</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>the slope of a hill; <i>e.g.</i> Largy, in Ireland; Lairg, a parish -in Sutherlandshire; Largs, in Ayrshire, and Largo, in Fife, from -this word; Largan (the little hill-slope); Largynagreana (the sunny -hill-slope); Larganreagh (gray hill-slope), in Ireland.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LEBEN</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a possession, an inheritance. Forsteman thinks this word is derived -from the Old Ger. <i>laiban</i> (to leave or bequeath), cognate with -the Grk. <i>leipa</i>, and not from <i>leben</i> (to live); <i>e.g.</i> -Leibnitz, anc. <i>Dud-leipen</i> (the inheritance of Dudo); Ottersleben -(of Otho); Ritzleben (of Richard); Germersleben (of Germer); -Osharsleben (of Ausgar); Sandersleben (of Sander); Hadersleben (of -Hada).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LEGIO</span> (Lat.),</div> - -<p>a Roman legion; <i>e.g.</i> Caerleon, on the Usk, anc. -<i>Isca-Legionis</i>; Leicester, <i>Legionis-castra</i> (the camp of -the legion); Leon, in Spain, anc. <i>Legio</i>, being the station -of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">[125]</span> the seventh Roman legion; Lexdon, anc. <i>Legionis-dunum</i> -(the fort of the legion); Megiddo, in Palestine, now Ledjun, anc. -<i>Castra-legionis</i> (the camp of the legion).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LEHM</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">LAAM</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">LEEM</span> (Dutch),</div> - -<p>clay, mud; <i>e.g.</i> the Leam (the muddy river); Leamington (the town -on the R. Leam); Lehmhurst (the clayey wood); Lambourn (muddy brook); -Leemkothen (the mud huts).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LEITER</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>the slope of a hill; <i>e.g.</i> Ballater, in Aberdeenshire (the town -on the sloping hill); Letterfearn (the alder-tree slope); Letterfourie -(the grassy hillside, <i>feurach</i>); Findlater (the cold hill-slope, -<i>fionn</i>), in Scotland. In Ireland: Letterkenny (the hill-slope -of the O’Cannons); Letterkeen (beautiful hill-slope); Lettermullen -(Meallan’s hill-slope); Letterbrick (the badger’s hill-slope); -Letterlickey (the hill-slope of the flagstone); Letherhead, in Surrey -(at the head of the slope, Welsh <i>llethr</i>), on the declivitous -bank of the R. Mole; Machynlleth for Mach-yn-Llethr (the ridge on the -slope), a town in Montgomery.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LEOD</span> (A.S.), <span class="allsmcap">LEUTE</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>the people; <i>e.g.</i> Leutkirch (the people’s church); Liège, Ger. -<i>Lüttich</i>, anc. <i>Leodicus-vicus</i> (the people’s town)—the -hill on which the citadel stands was called <i>Publes-mont</i> (the -people’s hill); Leeds, in Yorkshire, anc. <i>Loidis</i> (the people’s -town, according to Bayley); Whittaker, however, makes it the town of -Loidi, a personal name); but Leeds, in Kent, is said to have been named -after Ledian, the Chancellor of Ethelred II.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LESSO</span>, <span class="allsmcap">LESSE</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>a wood or thicket; <i>e.g.</i> Lessau, Leske, Leskau, Lessen, Lissa -(the woody place), towns in Prussia; Leschnitz, in Silesia, and Leizig, -in Saxony, with the same meaning; Leschkirch (the church in the wood), -in Transylvania; Liezegorike (woody hill).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LEUCUS</span> (Grk.),</div> - -<p>white, <i>e.g.</i> Leuctra, Leuctron, Leucadia, so named from the white -rocks at its extremity; Leucasia (the white river); Leucate (the white -promontory in Greece).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LEY</span>, <span class="allsmcap">LEA</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">LEG</span>,</div> - -<p>a district—in English topography generally applied to an open field -or meadow; <i>e.g.</i> Leigh (the meadow), in Lancashire; Berkeley, -Thornley, Oakley, Auchley, Alderley, Brachley (the meadow of birch, -thorn, oak, alder, ferns); Hasley (of hazels); Hagley (the enclosed -meadow); Horsley (the meadow of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">[126]</span> Horsa, or of horses); Brockley -(of the badger); Hindley (of the stag); Everley (of the wild boar, -<i>aper</i>); Bradley (broad meadow); Stanley (stony meadow); Loxley -(of Loki, a Scandinavian deity); Ashley (ash-tree meadow); but Ashley, -S. Carolina, was named after Lord Ashley in the reign of Charles II.; -Morley (moor-field); Bisley (bean-field); Cowley (cow’s field); Linley -(flax-field); Monkley (the monk’s field); Audley, Co. Stafford (old -field); but Audley, in Essex, took its name from a palace erected by -Thomas Audley, Lord Chancellor of England; Ofley (the field of King -Offa); Tarporley, in Cheshire, corrupt. from <i>Thorpeley</i> (the -farm-field or meadow); Chorley (the meadow of the R. Chor); Bosley -(Bodolph’s field); West Leigh, North Leigh, Leighton, from the same -root; Satterleigh (the field of Seator, an A.S. deity); Earnley, Sussex -(eagle meadow); Ripley, in Yorkshire, from <i>Hryp</i>, a personal -name; Bentley, <i>bent</i>, pasture (a coarse kind of grass); Tewesley -and Tisley, from Tiw, a Saxon deity—as also Tewing, Tuoesmere, and -Teowes (thorn); Henley (the old meadow or field), supposed to be the -oldest town in Oxfordshire.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LIN</span> (Esthonian),</div> - -<p>a fort or town; <i>e.g.</i> Rialin, now Riga (the fortress of the -Rugii), in Russia; Pernau, anc. <i>Perna-lin</i> (the lime-tree fort); -Tepelin (hill town; <i>tepe</i>, Turc. hill).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LINDE</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">LIND</span>, <span class="allsmcap">LYND</span> (A.S. and Scand.),</div> - -<p>the linden-tree; <i>e.g.</i> Lindhurst and Lyndhurst (the linden-tree -wood); Lindheim, Lindorf, Limburg, in Germany (the town of -linden-trees); as also Limburg, in Holland, formerly <i>Lindenburg</i>; -Lindau (the linden-tree meadow); Lindesnaes (the promontory of -linden-trees), in Norway; La Linde, Le Lindois (abounding in -linden-trees); Limbœuf, Lindebœuf (linden-tree dwelling), in France.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LINNE</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">LLYNN</span> (Cym.-Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">HLYNNA</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>a pool, a lake, sometimes applied to a waterfall, not as associated -with the cascade, but with the pool into which it is received, as -in the Linn of Dee, in Aberdeenshire, and Corra-linn, on the Clyde. -Dublin (the black pool) takes its name from that part of the R. -Liffey on which it is built; and there are several other places -in Ireland whose names have the same meaning, although<span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">[127]</span> variously -spelt, as Devlin, in Mayo; Dowling and Doolin, in Kilkenny and Clare; -Ballinadoolin (the town of the black pool), in Kildare. In several such -cases the proper name was <i>Ath-cliath</i> (hurdle ford), literally -<i>Baile-atha-cliath</i> (the town of the hurdle ford), the original -name of Dublin. The ancient name of Lincoln, <i>Lindum</i>, is the hill -fort on the pool; Linlithgow comes from the same root, and is probably -the gray lake—how it came by the termination <i>gow</i>, <i>gu</i>, -or <i>cu</i>, as it is variously spelt, cannot be determined; Linton, -in Roxburghshire, is the town on the pool; Linton, in Peebles, on the -R. Lyne—in Cambridge (on the brook, <i>hlynna</i>); Dupplin, on the -R. Earn, in Perthshire (the black pool); Crailing, in Berwickshire, -anc. <i>Traverlin</i> (the dwellings, <i>treabhar</i>, on the pool); -Edarline (between the pools); Aber-glas-lyn (the estuary of the blue -pool), in Wales; Lynn-Regis (the king’s pool), in Norfolk; Roslin -(the projecting point on the pool), in Mid Lothian; Lynn-yr-Afrange -(the beaver’s pool), in Wales; Mauchline, in Ayrshire (the pool in -the plain, <i>magh</i>); Lincluden, in Kirkcudbright (the pool of the -R. Cluden); Lindores, in Fife, probably not from this root, but a -corrupt. of <i>Lann-Tours</i>, being the seat of the abbey of Tours, -founded by David, Earl of Huntingdon. Lyme-Regis (the king’s pool), -in Dorset; Lymington, anc. <i>Linton</i> (the town on the pool), in -Hants; Llyn-hir (long pool); Llyn-y-cun (the dog’s pool), in Carnarvon; -Llynn-y-Nadroedd (the adder’s pool); Llynn-ye-cae (the enclosed pool), -all in Wales; Llyn-tegid (the fair or beautiful lake); Lly-gwyn, with -the same meaning; Llyn-Teivy, of the R. Teivy, in Wales; Llyn-Safaddon, -corrupt. from <i>Llyn-saf-baddon</i> (the standing pool or fixed -bathing place)—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">BAD</span>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LIOS</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">LIS</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">LES</span> (Breton and Cornish),</div> - -<p>an enclosure, a garden, or a fort. In Ireland it generally meant -originally a place enclosed with a circular entrenchment, for the -purpose of shelter and safety, and is often translated by the Lat. -<i>atrium</i> (the entrance-room to a dwelling or temple). There -are eleven places in Ireland called Lismore (the great enclosure); -Lismore also in Argyleshire; Listowel (Tuathal’s fort); Liscarrol -(Carrol’s fort); Liscahane (Cathan’s fort); Lissan, Lissane, Lessany<span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">[128]</span> -(the little fort); Ballylesson (the town of the little fort); -Lisclogher (stone fort); Lislevane (the fort of the elm); Lismullin -(of the mill); Lisnadarragh (of the oaks); Lisnaskea, <i>i.e.</i> -<i>Lios-na-sceithe</i> (of the bush); Lissard (high fort); Gortnalissa -(the field of the fort); Lisbellaw, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Lios-bel-atha</i> -(the fort at the ford mouth); Dunluce (strong fort); Thurles, Co. -Tipperary, from <i>Durlas</i> (strong fort); Rathurles (the rath of -the strong fort)—all in Ireland; Liskard or Liskeard (the enclosure -on the height), in Cornwall and Cheshire; Lostwithel, in Cornwall, -<i>i.e.</i> <i>Les-vthiel</i> (the lofty palace), one of the ancient -seats of the Duke of Cornwall; Lesmahago, in Lanarkshire, Lat. -<i>Ecclesia-Machute</i> (the enclosure or church of St. Machute); -Lesneven, in Brittany, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Les-an-Evan</i> (the enclosure -or palace of Evan, Count of Leon); Leslie, in Fife (the enclosure on -the R. Leven); Lessudden or St. Boswell’s, in Roxburghshire, bears -the first name from Aidan, the Bishop of Lindesfarne, who is said to -have lived there; and its second name from Boisel, a disciple of St. -Cuthbert. The Spanish <i>llosa</i> is akin to the Celtic <i>lios</i>, -as in Lliosa-del-Obispo (the bishop’s enclosure).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LIPA</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>the linden-tree; <i>e.g.</i> Leipzig, Lipten, Laubsdorf or Libanoise, -Lauban or Luban, Luben, Laubst, Labolz, etc. (the places abounding in -linden-trees); Lubeck and Lublin may come from the same root, or from a -Sclavonic word signifying <i>beloved</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LLWYD</span> (Welsh),</div> - -<p>gray-brown; <i>e.g.</i> Rhipyn Llwyd (the gray upland); Llwyd-goed -(gray wood).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LOCH</span>, <span class="allsmcap">LOUGH</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">LLWCH</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>a lake; <i>e.g.</i> Loch Broom (the lake of showers, <i>braon</i>); -Loch Carron (of the winding water); Loch Doine (deep loch); Loch -Duich, in Ross-shire (the lake of St. Duthic, the same person from -whom the town of Tain took its Gaelic name, <i>Baile-Duich</i>, St. -Dulhaick’s town); Loch Fyne (the fair lake); Loch Lomond (the lake of -the elm-tree river); Loch Nell (of the swan, <i>eala</i>); Loch Ness -(of the waterfall, <i>i.e.</i> of Foyers)—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">EAS</span>; -Loch Long (ship lake, Scand. <i>Skipafiord</i>); Gareloch (short lake, -<i>gearr</i>), in Ross-shire, and also a branch of the Firth of Clyde; -Loch Etive (dreary loch, <i>eitidh</i>); Lochlubnaig (the lake of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">[129]</span> -little bend, <i>lubnaig</i>); Lochbuie and Lochbuy (the yellow loch); -Lochmuic (of the wild boar); Lochgorm (blue loch); Lochlaggan (of -the hollow); Loch Tay (of the R. Tay or <i>Tamha</i>, quiet river); -Lochgelly (of the fair water); Loch Maree (the lake of St. Malrube); -Lochard (high loch); Loch Awe and Loch Linnhe (here duplicate names, -<i>aw</i> signifying water and <i>linne</i> a pool); Loch-na-keal -(the loch of the cemetery, <i>cill</i>); Loch Earn (the west loch, -<i>i.e.</i> west of Loch Tay); Lochgelly (white lake, <i>gealich</i>); -Loch Katrine, probably the lake of the Caterans or freebooters; -Benderloch, in Argyleshire, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Bendaraloch</i> (the hill -between the lakes); Lochnagar, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Lochan-na-gabhar</i> -(the little lake of the goats, at the base of the mountain to which it -gives its name); Lochmaben, probably the loch of the bald headland, -as in an old charter the castle at the head of the loch is called -<i>Lochmalban</i>; Lochfad (long loch), in the Island of Bute, five -miles long and scarce half a mile broad; Loch Achray, in Perthshire -(the loch of the <i>level</i> plain, <i>reidh</i>); Leuchars, in Fife, -formerly <i>Lough-yards</i>, the low grounds of the village used to -lie under water for the greater part of the year. In Ireland there -are Lough Derg (red lake), originally <i>Loch Dergderc</i> (the lake -of the red eye, connected with a legend); Lough Conn (from a personal -name Conn); Loch Rea (gray or smooth lake, <i>reidh</i>, smooth); as -also Loch Ryan, in Kirkcudbright (of the smooth water, <i>reidhan</i>); -Loch Foyle (the lake of Febhal, the son of Lodan); Loughan, Loughane -(little lake); Lochanaskin (the little lake of the eels); Lough -Corrib, corrupt. from Lough Orbsen (the lake of Orbsen or Mannanan, -over whose grave it is said to have burst forth); Lough Erne, in -Ireland, named from the <i>Ernai</i>, a tribe; Lough Finn, named after -a lady called Finn, who was drowned in its waters; Lough, <i>i.e.</i> -<i>Loch-n’-Echach</i> (the lake of Eochy, a Munster chief, who, with -his family, was overwhelmed in the eruption which gave their origin -to its waters); Loch Swilly, probably a Scand. name, meaning the lake -of the surges or whirlpool, <i>swelchie</i>. The town of Carlow was -originally <i>Cetherloch</i> (the quadruple lake, <i>cether</i>, four), -from a tradition that formerly the R. Barrow formed four lakes at this -spot.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">[130]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LOCUS</span> (Lat.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">LOCA</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">LOK</span>, <span class="allsmcap">LLE</span> (Cym.-Cel),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">LIEU</span> (Fr.),</div> - -<p>a place; <i>e.g.</i> Netley, Lat. <i>Laeto-loco</i> (at the pleasant, -cheerful place), so called from a monastery founded there by Mereward, -King of Mercia, in 658; Madley (the good place); Matlock (the meat -enclosure or storehouse); Leominster, Lat. <i>Locus-fanum</i> (temple -place); Porlock or Portlock, in Somerset (the place of the port); -Lok-Maria-Ker (the town of Maria Ker), in Brittany. In France: -Richelieu (rich place); Chaalis, anc. <i>Carolis-locus</i> (the place -of Charles the Good, Count of Flanders); Beaulieu (beautiful place); -Loctudey, at Finisterre, corrupt. from <i>Loc-Sancti-Tudené</i> (the -place of St. Tudy); Locdieu and Dilo, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Dei-locus</i> -(God’s place); Lieusaint (holy place); Baslieu (low place).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LOH</span>, <span class="allsmcap">LOO</span> (Ger. and Dutch),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">LOHE</span>,</div> - -<p>a meadow or thicket, and sometimes a marsh; <i>e.g.</i> Waterloo -(watery meadow); Venloo (the marshy meadow), and perhaps <i>Louvain</i> -may have the same meaning; Groenloo (green thicket); Hohenlohe (the -high marshy meadow); Tongerloo (the marshy meadow of the Tungri); -Schwarzenloh (the black thicket); Anderlues (on the marsh).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LOHN</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">LOON</span> (Dutch),</div> - -<p>a path; <i>e.g.</i> Iser-lohn (the path by the R. Iser); Forstlohn (the -path in the wood); Neerloon and Oberloon (the lower and upper path); -Loon-op-Zand (the path on the sand).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LUCUS</span> (Lat.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">LLWYN</span> (Welsh), a grove,</div> - -<p>a sacred grove; <i>e.g.</i> Lugo, in Italy, anc. <i>Lucus-Dianæ</i> -(the sacred grove of Diana); Lugo, in Spain, anc. <i>Lucus-Augusti</i> -(the sacred grove of Augustus); Les luches, in France, near the remains -of an ancient temple; Luc, anc. <i>Lucus</i>, in Dauphiny.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LUG</span>, <span class="allsmcap">LUKA</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">LUZ</span> (Sclav.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">LEOIG</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">LAUK</span> (Esthonian),</div> - -<p>a marsh, cognate with the Lat. <i>lutum</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Lusatia or -Lausatz (the marshy land); Lassahn, Ger. <i>Laki-burgum</i> (the -town on the marsh); Lugos or Lugosch, Luko and Leignitz, with the -same meaning, in Poland and Silesia; Podlachia (near the marshes), a -district in Poland. The towns of Lyons, Laon, and Leyden were formerly -named <i>Lugdunum</i> (the fortress in the marshy land); Paris was -formerly <i>Lutetia-Parisiorum</i> (the marshy<span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">[131]</span> land of the Parisii). -In France: Loches, formerly <i>Luccæ</i> and <i>Lochiæ</i> (the marshy -land); and Loché, formerly <i>Locheium</i> (the marshy dwelling), in -the department of Indre et Loire.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LUND</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>a sacred grove; <i>e.g.</i> Lund, towns in Sweden and in the Shetlands; -Lundgarth (the enclosed grove), in Yorkshire; Lundsthing (the place of -meeting at the grove), in Shetland; Charlottenlund, Christianslund, -and Frederickslund (the grove of Charlotte, Christian, and Frederick), -villages in Denmark; and perhaps the island Lundy, in the Bristol -Channel.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LUST</span>, <span class="allsmcap">LYST</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>pleasure—applied, in topography, to a palace or lordly mansion; -<i>e.g.</i> Ludwigslust, Charlottenlust, Ravenlust (the palaces of -Ludovick, of Charlotte, and of Hrafen); Lostwithel, in Cornwall (the -manor of Withel), in the old Brit. language, <i>Pen Uchel coet</i> (the -lofty hill in the wood, and the <i>Uzella</i> of Ptolemy); Lustleigh -(the valley of pleasure), in Devon.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LUTTER</span>, <span class="allsmcap">LAUTER</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>bright, clear; <i>e.g.</i> Lutri, on Lake Geneva; Luttar, in Brunswick -(the bright place); Latterbach and Lauterburn (clear stream); -Lauterburg, in Alsace, on the R. Lauter; Lutterworth (the bright farm); -Lauterecken, in Bavaria, at the corner, <i>eck</i>, of the R. Lauter.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">LUTZEL</span>, <span class="allsmcap">LYTEL</span> (Teut.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">LILLE</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>small; <i>e.g.</i> Lutgenrode (the little clearing); Luxemburg, -corrupt. from <i>Lutzelburg</i> (small fortress), Latinised -<i>Lucis-Burgum</i> (the city of light), and hence passing into -Luxemburg; Lucelle or Lutzel, in Alsace; Lutzelsten (the small rock), -in Alsace.</p> - - -<h3>M</h3> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MAEN</span> (Welsh),</div> - -<p>a stone; <i>e.g.</i> Maentwrog (the tower-like pillar), a parish in -Merioneth; Maen or Dewi (St. David’s possession).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MAES</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">FAES</span> (Cym.-Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">MOED</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">MEAD</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">MATTE</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a meadow or field, cognate with the Gael. <i>magh</i>; <i>e.g.</i> -Maescar (the pool in the field); Maisemore (great field), in Brecknock -and Gloucestershire; Marden, in Hereford, anc. <i>Maes-y-durdin</i> -(the field of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">[132]</span> water camp); Basaleg, a parish in Wales. The name -has been corrupted <i>Maes-aleg</i>, signifying <i>elect land</i>, -from an event famous in Welsh history, which took place there. -Maes-teg (the fair field); Maes-yr-onnen (the field of ash-trees); -Cemmaes (the plain of the ridge, <i>cefn</i>); Maes-y-Mynach (monk -field); Cemmaes, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Cefn-maes</i> (the ridge of the -plain), in Wales; Runnymede, Co. Surrey (the meadow of the council), -Latinised <i>Pratum-concilii</i>; Andermatt (on the meadow); Zermatt -(at the meadow), in Switzerland; Matterhorn (the peak of the meadow); -Aeschenmatt (ash-tree meadow); Maes-Garmon (the field of St. Germanus), -in Wales; Soultzmatt (the meadow of mineral waters, <i>salz</i>), in -Alsace.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MAGEN</span>, <span class="allsmcap">MEKEN</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">MAIN</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>great; <i>e.g.</i> the R. Main, anc. <i>Magen-aha</i> (great water); -Mainland, anc. <i>Meginland</i> (great island), in the Orkneys; -Mainhardt (great wood); Meiningen (the great field)—<i>v.</i> -<span class="allsmcap">GEN</span>—in Germany.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MAGH</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">MACH</span> (Cym.-Cel.), a ridge,</div> - -<p>a field or plain, corrupt. into Maw or Moy, Latinised <i>magus</i>; -<i>e.g.</i> Magh-breagh (the beautiful plain), in Ireland, extending -from the R. Liffey to the borders of Co. Louth; Moy and May (the -plain), both in Ireland and in Scotland; Moidart (the high plain), -in Inverness-shire; Mayo (the plain of yew-trees); Moynalty, -Irish <i>Magh-nealta</i> (the plain of the flocks); Macosquin, -in Londonderry, corrupt. from <i>Magh-Cosgrain</i> (the field of -Cosgrain); Mallow, in Cork, <i>Magh-Ealla</i> (the plain of the R. Allo -or Ealla, now the Blackwater); Moville and Movilla (the plain of the -old tree, <i>bile</i>); Moycoba, for <i>Magh-Coba</i> (the plain of -Coba); <i>Machaire</i>, a derivative from <i>Magh</i>, is found under -the forms of Maghera and Maghery, thus—Magheracloone (the plain of -the meadow); Magheraculmony (the plain at the back of the shrubbery); -Maynooth (the plain of Nuadhat); Moira, corrupt. from <i>Magh-rath</i> -(the plain of the forts), Co. Down; Moyarta (the plain of the grave, -<i>ferta</i>). In Scotland we find Rothiemay, in Banff, corrupt. from -<i>Rath-na-magh</i> (the castle of the plain); Monievaird, <i>i.e.</i> -<i>Magh-na-bhaird</i> (the plain of the bards), in Perthshire; -Machynlleth (the ridge on the slope), a town in Montgomeryshire, Wales. -In its Latinised form this word is found in <i>Marcomagus</i>, now -Margagen<span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">[133]</span> (the plain of the Marcomanni); Juliomagus and Cæsaromagus -(of Julius and Cæsar); Noviomagus (the new plain); and again the same -word became <i>magen</i> or <i>megen</i> among the Teutonic races, -thus Noviomagus became Nimeguen; Nozon was anc. <i>Noviomagus</i> -or <i>Noviodunum</i>; Riom, in France, anc. <i>Ricomagus</i> (rich -plain); Maing or Meung, on the Loire, formerly <i>Magus</i>; Argenton, -Argentomagus (silver field); Rouen, anc. <i>Rothomagus</i> (the fort -on the plain). The ancient name of Worms was <i>Bartomagus</i>, which -Buttman says means high field; its present name was corrupted from -<i>Vormatia</i>; Mouzon, in France, was Mosomagus (the plain of the R. -Meuse).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MAHA</span> (Sansc.),</div> - -<p>great; <i>e.g.</i> Mahabalipoor (the city of the great god Bali); -Mahanuddy (the great river); Mahadea Mountains (the mountains of the -great goddess); Maha-vila-ganga (the great sandy river); Mantote, in -Ceylon, corrupt. from <i>Maha-Totta</i> (the great ferry).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MAHAL</span>, <span class="allsmcap">MAL</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">MOLD</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>the place of meeting; <i>e.g.</i> Mahlburg or Mailburg, in -Lower Austria (the town of the place of meeting); Detmold, anc. -<i>Theotmalli</i> (the people’s meeting-place); Wittmold (the -meeting-place in the wood); Moldfelde (in the field); Malton (the town -of the meeting), in Yorkshire; Maulden (the valley of the meeting), in -Bedfordshire; Kirch-ditmold (the church at the meeting-place).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MALY</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">MALKI</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>little; <i>e.g.</i> Malinek, Malinkowo, Malenz, Malchow, Malkow, -Malkowitz (little town); Maliverck (the little height).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MAN</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">MAEN</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>a place or district; <i>Maenol</i> or <i>Mainor</i>, Welsh (a -possession), akin to the Lat. <i>mansio</i> and the Fr. <i>maison</i>. -From this word maybe derived Maine, a province of France; Mans and -Mantes, although more directly they may probably come from the -<i>Cenomanni</i>, a people who formerly inhabited that district in -France; Mantua, in Italy, and La Mancha, in Spain, may be placed under -this head; also Manchester, anc. <i>Mancunium</i>, and Mancester, anc. -<i>Manduessedum</i>; Menteith, in Perthshire, the district of the -R. Teith. In the Welsh language the letter <i>m</i> is changed into -<i>f</i> and pronounced <i>v</i>, and <i>fan</i> abridged to <i>fa</i>, -thus—Brawdfa (the place of judgment); Eisteddfa (the sitting place); -Gorphwzsfa (resting place); Morfa (the shore<span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">[134]</span> or sea place); Manaera -(the place of slaughter), probably the site of a battle; Manclochog -(the ringing-stone).<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MANSUS</span> (Lat.),</div> - -<p>a farm or rural dwelling, to which was attached a certain portion -of land. It was often contracted into <i>mas</i>, <i>miex</i>, or -<i>mex</i>; <i>e.g.</i> La Manse, Mansac, Manselle, Le Mas, Beaumets, -Beaumais, in France. The Manse, <i>i.e.</i> the dwelling and glebe -attached to a parish in Scotland; Mains, a parish in Forfar.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MANTIL</span> (Old Ger.),</div> - -<p>the fir-tree; <i>e.g.</i> Mantilholz (the fir-wood); Mantilberg -(fir-tree hill); Zimmermantil (the room or dwelling at the fir-trees).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MAR</span>,</div> - -<p>a Ger. word, used both as an affix and a prefix, with various meanings. -As a prefix, it occasionally stands for <i>mark</i> (a boundary), as -in Marbrook (the boundary brook), and Marchwiail (the boundary of -poles), in Wales; sometimes for a <i>marsh</i>, as in Marbach, on the -Danube, and Marburg, on the Neckar; sometimes also for <i>mark</i>, an -Old Ger. word for a horse, as in Marburg, on the R. Lahn, and Marburg -and Mardorf (horse town), in Hesse. As an affix, it is an adjective, -and signifies, in the names of places and persons, clear, bright, -distinguished, or abounding in; <i>e.g.</i> Eschmar (abounding in -ash-trees); Geismar (in goats); Horstmar (in wood); Weimar (in the -vine).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MARK</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">MEARC</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">MARCHE</span> (Fr.),</div> - -<p>the boundary; <i>e.g.</i> Styria or Stiermark, the boundary of the R. -Steyer; Markstein (the boundary stone); Markhaus (the dwelling on the -border); March, a town in Cambridge; La Marche (the frontier), a domain -in France, having been the boundary between the Franks and Euskarians; -Mercia, one of the kingdoms of the Heptarchy, bordering on Wales; and -Murcia, in Spain, the boundary district between the Moorish kingdom of -Granada and the other parts of Spain; Newmark, Altmark, Mittelmark (the -new, old, and middle boundary), in Germany; Mark, in the Scandinavian -language, meant a plain or district, thus Denmark means the plain of -the Danes; Finnmark (of the Finns); Markbury, in Cheshire; Markley, in -Hereford (the boundary town and field). The Marcomanni were the March -or boundary men<span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">[135]</span> of the Sclavonic frontier of Germany; the R. March or -Morava, the boundary between Lower Austria and Hungary; Marbecq and -Marbeque, rivers in France; Mardick (the boundary dike).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MARKT</span> (Teut.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">MERKT</span>,</div> - -<p>a market, sometimes found as <i>mart</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Marktmühle -(the market mill); Marktham, Marktflecken (market-town), in Germany; -Martham, also in Norfolk; Neumarkt in Germany, and Newmarket in -England (new market-town); Martock, in Somerset (the oak-tree under -which the market of the district used to be held); Market-Raisin, -in Lincoln, on the R. Raisin; Bibert-Markt, in Bavaria, on the R. -Bibert; Kasmarkt, in Hungary, corrupt. from <i>Kaiser-Markt</i> (the -emperor’s market-town); Donnersmarkt, the German translation or -corruption of <i>Csotartokhely</i> (the Thursday market-place), in -Hungary. The cattle-market at Stratford-on-Avon is still called the -<i>Rother-market</i>, from an old word <i>rother</i>, for horned cattle.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MARSA</span> (Ar.),</div> - -<p>a port; <i>e.g.</i> Marsala, in Sicily, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Marsa-Allah</i> -(the port of God); Marsalquivir, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Marsal-el-kebir</i> -(the great port). In Malta: Marsa-scala, Marsa-scirocco, -Marsa-muscetto, Marsa Torno.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MAS</span> (Irish),</div> - -<p>the thigh—applied in topography to a long low hill; <i>e.g.</i> -Massreagh (gray hill); Mausrower (thick hill); Massareene, <i>i.e.</i> -<i>Mas-a-rioghna</i> (the queen’s hill); but Massbrook, Co. Mayo, is -not from this root; it is a translation of <i>Sruthan-an-aiffrinn</i> -(the brook where the mass used to be celebrated).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MAUM</span>, <span class="allsmcap">MOYM</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">MAM</span>,</div> - -<p>Irish <i>madhm</i> (a mountain pass or chasm); <i>e.g.</i> Maum-Turk -(the boar’s pass); Maumakeogh (the pass of the mist); Maumnaman (of the -women); Maumnahaltora (of the altar).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MAVRO</span> (Modern Grk.),</div> - -<p>black; <i>e.g.</i> Mavrovouno (the black mountain); Mavro Potamo (the -black river), in Greece; Mavrovo and Mavroya (the black town), in -Turkey.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MAWR</span>,</div> - -<p>by mutation <i>fawr</i>, Welsh (great)—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">MOR</span>, p. 143.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MEDINA</span> (Ar.),</div> - -<p>a city or the metropolis; <i>e.g.</i> Medina, in Arabia, called by -the Arabs <i>Medinat-al-Nabi</i> (the city of the prophet). In Spain: -Medina-de-las-torres (the city of the towers); Medina-del-campo (of the -plain); Medina-delpomar<span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">[136]</span> (of the apple-orchard); Medina-del-rio-seco -(of the dry river-bed); Medina-Sidonia (of the Sidonians). This city -was so named by the Moors, because they believed it to have been built -on the site of the Phœnician city Asidur.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MEER</span>, <span class="allsmcap">MERE</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>a lake, sea, or marsh; <i>e.g.</i> Blakemere (the black lake, -<i>blaec</i>), in Hereford; Great Marlow or Merelow (the hill by -the marsh); Cranmere (the crane’s lake or marsh); Winandermere, so -called, according to Camden, from the <i>winding</i> of its shores; -Wittleseamere, Buttermere, and Ellsmere, probably from personal names; -Meerfeld, Meerhof, Meerholz, and Meerhout (the field, court, and wood -near the lake or marsh), in Holland. But <i>mere</i>, in place-names, -is said sometimes to mean a boundary—thus <i>Merse</i>, the other -name for Berwickshire, may mean either the marshy land or the boundary -county between England and Scotland. Closely connected with <i>meer</i> -(a lake) are the words in the Celtic as well as in the Teutonic -languages, denoting marshy lands, <i>i.e.</i> lands that have lain -under water, and are still partially submerged—such as <i>merse</i>, -A.S.; <i>morast</i>, Ger.; <i>morfa</i>, Welsh; <i>marish</i>, -Gadhelic; <i>marsk</i>, Scand.; and <i>marais</i>, Fr. Many places in -Great Britain and the Continent derive their names from these words, -thus—the Maros or Marosh; and the Morava (marshy rivers); Moravia -(the district of the marshy river); Morast, in Sweden (the town on the -marsh); Merton, in Berwickshire (the town on the marsh); Morebattle, -in Roxburghshire, anc. <i>Mereboda</i> (the dwelling on the marsh); -Ostermarsh (east marsh), in Holland; Marengo (the marshy field), in -Italy; Les Moeres (the marshes), in Flanders; Marchienne, Marchienes, -Maresché, Maresches, Marest, etc., in France; Marcienisi, in Italy -(marshy localities). The River Mersey may come from this word, or it -may mean the border river between England and Wales.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MENIL</span>, <span class="allsmcap">MESNIL</span> (Fr.),</div> - -<p>from <i>Mansionile</i>, the dim. of <i>mansus</i>; <i>e.g.</i> -Grandmenil (the great dwelling or hamlet); Le Menil-la-comtesse -(the manor of the countess); Mesnil-église (the church hamlet); -Mesnil-Guillaume, Mesnil-Gilbert, Mesnil-Jourdan, named from the -proprietors; Mesnil-sur-l’Estrée (the hamlet on the Roman road called -<i>Strata Estrée</i>); Les Menils, Menillot, etc., in France.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">[137]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MENZIL</span> (Ar.),</div> - -<p>a village; <i>e.g.</i> Miselmeri, corrupt. from <i>Menzil-el-Emir</i> -(the emir’s village); Mezojuso, from <i>Menzil-Yusuf</i> (the village -of Joseph).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MEON</span> (Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">MIO</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>little, cognate with the Lat. <i>minor</i>; <i>e.g.</i> the Rivers -Minnow and Mynwy, in Wales; the Mincio, in Italy; the Minho, in -Portugal; Minorca (the less), in opposition to Majorca (the greater -island); Miosen (the little sea or lake), in Norway.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MICKLA</span>, <span class="allsmcap">MYCEL</span> (Teut. and Scand.),</div> - -<p>great, Scotch <i>muckle</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Mickledorf, Michelstadt, -Michelham, Mickleton (great dwelling); Micklebeck (great brook); -Michelau (great meadow); Mitchelmerse (the great marsh); Mecklenburg, -anc. <i>Mikilinberg</i> (the great town or hill fort); Muchelney -(the great island), in Somersetshire, formed by the conf. of the -Rivers Ivel and Parret; Meikle Ferry (the great ferry), on Dornoch -Firth; Micklegarth (the great enclosure), the Scandinavian name -for Constantinople, Grk. <i>Megalopolis</i>; but <i>mikil</i> -or <i>miklos</i>, especially in Russia and Hungary, is often an -abbreviation of St. Nicholas, and denotes that the churches in these -places were dedicated to that saint—thus Mikailov, Mikhailovskaia, -Mikhalpol (St. Nicholas’s towns), in Russia; Miklos-Szent and -Miklos-Nagy-Szent, in Hungary; Mikolajow, in Poland; Mitcham, in -Surrey, in Doomsday is <i>Michelham</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MIN</span>, <span class="allsmcap">MEN</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">MAEN</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>a high rock or the brow of a hill; <i>e.g.</i> Maen-du (black rock), -in Monmouth; Minto, a parish in Roxburghshire, on the brow of a steep -hill; Meonstoke (hill station); East and West Meon, in Gloucestershire; -Mendabia (at the foot of the hill), in Spain; Altmaen, corrupt. to “Old -Man of Coniston,” in the Lake country, and to the “Old Man of Hoy,” in -the Orkneys; the “Dodmaen,” in Cornwall—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">DODD</span>—has -been corrupted to <i>Deadman</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MINSTER</span>, <span class="allsmcap">MYNSTER</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">MUENSTER</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a monk’s dwelling or monastery, hence a cathedral—Lat. -<i>monasterium</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Illminster, Axminster, Stourminster, -Kremmunster, Charminster (the monasteries on the Rivers Ill, Ax, -Stour, Krem, and Char); Beaminster, Co. Dorset, named after St. Bega; -Kidderminster<span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">[138]</span> (the monastery of Earl Cynebert); Westminster (the -minster west of St. Paul’s); Warminster (near the weir or dam of the R. -Willey); Monasteranenagh (the monastery of the fair); Monasterboice (of -St. Bœthus); Monasterevin (of St. Evin), in Ireland; Monasteria de la -Vega (of the plain), in Spain. In France: Moutier, Moustier, Moustoir, -Munster, Monestier (the monastery); Montereau, Montreuil, Marmoutier -(the monastery of St. Martin); Masmoutier (of Maso); Noirmoutier and -Rougemoutier (the black and red monastery); Toli-Monaster or Bitolia -(the monastery of the beech-trees), in Turkey; Munster (the monastery), -in Alsace; but Munster, a province in Ireland, is compounded from the -Scand. <i>ster</i>—<i>qu.</i> <i>v.</i>—and the Irish <i>Mumha</i>, -a king’s name; Munster-eifel (the monastery at the foot of the -Eifel-berg).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MIR</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>peace; <i>e.g.</i> Mirgorod (the fortress of peace); Miropol, Mirowitz, -Mirow (the town of peace).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MITTEL</span>, <span class="allsmcap">MIDDEL</span> (Teut. and Scand.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">MIEDZY</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>the middle, cognate with the Lat. <i>medius</i>, Grk. <i>mesos</i>, and -Gadhelic <i>meadhon</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Middleby, Middleton, Middleham, -Mitton, Middleburg (the middle town); Middlesex (the territory of -the middle Saxons); Middlewich (the middle salt manufactory), in -Cheshire—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">WICH</span>; Midhurst (the middle wood), in -Sussex; Midmar (the middle district of Mar), in Aberdeenshire; -Ardmeanadh, Gael. <i>Ardmeadhonadh</i> (the middle height), being the -Gaelic name for Cromarty; Mitford (the middle ford); Melton-Mowbray, -sometimes written <i>Medeltune</i> (the middle town), formerly -belonging to the Mowbray family; Mittelgebirge (the middle mountain -range); Mittelwalde, Sclav. <i>Medzibor</i> (the middle of the wood), -in Silesia; Methwold, in Norfolk, with the same meaning; Mittweyda (in -the midst of pasture ground), in Saxony; Methley and Metfield (middle -field); Meseritz and Meseritsch, <i>i.e.</i> <i>mied-zyvreka</i> (in -the midst of streams), in Moravia and Pomerania; Mediasch (in the midst -of waters), in Hungary; Misdroi (in the midst of woods), in Pomerania; -Mediterranean Sea (in the middle of the land); Media (the middle -country, as then known); Mesopotamia, Grk. (the country between the -rivers); Mediolanum (in the midst of the plain<span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">[139]</span> or land)—<i>v.</i> -<span class="allsmcap">LANN</span>—the ancient name of Milan, Saintes, and some other towns.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MLADY</span>, <span class="allsmcap">MLODY</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>new; <i>e.g.</i> Mladiza, Mladowitz, Mladzowitz (new town), in Bohemia; -Bladen and Bladow, corrupt. from <i>Mladen</i>, with the same meaning, -in Silesia.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MOEL</span> (Cym.-Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">MAOL</span>, <span class="allsmcap">MEALL</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">MOOL</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>a round hill or a bald promontory, as an adjective signifying bald, and -often applied to hills and promontories, thus—the Mull or promontory -of Cantyre and Galloway; Meldrum, in Aberdeenshire, and Meeldrum, -in Ireland (the bald ridge); Melrose, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Maol-ros</i> -(the bald headland), Old Melrose having been situated on a peninsula -formed by the Tweed; the Eildon Hills, near Melrose, corrupt. from -<i>Moeldun</i> (bald hill); the Island of Mull, one of the Hebrides; -Mealfourvounie (the hill of the cold moor), in Inverness-shire; -Glassmeal (gray hill), in Perth; Malvern (the bald hill of the alders, -<i>gwernen</i>); Moel-y-don (the hill of the waves), in Anglesea; -Moel-Aelir (the frosty hill); Muldonach (the hill of Donald), one of -the Hebrides; Moel-Try-garn (the ridge of the three cairns); Moel-Eilio -(the mount of construction); Moel-y-crio (the hill of shouting); -Moel-ben-twrch (boar’s head hill), in Wales; Moel-cwm-Cerwyn (the -bald dingle of the cauldron); Moelfre, corrupt. from <i>Moelbre</i> -(bald hill), in Wales. In Ireland this word often takes the form of -<i>moyle</i>, as in Kilmoyle (bald church); Rathmoyle, Lismoyle, -Dunmoyle (the bald or dilapidated fort); Mweelbane (the white hill); -Meelgarrow (rough hill); Meelshane (John’s bald hill); Mweel-na-horna -(the bald hill of the barley); Maulagh (abounding in hillocks); -Mullaghmeen (smooth hillock); Mulboy (yellow hillock), etc.; -Mullanagore and Mullanagower (the little summit of the goats). In -Wales: Moel-hebog (hawk hill); Moel-eryn (eagle hill), in Wales. The -Mool of Aswich and the Mool of Land, in Shetland.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MOIN</span>, <span class="allsmcap">MOINE</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">MON</span>,</div> - -<p>a moss or bog. in Ireland: Mona-braher, <i>i.e.</i> -<i>Moin-nam-brathar</i> (the bog of the friars); Monalour (of the -lepers); Moneen (the little bog); Ballynamona (the town of the bog); -Monard (high bog); Montiagh, for <i>Mointeach</i><span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">[140]</span> (the boggy place); -Monabrock (the badger’s moss); Monroe (the red moss); <i>Mon</i> is, -however, sometimes used instead of <i>monadh</i> (a rising ground in -a moor), as in Co. Monaghan, <i>Muineachan</i> (abounding in little -hills); which country, however, according to the <i>Annals of the -Four Masters</i>, was named from its chief town (the town of monks). -In Scotland: Moin, a moorland district in Sutherlandshire; Monzie and -Moonzie (the mossy land), in Fife and Perthshire; Montrose (the boggy -promontory); <i>Mon</i>, again for <i>monadh</i>, in Monimail (bald -hill), in Fife; Moncrieffe (the woody hill, <i>craobach</i>); Moness -(the hill of the cascade, <i>eas</i>).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MÖNCH</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">MONEC</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">MONACH</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">MYNACH</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>a monk, from the Greek <i>monos</i> (alone); <i>e.g.</i> Monkton, -Monkstown, Monkswood, Monkland, named from lands belonging to the -monks; Le Mönch (the monk), one of the highest of the Bernese Alps; -Monachty (the monks’ dwelling), in Wales; Llan-y-mynach (the monks’ -church or enclosure), Co. Salop; Monksilver, in Somerset, corrupt. from -<i>Monk-sylva</i> (the monks’ wood); Monkleagh (the monks’ meadow); -Munsley, with the same meaning, in Hereford; Monach-log-ddu (the place -of the black monks), in Wales; Munchberg (monk’s hill), in Bavaria; -Munchengratz (the monks’ fortress), in Bohemia; Munich and Munchingen -(belonging to the monks), in Germany.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MONDE</span>, <span class="allsmcap">MÜND</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">MUNNI</span>, <span class="allsmcap">MINDE</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>a river <i>mouth</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Dortmund, Fischmund, Dendermund, -Roermonde, Travemünde, Saarmund, Tangermünde, Ysselmonde, Rupelmonde, -Orlamunda, Stolpemünde, Swinmund or Sweinemund, Ukermünde, Warnemunde, -at the mouth of the rivers forming the first part of these names; -Münden, in Hanover (at the mouths of the Rivers Werra and Fulda); -Monmouth (at the conf. of the Mynwy and Wye); Plymouth, Falmouth, -Sidmouth, Yarmouth, Grangemouth, Teignmouth, Wearmouth, Cockermouth, at -the mouths of these rivers; Bishop’s Wearmouth, founded by Biscop in -the middle of the seventh century; Deulemont, in France, at the mouth -of the Deule; Gladmouth, in Wales, formerly <i>Cledemuth</i>, at the -mouth of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">[141]</span> Clede or Cleddy; Minde, in Iceland, at the mouth of Lake -Miosen.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MONEY</span>,</div> - -<p>a frequent prefix in Irish names from <i>muine</i> (a brake or -shrubbery); <i>e.g.</i> Moneymore, Moneybeg (the great and little -shrubbery); Moneygorm (the blue shrubbery); Moneyduff (the black or -dark shrubbery); Moneygall (the shrubbery of the strangers).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MONT</span>, <span class="allsmcap">MONTE</span> (Fr. and It.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">MONTANA</span> and <span class="allsmcap">MONTE</span> (Span. and Port.),</div> - -<p>a mountain, from the Lat. <i>mons</i>, and cognate with the Gadhelic -<i>monadh</i>, and the Cym.-Cel. <i>mynydd</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Montalto -(high mount); Montauban (the mount of Albanus); Montechiaro (clear -mount); Monte-fosoli (brown mount); Montehermosa (beautiful mount), -in Spain; Montenegro, Turc. <i>Karadagh</i>, Sclav. <i>Zerna-gora</i> -(black mount), in Turkey; Beaumont, Chaumont, Haumont (the beautiful, -bald, and high mount); Montereale and Montreal (the royal hill); -Montreal, in Canada, so named by Cartier in 1555; Monte-Rosa, anc. -<i>Mons-sylva</i> (woody hill); Monte-Video (the prospect mount); -Montmartre, anc. <i>Mons-Martyrum</i> (the hill of the martyrdom of -St. Denis), but its earlier name was <i>Mons-Martis</i> (the hill -of Mars); Montmirail, Lat. <i>Mons-mirabilis</i> (the wonderful -mountain); Remiremont, Lat. <i>Romaries-mons</i>, founded by St. -Romarie in 620; Monte-Cavallo, corrupt. from <i>Monte-Calvaria</i> -(the Mount of Calvary), so called from a number of chapels, in which -were represented the successive scenes of our Lord’s passion. From -<i>monticellus</i>, the diminutive of <i>mont</i>, have arisen such -place-names as Moncel, Le Monchel, Monchelet, etc.; Mont d’Or (golden -mount), in Auvergne; Montefrio (cold mount), in Spain; Montpellier, -Lat. <i>Mons-puellarum</i> (the hill of the young girls), so called -from two villages belonging to the sisters of St. Fulcrum; Montserrat -(the serrated hill); Clermont (bright hill); Mondragon and Montdragone -(the dragon’s hill); Monfalcone (hawk hill); Mons, Ger. <i>Berghen</i> -(hill town), in Belgium; Piedmont (at the foot of the Alps); Floremont -or Blumenberg (flowery hill), in Alsace; Montaign and Monthen, anc. -<i>Mons-acutus</i> (sharp or peaked hill); Montigny, Montignac -(mountainous); Jeumont, anc. <i>Jovismons</i> (the hill of Jove), in -France; Mount Pilatus (the mount with the <i>cap</i> of clouds, from -<i>pileus</i>,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">[142]</span> Lat. a felt cap); Richmond, in Yorkshire, named from -a castle in Brittany, from which the Earl of Richmond took his title, -meaning the rich or fertile hill; Richmond, in Surrey, named by the -Earl after his Yorkshire estate, formerly called <i>Shene</i> from the -splendour of the royal residence there, <i>seine</i>, A.S. (splendid); -Righimont, in Switzerland, corrupt. from <i>Mons-regius</i> (royal -hill); Montacute (sharp hill), in Somerset; Tras-os-Montes (beyond -the hills), in Portugal; Apremont, in France, for <i>Aspromonte</i> -(rough hill); Pyrmont, corrupt. from <i>Mons-Petrus</i> (St. Peter’s -mount); Montferrato (the fortified hill). <i>Mont</i> also signified -a hill fort, like <i>berg</i> and <i>dun</i>, as in Montalcino (the -fort of Alcinous), in Italy; Montgomery, in Wales, (the fortress -of Roger de Montgomerie, who erected a castle there in 1093)—its -earlier name was <i>Tre-Faldwyn</i> (the dwelling of Baldwin, a Norman -knight); Charlemont, in France, named after Charles V.; Henrichemont, -after Henri-Quatre. In Wales: the town of Mold, abbreviated from -<i>Mons-altus</i> (high fort)—the Normans built a castle there; -Mynydd-du (black hill); Mynydd-mawr (great hill); Mynydd-moel (bald -hill). In Scotland: <i>Monadh-ruadh</i> (the red mount or the -<i>mounth</i>), the Gaelic name for the Grampians; Mount Battock, -Gael. <i>Monadh-beatach</i> (the raven’s hill); Mountbenjerlaw, in -Selkirkshire, originally <i>Ben-Yair</i> (the hill of the R. Yair), -to which the A.S. <i>law</i> and the Norman <i>mount</i> were added. -But <i>monadh</i> in Gael. signifies a mountain range, and sometimes -a moor, as Monadh-leath (the gray mountain range). Probably Mendip, -in Somerset, is the deep hill, Welsh <i>dwfn</i> and <i>mynydd</i>; -Monimail (bald hill); Monifieth (the hill or moor of the deer, -<i>feidh</i>). The Mourne Mountains, in Ireland, means the mountains -of the tribe; <i>Mughhorna</i>. <i>Mon</i>, in the Basque language, -also signifies a hill, and is found in Monzon, an ancient town of -Spain, with a hill fort; Monda and Mondonedo, in Spain; and Mondego, in -Portugal; and in Carmona (hill summit), in Spain.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MOOS</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">MOS</span> (Scand.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">MECH</span>, <span class="allsmcap">MOCK</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>mossy ground; <i>e.g.</i> Donaumoss (the mossy meadow of the Danube); -Mosston (the town on the mossy ground); Moseley (moss-field or valley); -Moscow, on the R. Moskwa (mossy water); Mossow, Mehzo, Mochow,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">[143]</span> -Mochlitz (the mossy ground); Mohacs, Ger. <i>Margetta</i> (the marshy -or mossy island), in the Danube; Miesbach (the district of the mossy -brook), in Bavaria. The Irish word <i>mæthail</i> (soft mossy land) is -almost synonymous with these roots. It is found in Mohill, Co. Leitrim; -Mothel in Waterford, and Mothell in Kilkenny; Cahermoyle (the stone -fort of the mossy land) in Ireland, and in Muthil in Perthshire.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MOR</span>, <span class="allsmcap">MOER</span> (Teut. and Scand.),</div> - -<p>waste land, heath; Scot. <i>muir</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Moorby, Morton, and -Moreton (the dwelling on the moor); Morpeth (the moor path); Oudemoor -(the old moor), and Oostmoer (east moor), in Holland; Moorlinch (the -moor ridge, <i>hlinc</i>); Lichtenmoer (the cleared moor); Muirkirk -(the church in the moor), in Argyleshire; Murroes, corrupt. from -<i>Muirhouse</i>, a parish in Co. Forfar; Tweedsmuir (the moor at the -source of the R. Tweed), a parish in Peeblesshire; Muiravonside (the -mossy land on the banks of the R. Avon), in Stirlingshire.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MOR</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">MAWR</span> (Cym.