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diff --git a/old/69018-0.txt b/old/69018-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index a6f9e50..0000000 --- a/old/69018-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,15543 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of A dictionary of place-names giving -their derivations, by Christina Blackie - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: A dictionary of place-names giving their derivations - -Author: Christina Blackie - -Release Date: September 20, 2022 [eBook #69018] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Brian Coe, Karin Spence. The book cover image was created - by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain, and - the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at - https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A DICTIONARY OF PLACE-NAMES -GIVING THEIR DERIVATIONS *** - - - - - - DICTIONARY OF PLACE-NAMES - - - - - _GEOGRAPHICAL ETYMOLOGY_ - - - A DICTIONARY - - OF - - PLACE-NAMES - - GIVING THEIR DERIVATIONS - - - BY C. BLACKIE - - - WITH AN INTRODUCTION - - BY JOHN STUART BLACKIE - - PROFESSOR OF GREEK IN THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH - - - _THIRD EDITION, REVISED_ - - - LONDON - JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET - 1887 - - - - - PREFACE - - -The Introduction, by which the present work is ushered into public -notice, renders any lengthened Preface on my part quite unnecessary. -Yet I wish to say a few words with regard to the design and plan of -this little volume. - -The subject, though no doubt possessing a peculiar interest to the -general reader, and especially to tourists in these travelling -days, falls naturally under the head of historical and geographical -instruction in schools; and for such use the book is, in the first -place, specially intended. - -When I was myself one of a class in this city where Geography and -History were taught, no information connected with etymology was -imparted to us. We learned, with more or less trouble and edification, -the names of countries, towns, etc., by rote; but our teacher did not -ask us who gave the names to these places, nor were we expected to -inquire or to know if there was any connection between their names -and their histories. Things are changed now; and I believe the first -stimulus to an awakening interest in Geographical Etymology was given -by the publication of the Rev. Isaac Taylor’s popular work, _Words -and Places_. About ten years ago, I found that the best teachers in -the English schools of Edinburgh did ask questions on this subject, -and I discovered, at the same time, that a book specially bearing -upon it was a desideratum in school literature. As no one better -qualified came forward, I was induced to make the attempt; and I hope -the following pages, the result of much research and in the face of no -small discouragement, may prove useful to teachers, as well as to their -pupils. - -The Index at the end of the volume, although it contains many names not -included in the body of the work, does by no means include all that I -have given there. This did not seem necessary, because, the root words -being alphabetically arranged, an intelligent teacher or pupil will -easily find the key to the explanation of any special name by referring -to the head under which it is naturally classed. I must, however, -premise that, with regard to names derived from the Celtic languages, -the root word is generally placed at the beginning of the name--that -is, if it contain more than one syllable. This is the case with such -vocables as _pen_, _ben_, _dun_, _lis_, _rath_, _strath_, etc.; _e.g._ -Lismore, Benmore, Dungarvan, Strath-Allan. On the other hand, in names -derived from the Teutonic or Scandinavian languages, the root word -comes last, as will be found with regard to _ton_, _dale_, _burg_, -_berg_, _stadt_, _dorf_, _ford_, etc. - -The index, therefore, may be expected to include principally such names -as, either through corruption or abbreviation, have materially changed -their form, such as are formed from the simple root, like Fürth, Ennis, -Delft, or such as contain more than one, as in Portrush, it being -uncertain under which head I may have placed such names. Along with the -root words, called by the Germans _Grundwörter_, I have given a number -of defining words (_Bestimmungswörter_)--such adjectives as express -variety in colour, form, size, etc. - -It is to be regretted that many names have necessarily been omitted -from ignorance or uncertainty with regard to their derivation. This -is the case, unfortunately, with several well-known and important -towns--Glasgow, Berlin, Berne, Madrid, Paisley, etc. With regard to -these and many others, I shall be glad to receive reliable information. - -And now it only remains for me to express my obligations to the -gentlemen who have kindly assisted me in this work, premising that, -in the departments which they have revised, the credit of success is -due mainly to them; while I reserve to myself any blame which may be -deservedly attached to failures or omissions. The Celtic portion of -my proof-sheets has been revised by Dr. Skene, the well-known Celtic -scholar of this city, and by Dr. Joyce, author of _Irish Names of -Places_. I have also to thank the Rev. Isaac Taylor, author of _Words -and Places_, for the help and encouragement which he has given me -from time to time; and Mr. Paterson, author of the _Magyars_, for -valuable information which I received from him regarding the topography -of Hungary. I appreciate the assistance given me by these gentlemen -the more, that it did not proceed from personal friendship, as I was -an entire stranger to all of them. It was the kindness and courtesy -of the stronger and more learned to one weaker and less gifted than -themselves; and I beg they may receive my grateful thanks, along with -the little volume which has been so much their debtor. - - C. B. - - EDINBURGH, _July 1887_. - - - - - INTRODUCTION - - -Among the branches of human speculation that, in recent times, have -walked out of the misty realm of conjecture into the firm land of -science, and from the silent chamber of the student into the breezy -fields of public life, there are few more interesting than Etymology. -For as words are the common counters, or coins rather, with which we -mark our points in all the business and all the sport of life, any man -whose curiosity has not been blunted by familiarity, will naturally -find a pleasure in understanding what the image and superscription on -these markers mean; and amongst words there are none that so powerfully -stimulate this curiosity as the names of persons and places. About -these the intelligent interest of young persons is often prominently -manifested; and it is a sad thing when parents or teachers, who should -be in a position to gratify this interest, are obliged to waive an -eager intelligence aside, and by repeated negations to repel the -curiosity which they ought to have encouraged. Geography indeed, -a subject full of interest to the young mind, has too often been -taught in such a way as neither to delight the imagination with vivid -pictures, nor to stimulate inquiry by a frequent reference to the -history of names; and this is an evil which, if found to a certain -extent in all countries, is particularly rank in Great Britain, where -the language of the country is composed of fragments of half a dozen -languages, which only the learned understand, and which, to the ear of -the many, have no more significance than if they were Hebrew or Coptic. -The composite structure of our English speech, in fact, tends to -conceal from us the natural organism of language; so that in our case, -it requires a special training to make us fully aware of the great -truth announced by Horne Tooke, that “in language there is nothing -arbitrary.” Nevertheless, the curiosity about the meaning of words, -though seldom cherished, is not easily extinguished; and, in this age -of locomotion, there are few scraps of information more grateful to -the intelligent tourist than those which relate to the significance of -topographical names. When, for instance, the London holiday-maker, in -his trip to the West Highlands, setting foot in one of Mr. Hutchinson’s -steamboats at Oban, on his way to the historic horrors of Glencoe, -finds on his larboard side a long, low island, green and treeless, -called _Lismore_, he will be pleased, no doubt, at first by simply -hearing so euphonious a word in a language that he had been taught -to believe was harsh and barbarous, but will be transported into an -altogether different region of intelligent delight when he is made to -understand that this island is wholly composed of a vein of limestone, -found only here in the midst of a wide granitic region skirted with -trap; that, by virtue of this limestone, the island, though treeless, -is more fertile than the surrounding districts; and that for this -reason it has received the Celtic designation of _Liosmor_, or the -_great garden_. Connected with this etymology, not only is the -topographical name made to speak reasonably to a reasonable being, but -it contains in its bosom a geological fact, and an œconomical issue, -bound together by a bond of association the most natural and the most -permanent. The pleasant nature of the intelligence thus awakened leads -us naturally to lament that, except to those who are born in Celtic -districts and speak the Celtic language, the significance of so many of -our most common topographical names in the most interesting districts -is practically lost; and it deserves consideration whether, in our -English and classical schools, so much at least of the original speech -of the country should not be taught as would enable the intelligent -student to know the meaning of the local names, to whose parrot-like -repetition he must otherwise be condemned. - -Some of the Celtic words habitually used in the designation of -places--such as _Ben_, _Glen_, _Strath_, and _Loch_--have been -incorporated into the common English tongue; and the addition to this -stock is not very large, which would enable an intelligent traveller -to hang the points of his picturesque tour on a philological peg -that would most materially insure both their distinctness and their -permanence. Nay, more; the germ of appreciation thus begotten might -lead a sympathetic nature easily into some more serious occupation with -the old language of our country; and this might lead to a discovery -full of pleasant surprise, that in the domain of words, as of physical -growth, the brown moors, when examined, often produce flowers of the -most choice beauty with which the flush of the most cultivated gardens -cannot compete, and that a venerable branch of the old Indo-European -family of languages, generally ignored as rude and unlettered, is rich -in a popular poetry, as fervid in passion, and as healthy in hue, as -anything that Homer or Hesiod ever sang. - -In the realm of etymology, as everybody now knows, before Bopp -and Grimm, and other great scholars, laid the sure foundation of -comparative philology on the principles of a philosophy, as all -true philosophy is, at once inductive and deductive, the license of -conjecture played a mad part--a part, it is only too evident, not yet -fully played out--and specially raised such a glamour of illusion -about topographical etymology, that the theme became disgusting to all -sober-minded thinkers, or ludicrous, as the humour might be. We must, -therefore, approach this subject with a more than common degree of -caution, anxious rather to be instructed in what is solid, than to be -amazed with what is ingenious. It shall be our endeavour to proceed -step by step in this matter--patiently, as with the knowledge that our -foot is on the brink of boggy ground, starting from obvious principles -given by the constitution of the human mind, and confirmed by a large -induction of unquestioned facts. - -The most natural and obvious reason for naming a place so-and-so -would be to express the nature of the situation by its most striking -features, with the double view of impressing its character on the -memory, and conveying to persons who had not seen it an idea of its -peculiarity; _i.e._ the most obvious and natural topographical names -are such as contain condensed descriptions or rude verbal pictures of -the object. Thus the notion of the highest mountain in a district may -be broadly conveyed by simply calling it the _big mount_, or, according -to the order of words current in the Celtic languages, _mount big_; -which is exactly what we find in BENMORE, from _mor_, big, the name -of several of the highest mountains in the Highlands of Scotland, -specially of one in the south of Perthshire, near Killin, of another -in Mull, the highest trap mountain in Scotland, and a third in Assynt. -Again, to mark the very prominent feature of mountains elevated -considerably above the normal height, that they are covered with snow -all the year round, we find LEBANON, in the north of Palestine, named -from the Hebrew _leban_, white; MONT BLANC, in Switzerland, in the same -way from an old Teutonic word signifying the same thing, which found -its way into Italian and the other Romanesque languages, fairly ousting -the Latin _albus_; OLYMPUS, from the Greek λάμπομαι, to shine; the -SCHNEEKOPPE, in Silesia, from _schnee_, snow, and _koppe_, what we call -_kip_ in the Lowland topography of Scotland, _i.e._ a pointed hill, the -same radically as the Latin _caput_, the head. In the same fashion one -of the modern names of the ancient Mount Hermon is _Jebel-eth-Thelj_, -the snowy mountain, just as the Himalayas receive their names from the -Sanscrit _haima_ = Greek χεîμα, winter. - -The most obvious characteristic of any place, whether mountain or plain -or valley, would be its shape and size, its relative situation high or -low, behind or in the front, its colour, the kind of rock or soil of -which it is composed, the climate which it enjoys, the vegetation in -which it abounds, and the animals by which it is frequented. Let us -take a few familiar examples of each of these cases; and, if we deal -more largely in illustrations from the Scottish Highlands than from -other parts of the world, it is for three sufficient reasons--because -these regions are annually visited by the greatest number of tourists; -because, from the general neglect of the Celtic languages, they stand -most in need of interpretation; and because they are most familiar--not -from book-knowledge only, but by actual inspection--to the present -writer. In the matter of size, the tourist will find at GLENELG (from -_sealg_, to hunt), in Inverness-shire, opposite Skye, where there are -two well-preserved circular forts, the twin designations of GLENMORE -and GLENBEG; that is, Glenbig and Glenlittle--a contrast constantly -occurring in the Highlands; the word _beag_, pronounced vulgarly in -Argyleshire _peek_, signifying little, evidently the same as μικ in -the Greek μικρός. As to relative situation, the root _ard_, in Latin -_arduus_, frequently occurs; not, however, to express any very high -mountain, but either a bluff fronting the sea, as in ARDNAMORCHUAN -(the rise of the great ocean, _cuan_, perhaps from ὼκεανός), or more -frequently a slight elevation on the shore of a lake, what they call -in England a _rise_, as in ARDLUI, near the head of Loch Lomond, -ARDVOIRLICH, and many others. The word _lui_, Gaelic _laogh_--the _gh_ -being silent, as in the English _sigh_--signifies a calf or a fawn, and -gives name to the lofty mountain which the tourist sees on his right -hand as he winds up where the railway is now being constructed from -Dalmally to Tyndrum. Another frequent root to mark relative situation -is CUL, _behind_, Latin _culus_, French _cul_, a word which gives -name to a whole parish in Aberdeenshire, to the famous historical -site of Culross, the reputed birthplace of St. Kentigern, and many -others. This word means simply _behind the headland_, as does also -CULCHENZIE (from _ceann_, the head), at the entrance to Loch Leven and -Glencoe, which the tourist looks on with interest, as for two years -the summer residence of the noble-minded Celtic evangelist Dr. Norman -Macleod. But the most common root, marking relative situation, which -the wanderer through Celtic countries encounters is _inver_, meaning -below, or the bottom of a stream, of which _aber_ is only a syncopated -form, a variation which, small as it appears, has given rise to large -controversy and no small shedding of ink among bellicose antiquarians. -For it required only a superficial glance to observe that while _Abers_ -are scattered freely over Wales, they appear scantly in Scotland, and -there with special prevalence only in the east and south-east of the -Grampians--as in ABERDEEN, ABERDOUR, ABERLEMNO in Fife, and others. On -this the eager genius of archæological discovery, ever ready to poise -a pyramid on its apex, forthwith raised the theory, that the district -of Scotland where the _Abers_ prevailed had been originally peopled by -Celts of the Cymric or Welsh type, while the region of _Invers_ marked -out the ancient seats of the pure Caledonian Celts. But this theory, -which gave great offence to some fervid Highlanders, so far as it stood -on this argument, fell to the ground the moment that some more cool -observer put his finger on half a dozen or a whole dozen of Invers, in -perfect agreement hobnobbing with the Abers, not far south of Aberdeen; -while, on the other hand, a zealous Highland colonel, now departed to a -more peaceful sphere, pointed out several Abers straggling far west and -north-west into the region of the Caledonian Canal and beyond it. But -these slippery points are wisely avoided; and there can be no doubt, on -the general principle, that relative situation has everywhere played -a prominent part in the terminology of districts. Northumberland and -Sutherland, and Cape DEAS or Cape South, in Cantire, are