-Cel.), or by -mutation <i>fawr</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Morlais for <i>Mawr-clais</i> (the -great trench), the name of a ruined castle near Cardiff, built above a -deep gully, through which a brook passes.</div> - -<p>great; <i>e.g.</i> Morven (the great <i>ben</i> or hill), a hill in -Caithness and also in Aberdeenshire; Morven or Morvern, <i>i.e.</i> -<i>Mor-Earrain</i> (the great district), in Argyleshire, called by the -Gaels Kenalban, corrupt. from <i>Cenealbaltyn</i>, <i>i.e.</i> the -tribe of Baldan, a personal name; Kenmore (the great headland), on Loch -Tay; Penmaen-mawr (the great stone-hill), in Wales.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MOR</span> (Cym.-Cel. and Sclav.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">MUIR</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">MORFA</span> (Welsh), sea-marsh,</div> - -<p>the sea, cognate with the Lat. <i>mare</i>, and its derivatives in the -Romance languages, and the Teut. <i>meer</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Armorica or -Brittany, and Pomerania (the districts on the sea-shore); Morbihan -(the little sea), in Brittany; Morlachia or <i>Moro-Vlassi</i> (the -Wallachs’ or strangers’ land by the sea)—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">WALSCH</span>; -Morlaix (a place on the sea-shore), in Brittany; Glamorgan, Welsh -<i>gwlad-morgant</i> (the district of Morgan Mawr, an ancient king of -Wales); Morgan, in Cornwall, <i>i.e.</i> by the sea-shore; Maracaybo -(the headland by the sea-shore), in South America;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">[144]</span> Parimaribo (the -dwelling near the sea), in South America; Connemara, in Ireland, Irish -<i>Conmac-ne-Mara</i>, the descendants of Conmac (by the sea-side).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MOST</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>a bridge; <i>e.g.</i> Dolgemost (long bridge); Maust, Most, Mostje (the -place at the bridge), in Bohemia; Babimost (the old woman’s bridge, -<i>i.e.</i> the fragile bridge), abbreviated to Bomst; Priedemost (the -first bridge), in Silesia; Mostar (old bridge), a town in Turkey.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MOT</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">MOOT</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>the place of assembly, where the Anglo-Saxons held their courts of -justice; <i>e.g.</i> Mote-hill, at Scone; the Moat Hill, near Hawick; -the Mote of Galloway; the Moat of Dull, in Perthshire, and of Hamilton, -on Strathclyde; Moot-hill, at Naseby; and in the Lake District, Montay -and Caermote; Moothill also appears in Aberdeenshire; Almoot, near -Peterhead, meaning the meeting-place on the height, has been corrupted -into <i>Old Maud</i>, and the railway company have called their station -<i>New Maud</i>. It is found in the Gaelic name for the Island of -Bute, <i>Baile-mhoide</i> (the dwelling of the courts of justice), but -in this case, as in Ireland, the word was probably borrowed from the -Saxons. The word is found in Ireland, signifying a large mound, as well -as in connection with the courts of justice—as in <i>Tom-an-mhoid</i> -(the hill of the court of justice); <span class="smcap">La Motte</span>, Fr. (a hillock), -common in France.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MÜHLE</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">MYLEN</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">MUILENN</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">MELIN</span> (Cym.-Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">MLYN</span> (Sclav.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">MOLEN</span> (Dutch),</div> - -<p>a mill, cognate with the Lat. <i>mola</i>, and its derivatives in the -Romance languages; <i>e.g.</i> Mülenbach and Molinbech (mill brook); -Mühlan, Mühldorf, Mühlhausen, Muhlheim (mill dwelling); Moleneynde -(mill corner), in Germany and Holland. In England and Scotland: -Melbourne, Milton, Millwick, Milford, Milden, Milnathorpe (the stream, -town, ford, hollow, farm, of the mill); but Milton, in Kent and in -Dorsetshire, are corrupt. from <i>middle</i> town; Moulin, a parish in -Perthshire. In France: Moulins (the mills), so called from the great -number of water mills formerly on the R. Allier; Mülhausen or Mulhouse, -in Alsace, celebrated for its manufactures; Molina, a manufacturing -town in Murcia; also in Spain, Molinos-del-Rey (the king’s mills). -In Ireland: Mullinahone<span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">[145]</span> (the mill of the cave); Mullinavat (of the -stick); Mullintra (of the strand); Mullinakil (of the church). In -Sclavonic districts: Mlineh, Mlinki, Mlinsk, Mlinow, etc.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MULLAGH</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>the top or summit, and sometimes applied to hills of a considerable -height; <i>e.g.</i> Mullaghmeen (the smooth summit); Mulkeergh (the -summit of the sheep, <i>caoirich</i>); Mullan (the little summit), in -Ireland; probably the Island of Mull, in the Hebrides.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">MURUS</span> (Lat.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">MAUER</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">MURA</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>a wall; <i>e.g.</i> Maurs (the walled town), in France; also -Villa-de-Muro-cincto (the dwelling surrounded by walls); Morsain, in -879 <i>Murocinctus</i> (surrounded by walls); Murviel (old walls), -in Herault,—a place where the ruins of an ancient Gaulish city are -found; Mauerhof (the enclosed court), in Germany; Trasmauer (the walled -town on the R. Trasen), in Austria; Murany-var (the walled fortress), -in Hungary; Muriel-de-la-fuente (the walled town of the fountain); -Muriel-viejo (the old walled town); Murillo (the little walled town), -in Spain; Murviedro (the old fortifications), called by the Romans -<i>Muriveteres</i>, because they believed it to be on the site of the -ancient Saguntum; Semur, in France, corrupt. from <i>Sinemurum</i> -(without walls).</p> - - -<h3>N</h3> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">NAES</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">NOES</span> (Scand.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">NES</span> (Fr.),</div> - -<p>a nose, cognate with the Lat. <i>nasus</i>, and in topography applied -to a promontory; <i>e.g.</i> the Naze, in Norway, and Nash, in -Monmouth; Nash-scaur (the promontory of the cliff), in Wales; Katznase -(the cat’s headland); Blankenese (white cape), in Holstein; Foreness, -Sheerness, Fifeness, Buchanness, Blackness, in England and Scotland; -Roeness (red cape), Shetland; Vatternish (water cape), in Skye; -Borrowstounness or Bo’ness, in West Lothian (the cape near Burward’s -dwelling); Holderness (the woody promontory); Langness and Littleness, -in Man; Dungeness (danger cape); Furness (the cape of the beacon-fire), -the site of an ancient lighthouse in Lancashire; Saturnness (the -southern cape), in Kirkcudbright; Shoeburyness, corrupt. from -<i>Sceobirig</i> (the cape of the sea-fortress); Skegness (the cape<span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">[146]</span> -near the wood, <i>skogr</i>); Skipness (ship headland); Sviatanos, -Sclav. (holy cape), in Russia; Caithness (the promontory of the Catti, -a tribe).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">NAGORE</span> (Hindu <i>nagar</i>, Sansc. <i>nagura</i>),</div> - -<p>a city; <i>e.g.</i> Barnagore for <i>Varaha-nagur</i> (the city of the -boar); Chandernagore (of the moon); Serenagur (of the sun).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">NAGY</span> (Hung.),</div> - -<p>great; <i>e.g.</i> Nagy-Karoly (Charles’s great town); Nagy-Malton (St. -Matthew’s great town); Nagy-Szent-Miklos (of St. Nicholas); Nagy-varad -(great fortress); Nagy-Koros (the great town on the R. Köros).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">NAHR</span> (Semitic),</div> - -<p>a river; <i>e.g.</i> Nahr-el-keber (the great river); Nahr-el-kelb -or Lycus (the river of the dog or wolf), so named from a fancied -resemblance of a rock near its mouth to the head of these animals; -Nahr-Mukatta (the river of slaughter); Aram-Naharaim (the high lands of -the two rivers, <i>i.e.</i> Mesopotamia); Nahar-Misraim (the river of -Egypt, <i>i.e.</i> the Nile).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">NANT</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>a brook or a valley through which a stream flows; <i>e.g.</i> Nantmel -(the honey brook); Sych-nant (dried-up brook); Nancemillin (the valley -of the mill), in Wales; Dewffneynt (the deep valley) was the ancient -British name of Devonshire; Levenant (smooth stream); Nant-frangon, -<i>i.e.</i> <i>Nant-yr-a-franc</i> (the beavers’ valley); Nantglyn -(the glen of the brook); Nant-y-Gwrtheyren (Vortigern’s valley), in -Wales; Nans, in Cornwall; also in Cornwall—Penant (the head of the -valley), and Cornant (a brook); Nantwich, in Cheshire (the salt-works, -<i>wich</i>, on the brook or stream, <i>i.e.</i> the Weaver); Nantua -(in a valley of the Alps); Nantes named from the Namnetes (dwellers -in the valley); Mochnant (the swift brook); Nannau (the brooks), in -Wales; Nangle, a bay on the coast of Wales, perhaps Nant-gel or cel -(a secret corner)—the Rev. J. James. Nevern, a parish in Wales, for -<i>Nant-ynfer</i> (the brook of the confluence); Nancy (the valley -dwellings); Nans, Nant, with the same meaning, in France; Nanteuil -(the valley of the fountain)—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">ŒUIL</span>; Nantberis (St. -Peris’s brook).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">NASS</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>moist; <i>e.g.</i> Nassau (the moist meadow); Nassenfeld (moist field); -Nassenhuben (the huts in moist land); Nassenbeuren (the dwelling in -moist land).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">NAVA</span> (Basque),</div> - -<p>a plain; <i>e.g.</i> Nava-de-los-Oteros (the plain of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">[147]</span> heights); -Nava-hermosa (beautiful plain); Navarre and Navarreux (the plain among -hills); Navarette (the plain at the foot of the hill); Paredes-de-nava -(the houses of the plain).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">NEDER</span>, <span class="allsmcap">NIEDER</span>, <span class="allsmcap">NEER</span> (Teut. and -Scand.),</div> - -<p>lower; <i>e.g.</i> Netherlands (the lower lands); Netherby (lower -town); Niederlahnstein (the fortress on the lower R. Lahn); Nederheim, -Nederwyk (lower dwellings).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">NEMET</span> (Celtic),</div> - -<p>a sacred grove, cognate with the Lat. <i>nemus</i> and the Grk. -<i>nemos</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Nemours, anc. <i>Nemoracum</i> (the -place of the sacred wood or grove); Nanterre, also in France, anc. -<i>Nemetodurum</i> (the sacred grove on the waters); Nismes, anc. -<i>Nemausus</i> (the place in the grove); Augustonemetum (the splendid -place of the grove), being the ancient name of Clermont; Nemetacum, the -ancient name of Arras; Nemea (the place of the grove), in Greece.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">NEU</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">NEWYDD</span> (Cym.-Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">NUADH</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">NOWY</span> and <span class="allsmcap">NAU</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>new, cognate with the Lat. <i>novus</i> and the Grk. <i>neos</i> and -their derivatives; <i>e.g.</i> Neuburg, Neudorf, Neustadt, Neuville, -Newbury, Newburgh (new town); Neumarkt (new market); Newbold, -Newbottle, Newbattle (new building), in Germany, England, and Scotland; -Newburgh, in Fife, is a town of considerable antiquity. It owes its -origin to the Abbey of Lindores, in its neighbourhood. It was erected -into a burgh or barony by Alexander III., in 1266, and in the charter -it was called “<i>Novus burgus, juxta monasterium de Lindores</i>.” -It seems, therefore, that there was a more ancient burgh belonging -to the abbey in the neighbourhood—Newburn (new stream), in Fife. -Newhaven (the new harbour), in relation to the older harbour of Leith. -In the sixteenth century Newhaven had a chapel dedicated to the Virgin -Mary, and was then called our Lady’s port of grace; but in the year -1511 the city of Edinburgh bought up the village and harbour. In -France: Nevers and Noyon, anc. <i>Noviodunum</i> (the new fortress); -Neuvy, with the same meaning; Neuvéglise (new church); Villeneuve -(new villa); Nièvre and Nivernais, a department and ancient province -of France; Nienburg, corrupt. from <i>Neuenburg</i> (new town), in -Hanover; Newport (new harbour), in Belgium; Newport, in the Isle of -Wight, so named because<span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">[148]</span> it superseded the older harbour at Carisbrook; -Newport, in Wales, which superseded Caerleon; Neusatz or Neoplanta -(new station), founded in 1700, on the Danube; Neusohl (new seat), in -Hungary—its native name is <i>Bestereze-banya</i> (the mine on the R. -Bistritz); Neustadl (new stall); Neuwied (new pasture); Nimeguen, anc. -<i>Noviomagus</i> (new field), in Holland; Novgorod and Novigrad (new -fortress); Novidwar (new court), in Russia; Nowe-mjasto (new bridge), -in Poland; Novobeilaiaskaia (the new town on the white stream), in -Russia; Nova-Zembla, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Novaia-Zemlia</i> (the new land); -Nowazamka (new castle); Novi-Bazaar (new market), in Turkey; Nowosedl -(new seat); Nienburg, Nyborg, Nyby, Nystead (new town), in Denmark -and Holland; Neocastro (new camp), in Greece; Nola or <i>Novla</i> -(new place), in the Sardinian states; Naumburg and Nienburg, corrupt. -from <i>Neuenburg</i> (new town); Nykioping (new market-town), in -Sweden, and Nykjobing, in Denmark, with the same meaning; Newington, -in Surrey, corrupt. from <i>Neweton</i>; Newfoundland, so called when -rediscovered by John Cabot in 1427, but known previously by Icelandic -colonists as <i>Litla-Helluland</i>; Nova Scotia (New Scotland), -called by the Norseman <i>Markland</i>; New River, a large aqueduct -from Hertfordshire to Islington, by which a great part of London is -supplied with water; New Ross, Co. Wexford, corrupt. from its Irish -name <i>Ros-mic-Treoin</i> (the wood of Treun’s son); Newtown-Hamilton, -in Ireland, founded by the Hamilton family in 1770; Newtown-Limavady, -Co. Londonderry, named from a castle in the neighbourhood called -Limavady (the dog’s leap); Newtown-Stewart, Co. Tyrone, so called from -Sir William Stewart, to whom it was granted by Charles I.; New York, -named in honour of the Duke of York, afterwards James II.; New Zealand, -called by Tasman, its Dutch discoverer, in honour, it is supposed, of -his native province.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">NIJNY</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>lower; <i>e.g.</i> Nijny-Novgorod (the lower new fortress); -Nijny-Neviansk (the lower town on the Neva), as distinguished from -Verkii-Neviansk, the upper; Nijnaia-ozernaia-krepost (the lower -fort of the lakes); Nijny-Devitzk (the lower town on the Devitza); -Nijni-Tagelsk (the lower town on the R. Tagel), in Russia.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">[149]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">NIMZ</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>foreign, from <i>nemy</i> or <i>nêmec</i>, dumb—a word applied -by the Sclavonic races to the Germans, because their language was -unintelligible to them: <i>e.g.</i> Niemitsch, Niemez, Niemtschitz, -German towns in Bohemia; Nemet-uj-var (the new German fortress), in -Hungary; but there is a Sclavonic deity called Njam, to whom the names -of some of these places may be traced.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">NO</span>, <span class="allsmcap">NOE</span>, <span class="allsmcap">NOUE</span> (Old Fr.),</div> - -<p>a low meadow habitually overflowed with water. It has evidently arisen -out of <i>noyer</i>, to submerge; <i>e.g.</i> Noaillac, Noallau, La -Noalle, Noalles, Noyelle, Noyellette, in which the word is probably -joined to <i>œuil</i>, a water-source; Nogent (pleasant meadow); -No-aux-Bois (in the woods); Les Noues, Neuillay, Neuilly, Noisy, Lat. -<i>Noesiacum</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">NORDEN</span>, <span class="allsmcap">NÔORD</span> (Teut.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">NOR</span> (Scand.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">NORD</span> (Fr.),</div> - -<p>the north; <i>e.g.</i> Normandy (the land given by the French to the -Normans under Rollo in 912); Noordbroek (the north marshy land); -Noordwolde (north wood), in Holland; Norbury, Nordenburg, Norton, -Nordhausen (north dwelling or town); Norham, on the R. Tweed; -Northampton (the town on the north side of the <i>Aufona</i>, now the -R. Nen); Northumberland (the land north of the Humber); Nordkyn (north -cape); Normanton and Normandby (dwellings of the Norsemen or Danes), -in England; Norrköping (northern market-town), in Sweden; Norrland -(a large division of Sweden); Northallerton, in Yorkshire, so called -to distinguish it from Allerton-Mauleverer; North Cape (the most -northerly point of Norwegian Lapland); North Berwick, Co. Haddington, -so called to distinguish it from Berwick-upon-Tweed; Norway (the -northern kingdom)—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">REICH</span>, <span class="allsmcap">REIKE</span>; Norfolk -(the abode of the north people, as distinguished from Suffolk to the -south); Northleach, north of the R. Leach; Northwich, in Cheshire (the -north salt manufactory)—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">WICH</span>; Norwich, the town -which superseded <i>Venta-Icenorum</i>, whose inhabitants fled at the -approach of the Danes, and erected a castle of defence farther north.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">NOYER</span> (Fr.),</div> - -<p>the walnut-tree, Lat. <i>nucarius</i>, from which are derived -<i>nucetum</i>, <i>nucelletum</i>, and <i>nugaretum</i> (a place -planted with walnut-trees); <i>e.g.</i> Noyers, Nozay, Noroy, La -Nozaye, Les Nozées, Nozieres, Nozeroy, etc., in France.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">[150]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">NUDDY</span> (Pali),</div> - -<p>a river; <i>e.g.</i> Maha-nuddy (great river); Nuddea (the district of -the rivers).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">NUWERA</span> (Tamil),</div> - -<p>a city; <i>e.g.</i> Alut-nuwera (new city); Kalawa (the city on the -Kala-Oya, <i>i.e.</i> the rocky river); Nuwera-Panduas (the city of -Panduas), in Ceylon.</p> - - -<h3>O</h3> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">OB</span>, <span class="allsmcap">OBER</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">OVER</span> (Dutch),</div> - -<p>upper; <i>e.g.</i> Oberhofen (upper court); Oberlahnstein (the upper -fortress on the R. Lahn); Oberndorf, Overbie, Overham, Overton, -Overburg (upper town); Oberdrauburg (the upper town on the R. Drave); -Overyssel (beyond the R. Yssel); Orton (upper town), in Westmoreland; -St. Mary’s-Overy, Southwark (<i>i.e.</i> over the water from London).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">OE</span>—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">EA</span>, p. 71.</div> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ŒUIL</span> (Fr.),</div> - -<p>the eye—(in topography applied to the source of a stream or a -fountain; <i>e.g.</i> Arcueil (the arched fountain or aqueduct); -Berneuil (the source of the water, <i>bior</i>); Verneuil and Vernel -(alder-tree fountain, Lat. <i>vernus</i>); Argenteuil (silver -fountain); Bonneuil (good fountain); Nanteuil (the source of the -stream); Auneuil (alder-tree fountain, Fr. <i>aune</i>); Auteuil -(high fountain); Boisseuil (the woody fountain); Chantilly, anc. -<i>Cantilliacum</i> (the head of the water-source).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">OFER</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">ORE</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">OVER</span> (Dutch),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">UFER</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">OIR</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">EYRE</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">ORE</span> (Scand.), a point,</div> - -<p>a border, boundary, or shore—cognate with the Lat. <i>ora</i> and -the Grk. <i>horos</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Oare and Ore (the shore), in Kent, -Sussex, and Somerset; Windsor, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Windle-sora</i> (the -winding shore, A.S. <i>windle</i>); Southover and Westover (the south -and west shore); Ventnor (the shore of <i>Gwent</i>, the ancient name -of the Isle of Wight); Pershore (the willow shore, <i>pursh</i>), or, -according to Camden, corrupt. from <i>Periscorum</i>—in allusion to -the abundance of <i>pear-trees</i> in its vicinity; Andover, anc. -<i>Andeafaran</i> (the shore or ferry of the R. Anton); Ravensore (the -point or promontory of Hrafen, a Scand. personal name); Hanover, anc. -<i>Hohenufer</i> (high shore); Elsinore (the point near the town of -Helsing), in Denmark; Argyle, Gael. <i>Oirirgaedheal</i> (the coast -lands<span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">[151]</span> of the Gaels); Dover, in Kent, and Douvres, in Normandy, perhaps -from <i>ofer</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">OICHE</span> (obs. Gael.),</div> - -<p>water; <i>e.g.</i> Oich River and Oichel (the Rivers Ock, Ocker, Ocke, -Eck); Loch Oich, Duich (the black water).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ORE</span> (Hindostanee),</div> - -<p>a city; <i>e.g.</i> Ellore, Vellore, Nellore; Tanjore, anc. -<i>Tanja-nagaram</i> (the city of refuge); Bednore (bamboo city); -Mangalore (the city of Mangala-Devi).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ORMR</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>a serpent, also a personal name; <i>e.g.</i> Ormeshead, in Cumberland, -named either from the serpent-like shape of the rock, or from the -common Norse name <i>Ormr</i>; Ormathwaite, Ormsby, Ormiston, Ormskirk -(the clearing, the dwelling, and the church of Ormr). The same prefix -in French topography signifies the elm-tree, as in Les Ormes (the -elms); Ormoy, Lat. <i>Ulmetium</i> (the elm-grove), synonymous with -Olmedo and Olmeto, in Spain. The Orne or Olna (elm-tree river), in -Normandy; Ulm or Ulma (the place of elm-trees), in Wurtemburg; Olmeta, -in Corsica.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ORT</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">OORT</span> (Dutch),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">ORD</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>a point, a corner, and sometimes a place; <i>e.g.</i> Angerort (the -corner of the R. Anger); Ruhrort (of the Rohr or Ruhr); Grünort (green -point); Schönort (beautiful point); Akkerort (the corner of the field); -Tiegenort (of the R. Tiege); Störort (of the R. Stör); the Ord or -headland of Caithness.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">OST</span>, <span class="allsmcap">OEST</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">OOST</span> (Dutch),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">OSTER</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>the east; <i>e.g.</i> Ostend (at the east end or opening of the canal -into the ocean); Osterburg, Osterfeld, Osterhofen (the east town, -field, and court); Osterholtz (the east wood); Osterdalen (the east -basin of the R. Duhl), in Sweden; Ostheim, Osthausen, Oesthammer (the -eastern dwelling or village); Ostwald (east wood), in Alsace; Essex -(the country of the East Saxons, in opposition to Wessex); Austerlitz -(the east town of the R. Littawa); Alost (to the east), in Belgium.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">OSTROW</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">OZERO</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>an island or lake; <i>e.g.</i> Ostrov, in Russia (on a river-island); -Kolkoe-Ostrog (the island in the R. Kola); Ostrova (an island in the -Danube); Bielo-Ozero (the white lake); Tschudskoe-Ozero (the lake of -the Tschudes, a tribe); Ostrownoye (the new island). But Ostrow and -Wustrow are sometimes Germanised forms of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">[152]</span> <i>Wotschow</i>, Sclav, (a -marshy place), as in Wustrow, Ostropol, Ostrasatz, Ostrawiec (the place -on the marshy ground).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">OTERO</span> (Span.),</div> - -<p>a hill or rising ground; <i>e.g.</i> El-Otero (the rising ground); -Otero-de-las-duenas (the hill of the old ladies); Otero-del-Rey (the -king’s hill).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">OW</span>, <span class="allsmcap">ITZ</span>,<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">OWIZ</span>, <span class="allsmcap">OO</span>,</div> - -<p>Sclavonic affixes, used as patronymics, like the Ger. <i>ingen</i>; -<i>e.g.</i> Nowakwitz (the possession of the descendants of Nouak); -Jvanow, Janow, Janowitz (belonging to John and his descendants); -Karlowitz (to Charles); Petrowitz (to Peter); Kazimiritz (to Casimir); -Mitrowitz (to Demetrius); Stanislowow (to Stanislaus); Tomazow (to -Thomas); Cracow or Kracow (the town of Duke Craus or Krak of Poland, by -whom it was founded in 1700).</p> - - -<h3>P</h3> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">PALATIUM</span> (Lat.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">PALAZZO</span> (It.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">PALACHIO</span> (Span.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">PALAS</span> (Cym.-Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">PAILIS</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a palace; <i>e.g.</i> the Upper and Lower Palatinate, so called from -the palaces erected by the Roman emperors in different parts of the -empire; Palazzo, in Dalmatia and Naples; Palazzolo and Palazzuolo (the -great palace), in Piedmont; Los Palachios (the palaces), in Spain; -Pfalsbourg, anc. <i>Palatiolum</i> (the town of the palace, founded -in 1570), in France; Semipalatinsk, in Siberia (the town of the seven -palaces), so called from the extensive ruins in its neighbourhood; -Spalatro, in Dalmatia, named from the palace of Diocletian, originally -<i>Salonæ-Palatium</i> (the palace near Salona), at first corrupted to -<i>As-palthium</i> (at the palace), and then to Spalatro. In Wales: -Plas-gwyn (the white palace); Plas-newydd (the new palace).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">PALLI</span> (Tamil),</div> - -<p>a small town or village, sometimes corrupted to Poly, Pilly, or Pally; -<i>e.g.</i> Trichinopoly, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Trisira-palli</i> (the town of -the giant).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">PALUS</span> (Lat.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">PADULE</span> (It.),</div> - -<p>a marsh; <i>e.g.</i> Padula and Paduli, towns in Italy; Peel, Lat. -<i>palus</i>, an extensive marsh in Belgium; La Pala, La Palud, and -Paluz, in France; Perugia (the town on the marsh), in a province of -the same name in Italy; Pelusium, Coptic <i>Permoun</i> (the muddy or -marshy place), on the Delta of the Nile.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">[153]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">PANT</span> (Welsh),</div> - -<p>a hollow; <i>e.g.</i> Pant-y-crwys (the hollow of the cross), in Wales; -Pant-yr-Ysgraff for <i>Pont-yr-Ysgraff</i>—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">PONT</span>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">PAPA</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">PABBA</span> (Scand.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">PFAFFE</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">POP</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>a priest; <i>e.g.</i> Pabba (the priest’s island), several of this -name in the Hebrides; Papa-Stour (the great island of the priest), in -Shetland; Papa-Stronsay (the priest’s island near Stronsay), Orkney; -Pappenheim, Pfaffenhausen, Pfaffenberg, Pfaffenhofen (the priest’s -dwelling), in Germany; Papendrecht (the priest’s pasture); Pfarrkirchen -(the priest’s or parish church); Poppowitz, Poppow, Sclav. (places -belonging to the priests).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">PARA</span> (Brazilian),</div> - -<p>a river, water, or the sea; <i>e.g.</i> Para, Parahiba, Parana, -Paranymbuna, rivers in Brazil; Paraguay (the place of waters); -Parana-Assu (the great river); Parana-Mirim (the small river); Parahyba -(bad water).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">PARA</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>a swamp or marsh, cognate with the Lat. <i>palus</i>; <i>e.g.</i> -Parchen, Parchau, Parchim (places in a marshy locality); Partwitz -or Parzow, Paaren (the town on the marsh), in several localities. -The letter <i>p</i> is sometimes changed into <i>b</i> as in Barduz, -Barzig, Baruth, in Prussia, and Bars or Barsch, in Hungary.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">PATAM</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">PATTANA</span> (Sansc.),</div> - -<p>a city; <i>e.g.</i> Nagapatam (the city of the snake); Masulipatam -(of fishes); Periapatam (the chosen city); Viziapatam (the city of -victory); Seringapatam, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Sri-ranja-Pattana</i> (the city -of Vishnu); Pata or Pattana (the city); Madras or <i>Madras-patan</i> -(the city of the college or school; <i>madrasa</i>, Ar., a university). -Madras is called by the natives <i>Chenna-patana</i> (the city of -Chenappa, an Indian prince).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">PEEL</span> (Cel. <i>pile</i>),</div> - -<p>a small fortress; <i>e.g.</i> Peel, in the Isle of Man, and numerous -Peel towers on the border between England and Scotland. The Pile of -Foudrig (the peel or tower of the fire island), called Furness, the -site of an ancient lighthouse; Les Pilles, in Dauphiny; Ile du Pilier, -in La Vendée, with a lighthouse; <i>Pillas</i>, in the Lithuanian -language also, is a castle, thus—Pillkallan (the castle on the hill), -in E. Prussia, as well as the towns of Pillau, in E. Prussia, Pilsen, -in Bohemia, and Pillnitz (the towns with fortifications).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">[154]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">PEN</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>a head, or a promontory, or hill summit; <i>e.g.</i> Pen-carrig (rocky -hill or cape); Pen-brynn (hill summit); Pencoid (of the wood); Penmon -(the promontory of Mona or Anglesea); Pentir (the headland); Pentyrch -(the boar’s head); Pen-y-cwm-gwig (the top of the woody vale), in -Wales; Pen-y-groes (the headland of the cross); Penby-diog (land’s -end), in Wales; Pencelly (the chief grove); Pen-y-gelly (the head of -the grove, <i>cell</i>, a grove); Penllech (of the stone or rock); -Penhill, Somerset, and Penlaw, Dumfries (the hill summit); Pendarves -(the head of the oak-field); Penpont (the head of the bridge), in -Dumfriesshire; Penn (a hill), in Stafford; Pencombe (the head of the -hollow); Penforfa (of the moor); Pennant (of the valley); Pen-mynnydd -(of the mountain); Penrith, anc. <i>Pen-rhyd</i> (of the ford); -Penicuik (the cuckoo’s hill); Cockpen (red hill); Pen-maen-maur -(the great stone head or hill); Pennigant (windy hill); Penryn and -Penrhyn (the head of the promontory); Pentraeth (of the strand); -Pen-y-craig or Old Radnor (the head of the rock); Penzance, formerly -<i>Pensans</i>—it is called the saint’s headland, from a head of John -the Baptist (the town’s arms), but Camden thinks it might mean the head -of the sands; Pain-bœuf or Penn-Ochen (the ox’s headland); Pendennis -(the fort on the headland)—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">DINAS</span>. Mount Pindus and -the Grampians, Van in Brecknock, and the Vans in Wales, embody this -root; also the Apennines and the Pennine Alps, Pena and Penha, in Spain -and Portugal are applied to rocks, thus—Penafiel (the loyal rock), in -Spain, and also Cape Penas; Penha-verde (green rock) in Brazil.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">PFERCH</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">PEARROC</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">PARC</span> (Fr.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">PAIRC</span> (Irish).</div> - -<p>In Germany this word signifies an enclosure for cattle—in England -and France, an enclosure for the protection of game or for pleasure; -<i>e.g.</i> Parkhurst (the enclosure in the wood); Parkfoot (at the -foot of the park), Co. Stirling; Parkham (park dwelling); Parkmore -(great park or field), in Ireland; Parkatotaun (the field of the -burning), Co. Limerick.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">PFERD</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a horse; <i>e.g.</i> Pferdsfeld (the horse’s field); Pfersdorf (the -horse’s village).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">[155]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">PFORTE</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">POORT</span> (Dutch),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">PORTH</span> (Cym.-Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">PORT</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a haven, landing-place, or passage—cognate with the Lat. -<i>portus</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Seligenpforten (the blessed port); -Sassenpoorte (the Saxons’ haven); Himmelpforte (the port of heaven); -Pforzheim (the dwelling at the passage or entrance to the Hyrcenian -forest), in Baden; Zandpoort (sandy haven); Porlock (the enclosed -haven), in Somersetshire; Portsmouth (the mouth of the haven); -Porthkerry (rocky haven), in Wales; Porthaethroy (the landing-place of -the terrible water), a dangerous ferry in Wales; Portholgoch, corrupt. -from <i>Porth-y-wal-goch</i> (<i>i.e.</i> the harbour of the red -wall); Porthstinian (the port of Justinian), in Wales; Porth-y-cawl, -corrupt. from <i>Porth-y-Gaul</i> (the harbour where the Gallic -invaders used to land), in Wales. In Ireland: Portraine, now Rathlin -(the landing-place of Rachra); Portadown (at the fortress); Portlaw, -Irish <i>Port-lagha</i> (at the hill); Portmarnock (the haven of St. -Marnock); Port-na-Spania (the port of the Spaniard), where one of -the vessels of the Invincible Armada was wrecked, off the coast of -Ireland; Port-Arlington, named after the Earl of Arlington in the reign -of Charles II.; Port-Glasgow, anc. <i>Kil-ma-Colm</i> (St. Columba’s -church). It received its modern name in 1668, when purchased by the -merchants of Glasgow; Portmoak, in Kinross (the landing-place of St. -Moak); Port-Patrick (the place from which it is said St. Patrick sailed -for Ireland); Portree, in Skye, and Port-an-righ, in Ross (the king’s -haven); Portnellan (the landing-place of the island), in Loch Tummel; -Portmore (the great port), in Wigton; Port-na-craig (of the rock); -Port-na-churaich (of the boat), in Iona, where St. Columba landed -from Ireland; Port-skerrie (the rocky landing-place), in Sutherland; -Snizort, in Skye, corrupt. from <i>Snisport</i>, probably named after a -Norse leader or pirate; Port-ny-hinsey (the haven of the island), the -Celtic name of Peel, in the Isle of Man; Portinscale, in Westmoreland -(the passage where the <i>skaala</i> or booths for the Scandinavian -<i>thing</i>, <i>i.e.</i> meeting, were erected); Portobello (the -beautiful harbour), in South America, so named by its founder; -Portobello, in Mid Lothian, named in commemoration of the capture of -the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">[156]</span> South American town in 1739; Portskewitt or <i>Porth-is-coed</i> -(the port below the wood), in Monmouth; Porth-yn-lyn (the port of the -pool), in Wales; Portsoy, in Banffshire, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Port-saith</i> -(the safe port); Port-dyn-Norwig (the port of the Northman), in -Wales; Maryport, in Cumberland, named after the wife of its first -proprietor; Portlethan, Gael. <i>Port-leath-an</i> (the port of the -gray river), Kincardine; Port-Logan, in Wigton, <i>i.e.</i> Gael. -<i>Port-na-lagan</i> (the port of the hollow). <i>Port</i> became an -established Saxon word for a market-town—hence we have such names as -Newport, Longport, applied to inland towns; Bridport, on the R. Brit. -The Cinque-ports, Fr. <i>cinq</i> (five), were the towns of Dover, -Hastings, Hythe, Romney, Sandwich. In Portugal: Oporto (the port); -Portugal, anc. <i>Portus-cale</i>, both meaning the harbour; Porto-rico -(rich port), an island of the Antilles group; Porto-Santo (the holy -port), in the Madeira Isles; Porto-seguro (safe port); Porto-Vecchio -(old port), in Corsica; Porto-Alegre (the cheerful port), in Brazil; -Porto-farina (the port of wheat), in North Africa; Porto-ferrajo -(fortified port), in Tuscany, on the coast of the Island of Elba; -Port-Vendres, Lat. <i>Portus-Veneris</i> (the port of Venus), in -France; Le Treport, corrupt. from the Lat. <i>Ulterior-Portus</i>, in -Normandy, at the mouth of the Bresle.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">PIC</span>, <span class="allsmcap">PIKE</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">PIC</span> and <span class="allsmcap">PUY</span> (Fr.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">SPITZE</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a peak or promontory; <i>e.g.</i> the Pike o’ Stickle (the peak of -the high rock); the Peak, in Derbyshire; Pike’s Peak, in the Rocky -Mountains, named after General Pike; Spitz, in Austria, built around -a hill; Spitzbergen (the peaked mountains); Spithead (the head of -the promontory); Le Puy (the peak), a town situated on a high hill; -Puy-de-dome (the dome-shaped peak).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">PISCH</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>sand; <i>e.g.</i> Pesth, in Hungary (on a dry, sandy soil); but Buttman -suggests that the name may be derived from <i>paz</i>, Sclav. (a baking -place), as the German name for Buda, on the opposite side of the -Danube, is <i>Ofen</i> (the oven); Peschkowitz, Peshen, Pisck, Pskov, -Peckska, in Russia and Bohemia. <i>Pies</i>, Sclav. (the dog), may, -however, be the root-word of some of these names.</p> - -<p><span class="allsmcap">PITT</span>, <span class="allsmcap">PITTEN</span> (Gadhelic),</p> - -<p>a hole, a small hollow. This word, as a prefix, occurs very frequently -in Scotland, especially in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">[157]</span> Fife, in which county the most important -place is Pittenweem (the hollow of the cave, <i>uaimh</i>), the seat of -an ancient monastery, near which is the cave from which it was named; -Pitcairn (the hollow of the cairn), near Perth, in the neighbourhood -of which there are two large cairns of stones; Pitgarvie (the rough -hollow); Pitglas (the gray hollow); Pettinain (the hollow of the -river), a parish on the Clyde; Pittencrieff (the hollow of the tree, -<i>craobh</i>); Pitgober (of the goat); Pitnamoon (of the moss); -Pittendriech (the Druid’s hollow); Pitcaithly, probably the hollow -of the narrow valley, in Perthshire; Pittentaggart (the priest’s -portion)—as in ancient times, the word <i>pitte</i> is understood to -have also meant a part or portion of land; and it has probably this -meaning in Pitlochrie, in Perthshire, anc. <i>Pittan-cleireach</i> (the -portion of the clergy or church-land), as well as in Pittan-clerach, in -Fife; Pitmeddin, in Aberdeenshire, named after St. Meddane. Pittenbrae -(the hollow of the hill); Petty or Pettie, anc. <i>Petyn</i> (the -hollow of the island), on Beauly Loch, Inverness; Pettycur (the hollow -of the dell, <i>coire</i>), in Fife.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">PLESSA</span> (Fr.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">PLESSEICUM</span>,</div> - -<p>meaning successively a hedge, an enclosed and cultivated place -surrounded by trees, an enclosed garden, a park, a mansion, or country -residence; <i>e.g.</i> Plessis, Le Plessin, Plessier, Le Plessial, -etc.—<i>v.</i> Cocheris’s <i>Noms de Lieu</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">PLEU</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">PLOE</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>a village, found only in Brittany; <i>e.g.</i> Pleu-meur (great -village); Pleu-nevey (new village); Ploer-mel (the mill village); -Pleu-Jian (John’s village); Pleu, Ploven, Pleven, etc.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">PLÖN</span>, <span class="allsmcap">POLSKI</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>a plain; <i>e.g.</i> Ploen, a town in Holstein; Plönersee (the lake of -the plain); Juriev-Polskoi (St. George’s town on the plain); Poland, -<i>i.e.</i> <i>Polskoi</i> (the plain or level land); Volkynia (the -level country).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">POD</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>near or under; <i>e.g.</i> Podgoriza (under the hill); Podmokla (near -the moss); Potsdam, from <i>Pozdu-pemi</i> (under the oaks).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">POLDER</span> (Dutch),</div> - -<p>land reclaimed from the sea; <i>e.g.</i> Polder and Polders, -in Belgium; Beemsterpolder (the meadow of the reclaimed land); -Charlotten-Polder (Charlotte’s reclaimed land); Pwlpolder (land -reclaimed from a pool or marsh).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">[158]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">POLIS</span> (Grk.),</div> - -<p>a city; <i>pol</i> (Sclav.), probably borrowed from the Greek; -Constantinople, Adrianople, founded by the emperors Constantine and -Adrian; Nicopolis and Nicopoli (the city of victory)—the first founded -by Augustus to commemorate the battle of Actium, and the second by -Trajan to commemorate his victory over the Dacians; Persepolis (the -city of the Persians); Pampeluna, corrupt. from <i>Pompeiopolis</i>, so -called because rebuilt by the sons of Pompey the Great; Decapolis (the -district of the ten cities), colonised by the Romans, in Palestine; -Sebastopol (the august city); Stavropol (the city of the cross), in -Russia; Bielopol (the white city); Bogopol (the city of God, Sclav. -<i>Bog</i>); Gallipoli, anc. <i>Calipolis</i> (the beautiful city); -Naples, Nauplia, Nablous, and Neapolis (the new city); Grenoble, -corrupt. from <i>Gratianopolis</i> (the city of Gratian); Heliopolis -(the city of the sun), being the Greek name for On, in Egypt, and -also for Baalbec, in Syria; Krasnapol (the fair city); Theriasipol, -in Hungary (named after the Empress Theresa)—its Hungarian name -<i>Szabadka</i> (the privileged); Yelisabetpol (after the Empress -Elizabeth); Tripoli, in Syria (the three cities), being a joint colony -from Tyre, Sidon, and Aradus; Tripoli, in Barbary, named from its -three principal cities, Lepta, Oca, and Sabrata; Tripolitza, in the -Morea, built from the remains of the three cities Tegea, Mantinea, -and Palantium; Amphipolis, now <i>Emboli</i> (the surrounded city), -so called because almost encircled by the R. Strymon; Anapli, in the -Morea, corrupt. from <i>Neapolis</i> (new town); Annapolis, in Nova -Scotia, named after Queen Anne; Antibes, in Provence, a colony from -Marseilles, anc. <i>Antinopolis</i>, named after its founder; Stamboul, -the Turkish name for Constantinople, means <i>eis ten polin</i> (to the -city).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">POLL</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">PWL</span> (Cym.-Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">POEL</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>a pool or marsh, cognate with the Lat. <i>palus</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Poole, -in Dorset, situated on a lagune; Pontypool (the pool at the bridge); -Welsh-pool, so called to distinguish it from Poole in Dorset—its Welsh -name is <i>Trellyn</i> (the dwelling on the pool); Hartlepool, Danish -<i>Hartness</i> (the pool hard by the headland)—the Normans added -<i>le pol</i>, from a pool called the Slake, by which it is almost -insulated; Liverpool, probably <i>Llyr-pwl</i>, Welsh (the sea pool); -Blackpool, in Lancashire,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">[159]</span> named from a marsh now drained; Polton and -Pulborough (pool town); Polbaith and Polbeath, Gael. (the pool of -the birches); Poltarf (of the bull); Pollnaranny and Polrane (of the -ferns), in Ireland; Wampool in Cumberland (<i>i.e.</i> Woden’s pool); -Pwl-helli (the salt pool); Pwll-du (black pool); Pwll-broch-mael (the -pool of the warlike weapons), the site of a battle between the Welsh -and Saxons; Pwll-tin-byd (the very deep pool, literally the pool at -the bottom of the world); Pwll-y-wrach (the hag’s pool), in Wales. -<i>Pill</i>, in Gloucester, means the mouth of a brook, <i>e.g.</i> -Cow-pill, Horse-pill, etc.; Polmont, Co. Stirling, corrupt. from -<i>poll-monaidh</i> (the pool near the hill).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">POMMIER</span> (Fr.),</div> - -<p>the apple-tree; <i>pomeratum</i> (a place planted with apple-trees); -<i>e.g.</i> La Pommerée, Pommeray, Pomiers, Pommera, Pommeraie, -Pommereau, Pommereuil, in France.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">PONS</span> (Lat.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">PONT</span> (Welsh),</div> - -<p>the bridge, with its derivatives in the Romance and in the Welsh -languages; <i>e.g.</i> Pontefract, Lat. <i>Ad-pontem-fractum</i> -(at the broken bridge); Pontoise (the bridge across the R. Oise); -Pont-Audemer (the bridge built by Aldemar across the R. Rille); -Pont-de-briques (the bridge of bricks); Pont-d’Espagne, corrupt. -from <i>Pont-de-sapins</i> (the fir-tree bridge); Ponteland, in -Northumberland, corrupt. from <i>Ad-pontem-Ælianum</i> (at the -bridge of Ælius); Pontigny (bridge town); Les-Ponts-de-Cé (the -bridges of Cæsar), a town in France, with four bridges across the -Loire; Negropont, probably a corrupt. of <i>Egripo</i>, which the -Italian sailors translated into Negripo or Negropont (black bridge), -in allusion to the narrow strait called in Greek <i>Euripos</i> -(<i>i.e.</i> the strait with the violent current), on which the town -was built—the name of the town was gradually extended to the whole -island, till then called <i>Eubœa</i>; Ponte-vedra (the old bridge), -and Puenta-de-la-Reyna (the queen’s bridge), in Spain; Grampound, in -Cornwall, Welsh <i>Pout-maur</i> (the great bridge), corrupt. from -the Fr. <i>Grand-pont</i>; Paunton, in Lincoln, anc. <i>Ad-pontem</i> -(at the bridge); Pontesbury (bridge town), in Cheshire; Ponte-corvo -(the crooked bridge), in Campania; Deux-ponts (the two bridges), in -Bavaria. In Wales: Pont-faen (stone bridge); Pont-newydd (new bridge); -Pont-glasllyn (the bridge at the blue pool); Pont-y-glyn (the bridge<span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">[160]</span> -of the glen); Pont-y-pair (the bridge of the cauldron); Pont-ar-ddulas -(the bridge on the dark water); Pont-ar-Fynach (the devil’s bridge); -Pontypool (the bridge of the pool); Pant-yr-ysgraff, probably corrupt. -from <i>Pont-yr-ysgraff</i> (the bridge of boats). In France: Poncelle, -Ponchel, Poncelet, Ponceaux, etc.; Pont-à-couleuvre, in the depart. of -Oise, probably from an Old Lat. text, in which this place is called -<i>Pont-à-qui-l’ouvre</i> (<i>i.e.</i> the bridge to whomsoever may -open), it being a bridge closed by barriers—Cocheris’s <i>Noms de -Lieu</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">POOR</span>, <span class="allsmcap">PORE</span>, <span class="allsmcap">PURA</span> (Sansc.),</div> - -<p>a city; <i>e.g.</i> Nagpoor (snake city); Chuta Nagpore (the little -snake city); Amarapoora (divine city); Bejapore or Visiapoor (the city -of victory); Berampore (of the Mahometan sect called <i>Bohra</i>); -Bhagulpore (tiger city); Ahmedpore (the city of Ahmed); Ahmedpore Chuta -(the little city of Ahmed); Callianpoor (flourishing city); Bhurtpore -(the city of Bhurat, the brother of the god Ram); Rampoor (Ram’s -city); Bissenpoor (of Vishnu); Ferozepore (of Feroze-Togluk); Huripoor -(of Hari or Vishnu); Shahjehanpoor (of Shah Jehan); Mahabalipoor (of -Bali the Great); Caujapoor (of the Virgin); Rajapore (of the rajah); -Cawnpoor or Khanpur (of the Beloved One, a title of Krishna); Hajipoor -(of the pilgrim); Ghazipore (of Ghazi, a martyr); Mirzapoor (the city -of the emir); Secunderpoor (of Secunder Lodi); Sidhpoor (of the saint); -Singapore (of the lions); Russoulpoor (of the prophet); Chandpoor -(of the moon); Joudpoor (war city); Ratnapoor (of rubies); Munnipora -(of jewels); Darmapooram (of justice); Dinajpore (of beggars); -Futtepoor (of victory); Sudhapura (bright city); Conjeveram, corrupt. -from <i>Canchipura</i> (the golden city); Trivandrum, corrupt. from -<i>Tiruvanan-thapuram</i> (the town of the holy Eternal One), in -Travancore.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">PRAAG</span>, <span class="allsmcap">PRAYAGA</span> (Sansc.),</div> - -<p>a holy place; <i>e.g.</i> Vissenpraag (the holy place of Vishnu); -Devaprayaga (God’s holy place).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">PRADO</span> (Span. and Port.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">PRATA</span> (It.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">PRAIRIE</span> (Fr.),</div> - -<p>a meadow, derived from the Lat. <i>pratum</i>; <i>e.g.</i> the -Prairies or meadow lands; Prato-Vecchio (the old meadow), in Tuscany; -Ouro-preto, corrupt. from <i>Ouro-prado</i> (the gold meadow), near -a gold mine in Brazil.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">[161]</span> In France, Prémol, <i>i.e.</i> <i>pratum -molle</i> (the smooth meadow); Prabert, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Pratum -Alberti</i> (Albert’s meadow); Pradelles, Les Prések, Prémontié, Lat. -<i>Pratum-mons</i> (the mount in the meadow), the site of an abbey, -chief of the order of the Prémontié.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">PUEBLA</span> (Span.),</div> - -<p>a collection of people, hence a village; <i>e.g.</i> La Puebla, in -Mexico; La Puebla-de-los-Angelos (the village of the angels), in Mexico.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">PULO</span> (Malay),</div> - -<p>an island; <i>e.g.</i> Pulo-Penang (betel-nut island).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">PUSTY</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>a waste place; <i>e.g.</i> Pustina (on the waste ground); -Pusta-kaminica (the stony waste).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">PYTT</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">PFUTZE</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">PYDEN</span> (Welsh),</div> - -<p>a well or pool of standing water, cognate with the Lat. <i>puteus</i> -and its derivatives in the Romance languages; <i>e.g.</i> Puozzuoli -in Italy, and Puteaux in France, anc. <i>Puteoli</i> (the place of -wells); Le Puiset, anc. <i>Puteolis castrum</i> (the camp of the well); -Pfutzenburg and Pfutzenthal (the town and valley of the wells or -pools), in Germany; Poza-de-la-sal (the salt well), near a salt mine -in Spain; also in Spain: Pozanca and Pozancos (the stagnant pools); -Pozo-blanco and Pozo-hondo (the white and deep pool); Putney, anc. -<i>Puttenheath</i> (the pool on the heath), in Surrey; Puttenheim, in -Belgium (a dwelling near a well or pool).</p> - - -<h3>Q</h3> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">QUELLE</span> (Ger.), <span class="allsmcap">WEDEL</span> (Old Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">WYL</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">KILDE</span> (Scand.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">KILL</span> (Dutch),</div> - -<p>a place from which water flows—from <i>quellen</i>, to spring, and -<i>wyllan</i>, to flow; <i>e.g.</i> Mühlquelle (the mill fountain); -Hoogkill (corner well), and Bassekill (low well), in Holland; -Quillebœuf (well town), in Normandy; Roeskilde (the fountain of -King Roe), in Denmark; Salzwedel (salt well); Hohenwedel (high -well); Tideswell, in Derbyshire—probably from a personal name, -as there is a Tideslow in the neighbourhood; Wells, in Norfolk (a -place into which the tide flows); Wells, in Somerset, named from a -holy fountain dedicated to St. Andrew; Motherwell, in Lanarkshire, -named from a well dedicated to the Virgin Mary; Amwell, in Hants, -corrupt. from <i>Emma’s<span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">[162]</span> well</i>; Holywell, in Wales, named from St. -Winifred’s well—in Welsh it is called <i>Treffynnon</i> (the town -of the well); Shadwell, in London (St. Chad’s well); Bakewell, anc. -<i>Badican-wylla</i> (the bath wells), in Derbyshire; Walston, a parish -in Lanarkshire, named from a sacred well near the site of the church; -Ashwell (the well among ash-trees), in Hertford; Ewell, in Surrey, -found written <i>Etwell</i> and <i>Awell</i> (<i>at</i> the well).</p> - - -<h3>R</h3> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">RADE</span>, <span class="allsmcap">RODE</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>a place where wood has been cut down, and which has been cleared for -tillage, from <i>reuten</i>, to root out, to plough or turn up. The -word in its various forms, <i>reud</i>, <i>reut</i>, and <i>rath</i>, -is common in German topography; <i>e.g.</i> Wittarode (the cleared -wood); Herzegerode (the clearing on the Hartz Mountains); Quadrath (the -clearing of the Quadi); Lippenrode (the clearing on the R. Lippe); -Rade-vor-dem-walde (the clearing in front of the wood); Randarath -and Wernigerode (the clearing of Randa and Werner); Zeulenroda (the -clearing on the boundary, <i>ziel</i>); Schabert, corrupt. from -<i>Suabroid</i> (the Swabian clearing); Pfaffrath (the priest’s -clearing); Baireuth (the cleared ground of the Boii or Bavarians); -Schussenried (the clearing on the R. Schussen). Royd, in England, -means a path cut through a wood, as in Huntroyd, Boothroyd, Holroyd. -<i>Terra-rodata</i> (rode land) was so called in opposition to -<i>Terra-Bovata</i>, <i>i.e.</i> an ancient enclosure which had been -from time immemorial under the plough, <i>i.e.</i> Ormeroyd (Ormer’s -rode land).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">RAIN</span>, <span class="allsmcap">RAND</span>, <span class="allsmcap">RA</span> (Teut. and Scand.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">RHYNN</span> (Cym.-Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">RINN</span> (Irish),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">ROINN</span> (Gael.),</div> - -<p>a promontory or peninsula; <i>e.g.</i> Rain, a town name in Bavaria -and Styria; Randers, on a promontory in Denmark; Hohenrain (high -promontory); Steenrain (rock headland); Renfrew (the promontory of -the stream, <i>frew</i>), anc. <i>Strathgriff</i>, on the R. Griff; -the Rhinns (<i>i.e.</i> the points), in Galloway; Rhynie, a parish in -Aberdeenshire; Rhind, a parish in Perthshire, with the parish church -situated on a headland jutting into the R. Tay; Rinmore (the great -point), in Devon, Argyle,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">[163]</span> and Aberdeenshire; Rindon, in Wigton; -Tynron, Gael. <i>Tigh-an-roinne</i> (the house on the point), a parish -in Dumfriesshire; Reay, in Sutherlandshire, and Reay, a station on the -Lancaster and Carlisle Railway, from <i>Ra</i>, Norse (a point); Penryn -(the head of the point), in Cornwall. This word, in various forms, such -as <i>rin</i>, <i>reen</i>, <i>rine</i>, <i>ring</i>, is of frequent -occurrence in Ireland; <i>e.g.</i> Ringrone (the seal’s promontory); -Rineanna (the promontory of the marsh, <i>eanaigh</i>); Ringville -and Ringabella, Irish <i>Rinn-bhile</i> (the point of the old tree); -Ringfad (long point); Ringbane (white point); Rineen (little point); -Ringagonagh (the point of the O’Cooneys); Rinville, in Galway (the -point of Mhil, a Firbolg chieftain); Ringsend, near Dublin (the end of -the point).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">RAJA</span>, <span class="allsmcap">RAJ</span> (Sansc.),</div> - -<p>royal; <i>e.g.</i> Rajamahal (the royal palace); Rajapoor (royal -city); Rajpootana (the country of the Rajpoots, <i>i.e.</i> the king’s -sons—<i>putra</i>, a son).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">RAS</span> (Ar.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">ROSH</span> (Heb.),</div> - -<p>a cape; <i>e.g.</i> Ras-el-abyad (the white cape); Rasigelbi, corrupt. -from <i>Rasicalbo</i> (the dog’s cape); Rasicarami (the cape of the -vineyards); Ras-el-tafal (chalk cape); Rasicanzar (the swine’s cape); -Ras-el-shakah (the split cape); Ras-el-hamra (red cape); Rascorno (Cape -Horn).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">RATH</span>, <span class="allsmcap">RAED</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>council; <i>e.g.</i> Rachstadt or Rastadt (the town of the council or -court of justice); Rathenau (the meadow of the council): Raithby (the -dwelling of the court of justice).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">RATH</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a round earthen fort or stronghold, cognate with the Welsh -<i>rhath</i>, a mound or hill; <i>e.g.</i> Rathmore (the great fort); -Ratass or Rathteas (the south fort); Rattoo or <i>Rath-tuaith</i> -(northern fort); Rathbeg (little fort); Rathduff (black fort); -Rathglass (green fort); Rathcoole (the fort of Cumhal, the father of -Finn); Rathcormac (of Cormack); Rathdrum (of the ridge); Rathdowney, -Irish <i>Rath-tamhnaigh</i> (of the green field); Rathbane (white -fort); Rathfryland (Freelan’s fort)—all in Ireland. Rattray, in -Perthshire, where there are the remains of an old fortress on a hill, -and near what is called the Standing Stones, supposed to have been a -Druidical temple; Rathven (hill-fort), in Banffshire; Rathmorail (the -magnificent fort), in Aberdeenshire; Raphoe, Co. Donegal, abbrev. from -<i>Rathboth</i> (the fort of huts).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">[164]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">REICH</span>, <span class="allsmcap">REIKE</span> (Goth.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">RICE</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">RIGH</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>a kingdom; <i>e.g.</i> France, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Frank-reich</i> (the -kingdom of the <i>Franks</i>, who are supposed to have derived -their name from a kind of javelin called <i>franca</i>); Austria, -<i>Œstreich</i> (the eastern kingdom), as opposed to Neustria (the -western); Surrey or <i>Sud-rice</i> (the southern kingdom); Goodrich, -in Hereford (Goda’s rule or kingdom); Rastrick (Rasta’s rule), in -Yorkshire; Norway or <i>Nordrike</i> (the northern kingdom); Ringerige, -in Norway (the kingdom of King Ringe); Gothland, anc. <i>Gotarike</i> -(the kingdom of the Goths); Sweden, anc. <i>Sviarike</i> (the kingdom -of the Suiones).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">REIDH</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>smooth, used also as a noun to signify a level field, and Anglicised -<i>re</i>, <i>rea</i>, or <i>rey</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Remeen (the smooth -plain); Muilrea (smooth hill, <i>mullagh</i>, p. 145); Rehill for -<i>Redh-choill</i> (smooth wood).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">REKA</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>a river; <i>e.g.</i> Riga, Rega, Regan, Regnitz (river names); also -the R. Spree, Sclav. <i>Serbenreka</i> (the river of the Serbs or -Wends); Meseritz and Meseritsch (in the midst of rivers), in Moravia -and Wallachia; Rakonitz (the town on the river), in Russia; Reka, -the Sclavonic name for <i>Fiume</i>, It. (the river), a town on the -Adriatic, at the mouth of a stream of the same name.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">RHEDIG</span> (Cym.-Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">RUITH</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">REO</span> (Grk.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">RUO</span> (Lat.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">RI</span>, <span class="allsmcap">SRI</span> (Sansc.),</div> - -<p>to flow, from whence are derived <i>rivus</i> and <i>rivula</i>, -Lat.; <i>rio</i>, Span. and Port.; <i>rivola</i>, <i>raes</i>, and -<i>rith</i>, A.S. (a stream). The Eng. <i>river</i> comes through -the Fr. <i>rivière</i>, and that from <i>riparia</i>, in Mediæval -Lat. a river, but literally a river-bank. From these root-words many -river names are derived, or from <i>rhe</i>, <i>rea</i> (swift), -joined to root-words signifying water; <i>e.g.</i> the Rhone, anc. -<i>Rhodanus</i>, the Rhine, Rye, Rea, Rhee, Rhea, Rey, Rheus, Roe, -Ruhr, etc.; Rio-doce and Rio-dulce (sweet or fresh river), in -opposition to Rio-salada (salt river); Rio-branco (white river); -Rio-bravo-del-norte (the great north river); Rio-grande-do-sul (the -great south river); Rio-negro (black river); Rio-tinto (coloured -river); Rio-colorado, with the same meaning; Rio-de-Janeiro, generally -called Rio—so named by the Portuguese discoverer because the bay -was discovered on the feast of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">[165]</span> St. Januarius: the city founded at -the place, and now called Rio, was originally named St. Sebastian; -Rio-de-Cobra (the snake river), in Jamaica; Rio-dos-Reis (the river of -the kings), in Africa, so named by Vasco de Gama, because discovered -on the feast of the Epiphany; Rio-de-Ouro (the river of gold), on the -coast of Guinea; Rio-azul (the blue river); Rio-Marahão (the tangled -river); Rio-de-la-Plata (the river of <i>plata</i>, <i>i.e.</i> -silver), so called from the booty taken on its banks.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">RHIADUR</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>a cataract; <i>e.g.</i> Rhayadar (the cataract), a town in Radnor, -near a fall of the R. Wye, removed in 1780. Radnor itself is supposed -to have taken its name from <i>Rhiadur-Gwy</i> (the cataract of the -R. Wye); Rhiadur-mawr (the great cataract), in Caernarvonshire; -Rhaidr-y-wennol (the cataract of the swallow), so named from the -rapidity of its motion, like that of the bird.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">RHIW</span> (Welsh),</div> - -<p>an ascent; <i>e.g.</i> Ruabon, corrupt. from <i>Rhiw-Fabon</i> (the -ascent of St. Mabon).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">RHOS</span>, <span class="allsmcap">ROS</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>in Wales signifying a moor, in Cornwall a valley; <i>e.g.</i> Ross, a -town in Hereford; Rhoscollen (the moor of hazels), in Anglesea; Rhos-du -(black moor); Penrhos (the head of the moor), in Wales. In Cornwall: -Roskilly (the valley of hazels); Rosecrewe (the valley of the cross); -Rosvean (little valley); Rosmean (stony valley).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">RHUDD</span> (Cym.-Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">RUADH</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">ROTH</span> and <span class="allsmcap">RUD</span> (Teut.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">ROD</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>red; <i>e.g.</i> Rutland (red land), or perhaps cleared -ground—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">RODE</span>; Rhuddlan (the red bank, <i>glan</i>); -Rhuthin, corrupt. from <i>Rhudd-din</i> (the red land); Llanrhudd -(the red church), in Wales; Romhilde, anc. <i>Rotemulte</i> -(red land); Rother, Rotha, Rothback (red stream); Rotherthurm, -Hung. <i>Vörostoroney</i> (red tower); Rothen-haus, Sclav. -<i>Czerweny-hradek</i> (red house or castle), in Bohemia; Rotenburg, -in Switzerland (the town on the red brook); Rothenburg, in Hanover and -Bavaria (the red fortress); Rothenburg, in Prussia proper, is called -by the Sclaves <i>Rostarezewo</i> (the town of the Sclavonic deity -Ratzi); Rothenfels (red rock); Rotherham (the dwelling on the red -river); Roughan and Rooghaun (reddish land), in Ireland. But the prefix -<i>rud</i> is sometimes the abbreviation of a proper name, thus—<span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">[166]</span> -Rudesheim, in Germany, is from <i>Hruodinesheim</i> (the dwelling of -Hruodine); Rudby, in Yorkshire (of Routh); Rudkioping, in Denmark (the -market-town of Routh).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">RHYD</span> (Welsh),</div> - -<p>a ford; <i>e.g.</i> Rhyderin, corrupt. from <i>Rhyd-gerwin</i> (the -rough ford); Rhyd-y-Boithan, corrupt. from <i>Byddin</i> (the ford of -the army); Rhydonen, corrupt. from <i>Rhyd-hen</i> (the old ford); -Rhyd-dol-cynfar (the ford of the valley of the ancient fight).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">RIDING</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">THRITHING</span>,</div> - -<p>the three <i>things</i>, <i>q.v.</i>, <i>i.e.</i> the three places -or districts where the Scandinavians held their judicial assemblies; -<i>e.g.</i> the Ridings, in Yorkshire, so named under the Danish rule; -Lincoln was divided by the Danes in the same manner.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">RIED</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>a reed; <i>e.g.</i> Retford and Radford (the reedy ford); Radbourne -(reedy brook); Redbridge, in Hants, anc. <i>Reideford</i> (reedy ford). -Bede calls it <i>Arundinis-vadum</i>, Lat. (the ford of the reeds).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">RIGGE</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">RÜCHEN</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a ridge; <i>e.g.</i> Hansrücke (John’s ridge); Hengistrücke (the -horses’ ridge); Hundsricke (the dog’s ridge); Rudgeley (the field at -the ridge); Brownrigg, Grayrigg (the brown and gray ridge); Reigate -(the passage through the ridge), contracted from <i>ridgegate</i>; -Lindridge (lime-tree ridge); Rucksteig (the steep path on the ridge); -Langrike (long ridge); Steenrücke (stony ridge).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">RIPA</span> (Lat.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">RIVA</span> (It.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">RIBA</span> (Span. and Port.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">RIVE</span> (Fr.),</div> - -<p>a bank or the border of a stream; <i>e.g.</i> Riva (on the bank of -Lake Como); Riva or Rief (on Lake Garda); Rive-de-Gier and Aube-rive -(on the banks of the R. Gier and Aube); Aute-rive and Rives-altes (the -high river-banks); Rieux, anc. <i>Rivi-Castra</i> (the camp of the -river-bank); Riberac (on the bank of the water), in France; Rivalta -(the high bank), in Piedmont; Rivoli, anc. <i>Ripula</i> (the little -bank), in Piedmont; Romorantin, anc. <i>Rivus-Morentini</i> (the bank -of the R. Morantin), in France; <i>Riveria</i> or <i>Riberia</i>, in -Low Lat. signified a plain on the bank of a river—hence Rivière, -Rivières, Hautes-Rivières, La Rivoire, etc., in France; Rivarrennæ, -<i>i.e.</i> <i>Ripa-arenæ</i> (the sandy bank), on the R. Cher; the -Rialto at Venice is corrupt, from <i>Riva-alto</i> (the high<span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">[167]</span> bank); -Rye, in Sussex, in Lat. records <i>Ripa</i>; Ryde, in the Isle of -Wight, formerly <i>Rye</i> (on the bank of the water); Altrupp, on -the R. Rhone, anc. <i>Alta-ripa</i> (the high bank); Ribaute and -Autrepe, for <i>Haute-rive</i> (high bank), in Belgium; Ribadavia and -Riba-de-Sella (the bank of the Rivers Avia and Sella), in Spain; Ripon, -in Yorkshire, anc. <i>Ripum</i> (on the bank of the R. Ure).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">RISCH</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">RISGE</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">ROGOSCHA</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>the rush; <i>e.g.</i> Ruscomb (the rushy hollow); Rushbrook (the rushy -stream); Rushford, Rushmere, Rushholme, Ryston (the rushy ford, marsh, -island, and town); Rogatzn, in Poland, and Rogatchev, in Russia (the -place of rushes).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ROC</span>, <span class="allsmcap">ROCHE</span> (Fr.), <span class="allsmcap">ROCCA</span> (It.), -<span class="allsmcap">ROC</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>a rock—derivatives from the Lat. <i>rupes</i>; <i>e.g.</i> -Rocca-bianca (white rock); Rocca-casale (rock village or dwelling); -Rocca-secura (the safe rock fortress), in Italy; Rocca-Valoscuro (the -rock in the dark valley), in Naples; Rochefort-sur-mer (the strong -fortress on the sea), at the mouth of the R. Charente; La Rochelle -(the little rock fortress); Rochefort (rock fortress), in Belgium; -Rochester, Co. Kent (the fortress on the rock), or, according to -Bede, the fort of Hrop, a Saxon chief; Rochester, in New York, named -after Colonel Rochester, one of the early settlers; Roche-Guyon, Lat. -<i>Rupes-Guidonis</i> (the rock fortress of Guido); Roche-Foucault, -anc. <i>Rupes-Fucaldi</i> (the fortress of Foucalt); Rocroi, Lat. -<i>Rupes-Regia</i> (the royal fortress), in France; Roxburgh (the rock -fortress)—the ancient town, as well as the county, taking their name -from the strong castle, situated on a rock near the junction of the -Tweed and Teviot—the ancient name of the castle was <i>Marchidun</i> -(the hill-fort on the marshy land).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ROS</span>, <span class="allsmcap">ROSS</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a promontory or isthmus, and also, in the south of Ireland, a wood; -thus New Ross, Co. Wexford, anc. <i>Ros-mic-Treoin</i> (the wood -of Treuon’s son); Roscommon (of St. Coman); Roscrea (Cree’s wood); -Ross-castle (on a promontory on Lake Killarney); Muckross (the -peninsula of the pigs), in several places in Ireland; Muckros (with the -same meaning—the pig’s headland) was the ancient name of the town of -St. Andrews; Rossbegh<span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">[168]</span> (of the birches); Rossinver (of the confluence); -Port-rush (the landing-place of the promontory); Ross-shire seems -to have taken its name from <i>Ross</i> (a wood); Montrose, anc. -<i>Monros</i> (the promontory on the marshy land, <i>moin</i>); -Rosneath, anc. <i>Rosneveth</i> (the promontory of St. Nefydd), in -Dumbartonshire; Roslin (the promontory on the pool); Kinross (the head -of the promontory), either with reference to the county—in regard -to Fife, of which it anciently formed part—or with reference to the -town at the head of Loch Leven. Fife was anciently called <i>Ross</i>: -it got the name of Fife in honour of Duff, Earl of Fife, to whom it -was given by Kenneth II.; and in 1426 Kinross was made a separate -county. Roskeen (the head or corner of Ross-shire); Rosehearty, in -Aberdeenshire, corrupt. from <i>Ros-ardty</i> (the dwelling on the high -promontory).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">RÜHE</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>rest; <i>e.g.</i> Ludwigsrühe (Ludowic’s rest); Carlshrühe (Charles’s -rest), founded by Charles William, Margrave of Baden, in 1715; -Henricksrühe (Henry’s rest).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">RUN</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>council; <i>e.g.</i> Runhall (the hall of the council); Runnington, -anc. <i>Runenton</i> (the town of the council); Runnymede (the meadow -of the council).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">RYBA</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>fish; <i>e.g.</i> Rybnik, Rybniza (the fish pond); Rybinsk, Rybnaia -(fish town).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">RYSCH</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">ROW</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>a dam or ditch; <i>e.g.</i> Prierow (near the dam); Prierosbrück (the -bridge near the dam); Ryswick (the town on the dam); Riez, Rieze, -Riezow, Riezig (at the dam).</p> - - -<h3>S</h3> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SA</span> (Sclav.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">ZA</span>,</div> - -<p>behind; <i>e.g.</i> Sabor (behind the wood); Zadrin (behind the R. -Drin); Zamosc (behind the moss); Zabrod (behind the ford); Zablat -(behind the marsh).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SABHALL</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a barn; <i>e.g.</i> Saul, Co. Down, anc. <i>Sabhall-Patrick</i> -(Patrick’s barn), being the first place of worship used by St. Patrick -in Ireland; Saval (the barn used as a church), near Newry; Drumsaul -(the barn or church on the ridge); Sawel, a mountain in Ireland, -probably from the same root; Cairntoul, a hill in Aberdeenshire, -originally <i>Carn-t-Sabhall</i> (the cairn of the barn).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">[169]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SABLE</span> (Fr.),</div> - -<p>sand; <i>e.g.</i> Sable, Sablé, Sablat, Sablon, Sablières, La -Sablonière, in France.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SALH</span>, <span class="allsmcap">SAEL</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">SALIX</span> (Lat.),</div> - -<p>the willow; <i>e.g.</i> Salehurst (willow copse); Salford (willow -ford); Saul, in Gloucestershire (the place of willows). In France many -places take their name from <i>Saule</i>, Fr. (the willow); <i>e.g.</i> -Sailly, from <i>Salicetum</i> (a place planted with willows), as also -Saux, Saules, Saulzais, etc.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SALL</span> (Teut.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">ZAAL</span>,</div> - -<p>a stone dwelling; <i>sel</i>, a cottage, cognate with the Span. and -Port. <i>sala</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Hohensale (high dwelling); Nordsehl -(north dwelling); Oldenzeel (old dwelling); Eversal (the dwelling of -the wild boar); Brunsele (the dwelling at the well); Holzselen (at the -wood); Laufenselden (the dwelling near the waterfall); Marsal (on the -marsh), in France. In Spain: Salas (the halls); Salas-de-la-ribera (the -dwellings on the river-bank); Salas-de-los-Infantes (the dwellings of -the infantry); Upsal, Scand. <i>Upsalr</i> (the high halls), in Sweden.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SALZ</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">SALANN</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">SOL</span> (Sclav.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">HALEN</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>salt, cognate with the Lat. <i>sal</i> and the Grk. <i>hals</i>; -<i>e.g.</i> the Rivers Saale, Salzach, Salzbach, Sal, Salat (salt -stream); Salies, Salins, Salinas, Salines, Salenillas, Salskaia, -place-names in France, South America, and Russia (in the neighbourhood -of salt mines or springs); Saalfeld, on the R. Saal, in Saxony; also -Saalfelden, in Austria (the salt field); Salamanca, in Spain, anc. -<i>Salmantica</i> (the place in the neighbourhood of salt springs); -Salzburg, on the R. Salzach; Salzbrunn (the salt well); Salzkammergut -(the public treasury of the salt-works); Soultz or Soultzbad (the -saline bath); Soultzbach (the salt brook); Soultz-sous-forets (the salt -springs under the woods); Soultzmatt (the meadow of the salt springs); -Selters, anc. <i>Saltrissa</i>, in Nassau, near the Selzar or mineral -springs; Saltzkotten (the huts of the salt miners), in Westphalia; -Solikamsk (the town of the salt-works on the R. Kama), in Russia; -<i>salt</i> and <i>saltz</i>, as affixes, are also applied to dwellings -on the sea-coast, thus—Westersalt, Ostersalt, Neusaltz (the west, -east, and new watering-place by the sea); but Salton, a parish in East -Lothian, does not come from this word. It is said to have derived its -name from Nicolas de<span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">[170]</span> Soules, who possessed that part of the country -in the thirteenth century. <i>Hal</i>, the Celtic word for salt, still -exists in the names of places where there are or were salt-works; -<i>e.g.</i> Haling, in Hants; Halton, in Cheshire; Halsal and Hallaton, -in Lancashire; Halle, in Prussian Saxony, stands on the R. Saala; -Reichenhall, on the Saale; Hallein, on the Salza, near the salt mines -in Tyrol.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SANG</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a place cleared of wood by burning, from <i>sengen</i>, to burn; -<i>e.g.</i> Feuersang (the fire clearing); Altensang (the old -clearing); but Vogelgesang means the place of singing-birds.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SARN</span> (Welsh),</div> - -<p>a road. The word <i>sarn</i> refers to the old Roman road which the -Emperor Maximus called in honour of his wife Helen, a Welsh princess -whom he had married; <i>e.g.</i> Sarn-Helen (Helen’s road); Pen-Sarn -(the head or end of the road); Tal-Sarn (the face of the road).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SAX</span>, <span class="allsmcap">SAHS</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>a stone, cognate with the Lat. <i>saxum</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Sachsa (the -stony water in the neighbourhood of quarries); Sasso, in Italy (the -stone or tomb); Sassoferrato (the fortified rock); Sassuolo (the -little rock or stone), in Italy; but these words, either as prefixes -or affixes, in topography generally indicate places belonging to the -Saxons, who were so called from the <i>seax</i>, a kind of sword which -they used in warfare; thus Sachsenberg, Sachsenburg, Sachsenheim, -Sachsendorf, Sassetot, denote the dwellings of the Saxons; Saxony, in -Germany (peopled by Saxons); Sussex, Essex, and Wessex (the south, -east, and west districts of the Saxons), in England; Saxby (the Saxons’ -town), in Lincoln; Saxlingham (the home of the descendants of the -Saxons), in Norfolk; Sassenberg (the Saxons’ hill), in Westphalia.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SCALE</span>, <span class="allsmcap">SKALI</span> (Scand.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">SHEAL</span>, <span class="allsmcap">SHEALING</span> (Scotch),</div> - -<p>a hut or shed; <i>e.g.</i> Scalby and Scaleby (hut town); Scalloway -(the huts on the bay, <i>vig</i>), in Shetland; Galashiels (the huts -on the R. Gala); Biggarshiels (the huts near the town of Biggar); -Larbert, Co. Stirling, formerly <i>Lairbert-scheills</i> (the huts of a -man named Lairbert); North and South Shields, originally a collection -of fishermen’s huts; but as <i>scald</i>, in the Scandinavian -language, means a bard—that word is likely to have formed an element -in place-names. Scaldwell is probably the bard’s well; Skalholt, in -Iceland, may be the bard’s hill.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">[171]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SCAM</span> (Old Ger.),</div> - -<p>little; <i>e.g.</i> Schambach, Schamach (the little stream).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SCHANZE</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a bulwark; <i>e.g.</i> Rheinschanze (the bulwark of the Rhine); -Hochschanze (high bulwark).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SCHEIDE</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a watershed, from <i>scheiden</i>, to divide; <i>e.g.</i> Lennscheide, -Remschede, Nettenscheide (the watershed of the Rivers Lenn, Rems, and -Nette); but this word sometimes means a place separated by an enclosure -from the surrounding land, as in Scheidhof (the separated or enclosed -court); Scheidlehen (the separated fief).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SCHENKE</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a public-house; <i>e.g.</i> Schenholtz (the wood near the -public-house); Shenklein (the little public-house); Shenkendorf (the -inn village).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SCHEUNE</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a shed or barn; <i>e.g.</i> Ziegelscheune (the brick barn); Kalkscheune -(lime-shed); Scheunenstelle (the place of sheds).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SCHLAG</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a wood clearing or field; <i>e.g.</i> Leopoldschlag (the field of -Leopold); Grafenschlag (of the count); Pfaffenschlag (of the priest); -Kirchsclag (of the church); Schlagenwald (the cleared wood); Schlagberg -and Schlaghöck (the cleared hill and corner); Murzuschlag (the clearing -on the R. Murz), in Styria.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SCHLANGE</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a snake; <i>e.g.</i> Slagenhorst (snake thicket); Schlangenbad (snake -bath).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SCHLEUSE</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">SLUYS</span> (Dutch),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">ECLUSE</span> (Fr.),</div> - -<p>a sluice; <i>e.g.</i> Rhinschleuse (the sluice of the Rhine); Sluys, -in Holland; and Slooten, also a town in Holland, on a lake of the same -name (from <i>sloot</i>, a ditch); Sluispolder (the reclaimed land at -the sluice); Schlusseburg, in Russia (the fortress at the sluice), -built on an island at the spot where the R. Neva issues from Lake -Ladoga; Helvoetsluis (the sluice on the Haring-vliet, an arm of the R. -Maas); Fort de l’Ecluse (the fortress of the sluice), in France.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SCHLOSS</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a castle; <i>e.g.</i> Marienschloss (the castle of the Virgin Mary); -Heidenschloss (the castle on the heath); Schlossmühle (castle mill); -Schlosshof (the castle court).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SCHMAL</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">SMAA</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>little; <i>e.g.</i> Schmalkalden, anc. <i>Schmalenaha</i> (the town -on the small stream); Smalley, with the same meaning; Smaalehlen (the -small fief), in Norway; Smallburgh (little town); Schmallenberg (little -hill); Smailholm (little hill), a parish in Roxburghshire.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">[172]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SCHMEIDE</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a smithy; <i>e.g.</i> Nagelschmeide (the nail smithy); Schmeidefeld and -Schmeidsiedel (the field and site of the smithy); Schmeideberg (the -hill of the smithy).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SCHWAIG</span> (Old Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">SCHWEIG</span>,</div> - -<p>a cattle-shed; <i>e.g.</i> Herrnschweige (the count’s cattle-shed); -Brunswick, anc. <i>Braunsweig</i> (Bruno’s shed, or the town of Bruno).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SCHWAND</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a wood clearing; <i>e.g.</i> Schwand or Schwandt, in Bavaria; -Schwanden, in Switzerland; Schwandorf (the village at the wood -clearing).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SCHWARZ</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>black; <i>e.g.</i> Schwarza, Schwarzach, Schwarzbach, Schwarzwasser -(black stream); Schwarzburg (black fortress); Schwarzberg (black -mountain); Schwarzwald (black wood); Schwarzkreutz (the black cross).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SCHWERE</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>a wild beast; <i>e.g.</i> Schwerin and Schwerinlake, in Mecklenburg; -and Schwersentz, in Posen (places infested by wild beasts).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SCIR</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">SCER</span>,</div> - -<p>clear, bright; <i>e.g.</i> Sherbourne (the clear stream); but this word -is sometimes used instead of <i>scyre</i>, a division or shire, as in -Sherwood (the wood where the shire meetings were held); Sherston (shire -boundary stone); Shardlow and Shardhill (the boundary hill); Sharnford -(the boundary ford); Sharrington (the town of the children of the shire -or division).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SEANN</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>old; <i>e.g.</i> Shanmullagh (the old summit); Shandrum (the old -ridge); Shangarry (the old garden); Shanbally and Shanvally (the old -dwelling); Shanbo, Shanboe, and Shanbogh (the old hut), in Ireland; -also Shankill (old church), and Shandon, Irish <i>Seandun</i> (old -fort). There are several places in Ireland called Shannon from this -word, but it is uncertain what is the origin of the R. Shannon, whose -ancient name was <i>Senos</i>; Sanquhar, Gael. <i>Seann-Cathair</i> -(the old fortress), in Dumfriesshire, named from an old castle near the -town.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SEE</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">ZEE</span> (Dutch),</div> - -<p>a lake or sea; <i>e.g.</i> Ostsee and Oostzee (east lake); Zuyderzee -(the Southern Sea); Zealand and Zeeland (land surrounded by the -sea); Gransee (boundary or corner lake); Bodensee or Lake Constance, -named from <i>Bodami-Castrum</i>, the castle of the legate of the -Carlovingian kings on its shore, and latterly from a fortress erected -by Constantine the Great; Dolgensee,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">[173]</span> Sclav. (the long lake); the -Plattensee (the lake on the marsh, <i>blatto</i>); Unterseen (below the -lakes); the Red Sea, the translation of the sea of <i>Edom</i> (the -red).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SEIFEN</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a place where metals are washed; <i>e.g.</i> Seifen and Seifendorf -(towns where metals were washed); Seifengold (where gold is washed); -Seifenzinn (where tin is washed); Seifenwerk (the hill of the metal -washing).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SEILLE</span>,</div> - -<p>an affix in French and Belgian topography, signifying a wood or forest, -derived from the Lat. <i>saltus</i> and <i>sylva</i>; <i>e.g.</i> -Baseille (low wood); Haseille (high wood); Forseille (out of the -wood); Senlis, Lat. <i>Civitas Sylvanectensium</i> (the town of the -<i>Sylvanectes</i>, <i>i.e.</i> dwellers in the woods); Savigny and -Souvigny, Lat. <i>Sylvaniacum</i> (in the woods); Selvigny, Souvigné, -with the same meaning; La-silve-bénite (the blessed wood); Silve-réal -(royal wood), etc., in France; Transylvania (the district beyond the -woods)—its Hungarian name, <i>Erdely-Orsag</i>, means the woody -country; Selwood, anc. Brit. <i>Coit-mawr</i>, Lat. <i>Sylva-magna</i> -(the great wood), perhaps Selby, in Yorkshire.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SELENY</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">ZIELENY</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>green; <i>e.g.</i> Selinga (the green river); Zelendorf (green -village); Zielonagora (green mountain); Zieleng-brod (green ford); -Zielenzig and Szelenek (green place).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SELIG</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>holy; <i>e.g.</i> Seligenstadt, Seligenfeld, Seligenthal (the holy -place, field, valley); Sellyoak (holy oak), perhaps Selby, in -Yorkshire, if it is not from <i>sylva</i>, wood.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SET</span>, <span class="allsmcap">SEATA</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">ZETEL</span> (Dutch),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">SITZ</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">SSEDLIO</span> (Sclav.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">SUIDHE</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a seat, settlement, or possession, cognate with the Lat. <i>sedes</i>; -<i>e.g.</i> Dorset (the settlement of the <i>Durotriges</i>, -<i>i.e.</i> dwellers by the water); Wiltshire, anc. <i>Wilsaetan</i> -(the settlement on the R. Willy); Shropshire, anc. <i>Scrobsaetan</i> -(the settlement among shrubs); Somerset, named from <i>Somerton</i> -(the summer seat of the West Anglo-Saxon kings); Settle, in Yorkshire -(the settlement); Sittingbourne, in Kent (the settlement on the brook). -In the Lake District, colonised by Norsemen, this word often takes -the form of <i>side</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Ormside, Ambleside, Kettleside, -Silverside (the settlement of Ormr, Hamel, Ketyl, Soelvar), etc.; -Pecsaeten (the settlement at the peak), in Derbyshire; Alsace, anc. -<i>Alsatia</i>, <i>i.e.</i> the <i>other</i> settlement,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">[174]</span> with -reference to the German settlements on the west bank of the Rhine, as -distinguished from the Franks or <i>Ripuari</i>, on the east; Holstein, -anc. <i>Holtsatia</i> (the settlement in the woods); Waldsassen -(wood settlement); Winkelsass and Endzettel (the corner settlement); -Neusass, Neusiedel, and Neusohl (the new settlement); Einsiedeln (the -settlement of Eina), in Switzerland; Wolfsedal (of Wolfa); Soest or -Söst, in Prussia, for <i>Suth-satium</i> (the southern seat). In -Sclavonian names we have Sedlitz (the possession); Stary-Sedlo (the -old possession); Sedlitz-gross (the great settlement); Sursee, in -Switzerland (the seat or dwelling, Old Fr. Zi), on the R. Sur; Sion -or Sitten, in Switzerland, Cel. <i>Suidh-dunum</i> (the seat on the -hill-fort). In Ireland: Seagoe, Irish <i>Suidhe-Gobha</i> (St. Gobha’s -seat); Seeoran (Oran’s seat); Seaghanbane (the white seat); Seaghandoo -(the black seat); Shinrone, anc. <i>Suidhe-an-roin</i> (literally the -seat of the seal, but figuratively of a certain hairy man); Hermosillo, -in Mexico, Span. (beautiful seat).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SHAN</span> (Chinese),</div> - -<p>a mountain; <i>e.g.</i> Shan-tung (east of the mountain); Shan-se (west -of the mountain); Thian-Shan (the celestial mountain).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SHAMAR</span> (Pers.),</div> - -<p>a river; <i>e.g.</i> Samer, Samara, Sambre, river names. The Samur, -which flows into the Sea of Asoph.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SHAW</span> (A.S.), <i>sceaga</i>,<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">SKEG</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>a wood or grove; <i>e.g.</i> the Shaws, in Cumberland and Lanarkshire; -Birchenshaw (the birch grove); Pollokshaws (the woods near the village -of Pollok); Bradshaw (broad wood); Shaugh-Prior (the prior’s wood); -Shawbury (the town in the wood); Evershaw (the wood of the wild boar, -<i>eofer</i>); Skegness (the headland of the wood).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SHEHR</span> (Pers.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CHERI</span> (Tamil),</div> - -<p>a dwelling; <i>e.g.</i> Begshehr (the dwelling of the beg or bey); -Abou-shehr (the dwelling of Abou); Allah-shehr (God’s house); Eskshehr -(old dwelling); Yenishehr (new dwelling); Anoopshehr (incomparable -dwelling); Pondicherry, originally <i>Pudicheri</i> (new dwelling -or town); Paraicherie (the village of Pariahs)—probably Shiraz and -Shirvan belong to this root.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SIDH</span>, <span class="allsmcap">SITH</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a fairy or a fairy hill. The belief in these supernatural beings -is still general among the Celtic races. It was believed that they -resided in the interior of pleasant<span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">[175]</span> hills called <i>sidhe</i> or -<i>siodha</i>. The word frequently takes the form of <i>shee</i>, as in -the Shee Hills, in Co. Meath; Glenshee, in Perthshire; Mullaghshee (the -fairy hillock); Sheetrim, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Sidh-dhruim</i> (the fairy -ridge), the old name of the rock of Cashel; Killashee (the church near -the fairy hill); Rashee (the fort of the fairies); also Shean, Sheann, -Sheane, Shane, in Ireland.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SIERRA</span> (Span.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">CERRO</span> (Port.),</div> - -<p>a mountain chain, having a serrated appearance, from the Lat. -<i>serra</i>, a saw; or perhaps from the Ar. <i>sehrah</i>, an -uncultivated tract of land, being the root of the desert of Sahara, -in Africa; <i>e.g.</i> Sierra-de-fuentes (the mountain chain of the -fountains); Sierra-de-los-vertientes (of the cascades); Sierra Leone -(of the lion); Sierra-Calderona (the mountain chain with the cauldrons -or craters); Sierra-de-las-Monas (of the apes); Sierra Morena (the dark -mountain range); Sierra Nevada (the snowy); Sierra Estrella (the starry -mountain range); Sierra-de-Culebra (of the snake); Sierra-de-gata -(of agates); Esmeraldas-Serradas (the emerald mountains), in Brazil; -Cerro-da-vigia (the mountain of observation); Cerro-de-la-Giganta (of -the giantess); Cerro-largo (broad mountain); Cerro-gordo (fruitful -mountain); Cerro-del-cobre (of the snake); but <i>serra</i>, in -Italian, means a narrow place—as in Serra-capriola (the narrow place -of the goats); and Serra-Monascesca (of the monks).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SKAER</span> (Scand.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">SGOR</span> and <span class="allsmcap">SGEIR</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a sharp rock-allied to the Welsh <i>skerid</i>, cleft asunder, -<i>ysgariad</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Skerid-fawn and Skerid-fach (the great -and little skerid or division). <i>Esgair</i> is another word from -the same root, applied to a long ridge; <i>e.g.</i> Esgair-hir (the -long ridge); Esgair-graig (the rock ridge)—<i>e.g.</i> Scarcliff -(the cliff of the sharp rock); Nashscaur (the promontory of the steep -rock); Scarborough (the town on the rock or cliff); Scorton, with the -same meaning, in Yorkshire; Scarnose and Scarness (the sharp cape); -Skerryford, Skeerpoint, on the coast of Wales; Sheerness (the sharp -headland), on the Thames; Scaranos, with the same meaning, on the coast -of Sicily; Scarabines (the sharp points), in Caithness; Scuir (a sharp -rock), on the island of Egg; Scordale, in Westmoreland, and Scordal, in -Iceland<span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">[176]</span> (the valley of the steep rock); Scarsach (abounding in steep -rocks), in Perth; Scarba (the island of the sharp rock), and Scarp, in -the Hebrides; the Skerry and the Skerries, in the Shetlands, and on -the coast of Ireland and Wales; Skerry-vore (the great rock), in the -Hebrides.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SKAW</span>, <span class="allsmcap">SKAGI</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>an isthmus or promontory; <i>e.g.</i> the Skaw or Skagen Cape, on -the coast of Denmark; Skagerack or Skagen-rack (the strait near the -promontory).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SKI</span>, <span class="allsmcap">SK</span>, <span class="allsmcap">SKIA</span>,</div> - -<p>an affix in Sclav. topography, signifying a town, often annexed to -the name of the river near the town, or to the name of its founder; -<i>e.g.</i> Tobolsk, Tomsk, Pinsk, Vitepsk, Volsk, Omsk, on the Rivers -Tobol, Tom, Pina, Viteba, Volga, Om; Irkutsk, Berdiansk, Bielorietzk, -Bobroninsk, Illginsk, Miask, Olekminsk, Okhotsk, Olensk, on the Rivers -Irkut, Berda, Biela, Bobronia, Ilga, Miass, Olekma, Okhota, and Olenek; -Bielozersk (the town on the white island); Jarensk (the town on the -Jarenga or strong river); Kesilskaia (on the red river); Krasno-Ufimsk -(the beautiful town of the R. Ufa); Petsk (silk town), in Turkey, where -the mulberry-tree is extensively cultivated; Yakutsk (the town of the -Yakuts, a Tartar tribe); Salskaia, on the R. Sal; Sviajsk (the town on -the Sviga, holy river); Sviatskaia (the town of Sviatovid, a Sclav. -deity); Dmitrovisk (the town of Demetrius, a Russian saint); Kupiansk -and Kupiszki (the town on the promontory, <i>kupa</i>).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SKIP</span> (Scand.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">SCHAEF</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>a sheep; <i>e.g.</i> Skipton, Skipwich, Schaefheim (sheep town); -Shapfells (sheep hills); Sheppey (sheep island); Skipsia (sheep’s -stream); Schaefmatt (sheep meadow); Shefford (sheep’s ford); Scaefstadt -(sheep town).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SLIABH</span>, <span class="allsmcap">SLIEVE</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">SLIEU</span> -(Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a mountain or heath, akin to the Ger. <i>sliet</i>, a declivity; -<i>e.g.</i> Slieve-Anieran (the iron mountain), so called from -its mines; Slievesnaght (snowy mountains); Slieve-Bernagh (gapped -mountain); Bricklive (speckled mountain); Beglieve (small mountain). -In all these places in Ireland the original names have been corrupted: -Sleaty (the mountains); Sleeven (the little hill); Slievenamon, -<i>i.e.</i> <i>Sliabh-na-mban-fion</i> (the mountain of the fair women -or fairies); Slievebloom (Bladh’s mountain);<span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">[177]</span> Slieve-beagh (birch-tree -hill); Slieve-corragh (rugged hill); Slieveroe (the red hill); -Sliabh-cuailgne, now the Cooley Mountains, in Ireland; Sleibhe-Cuillinn -(the Coolin or Cuchullin Hills), in Skye; Slamannan (the <i>sliabh</i> -or moor of the district formerly called <i>Manan</i>, parts of Stirling -and Clackmannanshire).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SLOG</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>a slough or marshy place; <i>e.g.</i> Slough, Co. Bucks; Sloby, -Slawston, Slaugham (the dwelling on the marshy ground).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SLUAGH</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a multitude, a host; <i>e.g.</i> Ballinasloe (the ford-mouth of the -hosts), in Co. Galway; Srahatloe, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Srath-a’-tsluagh</i> -(the river holm of the hosts); Knockatloe and Tullintloy (the hill of -the hosts), in Ireland.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SNAID</span>, <span class="allsmcap">SNOED</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>a separated piece of land, from the Old Ger. <i>sniden</i> and Modern -Ger. <i>schneiden</i> (to cut); <i>e.g.</i> Eckschnaid (the oak -snaid); Hinterschnaid (behind the snaid); Snaith, in Yorkshire; Snead, -Montgomery; Sneyd, Co. Stafford; Sneaton (the town on the snaid); -Snodland and Snodlands (the separated lands); Snodhill (the hill on the -snaid).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SOC</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">SOKE</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>a place privileged to hold local courts; <i>e.g.</i> Thorpe-le-Soke -and Kirby-le-Soken (the village and church-town where the courts were -wont to be held); Walsoken and Walton-le-Soken (the place near the -<i>wall</i>, or perhaps the <i>well</i>, where the court was held); -Sockbridge and Sockburn (the bridge and stream near the court station).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SOTO</span> (Span.),</div> - -<p>a grove; <i>e.g.</i> Soto, the name of several places in Spain; Sotilla -(the little grove); Sotilla-de-las-Palomas (the little grove of the -doves); Sotilla-de-la-ribera (the little grove of the river-bank).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SPINA</span> (Lat.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">EPINE</span> (Fr.),</div> - -<p>a thorn; <i>e.g.</i> Epinac, Epinal, Epinay, in France; Espinosa, in -Spain (the thorny place); Epinville (the thorny villa); Epineuil (the -thorny fountain, <i>œuil</i>); Epinoy, Epineuse, etc., in France; -Speen, in Co. Berks, anc. <i>Spinæ</i> (the thorny place).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SPITAL</span> (Nor.-Fr.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">YSPYTTY</span> (Cym.-Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">SPIDEAL</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>an hospital or place of entertainment for strangers or invalids, from -the Lat. <i>hospitium</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Spittal, in Caithness and Co. -Pembroke; Spittle, in Cheshire and in Berwickshire; the Spital of -Glenshee, in Perthshire; Dalna-Spidal<span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">[178]</span> (the field of the hospital); -Spittalfields, in Middlesex; Yspytty-Rhew-Ystwith, on the R. Ystwith; -Yspytty-Evan (Evan’s hospital), in Wales; Llanspithid, in Brecknock, -which derived its name from an ancient <i>Ysbytty hospitium</i> that -existed here, supported by the priory of Malvern. These names and many -others in England and Scotland derived their names from hospitals -attached to religious houses in the Middle Ages.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SPRING</span> (Teut.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">SPRONG</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>a water-source; <i>e.g.</i> Springthorpe (the farm at the fountain); -Adlerspring (the eagle’s fountain); Lippspring (at the source of the -R. Lippe); Springe (at the source of the R. Haller); Magdespring (the -maiden’s fountain).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SRATH</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">YSTRAD</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>an extensive valley, Anglicised <i>strath</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Strathmore -and Strathbeg (the great and little valleys); Strathavon, Strathblan, -Strathbogie, Strathconan, Strathearn (the valleys of the Rivers -Avon, Blane, Bogie, Conan, and Earn); Strathyre, corrupt. from -<i>Srathiar</i> (the western valley, with reference to Strathearn, -the eastern), in Perthshire; Strathclyde, Strathnaver, Strathspey, -Strathallan, Strathpeffer, Strathbran, Strathgriffe (the valleys of the -Rivers Clyde, Naver, Spey, Allan, Peffer, Bran, and Griffe); Strath -Tary, in Sutherlandshire (the bull’s strath, <i>tairebb</i>); Strichen, -in Aberdeenshire, corrupt. from <i>Srath-Ugie</i> (the valley of the -R. Ugie); Strathdon, corrupt. from <i>Srath-domhain</i> (the valley of -the deep river); Ystrad-Tywy (the valley of the R. Tywy), in Wales; -Ystrad-yw (yew-tree valley or the valley of the brook Ywen); Yester, a -parish in East Lothian, from <i>Ystrad</i>; Ystrad-fflur (the flowery -valley), called by the Romans <i>Strata-Florida</i>; Ystrad-gwnlais -(the valley of the trench, <i>clais</i>, through which a stream flows); -Straiton, in Ayrshire (the town on the Strath); Traquhair (sheep -valley).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SRON</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">TRWYN</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>a nose, hence a promontory; <i>e.g.</i> Stronaba (the cow’s -promontory); Stronaclacher (the stony promontory); Stronechrigen (the -rocky point); Stronfearn (the point of the alders); Strondeas (the -southern point); Strontian (the little promontory); Sorn, in Ayrshire, -named from an ancient castle situated on a rocky headland; Troon -(the promontory), on the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">[179]</span> Ayrshire coast; Sroan-keeragh (the sheep’s -promontory); Shrone-beha (birch-tree promontory), in Ireland; Duntroon -Castle (the fortress on the promontory), in Argyleshire; Turnberry -Head, in Ayrshire, from <i>trwyn</i>; also Trwyn Point, in Ayrshire; -Au-tron (on the point), in Cornwall; Trwyn-y-Badan (the promontory of -the boats), in Wales.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SRUTH</span>, <span class="allsmcap">SRUTHAIR</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">SROTA</span> (Sansc.),</div> - -<p>a river or flowing water; <i>sru</i>, Sansc., to flow—cognate with -<i>stroum</i>, Teut., <i>struja</i>, Sclav.; <i>e.g.</i> Srue, Sruh, -Shrough, Sroughan (the stream), in Ireland; also Abbeyshrule (the abbey -on the stream); Bealnashrura (the ford-mouth of the stream); Sroolane, -Srooleen, Sruffan, and Sruffaun (little stream); Killeenatruan, anc. -<i>Cillin-a-tsruthain</i> (the little church of the stream); Anstruther -in Fife, and Westruther in Berwickshire, probably from the same root; -but Strowan, in Perthshire, is named for St. Rowan; Ardstraw, in -Tyrone, is a corrupt. of <i>Ard-sratha</i> (the height near the bank of -the stream).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">STACKR</span> (Scand.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">STUAIC</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a projecting rock or point; <i>e.g.</i> the Stack Rocks and South -Stack, on the coast of Wales; the Stags, on the Irish coast; Stack -Island, Wales; and St. Bude’s Stack. In Ireland this word is generally -Anglicised into <i>stook</i>; thus—the Stookans (the little rock -pinnacles), near the entrance of the Giant’s Causeway; Stookan and -Stookeen (the little rock).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">STADT</span> and <span class="allsmcap">STATT</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">STEDE</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">STEAD</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>a place or town; <i>gestade</i>, a station for ships; <i>stadel</i>, -a small town; <i>staeth</i>, a bank or shore; <i>e.g.