familiar -illustrations of this principle of nomenclature. In such cases the -name, of course, always indicates by what parties it was imposed; -Sutherland, or Southern-land, having received this appellation from the -Orkney men, who lived to the north of the Pentland Firth. - -The next element that claims mention is Colour. In this domain the most -striking contrasts are black and white. In ancient Greece, a common -name for rivers was MELAS, or Black-water; one of which, that which -flows into the Malaic Gulf, has translated itself into modern Greek -as MAURO-NERO, μαûρο in the popular dialect having supplanted the -classical μἐλας; and νἐρο, as old, no doubt, as Nereus and the Nereids, -having come into its pre-Homeric rights and driven out the usurping -ὕδωρ. In the Scottish Highlands, _dubh_, _black_ or _dark_, plays, as -might be expected, a great figure in topographical nomenclature; of -this let BENMUIC DUBH, or the _mount of the black sow_, familiar to -many a Braemar deer-stalker, serve as an example; while CAIRNGORM, -the cradle of many a golden-gleaming gem, stands with its dark blue -(_gorm_) cap immediately opposite, and recalls to the classical fancy -its etymological congeners in the CYANEAN rocks, so famous in early -Greek fable. Of the contrasted epithet _white_, LEUCADIA (λευκός), -where the poetess Sappho is famed to have made her erotic leap, is a -familiar example. In the Highlands, _ban_ (fair), or _geal_ (white), is -much less familiar in topographical nomenclature than _dubh_; BUIDHE, -on the other hand (yellow), corresponding to the ξανθός of the Greeks, -is extremely common, as in LOCHBUIE at the south-east corner of Mull, -one of the few remaining scattered links of the possessions of the -Macleans, once so mighty and latterly so foolish, in those parts. Among -other colours, _glas_ (gray) is very common; so is _dearg_ (red), from -the colour of the rock, as in one of those splendid peaks that shoot -up behind the slate quarries at the west end of Glencoe. _Breac_, also -(spotted or brindled), is by no means uncommon, as in BEN VRACKIE, -prominent behind Pitlochrie, in Perthshire, in which word the initial -_b_ has been softened into a _v_ by the law of aspiration peculiar to -the Celtic languages. - -There remain the two points of climate and vegetation, of which a -few examples will suffice. In Sicily, the town of SELINUS, whose -magnificence remains preserved in indelible traces upon the soil, -took its name from the wild parsley, σἐλινον, which grew plentifully -on the ground, and which appears on the coins of the city. In the -Scottish Highlands, no local name is more common than that which is -familiarly known as the designation of one of the most genuine of the -old Celtic chiefs, the head of the clan Macpherson--we mean the word -CLUNY (Gaelic _cluain_; possibly only a variety of _grün_, green), -which signifies simply a green meadow, a vision often very delightful -to a pedestrian after a long day’s tramp across brown brae and gray -fell in those parts. The abundance of oak in ancient Celtic regions, -where it is not so common now, is indicated by the frequency of the -termination _darach_ (from which DERRY, in Ireland, is corrupted; -Greek δρûς and δόρυ, as in the designation of one of the Campbells in -Argyle, AUCHIN-DARROCH, _i.e._ oak-field. The pine, _giubhas_, appears -in KINGUSSIE, pine-end, in the midst of that breezy open space which -spreads out to the north-west of the Braemar Grampians. In BEITH and -AULTBEA (birch-brook) we have _beath_, Latin _betula_, a birch-tree; -elm and ash are rare; heather, _fraoch_, especially in the designation -of islands, as EILEANFRAOCH, in Loch Awe, and another in the Sound -of Kerrera, close by Oban. Of climate we find traces in AUCHNASHEEN -(_sian_), on the open blasty road between Dingwall and Janetown, -signifying the field of wind and rain; in MEALFOURVONIE, the broad -hill of the frosty moor, composed of the three roots _maol_ (broad and -bald), _fuar_ (cold), and _mhonaid_ (upland); in BALFOUR (cold town), -and in the remarkable mountain in Assynt called CANISP, which appears -to be a corruption of _Ceann-uisge_, or Rainy-head. - -Lastly, of animals: _madadh_, a fox, appears in LOCHMADDY and ARDMADDY; -_coin_, of a dog, in ACHNACHOIN, or Dog’s-field, one of the three -bloody spots that mark the butchery of the false Campbell in Glencoe; -and, throwing our glance back two thousand years, in CYNOSCEPHALÆ, or -the Dog’s-head, in Thessaly, where the sturdy Macedonian power at last -bowed in submission before the proud swoop of the Roman eagles; the -familiar cow (_baa_, Lat. _bos_) gives its name to that fair loch, -which sleeps so quietly in the bosom of beautiful Mull; while the goat, -famous also in the sad history of Athenian decline at AIGOSPOTAMI, -or the Goat’s-river, gives its name to the steepy heights of ARDGOUR -(from _gobhar_, Lat. _caper_), a fragment of the old inheritance of -the Macleans, which rise up before the traveller so majestically as he -steams northward from Ballachulish to Fort William and Banavie. - -In a country composed almost entirely of mountain ridges, with -intervening hollows of various kinds, it is only natural that the -variety in the scenery, produced by the various slopes and aspects of -the elevated ground, should give rise to a descriptive nomenclature of -corresponding variety. This is especially remarkable in Gaelic; and the -tourist in the Scottish Highlands will not travel far without meeting, -in addition to the _Ben_ and _Ard_ already mentioned, the -following specific designations:-- - - _Drum_--a ridge. - _Scour_--a jagged ridge or peak. - _Cruach_--a conical mountain. - _Mam_--a slowly rising hill. - _Maol_--a broad, flat, bald mountain. - _Monagh_--an upland moor. - _Tulloch_ or _Tilly_--a little hill, a knoll. - _Tom_--a hillock, a mound. - _Tor_--a hillock, a mound. - _Bruach_--a steep slope (Scotch brae). - _Craig_--crag, cliff. - _Cairn_--a heap of stones. - _Lairg_--a broad, low slope. - _Letter_--the side of a hill near the water. - _Croit_--a hump. - _Clach_--a stone. - _Lech_--a flagstone. - -In the Lowlands, _pen_, _law_, _fell_, _bræ_, _hope_, _rise_, _edge_, -indicate similar varieties. Among these _pen_, as distinguished from -the northern _ben_, evidently points to a Welsh original. _Hope_ is a -curious word, which a south-country gentleman once defined to me as -“the point of the low land mounting the hill whence the top can be -seen.” Of course, if this be true, it means an elevation not very far -removed from the level ground, because, as every hill-climber knows, -the top of a huge eminence ceases to be visible the moment you get -beyond what the Greeks call the “fore-feet” of the mountain. - -In the designation of the intervening hollows, or low land, the variety -of expression is naturally less striking. _Glen_ serves for almost all -varieties of a narrow Highland valley. A very narrow rent or fissured -gorge is called a _glachd_. The English word _dale_, in Gaelic _dail_, -means in that language simply a field, or flat stretch of land at the -bottom of the hills. It is to be noted, however, that this word is both -Celtic and Teutonic; but, in topographical etymology, with a difference -distinctly indicative of a twofold origin. In an inland locality where -the Scandinavians never penetrated, _Dal_ is always prefixed to the -other element of the designation, as in DALWHINNIE, DALNACARDOCH, and -DALNASPIDAL, the field of meeting, the field of the smithy, and the -field of the hospital, all in succession within a short distance on -the road between the Spey uplands and Blair Athol. On the other hand, -a postfixed _dale_, as in BORROWDALE, EASDALE, and not a few others, -indicates a Saxon or Norse origin. The word _den_ or _dean_, as in the -DEAN BRIDGE, Edinburgh, and the DEN BURN, Aberdeen, is Anglo-Saxon -_denn_, and appears in the English TENTERDEN, and some others. Another -Celtic name for field is _ach_, the Latin _ag-er_, which appears in -a number of Highland places, as in ACH-NA-CLOICHE (stone field), -in Argyleshire. A hollow surrounded by mountains is called by the -well-known name of LAGGAN, which is properly a diminutive from _lag_, -in Greek λάκκος, in Latin _lacus_, a hollow filled with water, and -in German a mere _loch_, or hole, into which a mouse might creep. A -special kind of hollow, lying between the outstretched arms of a big -Ben, and opening at one end into the vale below, is called in Gaelic -_coire_, literally a cauldron--a word which the genius of Walter Scott -has made a permanent possession of the English language. In England -such mountain hollows are often denominated _combs_, as in ADDISCOMBE, -ASHCOMB, a venerable old British word of uncorrupted Cornish descent, -and which, so far as I know, does not appear in Scottish topography, -unless it be in CUMMERTREES (on the shore, _traigh_), near Annan, and -CUMBERNAULD; but this I am not able to verify by local knowledge. The -word _cumar_ appears in O’Reilly’s Irish dictionary as “the bed of -a large river or a narrow sea, a hollow generally,” but seems quite -obsolete in the spoken Gaelic of to-day. The termination _holm_ is -well-known both in English and Scotch names, and proclaims itself as -characteristically Scandinavian, in the beautiful metropolis of the -Swedes. In Gaelic districts a holm, that is, a low watery meadow, is -generally called a _lon_, a word which has retained its place in Scotch -as _loan_--LOANING, LOANHEAD, LOANEND, and is fundamentally identical -with the English _lane_ and _lawn_. The varieties of sea-coast are -expressed by the words _traigh_, _cladach_, _camus_, _corran_, _wick_, -_loch_, _rutha_, _ross_, _caolas_, _stron_, _salen_, among which, in -passing, we may specially note _camus_, from the root _cam_, Greek -κάμπτω, to bend: hence MORECAMBE BAY, near Lancaster, signifies the -great bend; _corran_, a scythe, evidently allied to the Latin _curvus_, -and used in the Highlands to denote any crescent-shaped shore, as at -Corranferry, Ardgour, in Lochfinne; _wick_, a familiar Scandinavian -word signifying a bay, and which, with the Gaelic article prefixed, -seems to have blundered itself into NIGG at Aberdeen, and near Fearn -in Ross-shire; _caolas_, a strait, combining etymologically the very -distant and very different localities of CALAIS and BALLACHULISH; -_stron_ or _sron_, a nose, which lends its name to a parish near the -end of Loch Sunart, in Morvern, and thence to a famous mineral found in -its vicinity; lastly, _salen_ is nothing but salt, and appears in the -south of Ireland and the north-west of Scotland, under the slightly -varied forms of KINSALE and KINTAIL, both of which words signify the -head of the salt water; for Irish and Gaelic are only one language -with a slightly different spelling here and there, and a sprinkling of -peculiar words now and then. - -The only other features of natural scenery that play a noticeable -part in topographical etymology are the rivers, lakes, wells, and -waterfalls; and they need not detain us long. The Gaelic _uisge_, -water, of which the Latin _aqua_ is an abraded form, appears in the -names of Scottish rivers as _Esk_, and of Welsh rivers as _Usc_. The -familiar English Avon is the Gaelic _amhainn_, evidently softened down -by aspiration from the Latin _amnis_. This _avon_ often appears at the -end of river names curtailed, as in GARONNE, the rough river, from the -Gaelic root _garbh_, rough. The DON, so common as a river name from the -Black Sea to Aberdeen, means either the deep river or the brown river. -A small river, _brook_ in English, gives name to not a few places and -persons. In the Scottish Highlands, and in those parts of the Lowlands -originally inhabited by the Celtic race, the word _alt_ performs the -same functions. _Loch_, in Gaelic, answering to the English _mere_ -(Latin _mare_), appears most commonly in the Highlands, as KINLOCH, -_i.e._ the town or house at the head of the lake; and _tobar_, a -well, frequently, as in HOLYWELL, connected with a certain religious -sanctity, appears in TOBERMORY, _i.e._ the well of the Virgin Mary, one -of the most beautiful quiet bits of bay scenery in Great Britain. Of -places named from waterfalls (_eas_, from _esk_), a significant element -in Highland scenery, INVERNESS, and MONESS near Aberfeldy, are the most -notable, the one signifying “the town at the bottom of the river, which -flows from the lake where there is the great waterfall,” _i.e._ FOYERS; -and the other, “the waterfall of the moorish uplands,” which every one -understands who walks up to it. - -So much for the features of unappropriated nature, stereotyped, as it -were, at once and for ever, in the old names of local scenery. But as -into a landscape an artist will inoculate his sentiment and symbolise -his fancy, so on the face of the earth men are fond to stamp the -trace of their habitation and their history. Under this influence the -nomenclature of topography becomes at once changed from a picture of -natural scenery to a record of human fortunes. And in this department -it is plain that the less varied and striking the features of nature, -the greater the necessity of marking places by the artificial -differentiation produced by the presence of human dwellings. Hence, in -the flat, monotonous plains of North Germany, the abundance of places -ending in _hausen_ and _heim_, which are only the Saxon forms of our -English _house_ and _home_. Of the termination _hausen_, SACHSENHAUSEN, -the home of the Saxons, and FRANKENHAUSEN, the home of the Franks, are -amongst the most notable examples. _Heim_ is pleasantly associated with -refreshing draughts in HOCHHEIM, _i.e._ high home, on the north bank -of the Rhine a little below Mainz, whence a sharp, clear wine being -imported, with the loss of the second syllable, and the transformation -of _ch_ into _k_, produced the familiar hock. This _heim_ in a thousand -places of England becomes _ham_, but in Scotland, where the Celtic -element prevails, appears only rarely in the south-east and near the -English border, as in COLDINGHAM and EDNAM--the birthplace of the poet -Thomson--contracted from Edenham. Another root very widely expressive -of human habitation, under the varying forms of _beth_, _bo_, and _by_, -is scattered freely from the banks of Jordan to the islands of the -Hebrides in the north-west of Scotland. First under this head we have -the great army of Hebrew _beths_, not a few of which are familiar to -our ear from the cherished teachings of early childhood, as--BETHABARA, -the house of the ferry; BETHANY, the house of dates; BETHAVEN, the -house of naughtiness; BETHCAR, the house of lambs; BETHDAGON, the house -of the fish-god Dagon; BETHEL, the house of God; BETHSHEMESH, the house -of the sun (like the Greek Heliopolis); and a score of others. _Bo_ is -the strictly Danish form of the root, at least in the dictionary, where -the verb _boe_, to dwell, also appears. Examples of this are found -in SKIBO, in Ross-shire, and BUNESS, at the extreme end of Unst, the -seat of the Edmonstones, a family well known in the annals of Shetland -literature; but more generally, in practice, it takes the softened form -of _by_, as in hundreds of local designations in England, specially -in Lincolnshire, where the Danes were for a long time at home. Near -the English border, as in LOCKERBY, this same termination appears; -otherwise in Scotland it is rare. In the Sclavonic towns of Mecklenburg -and Prussia, it takes the form of _bus_, as in PYBUS, while in Cornish -it is _bos_, which is a later form of _bod_ (German _bude_, English -_booth_, Scotch _bothy_), which stands out prominently in Bodmin and -other towns, not only in Cornwall, but in Wales. The termination _bus_ -appears likewise in not a few local designations in the island of -Islay, where the Danes had many settlements. In Skye it appears as -_bost_, as in SKEABOST, one of the oldest seats of the Macdonalds. -The other Saxon or Scandinavian terms frequently met with throughout -England and in the north-east of Scotland are--_ton_, _setter_ or -_ster_, _stead_, _stow_, _stoke_, _hay_, _park_, _worth_, _bury_, -_thorp_, _toft_, _thwaite_. In Germany, besides _heim_ and _hausen_, as -already mentioned, we have the English _hay_, under the form _hagen_, -a fence; and _thorp_ under the form _dorf_, a village; and _worth_ -under the forms _worth_ and _werth_, which are merely variations of -the Greek χόρτος, English yard, and the Sclavonic _gard_ and _gorod_, -and the Celtic _garad_, the familiar word in the Highlands for a stone -wall or dyke. In Germany, also, _weiler_, from _weilen_, to dwell, and -_leben_, to live, are thickly sprinkled; _hof_, also, is extremely -common, signifying a court or yard--a suffix which the French, in that -part of Germany which they stole from the Empire, turned into _court_ -or _ville_, as in _Thionville_ from _Diedenhofen_. - -So much for the Teutonic part of this branch of topographical -designation. In the Highlands _tigh_ and _bail_ are the commonest -words to denote a human dwelling, the one manifestly an aspirated form -of the Latin _tignum_ (Greek στἐγος, German _dach_), and the other -as plainly identical with the πόλις which appears in Sebastopol, and -not a few cities, both ancient and modern, where Greek influence or -Greek affectation prevailed. With regard to _bal_, it is noticeable -that in Ireland it generally takes the form of _bally_, which is the -full form of the word in Gaelic also, _baile_, there being no final -mute vowels in that language; but in composition for topographical use -final _e_ is dropped, as in BALMORAL, the majestic town or house, from -_morail_, magnificent, a very apt designation for a royal residence, -by whatever prophetic charm it came to be so named before her present -Majesty learned the healthy habit of breathing pure Highland air amid -the fragrant birches and clear waters of Deeside. _Tigh_, though less -common than _bal_, is not at all unfrequent in the mountains; and -tourists in the West Highlands are sure to encounter two of the most -notable between Loch Lomond and Oban. The first, TYNDRUM, the house -on the ridge, at the point where the ascent ceases as you cross from -Killin to Dalmally; and the other TAYNUILT, or the house of the brook, -in Scotch burnhouse, beyond Ben Cruachan, where the road begins to wend -through the rich old copsewood towards Oban. I remember also a curious -instance of the word _tigh_ in a local designation, half-way between -Inveraray and Loch Awe. In that district a little farmhouse on the -right of the road is called TIGHNAFEAD, _i.e._ whistle-house (_fead_, -a whistle, Latin _fides_), which set my philological fancy immediately -on the imagination that this exposed place was so called from some -peculiar whistling of the blast down from the hills immediately behind; -but such imaginations are very unsafe; for the fact turned out to be, -if somewhat less poetical, certainly much more comfortable, that this -house of call, in times within memory, stood at a greater distance -from the road than it now does, which caused the traveller, when he -came down the descent on a cold night, sharp-set for a glass of strong -whisky, to make his presence and his wish known by a shrill whistle -across the hollow. - -So much for _tigh_. The only other remark that I would make here -is, that the word _clachan_, so well known from Scott’s Clachan of -Aberfoyle, does not properly mean a village, as Lowlanders are apt -to imagine, but only a churchyard, or, by metonymy, a church--as the -common phrase used by the natives, _Di domhnaich dol do’n chlachan_, -“going to church on Sunday,” sufficiently proves--the word properly -meaning only the stones in the churchyard, which mark the resting-place -of the dead; and if the word is ever used for a village, it is only by -transference to signify the village in which the parish church is, and -the parish churchyard. - -But it is not only the dwellings of men, but their actions, that make -places interesting; and as the march of events in great historical -movements generally follows the march of armies, it follows that camps -and battle-fields and military settlements will naturally have left -strong traces in the topography of every country where human beings -dwell. And accordingly we find that the _chester_ and the _caster_, -added as a generic term to so many English towns, are simply the sites -of ancient Roman _castra_ or camps; while Cologne, on the Rhine, marks -one of the most prosperous of their settlements in Germany. Curiously -analogous to this is the _Cöln_, a well-known quarter of Berlin, on the -Spree, where the German emperors first planted a Teutonic colony in -the midst of a Sclavonic population. In the solemn march of Ossianic -poetry, the word _blar_ generally signifies a field of battle; but, as -this word properly signifies only a large field or open space, we have -no right to say that such names as BLAIR ATHOL and BLAIRGOWRIE have -anything to do with the memory of sanguinary collisions. ALEXANDRIA, -in Egypt, is one of the few remaining places of note that took their -name from the brilliant Macedonian Helleniser of the East. ALEXANDRIA, -in the vale of Leven, in Dumbartonshire, tells of the family of -Smollett, well known in the annals of Scottish literary genius, and -still, by their residence, adding a grace to one of the most beautiful -districts of lake scenery in the world. ADRIANOPLE stereotypes the -memory of one of the most notable of the Roman emperors, who deemed it -his privilege and pleasure to visit the extremest limits of his vast -dominions, and leave some beneficial traces of his kingship there. The -name PETERSBURG, whose Teutonic character it is impossible to ignore, -indicates the civilisation of a Sclavonic country by an emperor whose -early training was received from a people of German blood and breed; -while CONSTANTINOPLE recalls the momentous change which took place in -the centre of gravity of the European world, when the declining empire -of the Roman Cæsars was about to become Greek in its principal site, -as it had long been in its dominant culture. The streets of great -cities, as one may see prominently in Paris, in their designations -often contain a register of the most striking events of their national -history. Genuine names of streets in old cities are a historical growth -and an anecdotal record, which only require the pen of a cunning writer -to make them as attractive as a good novel. London, in this view, is -particularly interesting; and Emerson, I recollect, in his book, _How -the Great City grew_ (London, 1862), tells an amusing story about the -great fire in London, which certain pious persons observed to have -commenced at a street called PUDDING LANE, and ended at a place called -PYE CORNER, in memory of which they caused the figure of a fat boy to -be put up at Smithfield, with the inscription on his stomach, “This -boy is in memory put up for the late fire of London, occasioned by the -sin of gluttony, 1666.” Many a dark and odorous close in Old Edinburgh -also, to men who, like the late Robert Chambers, could read stones -with knowing eyes, is eloquent with those tales of Celtic adventure -and Saxon determination which make the history of Scotland so full -of dramatic interest; while, on the other hand, the flunkeyism of -the persons who, to tickle the lowest type of aristocratic snobbery, -baptized certain streets of New Edinburgh with BUCKINGHAM Terrace, -BELGRAVE Crescent, GROSVENOR Street, and such like apish mimicry of -metropolitan West Endism, stinks in the nostrils and requires no -comment. But not only to grimy streets of reeking towns, but to the -broad track of the march of the great lines of the earth’s surface, -there is attached a nomenclature which tells the history of the -adventurous captain, or the courageous commander, who first redeemed -these regions from the dim limbo of the unknown, and brought them into -the distinct arena of cognisable and manageable facts. In the frosty -bounds of the far North-West, the names of MACKENZIE, MACLINTOCK, and -MACLURE proclaim the heroic daring that belongs so characteristically -to the Celtic blood in Scotland. But it is in the moral triumphs of -religion, which works by faith in what is noble, love of what is good, -and reverence for what is great, that the influence of history over -topographical nomenclature is most largely traced. In ancient Greece, -the genial piety which worshipped its fairest Avatar in the favourite -sun-god Apollo, stamped its devotion on the name of APOLLONIA, on -the Ionian Sea, and other towns whose name was legion. In CORNWALL, -almost every parish is named after some saintly apostle, who, in days -of savage wildness and wastefulness, had brought light and peace and -humanity into these remote regions. In the Highlands of Scotland, the -KILBRIDES (_kill_ from _cella_, a shrine), KILMARTINS, KILMARNOCKS, and -KILMALLIES everywhere attest the grateful piety of the forefathers of -the Celtic race in days which, if more dark, were certainly not more -cold than the times in which we now live. In the Orkneys the civilising -influence of the clergy, or, in some cases, no doubt, their love for -pious seclusion, is frequently marked by the PAPAS or priests’ islands. -In Germany, MUNICH or MONACUM, which shows a monk in its coat-of-arms, -has retained to the present day the zeal for sacerdotal sanctitude -from which it took its name; and the same must be said of MUENSTER, -in Westphalia (from μοναστῆρι, in modern Greek a cathedral, English -minster), the metropolis of Ultramontane polity and priestly pretension -in Northern Germany. - -But it is not only in commemorating, like coins, special historical -events, that local names act as an important adjunct to written -records; they give likewise the clue to great ethnological facts and -movements of which written history preserves no trace. In this respect -topographical etymology presents a striking analogy to geology; for, -as the science of the constitution of the earth’s crust reveals a -fossilised history of life in significant succession, long antecedent -to the earliest action of the human mind on the objects of terrestrial -nature, so the science of language to the practised eye discloses a -succession of races in regions where no other sign of their existence -remains. If it were doubted, for instance, whether at any period the -Lowlands of Scotland had been possessed by a Celtic race, and asserted -roundly that from the earliest times the plains had been inhabited -by a people of Teutonic blood, and only the mountain district to the -west and north-west was the stronghold of the Celt, the obvious names -of not a few localities in the east and south-east of Scotland would -present an impassable bar to the acceptance of any such dogma. One -striking instance of this occurs in Haddingtonshire, where a parish -is now called GARAVALT--by the very same appellation as a well-known -waterfall near Braemar, in the hunting forest of the late Prince -Consort; and with the same propriety in both cases, for the word -in Gaelic signifies a _rough brook_, and such a brook is the most -striking characteristic of both districts. Cases of this kind clearly -indicate the vanishing of an original Celtic people from districts -now essentially Teutonic both in speech and character. The presence -of a great Sclavonic people in Northern Germany, and of an extensive -Sclavonic immigration into Greece in mediæval times, is attested with -the amplest certitude in the same way. A regular fringe of Scandinavian -names along the north and north-west coast of Scotland would, to the -present hour, attest most indubitably the fact of a Norse dominion in -those quarters operating for centuries, even had Haco and the battle -of Largs been swept altogether from the record of history and from the -living tradition of the people. To every man who has been in Norway, -LAXFIORD, in West Ross-shire, a stream well known to salmon-fishers, -carries this Scandinavian story on its face; and no man who has walked -the streets of Copenhagen will have any difficulty, when he sails -into the beautiful bay of Portree, in knowing the meaning of the -great cliff called the STORR, which he sees along the coast a little -towards the north; for this means simply the great cliff, _storr_ being -the familiar Danish for great, as _mor_ is the Gaelic. Ethnological -maps may in this way be constructed exactly in the same fashion as -geological; and the sketch of one such for Great Britain the reader -will find in Mr. Taylor’s well-known work on _Names and Places_. - -With regard to the law of succession in these ethnological strata, -as indicated by topographical nomenclature, the following three -propositions may be safely laid down:--1. The names of great objects -of natural scenery, particularly of mountains and rivers, will -generally be significant in the language of the people who were -the original inhabitants of the country. 2. Names of places in the -most open and accessible districts of a country will be older than -similar names in parts which are more difficult of access; but--3, -these very places being most exposed to foreign invasion, are apt -to invite an adventurous enemy, whose settlement in the conquered -country is generally accompanied with a partial, sometimes with a very -considerable, change of local nomenclature. - -In reference to this change of population, Mr. Taylor in one place uses -the significant phrase, “The hills contain the ethnological sweepings -of the plains.” Very true; but the effect of this on the ethnological -character of the population of the places is various, and in the -application requires much caution. It is right, for instance, to say -generally that the Celtic language has everywhere in Europe retreated -from the plains into the mountainous districts; but the people often -still remain where the language has retreated, as the examination of -any directory in many a district of Scotland, where only English is now -spoken, will largely show. In Greece, in the same way, many districts -present only Greek and Sclavonic names of places, where the population, -within recent memory, is certainly Albanian. Inquiries of this nature -always require no less caution than learning; otherwise, as Mr. Skene -observes, what might have been, properly conducted, an all-important -element in fixing the ethnology of any country, becomes, in rash hands -and with hot heads, a delusion and a snare.[1] - -But the science of language, when wisely conducted, not only presents -an interesting analogy to geological stratification; it sometimes goes -further, and bears direct witness to important geological changes as -conclusive as any evidence derived from the existing conformation of -the earth’s crust. How this comes to pass may easily be shown by a -few familiar examples. The words _wold_ and _weald_ originally meant -_wood_ and _forest_, as the Anglo-Saxon Dictionary and the living use -of the German language--_wald_--alike declare; but the wolds at present -known in Yorkshire, Gloucestershire, and other parts of England, -are generally bare and treeless, and in bad weather very cheerless -places indeed. If, then, “there is nothing arbitrary in language,” -and all local names tell an historical tale, it is certain that, at -the time when those names were imposed, these same sites were part of -an immense forest. The geologist, when, in the far-stretching bogs -east of Glencoe, and near Kinloch Ewe, and in many other places of -Scotland, he calls attention to the fact of layers of gigantic trees -lying now deeply embedded under the peat, adduces an argument with -regard to the primitive vegetation of our part of the world not a -whit more convincing. The same fact of a lost vegetation is revealed -in not a few places of England which end in the old word _hurst_, -signifying a forest. Again, there is a large family of places in and -about the Harz Mountains, in Germany, ending in _ode_, as OSTERODE, -HASSELRODE, WERNINGERODE, and so forth. Now most of these places, as -specially HASSELRODE, are now remarkably free from those leagues of -leafy luxuriance that give such a marked character to the scenery of -that mountain district. It is certain, however, that they were at one -time in the centre of an immense forest; for the word _rode_, radically -the same as our _rid_, and perhaps the Welsh _rhydd_, Gaelic _reidh_, -simply means “to make clear” or “clean,” and teaches that the forest in -that part had been cleared for human habitation. - -Once more: it is a well-known fact in geology that the border limit -between sea and land is constantly changing, the briny element in some -cliffy places, as to the north of Hull, systematically undermining the -land, and stealing away the farmer’s acreage inch by inch and foot by -foot; while in other places, from the conjoint action of river deposits -and tidal currents, large tracts of what was once a sea-bottom are -added to the land. The geological proof of this is open often to the -most superficial observer; but the philological proof, when you once -hold the key of it, is no less patent. In the Danish language--which -is a sort of half-way house between high German and English--the word -_oe_ signifies an island. This _oe_, in the shape of _ay_, _ea_, _ey_, -or _y_, appears everywhere on the British coast, particularly in the -West Highlands, as in COLONSAY, TOROSAY, ORANSAY, and in ORKNEY; and if -there be any locality near the sea wearing this termination, not now -surrounded by water, the conclusion is quite certain, on philological -grounds, that it once was so. Here the London man will at once think on -BERMONDSEY and CHELSEA, and he will think rightly; but he must not be -hasty to draw STEPNEY under the conditions of the same category, for -the EY in that word, if I am rightly informed, is a corruption from -_hithe_, a well-known Anglo-Saxon and good old English term signifying -a _haven_; and generally, in all questions of topographical etymology, -there is a risk of error where the old spelling of the word is not -confronted with the form which, by the attritions and abrasions of -time, it may have assumed. - -These observations, which at the request of the author of the following -pages I have hastily set down, will be sufficient to indicate the -spirit in which the study of topographical etymology ought to be -pursued. Of course, I have no share in the praise which belongs to the -successful execution of so laborious an investigation; neither, on -the other hand, can blame be attached to me for such occasional slips -as the most careful writer may make in a matter where to err is easy, -and where conjecture has so long been in the habit of usurping the -place of science. But I can bear the most honest witness to the large -research, sound judgment, and conscientious accuracy of the author; -and feel happy to have my name, in a subsidiary way, connected with a -work which, I am convinced, will prove an important addition to the -furniture of our popular schools. - - COLLEGE, EDINBURGH, - _February 1875_. - - - - - LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS - - - Anc. (ancient). - Ar. (Arabic). - A. S. (Anglo-Saxon). - Bret. or Brez. (Brezric). - Cel. (Celtic). - Conf. (confluence). - Cym.