</i> Carlstadt, -TheresienStadt, Christianstadt (towns named after one of the German -emperors, Charles, after the Empress Theresa, and after Christian IV. -of Sweden); Darmstadt, Illstadt, Stadt-Steinach, Lippstadt (towns on -the Rivers Darm, Ill, Steinach, and Lippe); Bleistadt (lead town), -near lead mines; Brahestadt, in Russia (founded by Count Brahe); -Elizabethstadt, Hung. <i>Ebes-falva</i>, named after the Empress -Elizabeth; Frederickstadt (Frederick’s town), in Denmark and in -Norway; Gerbstadt, in Saxony (the town of Gerbert); Glückstadt, Lat. -<i>Fanum-fortunæ</i> (the fortunate town or the temple of fortune); -Halbertstadt (the town of Albert); Heiligenstadt (holy town); -Hermanstadt (the town of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">[180]</span> Herman, one of the Germans who colonised -certain German cities in Transylvania in the twelfth century); -Ingoldstadt, in Bavaria (the town of Ingold)—the name of this town -was mistranslated by Latin and Greek authors into <i>Auripolis</i> -and <i>Chrysopolis</i> (the golden city); Rudolstadt (the town of -Rudolph); Grimstadt, in Norway, and Grimstead, in Co. Wilts (the town -of Grim, a common Scandinavian name); Stade (the station), in Hanover; -Scoppenstadt, in Brunswick, anc. <i>Scipingestete</i> (the ship -station); Stadt-am-hop (the town at the court), in Bavaria; Tennstadt, -anc. <i>Dannenstedi</i> (the station of the Danes), in Saxony; -Kroppenstadt, the Germanised form of the Sclav. <i>Grobenstadt</i> (the -count’s town); Reichstadt (rich town); Altstadt (old town); Elstead, -in Sussex and in Surrey (the place of Ella, the Saxon); Stadhampton -(the town at the home place), in Oxford; Thaxsted (the thatched place), -in Essex; Boxstead (the place of beech-trees, or of the Bokings, a -patronymic); Hampstead (the home place); Wanstead (Woden’s place); -Armenianstadt, in Transylvania, colonised by Armenians in 1726; -Staithes (the banks), in Cumberland; Stathern (the dwelling on the -bank), Leicester; Halstead, A.S. <i>Haelsted</i> (a healthy place).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">STAEF</span>, <span class="allsmcap">STAUF</span> (Teut.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">STAV</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>a stake or pole, also, in Germany, applied to a perpendicular rock; -<i>e.g.</i> Stauffenberg (the mountain with pillar-like rocks), in -Lower Hesse; Donaustauff (the steep rock on the Danube); Hohenstauffen -(the high rocks), in Wurtemberg; Regenstauf (the rock on the R. Regen); -Staufen (a fort situated on a rock), in Baden; Staffa (the island with -the pillar-like rocks), off the coast of Argyleshire; Staffenloch (the -lake of the pillars), in the Island of Skye.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">STAL</span>, <span class="allsmcap">STUHL</span> (Teut.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">STELLE</span>,</div> - -<p>a stall, place, or seat; <i>e.g.</i> Hohenstellen (the high place); -Herstal (the place of the army); Tunstall (the place on the hill, -<i>dun</i>), in Co. Stafford.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">STAN</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">STEIN</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">STEEN</span> (Dutch),</div> - -<p>a stone or rock, and in topography sometimes applied to a -rock-fortress; <i>e.g.</i> Staunton, Steynton (the town on the stony -ground); Stanton, in Gloucestershire, named from a remarkable stone in -the neighbourhood); Fewstone (fire stone), in Yorkshire,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">[181]</span> said to have -been named from a fire-circle near the place; Staines (the stones), -in Middlesex, marking the jurisdiction of the mayor of London; Stantz -(the stony place), in Switzerland; Steenbeke, Steenbegue, Steinbach -(the stony brook); Stanley (stony field), in Yorkshire; Steenbirge, -Steenbrugge, Steenhout, Steenkirche (the stony hill, bridge, wood, -church), in Belgium; Steenvorde (stony ford); Stein-am-anger (the -rock on the field); Steinitz (the German rendering of <i>Sczenz</i>, -dog town), in Moravia; Offenstein (the fortress of Offa); Lahnstein -(the fortress on the R. Lahn); Lauenstein (the lion’s fortress, with -reference to some person who bore that sobriquet); Ehrenbreitstein -(the broad stone of honour); Stennis (the headland of the stones), in -Orkney; Hauenstein, in Baden (the hewn rock), so called because the -precipices of the Jura in that locality resemble masonry; Ysselstein -(the rock on the R. Yssel); Bleistein (lead rock), near lead mines, -in Bavaria; Dachstein, in Alsace, anc. <i>Dagoberti Saxum</i> (the -rock of Dagobert); Frankenstein (the rock of the Franks); Falkenstein -(of the falcon or of the personal name Falk); Greiffenstein (of the -vulture); Schaunstein (the beautiful rock or fortress); Neckar-Steinach -(the stony place on the Neckar); Iselstein, on the Isel; Wetterstein, -on the Wetter; Buxton, in Derbyshire, was named from the piles of -stones called buck-stones, found in the Yorkshire and Derbyshire -moors; Standish, in Gloucestershire, corrupt. from <i>Stonehouse</i>. -In some cases the affix <i>stone</i> is used instead of <i>town</i> -or <i>ton</i>, as in Maidstone, A.S. <i>Medwegston</i>, Cel. -<i>Caer-Medwig</i> (the town on the R. Medway); Goodmanstone (the -priest’s town), Dorsetshire; and in Cumberland and Westmoreland, where -the Norsemen had settlements, this word often marks the site of the -grave of one of their heroes, as in Haroldstone, Hubberstone, Thurston, -Gamfrestone, Silverstone, Stanton, Drew (the Druid’s stone), in -Somersetshire, near an ancient stone-circle; Kingston, in Surrey, where -in the centre of the town is still shown the <i>stone</i> on which the -A.S. kings were crowned.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">STAN</span> (Pers.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">STHANA</span> (Sansc.),</div> - -<p>a district or region; <i>e.g.</i> Hindostan (the district watered by -the R. Indus, Pers. <i>hindu</i>—water); Affghanistan (the district -of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">[182]</span> Affghans, who are said to have taken their designation from a -certain chief called Malik Afghāna); Rajpootana (the district of the -Rajpoots or king’s sons); Kurdistan (of the Kurds); Beloochistan (of -the Beluchis); Gurgistan or Georgia (the district watered by the R. Kur -or Kyros); Kaffaristan or Kaffraria (of the unbelievers); Arabistan -(of the Arabs); Bootan (the district of the Highlanders); Dushistan -(the south region), also called <i>Gurmsir</i> (warm country); Gulistan -(the district of roses); Baghistan (of gardens); Khorasan (the country -of the sun); Zangistan or Zanguebar, Pers. and Ar. (the country or -coast-lands of the Zangis)—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">BAHR</span>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">STAPLE</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>literally a prop, support, or heap; but in the commerce of the Middle -Ages it was applied, in the first place, to the buildings or towns -in which the chief products of a district were treasured up or sold; -and, in the second place, to the commodities themselves; <i>e.g.</i> -Stapleton (the town of the market); Staplehurst and Stapleford (the -wood and ford near the market-place); Dunstable (the market-place on -the hill), formerly <i>Dunstaple</i>; Whitstable (white market-place); -Barnstaple, anc. <i>Berstable</i> (the market-place for the produce of -the district—<i>beor</i>, what it bears). In France: Etaples, L’étape, -Staple, etc.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">STARY</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>old; <i>e.g.</i> Stargard, Starogard (the old fortress); Stary-sedlo, -Storosele, Starosol (the old settlement); Starodub (the old oak-tree); -Starwitz, Staria, Starinka, Stariza (old place); Starobielsk (the -old town on the R. Biela); Staro-Constantinov (the old town of -Constantine). In places where the population is chiefly German this -word takes the form of <i>stark</i>, as in Starkenburg, Starkenhorst; -Istarda or Starova (old town), in Turkey; Staroi-Oskol (the old town on -the R. Oskol, in opposition to Novoi-Oskol, the new town on that river).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">STEIG</span>, <span class="allsmcap">STIG</span>, <span class="allsmcap">STY</span> (Teut. and -Scand.),</div> - -<p>a steep path; <i>e.g.</i> Stickney (the island or watery meadow by -the steep path); Kirchsteg (the steep path to the church); Durnsteeg -(thorny path); Stiegmühle (the mill on the steep path); Amsteg (at the -steep path).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">STEORT</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">STERZ</span> (Old Ger.),</div> - -<p>the tail—in topography a point; <i>e.g.</i> Startpoint, in -Devonshire; Starston (the town on the point); Sterzhausen, -Sterzmühle, Staartpolder—<i>v.</i><span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">[183]</span> <span class="allsmcap">HAUS</span>, <span class="allsmcap">MÜHLE</span>, -<span class="allsmcap">POLDER</span>; Staartven (the marsh on the point).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">STEPPES</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>an uncultivated waste—a word applied to the extensive desert plains in -Russia.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">STER</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">ESTER</span>,</div> - -<p>in Brittany, a stream; <i>e.g.</i> Ster-boueux (the muddy -stream); Stercaer (the stream at the fort); Sterpoulder (of the -black pool), etc. According to Forsteman, there is a Teutonic -river-root, <i>str</i>, which he finds in the names of 100 German -streams; <i>e.g.</i> Elster, Alster, Wilster, Gelster, Laster, and -<i>Ister</i>—an ancient name of the Danube—Stour, Stura, etc.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">STER</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>Old Norse <i>setr</i> (a station or place), contracted from -<i>stadr</i> (a place); <i>bu-stadr</i> (a dwelling-place), contracted -to <i>bister</i> or <i>buster</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Grunaster (green place); -Keldabister (the place at the well or fountain); Kirkbuster (the -dwelling at the church); Hesting-ster (the settlement of Hesting). -The same word appears in the names given by the Danes to three of the -provinces of Ireland—Ulster, for the Irish <i>Uladh</i>, <i>i.e.</i> -<i>Ulla-ster</i>; Leinster, Irish <i>Laighen</i> or <i>Layn</i>; -Munster, Irish <i>Mumha</i> (named after a king).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">STOC</span>, <span class="allsmcap">STOW</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>literally a stake or the trunk of a tree, applied at first to a place -protected by a stockade, or surrounded by stocks or piles; and in -German topography sometimes applied to hills, as in Hochstock (high -hill); Stockheim (the home on the hill); sometimes to places built upon -stakes, as in Stockholm. In Great Britain, standing alone, it means -simply the place, as Stock, in Essex; Stow, a parish in Mid Lothian; -Stoke-upon-Trent; Stow-in-the-Wold or waste land; Stoke-Bardolph, -Stoke-Fleming, Stoke-Gabriel, Stoke-Poges, Stoke-Edith (named from -the proprietors); Stow-market (the market-place); Stow-Upland (the -place in the high lands); Kewstoke (at the quay); Elstow, in Wilts -(old place); Elstow, in Bedford (St. Helen’s place), the site of a -nunnery dedicated to that saint; Basingstoke (the place belonging -to the Basings, a patronymic); Bridstow (St. Bridget’s place); -Bristol, anc. <i>Briegstow</i> (the place at the breach or chasm, -<i>brice</i>, through which the R. Avon passes)—its Celtic name was -<i>Nant-Avon</i> (on the valley of the Avon); Padstow, in Cornwall, -anc. <i>Petrocstowe</i>, Welsh <i>Llan-petroc</i> (the place or church -of St.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">[184]</span> Petroc); Tavistock and Tawstock (places on the Rivers Tavy and -Taw). As a prefix, <i>stock</i> often denotes the chief place in a -district, as in Stockton (the chief town on the Tees), and in Stockport -(the chief port on the Mersey).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">STOLL</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a mine-shaft; <i>e.g.</i> Stollenberg (the hill of the mine-shaft); -Stollenschmeide (the smithy at the mine-shaft); but Stollenkirchen, -<i>i.e.</i> <i>Stallinchirchun</i>, is from Stalla (a person’s name).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">STOLPE</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>a rising ground in a marshy place; <i>e.g.</i> Stolpe, the name of -a circle and of several towns in Hungary and Pomerania; Stolpen, in -Saxony.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">STÖR</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>great; <i>e.g.</i> Störfiord (the great bay); Störhammer (great hill); -Störoe (great island); Störaa (great river); Störsjon and Störsoen -(great lake); Störa-kopparberg (the great copper mountain), in Sweden -and Norway.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">STRAD</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">STRASSE</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">STRŒDE</span> (Scand.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">SRAID</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">YSTRAD</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>a row, a street, a road, borrowed from the Lat. <i>strata</i>; -<i>e.g.</i> Stratford (the ford near one of the great Roman roads, -called streets); Stratford-le-Bow (the ford with the bow or bridge -near the Roman road); Stratsett (the road station); Streatham and -Stretton (the town on the road); Stratton, in Cornwall, and Stradbally, -in Ireland (the village of one street); Straid, Strade (the street); -Stradeen (little street), in Ireland; Strond, on the R. Strond; -Strasbourg, in West Prussia (the town on the highway); but Strasbourg, -in Alsace, anc. <i>Stratiburg</i>, is the German translation of its -Latin name <i>Argentoriatum</i> (the town of silver—<i>strati</i>, -Teut., silver); Stony Stratford (the stony ford on the great Roman -road, called Erming Street); Watling Street is said to have been named -from <i>waedla</i> (the mendicant or pilgrim); Icknield Street from the -<i>Iceni</i>; Erming Street from <i>earm</i> (a pauper).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">STRAZNA</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>a watch-tower, akin to the A.S. <i>streone</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Straznitz, -in Moravia (the town with the watch-tower).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">STRELITZ</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>a huntsman; <i>e.g.</i> Strelitz-klein and Strelitz-gross (the great -and little town of the huntsman, or of the <i>Strelitzi</i>, the name -given to the lifeguards), in Russia; Strelitzkaia and Strielinskaia, -with the same meaning.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">[185]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">STROM</span>, <span class="allsmcap">STROOM</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>a stream or current; <i>e.g.</i> the Maelstrom (mill stream, so called -from its rushing sound); Rheinstrom (the Rhine current); Stroomsloot -(the sluice of the current); Stroma, Stromoe, Stromsoe, Stromay (the -island of the current); Stromen and Stromstadt (the place near the -current); Stromen-Fiorden (the bay of the current); Stromberg (the town -or hill on the stream); Stromness (the headland of the current).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SU</span> (Turc.),</div> - -<p>water; <i>e.g.</i> Ak-su (the white stream); Kara-su (the black -stream); Adji-su (bitter water).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SUD</span>, <span class="allsmcap">SUTH</span>,<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">SODER</span>, <span class="allsmcap">SOUDEN</span>,</div> - -<p>the south; Buttman traces this word to the sun, the oldest form of -the word being <i>sundar</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Sonnenburg, Sonderhausen, -Sundheim, Soudham, Southofen (the south dwelling or enclosure); -Southdean (south hollow); Southwark, Dan. <i>Sydvirche</i> (the -south fortress); Southover (south shore); Suffolk (the district of -the south people, as distinguished from Norfolk); Sutton and Sodbury -(south town); Sudborne (south stream); Suderoe (south island); Sudetic -Mountains (the southern mountain chain); Sudereys (the southern -islands), a name applied by the Norsemen to all the British islands -under their rule south of the Orkneys and north of the Island of -Man—hence the bishoprick of <i>Sodor</i> and Man; Sutherland (the land -to the south of Caithness); Soderköping (the south market-town), in -Sweden; Soest, in Prussia (on the Sosterbach); Sidlaw Hills (the south -hills, in reference to their forming the south boundary of Strathmore).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SUMAR</span>, <span class="allsmcap">SOMAR</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>summer; <i>e.g.</i> Somercotes, Somersall, Somerton (summer dwellings); -Somerghem in Belgium, and Sommerberg in Bohemia, with the same -meaning; but Somarsheim, in Hungary, is the German corrupt. of -<i>Szomorfalva</i> (the village of sorrow); Szmarja or Szent-marfa (St. -Mary’s town), Germanised into <i>Sommarein</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SUND</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>a strait; <i>e.g.</i> the Sound, between Sweden and Zealand; -Christiansund, at the mouth of a narrow inlet, founded by Christian -IV.; Frederichsund, on a narrow inlet in Zealand; Ostersund -(the eastern strait), in Sweden; Stralsund (the arrow-like -strait—<i>straele</i>, an arrow).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SUNTARA</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>privileged land; <i>e.g.</i> Frankensundern (the privileged place of -the Franks); Beversundern (the privileged<span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">[186]</span> place on the R. Bever); -Sontra, in Hesse-Homburg (the privileged place); Sunderland (the -privileged land), in Durham.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SZASZ</span> (Hung.),</div> - -<p>Saxon; <i>e.g.</i> Szasvaros, Ger. <i>Sachsenstadt</i> (the town or -fortress of the Saxons), in Transylvania; Szasz-Sebes (the Saxon-Sebes -or swift stream).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">SZENT</span> (Hung.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">SANT</span> (Welsh),</div> - -<p>a saint; <i>e.g.</i> Szenta, Szentes (the saints’ town or holy town); -<i>e.g.</i> Szendro (St. Andrew’s town); Mindszent (the town of All -Saints); Szent-kercsyt (the town of the holy cross); Santarem, in -Portugal, from St. Irene, Santiago (for St. James); St. Denis, named -after St. Dionysius, where the remains of this saint were interred; -St. Heliers, in Jersey (for St. Hilarius); Szent-György (St. George’s -town); St. Ives, in Cornwall, named after an Irish saint called -<i>Jia</i>, who came to that spot; St. Ives, in Huntingdon, named after -Ivon, a bishop.</p> - - -<h3>T</h3> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">TA</span> (Chinese),</div> - -<p>great; <i>e.g.</i> Ta-kiang (the great river); Ta-Hai (the great lake); -Ta-Shan (great mountain); Ta-Gobi (the great desert).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">TABERNA</span> (Lat. and Span.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">TAFARN</span> (Welsh),</div> - -<p>an inn; <i>e.g.</i> Taberna, in Spain; Zabern-Rhein (the inn on the -Rhine); Zabern-berg (the hill inn); Zabern-Elsass (the Alsatian inn), -called in French <i>Savernæ</i>, corrupt. from the Lat. <i>Tabernæ</i>; -Tavernes and Taverny, in France.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">TAING</span>, <span class="allsmcap">TANGA</span> (Teut. and Scand.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">TUNGA</span>,</div> - -<p>a tongue, a point of land; <i>e.g.</i> Tongue, a parish in -Sutherlandshire; Tong, in Ross; Tongland, in Kirkcudbright, upon a -peninsula formed by the Rivers Dee and Tarf; Tonge, in Lancashire; but -Tongres, Tongrinnes, and Tongerloo, in Belgium, derive their names from -the <i>Tungri</i>, a tribe; Tong-fell, in Cumberland, and Tangfjeld, -Norway, and Tunga-fell, Iceland (the mountain with the tongue or -point); Thong-castle, in Kent, and Thong-castor, near Grimsby.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">TAL</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>the forehead, or, as an adjective, high; <i>e.g.</i> Talgarth (the -brow of the hill; Talibont (bridge-end, <i>pont</i>);<span class="pagenum" id="Page_187">[187]</span> Talbenny (the -head of the hill-pen), in Wales. Tal-y-cavn (the head of the trough); -Tal-y-Llychan (the head of the pools), in Caermarthen; Talachddu (the -head of the black water, a small brook called Achddu), a parish in -Brecknock.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">TAMH</span>, <span class="allsmcap">TAW</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>quiet, cognate with A.S. <i>tam</i>, found in many river names; -<i>e.g.</i> the Tame, Tamar, Tamer, Teane, Teign, Thame, Taw, Tawey, -Tavoy, Tay, Temesch, Tees, Thames (the quiet water), joined to -<i>uisge</i>, <i>a</i>, <i>y</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>or</i>, <i>ri</i> -(flowing water).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">TAMNACH</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a green field, common in Irish topography under various forms, such -as Tawny, Tawnagh, Tonagh, and Taminy; <i>e.g.</i> Tonaghneeve, for -<i>Tamhnaich-naemh</i> (the field of the saints), now Saintfield; -Tawnaghlahan (broad field); Tawnkeel (narrow field); Tamnaghbane (white -field); Tavnaghdrissagh (the field of the briers).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">TANNA</span> (Old Ger.),</div> - -<p>wood; <i>tanne</i> (modern), the fir-tree; <i>e.g.</i> Niederthan (the -lower wood); Hohenthan (high wood); Thanheim, Thanhausen, Tandorf (the -dwellings at the wood); Tanberg (wood hill).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">TARBERT</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">TAIRBERT</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>an isthmus; <i>e.g.</i> Tarbet, in Cromarty and Ross; Tarbert, in -Harris; Tarbet, on Loch Lomond; East and West Tarbert, in Argyleshire; -Tarbetness (the point of the isthmus), in Ross-shire.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">TARBH</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">TARW</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>a bull, cognate with the Lat. <i>taurus</i> and the Grk. <i>tauros</i>; -<i>e.g.</i> Knockatarriv and Knockatarry (the hill of the bull); -Clontarf, anc. <i>Cluain-tarbh</i> (the bull’s meadow); Cloontarriff -and Cloontarriv, with the same meaning. Some river names, such as -Tarf, Tarras, Tarth, Tarn, may have this word as a prefix, or perhaps -<i>tara</i>, Irish, rapid.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">TARNIK</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>the thorn; <i>e.g.</i> Tarnowce and Tarnowitz (thorn village); Tarnau, -Tarnow, Tornow, Torniz (a thorny place); Tarnograd (thorn fortress); -Tarnopol (thorn city).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">TEACH</span> and <span class="allsmcap">TIGH</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">TY</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>a house or dwelling, cognate with the Lat. <i>tectum</i>, Ger. -<i>dach</i>, and Scand. <i>tag</i>, a roof; Anglicised <i>tagh</i>, -in the genitive, <i>tigh</i>. This word, under various forms, is -common in Irish topography; <i>e.g.</i> Tagheen (beautiful house); -Taghboy and Taghbane (the yellow and white house); Taghadoe (St. Tua’s -house); Tiaquin, in Co.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">[188]</span> Galway, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Tigh-Dachonna</i> (St. -Dachonna’s house); Timahoe, for <i>Tech-Mochua</i> (St. Mochua’s house -or church). Joined to the genitive of the article, it takes the form of -<i>tin</i> or <i>tinna</i>, thus—Tinnahinch (the house of the island -or river holm, <i>innis</i>); Tincurragh (of the marsh); Tinakilly -(of the church or wood); Timolin (of St. Moling); Tigh-na-bruaich, -in Argyleshire (the dwelling on the edge of the bank); Tynron, in -Dumfries, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Tigh-an-roinne</i> (the house on the point); -Tyndrum, in Perthshire (the dwelling on the ridge); Tisaran, anc. -<i>Teach-Sarain</i> (the house of St. Saran), in King’s Co. Stillorgan, -also in Ireland, corrupt. from <i>Tigh-Lorcain</i> (the house of -St. Lorcain or Lawrence); Saggard, from <i>Teach-Sacra</i> (of St. -Mosacra); Cromarty, anc. <i>Crum-bachtyn</i> (the dwelling on the -winding bay); Tinnick, in Ireland, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Tigh-cnuie</i> (the -house on the hill). In Wales: Ty-gwyn (white house); Ty-Ddewi (St. -David’s house); Great Tey and Little Tey (great and little dwelling); -Tey-at-the-elms, in Essex.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">TEAMHAIR</span> (Irish),</div> - -<p>a palace situated on an elevated spot; <i>e.g.</i> Tara, anc. -<i>Teamhair</i>, the ancient capital of Meath, and several other -places called Tara, in Ireland. This word sometimes takes the form -of <i>tavver</i>, <i>tawer</i>, or <i>tower</i>, as in Towerbeg and -Towermore (the little and great palace).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">TEAMPULL</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a temple or church, derived from the Lat. <i>templum</i>; <i>e.g.</i> -Templemichael, Templebredon (the churches of St. Michael and St. -Bredon); Templemore (the great church or cathedral); Templecarriga (of -the rock); Temple-tochar (of the causeway), in Ireland; Templemars and -Talemars, in France, anc. <i>Templum-Martis</i> (the temple of Mars).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">TEINE</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">TÂN</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>fire. In topography this word is found in the forms of <i>tin</i> and -<i>tinny</i>, and must indicate spots where fires of special importance -were wont to be kindled. Whether these fires were beacon-fires, or -whether they referred to the Beltane fires kindled by the ancient Celts -on May Day, cannot, in special cases, be determined; but that the -Beltane fires were connected with the religious rites of the Druids -is allowed, even by those who do not derive the word <i>Beltane</i> -from the name of a Celtic deity, or trace the observance of these -rites to the sun<span class="pagenum" id="Page_189">[189]</span> and fire worship once alleged to have existed -among the Celtic tribes, but now held to be an untenable theory by -Celtic scholars.<a id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> In Ireland, near Coleraine, we find Kiltinny (the -wood of the fire); Tamnaghvelton (the field of the Beltane sports); -Clontinty, Co. Cork (the meadow of the fires); Mollynadinta, anc. -<i>Mullaigh-na-dtaeinte</i> (the summit of the fires); Duntinny (the -fort of the fire), Co. Donegal. In Scotland <i>tinny</i> is also found -in topography, thus—Ardentinny and Craigentinny (the height and rock -of the fire); Auchteany, and perhaps Auchindinny (the field of the -fires); Tinto (the hill of the fire), in Lanarkshire.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">TEPETL</span> (Astec),</div> - -<p>a mountain; <i>e.g.</i> Popocatepetl (the smoky mountain), in Mexico; -Citlaltepetl (the star-like mountain—<i>citaline</i>, a star); -Naucampatepetl (the square-shaped mountain), in Mexico.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">TEPLY</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>warm; <i>e.g.</i> Tepla (the warm stream); Tepel, on the R. Tepla (in -the neighbourhood of warm mineral waters); Teplitz, the name of towns -in Hungary, Bavaria, and Illyria, sometimes written Toplitz; Teplik and -Teplovka, in Russia; Teflis, in Georgia, celebrated for its warm baths.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">TERRA</span> (Lat., It., and Port.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">TIERRA</span> (Span.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">TERRE</span> (French),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">TIR</span> (Gadhelic and Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>land; <i>e.g.</i> Terciera (the rough land), in the Azores; Terranova -(the new land), in Sicily, supposed to be on the site of the ancient -Gela; Tierra-del-fuego (the land of fire), so named on account of the -numerous fires seen on the land by the first discoverers; Terregles -(church land); Tiree Island, Gael. <i>Tir-ith</i> (the land of corn); -Terryglas, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Tir-da-ghlas</i> (the land of the two -rivers), Co. Tipperary; Terryland, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Tir-oilein</i> (the -land of the island); Tyrone, anc. <i>Tir-Eoghain</i> (Owen’s land); -Tir-Rosser, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Tir-Rhos-hir</i> (the long peat land), in -Caermarthen; Pentir (the headland); Gwydir, from the roots <i>gwy</i>, -water, and <i>tir</i>, a general term for moist land in different -places in Wales. It was the ancient name of Glastonbury; Tiranascragh -(the land of the sand hill, <i>esker</i>), Co. Galway; Tyrconell -(the land of Conell), the ancient name of Co. Donegal; Carstairs, -in Lanarkshire, anc.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">[190]</span> <i>Casteltarras</i>, probably corrupt. from -<i>Castelterres</i> (the castle lands), the castle in the village -having been the site of a Roman station; Culter, in Lanarkshire, anc. -<i>Cultir</i> (the back of the land); <i>Finisterroe</i> (land’s end), -now Cape Finistère, the north-west extremity of France; Blantyre (warm -land—<i>blane</i>, warm), in Lanarkshire; Terrebonne (good land), in -Canada; Terre-haute (high land), in Indiana.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">THAL</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a valley—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">DAL</span>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">THING</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">TING</span>,</div> - -<p>a term applied by the Scandinavians to the legislative assemblies -of their nation, and also to the places where these assemblies -met, from an old word <i>tinga</i>, to speak. Traces of these -institutions appear in the topography of certain districts in Great -Britain formerly occupied by Danes or Norwegians. The Norwegian -Parliament is still called the <i>Storthing</i> or great assembly; -smaller courts are called <i>Lawthings</i>, and the <i>Althing</i> -was the general assembly of the whole nation. These meetings were -generally held on some remote island, hill, or promontory, where -their deliberations might be undisturbed. The Swedish Parliament -used to assemble on a mound near Upsala, which still bears the -name of <i>Tingshogen</i>, Scand. <i>haugr</i>; Thingveller (the -council-plains), in Iceland; Sandsthing (the place of meeting on the -sand), in Iceland; Aithsthing (the meeting-place on the headland), in -Iceland; Dingwall, in Ross-shire, has the same derivation—its Gaelic -name is <i>Inverpeffer</i> (at the mouth of that stream); Tingwall, -in Shetland, Tynwald Hill, Isle of Man, Thingwall in Cheshire, and -Dinsdale in Durham, from the same root; Tinwald, in Dumfries (the wood -of the meeting); Tain, in Ross-shire, Norse <i>Thing</i>—its Gaelic -name is <i>Baile-Duich</i> (St. Duthic’s town).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">THOR</span> and <span class="allsmcap">THUR</span>,</div> - -<p>prefixes derived from the Saxon and Scandinavian deity <i>Thor</i>; -<i>e.g.</i> Thorley, Thurley, Thursley, Thorsby, Thurlow, the valley, -dwelling, and hill, named after Thor, or perhaps from a people or -family name derived from the god, <i>i.e.</i> the <i>Thurings</i>, -from whence also probably come Thorington in England, and Thorigné and -Thorigny in France; Thüringerwald, in Germany; Thurston, Thursford, -Thurscross, Thurlstone, etc.; Thorsoe (Thor’s island);<span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">[191]</span> Thurso (Thor’s -stream, on which the town of Thurso is situated); Thorshaven (Thor’s -harbour), in Norway and in the Faroe Islands. On the continent the god -Thor was worshipped under the name of Thunor, hence the English word -<i>thunder</i> and the German <i>Donner</i> (supposed, in the Middle -Ages, to be Thor’s voice). From this word are derived Thunersberg and -Donnersberg (the mountain of Thor); Donnersbach (Thor’s stream), in -Styria; Torslunde (Thor’s sacred grove), in Denmark.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">THORPE</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>an assembly of people, cognate with the Welsh <i>torf</i> (a crowd -or troop), Gael. <i>treubh</i> (a tribe), and <i>troupe</i>, French; -and then gradually coming to denote a farm or village; <i>e.g.</i> -Thorp, in Northamptonshire; Calthorpe (cold village); Langthorpe (long -village); Ingelthorpe, Kettlesthorpe, Swansthorpe, Bischopsthorpe (the -farm or village of Ingold, Kettle, Sweyn, and the bishop); Nunthorpe -(the nun’s village); Raventhorpe (Hrafen’s village); Thorparch, in -Yorkshire (the village bridge), on the R. Wharfe; Milnethorpe (the -village of the mill); Althorpe (old villages); Basingthorpe (the -village of the Basings, a patronymic); Copmanthorpe (of the merchant).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">THWAITE</span> (Scand. <i>thveit</i>),</div> - -<p>a cleared spot or an isolated piece of land, akin to the Danish -<i>tvede</i>, a peninsula; <i>e.g.</i> Harrowthwaite, Finsthwaite, -Ormathwaite, Sattersthwaite, places cleared and cultivated by the -Scandinavians, whose names they bear; Applethwaite (of apples); -Calthwaite (cold clearing); Birkthwaite (of birches); Micklethwaite -(great clearing); Crossthwaite, in Cumberland, where St. Kentigern is -said to have erected a cross; Lockthwaite (Loki’s clearing).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">TOBAR</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a fountain or well, from the old word <i>doboir</i>, water. Wells and -fountains were held in great veneration by the Celts in heathen times, -and are the subjects of many traditions in Ireland and Scotland. Many -of the early preachers of Christianity established their foundations -near these venerated wells, which were the common resorts of the people -whom they had come to convert. In this way the new religion became -associated in the minds of the converts with their favourite wells, -and obtained the names of the saints, by which they are known to -this day; <i>e.g.</i><span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">[192]</span> Tobermory (St. Mary’s well), in the Island of -Mull; Tobar-na-bhan-thighern (the chieftainess’s well), in Badenoch; -Ballintobar (the town of the well), Co. Mayo, now called Tobermore -(the great well), which had a well blessed by St. Patrick; Tibbermore -or Tippermuir (the great well), in Perthshire; Tobar-nam-buadh, in -Skye (the well of virtues); Tipperary, anc. <i>Tiobrad-Arann</i> -(the well of the district of Ara); Tipperkevin (St. Kevin’s well); -Tipperstown, anc. <i>Baile-an-tobair</i> (the town of the well); -Tobercurry (the well of the cauldron); Toberbilly (the well of the old -tree); Tobernaclug (the well of the bells, <i>clog</i>). Bells were -held sacred by the Irish on account of a certain bell favoured by St. -Patrick. Perhaps the rivers Tiber and Tiverone, as well as Tivoli, anc. -<i>Tibur</i>, may come from this root.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">TOFT</span>, <span class="allsmcap">TOT</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>an enclosure or farm; <i>e.g.</i> Lowestoft, Dan. <i>Luetoft</i> (the -enclosure or place of the beacon-fire, which in early times was placed -on the promontory where the town stands); Langtoft (long farm); Monk’s -Tofts (the monk’s farm), and West Tofts, in Norfolk; Ecclestofts (the -church farm buildings), in Berwickshire; Ivetot, anc. <i>Ivonis-tot</i> -(the farm of Ivo and Hautot (high farm), in Normandy; Sassetot (the -Saxon’s farm); Littletot (little farm); Berguetot (birch farm), in -Normandy.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">TOM</span> (Gadhelic and Welsh),</div> - -<p>a knoll or mound; <i>e.g.</i> Tomintoul (the knoll of the barn), Gael. -<i>Tom-an-t-sabhail</i>, Co. Banff; Tomachuraich (the boat-shaped -knoll), Inverness-shire; Tom-ma-Chessaig (St. Kessag’s mound), at -Callander; Tom-na-faire (the knoll of the watch-tower), on Loch Etive; -Tomatin (the knoll of the fire, <i>teine</i>); Tomnacroiche (of -the gallows); Tom-da-choill (of the two woods); Tombreck (speckled -knoll); Tomgarrow (rough knoll); Tomnaguie (windy knoll), in Ireland; -Tom-bar-lwm (the mound of the bare hill); Tommen-y-Bala (the mound -of Lake Bala, having been raised as representative of Mount Ararat); -Tommen-y-mur (of the rampart).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">TON</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">TUN</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>an enclosure, a town. The primary meaning of this word comes from the -Gothic <i>tains</i>, Scand. <i>teinn</i>, Ger. <i>zaun</i>, a fence or -hedge formed of twigs. Originally it meant a place rudely fortified -with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">[193]</span> stakes, and was applied to single farm-steadings and manors, -in which sense <i>tun</i> is still used in Iceland, and <i>toon</i> -in Scotland. The word <i>toon</i> retained this restricted meaning -even in England in the time of Wickliffe. These single enclosures -became the nucleus of a village which, gradually increasing, became a -town or city, in the same manner as villages and towns arose around -the Celtic <i>duns</i>, <i>raths</i>, and <i>lises</i>. This root, -in the names of towns and villages, is more common than any other in -Anglo-Saxon topography, being an element in an eighth part of the names -of dwelling-places in the south of Great Britain. The greatest number -of these names is connected with those of the original proprietors -of the places, of which but a few examples can be given here. In -such cases, the root <i>ton</i> is generally preceded by <i>s</i> or -<i>ing</i>—<i>qu. v.</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Grimston, Ormiston, Ribston, -Haroldston, Flixton, Kennington (the property of Grim, Orm, Hreopa, -Harold, and Felix); Canewdon (of Canute); Addlington and Edlington -(of the nobles); Dolphinton, Covington, and Thankerton, parishes in -Lanarkshire, took their names from Dolphine, Colban, and Tancred, -to whom the lands were given in very early times; Symington and -Wiston, in Lanarkshire, are found mentioned in old charters, the one -as Symington, in Ayrshire, named from the same Simon Lockhart, the -progenitor of the Lockharts of Lee; Cadoxton, <i>i.e.</i> Cadog’s town, -in Wales; <i>Ecclesia de uilla Simonis Lockard</i> (the church of Simon -Lockhart’s villa), and the other, <i>Ecclesia uilla Withce</i> (the -church of Withce’s villa); Haddington (the town of Haddo); Alfreton, -Wimbledon, Herbrandston, Houston (of Alfred, Wibba, Herbrand, Hugh); -Riccarton, in Ayrshire, formerly Richardston, took its name from -Richard Waleys, <i>i.e.</i> Richard the Foreigner, the ancestor of -the great Wallace); Stewarton, in Ayrshire, had its name from the -family which became the royal race of Scotland; Boston, in Lincoln -(named after St. Botolph, the patron saint of sailors); Maxton, a -parish in Roxburghshire (the settlement of Maccus, a person of some -note in the reign of David I.); Flemingston and Flemington (named from -Flemish emigrants); Woolston (from St. Woolstan); Ulverston (from -Ulphia, a Saxon chief); Wolverhampton and Royston (from ladies who<span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">[194]</span> -endowed religious houses at these places); Minchhampton (the home of -the nuns, <i>minchens</i>); Hampton (the enclosed home); Preston and -Presteign (priest’s town); Thrapston (the dwelling at the cross-roads); -Broughton (the town at the fort or mound), a parish in Peeblesshire, -with a village of the same name; Albrighton (the town of Aylburh); -Harrington (of the descendants of Haro); Barton and Barnton (the -enclosure for the crop; literally, what the land bears); Shettleston, -in Lanarkshire, Lat. <i>Villa-filii-Sadin</i> (the villa of Sadin’s -son); Bridlington (the town of the <i>Brihtlingas</i>, a tribe), -sometimes called <i>Burlington</i>; Adlington (town of Eadwulf); -Prestonpans, in Mid Lothian, named from the salt pans erected there -by the monks of Newbattle; Layton, in Essex, on the R. Lea; Luton, in -Bedford, also on the Lea; Makerston, in Roxburghshire, perhaps from -St. Machar; Johnstone, in Renfrew (founded by the Laird of Johnston -in 1782); Liberton, near Edinburgh, where there was an hospital for -lepers; Honiton, Co. Devon, <i>Ouneu-y-din</i> (the town of ash-trees); -Kensington (of the Kensings); Edmonton, in Middlesex (Edmond’s town); -North and South Petherton, in Somerset (named from the R. Parret), anc. -<i>Pedreda</i>; Campbeltown, in Argyleshire, received its name from the -Argyle family in 1701—its Gaelic name was <i>Ceann-Loch</i> (the loch -head); Launceston—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">LANN</span>; Torrington, in Devon (the -town on the hill, <i>tor</i>, or on the R. Torridge); Watlington (the -village protected by <i>wattles</i>). Of towns named from the rivers -near which they are situated, Collumpton, Crediton, Frampton, Taunton, -Lenton (on the Culm, Credy, Frome or Frame, Tone, and Lee); Northampton -(on the north shore of the R. <i>Aufona</i>, now the Nen); Okehampton, -on the R. Oke; Otterton, Leamington, Bruton, Moulton, Wilton, on the -Otter, Learn, Brue, Mole, and Willy; Darlington or Darnton, on the Dar; -Lymington, in Hants, anc. <i>Lenton</i> (on the pool); Southampton -(the south town on the Anton or Test, which with the Itchen forms -Southampton Water); Ayton, in Berwickshire, on the R. Eye.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">TOPOL</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>the poplar-tree; <i>e.g.</i> Töplitz, Neu and Alt (the place of -poplars), in the basin of the R. Elbe, to be distinguished<span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">[195]</span> from -Teplitz, in Bohemia—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">TEPLY</span>, which is sometimes -misnamed Töplitz.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">TORGAU</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>a market-place; <i>e.g.</i> Torgau, Torgovitza, Torgowitz -(market-towns).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">TORR</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">TWR</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>a mound, a heap, a conical hill, cognate with the Lat. <i>turris</i>, -the Ger. <i>thurm</i>, and the Grk. <i>pyrgos</i> (a tower); Tor, -in Ireland, means a tower also; <i>e.g.</i> Toralt (the tower of -the cliff); Tormore (great tower or tower-like rock); Tornaroy (the -king’s tower); Tory Island, off the Irish coast, had two distinct -names—<i>Torach</i> (<i>i.e.</i> abounding in tower-like rocks), and -<i>Toirinis</i> (the island of the tower), so named from a fortress -called <i>Tor-Conaing</i> (the tower of Conaing, a Fomorian chief); -Torran, Tortan (little tower), applied to little knolls, as in -Toortane and Turtane; Mistor and Mamtor, in Devonshire; Croken Torr, -in Cornwall (a hill where meetings were held—<i>gragan</i>, Welsh, -to speak); Torphichen (the raven’s hill), a parish in West Lothian; -Torbolton, in Ayrshire, tradition says is the town of Baal’s mound. -There is a beautiful hill in the parish where superstitious rites -are still held; a bonfire is raised, and a sort of altar erected, -similar to those described in the sacrifices to Baal on Mount Carmel; -Torbay, in Devonshire, named from the hill which overlooks the bay, -which gives its name to Torquay; Torrdubh and Torrduff (black hill); -Torbane and Torgorm (the white and the blue hill); Torbreck (speckled -hill); Torinturk (the wild boar’s hill); Kintore (at the head of the -hill), in Aberdeenshire; Turriff, in Banffshire, is the plural form -of <i>toir</i>. From the Lat. <i>turris</i> and its derivatives, come -Tordesillas (the tower of the bishop’s see), in Spain; Torquemada, -Lat. <i>Turris cremata</i> (the burned tower); Torr-alba and -Torre-blanca (the white tower); Torrecilla, Lat. <i>Turricellæ</i> -(the church-towers), in Spain; Torres-novas and Torres-vedras (the -new and old towers), in Portugal; Torella (the little tower), Naples; -Truxillo, in Spain, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Turris-Julii</i> (the tower of -Julius); Tourcoing (corner tower), in France; La-tour-Sans-Venin, near -Grenoble, is a corrupt. of <i>Tour-Saint-Verena</i>—to this saint the -chapel was dedicated; Tournay, in Belgium, Lat. <i>Turris Nerviorum</i> -(the tower of the Nervii); Torres-Torres (the fortifications of the -mountains),<span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">[196]</span> Tours, in France, is not named from this root, but from -the <i>Turones</i>, a tribe; but Torres Strait was named after the -navigator Torres, who discovered it in 1606. In the Semitic languages -also <i>Tzur</i> means a rock; it is the root of the names of the city -of Tyre, and of Syria, of which in early times it was the chief city. -Taurus or Tor is a general name for a mountain chain; Tabris (the -mountain town), a city of Persia.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">TRAETH</span> (Cym.-Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">TRAIGH</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a strand; <i>e.g.</i> Traeth-mawr (great strand); Traeth-bach (little -strand); Trefdraeth (the dwelling on the strand), in Wales; Traeth-coch -(red strand), in Anglesea. In Ireland: Tralee, Co. Derry, is from -<i>Traigh-liath</i> (the gray strand); Tranamadree (the strand of the -dogs), Co. Cork; Ballintra, when it occurs on the coast, means the town -on the strand, but inland it comes from <i>Baile-an-tsratha</i> (the -town on the river-holm); Ventry, Co. Kerry, is from <i>Fionn-traigh</i> -(white strand); as also Trabane, Trawane, and Trawbawn, which derive -their names from the whitish colour of the sand; Fintray, a parish in -Aberdeenshire on the R. Don, is also white strand; but Fintray, in -Dumbartonshire, was formerly <i>Fyntref</i> or <i>Fyntre</i>, probably -the dwelling, <i>tre</i>, on the Fenach, which is the boundary-stream -of the parish on one side; Traeth-Saith, in Wales, named after a -mythological patriarch.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">TRANK</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a tank for watering animals; <i>e.g.</i> Kleintrank (little tank); -Rosstrank (horse tank); Trankmühle (mill tank).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">TRAWA</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>grass; e.g. the Traun and the Trave (<i>i.e.</i> the grassy rivers); -Traunkirchen (the church on the Traun); Traunik, Trawitz (the grassy -place); Traunviertel (the district of the R. Traun), in Silesia and -Austria.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">TRE</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">TREF</span> (Cym.-Cel.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">TREABHAIR</span> (Gael.),</div> - -<p>a dwelling, a town; <i>e.g.</i> Treago, anc. <i>Tref-y-goll</i> -(hazel-tree dwelling), in Monmouth; Tre-n-eglos (church town), in -Cornwall; Tremaine (stone dwelling), Cornwall; <i>Tref-y-clawdd</i> -(the town of the dyke, <i>i.e.</i> Offa’s dyke), the Welsh name for -Knighton, in Pembrokeshire; Oswestry might come naturally from this -word, but the Welsh call it <i>Croes-Oswald</i> (the place of St. -Oswald’s martyrdom); Coventry, too, might be from the same root, but -Camden says it is a corruption of <i>Conventria</i> (the district -of the convent); Daventry, abridged from <i>Dwy-avon-tre</i> (the -dwelling on the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">[197]</span> two rivers); Truro, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Tre-rhiw</i> (the -dwelling on the sloping bank, or on the stream); Redruth, in Cornwall, -anc. <i>Tref-Derwydd</i> (the Druid’s town); Trefrhiw (the town on -the stream), in Caernarvon; Tremadoc (Madoc’s dwelling); Trecoid (the -dwelling in the wood); Braintree, Co. Essex (hill dwelling); Dreghorn, -in Ayrshire, anc. <i>Trequern</i> (the dwelling near alder-trees); -Thrisk, in Yorkshire, anc. <i>Tref-Ysk</i> (the dwelling by the -water); Tranent, in Mid Lothian, corrupt. from <i>Treabhairnant</i> -(the dwellings in the valley); Crailing, in Berwickshire, anc. -<i>Traverlin</i> (the dwellings on the pool); Tring, Co. Herts, anc. -<i>Treungla</i> or <i>Treangle</i> (the village at the corner), Welsh -<i>ongl</i>, Lat. <i>angulus</i>; Trelech (the dwelling at the stone, -called Harold’s grave); Tre-Taliesin (the dwelling of Taliesin, the -celebrated Welsh bard); Trenewydd (new dwelling), in Wales; Rhuddry, -a parish in Glamorgan, probably corrupt. from <i>Yr-yw-tre</i> (the -yew-trees’ home); Tre’r Beirdd (bard’s town); Trefawr, Trefach (great -and little town); Tredegar, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Tre-deg-fair-ar</i> (land), -(the choice abode); Tre-Wyddel (the forester’s abode); Trefhedyn, -<i>i.e.</i> <i>Tref-y-din</i> (hill town).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">TROM</span>, <span class="allsmcap">TRIUM</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>the elder-tree; <i>e.g.</i> Trim, in Co. Meath, corrupt. from -<i>Ath-trium</i> (the ford of the elder-trees); Trummery and Trimmer -(places abounding in elder-trees); Tromann, Trumman (the little -elder-tree).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">TUAIM</span>, <span class="allsmcap">TOOM</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a mound raised over a grave, cognate with the Lat. <i>tumulus</i>; -<i>e.g.</i> Tuam, Co. Galway, anc. <i>Tuaim-da-ghualann</i> (the -tumulus of the two shoulders, from the shape of the ancient sepulchral -mound); Toome, on the R. Bann; Tomfinlough (the tumulus of the clear -lake); Tomgraney (the tomb of Grian); the Tomies (hills on Lake -Killarney); Toomona (the tomb of the bog); Toomyvara, <i>i.e.</i> -<i>Tuaim-ui-Mheadra</i> (O’Mara’s tomb).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">TUAR</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a bleach-green, Anglicised <i>toor</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Tooreen (little -bleach-green); Tooreenagrena (the sunny little bleach-green); Monatore -(the bog of the bleach-green); Tintore, for <i>Tigh-an-tuair</i> (the -house at the bleach-green), in Ireland.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">TULACH</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a little hill or mound, and also a measure of land—Anglicised -<i>tulla</i>, <i>tullow</i>, <i>tully</i>, or <i>tulli</i>; <i>e.g.</i> -Tullow (the hill); Tullamore (great hill); Tullanavert (the hill of -the graves, <i>ferta</i>); Tullaghcullion and Tullycullion<span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">[198]</span> (of the -holly); Kiltullagh (church hill); Tullaghan (little hill); Tallow, Co. -Waterford, more correctly <i>Tealach-an-iarainn</i> (the hill of the -iron, from the neighbouring iron mines); Tullyallen, on the Boyne, -and Tulliallan, in Perthshire, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Tulaigh-álainn</i> -(the beautiful hill); Tullyard (high hill); Tillicoultry (the -hill at the back of the land), in Clackmannan; Tullibardine (the -bard’s hill); Tulloch-gorum (the blue hill); Tullybody (the hill -of the black cow, <i>bo dubh</i>); Tillyfour (the grassy hill, -<i>feoiridh</i>). <i>Tully</i> or <i>tilly</i>, however, is sometimes -a corruption of <i>teaglach</i> (a family), as in Tullynessle and -Tillymorgan—<i>v.</i> <span class="smcap">W. Skene</span>, LL.D.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">TUNDRA</span> (Tartar),</div> - -<p>a mossy flat, the name given to the vast plains on the Arctic Ocean.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">TURA</span> (Tartar),</div> - -<p>a town or settlement; <i>e.g.</i> Tura, a river in Russia, so called -by the Tartars because they made a settlement at the place; Tura, also -in Hungary; O’Tura (old town); Turinsk (the town on the R. Tura), in -Russia.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">TWISTLE</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>a boundary; <i>e.g.</i> Twistleton (the town on the boundary); -Oswaldtwistle (Oswald’s boundary); Haltwistle (high boundary); -Birchtwistle (birch-tree boundary); Ectwistle (oak-tree boundary).</p> - - -<h3>U</h3> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">UAMH</span> (Gadhelic),</div> - -<p>a cave; <i>e.g.