-Cel. (Cymro-Celtic, including Welsh). - Dan. (Danish). - Dut. (Dutch). - Fr. (French). - Gadhelic (including Gaelic, Irish, and Manx). - Gael. (Gaelic). - Ger. (German). - Grk. (Greek). - Heb. (Hebrew). - Hung. (Hungarian). - Ind. (Indian). - It. (Italian). - Lat. (Latin). - Mt. (mountain). - Par. (parish). - Pers. (Persian). - Phœn. (Phœnician). - P. N. (personal name). - Port. (Portuguese). - R. (river). - Sansc. (Sanscrit). - Scand. (Scandinavian). - Sclav. (Sclavonic). - Span. (Spanish). - Teut. (Teutonic). - Turc. (Turkish). - - - - - A DICTIONARY OF PLACE-NAMES - - - A - -[Sidenote: A (Old Norse),] - -a possession;[2] _e.g._ Craika, Torfa, Ulpha; A (Scand.) also means an -island--_v._ EA, p. 71. - -[Sidenote: AA, A (Scand.),] - -a stream; from Old Norse _â_, Goth. _aha_, Old Ger. _aha_ (water). The -word, in various forms, occurs frequently in river names throughout -Western Europe, especially in Germany and the Netherlands, and often -takes the form of _au_ or _ach_; _e.g._ the rivers Aa, Ach, Aach; -Saltach (salt river); Wertach (a river with many islands)--_v._ WARID, -etc.; Trupach (troubled stream); Weser, _i.e._ _Wesar-aha_ (western -stream); Lauter, _i.e._ _Hlauter-aha_ (clear stream); Danube or Donau, -_i.e._ _Tuon-aha_ (thundering stream); Main, _i.e._ _Magin-aha_ (great -stream); Fisch-aha (fish stream); Schwarza (black stream); Zwiesel-au -(the stream of the whirlpool); Erlach (alder-tree stream); Gron-aha -(green stream); Dachau (the clayey stream); Fulda, _i.e._ _Fold-aha_ -(land stream); Rod-aha (reedy stream); Saale and Saala from _salz_ -(salt stream). The simple _a_ or _o_, with a prefix expressive of -the character of the stream, is the most frequent form of the word -in Iceland and Scandinavia, and in the districts of Great Britain -colonised by Norsemen or Danes; _e.g._ Laxa (salmon river); Hvita -(white river); Brora (bridge river); Rotha (red river); Greta (weeping -river); Storaa (great river); Thurso (Thor’s river), which gives its -name to the town; Lossie, anc. _Laxi-a_ (salmon river). - -[Sidenote: AB (Sansc.), -AW (Pers.),] - -water; _e.g._ Doab (the district of two waters); Menab (the mouth of -the water), on the Persian Gulf; Busheab or _Khoshaub_ (good water), a -river in Hindostan, also an island in the Persian Gulf; Neelab (blue -water); Punjaub (the district of the five streams); Chinab or Chenaub -R., said to be a corrupt. of its former name _Chaudra Bhagee_ (the -garden of the moon), so called from a small lake of that name from -which it proceeds. Cognate with this root is the Gadhelic _abh_, in its -forms of _aw_ or _ow_. Thus in Scotland we have the River Awe and Loch -Awe; in Ireland, Ow and Owbeg (little stream); Ow-nageerah (the stream -of the sheep); Finnow (clear stream). Cognate with these root-words is -the Lat. _aqua_ and its derivations in the Romance languages, as well -as _ae_ or _ea_ (A.S. water). Forsteman finds river names, allied to -the foregoing, throughout Germany and France, in such forms as _ap_, -_op_, _ep_, etc., as in the Oppa, Lennep, Barop, Biberaffa. - -[Sidenote: ABAD (Pers. and Sansc.),] - -a dwelling or town, generally connected with the name of its founder; -_e.g._ Hyderabad (the town of Hyder Ali, or of the Lion); Ahmedabad -(of the Sultan Ahmed); Furrackabad (founded by Furrack the Fortunate); -Agra or Akberabad (founded by Akber); Nujiabad (of Nujibah-Dowlah); -Auringabad (founded by Aurungzebe); Jafferabad (the city of Jaffier); -Jehanabad (of Shah Jehan); Jellabad (of Jellal, a chief); Moorshedabad -(the town of Moorshed Khoolly-Khan); Moorabad (named after Morad, the -son of Shah Jehan); Shahabad (of the Shah); Abbas-abad (founded by -Abbas the Great); Dowladabad (the town of wealth); Hajiabad (of the -pilgrim); Meschdabad (of the mosque); Islamabad (of the true faith); -Allah-abad (of God); Secunderabad (named after Alexander the Great); -Resoulabad (of the prophet); Asterabad (on the River Aster); Futteabad -(the town of victory); Sadabad or Suffi-abad (the town of the _sadi_ or -_suffi_, _i.e._ the sage). - -[Sidenote: ABER (Cym.-Cel.), -ABHIR and OBAIR (Gael.),] - -a confluence of waters; applied, in topography, to places at the conf. -of streams, or at the embouchure of a river. The derivation of the -term has been traced by some etymologists to the conjunction of _ath_ -(Gael.), a ford, and _bior_, water; by others to Cym.-Cel. _at_ (at) -and _bior_ (water). This prefix is general in many of the counties -of Scotland, throughout Wales, and, in a few instances, in Ireland, -although in the latter country the synonyms _inver_ and _cumar_ are -more frequent. Both words are found in the topography of the Picts, -but the Scots of Argyleshire used only _inver_ before they came from -Ireland to settle in that district. The word _aber_ seems to have -become obsolete among them; and as there are no _abers_ in Ayrshire, -Renfrew, and Lanarkshire, the word had probably become obsolete before -the kingdom of Strathclyde was formed. Dr. Joyce, in his _Irish Names -of Places_, traces its use as prefix or affix to the Irish root _abar_ -(a mire), as in the little stream Abberachrinn (_i.e._ the river of -the miry place of the tree). In Wales we find Aberconway, Aberfraw, -Aberistwyth, Aberavon, Aberayron, Aberdare, Aberdaron, Abergavenny, at -the embouchure of the _Conway_, _Fraw_, _Istwyth_, _Avon_, _Aeron_, -_Dar_, _Daron_, _Gavenny_. Barmouth, corrupt. from Aber-Mowddy, a -seaport in Merioneth, at the mouth of the R. Mowddy. Berriew, corrupt. -from Aber-Rhiw (at the junction of the R. Rhiw with the Severn); -Aberdaugledden, the Welsh name for Haverford-west, at the mouth of twin -rivers resembling two swords (_gledden_), which unite at Milford Haven. -It is called by the Welsh now Hwlford (the sailing road) because the -tide comes up to the town. Aberhonddu, at the mouth of the R. Honddi or -Honddu (the county town of Brecknock), and Aberdovey, at the embouchure -of the R. Dovey in Wales. In Scotland, Aberbrothwick or Arbroath, -Abercorn, anc. _Aeber-curnig_, Aberdour, Abergeldie, Abernethy, at the -embouchure of the _Brothock_, _Cornie_, _Dour_, _Geldie_, and _Nethy_. -Aberchirder is _Abhir-chiar-dur_ (the conf. of the dark water); -Abercrombie (the curved conf.); Aberfeldy, _i.e._ _Abhir-feathaile_ -(the smooth conf.); Aberfoyle (the conf. of the pool, _phuill_); -Aberlemno (the conf. of the leaping water, _leumnach_); Arbirlot, -anc. _Aber-Elliot_ (at the mouth of the Elliot); Applecross for -_Abhir-croisan_ (the conf. of trouble); Old Aberdeen and New Aberdeen, -at the mouths of the Don and Dee, Lat. _Devana-castra_; Fochabers (the -_plain_, at the river mouth), Gael. _faigh_, a plain; Lochaber (at the -mouth of the loch); Barmouth, in Wales, corrupt, of _Aber-Mawdoch_ or -_Maw_. - -[Sidenote: ABI (Turc.),] - -a river; _e.g._ Abi-shiran (sweet river); Abi-shur (salt river); -Abi-gurm (warm river); Abi-gard (yellow river); Abi-kuren (the river of -Cyrus); Ab-Allah (God’s river). - -[Sidenote: ABT (Teut.), an abbot, Lat. _abbatis_. -ABIE, an abbey.] - -These and similar words, in the Romance languages, derived from the -Heb. _abba_ (father), were introduced into the languages of Europe in -connection with the monastic system, and are attached to the names of -places founded for monks, or belonging to church lands. Thus--Absberg -(abbot’s hill); Apersdorf, for _Abbatesdorf_ (abbot’s village); Absholz -(abbot’s wood); Abtsroda (abbot’s clearing), in Germany; Appenzell, -anc. _Abbatiscella_ (abbot’s church), founded by the Abbot of St. -Gall, A.D. 647; Abbeville (abbot’s dwelling), in France; Abbotsbury -(the abbot’s fortified place), Dorset; Abbeydare (the abbey on the -R. Dare in Hereford); Abbotshall, in Fife, so called from having -been the occasional residence of the abbots of Dunfermline; Abdie -(belonging to the abbey of Lindores); Abingdon, in Berks (abbot’s -hill), Abington (with the same meaning), the name of two parishes -in Cambridge and a village in Lanarkshire, and of two parishes in -Ireland; Abbotsford (the ford of the Tweed in the abbey lands of -Melrose); Abbotsrule (the abbey on the R. Rule in Roxburghshire); -Abbeyfeale (on the R. Feale); Abbeyleix (the abbey of Lewy), an Irish -chief Abbeygormacan (Irish _mainister_); _Ua-g Cormacain_ (the abbey -of the O’Cormacans); Abbeylara, _i.e._ Irish abbey, _leath-rath_ (the -abbey of the half-rath); Abbeyshrule, anc. _Sruthair_ (the stream), -named for a monastery founded by one of the O’Farells; Abbeystrowry -(with the same meaning), in Ireland; Abbensee (the lake of the abbey), -in Upper Austria; Newabbey, a _Par_ in Kirkcudbright (named from an -abbey founded in 1275 by Devorgilla, the mother of John Baliol); -Badia-San-Salvatore (the abbey of the Holy Saviour); Badia-Torrita (the -abbey with the little tower), in Italy; Appin, in Argyleshire, anc. -_Abbphon_ (abbot’s land), and Appin, in Dull, indicating probably the -territory of a Celtic monastery. - -[Sidenote: ACH, or ICH,] - -a form of the Teut. _aha_ (water), p. 1, as in Salzach (salt stream), -but it is also a common affix to words in the Teut. and Cel. languages, -by which a noun is formed into an adjective, signifying full of, or -abounding in, equivalent to the Lat. terminations _etum_ and _iacum_. -Thus, in German topography, we find Lindach, Aichach, Aschach, -Buchach, Tannich, Fichtig, _i.e._ abounding in _lime_, _oak_, _ash_, -_beech_, _fir_, and _pine_ wood; Affaltrach (in apple-trees); Erlicht -(in alders); Heselicht (in hazels); Laubach (in leaves). In Ireland: -Darach, Farnach (abounding in oaks and alders); Ounagh, in Sligo, and -Onagh, in Wicklow (watery place), from the adjective Abhnach (abounding -in streams). In the Sclav. languages, again, the affix _zig_ has the -same meaning, as in Leipzig (abounding in lime-trees). - -[Sidenote: ACHADH (Gadhelic), -AUCH, AUGH, -AUCHEN,] - -a field, plain, or meadow; _e.g._ Aghinver (the field of the -confluence); Aghindarragh (of the oak wood); Achonry, anc. -_Achadh-Chonaire_ (Conary’s field); Ardagh (high field); Aghabeg -(little field); Aghaboy (yellow field); Aghamore (great field); -Aghaboe (the cow’s field); Aghadown (of the fort); Aghadoe, _i.e._ -_Achadh-da-eo_ (of the two yew-trees). In Scotland: Auchclach, -Auchinleck, Auchnacloich (the stony field); Achray (smooth field); -Auchinleith (the physician’s field); Auchindoire (the field of the -oak grove); Auchinfad (of the peats); Auchinrath (of the fort); -Auchincruive (of the tree, _craoibhe_); Auchline (of the pool); -Auchnacraig (of the rock); Auchindinny and Auchteany (the field of the -fire)--_teine_, _i.e._ probably places where the Beltane fires were -kindled. - -[Sidenote: AESC (A.S.), -ASK (Scand.), -ESCHE (Ger.),] - -the ash-tree; _e.g._ Ashton, Ashby, Askham (ash-tree dwelling); Ashrigg -(the ash-tree ridge), in England. In Germany: Eschdorf, Eschweil, -Eschweiller (ash-tree dwelling); Eschenbach (ash-tree brook); Eschwege -(ash-tree road). - -[Sidenote: AESP (A.S.), -ASP (Scand.),] - -the aspen or poplar; _e.g._ Aspley, Aspden (poplar field or valley). - -[Sidenote: AIN (Semitic), -AAYN,] - -a fountain; _e.g._ Aenon (the fountains); Enshemish (the fountain -of the sun); Engedi (of the goat); Enrogel (of the fuller’s field); -Dothan (the two fountains); Aayn-el-kebira (the great fountain); -Ain-halu (the sweet fountain); Aayn-taiba (the good fountain); Engannim -(the fountain of the gardens); Enrimmon (of the pomegranates). - -[Sidenote: AITE, or AIT (Gadhelic), -AEHT, or EIGEN (Teut.),] - -a place, a possession; _e.g._ Daviot, anc. _Damh-aite_ (the place -of the ox), in Aberdeenshire, and also in Inverness; Tynet, _i.e._ -_ait-an-taimhu_ (the place of the river), in Banffshire. In Ireland the -word is used in combination with _tigh_ (a house); _e.g._ Atty (the -dwelling-place); Atty-Dermot (the dwelling of Dermot); Atti-duff (the -dark dwelling); Oedt (the possession), a town in Prussia, on the Niers; -Iberstolfs-eigen (the possession of Iberstolf); Iberstolfs-eigen, -Smurses-eigen (_i.e._ the possession of Iberstolf and Smurse); -Souder-eygen (south possession). - -[Sidenote: AITH, or AED, or EID (Scand.),] - -a headland; _e.g._ Aithsvoe (the bay of the headland); Aithsthing -(the place of meeting on the headland); Eidfoss (the waterfall on the -headland). - -[Sidenote: AK, or AEK (A.S.), -EK, or EG (Scand.), -EYKE (Dutch), -EICHE (Ger.),] - -an oak; _e.g._ Acton, Acworth (oak town and manor); Oakley (oak -meadow); Oakham (oak dwelling); Auckland (oakland); Acrise (oak -ascent); Wokingham or Oakingham (the dwelling among oaks); Sevenoaks, -anc. _Seovanacca_, named from some oak-trees which once occupied -the eminence on which it stands, but Okehampton, in Devon, is on the R. -Oke. In Germany and in Holland are Eichstadt, Eichdorf, Eikheim (oak -dwelling); Ekholta (oak wood); Eichhalden (oak height); Eichstegen (oak -path); Echehout, in Hainault (oak wood); Eykebusch (oak thicket). - -[Sidenote: AK (Turc.),] - -white; _e.g._ Ak-tag, Ak-dagh (the white mountains); Ak-su (white -river); Ak-hissar (white castle); Ak-serai (white palace); Ak-shehr -(white dwelling); Ak-meschid (white mosque); Ak-kalat (white fortress). - -[Sidenote: AL (the Arabic definite article);] - -_e.g._ Alkalat (the fortress); Almaden (the mine); Alcantara (the -bridge); Alkasar (the palace); Almeida (the table); Almeria (the -conspicuous); Almazen (the storehouse); Alcarria (the farm); Alcana -(the exchange); Algezira (the island), anc. _Mesopotamia_ (_i.e._ -between the rivers); Algeciras (the islands), in Spain; Algarve (the -west); Almansa (the plain); Almazara (the mill); Alhambra (the red); -Alhucen (the beautiful); Alpuxarras (the grassy mountains). - -[Sidenote: ALD, EALD (A.S.), -ALT (Ger.), -OUDE, OLDEN (Dutch),] - -old; _e.g._ Alton, Oldham, Althorpe, Alcaster, Aldwark (old -dwelling, farm, camp, fortress); Audlem (old lyme or border); Audley -(old field), in England. In Germany: Altenburg, Altendorf, Oldenburg -(old dwelling); Altenmarkt (old market); Altmark (old boundary); -Altstadt (old place); Altsattel (old seat); Altofen (old oven), so -called from its warm baths; Oudenarde (old earth or land); Oudenbosch -(old thicket); Oude-capel (old chapel). - -[Sidenote: ALDEA (Span. and Port., from the Arabic),] - -a village; _e.g._ Aldea-del-Cano (the dog’s village); Aldea-vieya (old -village); Aldea-el-Muro (the walled village); Aldea-del-Rio (of the -river); Aldea Galliga (of the Gauls). - -[Sidenote: ALIT (Cym.-Cel.), -ALT (Irish),] - -a height or cliff; _e.g._ Alltmaur (the great height); Builth, in -Wales, _i.e._ _Bu-allt_ (the steep place of the wild oxen). The Alts -(heights or glen-sides), Monaghan; Altachullion (the cliff of the -holly); Altavilla, _i.e._ _Alt-a-bhile_ (the glen-side of the old -tree); Altinure (the cliff of the yew-tree); Altanagh (abounding in -cliffs); Altan (the little cliff). - -[Sidenote: ALP, AILPE (Celtic), -AIL,] - -a rock or cliff; _e.g._ the Alps; Albainn (the hilly or high land), -the anc. name of Scotland; Albania, with the same meaning; Alpenach -(the mountain stream), at the foot of Mount Pilate; Alva and Alvah -(the rocky), parishes in Scotland; Cantal (the _head_ of the rock), in -France. In Ireland the word _ail_ takes the form of _oil_, aspirated -_foyle_ or _faill_; _e.g._ Foilycleara (O’Clery’s cliff); Foilnaman -(the cliff of the women): but while the aspirated form of _ail_ is -confined to the south, _aill_ is found all over Ireland; Ayleacotty, -_i.e._ _Aill-a-choite_ (the cliff of the little boat); Ailla-gower (the -goat’s cliff); Alleen (the diminutive) is found in Alleen-Hogan and -Alleen-Ryan (Hogan’s and Ryan’s little cliff). When, however, _foyle_ -comes in as a termination, it is commonly derived from _poll_ (a hole), -as in Ballyfoyle and Ballyfoile (the town of the hole). The anc. name -of Britain, _Albion_, has sometimes been traced to this root, but more -generally to the _white_ cliffs (Lat. _albus_) on the coast of Kent, as -seen first by the Romans. - -[Sidenote: ALR (A.S.), -ALNUS (Lat.), -AUNE (Fr.),] - -the alder-tree; _e.g._ Alr-holt, Aldershot (alder-tree wood); -Alresford (Alderford); Alrewas (alder-tree pasture); Alderley -(alder-tree meadow), in England; Aulney, Aulnoy, Aulnois, Aunay, Auneau -(alder grove), in France. - -[Sidenote: ALT (Gadhelic),] - -a stream; _e.g._ the Alt, Aldan, Alta (river names); Alt-dowran (otter -stream); Aultsigh (gliding stream); Alt-na-guish (the stream of the -fir-trees); Aldivalloch, _i.e._ _Allt-a-bhealaich_ (the stream of -the pass); Alness, _i.e._ _Allt-an-casa_ (of the cascade); Alltmore -(great stream); Auldearn, _i.e._ _Allt-fearn_ (alder-tree stream); -Cumbernauld, corrupt. from _Cumar-nan-alta_ (the confluence of the -streams); Garavault in Aberdeenshire, Garvault in East Lothian, and -Garvald in Dumfriesshire (rough stream); Altderg (red stream). - -[Sidenote: ALTUN, or ALTAN (Tartar),] - -golden; _e.g._ the Altai, or golden mountains; Altanor (golden lake); -Altan-su (golden river); Alta-Yeen (the golden mountains); Altun-tash -(golden rock); Altun-kupri (golden bridge). - -[Sidenote: AM, or AN,] - -contrac. from Ger. _an den_ (on the, or at the); _e.g._ Amberg (at the -hill); Amdorf or Ambach, Amsteg, Amwalde (at the village, brook, path, -wood). - -[Sidenote: AMAR (Old Ger.),] - -a kind of grain; _e.g._ Amarbach, Amarthal, Amarwang, Amarveld (the -brook, valley, strip of land, field where this grain grew). - -[Sidenote: AMBACHT, or AMT (Ger.),] - -a district under the government of an Amtman or bailiff; _e.g._ -Amt-sluis (the sluice of the Ambacht); Amthof (the court of the -Amtman); Graven-Ambacht (the duke’s district); Ambachtsbrug (the bridge -of the Ambacht). - -[Sidenote: AMBR,] - -an Indo-Germanic word, signifying a river, allied to the Sansc. _ambu_ -(water). According to Forsteman (_v._ _Deutsche Ortsnamen_) the suffix -_r_ was added by most European nations before their separation from the -Asiatic tribes, as appears in the Greek _ombros_ and the Lat. _imber_ -(a shower). The word appears in the names of tribes and persons, as -well as of places, on the European continent; _e.g._ the Ambrones (or -dwellers by the water), and perhaps in Umbria; Amberloo and Amersfoort -(the meadow and ford by the water), in Holland; and in such river names -as the Ammer, Emmer, Emmerich, Ambra, etc. - -[Sidenote: ANGER (Ger.),] - -a meadow or field; _e.g._ Rabenanger (the raven’s field); Kreutzanger -(the field of the cross); Moosanger (mossy field); Wolfsanger (the -wolf’s field, or of Wolf, a man’s name); Vogelsanger (the birds’ -field); Angerhusen (the field houses); Angerbach (the field brook); -Anger (the field), a town in Austria; Angerburg (the fortress in the -field). - -[Sidenote: ANGRA (Port.),] - -a creek or bay; _e.g._ Angra (a sea-port in the Azores); -Angra-de-los-reyes (the king’s bay). - -[Sidenote: AQUA (Lat.), -AGUA (Span. and Port.), -ACQUA (It.), -EAU (Fr.; Old Fr. AX),] - -water; _e.g._ Aix, anc. _Aquæ-Sextiæ_ (the warm springs, said to -have been discovered and named by Sextus Calvenus, B.C. 123), in -Provence; Aix, in Dauphiny, anc. _Aquæ-Vocontiorum_ (the waters of -the Vocontii); Aix-les-bains (the bath waters), in Savoy; Aachen or -Aix-la-Chapelle, celebrated for its mineral springs, and for the chapel -erected over the tomb of Charlemagne; Plombières, anc. _Aquæ-plombariæ_ -(waters impregnated with lead); Veraqua, in New Granada, corrupt. -from _Verdes-aguas_ (green waters); Aigue-perse (the bubbling water), -in Auvergne; Aigue-vive (the spring of living water); Aigue-belle -(beautiful water); Aigue-noire (black water, etc.), in France; Dax, -celebrated for its saline springs, corrupt. from _Civitas aquensis_ -(the city of waters); Aigues-mortes (stagnant waters); Aguas-bellas -(beautiful waters), Portugal; Aguas-calientes (warm waters), Mexico; -Evaux, Evreux (on the waters), France; Evian, anc. _Aquarum_ (the -waters), Savoy; Entreves and Entraigues (between the waters), anc. -_Interaquæ_; Yvoire, anc. _Aquaria_ (the watery district), on Lake -Geneva; Aas or Les Eaux (the waters), Basses Pyrénées; Nerac, anc. -_Aquæ Neriedum_ (the waters of the Nerii); Amboise and Amboyna -(surrounded by waters); Bordeaux (the dwelling on the water), _borda_, -Low Lat. (a dwelling); Vichy, anc. _Aquæ calidæ_ (warm waters), on the -Allier; Bex (upon the two waters), at the juncture of the Rhone and -Avençon; Outre L’Eau (beyond the water); Acapulca, in Mexico, corrupt. -from _Portus aquæ pulchræ_ (the port of beautiful waters); Agoa-fria -(cold water), Brazil; Aqui, in North Italy, celebrated for its baths; -Acireale, anc. _aguas calientes_ (the warm waters); Agoa-quente (hot -spring), Brazil. - -[Sidenote: ARA,] - -a frequent element in river names, with various and even opposite -meanings. Some of the river names may have come from the Sansc. _ara_ -(swift, or the flowing), and in Tamil _aar_ means simply a river. There -is another Sanscrit word _arb_ (to ravage or destroy), with which -the Gadhelic words _garw_, _garbh_ (rough) may be connected; and, on -the other hand, there is the Welsh _araf_ (gentle). According to the -locality and the characteristics of the stream, one must judge to -which of these roots its name may belong. There are, in England, the -Aire, Arre, Arro, Arrow; in France, the Arve, Erve, Arveiron, etc.; in -Switzerland and Germany, the Aar, Are; in Spain and Italy, the Arva, -Arno; and in Scotland, the Ayr, Aray, Irvine, etc. Many of these names -may signify simply flowing water (the river), while others beginning -with the syllable _ar_ may be referred to the adjectival forms, _araf_, -_arb_, _ara_, or _garbh_, followed by another root-word for _water_, as -in Arrow (the swift stream); Yarrow (the rough stream); _ow_ (water); -Arveiron (the furious stream); _avon_ (water); Arar (the gentle -stream), now the Saone. - -[Sidenote: ARD, AIRD (Gadhelic),] - -a height, or, as an adjective, high; _e.g._ the Aird (the height) on -the south coast of the island of Lewis, also in Inverness-shire; Aird -Point in the island of Skye; Aird-dhu (the black height), a hill in -Inverness-shire; the Airds (high lands in Argyleshire); Airdrie, Gael. -_Aird_-righ (the king’s height), or, perhaps, _Aird-reidh_ (the smooth -height); Aird’s Moss (a muirland tract in Ayrshire); Ardbane (white -height); Ardoch (high field); Ardclach (high stony ground); Ardach and -Ardaghy (high field); Ardmore (great height); Ardeen and Arden (the -little height); Ardglass (green height); Ardfert (the height of the -grave or ditch, Irish _fert_); Ardrishaig (the height full of briers, -_driseach_); Ardnamurchan (the height of the great headland, _ceann_, -or of the great ocean, _cuan_); Ardgower (goat’s height); Ardtornish -(the height of the cascade, _cas_ and _torr_); Ardross (high point); -Ardrossan (little high point); Ardchattan (St. Cathan’s height); -Ardersier, Gael. _Ard-ros-siar_ (the high western height); Ardlui (the -height of the fawn, _laoidh_); Ardentinny (of the fire, _teine_); -Ardboe (of the cow); Ardbraccan (of St. Brachan); Ardfinan (St. Finan’s -height); Armagh, in Ireland, anc. _Ardmacha_ (the height of Macha, the -wife of one of the early Irish colonists); Arroquhar, in Dumbarton, -_i.e._ Ardthir (the high land); Ardmeanach (the mossy height or the -black isle); Ardgask (the hero’s height, Gael. _gaisgeach_, a hero); -Ardnacrushy (of the cross); Ardtrea (St. Trea’s height); Ardnarea, -_i.e._ _Ard-na-riaghadh_ (the height of the executions, with reference -to a dark tale of treachery and murder); Ardgay (windy height); -Ardblair (high field); Ardwick (high town, a suburb of Manchester). The -Lat. root _arduus_ (high) is found in Ardea, in Italy; the Ardes (or -heights), in Auvergne; Auvergne itself has been traced to _Ar-fearann_ -(high lands), but Cocheris, _Au Noms de Lieu_, gives its ancient name -as _Alverniacus_ (_i.e._ the domain of the _Auvergni_). Ardennes, -Forest of (high-wooded valleys); Ardwick-le-street (the high town on -the great Roman road), _stratum_. _Ard_, _art_, and _artha_ are also -Persian prefixes attached to the names of places and persons; _e.g._ -Ardboodha (the high place of Buddha); Aravalli (the hill of strength); -and such personal names as Artaxerxes, Artabanes, Artamenes. In some -cases it may refer to the agricultural habits of the Indo-Germanic -races (Lat. _aro_, Grk. αροω, Goth. _arjan_, Old High Ger. _aran_, Cel. -_ar_ (to plough), hence the Aryan tribes are those belonging to the -dominant race--the aristocracy of landowners, as distinguished from the -subject races--_v._ Taylor’s _Names of Places_. - -[Sidenote: ARN, ERN (Teut.), -ARNE, -ARA (Lat.), a home, -AREA, _bas_ (Lat.), -AIRE (Fr.), -AROS (Cel.),] - -a place, farm, dwelling; _e.g._ Heddern (hiding-place); Beddern -(sleeping-place); Suthern (south place); Arne, a town in Yorkshire; -Chiltern (chalk place); Whithorn, in Wigton, A.S. _Whitern_, Lat. -_Candida-casa_ (white house); Asperne (the place of poplar-trees); -Femern (of cattle); Domern (of judgment); Thalern (valley dwelling); -Mauthern (toll place); Bevern and Bevergern (the dwelling on the R. -Bever); Aire, Lat. _Area-Atrebatum_ (the dwelling of the Atrebates), -on the Adour, in France; also Aire, on the Lys; Les Aires (the farms); -Airon, etc., in France, Bavaria, Ger. _Baiern_ (the dwelling of the -Boii); Aros, Gael. (the dwelling), in Mull; Arosaig (corner dwelling), -Argyle. - -[Sidenote: ARN (Old Ger.), -ARI (Norse), -ERYR (Welsh),] - -an eagle. This word is used in topography either with reference to the -bird itself, or to a personal name derived from it; _e.g._ Arnfels -(eagle’s rock); Arnberg, Arnstein, Arlberg (eagle mountain or rock); -Arisdale (eagle valley, or the valley of a person called Arix); Arnau -(eagle meadow); Arnecke (eagle corner); Arendal (eagle valley); Arenoe -(eagle island); Eryri (the eagle mountain), the Welsh name for Snowdon. - -[Sidenote: ARX (Lat.),] - -a fortress; _e.g._ Arcé, anc. _Arx_, a town in Italy with a hill -fortress called _Rocca d’Arcé_ (the rock of the fortress); Arcis sur -Aube (the fortress on the R. Aube), in France; Arcole and Arcola, -in Lombardy and Sardinia; Saar-Louis, anc. _Arx-Ludovici-Sarum_ -(the fortress of Louis on the Saar), founded by Louis XIV., 1680; -Arx-fontana or Fuentes (the fortress of the fountain), in Spain; -Monaco, anc. _Arx-Monæci_ (the fortress of the Monæci), on the Gulf of -Genoa; Thours, anc. _Tuedæ-Arx_ (the fortress on the R. Thouet), in -France. - -[Sidenote: AS, or AAS (Scand.),] - -a hill ridge; _e.g._ Astadr (ridge dwelling); As and Aas, the names -of several towns in Sweden and Norway; Aswick, Aastrap, Aasthorp (the -village or farm on the ridge) in Shetland. - -[Sidenote: ASTA (Basque),] - -a rock; _e.g._ Astorga, in Spain, Lat. _Asturica-Augusta_ (the great -city on the rocky water, _ura_); Astiapa and Estepa (the dwelling at -the foot of the rock), in Spain; Astulez and Astobeza, also in Spain; -Asti, a district in Sardinia which was peopled by Iberians or Basques; -Astura (the rocky river); Asturias (the country of the dwellers by -that river); Ecija, in Spain, anc. _Astigi_ (on the rock); Estepa and -Estepona (rocky ground). - -[Sidenote: ATH, AGH (Gadhelic), -AUGH,] - -a ford. This root-word is more common in Ireland than in Scotland, -and is cognate with the Lat. _vadum_, and the A.S. _wath_ or _wade_; -_e.g._ Athy, _i.e._ _Ath-Ae_ (the ford of Ae, a Munster chief who was -slain at the spot); Athmore (great ford); Athdare (the ford of oaks); -Athenry (the king’s ford); Athlone, _i.e._ _Ath Luaen_ (the ford of St. -Luan); Athleague (stony ford); Athane (little ford); Aghanloo (Lewy’s -little ford); the town of Trim is in Irish _Athtruim_ (the ford of the -elder trees); Agolagh, _i.e._ _Athgoblach_ (the forked ford); Aboyne -(the ford of the river), on the Dee in Aberdeenshire; Athgoe, _i.e._ -_Ath-goibhne_ (the ford of the smiths), in Dublin. - -[Sidenote: ATHEL (A.S.), -ADEL (Ger.), -ADELIG (Gothic),] - -noble, or the nobles; _e.g._ Adelsdorf, Adelsheim, Adelshofen, -Attelbury (the nobles’ dwelling); Athelney (the island of the nobles), -in Somersetshire, formerly insulated by the rivers Tone and Parret; -Addelsfors (the nobles’ waterfall); Adelsberg (the nobles’ hill); -Adelsclag (the nobles’ wood-clearing); Adelsoe (the nobles’ island); -Adelmanns-felden (the nobleman’s field). - -[Sidenote: AU, AUE (Ger.), -AUGIA (Lat.),] - -a meadow, formed from _aha_ (water), and frequently annexed to the name -of a river; _e.g._ Aarau, Ilmenau, Rheinau, Wetterau, Oppenau, Muhrau -(the meadow of the _Aar_, _Ilmen_, _Rhine_, _Wetter_, _Oppa_, _Muhr_); -Frankenau (the Franks’ meadow); Lichtenau (the meadow of light); -Reichenau (rich meadow); Schoenau (beautiful meadow); Greenau (green); -Langenau (long); Weidenau (pasture-meadow); Rosenau (the meadow of -roses); Lindau (of lime-trees); Herisau, Lat. _Augia-dominus_ (the -Lord’s meadow); Eu, anc. _Augia_ (the meadow), in Normandy; Hanau (the -enclosed meadow); Nassau (the moist meadow); Iglau (the meadow of the -R. Igla, in Moravia); Troppau, in Silesia (the meadow of the R. Oppa). - -[Sidenote: AUCHTER or OCHTER (Gadhelic), -UCHDER (Welsh),] - -the summit, or, as an adjective, upper; _e.g._ Auchtertyre, anc. -_Auchterardower_ (the summit on the water); Auchterarder (the upper -high land); Auchterblair (upper field); Auchtercairn (upper rock); -Auchtermuchty (the upper dwelling, _tigh_, of the wild boar, _muc_); -Auchterau (the upper water); Auchtertool (the upper land on the R. -Tiel), in Fife; Auchterless (the upper side, _slios_). In Ireland this -word takes the form of _Oughter_; _e.g._ Oughterard (upper height); -Oughter-lough (upper lake, in reference to Loch Erne); Balloughter -(upper town); Lissoughter (upper fort); Killoughter (upper church). The -Irish adjective _uachdar_ is not unfrequently Anglicised _water_, as -in Clowater in Carlow, _i.e._ _Cloch-uachdar_ (upper stone or castle); -Watree, in Kilkenny, _i.e._ _Uachdaraighe_ (upper lands)--_v._ Joyce’s -_Irish Names of Places_. - -[Sidenote: AVON, AFON (Cym.-Cel.), -ABHAIN, ABHUINNE (Gael.), -AMNIS (Lat. Sansc. _ap._),] - -water, a river; _e.g._ the Avon, Aven, Aune, Auney, Inney, Ewenny, -Aney, Eveny, river names in England, Wales, and Ireland; Avengorm -(red river); Aven-banna (white river); Avenbui (yellow river); -Avonmore (great river), in Ireland; the Seine, anc. _Seimh-au_ (smooth -river); the Mayenne or Meduana (probably the middle river, from Cel. -_meadhou_). In France there are from this root--the Ain, Avenne, -Vilaine, Vienne; the Abona, in Spain. In Scotland: the Almond or -_Awmon_; Devon (deep river); Doon (dark river); Kelvin (woody river); -Annan (quiet river); the Leith, Leithen, Lethen (the broad or the -gray river); the Don, in Scotland and England (dark or brown river); -Irvine and Earn (the west-flowing river); Anwoth, in Kirkcudbright, -_i.e._ Avonwath (the course of the river); the Spey, _speach-abhain_ -(swift river); the Allan (beauteous river, _aluinn_); the Boyne, anc. -_Bouoninda_ (perhaps yellow river, _buidhe_). Many towns derive their -names from their rivers, or from their vicinity to water: thus, Avignon -and Verona (on the water); Amiens, the cap. of the _Ambiani_ (dwellers -on the water, _i.e._ of the Samara or Somme). Teramo, anc. _Interamnia_ -(between the rivers), and Terni, with the same meaning; Avenay, anc. -_Avenacum_ (on the river); Avesnes, celebrated for its mineral springs. -But such names as Avenay, Avennes, etc., may have been derived in many -cases from Lat. _avena_, Fr. _avoine_ (oats)--_v._ Cocheris’s _Noms de -Lieu_. - - - B - -[Sidenote: BAAL,] - -a prefix in Phœnician names, derived from the worship of the sun-god -among that people; _e.g._ Baalath and Kirjath-Baal (the city of -Baal); Baal-hazor (Baal’s village); BaalHermon (near Mount Hermon); -Baal-Judah, etc., in Palestine. Sometimes, however, the word is used -as synonymous with _beth_ (a dwelling), as Baal-tamar and Baal-Meon -(for Bethtamar and Beth Meon). But Baal-Perazim, we are told, means the -_place of breaches_, and has no reference to the sun-god, Baalbec (the -city of the sun), in Syria. - -[Sidenote: BAB (Ar.),] - -a gate or court; Babel and Babylon, according to the Arabic (the -gate of God), or from a word signifying confusion, Gen. xi. 9; Baab -(the gate), a town in Syria; El-Baab (the gate), in the Sahara; -Bab-el-Mandeb, Strait of (the gate of tears), so called by the Arabs -from its dangerous navigation; Bab-el-estrecho (the gate of the narrow -passage), the Arabic name for the Strait of Gibraltar. - -[Sidenote: BACH, BATCH (Teut.), -BEC, BOEK (Scand.), -but _bach_, by mutation _fach_ or _vach_, in Welsh names means small, little,] - -a brook; _e.g._ Snail-batch and Caldbeck (cold brook or swift brook); -_snell_ in A.S. and Old English means active, sharp, quick; and in -Scotland, as applied to the weather, it means sharp or severely cold; -Crumbeck (crooked brook); Lauterbach (clear brook); Skurbeck (dividing -brook); Griesbach and Sandbach (sandy brook); Gronenbach (green brook); -Over-beck (upper); Reichenbach (rich); Marbeck (boundary); Schoenbach -(beautiful brook); Beckford (the brook ford); Bacheim and Beckum (the -dwelling at the brook); Beckermet (the meeting of brooks); Bickerstith -(the station at the brook); Laubach and Laybach (the warm brook); but -Laubach may also mean rich in leaves--_v._ ACH. Bec in Normandy is -named from a brook that flows into the Risle: Birkbeck in Westmoreland -(the birch-tree brook); Ansbach or Anspach (at the stream in Bavaria); -Schwalbach (the swallow’s brook), in Nassau; Houlbec, in Normandy, -Holbeck, in Lincoln and in Denmark (the brook in the hollow); Fulbeck -(Lincoln) and Foulbec, in Normandy (muddy brook). - -[Sidenote: BAD (Teut.), -BADD (Cym.-Cel.),] - -a bath or mineral spring; _e.g._ Baden, anc. _Thermæ-Austricæ_ (the -Austrian warm springs); Baden-Baden, anc. _Civitas Aquenses Aurelia_ -(the watering-place of Aurelius); Baden-bei-Wien (the baths near -Vienna); Baden-ober (the upper baths); Franzens-bad (the bath of the -Franks); Carlsbad or Kaiser-bad (the bath-town of the Emperor Charles -IV. of Bohemia); Marien-bad, Lat. _Balneum Mariæ_ (the bath-town of the -Virgin Mary); Wiesbaden, anc. _Fontes-Mattiaci_ (the baths or springs -of the _Mattiaci_, dwellers on the meadow)--_v._ WIESE; Badborn (bath -well); Wildbad (wild bath, _i.e._ not prepared by art), in the Black -Forest; Slangenbad (the bath of snakes), so called from the number -of snakes found in the mineral springs; Badsdorf (bath village), -Bohemia. The Celtic name of the English city _Bath_ was _Caer-badon_, -or _Bathan-ceaster_ (bath city or fortress); the Anglo-Saxons made it -_Akeman-ceaster_ (the sick man’s camp), or _Aquæ Sulis_ (dedicated to a -British divinity, Sulis, identified with Minerva). - -[Sidenote: BAGH (Ar. and Turc.),] - -a garden; _e.g._ Bag, or Baug, in Hindostan. Bagdad superseded -Seleucia, which, it is related, was reduced to such a state of ruin as -to have nothing remaining on the spot where it stood formerly but the -cell of the monk Dad; hence the name of the new city founded by the -Caliph Almazar, A.D. 762. Baghdad, _i.e._ the garden of Dad, a monk who -had his cell near the site of the city; Bala-Bagh (high garden), in -Affghanistan; Karabagh (black garden), a district in Armenia, so called -from its thick forests; Alum-bagh (the garden of the Lady Alum), in -Hindostan; Baktschisarai (the palace of the garden), in Crimea. - -[Sidenote: BAGNA (It.), -BANO (Span.), -BANHO (Port.), -BAIN (Fr.),] - -from the Lat. _balneum_ (a bath); _e.g._ Bagnacavallo (the horses’ -bath); Bagna-di-aqua (water bath); Bagnazo, Bagnara, Bagnari, -towns in Italy, celebrated for their baths. In France there are -Bagnères-de-Bigorre (the baths of Bigorones, _i.e._ the dwellers -between two heights); Bagnères-de-Luchon (the baths on the R. Luchon); -Bains-les-du-mont-doré (the baths of the golden mount); with numerous -names with similar meanings, such as Bagneux, Bagneaux, Bagnol, -Bagnoles, Bagnolet, Bagnot, etc. In Italy: Bagnolina (the little bath); -Bagni-di-Lucca, Bagni-di-Pisa (the baths of Lucca and Pisa). - -[Sidenote: BAHIA (Port.),] - -a bay; _e.g._ Bahia or St. Salvador (the town of the Holy Saviour), -on the bay, in Brazil; Bahia-blanca (white bay); Bahia-hermosa -(beautiful); Bahia-honda (deep); Bahia-negra (black); Bahia-neuva (new -bay); Bahia-de-Neustra-Senora (the bay of Our Lady); Bahia-Escosesa -(Scottish bay), in Hayti; Bayonna, in Spain, and Bayonne, in France -(the good bay), from a Basque word, signifying _good_; Baia (the town -on the bay), in Naples; Bahia-de-todos los Santos (All Saints’ Bay), in -Brazil. - -[Sidenote: BAHN (Ger.),] - -a way or path; _e.g._ Winter-bahn (winter path); Langen-bahn (long -path); Wild-bahn (wild or uncultivated path). - -[Sidenote: BAHR, or BAHAR (Ar.),] - -a sea, a lake, and sometimes a river; _e.g._ Bahar-el-Abiad (the -white); Bahar-el-azrak (the blue river), forming together the Nile; -Bahar-belame (waterless river), in Egypt; Baraach (the sea of wealth), -in Hindostan; Bahari (the maritime district), Lower Egypt; Bahr-assal -(salt lake), Africa; Bahrein (the two seas), a district in Arabia, -between the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea; also a group of islands on -the same coast. - -[Sidenote: BAILE, BALLY (Gadhelic),] - -originally merely a place, a home, then a fort, a town, allied to -the Grk. _polis._ The word joined with the article _an_ is found as -_ballin_ for _baile-an_; _e.g._ Ballinrobe (the town of the R. Robe); -Balbriggan (Brecon’s town); Ballintra and Ballintrae, in Ireland, and -Ballantrae, in Scotland (the dwelling on the strand); Ballinure (the -town of the yew); Ballintubbert (the town of the well); Ballinakill -(of the church or wood); Ballinahinch (of the island); Ballinamona (of -the bog), in Ireland; Ballycastle (castle town); Ballymena (middle -town); Ballymony (of the shrubbery); Balmagowan and Ballingown (of the -smiths); Ballymore and Ballmore (great town); Nohoval, corrupt. from -_Nuachongbhail_ (new dwelling), localities in Ireland. In Scotland: -Balvanie, anc. _Bal-Beni-mor_ (the dwelling of Beyne, the great -first Bishop of Mortlach), in Aberdeenshire; Balmoral (the majestic -dwelling, _morail_); Ballater (the dwelling on the hill-slope, -_leitir_); Balmerino (on the sea-shore, _muir_); Balachulish, Gael. -_Baile-na-caolish_ (the dwelling on the narrow strait); Baldernock, -Gael. _Baile-dair-cnoc_ (the dwelling at the oak hill); Balnacraig -(dwelling of the rock); Balfour (cold dwelling); Balgay (windy -dwelling, _gaoth_, wind); Balfron (of mourning, _bhroin_), so called, -according to tradition, because a number of children had been devoured -by wolves at the place; Balgreen (the sunny place, _grianach_); -Balgarvie (of the rough stream); Ballagan and Ballogie (the dwelling -in the hollow); Balgownie and Balgonie (of the smiths); Balbardie -(of the bard); Balmac Lellan (the dwelling of the Bal-MacLellan), in -Kirkcudbright; Balmaghie (of the Maghies); Balquhidder (the town at the -back of the country); Balblair (of the field or plain). - -[Sidenote: BALA (Turc.),] - -high; _e.g._ Bala-hissar (high castle); Bala-dagh (high mountain); -Bala-Ghauts (the high Ghauts); Balasore (high dwelling); Balkan (high -ridge), also called Mount Haemus (the snowy mount), _hima_ (Sansc.), -snow; Balkh (high town), anc. Bactra. - -[Sidenote: BALKEN (Ger.),] - -a ridge; _e.g._ Griesen-balken (sandy ridge); Moes-balken (mossy -ridge); Schieren-balken (clear ridge)--the word is applied to chains of -mountains in general. - -[Sidenote: BALTA (Scand.), -BALTEUS (Lat.),] - -a strait or belt; _e.g._ Balta (the island of the strait); Baltia (the -country of belts or straits), the ancient name of Scandinavia. The -Great and Little Belts, or straits. - -[Sidenote: BAN (Gadhelic),] - -white, fair; _e.g._ Rivers Bann, Bane, Bain, Bana, Banon, Bandon, -Banney, etc.; Banchory (the fair valley). - -[Sidenote: BAN (Cym.-Cel.),] - -a hill or height; _e.g._ Cefn-y-fan (the hill-ridge); Tal-y-fan (the -face of the hill), in Wales. _B_ by mutation becomes _f_. - -[Sidenote: BANT, BANZ (Ger.), -POINT and PAINT, _Ahd_,] - -a district or enclosure, from Old Ger. _pyndan_ (to confine), cognate -with Cym.-Cel. _pant_; _e.g._ Brabant, _i.e._ _Brach-bant_ (the -ploughed district); Altenbanz (the old); Ostrevant (the eastern); -Grunnenbant (the green district); Hasel-point (hazel field); -Pound-stock (the enclosed place), in Germany; Drenthe, corrupt. from -_Thri-banta_ (the three districts), in Holland; Bantz, in Bavaria. -From _pant_ we have in Monmouth, Panteg (beautiful valley, _têg_); -Pant-y-goitre (the valley of the town in the wood). - -[Sidenote: BANYA (Hung.),] - -a mine; _e.g._ Uj-banya (new mine); Nagy-banya (great mine), a town of -Hungary with gold and silver mines, named by the Germans _Neustadt_; -Abrud-banya (the mine on the R. Abrud, a district abounding in metals). - -[Sidenote: BARR (Gadhelic), -BAR (Cym.-Cel.), -BARD (Scand.),] - -a summit; _e.g._ Barmona (the summit or top of the bog); Barra-vore -(great height, _mor_); Barmeen (smooth summit), in Ireland. In several -counties in Scotland we have Barr (the uplands), but Barr in Ayrshire -took its name from St. Barr; Barbreac (spotted point); Barrie and Barra -(the head of the water, _abh_); Barcaldine (hazel point, _calltunn_); -Barbeth (birch point); Barrglass (gray point); Bar-darroch (the -summit of the oak grove); Bardearg (red point); Barcaple (the horses’ -point); the Bard of Mousa and of Bressay, in the Shetlands, is the -projection on these islands; the ancient name of the town of Perth -was _Barr-Tatha_ (the height of the R. Tay); Barwyn for Bar-gwn (a -white-topped mountain, or tipped with snow), in Wales. In France the -prefix _bar_ is applied to strongholds, as in Bar-le-Duc (the duke’s -citadel); Bar-sur Saone, Bar-sur Aube (the stronghold on the rivers -Saone and Aube). - -[Sidenote: BARROW (Scand.), -BEORH (A.S.),] - -a mound of earth, especially over a grave; _e.g._ Barrow-by (the -dwelling at the mound); Ingle-barrow (the mound at the grave of -Ingold). But, in some cases, barrow may be a form of A.S. _boerw_ (a -grove), as in Barrow-den (the grove hollow), in Rutland. - -[Sidenote: BAU (Ger.), -GEBAUDE, -BAÜEN, to build,] - -a building; _e.g._ Brun-bau (the well-house); Neu-bau and Alten-bau -(the old and new building); Buittle (the building), a parish on the -Solway Firth; Tichel-boo (brick building); Forst-gebaude (the building -in the forest). It takes the form of bottle and buttel in Germany, and -battle in Britain--_v._ p. 27; Newbattle (new building in Mid Lothian); -Wulfen-buttel (the dwelling of Ulpha); Bolton, in Lancashire, anc. -_Botl_. - -[Sidenote: BAUM (Ger.) -BEAM (A.S.), -BOOM (Dut.),] - -a tree, a post; _e.g._ Baumburg (tree town); Baumgarten (the orchard); -Baumgartenthal (orchard valley); Baum-krüg (the tree inn); Schöenbaum -(beautiful tree); Heesbaum (the hazel-tree), in Germany; Bampton and -Bempton (tree town), in Oxford and Yorkshire; but Bampton in Devon -takes its name from the R. Bathom--its ancient name was _Bathom-ton_. - -[Sidenote: BEDD (Welsh),] - -a grave; _e.g._ Bedd-gelert (the grave of a favourite hound of -Llewelyn, or, as others affirm, the grave of a saint named Kelert). - -[Sidenote: BEDW (Cym.-Cel.), -BEITH (Gadhelic), -BEDWEN (Welsh),] - -the birch-tree, cognate with the Lat. _betula_; _e.g._ Beddoe (the -birches), Salop; Bedwelty, _i.e._ _Bedw-gwal-ty_ (the wild beast’s -dwelling among the birches), in Monmouth; Penbedw (birch hill), -Monmouth. In Ireland: Beagh, Beaghy, Behagh, Behy, _i.e._ (birch -land); Kilbehey, _i.e._ _coill-beithne_ (birch wood); Behanagh -(birch-producing river); Ballybay, _i.e._ _Bel-atha-beithe_ (the ford -mouth of the birch); Aghaveagh (birch field). In Scotland: Beith and -Beath, in Fife and Ayrshire; Dalbeath, Dalbeth, Dalbeathie (the birch -field or valley); Barbeth (the summit of birches). - -[Sidenote: BEEMD (Dutch),] - -a meadow; _e.g._ Beemd and Beemte (on the meadow); Haagschbeemden -(enclosed meadow); Beemster-polder (the meadow embankment). - -[Sidenote: BEER, BIR (Heb. and Ar.),] - -a well; _e.g._ Beer-sheba (the well of the oath); Beer-Elim (the well -of heroes); Beer-lahai-roi (the well of the living sight); Beirout (the -city of wells), in Palestine; Bir, a town of Asiatic Turkey. - -[Sidenote: BEER, or BEAR (Teut.), -BUR (A.S.), -BYR (Old Ger.),] - -a farm, cottage, or dwelling; _e.g._ Beer-Regis (the king’s farm); -Beer-Alston (the dwelling of Alston); Beardon and Berewood (the -dwelling on a hill and in a wood); Aylesbear (the dwelling of Aegle); -Bühren, in Hanover and Switzerland; Beuren, in Swabia; Grasbeuren -(grassy dwelling); Sandbuur (sandy dwelling); Erlesbura (dwelling among -elms); Beerendrecht (the dwelling on the pasture); Nassenbeuren (damp -dwelling); Blaubeuren (the blue dwelling); Benediktbeuren (the dwelling -of the Benedictines). - -[Sidenote: BEG, BEAG (Gadhelic), -BACH, or BYCHAN, by mutation _fach_ or _fychan_ (Cym.-Cel.),] - -little; _e.g._ Morbihan (the little sea), in Brittany; Taafe-fechan -(the little River Taafe), in Wales. In Ireland: Castlebeg (little -castle); Downkillybegs (the fortress of the little church); Bunbeg -(small river mouth); Rathbeg (little fort). - -[Sidenote: BEIM,] - -a contraction of the Ger. _bei-dem_ (by the); _e.g._ Beimbach, -Beimberg, Beimhofen (by the brook, the hill, the court). - -[Sidenote: BEINN (Gadhelic), -BEN,] - -a mountain, cognate with the Cym.-Cel. _pen_; _e.g._ Beanach (a hilly -place); Ben-more (great mountain); Ben-a-buird (table mountain); -Ben-a-bhaird (the bard’s mountain); Benan, _i.e._ _Binnean_ (the peaked -hill or pinnacle); Bencleuch (stony mountain); Ben-cruachan (the -stack-shaped mountain, _cruach_); Bendearg (red mountain); Bendronach -(the mountain with the hunch, _dronnag_); Bengloe (the mountain with -the covering or veil, _gloth_); Benamore and Bannmore (the great peaks, -_beanna_, peaks); Bennachie (the hill of the pap, at its summit, -_ache_); Benavoir (the mountain of gold, _or_), in Jura; Benclibrig -(the hill of the playing trout); Benloyal, _i.e_, _Ben-laoghal_ (the -hill of the calves); Ben-na-cailleach (nun’s hill); Ben Lomond, named -from Loch Lomond, _quod vide_; Benmacdhui, _i.e._ _Beinn-na-muc-dubh_ -(the mountain of the black sow); Ben Nevis (the cloud-capped or snowy -mountain); Benvenue (the little mountain), as compared with Benledi; -Benwyvis (stupendous mountain, _uabhasach_); Benvrachie (spotted -mountain); Benvoirlich (the mountain of the great loch). In Ireland: -Benbo, _i.e._ Beannabo (the peaks of the cows); Dunmanway, in Cork, -corrupt. from Dun-na-mbeann (the fortress of the pinnacles). In Ireland -_ben_ is more generally applied to small steep hills than to mountains; -_e.g._ Bengore (the peak of the goats, _gabhar_); Benburb, Lat. _pinna -superba_ (proud peak), in Tyrone; the Twelve Pins, _i.e._ _bens_ -or peaks, in Connemara; Banagh and Benagh (a place full of peaks); -Bannaghbane and Bannaghroe (white and red hilly ground); Banaghar, -King’s Co., and Bangor, Co. Down, anc. _Beannchar_ (the pointed hills -or rocks); but Bangor, in Wales, signifies the high choir; Drumbanagh -(the ridge of the peaks). - -[Sidenote: BEL, BELLE, BEAU (Fr.), -BELLO, BELLA (Port., Span., It.),] - -beautiful, fine, from the Lat. _bellus_; _e.g._ Belchamp, Belcastro -(beautiful field and camp); Belle-isle and Belile (beautiful island); -Beaufort, Beaulieu, Beaumont, Beaumanoir (fine fort, place, mount, -manor); Beaumaris (the fair marsh), so named in the reign of Edward -I. Some think it may have been formerly _Bimaris_ (between two seas), -a name applied by Horace to Corinth; Belvoir (beautiful to see), in -Rutland; Bewley and Bewdley, corrupt. from Beaulieu; Beauley, a river -and village in Inverness-shire, named from _Prioratus-de-bello-loco_ -(the priory of the beautiful place), founded in 1230; Beachy Head, -according to Camden, is the head of the beach, but Holland, who -published _Camden’s Britannia_, says it was called Beaucliff, or, -more probably, Beauchef (beautiful headland); Beaudesert (beautiful -retreat); Belper, _i.e._ _Beau-repaire_ (with the same meaning), in -Warwick and Derbyshire; Leighton-Buzzard, corrupt. of its ancient name -_Legionbuhr_ (the fortress of the legion); Balaclava, corrupt. from its -ancient name _Bella-chiava_ (the beautiful frontier town, _chiave_), -founded by the Genoese. - -[Sidenote: BEL, BIALA (Sclav.),] - -white; _e.g._ Biela (white stream); Bela, Belaia (white place); Belowes -and Belowiz (white village); _was_ or _wies_ (a town or village); -Belgrade, Ger. _Weissenburg_ (white fortress); Bialgorod, Turc. -_Akkermann_ (white castle); Belki or Bielki (a name applied in Russia -to snow-capped mountains); Berat, in Albania, corrupt. from Belgrade -(white fort). - -[Sidenote: BEL, BEAL (Gadhelic),] - -a mouth, in its literal sense, but in a secondary sense, signifying -an entrance into any place. In Ireland it is often united with _ath_ -(a ford), forming _belatha_ (ford entrance). The word _bel_ itself is -often used to denote a ford; _e.g._ Belclair, _i.e._ _Bel-an-chlair_ -(the ford or entrance to the plain); _Belatha_ (Anglicised _Bella_) -is found in many names, as in Bellanagare, _i.e._ _Bel-atha-na-gcarr_ -(the ford mouth of the cars); Lisbellaw (the fort at the ford mouth); -Bel-atha is often changed in modern names to _balli_ or _bally_, as -if the original root were _baile_ (a town), as in Ballinamore (the -mouth of the great ford); Ballinafad (the mouth of the long ford); -Ballyshannon is corrupt. from _Bel-atha-Seanach_ (Shannagh’s ford); -Belfast, anc. _Bel-feirsde_ (the ford of the _farset_ or sandbank); -Ballinaboy, _i.e._ _Bel-an-atha-buide_ (the mouth of the yellow -ford); Ballinasloe, _Bel-atha-na-sluaigheadh_ (the ford mouth of the -armies); _Bel_ (a ford) is not found in Scotland, but a word with a -kindred meaning as applied to land, _bealach_ (a pass or opening -between hills), is frequent there, as well as in Ireland, and takes -the form of _ballagh_ or _balloch_; _e.g._ Ballaghboy in Ireland, and -Ballochbuie in Scotland (the yellow pass); Ballaghmore (great pass); -Ballaghkeen (the beautiful pass, _cæin_); Ballaghadereen (the pass of -the little oak grove); Balloch alone occurs in several counties of -Scotland, the best known being Balloch, at the entrance to Loch Lomond; -Ballochray (smooth pass, _reidh_); Ballochmyle (the bald or bare -pass); Ballochgair (short pass); Ballochcraggan (of the little rock); -Balloch-nam-bo (the pass of the cattle), etc. - -[Sidenote: BELED, or BELAD (Ar.),] - -a district; _e.g._ Beled-es-Shurifa (the district of the nobles); -Belad-es-Sûdân (the district of the Blacks); Belad-es-Sukkar (sugar -district); _Belad-t-moghrib_ (the district of the West), the Arabian -name for Morocco, also called _Beled-el-Djered_ (the land of dates); -Beled-el-Sham (the district of the north or on the left), the Arabic -name for Syria, to distinguish it from Yemen (to the south or right). -Syria was also called by the Turks Soristan, and by the Greeks Suria, -_i.e._ the country of Tyre (_Tzur_, the rock). The word in its -secondary sense means prosperous or happy--hence the Greeks called -it Αραβια ἡ εὐδαίμων, to distinguish it from Arabia deserta (Ar.), -_El-Badiah_ (the desert), hence the Bedawees or Bedouins. - -[Sidenote: BENDER (Ar.),] - -a market or harbour. Bender is the name of several towns on the Persian -Gulf, and also of a town on the Dniester; Bender-Erekli (the harbour of -the ancient Heraclea), on the Black Sea. - -[Sidenote: BENI (Ar.),] - -sons of; _e.g._ Beni-Hassan (a town named from the descendants of -Hassan); Beni-Araba (belonging to the sons of the desert); Beni-Calaf -(to the sons of the Caliph); Beni-Sham (the sons of Shem), _i.e._ -Syria; Beni-Misr (the land of Mizraim or Egypt). - -[Sidenote: BERG (Ger.), -BIERG (Scand.), -BRIG, BRAIGH (Celtic),] - -a hill, a summit; _e.g._ Ailberg (eagle hill); Bleyberg (lead hill); -Schneeberg (snowy hill); Walkenberg (the hill of clouds); Donnersberg -(of thunder); Habsberg, Falkenberg, Valkenberg (of hawks); Finsterberg -(dark hill); Groenberg (green hill); Teufelsberg (the devil’s hill); -Greiffenberg (the griffin’s hill); Geyersberg (of the vulture); -Jarlsberg (of the earl); Dreisellberg (the hill of three seats); -Kupperberg (copper hill); Heilberg (holy hill); Silberberg (silver -hill, near a silver mine); Schoenberg (beautiful hill). The word -_berg_, however, is often applied to the names of towns and fortresses -instead of _burg_; and, when this is the case, it indicates that the -town was built on or near a hill, or in connection with a fortress; -_e.g._ Kaiserberg (the hill fort of the Emperor Frederick II.); -Würtemberg, anc. Wirtenberg (named from the seignorial chateau, -situated upon a hill). The name has been translated (the lord of the -hill) from an Old Ger. word _wirt_ (a lord). Heidelberg is a corrupt. -of Heydenberg (the hell of the pagans), or from heydel myrtle, which -grows in great abundance in the neighbourhood; Lemberg, Lowenburg, -or Leopolis (the fortress of Leo Danielowes), in Galicia; Nurnberg, -anc. _Norimberga_ or _Castrum Noricum_ (the fortress of the Noricii); -Lahnberg (on the R. Lahn); Spermberg (on the Spree); Wittenberg -(white fortress); Köningsberg (the king’s fortress), in E. Prussia -and in Norway; Bamberg (named after Babe, daughter of the Emperor -Otho II.), in Bavaria; Havelberg (on the R. Havel). There are several -towns in Germany and Scandinavia called simply Berg or Bergen; _e.g._ -Bergen-op-Zoom (the hill fort on the R. Zoom), in Holland; Bergamo (on -a hill), in Italy. Berg (a hill) sometimes takes the form of _berry_, -as in Queensberry, in Dumfries; also of _borough_, as in Flamborough -Head and Ingleborough (the hill of the beacon light). _Gebirge_ -signifies a mountain range; _e.g._ Schneegebirge (the snow-clad range); -Siebengebirge (the range of seven hills); Fichtelgebirge (of the -pines); Erzegebirge (the ore mountain range); Glasischgebirge (of the -glaciers); Eulergebirge (of the owls). - -[Sidenote: BETH (Heb.), -BEIT (Ar.),] - -a house; _e.g._ Bethany (the house of dates); Bethphage (of figs); -Bethsaida (of fish); Bethoron (of caves); Bethabara (of the ford); -Bethlehem (the house of bread), but its present name, _Beit-lahm_, -means the house of flesh; Bethesda (of mercy); Betharaba (desert -dwelling); Bethjesimoth (of wastes); Bethshemish Grk. _Heliopolis_ (the -house or city of the sun); its Egyptian name was _Aun-i-Aun_ (light of -light), contracted to _On_; Beit-Allah (the house of God), at Mecca; -Beit-el-Fakih (the house of the saint), on the Red Sea. - -[Sidenote: BETTWS (Cym.