</i> Cluain-uamha (the pasture of the cave), the ancient -name of Cloyne, Co. Cork; Drumnahoe, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Druim-na-huamha</i> -(the ridge of the cave); Mullinahone (the mill of the cave); Lisnahoon -(the fort of the cave), in Ireland. Wem, in Salop, and Wembdon, in -Somerset, as well as other place-names with the prefix <i>wem</i>, may -be derived from the A.S. <i>wem</i> (a hollow), analogous to the Cel. -<i>uaimh</i>. Wamphray, in Dumfriesshire, Gael. <i>Uamh-fridh</i> (the -forest-cave).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">UCHEL</span>, <span class="allsmcap">UCH</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>high, cognate with the Gael. <i>uchda</i> (a height); <i>e.g.</i> -Ucheltref and Ochiltree (the high dwelling); the Ochills, a hill range -in Perthshire, Lat. <i>Ocelli-montes</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">UISCE</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">UISGE</span> (Gadhelic),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">GWY</span> (Cym.-Cel.),</div> - -<p>water; <i>e.g.</i> Esk, Usk, Esky, Esker, Eskle, Oise, Ouse, Issy, Ax, -Axe, Ux, Ex, Use, Ousel, Wisk, Eska, Esla, Aisne, Isar, Isère, Isen, -Etsch (river names); Duffus<span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">[199]</span> and Doubs (black water); Marosh (marshy -water); the Theis, anc. <i>Tibiscus</i>; Adige, anc. <i>Athesis</i>; -the Po, anc. <i>Padusa</i>; Loch Ewe, and Ewes, a parish in Dumfries -watered by a stream of this name; Wisbeach (on the beach of the -<i>Wysg</i> or <i>Wash</i>), now some miles from the beach by the -gradual advance of the land; Knockaniska (the hillock on the water); -Killiskey and Killiskea (the church on the water), in Limerick; but -Balihiskey, in Tipperary, is from <i>Bealach-uisce</i> (the road -of the water); the Rivers Minho and Mincio, anc. <i>Minius</i> and -<i>Mincius</i> (little stream); Duffus (dark water); Istria (half -land, half water); Argense or Argenteus (silver stream), in France; -Caldas (warm waters), in Spain and Portugal; Ischia (the island of -waters), abounding in mineral springs; Issny, on the R. Leine, anc. -<i>Issiacum</i> (on the water); Metz, anc. <i>Mettis</i> (between the -waters), also named <i>Divodurum</i> (on the two rivers); Osimo, in -Italy, anc. <i>Auximum</i>, and Osna, in Spain, anc. <i>Uxama</i> (on -the water).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">URA</span> (Basque),</div> - -<p>water; <i>e.g.</i> Astura (rocky water), a river which gives its name -to the Asturias; Illuria (the town on the water); Illuro, with the -same meaning, now <i>Maturo</i>, in Spain; Osuno, anc. <i>Ursonum</i>, -and Tarazona, anc. <i>Turiaso</i> (the place of good waters), in -Spain—<i>osoa</i>, Basque (good); Oloron, anc. <i>Illura</i> (the town -on the water)—<i>illia</i>, Basque (a town).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">URBS</span> (Lat.),</div> - -<p>a city; <i>e.g.</i> Orvieto, Lat. <i>Urbs-vetus</i> (the old city).</p> - - -<h3>V</h3> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">VALLIS</span> (Lat.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">VAL</span> and <span class="allsmcap">VALLÉE</span> (Fr.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">VALLE</span> (Span., Port., and It.),</div> - -<p>a valley; <i>e.g.</i> Vallais (the land of valleys), in -Switzerland—its inhabitants were formerly called <i>Nantuates</i>, -<i>i.e.</i> valley dwellers; Val-de-Avallano (the valley of -hazels); Val-de-fuentes (of fountains); Val-del-laguna (of the -lagoon); Val-del-losa (of the flagstone); Val-del-Moro (of the -Moor); Val-de-Olivas (of olive-trees); Val-de-penas (of the rocks); -Val-de-robles (of the oak-trees), in Spain; Val-de-lys (the valley -of streams), in the Pyrenees, from an old Provençal word <i>lys</i> -(water); Vallée-de-Carol (of Charles), through which<span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">[200]</span> Charlemagne -passed from his conquest of the Moors; Vallombrosa (the shady -valley); Valparaiso (the valley of Paradise); Valtelline, in -Lombardy, consisting of a long valley, traversed by the R. Adda and -Teglio; Vaucluse, Lat. <i>Vallis-clusa</i> (the enclosed valley); -Orvaux, Lat. <i>Aure-vallis</i> (the golden valley); Riéval, Lat. -<i>Regia-vallis</i> (the royal valley); Vals (in the valley of -the Volane); Vaucouleurs, Lat. <i>Vallis-coloris</i> (the valley -of colour), in a valley of the R. Meuse, whose green and smiling -meadows have given it this name; Gerveaux or Yorvaux, in Durham, Lat. -<i>Uri-vallis</i> (the valley of the R. Ure); Pays-de-Vaud (the country -of valleys or of the Waldenses); Clairvaux, Lat. <i>Clara-vallis</i> -(the bright valley); Roncesvalles (the valleys abounding in briers); -Vaudemont, Lat. <i>Vallis-de-monte</i> (the valley of the mountain); -Val-di-chiana (the valley of the standing pool), in Italy.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">VAR</span>, <span class="allsmcap">VARAD</span> (Hung.),</div> - -<p>a fortress; <i>e.g.</i> Kolos-var, Ger. <i>Klausenburg</i>, anc. -<i>Claudipolis</i> (the enclosed fortress, or the city of Claudius); -Nagy-varad (great fortress); Vasvar, Ger. <i>Eisenburg</i> (iron -fortress); Szamos-Ujvar (the new fortress), on the R. Zamos; Sarivar -(palace fortress); Foldvar (the land fortress); Szekes-Fehervar, -Ger. <i>Stuhl-Weissenburg</i> (the white fortress of the throne); -Karoly-Fehervar or Karlsburg (Charles’s white fortress); Varosvar, -Ger. <i>Eisenthurm</i> (the red fortress or iron tower), in Hungary; -Ersek-Ujvar, Ger. <i>Neuhausel</i> (the bishop’s new fortress or seat).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">VAROS</span> (Hung.),</div> - -<p>a town; <i>e.g.</i> Ujvaros (the new town); Also-varos (lower town); -Szasz-varos, Ger. <i>Sachsenstadt</i> (the Saxon’s town.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">VATN</span> and <span class="allsmcap">VAND</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>a lake; <i>e.g.</i> Vatnsdalr (the valley of lakes); Arnarvatn (eagle -lake); Fiskvatn (fish lake); Langavat (long lake); Steepavat (steep -lake); Sanvatn (sandy lake); Miosen-Vand (little lake); Helgavatn (holy -lake); Vatster (the lake dwelling); Myvatn (the lake of the midges); -Vatnagaard (the farm on the lake).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">VEGA</span> (Span.),</div> - -<p>a plain; <i>e.g.</i> Vega-de-la-neustra-Senora (the plain of our Lady); -Vega-Espinarada (the plain surrounded by thorns).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">VELIKA</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">WELIKI</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>great; <i>e.g.</i> Velikaia (the great river); Velikja-luki (the great -marsh), in Russia; Welkawes (the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">[201]</span> great village or dwelling), in -Sclavonia; Welka, Welkow, Welchau, Welchow, etc., with the same meaning.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">VERNUS</span> (Lat.),</div> - -<p>the alder-tree, Cel. <i>gwern</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Verney, Vernez, Vernois, -Vernoy, Verneuil, Vernieres, etc., the names of various places in -France.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">VIE</span>, <span class="allsmcap">VE</span>, <span class="allsmcap">WY</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>holy; <i>e.g.</i> Wydale (the holy valley); Wyborg, Weighton, Wisby, -Wigthorpe (holy dwelling); Wigan, anc. <i>Wibiggan</i> (the holy -building), in Lancashire; Wigton, in Cumberland (holy town); but -Wigton, in Scotland (the town on the bay, <i>vig</i>); Sviga (holy -river), in Russia; Sviajsk (the town on the holy river); Sveaborg and -Viborg (holy town); Sviatos-nos (holy cape); Sviatskaia (holy town, or -of the deity worshipped by the Sclavonians, called <i>Sviatovid</i>), -in Russia.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">VILLA</span> (Lat.),</div> - -<p>a farm, manor, or town, with its derivatives in the Romance languages; -<i>e.g.</i> Villa-hermosa (the beautiful town); Villa-franca-de-panades -(the free town of the bakers), in Spain. In France: Charleville (named -after Charles, Duc de Nevers); Flamanville (founded by a colony of -Flemings), in Normandy; Joinville, Lat. <i>Jovis-Villa</i> (the city -of Jove, named from a Roman tower near the town); Luneville (the city -of the moon), supposed to have been named from a temple to Diana; -Offranville, in Normandy, Lat. <i>Vulfrani Villa</i> (the manor -of Wulfran); Auberville and Aubervilliers (the manors of Albert); -Thionville (the manor of Theodone), Lat. <i>Theodonis Villa</i>; La -Ville-tertre (hill town); Deville, formerly <i>Dei Villa</i> (the city -of God); Marteville, Lat. <i>Martis Villa</i> (of Mars); Villa-Viçosa -(abundant town), in Spain and Portugal; Villa-rica (rich town); Yeovil, -in Somerset (the town on the R. Yeo); Maxwell, in Kirkcudbright and -in Roxburghshire, corrupt. from <i>Maccusville</i> (the manor or -settlement of Maccus, to whom the lands were given by David I.); -Philipville or Philipstadt, in Belgium (named by Charles V. after his -son); Louisville, in the United States (named after Louis XVI., whose -troops assisted the Americans in the War of Independence).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">VINEA</span>, <span class="allsmcap">VINETUM</span> (Lat.),</div> - -<p>a vineyard; <i>e.g.</i> Le Vignæ, La Vignelle, Les Vigneaux, Vigneaux, -Vigny, Vinax, and places abounding in the vine; La Vigne, in France.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">[202]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">VOE</span> (Scand.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">VOGR</span>,</div> - -<p>a bay; <i>e.g.</i> Leirvogr (mud bay); Laxvoe (salmon bay); Siliavoe -(herring bay); Grunavoe (green bay); Westvoe (west bay); Aithsvoe (the -bay on the <i>aith</i> or headland); Sandvoe (sandy bay); Kaltenwaag -(cold bay); Vaage (on the bay), a town in Norway.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">VORM</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>in front of; <i>e.g.</i> Vormbach, Vormbusch, Vormhorst, Vormhagen (in -front of the brook, thicket, wood, and hedge).</p> - - -<h3>W</h3> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">WAD</span>, <span class="allsmcap">WATH</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">VAD</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>a ford, cognate with the Lat. <i>vadum</i> and the Gadhelic <i>ath</i>; -<i>e.g.</i> Wadebridge (the bridge at the ford), in Cornwall; -Wath-upon-Dearne (the ford of the R. Dearne), in Yorkshire; Carnwath -(the ford at the cairn), in Lanarkshire; Lasswade (the ford on the -pasture-land, <i>laes</i>), in Mid Lothian; Wath (the ford), on the -Yorkshire Ouse; Langwaden (long ford), in Germany; Wageningen, Lat. -<i>Vadu</i> (on the ford), in Holland, on the R. Leck.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">WÂDI</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">WADY</span> (Ar.),</div> - -<p>a river-course or ravine; <i>e.g.</i> Wâdi-el-Ain (the ravine of -the fountain); Wâdi-Sasafeh (of the pigeons); Wâdi-Sidri (of the -thorn); Wady-Solab (of the cross); Wâdy-Shellal (of the cataract); -Wâdy-Magherah (of the caves); Wady-Sagal (of the acacia); Wady-Mousa -(of Moses); Wâdy-Abou-hamad (of the father fig-tree, named from a -very old tree); Wady-Mokatteb (of the writing, from the number of -inscriptions made by pilgrims); Wady-hamman (of the wild pigeons).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">WALD</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">WEALD</span>, <span class="allsmcap">WOLD</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>a wood or waste land; <i>e.g.</i> Walden-Saffron, in Essex (the -waste land on which saffron was afterwards cultivated); the Weald, -Wold, and Wealdon (the waste lands), in Essex, Kent, Lincoln, and -Yorkshire; Waltham and Walthamstow (the dwelling-place near the wood); -Waldstadt, Waldheim, Walddorf (dwellings near the wood), in Germany; -Waldeck (woody corner, or corner of the wood); Waldshut (the forest -hut), in Switzerland; Boëmerwald (the Bohemian forest); Waldau (woody -meadow); Waldsassen (the settlement in the wood); Unterwalden (under<span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">[203]</span> -or below the wood); Zinnwald-Sachsisch (the wood near the Saxon’s tin -mine); Finsterwalde (the dark wood); Greifswald (the griffin’s wood); -Habechtswald (hawk’s wood); Lichtenwald (the cleared wood); Rugenwalde -(the wood of the Rugii, a tribe), in Pomerania; Regenwalde and -Saalwalde (the woody districts of the rivers Rega and Saale); Methwald -(in the midst of woods), in Norfolk; Leswalt (the pasture, <i>laes</i>, -in the wood), in Wigtonshire; Mouswald (the wood near Lochar Moss), in -Dumfriesshire; Wooton-Basset, in Wilts (the woody town of the Basset -family, so called from the quantity of wood in the neighbourhood).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">WALL</span> (Old Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">WEALL</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>an embankment, a rampart, a wall, cognate with the Lat. <i>vallum</i>, -the Gadhelic <i>balla</i>, and the Welsh <i>gwal</i>; <i>e.g.</i> -Walton, on the Naze, where there was a walled enclosure to defend -the northern intruders from the assaults of their hostile Saxon -neighbours; Walton, also, in the east corner of Suffolk (the town -near the wall); also Walton, on the Thames; Walton-le-dale and Walton -(on the hill), in Lancashire; Wallsend (at the end of the wall), -in Northumberland; Walford, in Hereford (the ford near a Roman -fortification); Wallsoken (the place near the wall, where the judicial -courts were held)—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">SOC</span>; Walmer (the sea-wall), in -Kent; Wallburg, Walldorf (walled towns), in Germany; Wallingford, -in Berks, anc. <i>Gallena</i>, Welsh <i>Gwal-hen</i> (the old wall -or fortification), A.S. <i>Wealingaford</i>; Wallmill, Wallshiels, -Wallfoot, Wallhead, places in Northumberland near the wall of Adrian; -Walpole (the dwelling, <i>bol</i>, near the wall), in Norfolk, a -sea-bank raised by the Romans as a defence from the sea; but Walsham -and Walsingham, in Norfolk, take their name from the <i>Waelsings</i>, -a tribe. This place was called by Erasmus Parathalasia, Grk. (by the -sea-beach).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">WALSCH</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">WEALH</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">VLACH</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>foreign. These words were applied by the Teutonic and Sclavonic -nations to all foreigners, and to the countries inhabited or colonised -by those who did not come from a Teutonic stock or speak their -language. In the charters of the Scoto-Saxon kings the Celtic Picts -of Cambria and Strathclyde were called <i>Wallenses</i>; <i>e.g.</i> -Wales, <i>Gwalia</i>—root <i>gwal</i> or <i>gall</i>, foreign. The -Welsh call their own country<span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">[204]</span> <i>Cymru</i> (the abode of the Kymry -or aborigines)—(the home of the Cymric Celts), so named by the -Saxons; Wallachia (the strangers’ land, <i>vlach</i>), so called by -the Germans and Sclaves because colonised by the Romans; Walcherin, -anc. <i>Walacria</i> or <i>Gualacra</i> (the island of the strangers -or Celts); Cornwall (the horn or promontory of the Celts); also -Cornuailles (a district in Brittany peopled by British emigrants from -Wales); Wallendorf (the town of the strangers), the German name for -<i>Olaszi</i> or <i>Olak</i>, in Hungary, peopled by Wallachians; -Wallenstadt and Wallensee (the town and lake on the borders of the -Romansch district of the Grisons, conquered by the Romans under -Constantius); Wâlschland, the German name for Italy. The Celts of -Flanders were also called Walloons by their German neighbours; and -Wlachowitz, in Moravia, means the town of the Wallachs or strangers. -The Gadhelic <i>gall</i> (foreign), although used with the same meaning -as <i>wealh</i>, is not connected with it. It is a word that has -been applied to strangers by the Irish from the remotest antiquity; -and as it was applied by them to the natives of Gaul (<i>Galli</i>), -<i>gall</i>, in the first instance, might mean simply a native -of Gaul. It was afterwards used in reference to the Norwegians, -<i>Fionn-ghaill</i> (the <i>fair</i>-haired strangers); and to the -Danes, <i>Dubh-ghaill</i> (the <i>dark</i>-haired strangers); and in -connection with them and with the English the word enters largely into -Irish topography; <i>e.g.</i> Donegal, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Dun-nau-Gall</i> -(the fortress of the foreigners or Danes); Clonegall and Clongall (the -meadow of the strangers); Ballynagall and Ballnagall (the town of the -strangers, or English). For the further elucidation of these words -<i>v.</i> <i>Irish Names of Places</i>, by Dr. Joyce, and <i>Words -and Places</i>, by the Rev. Isaac Taylor. The words <i>Gaill</i> and -<i>Gallda</i> are applied by the Highlanders of Scotland to their -countrymen in the Lowlands, but they have no connection with the name -which they apply to themselves—<i>The Gaidheil</i>, derived from an -ancestor <i>Gaodal</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">WANG</span> (Ger. and A.S.),</div> - -<p>a field or strip of land, allied to the Scottish <i>whang</i>, a slice; -<i>e.g.</i> Feuchtwang (moist field); Duirwangen (barren field); -Ellwangen, anc. <i>Ellhenwang</i> (the field of the temple, <i>eleh</i> -or <i>alhs</i>); Affolterwangen (apple-tree field); Wangford (the ford -of the <i>wang</i>).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">[205]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">WARA</span> (Sansc.),</div> - -<p>a dwelling; <i>e.g.</i> Kattiwar (the dwelling of the Katties, -a tribe); Judwar (of the Juts or Jats); Kishtewar (the dwelling -in the wood). In Anglo-Saxon <i>wara</i> means inhabitants—thus -<i>Lindiswaras</i> (the inhabitants of Lincoln; <i>Cantwara</i>, of -Kent).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">WARD</span>, <span class="allsmcap">WART</span>, <span class="allsmcap">WARTH</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>a watch-tower or beacon, or a place guarded, A.S. <i>waerdian</i>, Ger. -<i>warten</i>, to guard—<i>waering</i>, a fortification; <i>e.g.</i> -Hohenwarth, Lat. <i>Altaspecula</i> (the high watch-tower); Warburg -(the town of the watch-tower), in Westphalia. In England: Warden, -Wardle, Wardley (guarded places, or places where the warden of the -district resided); Wardlaw (the beacon hill); Wardoe (beacon island), -in Norway; Warwick, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Waering-vic</i> (the fortified -dwelling, or the fort of the <i>Waerings</i>); Wöerden or Warden (the -fortified place), in Holland; Vordhill, in Shetland, and Varberg, -in Sweden (the hill of the beacon); Warthill, or beacon hill, in -Westmoreland; Warburton, found as <i>Wardeburgh</i> (the town near -the watch-fort)—here Athelfreda, Oueen of Mercia, built a citadel; -Warrington (the town with the fortress, <i>waering</i>); Gross-wardein, -the German rendering of <i>Nagy varad</i>, Sclav. (great fortress). -From <i>guardar</i>, Span. (to defend), we have Guardamar (the sea -guard, with a hill-fort at the mouth of the R. Segura); La Guardia -(built as a defence against the incursions of the Moors); Guardia-regia -(royal fortress); Leeuwarden, anc. <i>Lienwarden</i> (the guarded place -near lime-trees), in the Netherlands.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">WARID</span>, <span class="allsmcap">WERID</span> (Old Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">WERDER</span> (Mod. Ger.),</div> - -<p>a river island, or sometimes a plot of ground insulated by marshes -and secured by dykes. It often takes the forms of <i>werth</i> or -<i>wirth</i>, cognate with the A.S. <i>worth</i> or <i>worthing</i>, -<i>qu. v.</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Bischopswerder (the bishop’s island); -Elsterwerder, Saarwerder (the islands in the Rivers Elster and Saar); -Donauworth (the island in the R. Danube); Kirchwerder (church island); -Marienwerder (the island or enclosure dedicated to the Virgin Mary); -Falconswaart (the falcon’s enclosure), in Holland; Poppenwarth (the -priest’s enclosure); Werden, Werder, Wertheim (dwellings near river -islands); Worth (the enclosed place), in Bavaria; Worth-sur-Sauer -(the enclosure on the R. Sauer); Nonnenwerth<span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">[206]</span> (the nun’s enclosure); -Furstenwerder (the prince’s island); Verden (near a large island -formed by the R. Aller), in Hanover; Verderbruch (the island bridge); -Bolswaard (Bolswine’s river island), in Holland; Wertingen (a town on -an island in the R. Schmutter); Schönwerder (beautiful island on the -R. Unstruth); Werth-sur-Sauer, in Alsace (on an island formed by the -Rivers Sauer and Soultzbach); Borumeler-Waard (an island near the town -of Berumel), in Holland, formed by the junction of the Rivers Waal and -Maas; but Hoyerswerda, in Silesia, is a corruption of the Wendish name -<i>Worejze</i> (the town on the ploughed land).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">WARK</span>, <span class="allsmcap">VIRKI</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>a fortress; <i>e.g.</i> Wark, in Dumfriesshire, Warke Castle, on the -Scottish border; Warkthwaite (the enclosure belonging to the fortress), -in Cumberland; Aldwark (old fortress); Newark, in Nottingham and in -Selkirk (the new fortress); Southwark (the south fortress); Warksburn, -Warkton, Warkworth (places named from their vicinity to Warke Castle), -in Northumberland.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">WASSER</span>, <span class="allsmcap">WAZAR</span> (Teut.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">WODA</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>water; <i>e.g.</i> Rothwasser (a town on the red river); Schwartzwasser -(black water); Whiteadder (white water), river names; Ullswater -(named from Ulla or Ulf, a Norse chief); Wasserburg, in Bavaria, on -the R. Inn, and Wasserburg on Lake Constance (the town on the water); -Waterloo (the watery marsh); Wasserbillig (the plain by the river); -Zwishenwassern (between the waters, at the confluence of two streams), -in Illyria; Altwasser, Sclav. <i>Starawoda</i> (the old stream), in -Moravia. The ancient name of the R. Odra was <i>Wodra</i> (water).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">WEG</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">WAAG</span> (Dutch),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">WAEG</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>a way, a road, cognate with the Lat. <i>via</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Wegefurt -and Wayford (the way to the ford); Bradenwaag, (broad way); Lichtenweg -(the cleared road); Wegmühle (mill road); Wainfleet (the way by -the harbour); Wakefield (the field by the wayside); Norway, A.S. -<i>Norwaegas</i> (the northern districts or paths); Courbevoie, Lat. -<i>Curba-via</i> (the curbed way), in France.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">WEIDE</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">WEOD</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>pasture; <i>e.g.</i> Langenweid (the long pasture); Rathsweide (the -councillor’s pasture); Neuweid (new pasture); Mittweyda (the middle -pasture).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">[207]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">WEILER</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>a hamlet, Old Ger. <i>wila</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Kleinweil (the little -hamlet); Kurzweil (short hamlet); Langweil (long hamlet), Pfaffwyl (the -priest’s hamlet); Weiller, in Alsace, Echzell, in Hesse-Darmstadt, -corrupt. from <i>Achizwila</i> (the hamlet on the water); Eschweiler -(the hamlet near ash-trees); Dettweiler (the hamlet of the diet, or -people’s meeting); Rappersweil (the hamlet of Rappert, a personal -name); Rothwell, in Baden, anc. <i>Rotwili</i> (red hamlet). In -England this word takes the form of <i>well</i> or <i>will</i>, as -in Kittlewell and Bradwell. In Normandy, Hardvilliers, Rohrwiller, -Neuviller, etc.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">WEIR</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>a dam, that which wards off the water, <i>wearan</i>, A.S., to guard; -<i>e.g.</i> Ware, in Co. Hertford, named from a dam on the R. Lea, -made by the Danes; Wareham (the town on the Weir), in Dorsetshire; -Warminster (the monastery near the weir.)</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">WEISS</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">HWIT</span> (A.S.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">HVID</span> (Scand.),</div> - -<p>white; <i>e.g.</i> Weisshorn (white cape); Weissmaes (white field); -Weissenberg and Weissenfels (white rock); Weissenburg and Weissenstadt -(white town); Weissenthurm (white tower). Sometimes the word takes -the form of <i>witten</i>, as in Wittenberg and Wittenburg (white -fortress), although this prefix is frequently derived from <i>vitu</i>, -wood; Whitacre (white field); Whitburne, Whitbourne, Whitbeck (white -stream); Witley (white meadow); Whiston, in Worcester, so named because -it was originally a convent of <i>white</i> nuns.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">WEND</span>, <span class="allsmcap">WIND</span>,</div> - -<p>words applied in German topography to mark the settlements of the -Wends or Sclavonians, from the verb <i>wandeln</i>, to wander. -The Sclavonians call themselves <i>Slowjane</i>, which means -intelligible men, or <i>Srb</i>, which means <i>kinsmen</i>; while, -by all the Sclavonic tribes, the Germans are called <i>niemiec</i>, -the dumb men, because their language is unintelligible to their -Sclavonic neighbours. The Wends in the sixth century occupied the -north-eastern parts of Germany, but are now chiefly confined to -Lusatia; <i>e.g.</i> Wendischbach (the Wends’ brook); Wendischhausen -and Windsheim (the dwellings of the Wends); Wendischgratz (the Wends’ -fortress); Wendischkappel (the Wends’ chapel or church); Windecken and -Wendischhayn (the Wends’ corner and enclosure).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">[208]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">WERBA</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>pasture; <i>e.g.</i> Werben, on the Elbe.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">WERCH</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>a summit; <i>e.g.</i> Werchau (the town on the height), in Prussia; -Werch-see (the lake on the height); Werchne-Udinsk (the height on -the R. Uda); Verkne-Dnieprevosk (the high town on the R. Dnieper); -Werchne-Uralish, on the R. Ural; Verkne-Kolynski, on the R. Kolyma; -Verkne-Sousensk, on the R. Sosna; Werchblatt (high marsh).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">WERF</span>, <span class="allsmcap">WARF</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>a dam or wharf; literally, what is thrown up—<i>werfen</i>; -<i>e.g.</i> Werfen (the town on the embankment), in Upper Austria; -Antwerp, anc. <i>Andoverpum</i> (at the wharf); Hohenwerpum (high -wharf); Neuwarp (new wharf).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">WERK</span>, <span class="allsmcap">WEORC</span> (Teut.),</div> - -<p>a work, applied in topography to places where manufactures are -carried on; <i>e.g.</i> <i>Bergwerk</i> (a hill work or mine); -Konigswerk (the king’s manufactory); Hofwerk and Werkhausen (places -connected with mines); Hüttenwerk (the huts of the workmen in the -Hartz Mountains); Seifenwerk (the place for washing the metals at the -mines); Frederickswerk (a cannon foundry in Denmark established by King -Frederick); Wirksworth, in Derbyshire (the enclosure near the mines).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">WESTEN</span> (Ger.),</div> - -<p>the west. This word Buttman traces to an old Ger. root <i>wesen</i>, -Goth. <i>visan</i> (rest), <i>i.e.</i> the quarter of the heavens where -the sun sinks to rest; <i>e.g.</i> Westphalia (the western plain); -Westerwald (west wood); Westerufer (the western shore, <i>i.e.</i> of -the R. Inn); Westhausen and Westhoffen (the west dwellings and court), -in Alsace; Wesen, on the west shore of Lake Wallensee; Westeraas, -in Sweden, anc. <i>Vestra-aros</i> (western dwelling), so called to -distinguish it from Ostra-aros (the eastern dwelling); Westman’s -Isles, Scand. <i>Vestmanna-eyar</i>, on the coast of Iceland, so -called because peopled by men from the west—Irish pirates; Westbury, -Westbourn, Weston, Westbrook, from the same root.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">WICH</span>, <span class="allsmcap">WIC</span>, <span class="allsmcap">WYK</span> (Teut.),<br /> -WICK, VIG (Scand.),<br /> -WAS, WIES (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>a dwelling, a village, a town—a word in general use in the topography -of Great Britain, as well as on the continent, but with various -meanings. According to Leo, the Teut. <i>wich</i> or <i>vichs</i> -arose from the root <i>waes</i>, A.S., and <i>wiese</i>, Ger. (a moist -meadow) and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_209">[209]</span> hence was applied to places situated on low lands, often -on the bank of a stream; <i>e.g.</i> Meeswyk (the town on the Maas); -Beverwyk, on the Bever. The primary meaning seems to have been a -station—with the Anglo-Saxons a station or abode on the <i>land</i>, -with the Norsemen a station for <i>ships</i>. The root of the word runs -through all the Aryan languages—Sansc. <i>veça</i>, Grk. <i>oikos</i>, -Pol. <i>wies</i>, Ir. <i>fieh</i>, Cym.-Cel. <i>qwic</i>, all meaning -an abode; <i>e.g.</i> Alnwick (the town on the R. Alne); Ipswich, anc. -<i>Gippenswich</i>, on the Gipping; York, A.S. <i>Eorvic</i>, Lat. -<i>Eboracum</i>, Welsh <i>Caer-Ebreuc</i> (the town on the water, -or R. Eure); Hawick (the town on the haugh or low meadow); Noordwyk -(north town); Nederwyk (lower town); Zuidwyk and Zuick (south town), -in Holland and Belgium; Harwich (army town), so called from having -been a Saxon station or military depot; Keswick (the town of Cissa); -Wickware, in Gloucestershire (the town of the family of De la Ware). On -the other hand, the Scandinavian <i>wich</i> or <i>vig</i> signifies a -bay, or a place situated on the coast, or at the mouth of a river—thus -Schleswick (on a bay formed by the R. Schlie), in Prussia; Wick (the -town on the bay), in Caithness; Sandwich (the town on the sandy bay); -Lerwick (on the muddy bay); Greenwich, Scand. <i>Granvigen</i> (the -town on the pine bay); Reikjavik, in Iceland (the reeky or smoky -bay); Vigo in Spain, and Vaage in Norway (on spacious bays); Swanage, -in Dorset, anc. <i>Swanwick</i> (Sweyen’s bay town); Brodick, in -Arran (the broad bay town); Wicklow, in Ireland, probably Danish -<i>Vigloe</i> (bay shelter), used by the Danes as a ship station; -Smerwick (butter bay); Berwick, contracted from <i>Aberwick</i> (at -the mouth of the R. Tweed)—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">ABER</span>. <i>Wiche</i> -also denotes a place where there are salt mines or springs, and in -this sense is probably connected with the Scand. <i>vig</i>, as salt -was often obtained by the evaporation of sea-water in shallow bays; -thus Nantwich—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">NANT</span>; Middlewich (the middle salt -works); Droitwich, Lat. <i>Salinæ</i> (the salt springs, where the -<i>droit</i> or tax was paid). In some cases <i>wich</i> or <i>wick</i> -is derived from the Lat. <i>vicus</i>, cognate with the Grk. -<i>oikos</i> and Sansc. <i>veça</i> (a dwelling)—thus Katwyk-sur-mer -and Katwyk-sur-Rhin are supposed to occupy the site of the Roman -<i>Vicus-Cattorum</i> (the dwelling-place of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_210">[210]</span> the Chatti); Vick or -Vique, in Spain, from <i>Vicus-Ausoniensis</i> (the dwelling of the -Ausones); Vidauban, in France, from <i>Vicus-Albanus</i> (the dwelling -of Albanus); Longwy, from <i>Longus-vicus</i> (long town); Limoges, -anc. <i>Lemovicum</i> (the town of the Lemovici); also in France: -Vic-desprès (the town on the meadows); Vic-sur-Losse and Vic-sur-Aisne, -the towns on these rivers. The Sclav. <i>wice</i> is found in Jazlowice -(the town on the marsh); and Malschwice (Matthew’s town), etc.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">WIDR</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">VITU</span> (Teut. and Scand.),</div> - -<p>wood; <i>e.g.</i> Norwood (north wood); Selwood, Lat. -<i>Sylva-magna</i> (great wood), Celtic <i>Coitmaur</i>; Coteswold -(from its sheep-cotes, in the wood); the Wolds, near Wolderness, in -Yorkshire; Ringwood, in Hants, Lat. <i>Regni-sylva</i> (the wood or -forest of the <i>Regni</i>, a tribe); Wittstock and Woodstock (woody -place); but Wittingau, Wittingen, Wittgenstein, Wittgensdorf, and -other names with this prefix in Germany, come from the patronymic -<i>Wittick</i> or <i>Wittikind</i> (<i>i.e.</i> the children of the -woods). In England the same prefix may mean <i>white</i>, as in Witney, -or from places where the Saxon <i>Witangemote</i> held their meetings; -Holywood, in Dumfriesshire, Lat. <i>Abbia sacra nemoris</i> (the abbey -of the sacred wood), called by the Irish <i>Der-Congal</i> (the sacred -oak grove of Congal).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">WIECK</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">WIKI</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>a market especially for corn; <i>e.g.</i> Wieck (the market town), -the name of numerous places in the Sclavonic districts; Wikow (the -Sclavonic name for Elsterwerder)—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">WARID</span>, etc.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">WIESE</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">WAES</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>pasture-ground or meadow; <i>e.g.</i> Pfaffenwiese (the priest’s -meadow); Schaafwiese (sheep pasture); Wiesbaden (the meadow baths); -the Wash (near moist pasture-ground); Wismar (beautiful or rich -meadow), in Mecklenburg; Wiesflech (the hamlet in the meadow pasture); -Ziegelwasen (the goat’s meadow); Wisheim (the dwelling in the meadow or -pasture-ground).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">WILIG</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>the willow; <i>e.g.</i> Wilcrick (willow crag); Wilden (willow hollow); -but Willoughby and Willoughton, probably from a personal name.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">WIN</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>victory; <i>e.g.</i> Winford, Winslow, Wingrave, Wimborne (the ford, -hill, entrenchment, and brook of the victory).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">[211]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">WINKEL</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">WINCEL</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>a corner; <i>e.g.</i> Winceby (corner dwelling); Winchcomb (the -corner hollow); Winchelsea (the island or moist land at the corner); -Winchendon (corner hill); Winkleigh (corner meadow); Winkelhorst -(corner thicket); Winkeldorf (corner village); Winklarn (the waste -field at the corner).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">WISCH</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">OSSICK</span>,</div> - -<p>contracted from the Sclav. <i>hussoki</i> (high); <i>e.g.</i> Wissek, -Weissagh, Wisowice or Wisowitz, Ossiegt, and Ossagh (high village); -Wischhrad (high fortress); Wisoki-mazo-wieck (the high middle -market-town), in Poland; but in Germany <i>wisch</i> is sometimes a -form of <i>wiese</i> (meadow), as in Wischmühle (the meadow mill); -Wischhausen (the dwelling in the meadow); Essek, for <i>Ossick</i> -(high place), in Sclavonia.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">WITHIG</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>the willow; <i>e.g.</i> Witham, Withern (willow dwelling); Withybrook -(willow stream); Withridge (willow ridge).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">WOH</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>a turning; <i>e.g.</i> Woburn, Wooburn (the bend of the stream); Woking -(the turning at the chink or chine).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">WOL</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>the ox; <i>e.g.</i> Wolgast (the oxen’s shed); Wohlau (an enclosure -for oxen), a town in Prussia which carries on a great trade in cattle; -Wollin (the place of oxen), at the mouth of the R. Oder.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">WOLSCHA</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">OELZA</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>the alder-tree; <i>e.g.</i> Wolschau, Wolschen, Wolsching, Wolschinka -(the place abounding in alders); the Sclavonic name for the R. Elster -is <i>Wolshinka</i> (the river of alders); Oels, in Silesia, on -the Oelse (alder-tree stream); Oelsen and Olsenice (the village of -alder-trees); Olsnitz (the town on Elster, or alder stream).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">WOLV</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">WOL</span>,</div> - -<p>a prefix sometimes employed with reference to the wolf, as in -Wolvesley (the wolves’ island), where a tribute of wolves’ heads was -paid annually by the Britons to the Saxons, by order of King Edgar. -Sometimes as a contraction for <i>wold</i> (the waste land), as in -Wolford, Wolborough, Woldingham, Wooler, and in Woolverton; but it -comes often also from a personal name, as in Wolfhamcote, Wulferlow, -Wolferton (from Ulp or Wulfhern).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">WORTH</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">WEORTHING</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>a farm, manor, or estate, a place warded or protected, A.S. -<i>warian</i> (to defend); cognate with the Ger. <i>warid</i> or -<i>werder</i>; <i>e.g.</i> Worthing in Sussex, Worthen in Salop, -Worthy and Worting in Hants,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">[212]</span> Worthington in Lancashire (the farm or -manor); Highworth (high manor); Kenilworth (the estate of Kenelm); -Bosworth (of Bosa); Edgeworth (the estate on the border); Edgeware, -anc. <i>Edgeworth</i>, same meaning; Polwarth (the estate on the -marshy land), a parish in Berwickshire; Ravenworth (the manor of -Hrafen); Rickmansworth (of Rickman); Tamworth (the manor), on R. Tam; -Wandsworth, on the R. Wandle; Worksworth (the place near the miner’s -works); Chatsworth (the manor in the wood), Celtic <i>coed</i>; -Hammersmith, corrupt. from <i>Hermoderworth</i> (the manor of Hermode).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">WURZE</span> (Ger.),<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">WYRT</span> (A.S.),</div> - -<p>an herb, a plant; <i>wyrtun</i>, a garden; <i>e.g.</i> Wurtzburg, anc. -<i>Herbipolis</i> (the city of plants); Wortley (the place or field of -herbs); Warton (the garden).</p> - - -<h3>Y</h3> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">YEN</span> (Chinese),</div> - -<p>salt; <i>e.g.</i> Yen-shan (salt hill); Yen-yuen (salt spring).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">YENI</span> (Turc.),</div> - -<p>new; <i>e.g.</i> Yenidja-Vardar (the new fortress), anc. <i>Pella</i>; -Yenidya-Carasu (the new place on the black water); Yenikale (the -new castle); Yenikhan (new inn); Yeniseisk (the new town on the R. -Yenisei); Yenishehr (the new dwelling); Yeni-Bazar (new market); -Yenikoi (new village); Yeni-Hissar (new castle).</p> - - -<h3>Z</h3> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ZAB</span> (Ar.),</div> - -<p>a fountain; <i>e.g.</i> Great and Little Zab, in Turkey.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ZARNY</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">CZERNY</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>black; <i>e.g.</i> Zschorne (black town); Sornosche-Elster, <i>i.e.</i> -the black R. Elster; Zschornegosda (black inn); Zarnowice, Zarnowitz, -Sarne, Sarnow, Sarnowo, Sarnaki (black village).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ZERENY</span>, or <span class="allsmcap">CZERENY</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>red; <i>e.g.</i> Tscherna (the red river); Tscherniz or Zerniz (red -town); Tzernagora (red mountain).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ZERKWA</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>a Greek church, from the Grk. <i>kuriake</i>; a Romish church in their -language is called <i>kosciol</i>; a Protestant church, <i>zbor</i>; -<i>e.g.</i> Zerkowo, Zerkowitz, Zerkwitz (the town of the Greek -church).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_213">[213]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ZETTEL</span> (Sclav.),</div> - -<p>from <i>sedal</i> (Ger.), a seat or settlement; <i>e.g.</i> Brockzettel -(the settlement or seat on the broken-up land); Endzettel (the -settlement at the corner); Weinzettel (the wine settlement).</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">ZI</span> (Old Fr.),</div> - -<p>a habitation; <i>e.g.</i> Sussi (the habitation on high ground); Issy -(the dwelling, <i>here</i>, or on low ground); Passy (the dwelling near -the boat—<i>bac</i> or <i>bad</i>).</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">[215]</span></p> - -<h2>INDEX</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center"><i>A few Names which do not occur in the body of the Work are explained -in the Index.</i></p> - -<p class="p-index">A</p> - -<ul> - <li>Abbeville, - <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> - - <li>Abbeyfeale, - <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> - - <li>Abbeyleix and Abbeyshrule, - <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Abyssinia, named from the Rivers Abai and Wabash, or, according to -Bruce, from <i>habish</i> (mixed), <i>i.e.</i> the country of the -mixed races</li> - - <li>Acapulca, - <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> - - <li>Acre, anc. <i>Accho</i>, Ar. the sultry or sandy shore</li> - - <li>Adelsberg, the nobles’ fortress</li> - - <li>Aden, Ar. a paradise</li> - - <li>Afium-kara-hissar, Turc. the black castle of opium</li> - - <li>Agades, the enclosure</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Agde, in France, Grk. <i>Agathos</i>, the good place, founded by -Greeks from Marseilles</li> - - <li>Aghrim, or Aughrim, - <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - - <li>Agosta, Lat. <i>Augusta</i></li> - - <li>Agra, - <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> - - <li>Airdrie, - <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> - - <li>Aix, - <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> - - <li>Aix-la-Chapelle, - <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> - - <li>Akerman, Turc. (white castle)</li> - - <li>Akhalzk, new fortress</li> - - <li>Alabama, the land of rest</li> - - <li>Alagous Bay (abounding in lakes)</li> - - <li>Aland, water land</li> - - <li>Albania, - <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Albert, in Cape Colony, named after the Prince Consort</li> - - <li>Albuera, Ar. the lake</li> - - <li>Albuquerque, Lat. the white oak-tree</li> - - <li>Alcala, Ar. the castle, - <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> - - <li>Alcantara, - <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> - - <li>Alcarez, Ar. the farm</li> - - <li>Aldershott, - <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> - - <li>Alemtayo (beyond the R. Tagus)</li> - - <li>Aleutian Islands, the bold rocks</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Alexandria and Alexandretta, named after Alexander the Great</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Alexandria, in Cape Colony, in honour of Queen Victoria</li> - - <li>Alexandria, in Italy, after Pope Alexander III</li> - - <li>Alhama, - <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> - - <li>Alleghany Mountains, from a tribe</li> - - <li>Alloa, the way to the sea</li> - - <li>Almaden, Ar. the mine</li> - - <li>Almanza, Ar. the plain</li> - - <li>Almanzor, Ar. victorious</li> - - <li>Almeida, Ar. the table</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Altona, called by the Hamburgians <i>All-zu-nah</i>, <i>i.e.</i> -(all too near), in allusion to its vicinity to Hamburg</li> - - <li>Alyth, the ascent or slope</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">America, named after the Florentine adventurer Amerigo-Vespucci</li> - - <li>Angora, anc. Ancyra<span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">[216]</span></li> - - <li>Annam (the place of the South)</li> - - <li>Anstruther, - <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> - - <li>Antrim (at the elder trees)</li> - - <li>Antwerp, - <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> - - <li>Aoasta, Lat. <i>Augusta</i></li> - - <li>Apennine Mountains, - <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> - - <li>Appenzel, - <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> - - <li>Appleby, - <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> - - <li>Applecross, - <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> - - <li>Aranjues, Lat. <i>Ara Jovis</i>, the altar of Jove</li> - - <li>Aravali Mountain, the hill of strength</li> - - <li>Arbois, anc. <i>Arborosa</i>, the woody place</li> - - <li>Arbroath, - <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> - - <li>Archangel, named in honour of the Archangel Michael</li> - - <li>Archipelago, the chief sea</li> - - <li>Arcos, anc. <i>Argobriga</i>, the town on the bend</li> - - <li>Ardeche, now Ardoix, in France, from <i>ardoise</i>, slate</li> - - <li>Ardee, in Ireland, on the R. Dee, now the Nith</li> - - <li>Ardeen and Ardennes, - <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, - <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> - - <li>Ardfert, - <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> - - <li>Ardrossan, - <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> - - <li>Argos, the plain</li> - - <li>Argyle, - <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> - - <li>Arles, Cel. <i>Ar-laeth</i>, the marshy land</li> - - <li>Armagh, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Ardmacha</i>, Macha’s height</li> - - <li>Armorica, - <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - - <li>Arras, named from the <i>Atrebates</i></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Arthur Seat, in Edinburgh, Gael. <i>Ard-na-said</i>, <i>i.e.</i> -the height of the arrows, meaning a convenient ground to shoot from</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Ascension Island, so named because discovered on Ascension Day</li> - - <li>Asperne, - <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> - - <li>Aspropotamo, Modern Grk. (the white river)</li> - - <li>Assouan, Ar. the opening at the mouth of the Nile</li> - - <li>Astrakan, named after a Tartar king</li> - - <li>Astura R., - <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> - - <li>Asturias, - <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> - - <li>Attica, Grk. the promontory</li> - - <li>Aubusson, - <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - - <li>Auch, named after the <i>Ausci</i>, a tribe</li> - - <li>Auchinleck, - <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> - - <li>Auckland, - <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> - - <li>Audlem, - <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> - - <li>Augsburg, - <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Aurillac, supposed to have been named after the Emperor Aurelian</li> - - <li>Auriol, anc. <i>Auriolum</i>, the golden or magnificent</li> - - <li>Austerlitz, - <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> - - <li>Australia, the southern land</li> - - <li>Austria, - <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> - - <li>Autun, - <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> - - <li>Auvergne, the high country, - <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> - - <li>Ava, or Awa, named from <i>angwa</i>, a fish-pond</li> - - <li>Avignon, - <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> - - <li>Avranches, named from the <i>Abrincatui</i></li> - - <li>Awe, Loch, - <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> - - <li>Azores Isles, Port. the islands of hawks</li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">B</p> - -<ul> - <li>Baalbec, - <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> - - <li>Babelmandeb Strait, - <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> - - <li>Bactria, Pers. the east country</li> - - <li>Badajos, corrupt. from Lat. <i>Pax Augusta</i></li> - - <li>Baden, - <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> - - <li>Baffin’s Bay, named in honour of the discoverer</li> - - <li>Bagdad, - <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> - - <li>Bahar, corrupt. from <i>Vihar</i>, a Buddhist monastery</li> - - <li>Bahia, Port. the bay, - <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> - - <li>Bahr-el-Abiad, - <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> - - <li>Bahrein, - <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> - - <li>Baikal, the rich sea</li> - - <li>Baireuth, - <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> - - <li>Bakewell, - <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> - - <li>Bakhtchisarai, the palace of the gardens</li> - - <li>Bala (river head), in Wales</li> - - <li>Balachulish, - <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> - - <li>Balaclava, - <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> - - <li>Bala-Ghauts, - <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> - - <li>Bala-hissar, - <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> - - <li>Balasore, - <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">[217]</span></li> - - <li>Balbriggan, Brecan’s bridge</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Balearic Isles, because their inhabitants were skilful in the use -of the sling (<i>Balla</i>, Grk. to throw)</li> - - <li>Balfour, - <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> - - <li>Balkan, - <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> - - <li>Balkh, - <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> - - <li>Ballantrae, the dwelling on the sea-shore, - <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> - - <li>Ballater, - <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - - <li>Ballina, corrupt. from <i>Bel-atha</i>, ford mouth, - <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> - - <li>Ballingry, the town of the king—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">BAILE</span></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li class="hangingindent"><i>Note.</i>—For Scotch or Irish names beginning -with <i>bal</i> or <i>bally</i>, <i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">BAILE</span> or <span class="allsmcap">BEAL</span>, pp. -17 and 21</li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Ballintra, - <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> - - <li>Balloch, - <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> - - <li>Ballycastle, castle-town—<i>v.</i> - <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> - - <li>Ballymena, - <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> - - <li>Ballymoney, - <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> - - <li>Ballyshannon, - <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> - - <li>Balmaghie, - <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> - - <li>Balmaklellan, the town of the Maclellans, - <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> - - <li>Balmerino, - <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> - - <li>Balmoral, - <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> - - <li>Balquhidder, the town at the back of the country</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Balta and Baltia, the country of the belts or straits, the ancient -name of Scandinavia, - <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> - - <li>Banbury, - <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> - - <li>Banchory, the fair valley</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Banchory-Devenick and Banchory-Ternan, named in honour of two -saints who lived there</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Banda-Oriental, the eastern bank of the Rio-de-la-Plata</li> - - <li>Banff, - <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> - - <li>Bangor, - <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Banjarmassin, from <i>bender</i>, a harbour, and <i>masing</i>, -usual, or from <i>banjer</i>, water, and <i>massin</i>, salt</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Banks Islands and Banks Land, named in honour of Sir Joseph Banks</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Bantry, Ir. <i>Beantraighe</i>, <i>i.e.</i> belonging to the -descendants of Beann, of the royal race of Ulster</li> - - <li>Barbadoes, Port. the island of pines</li> - - <li>Barbary, the country of the Berbers</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Barbuda, the island of the bearded men, so named by the Portuguese</li> - - <li>Barcelona, named from Hamilcar Barca, who founded it</li> - - <li>Bardhwan, Pers. the thriving place</li> - - <li>Bardsey, - <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> - - <li>Barfleur, - <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - - <li>Bar-le-Duc, - <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> - - <li>Barnstaple, - <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> - - <li>Barrow, - <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> - - <li>Barrow Strait, named in honour of Sir John Barrow</li> - - <li>Barton, - <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Basque Provinces, from <i>bassoco</i>, a mountaineer, or, according -to Humboldt, from <i>basoa</i>, a forest</li> - - <li>Bass Strait, named after Bass, a navigator</li> - - <li>Basse Terre, low land</li> - - <li>Bassora, or Bozra, the fortress</li> - - <li>Batavia, - <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> - - <li>Bath, - <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> - - <li>Battersea, - <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> - - <li>Battle and Buittle, - <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> - - <li>Bautzen, - <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> - - <li>Bavaria, the country of the Boii</li> - - <li>Bayeux, named from the <i>Bajoccas</i>, a tribe</li> - - <li>Bayonne, - <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> - - <li>Beachy Head, - <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> - - <li>Beauley and Beaulieu, - <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> - - <li>Beaumaris, - <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> - - <li>Beauvais, named from the <i>Bellovacii</i></li> - - <li>Bedford, - <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> - - <li>Bednore, - <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> - - <li>Beersheba, - <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Behring Strait, so named by Captain Cook in honour of Behring, a -Russian navigator</li> - - <li>Beinn, Ben, etc., a mountain, - <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> - - <li>Beira, Port. the river-bank</li> - - <li>Beja, corrupt. from the Lat. <i>Pax-Julia</i></li> - - <li>Belfast, - <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> - - <li>Belgium, named from the Belgae</li> - - <li>Belgrade, - <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">[218]</span></li> - - <li>Belize, named after a person called Wallace</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Bell Rock or Inch Cape, a reef of rocks south-east from Arbroath, -so called from the lighthouse which was erected on it in 1811, -previous to which the monks of Arbroath caused a bell to be -suspended upon it so as to be rung by the waves, and thus give -warning to mariners</li> - - <li>Belleisle, - <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> - - <li>Bellie, the mouth of the ford</li> - - <li>Belper, - <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> - - <li>Beluchistan, - <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Benares, named from the names of the two rivers on which it is situated</li> - - <li>Bender, etc., - <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> - - <li>Beni, etc., - <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> - - <li>Benin, corrupt. from Lat. <i>benignus</i>, blessed</li> - - <li>Berbice, at the mouth of the R. Berbice</li> - - <li>Berdiansk, - <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - - <li>Berg and its derivatives, - <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> - - <li>Bergamo, on a hill</li> - - <li>Berhampore, - <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - - <li>Berkeley, - <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> - - <li>Berkshire, - <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Berlin, perhaps from Sclav. <i>berle</i>, uncultivated ground, but -uncertain</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Bermudas Isles, named after the discoverer Juan Bermudez</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Berriew, corrupt. from <i>Aber-Rhiw</i>, at the mouth of the R. -Rhiw, in Wales, - <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> - - <li>Bervie, - <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - - <li>Berwick, - <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> - - <li>Berwyn, - <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> - - <li>Beveland, - <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> - - <li>Beverley, - <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> - - <li>Bewdley, - <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> - - <li>Beyrout, - <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> - - <li>Bhagulpore, - <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - - <li>Bhurtpore, - <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Bicester, corrupt. from <i>Birincester</i>, <i>i.e.</i> the -fortress of Birin, Bishop of Gloucester</li> - - <li>Bideford, by the ford</li> - - <li>Biela-Tsorkov, white church</li> - - <li>Bielgorod, white fortress</li> - - <li>Bielorietzk, - <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - - <li>Biggar, the soft land</li> - - <li>Bilbao, under the hill</li> - - <li>Bingley, the field of Bing, the original proprietor</li> - - <li>Bir, - <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> - - <li>Birkdale, the birch valley</li> - - <li>Birkenhead and Birkhampstead, - <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> - - <li>Birmingham, - <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Biscaya and Bay of Biscay, named from the Basques, which, according -to Humboldt, means forest dwellers</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Bishop-Auckland, so called from the number of oaks that grew here, -and from the manor having belonged to the bishops of Durham</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Black Sea, perhaps so called from its frequent storms and fogs. The -Greeks called it Euxine, from <i>euxinos</i>, hospitable, -disliking its original name, Axinos, inhospitable</li> - - <li>Blaen and its derivatives, - <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> - - <li>Blair and its derivatives, - <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> - - <li>Blantyre, the warm retreat</li> - - <li>Bodmin, - <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> - - <li>Bohemia, - <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> - - <li>Bois-le-Duc, the duke’s wood</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Bokhara, the treasury of sciences, the chief town in a state of the -same name</li> - - <li>Bolivia, named after its liberator Bolivar</li> - - <li>Bologna and Boulogne, named from the Boii</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Bombay, named after an Indian goddess Bombé, but translated by the -Portuguese into <i>Bom-bahia</i>, good bay</li> - - <li>Bordeaux, - <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> - - <li>Bornholm, - <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> - - <li>Borovsk, - <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> - - <li>Borrowstounness, - <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> - - <li>Bosphorus, Grk. the passage of the bull</li> - - <li>Bourges, named from the <i>Bituriges</i></li> - - <li>Brabant, - <a href="#Page_18">18</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_219">[219]</span></li> - - <li>Bramapootra R., the offspring of Brahma</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Brazil, named from the colour of its dye-woods, <i>braza</i>, Port. -a live coal</li> - - <li>Breadalbane, - <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Brecknock, the hill of Brecon or Brychan, a Welsh prince</li> - - <li>Breda, - <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> - - <li>Breslaw, named after King <i>Vratis-law</i></li> - - <li>Breton, Cape, discovered by mariners from Brittany</li> - - <li>Bridgenorth, - <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> - - <li>Bridgewater, - <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> - - <li>Brieg, - <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Brighton, corrupt. from <i>Brighthelmston</i>, from a personal name</li> - - <li>Bristol, - <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Britain: the Cym.-Cel. root <i>brith</i>, to paint, is supposed by -some to be the root of the word; the British poets called it -<i>Inis gwyn</i>, white island, which answers to the Roman name -<i>Albion</i></li> - - <li>Brixton, - <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> - - <li>Brodick, - <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> - - <li>Brody, - <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> - - <li>Brooklyn, in New York, Dutch, the broken-up land</li> - - <li>Bruges, - <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> - - <li>Brunswick, - <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> - - <li>Brussels, - <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> - - <li>Brzesce-Litewski, - <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> - - <li>Bucharest, the city of enjoyment</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Buckingham, a tribe name, or the dwelling among beeches, - <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> - - <li>Buda, - <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> - - <li>Budweis, - <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> - - <li>Buenos-Ayres, - <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> - - <li>Builth, - <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> - - <li>Bungay, - <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - - <li>Burgos, - <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - - <li>Burslem, Burward’s dwelling in the clayey soil, <i>leim</i></li> - - <li>Bury, - <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> - - <li>Bushire, - <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> - - <li>Bute, - <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> - - <li>Buttermere, - <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> - - <li>Buxton, - <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">C</p> - -<ul> - <li>Cabeza-del-Buey, - <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> - - <li>Cabrach, the timber-moss, a parish in Co. Banff</li> - - <li>Cader-Idris, the chair of Idris, in Wales</li> - - <li>Cadiz, - <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> - - <li>Cahors, named from the <i>Cadurci</i></li> - - <li>Cairo, Ar. <i>Al-kahirah</i>, the victorious</li> - - <li>Calahorra, - <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> - - <li>Calais, - <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - - <li>Calatayud, - <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> - - <li>Calcutta, - <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">California is supposed to have taken its name from an old romance, -in which this name was given to an imaginary island filled with -gold, and Cortes applied the name to the whole district</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Callander, the corner of the water—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">DUR</span></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">The Calf of Man. The word <i>calf</i> was frequently used by the -Norsemen for a smaller object in relation to a larger—<i>i.e.</i> -the small island off Man</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Calvados, named from one of the vessels of the Spanish Armada, -wrecked on the coast of France</li> - - <li>Cambay, anc. <i>Khumbavati</i>, the city of the pillar</li> - - <li>Cambuskenneth, - <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - - <li>Canada, Ind. <i>Kannahta</i>, a collection of huts</li> - - <li>Candahar, named after Alexander the Great</li> - - <li>Candia, Ar. <i>Khandæ</i>, the trench island</li> - - <li>Cannes, - <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Cannoch, <i>i.e.</i> <i>cann</i>, bright, and <i>oich</i>, water, -the ancient name of the spot on which Conway Castle stands</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Canopus was called by the Egyptians the city of Kneph, a god</li> - - <li>Cantal, the head of the rock, - <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - - <li>Canton, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Kwang Chou</i>, the metropolis</li> - - <li>Cantyre or Kintyre, - <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - - <li>Capri and Caprera, the islands of wild goats<span class="pagenum" id="Page_220">[220]</span></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Cardigan, named after its ancient king Ceredig, and is therefore -corrupted from <i>Ceredigion</i></li> - - <li>Carew, - <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - - <li>Carlingford, - <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - - <li>Carlisle, - <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - - <li>Carlow, - <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> - - <li>Carlscroone, - <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> - - <li>Carlshamm, Charles’s haven, - <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - - <li>Carluke, - <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - - <li>Carmel, Heb. the fruitful field</li> - - <li>Carmichael, - <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - - <li>Carnac, - <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - - <li>Carnatic, named from the <i>Carnates</i>, a tribe</li> - - <li>Carniola, - <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - - <li>Carolina, U.S., named after Charles II.</li> - - <li>Caroline Isles, named after Carlos II. of Spain</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Carpathian Mountains, from <i>Chrabat</i>, a mountain range</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Carrantuohill, Ir. the reversed reaping-hook, the highest mountain -in Ireland</li> - - <li>Carthage, - <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> - - <li>Carthagena, - <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> - - <li>Casale, - <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - - <li>Cashel, - <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - - <li>Caspian Sea, named from the <i>Caspii</i>, a tribe</li> - - <li>Cassel, - <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - - <li>Castile, - <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - - <li>Catania, Phœn. the little city</li> - - <li>Cattegat, - <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - - <li>Caucasus, - <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> - - <li>Cavan, - <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - - <li>Caxamarca in Peru, the place of frost</li> - - <li>Cefalu, - <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - - <li>Cephalonia, - <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - - <li>Cerigo, anc. <i>Cythera</i>, the harp-shaped</li> - - <li>Cerro—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">SIERRA</span></li> - - <li>Cevennes, - <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - - <li>Ceylon, - <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Chambery, the bend of the water, on the R. Leysse, in France</li> - - <li>Chamouni, - <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Champlain, named from the Governor-General of Canada in the -seventeenth century</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Charles Cape, named after Baby Charles in the reign of James I.</li> - - <li>Charlestown, named after Charles II.</li> - - <li>Chatham, - <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - - <li>Chaumont, - <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - - <li>Chelsea, - <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - - <li>Chemnitz, - <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> - - <li>Chepstow, - <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - - <li>Chester, - <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - - <li>Cheviot Hills, - <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - - <li>Chilham, - <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - - <li>Chiltern Hills, - <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">China, probably named from the dynasty of Thsin in the third -century <span class="allsmcap">B.C.</span></li> - - <li>Chippenham, - <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - - <li>Chiusa, - <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Christchurch, in Hants, anc. <i>Twinam-burne</i>, between two -streams, and afterwards named from a church and priory founded -by the W. Saxons in the reign of Edward the Confessor</li> - - <li>Christiana, named after Christian IV. of Sweden</li> - - <li>Ciudad, - <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - - <li>Civita-Vecchia, - <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - - <li>Clackmannan, - <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - - <li>Clameny, - <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> - - <li>Clare Co., - <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - - <li>Cleveland, - <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - - <li>Cleves, - <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - - <li>Clifton, - <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - - <li>Clitheroe, - <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - - <li>Clogheen, - <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - - <li>Clonakilty, - <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - - <li>Clones, - <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - - <li>Clontarf, - <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - - <li>Closeburn, - <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - - <li>Cloyne, - <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - - <li>Coblentz, - <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - - <li>Cochin, <i>kochi</i>, a morass</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Cockburnspath, in Berwickshire, corrupt. from <i>Colbrand’s Path</i></li> - - <li>Cognac, the corner of the water</li> - - <li>Coire or Chur, - <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - - <li>Colberg, - <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> - - <li>Coleraine, - <a href="#Page_58">58</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">[221]</span></li> - - <li>Colmar, Lat. <i>Collis-Martis</i>, the hill of Mars</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Colombo, corrupt. from <i>Kalan-Totta</i>, the ferry on the Kalawa Ganga</li> - - <li>Colonna, Cape, - <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> - - <li>Como, Lake, - <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Comorin, Cape, named from a temple to the goddess Durga</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Compostella, Santiago de, corrupt. from <i>Sanctus Jacobus</i> -<i>Apostolus</i>, so called from a legend that the Apostle James was -buried there</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Comrie, at the confluence of three rivers, in Perthshire, - <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - - <li>Condé, - <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> - - <li>Congleton, - <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Connaught, anc. <i>Conaicht</i>, the territory of the descendants -of Conn of the hundred battles</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Connecticut, Ind. <i>Qunnitukut</i>, the country on the long river</li> - - <li>Connemara, - <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> - - <li>Constance, Lake, - <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> - - <li>Copeland Isle, - <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - - <li>Copenhagen, - <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - - <li>Corbridge, - <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - - <li>Cork, - <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - - <li>Cornwall, - <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Coromandel, corrupt. from <i>Cholomandala</i>, the district of the -<i>Cholas</i>, a tribe</li> - - <li>Corrientes, Span. the currents</li> - - <li>Corryvreckan, - <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - - <li>Corsica, the woody</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Corunna, corrupt. from <i>Columna</i>, the pillars, in allusion to -a tower of Hercules</li> - - <li>Cosenza, Lat. <i>Cosentia</i>, the confluence</li> - - <li>Cotswold Hills, - <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - - <li>Cottian Alps, named after a Celtic chief</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Coutance and Cotantin, named after the Emperor Constantius</li> - - <li>Coventry, - <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> - - <li>Cowal, in Ayrshire, named after King Coill</li> - - <li>Cowes, - <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - - <li>Cracow, the town of Krak, Duke of Poland</li> - - <li>Cramond, - <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - - <li>Crathie, - <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Cremona, anc. <i>Cremonensis-ager</i>, the field named from a tribe</li> - - <li>Crewe, - <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - - <li>Crewkerne, - <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - - <li>Crieff, Gael. <i>Craobh</i>, a tree</li> - - <li>Croagh-Patrick, - <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - - <li>Croatia, - <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> - - <li>Cromar, the heart of Mar, a district in Aberdeenshire</li> - - <li>Cronstadt, - <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> - - <li>Croydon, - <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> - - <li><span class="allsmcap">CRUG</span>, as prefix, - <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> - - <li>Cuença, Lat. <i>concha</i>, a shell</li> - - <li>Cueva-de-Vera, - <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - - <li>Culebra R., the snake river</li> - - <li>Cumberland, - <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> - - <li>Cumbernauld, - <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Cumbraes Isles and Cumbrian Mountains, named after the <i>Cymbri</i></li> - - <li>Cundinamarca, named after an Indian goddess</li> - - <li>Curaçoa, named from a kind of bird</li> - - <li>Currie, - <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - - <li>Cuzeo, the centre, in Peru</li> - - <li class="hangingindent"><span class="allsmcap">CWM</span>, as prefix—<i>v.</i> - <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, at <span class="allsmcap">COMBE</span></li> - - <li>Cyclades Isles, Grk. <i>kuklos</i>, a circle</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Cyprus, perhaps named from the herb <i>kupros</i>, with which it -abounded, called by the Greeks <i>Cerastes</i>, the horned</li> - - <li>Czernowitz, Sclav. black town</li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">D</p> - -<ul> - <li class="hangingindent">Dacca, Sansc. <i>Da-akka</i>, the hidden goddess, from a statue of -Durga found there</li> - - <li>Dantzic, Danish fort, - <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> - - <li>Daventry, - <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> - - <li>Daviot, - <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> - - <li>Dax, - <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> - - <li>Deal, - <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> - - <li>Deccan, Sansc. <i>Dakshina</i>, the south land</li> - - <li>Delft, - <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> - - <li>Delhi, Sansc. <i>dahal</i>, a quagmire<span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">[222]</span></li> - - <li>Denbigh, - <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> - - <li>Denmark, - <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - - <li>Deptford, - <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - - <li>Derbend, the shut-up gates or the difficult pass</li> - - <li>Derry or Londonderry, - <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> - - <li>Derwent R., - <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> - - <li>Desaguadero R., Span. the drain</li> - - <li>Detmold, - <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Détroit, the strait between Lake St. Clair and Lake Erie</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Devizes, anc. <i>de vies</i>, denoting a place where two ways met</li> - - <li>Devonshire, - <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> - - <li>Dhawalagiri Mountain, - <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> - - <li>Dieppe, - <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - - <li>Digne, - <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> - - <li>Dijon, - <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> - - <li>Dinan and Dinant, - <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - - <li>Dingle, - <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> - - <li>Dingwall, - <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> - - <li>Dinkelsbuhl, - <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> - - <li>Dmitrov, the town of St. Demetrius</li> - - <li>Dnieper R., <i>i.e.</i> <i>Don-ieper</i>, upper river</li> - - <li>Dniester, <i>Don-iester</i>, lower river Don</li> - - <li>Doab, - <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> - - <li>Dole, - <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> - - <li>Dolgelly, - <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Dominica Isle, so named because discovered on Sunday, <i>i.e.</i> -<i>Dies Dominica</i></li> - - <li>Donagh, as prefix, - <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> - - <li>Dondra Head, - <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> - - <li>Donegall, - <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> - - <li>Donnybrook, - <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> - - <li>Doon R., - <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> - - <li>Dorchester, - <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - - <li>Dorking, - <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> - - <li>Dornoch, - <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> - - <li>Dorset, - <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> - - <li>Dort or Dordrecht, - <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> - - <li>Douglas, - <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> - - <li>Douro R., - <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> - - <li>Dover, anc. <i>Dubris</i>, or anc. Brit. <i>Dufy-rraha</i></li> - - <li>Dovrefield Mountains, - <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> - - <li>Downpatrick, - <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - - <li>Downs, The, - <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> - - <li>Drachenfels, - <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> - - <li>Drenthe, - <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> - - <li>Dresden, Sclav. <i>Drezany</i>, the haven</li> - - <li>Dreux, named from the <i>Durocasses</i></li> - - <li>Drogheda, - <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> - - <li>Drohobicz, Sclav. the woody place</li> - - <li>Droitwich, - <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> - - <li>Dromore, - <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - - <li>Drontheim, - <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - - <li>Dryburgh, - <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> - - <li>Dubicza, - <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - - <li>Dublin, - <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> - - <li>Dubro, - <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - - <li>Dumbarton, - <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - - <li>Dumfries, - <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - - <li>Dungeness, - <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> - - <li>Dunkirk, - <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> - - <li>Dunluce, - <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - - <li>Dunse, now Duns, - <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> - - <li>Dunstable, - <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> - - <li>Durham, - <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> - - <li>Durrow, - <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> - - <li>Dynevor, - <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Dyrrachium, Grk. the place with the dangerous breakers, <i>Dus</i> and <i>rachia</i></li> - - <li>Dysart, - <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">E</p> - -<ul> - <li>Eaglesham, church hamlet</li> - - <li>Ecclefechan, the church of St. Fechan</li> - - <li>Eccleshall, - <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> - - <li>Ecija, - <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> - - <li>Ecuador, <i>i.e.</i> on the equator</li> - - <li>Edessa, - <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Edfou, corrupt. from <i>Atbo</i>, the Coptic synonym for <i>Hut</i>, -the throne of Horus</li> - - <li>Edinburgh, - <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - - <li>Edom, the red land</li> - - <li>Egripo or Negropont, - <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> - - <li>Ehrenbreitstein, - <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> - - <li>Eichstadt, Ger. oak town</li> - - <li>Eiger, the giant, in Switzerland</li> - - <li>Eisenach, - <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> - - <li>Eisenberg, - <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> - - <li>Elbing, named from the river on which it stands</li> - - <li>Elbœuf, - <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> - - <li>Elché, - <a href="#Page_109">109</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_223">[223]</span></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Elgin, named after Helgyn, a Norwegian chief, about <span class="allsmcap">A.D.</span> 927</li> - - <li>Elimo or Elath, the trees</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Elizabeth, county in New York, named from the daughter of James I.</li> - - <li>Elizabethgrad, - <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> - - <li>Elmina, Ar. the mine</li> - - <li>Elphin, Ir. <i>Aill-finn</i>, the rock of the clear spring</li> - - <li>Elsinore, - <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> - - <li>Elster R., the alder-tree stream</li> - - <li>Elstow, - <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Elvas, anc. <i>Alba</i>, Basque, the place on the steep hill, <i>alboa</i></li> - - <li>Ely, - <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> - - <li>Emden, - <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Empoli, corrupt. from the Lat. <i>emporium</i>, the market-place</li> - - <li>Enkhuizen, - <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> - - <li>Ennis, - <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> - - <li>Enniskillen, - <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> - - <li>Eperies, Hung. the place of strawberries</li> - - <li>Eperney, anc. <i>aquæ-perennes</i>, the ever-flowing water</li> - - <li>Epinal, - <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - - <li>Epping, - <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> - - <li>Epsom, - <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - - <li>Erekli, anc. <i>Heraclea</i></li> - - <li>Erfurt, - <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - - <li>Erith, - <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> - - <li>Erivan, Pers. <i>Rewan</i>, named after its founder</li> - - <li>Erlangen, - <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> - - <li>Erlaw, - <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> - - <li>Errigal, Ir. <i>Airegal</i>, a small church</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Erzeroom, corrupt. from <i>Arz-er-Room</i>, the fortress of the Romans</li> - - <li>Eschwege, ash-tree road</li> - - <li>Eschweiller, - <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> - - <li><span class="allsmcap">ESGAIR</span>—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">SKAFR</span>, - <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> - - <li>Esk R., - <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> - - <li>Essek or Ossick, - <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> - - <li>Essex, - <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> - - <li>Estepa, - <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> - - <li>Estepona, - <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> - - <li>Esthonia, the district of the people of the East</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Estremadura, Lat. <i>Estrema-Durii</i>, the extreme limits of the R. Douro</li> - - <li>Etna, corrupt. from <i>attuna</i>, the furnace</li> - - <li>Eton, - <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> - - <li>Eubœa, the well-tilled land</li> - - <li>Euho or Yuho R., - <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> - - <li>Euphrates R., the fruitful, Ar. <i>Furat</i>, sweet water</li> - - <li>Europe, Grk. <i>euros</i> and <i>ops</i>, the broad face</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Euxine, Grk. the hospitable, formerly <i>axinos</i> the inhospitable sea</li> - - <li>Evesham, - <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - - <li>Evora, the ford, in Spain</li> - - <li>Evreux, - <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> - - <li>Exeter, - <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">F</p> - - -<ul> - <li>Faenza, Lat. <i>Faventia</i>, the favoured</li> - - <li>Fair Head and Fair Island, from <i>farr</i>, Scand. a sheep</li> - - <li>Falaise, - <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> - - <li>Falkirk, - <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> - - <li>Famars, - <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> - - <li>Fano, - <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - - <li>Fareham, - <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - - <li>Farnham, - <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> - - <li>Faroe Islands, - <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> - - <li>Faulhorn, - <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> - - <li>Fazal, the beech-tree island, in the Azores</li> - - <li>Femern, - <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> - - <li>Fermanagh, Ir. the men of Monagh</li> - - <li>Fermoy, the men of the plain</li> - - <li>Fernando Po, named after the discoverer</li> - - <li>Ferney, - <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> - - <li>Ferns, - <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> - - <li>Ferrara, - <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - - <li>Ferriby, - <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - - <li>Ferrol, Span. <i>farol</i>, the beacon</li> - - <li>Fetlar Isle, - <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> - - <li>Fez, Ar. fertile</li> - - <li>Fife, said to be named from Feb, a Pictish chief</li> - - <li>Figueras, Span. the fig-trees</li> - - <li>Finisterre, Cape, and district, - <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> - - <li>Finster-Aar-horn, - <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> - - <li>Fintray and Fintry, - <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> - - <li>Fishguard, - <a href="#Page_87">87</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_224">[224]</span></li> - - <li>Fiume, - <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Flamborough Head, anc. <i>Fleamburgh</i>, the flame hill or beacon hill</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Flèche, La, named from the lofty spire of the church of St. Thomas</li> - - <li>Fleetwood, - <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Flintshire, supposed to have derived its name from the abundance of -quartz in the country</li> - - <li>Flisk, the moist place, Gael. <i>fleasg</i></li> - - <li>Florence, Lat. <i>Florentia</i>, the flourishing</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Florida, called by the Spaniards <i>Pascua-Florida</i> because -discovered on Easter Sunday</li> - - <li>Flushing, - <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Fochabers, Gael. <i>Faichaber</i>, the plain of the confluence, but -more anciently <i>Beulath</i>, the mouth of the ford</li> - - <li>Foldvar, - <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - - <li>Folkstone, the people’s fortress, Lat. <i>Lapis-populi</i></li> - - <li>Fondi, - <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - - <li>Fontenay, - <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - - <li>Fontenoy, - <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - - <li>Fordyce, the south pasture</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Forfar, supposed to have been named from a tribe, the <i>Forestii</i></li> - - <li>Forli, - <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - - <li>Formentara, abounding in grain</li> - - <li>Formosa, Span. the beautiful</li> - - <li>Forth R., Scot. <i>Froch</i>, and Welsh <i>Werid</i></li> - - <li>Fossano, - <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - - <li>Frankenstein, - <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> - - <li>Frankfort, - <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - - <li>Frankfürt, - <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - - <li>Fraubrunnen, - <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> - - <li>Frederickshald, - <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - - <li>Freiburg, - <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - - <li>Friesland, - <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> - - <li>Frische Haff, - <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - - <li>Friuli, - <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - - <li>Fuentarrabia, - <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> - - <li>Fühnen Isle or Odensey, - <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> - - <li>Fulham, - <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> - - <li>Funchal, a place abounding in <i>funcho</i>, Port. fennel</li> - - <li>Fürth, - <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">G</p> - -<ul> - <li>Gainsborough, the town of the <i>Ganii</i>, a tribe</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Galapago Isles, Span. the islands of the water tortoises</li> - - <li>Galashiels, - <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> - - <li>Galatia, - <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> - - <li>Galicia, - <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> - - <li>Galilee, Heb. a district</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Galle, Point de, Cingalese, the rock promontory, <i>galle</i></li> - - <li>Galway, named from <i>Gaillimh</i>, rocky river, - <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> - - <li>Ganges R., - <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> - - <li>Garioch, - <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> - - <li>Garonne R., - <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> - - <li>Gateshead, - <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - - <li>Gaza, Ar. a treasury</li> - - <li>Gebirge—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">BERG</span>, - <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> - - <li>Genappe, - <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> - - <li>Geneva, - <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> - - <li>Genoa, - <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> - - <li>Georgia, named after George III.</li> - - <li>Ghauts Mountains, - <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - - <li>Ghent, - <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> - - <li>Giant’s Causeway, - <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - - <li>Gibraltar, - <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> - - <li>Giessbach, the rushing brook</li> - - <li>Girgeh, St. George’s town, on the Nile</li> - - <li>Girvan R., the short stream</li> - - <li>Giurgevo, St. George’s town</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Glamorgan, Welsh <i>Morganwg</i>, <i>i.e.</i> Gwlad-Morgan, the -territory of Morgan-Mawr, its king in the tenth century, - <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Glarus, corrupt. from <i>St. Hilarius</i>, to whom the church was dedicated</li> - - <li>Glogau, - <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> - - <li>Gloucester, - <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - - <li>Gmünd, - <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> - - <li>Goat Fell, - <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> - - <li>Godalming, Godhelm’s meadow, in Surrey</li> - - <li>Goes or Ter-Goes, at the R. Gosa</li> - - <li>Gollnitz and Gollnow, - <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> - - <li>Goole, - <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> - - <li>Goritz, - <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> - - <li>Gorlitz, - <a href="#Page_93">93</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">[225]</span></li> - - <li>Goslar, - <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> - - <li>Göttingen, a patronymic</li> - - <li>Gouda, on the R. Gouwe</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Gower, Welsh <i>Gwyr</i>, a peninsula in Wales, sloping west from -Swansea—it may signify the land of the sunset</li> - - <li>Grabow, - <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> - - <li>Gradentz, - <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> - - <li>Gran, on the R. Gran</li> - - <li>Grasmere, the lake of swine</li> - - <li>Gratz, - <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> - - <li>Gravelines, - <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> - - <li>Gravesend, - <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> - - <li>Greenland, - <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - - <li>Greenlaw, - <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - - <li>Greenock, - <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> - - <li>Greenwich, - <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> - - <li>Grenoble, - <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> - - <li>Gretna Green, - <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> - - <li>Grisnez, Cape, gray cape, - <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Grisons, Ger. <i>Graubünden</i>, the gray league, so called from -the dress worn by the Unionists in 1424</li> - - <li>Grodno, - <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> - - <li>Grongar—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">CAER</span>, - <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - - <li>Gröningen, a patronymic</li> - - <li>Grossenhain, - <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - - <li>Guadalquivir, - <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - - <li>Guadiana, - <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - - <li>Güben, Sclav. dove town</li> - - <li>Gueret, Fr. land for tillage</li> - - <li>Guienne, corrupt. from <i>Aquitania</i></li> - - <li>Gustrow, Sclav. guest town</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Gwasanau, corrupt. from <i>Hosannah</i>, a place in North Wales. -The name was given in allusion to the <i>Victoria-Alleluiatica</i>, -fought on the spot in 420, between the Britons, headed by the Germans, -and the Picts and Scots</li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">H</p> - -<ul> - <li>Haarlem, - <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - - <li>Hadersleben, - <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - - <li>Haemus Mountain, - <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> - - <li>Hague, The, - <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - - <li>Haguenau, - <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Hainan, Chinese, south of the sea, corrupt. from <i>Hai Lam</i></li> - - <li>Hainault, - <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - - <li>Halicarnassus, Grk. <i>Halikarnassos</i>, sea horn place</li> - - <li>Halifax, - <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - - <li>Halifax, Nova Scotia, named for the Earl of Halifax</li> - - <li>Hall and Halle, - <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - - <li>Hamburg, - <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - - <li>Hameln, - <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - - <li>Hammerfest, - <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> - - <li>Hampstead, - <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Hankau or Hankow, the mouth of commerce, a city in China</li> - - <li>Hanover, - <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> - - <li>Harbottle, - <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> - - <li>Harrogate, - <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - - <li>Hartlepool, - <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> - - <li>Hartz Mountains, - <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - - <li>Harwich, - <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> - - <li>Haselt, - <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Hastings, A.S. <i>Haestinga-ceaster</i>, the camp of Hastings, a -Danish pirate</li> - - <li>Havana, the harbour</li> - - <li>Havre, Le, - <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - - <li>Hawarden, Welsh, upon the hill</li> - - <li>Hawes, - <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Heboken, Ind. the smoked pipe, the spot in New Jersey at which the -English settlers smoked the pipe of peace with the Indian chiefs</li> - - <li>Hechingen, a patronymic.</li> - - <li>Hedjas, the land of pilgrimage</li> - - <li>Heidelberg, - <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> - - <li>Heilbron, - <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> - - <li>Heiligenstadt, - <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - - <li>Heligoland, - <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Helvellyn, if Celtic, perhaps <i>El-velin</i>, the hill of Baal</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Hems, probably named from <i>Hms</i>, the Egyptian name of Isis</li> - - <li>Henly, Cym.-Cel. old place</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Herat, anc. <i>Aria-Civitas</i>, the town on the Arius, now the R. Heri</li> - - <li>Hereford, - <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> - - <li>Hermon, the lofty peak<span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">[226]</span></li> - - <li>Herstal, - <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> - - <li>Hesse, named from the <i>Catti</i> or <i>Chatti</i></li> - - <li>Himalaya Mountains, - <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - - <li>Hinckley, the horse’s meadow</li> - - <li>Hindostan, - <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> - - <li>Hindu Koosh Mountains, <i>i.e.</i> the Indian Caucasus</li> - - <li>Hinojosa, Span. the place of fennel</li> - - <li>Hirschberg, - <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> - - <li>Hitchen, - <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> - - <li>Hoang Ho, - <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> - - <li>Hobart Town, named after one of the first settlers</li> - - <li>Hohenlinden, - <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> - - <li>Holland, - <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> - - <li>Holstein, - <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> - - <li>Holt, - <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> - - <li>Holyhead, - <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - - <li>Holy Island, - <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - - <li>Holywell, - <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - - <li>Holywood, - <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - - <li>Homburg, - <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> - - <li>Honduras, Span. deep water</li> - - <li>Hong Kong, the place of fragrant streams</li> - - <li>Hoorn, - <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> - - <li>Hor, the mountain</li> - - <li>Horeb, the desert</li> - - <li>Horn, Cape, - <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> - - <li>Horncastle, - <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> - - <li>Horsham, - <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - - <li>Howden, - <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> - - <li>Howth Head, - <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Hudson R., named after Henry Hudson, who ascended the river <span class="allsmcap">A.D.</span> -1607</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Huelva, Basque <i>Onoba</i>, at the foot of the hill; and Ar. -<i>Wuebban</i>, corrupt. to Huelva</li> - - <li>Huesca, anc. <i>Osca</i>, the town of the Basques or Euscs</li> - - <li>Hull, - <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Hungary, Ger. <i>Ungarn</i>, the country of the Huns; Hung. -<i>Magyar-Orzag</i>, the country of the Magyars</li> - - <li>Huntingdon, hunter’s hill, or a patronymic</li> - - <li>Hurdwar, - <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> - - <li>Huron, Lake, from a tribe</li> - - <li>Hurryhur, named from the goddess Hari or Vishnu</li> - - <li>Hurst, - <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - - <li>Hythe, - <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">I</p> - -<ul> - <li>Ilfracombe, - <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Illinois, named after the tribe <i>Illini</i>, <i>i.e.</i> the men; and <i>ois</i>, a tribe</li> - - <li>Imaus, the snowy mountain</li> - - <li>Inch—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">INNIS</span>, - <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> - - <li>Ingleborough Mountain, - <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> - - <li>Inkermann, Turc. the place of caverns</li> - - <li>Innerleithen, - <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - - <li>Innsbrück, at the bridge, on the R. Inn</li> - - <li>Interlachen, - <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> - - <li>Inverness, - <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - - <li>Iona or I, - <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> - - <li>Iowa, the drowsy ones, a tribe name, U.S.</li> - - <li>Ipswich, - <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> - - <li>Ireland or Ierne, - <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> - - <li>Irkutsk, - <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - - <li>Irrawädi, the great river</li> - - <li>Iscanderoon, named after Alexander the Great</li> - - <li>Iserlohn, - <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Isla, in the Hebrides, named after Yula, a Danish princess who was -buried there</li> - - <li>Ispahan, Pers. the place of horses</li> - - <li>Issoire, - <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> - - <li>Issoudun, - <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> - - <li>Ithaca, the strait or steep</li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">J</p> - -<ul> - <li>Jabalon R., - <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - - <li>Jaffa or Joppa, Semitic, beauty</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Jamaica, corrupt. from <i>Xaymaca</i>, the land of wood and water</li> - - <li>Jamboli, Sclav. the city in the hollow</li> - - <li>Janina, Sclav. John’s town</li> - - <li>Jaroslav, named after its founder</li> - - <li>Jassy, Sclav. the marshy place</li> - - <li>Jauer, - <a href="#Page_113">113</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_227">[227]</span></li> - - <li>Java, - <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> - - <li>Jersey, - <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Jersey, in U.S., so named by Sir George Carteret, who had come from -the Island of Jersey</li> - - <li>Jerusalem, Semitic, the abode of peace</li> - - <li>Joinville, - <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> - - <li>Joppa—<i>v.