-Cel.),] - -a portion of land lying between a river and a hill, hence a dwelling -so situated; _e.g._ Bettws-yn-y-coed (the dwelling in the wood); -Bettws-disserth (the retreat dwelling); Bettws-Garmon (of St. Germanus, -where he led the Britons to the famous Alleluia victory over the -Saxons); Bettws-Newydd (new dwelling). - -[Sidenote: BETULA (Lat.), -BOULEAU (Fr.),] - -the birch-tree; _e.g._ Le Boulay, La Boulay, Les Boulages, Les -Boulus, Belloy (places planted with birch-trees). - -[Sidenote: BIBER, BEVER (Teut.), -BOBR (Sclav.),] - -the beaver; _e.g._ the Biber, Beber, Biberich, Beber-bach (rivers in -Germany); Bober, Boberau, Bobronia (beaver river), in Silesia and -Russia; Bobersburg (on the R. Bober); Biberschlag (beaver’s wood -clearing); Biberstein (beaver rock); Beverley, in Yorkshire, anc. -_Biberlac_ (beaver lake), formerly surrounded by marshy ground, the -resort of beavers; Beverstone, in Gloucester; Beverloo (beaver marsh), -in Belgium. - -[Sidenote: BILL,] - -an old German word, signifying plain or level; _e.g._ Bilderlah (the -field of the plain); Billig-ham (level dwelling); Wald-billig (woody -plain); Wasser-billig (the watery plain); Bilstein (level rock); -Bielefeld (level field); Bieler-see (the lake on the plain). - -[Sidenote: BIOR (Gadhelic),] - -water, an element in many river names; _e.g._ the Bere, in Dorset; -Ver, Hereford; Bervie, in Mearns. The town of Lifford, in Donegal, was -originally _Leith-bhearr_ (the gray water); Berra, a lake in France; -the Ebura or Eure, in Normandy; and in Yorkshire, the Ebro, anc. -_Iberus_; Ivry, in Normandy, anc. _Ebarovicus_ (the town on the Ebura). - -[Sidenote: BIRCE, BIRKE (Teut.), -BERK, (Lat.) -BETULA, BEORC (A.S.),] - -the birch-tree; _e.g._ Birkenhead (the head of the birches); Birchholt -(birch wood); Berkeley (birch field); Birchington, Birkhoff (the -birch-tree dwelling and court); Birkhampstead (the home place among -the birches); Oberbirchen (the upper birches); but Berkshire is not -from this root; it was called by the Anglo-Saxons _Berroc-shyre_, -supposed to be named from the abundance of _berroc_ (boxwood), or the -_bare-oak-shire_, from a certain polled oak in Windsor Forest, where -the Britons were wont to hold their provincial meetings. - -[Sidenote: BLAEN (Cym.-Cel.),] - -the source of a stream; _e.g._ Blaene-Avon, Blaen-Ayron, -Blaen-Hounddu (river sources in Wales); Blaen-porth (the head of the -harbour); Blaen-nant (of the brook); Blaen-Bylan, abbreviated from -Blaen-pwll-glan (the top of pool bank); Blaen-Sillt, at the top of a -small stream, the Sillt, in Wales; Blaen-afon (of the river). - -[Sidenote: BLAIR, BLAR (Gadhelic),] - -a plain, originally a battle-field; _e.g._ Blair-Athole, Blair-Logie, -Blair-Gowrie (the battle-field in these districts); Blairmore (the -great); Blaircreen (the little plain); Blairdaff (the plain of the -oxen, _daimh_); Blair-burn (of the stream); Blair-craig (of the rock); -Blair-linne (of the pool); Blair-beth (of birches); Blair-ingone (the -field of spears), in Perthshire; Blair-glass (gray plain); Blarney -(little field), in Ireland; Blair-Drummond, Blair-Adam, modern places -named after persons. - -[Sidenote: BLANC (Fr.), -BLANCO (Span.), -BIANCO (It.), -BRANCO (Port.), -BLANC (A.S.), -BLANK (Ger.),] - -white; _e.g._ Mont-Blanc, Cape-blanco, Sierra-blanca (white -mountain-ridge); Castella-bianca (white castle); Villa-bianca (white -town); Blankenburg (white town); Blankenham (white dwelling); -Blankenhavn, Blankenloch, Blankenrath, Blankenese (white haven, place, -wood-clearing, cape), in Germany; Bianchi-mandri (white sheep-folds), -in Sicily; Branco (the white stream), in Brazil; Los-Brancos (the -white mountains); Cata-branca (the white cove); Casa-branca (the white -house), in Brazil. - -[Sidenote: BLISKO (Sclav.),] - -near; _e.g._ Bliesdorf, Bliesendorf, Blieskendorf (near village); -Bliskau (near meadow). - -[Sidenote: BLOTO, BLATT (Sclav.),] - -a marsh; _e.g._ Blotto, Blottnitz (marshy land); Wirchen-blatt (high -marsh); Sa-blatt, Sablater, Zablatt (behind the marsh); Na-blatt (near -the marsh). In some cases the _b_ in this word is changed into _p_, as -in Plotsk and Plattkow (the marshy place); Plattensee or Balaton (the -lake in the marshy land). - -[Sidenote: BOCA (Span., Port., and It.),] - -a mouth--in topography, the narrow entrance of a river or bay; _e.g._ -Boca-grande, Boca-chica (great and little channel), in South America; -La Bochetta (the little opening), a mountain pass in the Apennines; -Desemboque (the river mouth), in Brazil. - -[Sidenote: BOD (Cym.-Cel.),] - -a dwelling; _e.g._ Bodmin, in Cornwall, corrupt. from _Bodminian_ -(the dwelling of monks); Bodffaris (the site of Varis), the old Roman -station on the road to Chester; Hafod, the name of several places in -Wales, corrupt. from Hafbod (a summer residence); Bosher or Bosherston, -corrupt. from _Bod_ and _hir_, long (the long ridge abode), in Wales. - -[Sidenote: BODDEN (Teut.), -BOD (Scand.),] - -a bay, the ocean swell; _e.g._ Bodden (an arm of the sea which divides -the island of Rugen from Pomerania); Bodden-ness (the headland of the -bay), on the east coast of Scotland. - -[Sidenote: BODEN (Ger.),] - -the ground, soil--in topography, a meadow; _e.g._ Gras-boden (grassy -meadow); Dunkel-boden (dark meadow). It may sometimes, however, be -used instead of _bant_ or _paint_--_v._ p. 18; and in Bodenburg, in -Brunswick, it is a corrupt. of _Ponteburg_ (bridge town); and Bodenheim -is from a personal name, like Bodensee--_v._ SEE. - -[Sidenote: BOGEN (Ger.),] - -a bend or bow--in topography, applied to the bend of a river; _e.g._ -Bogen, anc. _Bogana_ (the bending river); Bogen, a town of Bavaria, on -a bend of the Danube; Ellbogen or Ellenbogen, Lat. _Cubitus_ (the town -on the elbow or river bend), in Bohemia; Bogenhausen (the houses on the -river bend); Langen-bogen (the long bend); Entli-buch (the bend on the -R. Entle), in Switzerland. - -[Sidenote: BOLD, BATTLE, or BOTTLE, BÜTTEL, BLOD (Teut.), -BOL, or BO (Scand.),] - -a dwelling; _e.g._ Newbattle, Newbottle, Newbold (new dwelling), as -distinguished from Elbottle (old dwelling); Morebattle (the dwelling -on the marshy plain); Bolton, in Lancashire, A.S. _Botl_; Buittle, in -Kirkcudbright; Newbald, Yorkshire; Harbottle (the dwelling of the army, -_here_), a place in Northumberland where, in former times, soldiers -were quartered; Erribold (the dwelling on the tongue of land, _eir_); -Maybole, in Ayrshire, anc. _Minnibole_ (the dwelling on the mossy -place, Cym.-Cel., _myswn_); Exnabul, in Shetland (a place for keeping -cattle); _yxn_, Scand. (a bull or cow); Walfenbuttel (the dwelling of -Ulpha); Brunsbottle (of Bruno); Ritzbüttel (of Richard); Griesenbottel -(sandy dwelling); Rescbüttel (the dwelling among rushes). - -[Sidenote: BONUS (Lat.), -BUEN (Span.), -BOA, BOM (Port.),] - -good; _e.g._ Bonavista, Boavista (good view); Buenos-Ayres (good -breezes), in South America; Buenaventura (good luck), in California. - -[Sidenote: BOOM (Sansc.),] - -_Bhuma_ (land, country); _e.g._ Birboom (the land of heroes); -Arya-Bhuma (the noble land), the Sanscrit name for Hindostan. - -[Sidenote: BOR (Sclav.),] - -wood; _e.g._ Bohra, Bohrau, Borowa, Borow (woody place); Borovsk (the -town in the wood); Sabor and Zaborowa (behind the wood); Borzna (the -woody district); the Borysthenes, now the R. Dnieper (the woody wall), -from _stena_ (a wall or rampart), the banks of the river having been -covered with wood; Ratibor (the wood of the Sclavonic god Razi). - -[Sidenote: BRACHE (Teut.), -BRAK (Scand.),] - -land broken up for tillage, Old Ger. _pracha_ (to plough); _e.g._ -Brabant, anc. _Bracbant_ (the ploughed district); Brachstadt, -Brachfeld, Brachrade (the ploughed place, field, clearing); Brakel (the -ploughed land), in Holland; Hohenbrack (high ploughed land). - -[Sidenote: BRAND (Ger.),] - -a place cleared of wood by burning; _e.g._ Eber-brand and Ober-brand -(the upper clearing); Newen-brand and Alten-brand (the old and new -clearing); Brandenburg (the burned city), so called, according to -Buttman, by the Germans; by the Wends corrupted into _Brennabor_, -and in their own language named _Schorelitz_ (the destroyed city), -because, in their mutual wars, it had been destroyed by fire. _Bran_ -and _Brant_, in English names, are probably memorials of the original -proprietors of the places, as in Brandon, Cumbran, Brandeston; -Brantingham (the home of the children of Brand)--_v_. ING, INGEN. - -[Sidenote: BRASA (Sclav.), -BERESA,] - -the birch-tree; _e.g._ Briesnitz, Beresoff, Beresek, Beresenskoi, -Beresovoi (places where birches abound); Gross-Briesen (great -birch-tree town); Bresinchen (little Briesen), a colony from it; Birsa -and Beresina (the birch-tree river); Birsk, a town on the R. Birsa; -Brzesce-Litewski (the house of mercy at the birches); the letter _b_ in -this word is often changed into _p_ by the Germans, as in Presinitz -for _Brezenice_ (birch-tree village), in Bohemia; also Priebus, with -the same meaning, in Silesia; Priegnitz, _i.e._ the town of the -Brizanen (dwellers among birches); Briezen (the place of birches), -in Moravia, is Germanised into Friedeck (woody corner); Bryezany -(abounding in birches), in Galicia. - -[Sidenote: BRAY (Cel.),] - -damp ground, a marshy place; _e.g._ Bray, in Normandy; Bray sur Somme -and Bray sur Seine, situated on these rivers; Bray-Maresch, near -Cambray; Bré Côtes-de-Nord; Bray-la-Campagne (calvados, etc.) - -[Sidenote: BREIT (Ger.), -BRAD (A.S.), -BRED (Scand.),] - -broad; _brede_, Dutch (a plain); _e.g._ Breitenbach and Bredenbeke -(broad brook); Breda (the flat meadowland), in Holland; Breitenbrunn -(broad well); Breitenstein, Breitenburg (broad fortress); Bradford, -in Yorkshire, and Bredevoort, in Holland (broad ford); Bredy (the -broad water), in Dorset; Brading, in Isle of Wight, and Bradley (broad -meadow); Bradshaw (broad thicket); Broadstairs, corrupt. from its -ancient name _Bradstow_ (broad place). - -[Sidenote: BRIA (Thracian),] - -a town; _e.g._ Selymbria, Mesymbria. - -[Sidenote: BRIGA (Cel.), -BRIVA,] - -a general name among the Celts for a town--so called, apparently, -from the Celtic words _braigh_, _brugh_, _brig_ (a heap, pile, or -elevation), because the nucleus of towns, among uncivilised tribes in -early times, were merely fortified places erected on heights; cognate -with the Teut. and Scand. _burg_, _byrig_, the Sclav. _brieg_ (an -embankment or ridge), and the Scottish _brae_ (a rising ground). Hence -the name of the _Brigantes_ (dwellers on hills); the word _Brigand_ -(literally, a mountaineer); Briançon, anc. _Brigantium_ (the town on -the height); Brieg, a town in Silesia; Braga and Bragança, fortified -cities in Portugal; Talavera, in Spain, anc. _Tala-briga_, the town -on the _tala_, Span. (a wood clearing); Bregenz, anc. _Brigantium_, -in the Tyrol; Breisach Alt and Neuf (the old and new town on the -declivity), in the duchy of Baden--the old fortress was situated on -an isolated basalt hill; Brixen (the town among the hills), in the -Tyrol. In Scotland there are Braemar (the hilly district of Mar); -Braidalbane (the hill country of _Albainn_, _i.e._ Scotland); Braeriach -(the gray mountain, _riabhach_); the Brerachin, a river and district -in Perthshire; Brugh and Bruighean, in Ireland, signifying originally -a hill, was subsequently applied to a palace or a distinguished -residence. The term, as applied to the old residences, presupposed the -existence of a fortified brugh or rath, several of which still remain. -The word has suffered many corruptions: thus Bruree, in Limerick, is -from _Brugh-righ_ (the king’s fort); and _Bruighean_ (little fort) -has been transformed into Bruff, Bruis, Bruce, or Bryan. The word -_briva_, on the other hand, was generally applied to towns situated -on rivers--as in Amiens, anc. _Samarabrina_, on the R. Somme--and was -gradually used as synonymous with _pons_ (bridge), as in Pontoise, anc. -_Briva-Isara_ (the bridge on the Ouse); Briare, anc. _Brivodurum_ (the -bridge over the water); Brionde, anc. _Brives_. - -[Sidenote: BRINK (Ger.),] - -a grassy ridge; _e.g._ Osterbrink (east ridge); Mittelbrink (middle -ridge); Zandbrink (sand ridge); Brinkhorst (the ridge of the thicket). - -[Sidenote: BRO (Cym.-Cel.),] - -a district; _e.g._ Broburg (the fort of the district), in Warwickshire; -Pembroke (the head, _pen_, of the district, it being the land’s end of -Wales). - -[Sidenote: BROC (A.S.),] - -a rushing stream; _e.g._ Cranbrook (the stream of the cranes); -Wallbrook (probably the stream at the wall); Wambrook (Woden’s stream). - -[Sidenote: BROC (A.S.), -BROX,] - -the badger; _e.g._ Brox-bourne and Broxburn, Brogden, Brokenhurst, -Brockley, Broxholme (the stream, hollow, thicket, meadow, and hill of -the badger). - -[Sidenote: BROD (Sclav.),] - -a ford; _e.g._ Brod and Brody (at the ford), the name of several towns -in Moravia, Bohemia, Hungary, and Turkey; Brod-sack (ford dwelling); -Brod-Ungarisch (the Hungarian ford), on the Olsawa; Brod-Deutsch (the -German ford), on the Sasawa; Brod-Bohmisch (the Bohemian ford), on the -Zembera; Krasnabrod (beautiful ford); Eisenbrod (the ford of the Iser); -Brodkowitz (ford station). - -[Sidenote: BROEK, BRUOCH (Teut.),] - -a marsh; _e.g._ Broek, a town in Holland; Bogen-brok (the bending -marsh); Breiden-bruch (the broad marsh); Aalten-broek (the old -marsh); Eichen-bruch (the oak marsh); Broekem and Broickhausen (marsh -dwelling); Bruchmühle (the mill on the marsh); Brussels or Bruxelles, -anc. _Bruoch-sella_ (the seat or site on the marsh); Oberbruch and -Niederbruch (upper and lower marsh). - -[Sidenote: BROG (Sclav.), -BROW,] - -a dam; _e.g._ Biesenbrow and Priebrow, from _Pschibrog_ (elder-tree -dam), by the Germans called _Furstenberg_, on the Oder; Colberg, Sclav. -_Kola-brog_ (around the dam). - -[Sidenote: BRON (Welsh),] - -the slope or side of a hill; _e.g._ Brongest (the slope of the _cest_ -or deep glen); Bronwydd (the slope covered with trees); _Wydd_, in -Wales. - -[Sidenote: BRÜCKE (Ger.), -BRIGGE (A.S.), -BRO, BRU (Scand.),] - -a bridge; _e.g._ Brugg-Furstenfeld (the bridge at the prince’s field); -Brugg-an-der-Leitha (the bridge across the Leitha); Brugg-kloster (the -bridge at the monastery); Langenbrück, Langenbrücken (long bridge); -Bruges, in Belgium (a city with many bridges); Saarbrook (on the R. -Saar); Osnaburg, in Hanover, anc. _Osnabrücke_ or _Asenbrücke_ (the -bridge on the R. Ase); Voklabrück (on the R. Vökle); Bruchsal, in -Baden (the bridge on the Salzbach); Zweibrücken or Deux-ponts (the two -bridges); Zerbruggen (at the bridge). In England: Bridgenorth, anc. -_Brugge-Morfe_ (the bridge at the wood called Morfe, on the opposite -bank of the Severn); Brixham, Brixworth, and Brigham (bridge town); -Brixton, A.S. _Brixges-stan_ (the bridge stone); Cambridge, Cel. -_Caer-Grant_ (the fort and bridge on the R. Granta, now the Cam); -Tunbridge (over the R. Tun or Ton), a branch of the Medway; Colebrook, -in Bucks (the bridge over the R. Cole); Oxbridge (the bridge over -the water, _uisge_); Staley-bridge (at a bridge over the R. Tame), -named after the Staveleigh, a family who resided there; Bridgewater, -corrupt. from _Burgh-Walter_ (the town of Walter Douay, its founder); -Bridgend and Brigham, villages in different parts of Scotland; Brora -(bridge river), in Sutherlandshire, named when bridges were rarities; -Trowbridge, however, did not get its name from this root, but is a -corrupt. of its ancient name, _Trutha-burh_ (the loyal town). - -[Sidenote: BRÜEL (Teut.), -BRÜHL,] - -a marshy place, overgrown with brushwood, cognate with the French -_breuil_ and _bruyère_ (a thicket), the Welsh _pryskle_, and the Breton -_brügek_; _e.g._ Bruel, Bruhl, and Priel, in Germany; Bruyères, -Broglie, and Brouilly (the thicket), in France; also Breuil, Bruel, -Breuillet, Le Brulet, etc., with the same meaning, or sometimes a park. -St. Denis du Behellan, in Eure, was formerly _Bruellant_, _i.e._ the -_breuil_ or park of Herland. - -[Sidenote: BRUNN, BRUNNEN (Ger.), -BRONGA (Scand.),] - -a well, especially a mineral well; _e.g._ Heilbroun (holy well); -Frau-brunnen, Lat. _Fons-beatæ-Virginis_ (the well of Our Lady); -Brunn-am-Gebirge (the well at the hill-ridge); Haupt-brun (well-head); -Lauter-brunnen (clear well); Salz-brunn, Warm-brunn, Schoen-brunn, -Kaltenbrunn (the salt, hot, beautiful, cold, mineral wells); -Baldersbrunnen, Baldersbrond (the well of the Teutonic god Balder); -Cobern, corrupt. from _Cobrunnen_ (the cow’s well); Paderborn (the well -or source of the R. Pader), in Germany. In the north of France, and in -the departments bordering on Germany, we find traces of this German -word; _e.g._ Mittel-broun (middle well); Walsch-broun (foreign well); -Belle-brune (beautiful well); Stein-brunn (stony well), etc. - -[Sidenote: BRYN (Cym.-Cel.),] - -a hill-ridge; _bron_ (a round hill); _e.g._ Brincroes, Brin-eglwys, -Bron-llys (the cross, church, palace, on the hill); Bryn-gwynn (fair -hill); Brynn-uchil (high hill); Bron-Fraidd (St. Bridget’s hill); -Brown-Willy, in Cornwall, corrupt. from _Bryn-huel_ (the tin mine -ridge); Brindon-hill, in Somerset (merely the hill), with synonymous -word _dun_ added to _Bryn_; and Brandon, in Suffolk, with the same -meaning; Bryn-mawr (the great hill), in Wales; Bron-gwyn (white -hill); Bryn-y-cloddian (the hill of fences, _clawd_), so called from -its strong fortifications; Bryn-Barlwm (the bare-topped mountain); -Bryn-Gwyddon (the hill of Gwyddon, a mythological philosopher); -Bryn-kinallt (a mountain without trees); Bryn-berian (the kite’s -hill, _beri_, a kite); Bryn-bo, with the same meaning, _boda_ in -Wales; Bryn-chwarew (the hill of sports); here the ancient inhabitants -of Wales used to meet to play different games in competition; -Brienne-la-château (the castle on the hill), in France; Brientz, -in Switzerland, on the Brienz See (a lake surrounded by hills); -Brendenkopf (hill-head), and the Brennen Alps, the culminating points -in the mountains of Tyrol. - -[Sidenote: BUCHE (Ger.), -BOC (A.S.), -BOG (Scand.), -BUK (Sclav.),] - -the beech-tree; _e.g._ Buch-au, Buch-berg, Buch-egg (the meadow, -hill, corner of the beeches); Buchholtz and Bochholt (beech-wood); -Bockum, Bucheim (beech-dwelling); Butchowitz (the place of beeches), -in Moravia; Bochnia and Buchowina (with the same meaning), in Poland; -Bickleigh (beech-meadow). But Bocking in Essex, and the county of -Buckingham, as well as Bouquinheim in Artois, and Bochingen in -Wurtemberg, were named from the Bocingas (a tribe), probably the -dwellers among beeches. - -[Sidenote: BUDA, BUS (Sclav.), -BWTH, BOTH (Gadhelic), -BOD (Cym.