</i> Jaffa, the beautiful</li> - - <li>Jouare, anc. <i>Ara-Jovis</i>, the altar of Jove</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Juggernaut, or more correctly <i>Jagganatha</i>, the Lord of the -world—<i>jacat</i>, Sansc. the world, and <i>natha</i>, Lord</li> - - <li>Juliers, - <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> - - <li>Jumna R., named after Yamuna, a goddess</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Jungfrau Mountain, Ger. the maiden or the fair one, so called from -its spotless white</li> - - <li>Jura Isle, Scand. <i>Deor-oe</i>, deer island</li> - - <li>Jüterbogk, named for the Sclav. god of spring</li> - - <li>Jutland, named from the Jutes</li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">K</p> - - -<ul> - <li class="hangingindent">Kaffraria, Ar. the land of the <i>Kafirs</i> or unbelievers</li> - - <li>Kaisarizeh, the mod. name of anc. <i>Cæsarea</i></li> - - <li>Kaiserlautern, - <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> - - <li>Kalgan, Tartar, the gate, a town in China</li> - - <li>Kampen, - <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> - - <li>Kandy, splendour</li> - - <li>Kansas, a tribe name</li> - - <li>Karlsbad, - <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> - - <li>Keith, Gael. the cloudy, from <i>ceath</i>, a cloud or mist</li> - - <li>Kel and Kil—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">COILL</span> or <span class="allsmcap">CILL</span></li> - - <li>Kells, - <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - - <li>Kelso, - <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - - <li>Kempen, - <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - - <li>Ken—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">CEANN</span></li> - - <li>Kendal, - <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> - - <li>Kenmare, - <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - - <li>Kensington, the town of the <i>Kensings</i></li> - - <li>Kent, - <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - - <li>Kentucky, the dark and bloody ground</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Kerry Co., Ir. <i>Ciarraidhe</i>, the district of the race of Ciar</li> - - <li>Kettering, a patronymic</li> - - <li>Kew, - <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> - - <li>Khartoum, the promontory</li> - - <li>Khelat, - <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> - - <li>Kin—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">CEANN</span></li> - - <li>Kinghorn, - <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - - <li>Kingsclere, - <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> - - <li>King’s Co., named after Philip II. of Spain</li> - - <li>Kingston, - <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> - - <li>Kingussie, - <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - - <li>Kirkillisia, the forty churches in Turkey</li> - - <li>Kirkintilloch, - <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - - <li>Kirkwall, - <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> - - <li>Kishon R., <i>i.e.</i> the tortuous stream</li> - - <li>Kissengen, a patronymic</li> - - <li>Klagenfurt, - <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - - <li>Knock—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">CNOC</span></li> - - <li>Königgratz, the king’s fortress</li> - - <li>Kordofan, the white land</li> - - <li>Koros R., Hung, the red river</li> - - <li>Koslin, - <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> - - <li>Kothendorf, - <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - - <li>Kralowitz, - <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> - - <li>Kraszna R., beautiful river</li> - - <li>Kremenetz, - <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> - - <li>Kremnitz, - <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> - - <li>Krishna or Kistna R., the black stream, in India</li> - - <li>Kronstadt, - <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> - - <li>Kulm, - <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - - <li>Kyle—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">CAOL</span></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">L</p> - -<ul> - <li>La Hogue, Cape, - <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> - - <li>Laaland Isle, - <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> - - <li>Labuan Isle, Malay, the anchorage</li> - - <li>Laccadives, - <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> - - <li>Laconia, - <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - - <li>Ladrone Isles, Span. the islands of thieves</li> - - <li>Lagnieu, - <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - - <li>Lagos, - <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - - <li>Laguna, - <a href="#Page_120">120</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_228">[228]</span></li> - - <li>Lahr, - <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - - <li>Lambeth, - <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> - - <li>Lambride, - <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> - - <li>Lamlash, - <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - - <li>Lampeter, - <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> - - <li>Lamsaki, anc. <i>Lampsacus</i>, the passage</li> - - <li>Lanark, - <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> - - <li>Land’s End—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">PEN</span></li> - - <li>Landerneau, - <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Langres, anc. <i>Langone</i>, named from the <i>Lingones</i>, a tribe</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Languedoc, named from the use of the word <i>oc</i>, for <i>yes</i>, -in their language, <i>i.e.</i> Langue-d’oc</li> - - <li>Lannion, - <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> - - <li>Laon, - <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> - - <li>Larbert, named from a man of this name</li> - - <li>Largo, - <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - - <li>Largs, - <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - - <li>Larissa, named after a daughter of Pelasgus</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Lassa, the land of the Divine intelligence, the capital of Thibet</li> - - <li>Latakia, corrupt. from anc. <i>Laodicea</i></li> - - <li>Latheron, - <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - - <li>Lauder, named from the R. Leader</li> - - <li>Lauffen, - <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - - <li>Launceston, - <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> - - <li>Laval, anc. <i>Vallis-Guidonis</i>, the valley of Guido</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Lawrence R., so named because discovered on St. Laurence’s Day, 1535</li> - - <li>Laybach or Laubach, - <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> - - <li>Leam R., - <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - - <li>Leamington, - <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - - <li>Lebanon Mountain, - <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> - - <li>Leeds, - <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - - <li>Leibnitz, - <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - - <li>Leighlin, - <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> - - <li>Leighton-Buzzard, - <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> - - <li>Leinster, - <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> - - <li>Leipzig, - <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - - <li>Leith, named from the river at whose mouth it stands</li> - - <li>Leitrim, - <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - - <li>Lemberg, - <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Leobschütz, the place of the <i>Leubuzi</i>, a Sclavonic tribe</li> - - <li>Leominster, - <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Leon, anc. <i>Legio</i>, the station of the 7th Roman Legion</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Lepanto, Gulf of, corrupt. from <i>Naupactus</i>, Grk. the ship station</li> - - <li>Lerida, anc. <i>Llerda</i>, Basque, the town</li> - - <li>Lesmahago, - <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - - <li>Letterkenny, - <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - - <li>Leuchars, the marshy land</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Levant, Lat. the place of the sun-rising, as seen from Italy</li> - - <li>Leven R., - <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - - <li>Lewes, <i>Les ewes</i>, the waters</li> - - <li>Lewis Island, Scand. <i>Lyodhuus</i>, the wharf</li> - - <li>Leyden, - <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Liberia, the country of the free, colonised by emancipated slaves</li> - - <li>Lichfield, - <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> - - <li>Lidkioping, - <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - - <li>Liège, - <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - - <li>Liegnitz, - <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> - - <li>Lifford, - <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> - - <li>Ligny, a patronymic</li> - - <li>Lille, - <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> - - <li>Lilybaeum, Phœn. opposite Libya</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Lima, corrupt. from <i>Rimæ</i>, the name of the river on which it -stands and of a famous idol</li> - - <li>Limbourg, - <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Limerick, corrupt. from <i>Lomnech</i>, a barren spot; <i>lom</i>, bare</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Limoges, anc. <i>Lemovicum</i>, the dwelling of the Lemovici</li> - - <li>Linares, Span. flax fields</li> - - <li>Lincoln, - <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - - <li>Lindesnaes, - <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Lindores, in Fife, probably a corruption of <i>Lann-Tours</i>, being -the seat of an anc. Abbey of Tours, founded by David, Earl of -Huntingdon</li> - - <li>Linkioping, - <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - - <li>Linlithgow, - <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> - - <li>Lisbellaw, - <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - - <li>Lisbon, - <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Lisieux, in France, Lat. <i>Noviomagus</i>, the new field, -subsequently named from the Lexovii</li> - - <li>Liskeard, - <a href="#Page_128">128</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_229">[229]</span></li> - - <li>Lissa, - <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - - <li>Liverpool, - <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Livno, Livny, Livonia, named from the <i>Liefs</i>, a Ugrian tribe</li> - - <li>Llanerch-y-medd, the place of honey, in Wales</li> - - <li>Llanos, Span. the level plains</li> - - <li>Lochaber, - <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> - - <li>Lockerby, - <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> - - <li>Lodi, anc. <i>Laus-Pompeii</i></li> - - <li>Logie, - <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Lombardy, the country of the <i>Longobardi</i>, so called from a -kind of weapon which they used</li> - - <li>London, - <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> - - <li>Londonderry, - <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> - - <li>Longford, - <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - - <li>Longniddrie—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">LLAN</span>, - <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> - - <li>Loop Head, - <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - - <li>Lorca, - <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Loretto, named from Lauretta, a lady who gave the site for a chapel -at that place</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">L’Orient, so named from an establishment of the East India Company -at the place in 1666</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Lorn, Gael. <i>Labhrin</i>, named after one of the Irish colonists -from Dalriada</li> - - <li>Lossie R., - <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li> - - <li>Loughill, Ir. <i>Leamchoil</i>, the elm-wood</li> - - <li>Louisiana, named after Louis XIV. of France</li> - - <li>Louisville, - <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> - - <li>Louth, in Lincoln, named from the R. Ludd</li> - - <li>Louth Co., Ir. <i>Lugh Magh</i>, the field of Lugh</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Louvain, Ger. <i>Löwen</i>, the lion, named after a person called Leo</li> - - <li>Lowestoft, - <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> - - <li>Lubeck, - <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - - <li>Luben, - <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - - <li>Lublin, - <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - - <li>Lucca, anc. <i>Luca</i>—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">LUCUS</span></li> - - <li>Lucena, Basque <i>Lucea</i>, the long town</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Lucerne, named from a lighthouse or beacon, <i>lucerna</i>, -formerly placed on a tower in the middle of the R. Rheus</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Lucknow, corrupt. from the native name <i>Laksneanauti</i>, the fortunate</li> - - <li>Ludlow, - <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - - <li>Ludwigslust, - <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> - - <li>Lugano, - <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> - - <li>Lugo, - <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> - - <li>Lugos, - <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> - - <li>Lund, - <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> - - <li>Lurgan, Ir. the low ridge</li> - - <li>Luxembourg, - <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> - - <li>Luxor, corrupt. from <i>El-Kasur</i>, the palaces</li> - - <li>Lycus R., Grk. <i>leukos</i></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Lyme, in Kent, anc. <i>Kainos-limen</i>, Grk. the new haven</li> - - <li>Lyme-Regis, on the R. Lyme</li> - - <li>Lyons, - <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">M</p> - -<ul> - <li class="hangingindent">Macao, in China, where there was a temple sacred to an idol named -Ama. The Portuguese made it <i>Amagoa</i>, the bay of Ama, -corrupted first to Amacao and then to Macao</li> - - <li>Madeira, Port. the woody island</li> - - <li>Madras, - <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Madrid, anc. <i>Majerit</i>, origin unknown, but perhaps from -<i>Madarat</i>, Ar. a city</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Maelawr, from <i>mael</i>, Welsh, mart, and <i>lawr</i>, ground, a -general name for places in Wales where trade could be carried on -without any hindrance from diversity of races.—James’s <i>Welsh</i> -<i>Names of Places</i></li> - - <li>Maestricht, - <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> - - <li>Magdala, Semitic, a watch-tower in Abyssinia</li> - - <li>Magdala, in Saxe-Weimar, on the R. Midgel</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Magor, corrupt. from <i>Magwyr</i>, Welsh, a ruin, the name of a -railway station near Chepstow</li> - - <li>Maidenhead, - <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> - - <li>Maidstone, - <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> - - <li>Main R., - <a href="#Page_132">132</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_230">[230]</span></li> - - <li>Maine, in France, named from the <i>Cenomani</i></li> - - <li>Mainland, - <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> - - <li>Malabar Coast, or <i>Malaywar</i>, the hilly country</li> - - <li>Malacca, named from the tree called Malacca</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Malaga, Phœn. <i>malac</i>, salt, named from its trade in salt</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Malakoff, named after a sailor of that name who established a -public-house there</li> - - <li>Maldives Islands, - <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> - - <li>Maldon, - <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> - - <li>Mallow, - <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> - - <li>Malpas, Fr. the difficult pass</li> - - <li>Malta, Phœn. <i>Melita</i>, a place of refuge</li> - - <li>Malvern, - <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Mancha, La, Span. a spot of ground covered with weeds</li> - - <li>Manchester, - <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Manfredonia, named after Manfred, King of Naples, by whom it was built</li> - - <li>Mangalore, named after an Indian deity</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Mangerton Mountain, in Ireland, corrupt. from <i>Mangartach</i>, -<i>i.e.</i> the mountain covered with <i>mang</i>, a long -hairlike grass</li> - - <li>Mans, Le, named after the <i>Cenomani</i></li> - - <li>Mansorah, in Egypt, the victorious</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Mantinea, Grk. the place of the prophet or oracle, <i>mantis</i></li> - - <li>Mantua, - <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - - <li>Manzanares, Span. the apple-tree orchard</li> - - <li>Maracaybo, - <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - - <li>Maranao, Span. a place overgrown with weeds</li> - - <li>Marathon, a place abounding in fennel, <i>marathos</i></li> - - <li>Marazion, - <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - - <li>Marburg, - <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - - <li>March, - <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - - <li>Marchena, the marshy land</li> - - <li>Marengo, - <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> - - <li>Margarita, the island of pearls</li> - - <li>Margate, - <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - - <li>Marienwerder, - <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> - - <li>Marlow, Great, - <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Marmora, Sea of, named from an adjacent island, celebrated for its -marble, <i>marmor</i></li> - - <li>Marnoch, Co. Banff, named from St. Marnoch</li> - - <li>Maros R., - <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> - - <li>Maros-Vasarhely, - <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Marquesas Isles, named after Marquis Mendoza, Viceroy of Peru, who -originated the voyage through which they were discovered</li> - - <li>Marsala, - <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - - <li>Maryland, named after the queen of Charles I.</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Mathern, corrupt. from <i>Merthyr</i>, the martyr, the name of a -church near Chepstow, built in memory of Fewdrig, King of Gwent, -who died on its site as he was returning wounded from a battle -against the Saxons</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Mathravel, the land of apples, one of the ancient provinces into -which Wales was divided</li> - - <li>Matlock, - <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Mauritius, discovered by the Portuguese in 1505, visited by the -Dutch in 1596, who named it after Prince Maurice of the Netherlands. From 1713 till 1810 -it belonged to the French, who called it Isle of France</li> - - <li>May Island, - <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> - - <li>Maynooth, - <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> - - <li>Mayo, the plain of yew-trees</li> - - <li>Mazzara, Phœn. the castle</li> - - <li>Mazzarino, the little castle</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Mearns, corrupt. from <i>Maghgkerkkin</i>, the plain of Kerkin</li> - - <li>Meaux, named from the <i>Meldi</i></li> - - <li>Mecklenburg, - <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Medellin, named after its founder, Metellus, the Roman consul</li> - - <li>Medina, - <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - - <li>Mediterranean Sea, - <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - - <li>Meiningen, - <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> - - <li>Meissen, on the R. Meissa</li> - - <li>Melbourne, named after Lord Melbourne in 1837<span class="pagenum" id="Page_231">[231]</span></li> - - <li>Meldrum, - <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - - <li>Melrose, - <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> - - <li>Melun, - <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> - - <li>Memmingen, a patronymic</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Memphis or Memphe, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Ma-m-Phthah</i>, the place of the -Egyptian god Phthah</li> - - <li>Menai Strait, anc. <i>Sruth-monena</i></li> - - <li>Menam, the mother of waters, a river of Siam</li> - - <li>Mendip Hills, <i>i.e.</i> <i>mune-duppe</i>, rich in mines</li> - - <li>Mentone, It. the chin, on a point of lead</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Merida, Lat. <i>Augusta Emerita</i>, the town of the <i>emeriti</i> -or veterans, founded by Emperor Augustus</li> - - <li>Merioneth, named after Merion, a British saint</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Merthyr-Tydvil, named after the daughter of an ancient British king</li> - - <li>Meseritz, - <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - - <li>Meshed, Ar. the mosque</li> - - <li>Mesolonghi or Missolonghi, - <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> - - <li>Mesopotamia, - <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - - <li>Metz, named from the <i>Meomatrici</i>, a tribe</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Michigan Lake, Ind. great lake, or the weir, or fish-trap, from its shape</li> - - <li>Middelburg, - <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - - <li>Midhurst, - <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - - <li>Miklos, - <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> - - <li>Milan, - <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> - - <li>Milton, - <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> - - <li>Minnesota R., the sky-coloured water</li> - - <li>Miramichi, Ind. happy retreat</li> - - <li>Mirgorod, - <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - - <li>Mississippi R., Ind. the father of waters</li> - - <li>Missouri, Ind. the muddy stream</li> - - <li>Mitrovicz or Mitrovitz, - <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> - - <li>Mittau, named from <i>Mita</i>, a Sclav. deity</li> - - <li>Modena, Lat. <i>Mutina</i>, the fortified place</li> - - <li>Moffat, the foot of the moss</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Mogadore, named after a saint whose tomb is on an island off the coast</li> - - <li>Moguer, Ar. the caves</li> - - <li>Mohawk R., named from a tribe</li> - - <li>Moidart or Moydart, - <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Mola, It. the mound, anc. <i>Turres-Juliani</i>, the town of Julian</li> - - <li>Mold, - <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Monaghan, Ir. <i>Muneachain</i>, a place abounding in little hills</li> - - <li>Monaster, - <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - - <li>Monasterevin, - <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - - <li>Monda, - <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> - - <li>Mondego, - <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> - - <li>Monena, the river or sea of Mona</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Monmouth, at the mouth of the Mynwy, <i>i.e.</i> the border river, -from which it took its ancient name</li> - - <li>Montgomery, - <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> - - <li>Montrose, - <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> - - <li>Moravia, - <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> - - <li>Morayshire, - <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> - - <li>Morbihan, - <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> - - <li>Morecambe Bay, - <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - - <li>Morocco, the country of the Moors, - <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> - - <li>Morpeth, - <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - - <li>Morven, - <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - - <li>Morvern, - <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - - <li>Moscow, - <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> - - <li>Moulins, - <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> - - <li>Mourne Mountains, - <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> - - <li>Moy, Moyne, - <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> - - <li>Muhlhausen, - <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> - - <li>Mull Island, - <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> - - <li>Münden, - <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> - - <li>Munich, - <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> - - <li>Munster, in Germany, - <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - - <li>Munster, in Ireland, - <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - - <li>Murcia, - <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - - <li>Murviedro, - <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> - - <li>Muscat or Meschid, Ar. the tomb of a saint</li> - - <li>Muthil, - <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Mysore, corrupt. from <i>Mahesh-Asura</i>, the name of a -buffalo-headed monster, said to have been destroyed by the -goddess Kali</li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">N</p> - -<ul> - <li>Naas, Ir. a fair or place of meeting</li> - - <li>Nablous, - <a href="#Page_158">158</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_232">[232]</span></li> - - <li>Nagore, <i>na-gara</i>, Sansc. a city</li> - - <li>Nagpore, - <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - - <li>Nagy-Banja, - <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> - - <li>Nagy-Koros, - <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Nairn, on the R. Nairn, anc. <i>Ainear-nan</i>, east-flowing river</li> - - <li>Nancy, - <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - - <li>Nankin, Chinese, the southern capital</li> - - <li>Nantes, - <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - - <li>Nantwich, - <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - - <li>Naples, - <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> - - <li>Narbonne, named from the <i>Narbonenses</i></li> - - <li>Naseby, the town on the cape</li> - - <li>Nashville, named from Colonel Nash</li> - - <li>Nassau, - <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Natal, Colony, so named because discovered on Christmas Day, -<i>Dies-natalis</i>, by Vasco de Gama in 1498</li> - - <li>Natchez, a tribe name</li> - - <li>Naumburg, - <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - - <li>Naupactus, the place of ships</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Nauplia, a sea-port, from the Grk. <i>naus</i>, a ship, and -<i>pleos</i>, full</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Navan, Ir. <i>n’Eamhain</i>, literally the neck brooch, so named -from a legend connected with the foundation of an ancient palace -there</li> - - <li>Navarre, - <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> - - <li>Naxos, the floating island</li> - - <li>Naze, Cape, - <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> - - <li>Nebraska, Ind. the shallow river</li> - - <li>Nedjed, Ar. the elevated country</li> - - <li>Negropont, - <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> - - <li>Neilgherry Hills, - <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> - - <li>Nemours, the place of the sacred grove, <i>nemus</i></li> - - <li>Nenagh, - <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> - - <li>Ness, Loch and R., - <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> - - <li>Neston, - <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> - - <li>Netherlands, - <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> - - <li>Neusatz, - <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - - <li>Neusohl, - <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - - <li>Neuwied, - <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - - <li>Nevada Mountains—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">SIERRA</span>, - <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Nevers, anc. <i>Nivernum</i> and <i>Noviodunum</i>, the new fort or the R. Nièvre</li> - - <li>Neviansk, on the R. Neva</li> - - <li>Newark, - <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - - <li>Newcastle, - <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - - <li>Newport, - <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> - - <li>New Ross, - <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Newry, Ir. <i>Iubhar-cinn-tragha</i>, the yew-tree at the head of -the strand</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">New York, named after the Duke of York, brother of Charles II.</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Niagara, corrupt. from <i>Oni-aw-ga-rah</i>, the thunder of waters</li> - - <li>Nicastro, new camp</li> - - <li>Nicopoli, - <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> - - <li>Nijni Novgorod, - <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Nile R., native name <i>Sihor</i>, the blue, called by the Jews -Nile, the stream</li> - - <li>Nimeguen, - <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - - <li>Nimes or Nismes, - <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> - - <li>Ningpo, the repose of the waves</li> - - <li>Niphon Mount, the source of light</li> - - <li>Nippissing, a tribe name</li> - - <li>Nogent, - <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> - - <li>Noirmoutier, - <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - - <li>Nola, - <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - - <li>Nombre-de-dios, the name of God, a city of Mexico</li> - - <li>Nörrkoping, - <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - - <li>Northumberland, - <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> - - <li>Norway, - <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Nova Scotia, so named in concession to Sir William Alexander, a -Scotsman, who settled there in the reign of James II. It was -named <i>Markland</i> by its Norse discoverer, Eric the Red</li> - - <li>Nova Zembla, - <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - - <li>Noyon, anc. <i>Noviodunum</i>, the new fort</li> - - <li>Nubia, Coptic, the land of gold</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Nuneaton, the nun’s town, on the R. Ea, in Warwickshire, the seat of an ancient priory</li> - - <li>Nurnberg, - <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> - - <li>Nyassa and Nyanza, the water</li> - - <li>Nyborg, - <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - - <li>Nyköping or Nykobing, - <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - - <li>Nystadt, - <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">O</p> - -<ul> - <li>Oakham, - <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> - - <li>Oban, Gael. the little bay<span class="pagenum" id="Page_233">[233]</span></li> - - <li>Ochill Hills, - <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> - - <li>Ochiltree, - <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> - - <li>Odensee, - <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> - - <li>Oeta Mount, sheep mountain</li> - - <li>Ofen or Buda, - <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Ohio, beautiful river, called by the French <i>La Belle rivière</i></li> - - <li>Oldenburg, - <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> - - <li>Olekminsk, - <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - - <li>Olympus Mountain, the shining</li> - - <li>Omagh, <i>Omeha</i>, named from a tribe</li> - - <li>Omsk, - <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - - <li>Oosterhout, - <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> - - <li>Oporto, - <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> - - <li>Oppeln, the town on the R. Oppo</li> - - <li>Oppido, Lat. <i>Oppidum</i></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Orange, anc. <i>Arausione</i>, the town on the R. Araise</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Orange R. and Republic, named after Maurice, Prince of Orange</li> - - <li>Oregon R., from the Span. <i>organa</i>, wild marjoram</li> - - <li>Orellana R., named from its discoverer</li> - - <li>Orissa, named from a tribe</li> - - <li>Orkney Islands, - <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Orleans, corrupt. from <i>Aurelianum</i>, named after the Emperor Aurelian</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Orme’s Head, Norse <i>ormr</i>, a serpent, from its shape</li> - - <li>Ormskirk, - <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - - <li>Orvieto, - <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> - - <li>Osborne, named after the Fitz-Osborne family</li> - - <li>Oschatz, Sclav. <i>Osada</i>, the colony</li> - - <li>Osimo, - <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> - - <li>Osnabrück, - <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> - - <li>Ossa Mountain, Grk. the watch-tower</li> - - <li>Ostend, - <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> - - <li>Ostia, Lat. the place at the river’s mouth, <i>Os</i></li> - - <li>Oswestry, - <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Othrys, the mountain with the overhanging brow, Grk. <i>othrus</i></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Otranto, anc. <i>Hydruntum</i>, a place almost surrounded by water, <i>ùdor</i>, Grk.</li> - - <li>Ottawa, a tribe name</li> - - <li>Ottawa R., a tribe name</li> - - <li>Oudenarde, - <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Oudh or Awadh, corrupt. from <i>Ayodha</i>, the invincible</li> - - <li>Oulart, corrupt. from <i>Abhalgort</i>, Ir. apple field</li> - - <li>Oundle, - <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> - - <li>Ouro-preto, - <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - - <li>Ouse R., - <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> - - <li>Overyssel R., - <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Oviedo is said to have derived this name from the Rivers Ove and -Divo. Its Latin name was <i>Lucus-Asturum</i>, the grove of the -Asturians</li> - - <li>Owyhee, the hot place</li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">P</p> - -<ul> - <li>Paderborn, - <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> - - <li>Padstow, - <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Paestum, anc. <i>Poseidonia</i>, the city of Poseidon or Neptune</li> - - <li>Palamcotta, - <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Palermo, corrupt. from <i>Panormus</i>, Grk. the spacious harbour</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Palestine, the land of the Philistines, <i>strangers</i>; from -Crete, who occupied merely a strip of the country on the coast, -and yet gave their own name to the whole land</li> - - <li>Palma, the palm-tree</li> - - <li>Palmas, Lat. the palm-trees</li> - - <li>Palmyra or Tadmor, the city of palms</li> - - <li>Pampeluna or Pamplona, - <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> - - <li>Panama Bay, the bay of mud fish</li> - - <li>Panjab or Punjaub, - <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> - - <li>Paraguay, - <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - - <li>Parahyba, - <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - - <li>Paramaribo, - <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> - - <li>Parapamisan Mountains, the flat-topped hills</li> - - <li>Parchim, - <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - - <li>Paris, - <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Parsonstown, named for Sir William Parsons, who received a grant of -the land on which the town stands, with the adjoining estate, -from James II. in 1670</li> - - <li>Passau, - <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Patagonia, so called from the clumsy shoes of its native inhabitants<span class="pagenum" id="Page_234">[234]</span></li> - - <li>Patna, - <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - - <li>Paunton, - <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> - - <li>Pays de Vaud, - <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> - - <li>Peebles, anc. <i>Peblis</i>, Cym.-Cel. the tents or sheds</li> - - <li>Peel, - <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - - <li>Peiho R., - <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> - - <li>Pe-king, Chinese, the northern capital</li> - - <li>Pe-ling Mountains, the northern mountains</li> - - <li>Pelion, the clayey mountains, <i>pelos</i>, Grk. clay</li> - - <li>Pella, the stony</li> - - <li>Pembroke, - <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> - - <li>Penicuik, - <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Pennsylvania, named after William Penn, whose son had obtained a -grant of forest land in compensation for £16,000 which the king -owed to his father</li> - - <li>Pentland Hills, corrupt. from the Pictsland Hills</li> - - <li>Penzance, - <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> - - <li>Perekop, the rampart</li> - - <li>Perigord, named from the <i>Petrocorii</i></li> - - <li>Perm, anc. <i>Biarmaland</i>, the country of the Biarmi</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Pernambuco, the mouth of hell, so called from the violent surf at -the mouth of its harbour</li> - - <li>Pernau, - <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> - - <li>Pershore, - <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> - - <li>Perth, - <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Perthddu, Welsh, the black brake or brushwood, in Wales</li> - - <li>Perugia, - <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> - - <li>Peshawur, the advanced fortress</li> - - <li>Pesth, - <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> - - <li>Peterhead, - <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - - <li>Peterwarden, the fortress of Peter the Hermit</li> - - <li>Petra, the stony</li> - - <li>Petropaulovski, the port of Peter and Paul</li> - - <li>Pforzheim, - <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - - <li>Philadelphia, the town of brotherly love, in America</li> - - <li>Philippi, named after Philip of Macedon</li> - - <li>Philippine Isles, named after Philip II. of Spain</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Philipstown, in Ireland, named after Philip, the husband of Queen Mary</li> - - <li>Phocis, the place of seals</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Phœnice, either the place of palms or the Phœnician settlement</li> - - <li>Phœnix Park, in Dublin, - <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - - <li>Piedmont, the foot of the mountain</li> - - <li>Pietermaritzburg, named after two Boer leaders</li> - - <li>Pillau, - <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - - <li>Pisgah Mountain, the height</li> - - <li>Pittenweem, - <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> - - <li>Pittsburg, named after William Pitt</li> - - <li>Placentia, Lat. the pleasant place</li> - - <li>Plassy, named from a grove of a certain kind of tree</li> - - <li>Plattensee or Balaton, - <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Plenlimmon Mountain, Welsh, the mountain with five peaks</li> - - <li>Plock, or Plotsk, - <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> - - <li>Ploermel, - <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> - - <li>Podgoricza, - <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> - - <li>Poictiers, named from the <i>Pictones</i></li> - - <li>Poland, Sclav. the level land</li> - - <li>Polynesia, - <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - - <li>Pomerania, - <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - - <li>Pondicherri, Tamil, the new village</li> - - <li>Pontoise, - <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> - - <li>Poole, - <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> - - <li>Popocatepetl Mountain, the smoking mountain</li> - - <li>Portrush, - <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> - - <li>Portugal, - <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> - - <li>Potenza, Lat. <i>Potentia</i>, the powerful</li> - - <li>Potsdam, - <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Powys, the name of an ancient district in North Wales, signifying a -place of rest</li> - - <li>Pozoblanco, - <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - - <li>Prague, Sclav. <i>Prako</i>, the threshold</li> - - <li>Prato-Vecchio, - <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - - <li>Prenzlow, the town of Pribislav, a personal name</li> - - <li>Presburg or Brezisburg, the town of Brazilaus</li> - - <li>Prescot, - <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - - <li>Presteign and Preston, - <a href="#Page_194">194</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_235">[235]</span></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Privas, anc. <i>Privatium Castra</i>, the fortress not belonging to -the state, but private property</li> - - <li>Prossnitz, on the R. Prosna</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Providence, in U.S., so named by Roger Williams, who was persecuted -by the Puritan settlers in Massachusetts because he preached -toleration in religion, and was obliged to take refuge at that -place, to which, in gratitude to God, he gave this name</li> - - <li>Prussia, the country of the <i>Pruezi</i></li> - - <li>Puebla, Span. a town or village</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Puebla-de-los-Angelos, the town of the angels, so called from its -fine climate</li> - - <li>Puenta-de-la-Reyna, - <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> - - <li>Puerto, the harbour</li> - - <li>Pulo-Penang, - <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - - <li>Puozzuoli, - <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - - <li>Puy-de-dome, - <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> - - <li>Pwlhelli, - <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Pyrenees Mountains, named either from the Basque <i>pyrge</i>, high, -or from the Celtic <i>pyr</i>, a fir-tree</li> - - <li>Pyrmont, - <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">Q</p> - -<ul> - <li>Quang-se, the western province, in China</li> - - <li>Quang-tung, the eastern province</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Quatre-Bras, Fr. the four arms, <i>i.e.</i> at the meeting of four -roads</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Quebec, in Canada, named after Quebec in Brittany, the village on -the point</li> - - <li>Queensberry, - <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> - - <li>Queen’s County, named after Queen Mary</li> - - <li>Queensferry, - <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Queensland and Queenstown, named after Queen Victoria</li> - - <li>Quimper, - <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - - <li>Quimper-lé, - <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - - <li>Quita, the deep ravine</li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">R</p> - -<ul> - <li>Radnorshire, - <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Radom and Radomka, named after the Sclav. deity Ratzi</li> - - <li>Rajputana, - <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> - - <li>Ramgunga, - <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> - - <li>Ramnaggur, ram’s fort</li> - - <li>Ramsgate, - <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - - <li>Randers, - <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> - - <li>Raphoe, - <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> - - <li>Rapidan R., named after Queen Anne</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Rappahannock R., Ind. the river of quick-rising waters</li> - - <li>Rastadt, - <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> - - <li>Ratibor, - <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Ratisbon, Sclav. the fortress on the R. Regen, Ger. <i>Regena Castra</i> -or <i>Regensburg</i></li> - - <li>Ravenna, - <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Rayne, Gael. <i>raon</i>, a plain, a parish in Aberdeenshire</li> - - <li>Reading, a patronymic</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Redruth, in Cornwall, in old deeds, <i>Tre-Druith</i>, the dwelling -of the Druids</li> - - <li>Reeth, on the stream, <i>rith</i></li> - - <li>Rega R., - <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> - - <li>Reichenbach, - <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> - - <li>Reichenhall, - <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - - <li>Reigate, - <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - - <li>Reims or Rheims, named for the <i>Remi</i>, a tribe</li> - - <li>Remscheid, - <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Renaix, corrupt. from <i>Hrodnace</i>, the town of Hrodno</li> - - <li>Renfrew, - <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> - - <li>Rennes, named from the <i>Rhedoni</i>, a tribe</li> - - <li>Resht, Ar. headship</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Resolven, Welsh <i>Rhiw</i>, Scotch <i>maen</i>, the brow of the -stonehead, in Glamorganshire</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Reculver, in Kent, corrupt. from <i>Regoluion</i>, the point against the waves</li> - - <li>Retford, - <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> - - <li>Reutlingen, a patronymic</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Revel, named from two small islands near the town, called <i>reffe</i>, -the sand-banks<span class="pagenum" id="Page_236">[236]</span></li> - - <li>Reykiavik or Reikiavik, - <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> - - <li>Rhine R. and Rhone R., - <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> - - <li>Rhode Island, - <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Rhodes and Rosas, in Spain, named from the <i>Rhodians</i>, a -Grecian tribe</li> - - <li>Rhyddlan or Rhuddlan, Cym.-Cel. the red church</li> - - <li>Rhyl, the cleft, a watering-place in North Wales</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Rhymni, the marshy land, in Monmouthshire, on a river called the -Rhymni, from the nature of the land through which it flows—<i>v.</i> -Romney, at <span class="allsmcap">EA</span>, - <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> - - <li>Riga, - <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> - - <li>Ringwood, in Hants, the wood of the Regni</li> - - <li>Rio-de-Janeiro, - <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> - - <li>Ripon, - <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - - <li>Ritzbuttel, - <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> - - <li>Rive-de-Gier, - <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> - - <li>Rivoli, - <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> - - <li>Rochdale, the valley of the R. Roche</li> - - <li>Rochefort, - <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - - <li>Rochelle, - <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - - <li>Rochester, - <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - - <li>Roermonde, - <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> - - <li>Romania or Roumilli, - <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Romans, anc. <i>Romanum-Monasterium</i>, the monastery of the -Romans, founded by St. Bernard</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Rome, perhaps named from the <i>groma</i>, or four cross roads -that at the forum formed the nucleus of the city</li> - - <li>Romorantin, - <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> - - <li>Roncesvalles, - <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> - - <li>Roque, La, Cape, the rock</li> - - <li>Roscommon, - <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - - <li>Roscrea, - <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - - <li>Rosetta, anc. Ar. <i>Rasched</i>, headship</li> - - <li>Ross, in Hereford, - <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> - - <li>Rossbach, the horse’s brook</li> - - <li>Ross-shire, - <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> - - <li>Rothenburg, - <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> - - <li>Rotherham, - <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> - - <li>Rotherthurm, - <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Rothesay, the isle of Rother, the ancient name of Bute</li> - - <li>Rotterdam, - <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> - - <li>Rouen, - <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Rousillon, named from the ancient town of <i>Ruscino</i>, a Roman colony</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Roveredo, Lat. <i>Roboretum</i>, a place planted with oaks, in Tyrol</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Row, in Dumbartonshire, from <i>rubha</i>, Gael. a promontory -running into the sea</li> - - <li>Roxburgh, - <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Ruabon, corrupt. from <i>Rhiw-Mabon-Sant</i>, the ascent of St. -Mabon, in North Wales</li> - - <li>Rudgeley or Rugely, - <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> - - <li>Rugen, named from the Rugii</li> - - <li>Runcorn, - <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - - <li>Runnymede, - <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> - - <li>Rushbrook and Rushford, - <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Russia, named from the <i>Rossi</i>, a tribe of Norsemen in the ninth century</li> - - <li>Ruthin and Rhuddlan, - <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> - - <li>Rutland, - <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> - - <li>Rybinsk, - <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> - - <li>Ryde, - <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - - <li>Ryswick, - <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">S</p> - -<ul> - <li>Saale R., - <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> - - <li>Saarbrück, - <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> - - <li>Saar-Louis, - <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> - - <li>Sabor, - <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> - - <li>Sabor R., - <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> - - <li>Saffron Walden, - <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> - - <li>Sagan, Sclav. behind the road</li> - - <li>Sahara, - <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - - <li>Saida or Sidon, Semitic, fish town</li> - - <li>Saintes, named from the <i>Santones</i></li> - - <li>Salamanca, - <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Salem, in U.S., intended by the Puritans to be a type of the New -Jerusalem</li> - - <li>Salford, - <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> - - <li>Salins, - <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> - - <li>Salisbury, - <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> - - <li>Salonica, corrupt. from <i>Thessalonica</i><span class="pagenum" id="Page_237">[237]</span></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Salop, contracted from <i>Sloppesbury</i>, the Norman corruption of -<i>Scrobbesbury</i>, the town among shrubs, now Shrewsbury—<i>v.</i> - <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> - - <li>Saltcoats, - <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - - <li>Salzburg, - <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Samarcand, said to have been named after Alexander the Great</li> - - <li>Samaria, the town of Shemir</li> - - <li>Samos, Phœn. the lofty</li> - - <li>Sandwich, - <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> - - <li>Sangerhausen—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">SANG</span></li> - - <li>Sanquhar, - <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">San Salvador, the Holy Saviour, the first land descried by -Columbus, and therefore named by him from the Saviour, who had -guarded him in so many perils</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">San Sebastian, the first Spanish colony founded in South America</li> - - <li>Santa Cruz, - <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Santa Fé, the city of the holy faith, founded by Queen Isabella -after the siege of Granada</li> - - <li>Santander, named after St. Andrew</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Saragossa, corrupt. from <i>Cæsarea Augusta</i>; its Basque name -was <i>Saluba</i>, the sheep’s ford</li> - - <li>Sarawak, Malay <i>Sarakaw</i>, the cove</li> - - <li>Sarnow, - <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Saskatchewan, swift current, a river in British North America</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Saul, in Gloucester—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">SALH</span>, - <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Saul, Co. Down—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">SABHALL</span>, - <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> - - <li>Saumur, anc. <i>Salmurium</i>, the walled building</li> - - <li>Saxony, - <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> - - <li>Scala-nova, - <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - - <li>Scalloway, - <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> - - <li>Scarborough, - <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> - - <li>Scawfell Mountain, - <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> - - <li>Schaffhausen, - <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> - - <li>Schemnitz, - <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Schichallion Mountain, Gael. <i>Ti-chail-linn</i>, the maiden’s pap</li> - - <li>Schleswick, - <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> - - <li>Schmalkalden, - <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Schotturen, the Scotch Vienna, a colony of Scottish monks having -settled there</li> - - <li>Schreckhorn Mountain, - <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> - - <li>Schweidnitz, Sclav. the place of the cornel-tree</li> - - <li>Schweinfurt, the ford of the Suevi</li> - - <li>Schwerin, - <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> - - <li>Scilly Islands, the islands of the rock, <i>siglio</i></li> - - <li>Scinde, the country of the R. Indus or Sinde</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Scratch meal Scar, in Cumberland—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">SKAER</span>, - <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Scutari, in Albania, corrupt. from <i>Scodra</i>, hill town</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Scutari, in Turkey, from <i>Uskudar</i>, Pers. a messenger, having -been in remote periods, what it is to this day, a station for -Asiatic couriers</li> - - <li>Sebastopol, - <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> - - <li>Sedlitz, - <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Segovia, anc. <i>Segubia</i>, probably the plain on the river-bend; -<i>ce</i>, a plain, and <i>gubia</i>, a bend</li> - - <li>Selby, - <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> - - <li>Selinga, - <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> - - <li>Semipalatinsk, - <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> - - <li>Senlis, - <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> - - <li>Sens, named from the <i>Senones</i></li> - - <li>Seringapatam, - <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - - <li>Settle, - <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> - - <li>Seville, Phœn. <i>Sephala</i>, a marshy plain</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Sevres, named from the two rivers which traverse it, anc. <i>Villa Savara</i></li> - - <li>Shamo, Chinese, the desert</li> - - <li>Shan—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">SEANN</span>, - <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> - - <li>Shanghai, supreme court</li> - - <li>Shansi, west of the mountain</li> - - <li>Shantung, east of the mountain</li> - - <li>Sherborne, - <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> - - <li>Shetland Islands, - <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - - <li>Shields, - <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> - - <li>Shiraz, - <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Shirvan, said to have been named after Nieshirvan, a king of Persia</li> - - <li>Shotover, corrupt. from <i>Chateauvert</i>, green castle</li> - - <li>Shrewsbury—<i>v.</i> Salop</li> - - <li>Sicily, named from the <i>Siculi</i>, a tribe</li> - - <li>Sidlaw Hills, fairy hills—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">SIDH</span></li> - - <li>Sidon—<i>v.</i> Saida, in Index.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_238">[238]</span></li> - - <li>Silesia, Sclav. <i>Zlezia</i>, the bad land</li> - - <li>Silhet or Sirihat, the rich market</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Silloth Bay, perhaps herring bay, <i>sil</i>, Norse, a herring, and -<i>lod</i>, a bundle of fishing lines</li> - - <li>Sion or Sitten, - <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> - - <li>Sion, Mount, the upraised</li> - - <li>Skagen, Cape, - <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - - <li>Skager-rack, - <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - - <li>Skaw Cape, - <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - - <li>Skipton, - <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Skye Island, Gael. <i>Ealan-skianach</i>, the winged island</li> - - <li>Slamanan, - <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - - <li>Sligo, named from the R. <i>Sligeach</i>, shelly water</li> - - <li>Sluys, - <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> - - <li>Slyne Head, - <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - - <li>Snäfell Mountain, - <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> - - <li>Snaith, - <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - - <li>Snowdon Mountain, - <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> - - <li>Socotra, - <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> - - <li>Soissons, named from the <i>Suessiones</i></li> - - <li>Sokoto, the market-place</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Soleure, corrupt. from St. Ours or Ursinus, to whom the church was -dedicated</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Solway Firth, according to Camden, was named from a small village -in Scotland called Solam</li> - - <li>Somerset, - <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> - - <li>Sommariva, the summit of the bank</li> - - <li>Somogy, Hung. the place of cornel-trees</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Sophia, Grk. wisdom, dedicated to the second person of the Trinity</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Sorbonne, named from Robert de Sorbonne, almoner of St. Louis</li> - - <li>Söst or Soest, - <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> - - <li>Soudan—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">BELED</span></li> - - <li>Southampton, - <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> - - <li>Southwark, - <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - - <li>Souvigny, - <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> - - <li>Spa, - <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> - - <li>Spalatro, - <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Sparta, Grk. the sowed land or the place of scattered houses</li> - - <li>Spires or Speyer, named from the R. Speyerbach</li> - - <li>Spitzbergen, - <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Spurn Head, the look-out cape, from <i>spyrian</i>, to look out</li> - - <li>St. Alban’s Head, corrupt. from St. Aldhelm’s Head</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">St. Andrews, so named from a tradition that the bones of St. Andrew -were brought to that place by St. Regulus: formerly called -<i>Mucros</i>, the boar’s headland, and then Kilrymont, the church -or cell of the king’s mount</li> - - <li>St. Cloud for St. Hloddwald</li> - - <li>St. David’s, in Wales, Welsh <i>Ty-Ddewi</i>—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">TY</span></li> - - <li>St. Heliers for St. Hilarius</li> - - <li>St. Omer for St. Awdomar</li> - - <li>Stadel, etc., - <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> - - <li>Staffa, - <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> - - <li>Staines, - <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> - - <li>Stamboul, - <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> - - <li>Stanislaus, named after Stanislaus of Poland</li> - - <li>Stantz, - <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> - - <li>Stargard, - <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> - - <li>Starodub, - <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> - - <li>Startpoint, - <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> - - <li>Stavropol, - <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> - - <li>Stellenbosch, - <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - - <li>Stepney, - <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> - - <li>Stetten, Sclav. <i>Zytyn</i>, the place of green corn</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Stirling, Cym.-Cel. <i>Ystrevelyn</i>, the town of the Easterlings, -from Flanders</li> - - <li>Stockholm, - <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> - - <li>Stockport, - <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> - - <li>Stockton, - <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> - - <li>Stoke, - <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> - - <li>Stolpe, - <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> - - <li>Stonehaven, - <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - - <li>Stow-market, - <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> - - <li>Stradbally, - <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> - - <li>Stralsund, - <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> - - <li>Strasbourg, - <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> - - <li>Strehlitz, - <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Striegau or Cziska, Sclav. the place on the small stream, <i>tschuga</i></li> - - <li>Stulweissenburg—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">FEHER</span><span class="pagenum" id="Page_239">[239]</span></li> - - <li>Stuttgard, - <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> - - <li>Styria or Steyermark, the boundary of the R. Steyer</li> - - <li>Sudetic Mountains, - <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> - - <li>Suez, the mouth or opening</li> - - <li>Suffolk, - <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> - - <li>Sumatra, corrupt. from <i>Trimatra</i>, the happy</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Sunderbunds, corrupt. from <i>Sundari-vana</i>, so called from the -forest, <i>vana</i>, of <i>Sundari</i>-trees</li> - - <li>Sunderland, - <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> - - <li>Surat, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Su-rashta</i>, the good country</li> - - <li>Surrey, - <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Susa, a city of ancient Persia, so called from the <i>lilies</i> in -its neighbourhood; <i>susa</i>, a lily</li> - - <li>Sussex, - <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> - - <li>Sutherlandshire, - <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> - - <li>Sviatoi-nos, - <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Swan R., so named from the number of black swans seen by the first -discoverer</li> - - <li>Swansea, - <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> - - <li>Sweden, - <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> - - <li>Sydney, named after a governor of the colony</li> - - <li>Syria—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">BELED</span>, - <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> - - <li>Szent-kercsyt, - <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> - - <li>Szentes, for saint, - <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">T</p> - -<ul> - <li>Tabriz, anc. <i>Taurus</i>, the mountain town</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Tagus or Tejo R., Phœn. the fish river</li> - - <li>Tain, - <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Takhtapul, the throne city, the seat of the Turkish Afghan -government</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Takht-i-Soliman, the throne of Solomon, being the highest of the -Solomon Mountains</li> - - <li>Talavera, - <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> - - <li>Tamsai, fresh water town, in China</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Tananarivo, the city of one thousand towns, the capital of -Madagascar</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Tanderagee, Ir. <i>Ton-legœith</i>, the place with its back to the wind</li> - - <li>Tanjier, Phœn. the city protected by God</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Tanjore, corrupt. from <i>Tanjavur</i>, derived from its ancient -name <i>Tanja-Nagaram</i>, the city of refuge</li> - - <li>Tarazona, - <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> - - <li>Tarifa, named after a Moorish chief</li> - - <li>Tarnopol, - <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> - - <li>Tarporley, - <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Tarragona, anc. <i>Tarraco</i>, Phœn. <i>Tarchon</i>, the citadel -or palace</li> - - <li>Tarsus, Phœn. the strong place</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Tasmania, named after Abel Tasman, who discovered it in 1642. It -was called Van Diemen’s Land in honour of the Governor-General of -the Dutch East India Company</li> - - <li>Taurus Mountain, - <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> - - <li>Tavistock, - <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> - - <li>Tay R., - <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> - - <li>Tcherniz, - <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> - - <li>Teflis, - <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Teltown, Ir. <i>Tailten</i>, where Taillte, the daughter of the -King of Spain, was buried</li> - - <li>Temeswar, Hung. the fortress on the R. Temes</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Temisconata, the wonder of water, a county and lake in Canada</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Temple, a parish in Mid-Lothian, where there was an establishment -for the Templars or Red Friars, founded by David I.</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Tennessee R., the spoon-shaped river, so called from its curve</li> - - <li>Tenterden, - <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> - - <li>Teramo, - <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> - - <li>Terni, - <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> - - <li>Terranova, - <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> - - <li>Texas, Ind. hunting ground</li> - - <li>Tezcuco, Mexican, the place of detention</li> - - <li>Thames R., - <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> - - <li>Thannheim, - <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> - - <li>Thapsus, the passage</li> - - <li>Thaxsted, - <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> - - <li>Thebes, in Egypt, <i>Taba</i>, the capital<span class="pagenum" id="Page_240">[240]</span></li> - - <li>Thermia, Grk. the place of warm springs, in Sicily</li> - - <li>Thermopylæ, the defile of the warm springs</li> - - <li>Thian-shan, Chinese, the celestial mountains</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Thian-shan-nan-loo, the country south of the celestial mountains</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Thian-shan-pe-loo, the country north of the celestial mountains</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Thibet, supposed to be a corrupt. of <i>Thupo</i>, the country of -the Thou, a people who founded an empire there in the sixth -century</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">This or Abou-This, <i>i.e.</i> the city of This, corrupted by the -Greeks into <i>Abydos</i></li> - - <li>Thouars, - <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> - - <li>Thrace, Grk. the rough land, <i>trachus</i></li> - - <li>Thun, - <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> - - <li>Thurgau, - <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - - <li>Thurles, - <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - - <li>Thurso, - <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li> - - <li>Tiber R., - <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> - - <li>Tideswell, - <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - - <li>Tierra-del-Fuego, - <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> - - <li>Tillicoultry, - <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Tilsit or Tilzela, at the conf. of the R. Tilzele with the Memel</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Tinnevelly, corrupt. from <i>Trinavali</i>, one of the names of Vishnu</li> - - <li>Tinto Hill, - <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> - - <li>Tipperary, - <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> - - <li>Tiree Island, - <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> - - <li>Tiverton, - <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - - <li>Tlascala, Mexican, the place of bread</li> - - <li>Tobermory, - <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> - - <li>Tobolsk, - <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Todmorden, corrupt. from <i>Todmare-dean</i>, the valley of the -foxes’ mere or marsh</li> - - <li>Tomantoul, - <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> - - <li>Tomsk, - <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - - <li>Tongres, - <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> - - <li>Tonquin, Chinese <i>Tang-king</i>, the eastern capital</li> - - <li>Toome—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">TUAIM</span>, - <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> - - <li>Töplitz, Neu and Alt</li> - - <li>Torgau, - <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> - - <li>Torquay, - <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Torres Straits, named after one of Magalhaen’s lieutenants</li> - - <li>Torres-Vedras, - <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> - - <li>Torquemada, - <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> - - <li>Tory Island, - <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> - - <li>Toul and Toulouse, - <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Toulon, anc. <i>Telonium</i> or <i>Telo Martius</i>, named after its founder</li> - - <li>Tourcoing, - <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> - - <li>Tours, - <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Towie and Tough, parishes in Aberdeenshire, from Gael, <i>tuath</i>, the north</li> - - <li>Trafalgar, - <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> - - <li>Tralee, - <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> - - <li>Tranent, - <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> - - <li>Transylvania, - <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> - - <li>Trapani, anc. <i>Drapanum</i>, the sickle, Grk. <i>drepanon</i></li> - - <li>Tras-os-Montes, - <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> - - <li>Traun R., - <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> - - <li>Traunik, - <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> - - <li>Traunviertel, - <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> - - <li>Trave R., - <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Trebizond, Grk. <i>trapezus</i>, the table, so called from its form</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Trent, anc. <i>Civitas-Tridentium</i>, the town of the <i>Tridenti</i></li> - - <li>Trêves, named from the <i>Treviri</i>, a tribe</li> - - <li>Trichinapalli, the town of the giant <i>Trisira</i></li> - - <li>Trim, at the elder-tree, - <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Trinidad, so named by Columbus from its three peaks, emblematic of -the Holy Trinity</li> - - <li>Tring, a patronymic</li> - - <li>Tripoli, - <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> - - <li>Tripolitza, - <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Trolhätta Fall, Goth. the abyss of the trolls or demons</li> - - <li>Trondhjem or Drontheim</li> - - <li>Troon, - <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> - - <li>Troppau, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Zur-Oppa</i>, on the R. Oppa</li> - - <li>Troyes, named from the <i>Tricasses</i></li> - - <li>Truro, - <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Truxillo, in Spain, corrupt. from <i>Turris-Julii</i>, Julius’s tower<span class="pagenum" id="Page_241">[241]</span></li> - - <li>Tuam, - <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> - - <li>Tubingen, anc. <i>Diowingen</i>, probably a patronymic</li> - - <li>Tudela, anc. <i>Tutela</i>, the watch-tower</li> - - <li>Tullamore, - <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> - - <li>Tulle, anc. <i>Tutela</i>, the watch-tower</li> - - <li>Tullow, - <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Turin, anc. <i>Augusta-Taurinorum</i>, named from the Taurini, -<i>i.e.</i> dwellers among hills</li> - - <li>Tweed R., Brit. <i>tuedd</i>, a border</li> - - <li>Tyndrum, - <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> - - <li>Tynron, - <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> - - <li>Tyre, - <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> - - <li>Tyrnau, on the R. Tyrnau</li> - - <li>Tyrone, - <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> - - <li>Tzerna or Czerna R., - <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> - - <li>Tzernagora, - <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">U</p> - -<ul> - <li class="hangingindent">Udny, a parish in Aberdeenshire, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Wodeney</i>, from the Saxon god Woden</li> - - <li>Uist, North and South, Scand. <i>Vist</i>, an abode</li> - - <li>Uj-hely, Hung. new place</li> - - <li>Ukraine, Sclav. the frontier or boundary</li> - - <li>Ulleswater, - <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - - <li>Ulm or Ulma, the place of elm-trees</li> - - <li>Ulster, - <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> - - <li>Unst Island, anc. <i>Ornyst</i>, Scand. the eagle’s nest</li> - - <li>Unyamuezi, the land of the moon</li> - - <li>Upsala, - <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> - - <li>Ural Mountains and R., Tartar, the belt or girdle</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Usedom, the Germanised form of <i>Huzysch</i>, Sclav. the place of -learning</li> - - <li>Usk R., - <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> - - <li>Utrecht, - <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">V</p> - -<ul> - <li>Valais, - <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> - - <li>Valence, in France, and</li> - - <li>Valencia, in Spain, anc. <i>Valentia</i>, the powerful</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Valenciennes and Valenza, or Valence, said to have been named after -the Emperor Valentinian</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Valentia Island, in Ireland, Ir. <i>Dearbhre</i>, the oak wood</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Valetta, in Malta, named after the Grand Master of the Knights of -St. John in 1566</li> - - <li>Valparaiso, - <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Van Diemen’s Land, named after Maria Van Diemen by Tasman</li> - - <li>Vannes, named from the <i>Veneti</i></li> - - <li>Varna, Turc. the fortress</li> - - <li>Varosvar, - <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> - - <li>Vasarhely, - <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - - <li>Vaucluse, - <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> - - <li>Vaud, Pays de, - <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> - - <li>Velekaja R., - <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> - - <li>Vendée, La, and</li> - - <li>Vendôme, named from the <i>Veneti</i></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Venezuela, little Venice, so called from an Indian village -constructed on piles, discovered by the Spaniards</li> - - <li>Venice, - <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> - - <li>Venloo, - <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> - - <li>Ventnor, - <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> - - <li>Ventry, - <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> - - <li>Verdun and Verden, - <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> - - <li>Vermont, green mountain</li> - - <li>Vevey, anc. <i>Vibiscum</i>, on the R. Vip</li> - - <li>Viborg, - <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> - - <li>Vick, - <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Vienna, Ger. <i>Wien</i>, on the R. Wien, an affluent of the Danube</li> - - <li>Viesti, named from a temple dedicated to Vesta</li> - - <li>Vigo, - <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> - - <li>Vimeira, Port. the place of osiers, <i>vime</i></li> - - <li>Vincennes, anc. <i>Ad-Vicenas</i></li> - - <li>Virginia, named after Queen Elizabeth</li> - - <li>Vistula or Wisla, the west-flowing river</li> - - <li>Vitré, corrupt. from <i>Victoriacum</i>, the victorious</li> - - <li>Vitry, the victorious, founded by Francis I.</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Vladimir, founded by the ducal family of that name in the twelfth -century</li> - - <li>Vogelberg, the hill of birds<span class="pagenum" id="Page_242">[242]</span></li> - - <li>Volga, the great water</li> - - <li>Volhynia, Sclav. the plain</li> - - <li>Voorburg, - <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - - <li>Voralberg, <i>i.e.</i> in front of the Arlberg ridge</li> - - <li>Vukovar, the fortress on the R. Vuka</li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">W</p> - -<ul> - <li>Wakefield, - <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - - <li>Walcherin Island, - <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> - - <li>Waldeck, - <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> - - <li>Walden, Saffron, - <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> - - <li>Wales, - <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li> - - <li>Wallachia, - <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> - - <li>Wallendorf, - <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> - - <li>Wallenstadt, - <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> - - <li>Wallingford, - <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li> - - <li>Walthamstow, - <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> - - <li>Ware, - <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> - - <li>Wareham, - <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> - - <li>Warminster, - <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> - - <li>Warrington, a patronymic</li> - - <li>Warsaw, the fortified place—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">VAR</span></li> - - <li>Warwick, - <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> - - <li>Waterford, - <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - - <li>Waterloo, - <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> - - <li>Weimar, - <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - - <li>Weissenfels, - <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> - - <li>Weistritz R., the swift, straight stream</li> - - <li>Well—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">QUELLE</span></li> - - <li>Welland R., the river into which the tide flows</li> - - <li>Wellingborough, a patronymic</li> - - <li>Wellington, a patronymic</li> - - <li>Wells, - <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - - <li>Welshpool, Welsh <i>Trallwng</i>, the quagmire</li> - - <li>Wem, - <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> - - <li>Wemys, <i>uamh</i>, the cave</li> - - <li>Werden, - <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> - - <li>Wesely, Hung. pleasant</li> - - <li>Weser R., - <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li> - - <li>Westeraas, - <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> - - <li>Westphalia, the western plain</li> - - <li>Wetterhorn, - <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> - - <li>Wexford, - <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - - <li>Whitby, - <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> - - <li>Whitehaven, - <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - - <li>Whithorn, - <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> - - <li>Wiborg, - <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> - - <li>Wick, - <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> - - <li>Wicklow, - <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> - - <li>Wiesbaden, - <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> - - <li>Wigan, - <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Wight, Isle of, anc. <i>Zuzo-yr-with</i>, the island of the channel</li> - - <li>Wigton, - <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> - - <li>Wiltshire, - <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> - - <li>Wimbleton, - <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> - - <li>Wimborne, - <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> - - <li>Winchester, - <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - - <li>Windsor, - <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> - - <li>Wirksworth, - <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> - - <li>Wisbeach, the shore of the R. Ouse, <i>uisge</i>, water</li> - - <li>Wisconsin, Ind. the wild rushing channel</li> - - <li>Wismar, - <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> - - <li>Withey, - <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> - - <li>Wittenberg, - <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> - - <li>Wittstock, - <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> - - <li>Wladislawaw, the town of Wladislav</li> - - <li>Wokingham, - <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> - - <li>Wolfenbuttel, - <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> - - <li>Wolga—<i>v.</i> Volga</li> - - <li>Wolverhampton, - <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> - - <li>Woodstock, - <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> - - <li>Wooler, - <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> - - <li>Woolwich, - <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Worcester, anc. <i>Huic-wara-ceaster</i>, the camp of the <i>Huieci</i></li> - - <li>Worms, - <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Worm’s Head, the serpent’s head, <i>ornr</i>, from its form</li> - - <li>Worthing, - <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Wrath, Cape, Scand. the cape of the <i>hvarf</i>, or turning</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Wrietzen or Brietzen, Sclav. the place of birch-trees—<i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">BRASA</span></li> - - <li>Wroxeter, anc. <i>Uriconium</i></li> - - <li>Wurtemberg, anc. <i>Wrtinisberk</i>, from a personal name</li> - - <li>Wurtzburg, - <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> - - <li>Wycombe, - <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Wyoming Valley, corrupt. from <i>Maugh-wauwame</i>, Ind. the large plains<span class="pagenum" id="Page_243">[243]</span></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">X</p> - -<ul> - <li>Xanthus R., Grk. the yellow river</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Xeres de la Frontera, anc. <i>Asta Regia Cæsariana</i>, Cæsar’s royal fortress</li> - - <li>Xeres de los Caballeros, Cæsar’s cavalry town</li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">Y</p> - -<ul> - <li>Yakutsk, named from the <i>Yakuts</i>, a Tartar tribe</li> - - <li>Yang-tse Kiang R., the son of the great water</li> - - <li>Yarra, the ever-flowing, a river in Australia</li> - - <li>Yeddo or Jeddo, river door</li> - - <li>Yell, barren</li> - - <li>Yemen, to the south or right</li> - - <li>Yeni-Bazaar, - <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> - - <li>Yenisi R., - <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> - - <li>Yeovil, - <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> - - <li>York, - <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> - - <li>Youghal, anc. <i>Eochaill</i>, the yew wood</li> - - <li>Ypres or Yperen, the dwelling on the Yperlea</li> - - <li>Ysselmonde, - <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> - - <li>Yunnan, the cloudy south region, in China</li> - - <li>Yvetot, - <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> - - <li>Yvoire, - <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">Z</p> - -<ul> - <li>Zab R., - <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> - - <li>Zabern, - <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> - - <li>Zambor, Sclav. behind the wood</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Zanguebar or Zanjistan, Pers. and Arab., the land of the Zangis and Bahr</li> - - <li>Zaragossa—<i>v.</i> Saragossa</li> - - <li>Zealand, in Denmark, <i>Sjvelland</i>, spirit land</li> - - <li>Zealand, in Netherlands, land surrounded by the sea</li> - - <li>Zeitz, named after Ciza, a Sclav. goddess</li> - - <li>Zell or Cell, - <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - - <li>Zerbst, belonging to the Wends, <i>Sserbski</i></li> - - <li>Zittau, the place of corn</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Zug, anc. <i>Tugium</i>, named from the <i>Tugeni</i>, a tribe</li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Zurich, anc. <i>Thiouricum</i>, the town of the Thuricii, who built -it after it had been destroyed by Attila</li> - - <li>Zutphen, - <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> - - <li>Zuyder-Zee, - <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> - - <li>Zweibrücken, - <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> - - <li>Zwickau, the place of goats, Ger. <i>Ziege</i></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Zwolle, anc. <i>Suole</i>, Old Ger. <i>Sval</i>, at the swell of the water</li> -</ul> - -<p class="center sm">THE END</p> - - -<p class="center xs"><i>Printed by</i> <span class="smcap">R. & R. Clark</span>, <i>Edinburgh</i>.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2>MR. MURRAY’S LIST.</h2> -</div> - -<hr class="r65" /> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p class="hangingindent">SIR HECTOR’S WATCH. By <span class="smcap">Charles Granville</span>. Post 8vo. 2s. -6d.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent">SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE, AND THE ENGLISH ROMANTIC SCHOOL. By -<span class="smcap">Alois Brandl</span>, Professor of English at the University of -Prague. An English Edition by <span class="smcap">Lady Eastlake</span>, assisted -by the Author. With Portrait. Crown 8vo. 12s.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent">THE GREAT SILVER RIVER: <span class="smcap">Notes of a Few Months’ Residence -in Buenos Ayres</span>. By Sir <span class="smcap">Horace Rumbold</span>, Bart., -K.C.M.G., British Minister at Athens. With Illustrations. 8vo. -12s.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent">LETTERS FROM A MOURNING CITY. <span class="smcap">Naples during the Autumn of -1884.</span> By <span class="smcap">Axel Munthe</span>. Translated by <span class="smcap">Maude -Valérie White</span>. With a Frontispiece. Crown 8vo. 6s.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent">A NEW AND POPULAR EDITION OF LORD BEACONSFIELD’S LETTERS, -1830-1852. Including “Home Letters” and “Correspondence with his -Sister,” with additional letters and notes. With Portrait. Crown -8vo. 2s.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent">DEAN HOOK’S CHURCH DICTIONARY: <span class="smcap">a Manual of Reference for -Clergymen and Students</span>. <i>A New Edition, thoroughly -revised</i>, and in great part re-written. Edited by <span class="smcap">Walter -Hook</span>, M.A., and <span class="smcap">W. R. W. Stephens</span>, M.A. Medium -8vo. 21s.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent">THE HANDBOOK OF PAINTING.—<span class="smcap">The Italian Schools.</span> Based -on the Handbook of Kugler. Originally edited by the late Sir -<span class="smcap">Charles L. Eastlake</span>, R.A. <i>A New Edition</i>, -revised, enlarged, and in great part re-written, so as to -incorporate the results of all the most recent discoveries. -By Sir <span class="smcap">A. Henry Layard</span>, G.C.B. With nearly 200 -Illustrations. 2 vols. Crown 8vo. 30s.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent">THE MINISTRY OF FINE ART TO THE HAPPINESS OF LIFE. By <span class="smcap">T. -Gambier Parry</span>, M.A. <i>Revised Edition</i>, with Index. -8vo. 14s.</p> - -<p class="para"><span class="smcap">Contents.</span>—Purpose and Practice of Fine Art—Ministry -of Fine Art to Common Life and to Spiritual Life—Ministry -of Colour to Sculpture and Architecture—History of Mosaic, -Ancient and Christian—Art and Artists of Glass Painting, -Ancient and Mediæval—Adornment of Sacred Buildings—Art -in Archæology—Builders and Buildings of the Cathedral at -Gloucester.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent">THE CRUISE OF THE “MARCHESA” TO KAMSCHATKA AND NEW GUINEA. <span class="smcap">With -Notices of Formosa and Liu-kiu and various Islands of the Malay -Archipelago.</span> By <span class="smcap">F. H. H. Guillemard</span>, M.D. With Maps and -150 Illustrations. 2 vols. 8vo. 42s.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent">SOME VERDICTS OF HISTORY REVIEWED. By <span class="smcap">William Stebbing</span>, late -Fellow of Worcester College, Oxford. 8vo. 12s.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent">THE HAYWARD LETTERS. Being a selection from the <span class="smcap">Correspondence of -the late A. Hayward, Q.C., 1834 to 1884</span>. With an <span class="smcap">Account of -his Early Life</span>. Edited by <span class="smcap">Henry E. Carlisle</span>. 2 vols. -Crown 8vo. 24s.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent">INDUSTRIAL IRELAND. <span class="smcap">Suggestions for a Practical Policy of “Ireland -for the Irish.”</span> By <span class="smcap">Robert Dennis</span>. Crown 8vo. 6s.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent">SELECTIONS FROM THE PAPERS OF THE TWINING FAMILY. Being a Sequel to -the “<span class="smcap">Recreations of a Country Clergyman of the 18th Century</span>.” -Edited by <span class="smcap">Richard Twining</span>. Crown 8vo. 9s.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent">THE RISE OF THE BRITISH POWER IN THE EAST. By the late Hon. -<span class="smcap">Mountstuart Elphinstone</span>. Being a continuation of his -<span class="smcap">History of India in the Hindoo and Mahomedan Periods</span>. Edited -by Sir <span class="smcap">Edward Colebrooke</span>, Bart. With Maps. 8vo. 16s.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="r65" /> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street, London.</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2>MR. MURRAY’S STUDENTS’ MANUALS.</h2> -</div> - - -<p class="center"><i>A Series of Historical Works, from the Creation of the World to the -Present Time.</i></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>“Mr. Murray’s admirable series of Students’ Manuals.”—<i>Saturday Review.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>With 7 Coloured Maps and 70 Woodcuts (830 pp.) Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p class="hangingindent">THE STUDENT’S HUME: A HISTORY OF ENGLAND from the EARLIEST TIMES -to the REVOLUTION IN 1688. Based on the History of <span class="smcap">David -Hume</span>. Incorporating the Corrections and Researches of -recent Historians. <i>Revised Edition</i>, continued to the -TREATY OF BERLIN, 1878. By the late Professor <span class="smcap">J. S. -Brewer</span>, M.A.</p> - -<p>The Work may also be obtained in Three Divisions, price 2s. 6d. each.</p> -</div> - -<div class="parent"> -<ul class="smaller left"> - <li><span class="smcap">Part I.</span>—From <span class="allsmcap">B.C.</span> 55 to <span class="allsmcap">A.D.</span> 1485.</li> - <li><span class="smcap">Part II.</span>—1485-1688.</li> - <li><span class="smcap">Part III.</span>—1688-1878.</li> -</ul> -</div> - -<hr class="r65" /> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="center"><i>A New Volume. Just out.</i></p> - -<p class="hangingindent">STUDENTS’ MODERN EUROPE. <span class="smcap">From the Fall of Constantinople to -the Treaty of Berlin.</span> By <span class="smcap">R. Lodge</span>, M.A.</p> - -<p class="para">“Let it be said once and for all that the design and arrangement -are excellent. The work makes no slight demands upon the -author’s capacity for clear and sensible exposition. To such -demands Mr. Lodge has proved himself fully equal, while it is -not difficult to discover, scattered throughout the book, traces -of higher qualities.”—<i>Saturday Review.</i></p> - -<p class="para">“Mr. Lodge is to be congratulated on the excellence of his -arrangement and on the discretion he has shown, both as regards -the things he omits and those he insists on. While his pages -abound in facts, he has not been content to give a mere crowded -summary of events, he presents us with many sound and thoughtful -remarks on the tendencies of each of his periods. His grasp -is firm, and he never loses his way amidst a multitude of -details.”—<i>Journal of Education.</i></p> -</div> - -<hr class="r65" /> - -<p class="center"><b>Also the following Volumes, 7s. 6d. each.</b></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p class="hangingindent">STUDENTS’ HISTORY OF EUROPE DURING THE MIDDLE AGES. By <span class="smcap">Henry -Hallam</span>.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent">STUDENTS’ CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND. <span class="smcap">Henry -VII.-George II.</span> By <span class="smcap">Henry Hallam</span>.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent">STUDENTS’ OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY. By <span class="smcap">Philip Smith</span>. With -Maps and Woodcuts.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent">STUDENTS’ NEW TESTAMENT HISTORY. By <span class="smcap">Philip Smith</span>. With -Maps and Woodcuts.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent">STUDENTS’ ANCIENT HISTORY. <span class="smcap">To the Conquests of Alexander the -Great.</span> By <span class="smcap">Philip Smith</span>. With Woodcuts.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent">STUDENTS’ ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. Two Vols.: I. <span class="allsmcap">A.D.</span> -30-1003. II. 1003-1614. By <span class="smcap">Philip Smith</span>. With Woodcuts.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent">STUDENTS’ ENGLISH CHURCH HISTORY. Two Vols.: I. 596-1509. II. -1509-1717. By Canon <span class="smcap">Perry</span>.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent">STUDENTS’ HISTORY OF GREECE. <span class="smcap">To the Roman Conquest.</span> By -Dr. <span class="smcap">Wm. Smith</span>. With Coloured Maps and Woodcuts.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent">STUDENTS’ HISTORY OF ROME. <span class="smcap">To the Establishment of the -Empire.</span> By Dean <span class="smcap">Liddell</span>. With Coloured Map and -Woodcuts.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent">STUDENTS’ DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. By <span class="smcap">Edward -Gibbon</span>. With Woodcuts.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent">STUDENTS’ HISTORY OF FRANCE. <span class="smcap">To the Fall of the Second -Empire.</span> By <span class="smcap">W. H. Jervis</span>. With Coloured Maps and -Woodcuts.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent">STUDENTS’ ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. By Canon <span class="smcap">Bevan</span>. With -Woodcuts.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent">STUDENTS’ MODERN GEOGRAPHY. <span class="smcap">Mathematical, Physical, and -Descriptive.</span> By Canon <span class="smcap">Bevan</span>. With Woodcuts.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent">STUDENTS’ GEOGRAPHY OF BRITISH INDIA. <span class="smcap">Physical and -Political.</span> By Dr. <span class="smcap">George Smith</span>. With Maps.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent">STUDENTS’ ENGLISH LANGUAGE. <span class="smcap">Its Origin and Growth.</span> By -<span class="smcap">George P. Marsh</span>.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent">STUDENTS’ ENGLISH LITERATURE. <span class="smcap">With Biographical Notices of -the Authors.</span> By <span class="smcap">T. B. Shaw</span>.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent">STUDENTS’ SPECIMENS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. By <span class="smcap">T. B. -Shaw</span>.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent">STUDENTS’ MORAL PHILOSOPHY. By Dr. <span class="smcap">Fleming</span>.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="r65" /> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p class="hangingindent">⁂ <b>CATALOGUES, CONTAINING FULL DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THESE WORKS, -WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS, SENT ON APPLICATION TO THE -PUBLISHER.</b></p> -</div> - -<h2>MANUALS AND TEXT-BOOKS OF GEOGRAPHY.</h2> - -<hr class="r65" /> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p class="para">“I feel strongly the great importance of the subject, not only as a -mental discipline and essential part of a liberal education, but as -more especially necessary for Englishmen, many of whom will be called -upon in after life to turn their geographical knowledge to practical -and serious account.”—<i>One of the opinions of Head Master of English -Public Schools</i> in the Report of the Royal Geographical Society on -Geographical Education, 1885.</p> - -<p class="center"><i>MODERN.</i></p> - -<p class="hangingindent">THE STUDENT’S MANUAL OF MODERN GEOGRAPHY: <span class="smcap">Mathematical, -Physical, and Descriptive</span>. By Canon <span class="smcap">W. L. Bevan</span>, -M.A. New and Revised Edition. With. 150 Maps and Woodcuts. Post -8vo. 7s. 6d.</p> - -<p class="para">“Modern geography has, up to quite a recent date, been almost entirely -neglected in many of our large schools, and where professedly taught -has, in too many instances, been made the most repulsive instead of the -most fascinating of studies. Such books must ever be not less welcome -to teacher than to pupil.”—<i>Standard.</i></p> - -<p class="hangingindent">A SCHOOL MANUAL OF MODERN GEOGRAPHY. By <span class="smcap">John -Richardson</span>. 400 pp. Post 8vo. 5s.</p> - -<p class="para">“After a careful examination, we are bound to say that it is the most -comprehensive, accurate, and methodical geography with which we are -familiar, and bears on every page unmistakable traces of careful and -industrious research. It fully sustains the high reputation of Mr. -Murray’s series of Manuals, and we venture to predict for it a wide -popularity. Bearing in mind its high character, it is a model of -cheapness.”—<i>School Guardian.</i></p> - -<p class="hangingindent">A SMALLER MANUAL OF MODERN GEOGRAPHY. By <span class="smcap">John -Richardson</span>. 16mo. 2s. 6d.</p> - -<p class="para">“We frankly acknowledge that we have never seen anything of its -kind, and for its space, at all approaching to this Smaller -Geography.”—<i>English Churchman.</i></p> - -<p>THE STUDENT’S GEOGRAPHY OF BRITISH INDIA. By <span class="smcap">George -Smith</span>, LL.D.</p> - -<p class="para">“This book is a marvel of labour and condensation, and its compiler -states that he has prepared himself for his task for more than twenty -years.”—<i>Spectator.</i></p> - - -<p class="center"><i>ANCIENT.</i></p> - -<p class="hangingindent">THE STUDENT’S MANUAL OF ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. By Canon <span class="smcap">W. L. -Bevan</span>, M.A. With 240 Maps and Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d.</p> - -<p class="center sm"><b>By the Same Author.</b></p> - -<p class="hangingindent">A SMALLER MANUAL OF ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. With Thirty Woodcuts. 240 -pp. 16mo. 3s. 6d.</p> - - -<p class="para">“A valuable addition to our geographical works. It contains the -newest and most reliable information derived from the researches of -modern travellers. No better text-book can be placed in the hands of -scholars.”—<i>Journal of Education.</i></p> - -<p class="hangingindent">PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. By <span class="smcap">Mary Somerville</span>. Revised by -<span class="smcap">John Richardson</span>. 548 pp. 9s.</p> - -<p class="para">“So far as general physical geography goes, such Manuals as those -of ... Mrs. Somerville leave little to be desired.”—Mr. <span class="smcap">J. S. -Keltie’s</span> <i>Report on Geographical Education</i>.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="r65" /> - -<p class="smcap center">JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street, London.</p> - - -<div class="footnotes"><h2>FOOTNOTES:</h2> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> <i>Ancient Books of Wales</i>, vol. i. p. 144, with -reference to the famous work of Chalmers, the <i>Caledonia</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">[2]</a> <i>A</i>, signifying in possession, seems to be derived -from <i>a</i>, Old Norse, I have; <i>aga</i>, I possess. The Old -English <i>awe</i>, to own, is still retained in the north of England -and in Aberdeenshire.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">[3]</a> Caer-afon (the fortress on the water) was its ancient -name.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">[4]</a> It obtained the name from two large stones that lay on the -roadside near the church, and possessed that property.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="label">[5]</a> For the word <i>Beltein</i>, <i>v.</i> Joyce’s <i>Irish -Names of Places</i>, vol. i. p. 187; Chambers’s <i>Encyclopædia</i>; -and Petrie’s <i>Round Towers of Ireland</i>.</p> - -</div> -</div> - - -<p class="transnote">Transcriber’s Notes:<br /> - -1. Obvious printers’, punctuation and spelling errors have been -corrected silently.<br /> - -2. Some hyphenated and non-hyphenated versions of the same words have -been retained as in the original.</p> - - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A DICTIONARY OF PLACE-NAMES GIVING THEIR DERIVATIONS ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following -the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use -of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for -copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very -easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation -of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project -Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may -do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected -by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark -license, especially commercial redistribution. -</div> - -<div style='margin-top:1em; font-size:1.1em; text-align:center'>START: FULL LICENSE</div> -<div style='text-align:center;font-size:0.9em'>THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE</div> -<div style='text-align:center;font-size:0.9em'>PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project -Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person -or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the -Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when -you share it without charge with others. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country other than the United States. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work -on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the -phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: -</div> - -<blockquote> - <div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most - other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions - whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms - of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online - at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you - are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws - of the country where you are located before using this eBook. - </div> -</blockquote> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project -Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg™ License. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format -other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain -Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -provided that: -</div> - -<div style='margin-left:0.7em;'> - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation.” - </div> - - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ - works. - </div> - - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - </div> - - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works. - </div> -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of -the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set -forth in Section 3 below. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right -of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™ -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, -Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up -to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website -and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread -public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state -visit <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/donate/">www.gutenberg.org/donate</a>. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Most people start at our website which has the main PG search -facility: <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. -</div> - -</div> -</body> -</html> |