-Cel.), -BUDE (Ger.), -BOTHY (Scotch), -BOT (Brez.),] - -a hut or dwelling; _e.g._ Budin, Budzin, Bautzen, or Budissen (the -huts); Budweis (the district of hut villages), in Bohemia; Budzow, -Botzen (the place of huts); Briebus (birch-tree dwelling); Trebus and -Triebus (the three dwellings); Putbus (under the hut); Dobberbus (good -dwelling, _dobry_, good); but Buda, in Hungary, took its name from -Buda, the brother of Attila, as well as Bud-var and Bud-falva (Buda’s -fort and village). The island of Bute, in the Firth of Clyde, is said -to have derived its name from the _bwth_ or cell of St. Brandon, but -its earlier name was Rothsay, from a descendant of Simon Brek (_i.e._ -Rother’s Isle), while its Gaelic name is _Baile-Mhoide_ (the dwelling -of the court of justice); Bothwell, anc. _Both-uill_ (the dwelling on -the angle of the R. Clyde). In Ireland we meet with Shanboe, Shanbogh -(the old hut, _sean_); Raphae, in Donegal, is _Rath-both_ (the fort -of the huts); Bodoney, in Tyrone, is _Both-domhnaigh_ (the tent of -the church); Knockboha (the hill of the hut); Bodmin, in Cornwall, -anc. _Bodmanna_, p. 27 (the abode of monks, the site of an ancient -priory); Merfod, corrupt. from _Meudwy-bod_ (the dwelling of a hermit); -Bodysgallen (the abode of the thistle, _ysgallen_); and Bod-Ederyryn -(Edryn’s dwelling). In Lancashire the word takes the form of _booth_, -as in Barrowford booth and Oakenhead booth, etc. - -[Sidenote: BÜHIL, BÜCKEL (Ger.),] - -a hill; _e.g._ Dombühil (the dwelling on the hill); Grünbühill (green -hill); Eichenbühil (oak hill); Birchenbühil (birch hill); Holzbühil -(wood hill); Dinkelsbühil (wheat hill); Kleinbühil (little hill). - -[Sidenote: BÜHNE, BÖHEN (Ger.),] - -a scaffold, sometimes in topography a hill; _e.g._ Hartböhen (wood -hill); Bündorf (hill village); Osterbeuna (east hill). - -[Sidenote: BUN (Gadhelic),] - -the foot, in topography applied to the mouth of a river; e.g. Bunduff -(at the mouth of the dark river, _dubh_); Bunderan and Bunratty, the -mouth of the R. Dowran and Ratty; Bunowen (at the mouth of the water). -The town of Banff is a corrupt. of _Bunaimh_ (the mouth of the river); -Bunawe (at the opening of Loch Awe); Buness (of the cascade, _cas_). - -[Sidenote: BURG, BURGH (Teut.), -BOROUGH, BURY, BORG (Scand.), -BOURG (Fr.), -BORGO (It. and Span.),] - -a town or city, literally an enclosed and fortified dwelling, from -_bergen_, Teut. to cover or protect. As these fortified places were -often erected on heights for security, as well as to enable their -inmates to observe the approaches of an enemy, the word _berg_ (a -hill) was frequently used synonymously with _burg_, as in the name -of Königsberg and other towns--_v._ BERG. Burgh and borough are the -Anglican forms of the word in England and Scotland, while _bury_ is -distinctively the Saxon form; _e.g._ Sudbury (south town), as also -Sidbury in Salop, but Sidbury in Devon takes its name from the R. -Sid. Tewkesbury, from Theoc (a certain hermit); Glastonbury, anc. -_Glastonia_ (a district abounding in woad, _glastum_); Shaftsbury -(the town on the shaft-like hill); Shrewsbury, anc. _Shrobbesbyrig_ -(the fortress among shrubs), being the Saxon rendering of the native -name _Pengwerne_ (the hill of the alder grove), which the Normans -corrupted into Sloppesbury, hence _Salop_; Tenbury, on the R. Teme; -Canterbury, _i.e._ _Cant-wara-byrig_ (the town of the dwellers on -the headland), _Cantium_ or Kent; Wansborough, in Herts; Wanborough, -in Surrey and Wilts; Woodensborough, in Kent; Wednesbury, Stafford; -Wembury, Devon (the town of the Saxon god Woden); Aldeborough, on the -R. Alde; Marlborough, anc. _Merlberga_, situated at the foot of a hill -of white stones, which our forefathers called _marl_, now _chalk_; -Richborough, anc. _Ru-tupium_ (rock town); Aylesbury, perhaps church -town, _ecclesia_, or from a person’s name; Badbury (the city of -pledges, _bad_), in Dorset; the Saxon kings, it is said, kept their -hostages at this place; Malmesbury, the town of Maidulf, a hermit; -Maryborough, named for Queen Mary. Burg or burgh, in the names of -towns, is often affixed to the name of the river on which it stands in -Britain, as well as on the Continent; _e.g._ Lauterburg, Lutterburg, -Schwartzburg, Salzburg, Saalburg, Gottenburg, Rotenburg, and Jedburgh -(on the rivers Lauter, Lutter, Schwarza, Salza, Saale, Gotha, Rothbach, -and Jed). Still more frequently, the prefix is the name of the founder -of the town, or of a saint to whom its church was dedicated; _e.g._ -Edinburgh (Edwin’s town); Lauenburg, after Henry the Lion; Fraserburgh, -in Aberdeenshire, founded by Sir Alexander Fraser of Philorth in 1570; -Peterborough, from an abbey dedicated to St. Peter; Petersburgh, named -by its founder, Peter the Great; Tasborough, Norfolk, on the R. Thais; -Banbury, anc. _Berinburig_ (Bera’s town); Queenborough, in the Isle -of Sheppey, named by Edward III. in honour of his queen; Helensburgh, -in Dumbartonshire, after the lady of Sir James Colquhoun; Pittsburg, -U.S., after Mr. Pitt; Harrisburg, U.S., after the first settler in -1733; Sumburgh, in Shetland, and Svendborg, Sweden (Sweyn’s fortress); -Oranienburg, in Brandenburg (the fortress of the Orange family); Bury -St. Edmund’s (in memory of Edmund the Martyr); Rabensburg (the fort of -Hrafn, a Dane); Marienburg (the town of the Virgin), founded by the -Grand Master of the Teutonic order in 1274; Rothenburg, in Prussia, -Sclav. _Rostarzewo_ (the town of the Sclav. god Razi); Duisburg, -corrupt. from _Tuiscoburgum_ (the town of the Teut. god Tuesco); -Flensburg, in Sleswick, founded by the knight of Flenes; Cherbourg, -supposed to be Cæsar’s town; Augsburg (the town of the Emperor -Augustus); Salisbury, anc. _Searesbyrgg_ (the town of Sarum, a chief); -Bamborough (the town of Bebba, the Queen of Ida, of Northumberland); -Carrisbrook, corrupt. from _Gwïhtgarabyrig_ (the fortress of the men -of Wight); Amherstburg, in Canada, named in 1780 after Lord Amherst; -Loughborough, anc. _Leirburg_ (the town on the R. Leir, now the Soar); -Hapsburg or Habichtsburg (hawk’s fortress); Schässburg, Hung. _Segevar_ -(treasure fort); Luneburg, in Hanover (the fort of the Linones, a -tribe); Aalburg (Eel-town) on the Lyme-fiord. There are several towns -in Germany named simply Burg (the fortress), also Burgos in Spain, and -Burgo in Italy. As a derivative from this Teut. root, there is the -Irish form of the word, introduced by the Anglo-Normans--_buirghes_, -Anglicised _borris_ and _burris_, as in Borris in Ossory, Burriscarra, -Burrishoole (_i.e._ the forts erected in the territories of Ossory, -Carra, and Umhal); Borrisokane (O’Keane’s fortress). - -[Sidenote: BURNE (A.S.), -BURNE (Gadhelic),] - -a small stream; _e.g._ Milburn (mill stream); Lambourne (muddy stream, -_lam_); Radbourne and Redbourne (reedy stream); Sherbourne (clear -stream, or the dividing stream); Cranbourne, Otterbourne (the stream -frequented by cranes and otters); Libourne, in France (the lip or edge -of the stream); Bourne, in Lancashire (on a stream); Burnham (the -dwelling on a stream), in Essex; Melburne, in Yorkshire, in Doomsday -_Middelburn_ (middle stream); Auburn, formerly a village in Yorkshire, -called Eleburn or Eelburn; Bannockburn (the stream of the white knoll); -Sittingbourne, in Kent (the settlement on the stream); Eastbourne, -contracted from its former name Easbourne (probably the stream of the -water or the cascade, _cas_); Ticheburne (the kid’s stream, _ticcen_, -A.S. a kid). - -[Sidenote: BUSCH, BOSCH (Ger.), -BOSC (A.S.), Low Lat. _Boscus_, -BUISSON (Fr.), BOIS, -BOSCO, BOSQUE (Span. and Port.), -BOD or BAD (Celtic),] - -a bushy place or grove; _e.g._ Boscabel (the beautiful grove); Bushey -(a par. Co. Hertford); Buscot (the hut in the grove); Badenoch -(a place overgrown with bushes), in Inverness; Breitenbusch (the -broad grove); Hesel-boschen (hazel grove); Eichbusch (oak grove); -Ooden-bosch (old grove), in Holland; Auberbosc (Albert’s grove), in -France; Stellenbosch, in S. Africa, founded in 1670 by Van der Stelle, -the governor of the Dutch colony; Biesbosch (the reedy thicket), in -Holland; Aubusson (at the grove), France. Boissac, Boissay, Boissière, -Boissey, etc., in France, from the same root; Bois-le-Duc (the duke’s -wood); Briquebosq (birch-wood), in Normandy. - -[Sidenote: BWLCH (Welsh),] - -a pass or defile; _e.g._ Dwygyflch (_i.e._ the joint passes), in -Wales; Bwlch-newydd (the new pass); Bwlch-y-groes (of the cross). - -[Sidenote: BYSTRI (Sclav.),] - -swift; _e.g._ Bistritza, Bistrica, Weistritz (the swift stream); -Bistritz (the town on this river), called by the Germans Neusohl (new -station). - -[Sidenote: BY, BIE, BIGGEN-BO, BŒUF (Fr.),] - -(Scand.), a dwelling, a town--from _biga_ (Norse), to build. This word -occurs frequently in town names in the N.E. of England and in some -parts of Scotland formerly possessed by the Danes or Normans; _e.g._ -Derby, _i.e._ _Dearaby_ (deer town), formerly called _North Worthige_ -(the northern enclosure); its Celtic name was _Durgwent_ (the white -water), from its river; Whitby (white town), A.S. _Streones-heal_ -(treasure-hall, _streone_); Selby (holy town); Danby (Dane’s dwelling); -Rugby, anc. _Rochberie_ (the dwelling on the rock, in reference to -its castle); Appleby (the town of apple-trees); Sonderby (southern -town); Ormsby, Lockerby, Thursby, Grimsby, Lewersby (the dwellings of -Ormv, Loki, Ulf, Grimm, Leward); Risby (beech-tree dwelling); Canisby, -in Caithness, and Canoby or Cannonbie, Dumfries (the dwelling of the -canon), or perhaps Canisby is Canute’s dwelling; Haconby (of Haco); -Harrowby, in Doomsday, is _Herigerby_ (the town of the legion), A.S. -_herige_; Kirby, Moorby, Ashby (church town, moor town, ash-tree town); -Ashby-de-la-Zouch was simply _Ascebi_ or Esseby, perhaps the town of -the _Asci_, a tribe. It received the addition to its name from the -family of the Zouches, its proprietors. In France: Daubœuf, for Dalby -(vale dwelling); Elbœuf (old dwelling); Quittebœuf (white dwelling); -Quillebœuf (welltown); Lindebœuf (lime-tree town); Karlby-gamba and -Karlby-ny (old and new Charles’ town), in Finland; Criquebœuf (crooked -town). - - - C - -[Sidenote: CAE, KAE (Cym.-Cel.),] - -an enclosure; _e.g._ Ca-wood (wood-enclosure); Cayton (wood town or -hill). This root is frequently used in Welsh names. - -[Sidenote: CAELC, or CEALC (A.S.),] - -chalk or lime--cognate with the Lat. _calx_, Cel. _cailc_, _sialc_; -_e.g._ Challock, Chaldon, Chalfield (chalk place, hill, and field); -Chalgrove (the chalk entrenchment, _grab_); the Chiltern Hills -(the hills in the chalky district, _ern_); Chockier, corrupt. from -_Calchariæ_ (the lime kilns), in Belgium; Kelso, anc. _Calchou_ (the -chalk _heugh_ or height), so called from a calcareous cliff at the -confluence of the Tweed and Teviot, now broken down. - -[Sidenote: CAER, CADAER (Welsh), -CATHAIR, CAHER (Gadhelic), -KAER, KER (Breton),] - -an enclosed fortification, a castle, a town, and in Ireland a circular -stone fort; _e.g._ Caer-leon, anc. _Isca-legionem_ (the fort of the -legion), on the R. Usk;[3] Caerwent, in Monmouth, anc. _Venta-silurum_ -(the fortress in the province of Gwent); Caerwys (of the assizes, -_gwys_, a summons); Caermarthen, anc. _Maridunum_ (the fort on the -sea-shore); Caernarvon, Welsh _Caer-yn-ar-Fon_ (the fortress opposite -to Mona); Cardigan (the fortress of Caredig, a chieftain)--Cardigan is -called by the Welsh Aberteifi (the mouth of the R. Teify); Cardiff, -on the R. Taff; Carriden, anc. _Caer-aiden_ or _eden_ (the fort -on the wing), in Linlithgow; Caerphilly (the fort of the trench, -_vallum_), corrupt. into philly; Cader-Idris (the seat of Idris, an -astronomer); Caer-gyffin (the border fortress); Grongar, corrupt. from -_Caer-gron_ (the circular fortress); Caer-_hen_ or _hun_, corrupt. from -_Caer-Rhun_, named from a Welsh prince; Carlisle, anc. _Caergwawl_ -(the fort at the trench); its Latin name was _Luguvallum_ (the trench -of the legion). It was destroyed by the Danes in 675, and rebuilt by -William II. In Mid-Lothian, Cramond, _i.e._ _Caer-Almond_, on the R. -Almond; Cathcart, on the R. Cart, Renfrew; Crail, anc. _Carraile_ (the -fort on the corner, _aile_), in the S.E. angle of Fife; Caerlaverock -(the fort of Lewarch Ogg), founded in the sixth century; Sanquhar, -_i.e._ _Sean-cathair_ (old fort); Carmunnock or _Carmannoc_ (the -fort of the monks); Kirkintilloch, corrupt. from _Caer-pen-tulach_ -(the fort at the head of the hill); Cardross (the promontory fort); -Kier, in Scotland, for _Caer_ or _Cathair_; Carew (the fortresses), a -castle in Wales; Carhaix, in Brittany, _i.e._ _Ker-Aes_ (the fortress -on the R. Aes--now the Hières). In Ireland: Caher (the fortress); -Cahereen (little fortress); Cahergal (white fort); Cahersiveen, _i.e._ -_Cathair-saidbhin_ (Sabina’s fort); Carlingford, Irish _Caer-linn_, -_fiord_ being added by the Danes; its full name is, therefore, the ford -of Caer-linn. It was also called _Suamh-ech_ (the swimming ford of the -horses); Derry-na-Caheragh (the oak grove of the fort); Caer-gwrle (the -fortress of the great legion), _i.e._ _Caer-gawr-lleon_, with reference -to the twentieth Roman legion stationed at Chester, or _Caer-gwr-le_ -(the boundary-place in Flintshire). - -[Sidenote: CALA (Span.),] - -a creek or bay--probably derived from _Scala_ (It.), a seaport, Cel. -_cala_ (a harbour), and cognate with the Teut. _kille_; _e.g._ Callao, -in S. America; _Cale_, the ancient name of Oporto, and probably -_Calais_; Scala (a seaport), in Italy; Scala-nova (new port), in -Turkey; Kiel, in Sleswick, so called from its fine bay. - -[Sidenote: CALO (A.S.), -KAHL (Ger.), -KAEL (Dut.),] - -bald or bare--synonymous with the Lat. _calvus_ and the Fr. _chauve_; -_e.g._ Caumont and Chaumont (bald hill), in France; Kahlenberg, anc. -_Mons Calvus_ (bald hill), belonging to a branch of the Alps called -Kahlen Gebirge. - -[Sidenote: CAM (Gadhelic), -CAM (Cym.-Cel.), -CAMBUS,] - -a creek, crooked; _e.g._ Rivers Cam, Camon, Camil, Cambad, Camlin, -Cambeck (crooked stream); Kembach, a parish in Fife, so called from -the R. Kem or Kame; Cambusmore (the great creek in Sutherland); -Cambuscarrig, in Ross, near which a Danish prince (Careg) was buried; -Cambuskenneth (the creek of Kenneth, one of the kings of Scotland); -Camelon (on the bend of the water), near Falkirk; Cambuslang (the -church or enclosure, _lann_, on the bending water), in Lanark; Cambus, -in Clackmannan; Cambusnethan (on the bend of the R. Nethan); Campsie, -anc. _Kamsi_ (the curved water); but Camus, a town in Forfarshire, is -not from this root, but in memory of a Danish general who was slain in -battle near the place; Camlyn (the crooked pool), in Anglesea; Cambray -or Cambrai, in France, anc. _Camaracum_ (on a bend of the Scheldt); -Chambery, in Savoy, anc. _Camberiacum_, with the same meaning; -Morecambe Bay (the bend of the sea). - -[Sidenote: CAMPUS (Lat.), -CAMPO (It., Span., and Port.), -CHAMP (Fr.), -KAMPF (Ger.),] - -a field or plain; _e.g._ Campania, Campagna, Champagne (the plain or -level land); Féchamp, Lat. _Campus-fiscii_ (the field of tribute); -Chamouni, Lat. _Campus-munitus_ (the fortified field); Kempen (at -the field); Kempten, Lat. _Campodunum_ (the field of the fortress); -Campvere (the ferry leading to Campen), in Holland; Campo-bello, -Campo-chiaro, Campo-hermoso (beautiful or fair field); Campo-felici -(happy or fortunate field); Campo-frio (cold field); Campo-freddo (cold -field); Campo-largo (broad field); Campillo (little field); the Campos -(vast plains), in Brazil; Capua, supposed to be synonymous with Campus. - -[Sidenote: CANNA (Lat. and Grk.),] - -a reed; _e.g._ Cannæ, in Italy; Cannes, in the south of France; Canneto -and Canosa (the reedy place), in Italy. - -[Sidenote: CAOL (Gadhelic), -CAEL,] - -a sound or strait; _e.g._ Caol-Isla, Caol-Muileach (the Straits of Isla -and Mull); the Kyles or _Straits_ of Bute; Eddarachylis (between the -straits), in Sutherlandshire. As an adjective, this word means narrow; -_e.g._ Glenkeel (narrow glen); Darykeel (narrow oak grove). - -[Sidenote: CAPEL (Cel.), -KAPELLE (Ger.),] - -a chapel, derived from the Low Lat. _capella_; _e.g._ How-capel (the -chapel in the hollow), in Hereford; Capel-Ddewi (St. David’s chapel); -Capel St. Mary and Maria-Kappel (St. Mary’s chapel); Capel-Garmon -(St. Germano’s chapel); Chapelle-au-bois (the chapel in the wood); -Capelle-op-den-Yssel (the chapel on the R. Yessel), in Holland; -Kreuzcappel (the chapel with the cross). - -[Sidenote: CAPER (Lat.), -CHÈVRE (Fr.), -CAPRA, CABRA (Span., Port., and It.), -GABHAR, and GOBHAR (Gadhelic), -GAFR, or GAVAR (Cym.-Cel.),] - -a goat; _e.g._ Capri, Caprera, Cabrera (goat island); Chèvreuse, anc. -_Capriosa_ (the place of goats); Chevry, Chevrière, Chevreville, -with the same meaning, in France; Gateshead, in Co. Durham, Lat. -_Capræ-caput_, perhaps the Latin rendering of the Saxon word (the -head of the _gat_ or passage)--the _Pons Ælius_ of the Romans; or, -according to another meaning, from the custom of erecting the head of -some animal on a post as a tribal emblem. In Ireland, Glengower (the -glen of the goats), and Glengower, in Scotland; Ballynagore (goat’s -town), in Ireland; Gowrie and Gower, in several counties of Scotland; -Ardgower (goat’s height); Carnan-gour (the goat’s crag). - -[Sidenote: CAR (Cel.),] - -crooked or bending; _e.g._ the Rivers Carron, in several parts of -Scotland; Charente and Charenton, in France; also the Cher, anc. -_Carus_ (the winding river). - -[Sidenote: CARN, CAIRN (Gadhelic), -CARN (Welsh), -CARNEDD, a heap of stones, such as was erected by the ancient Britons -over the graves of their great men; _e.g._ Carn-Ingli (the cairn of the -English); Carn-Twrne (the cairn of the turnings). It was named from a -stupendous monument which stood on three pillars, within a circuit of -upright stones.] - -a heap of stones thrown together in a conical form, also a rocky -mount; _e.g._ Carnac (abounding in cairns), in Brittany; Carnmore -(great cairn); Carnock (the hill of the cairn); Carntoul, Gael. -_Carn-t-sabhal_ (the cairn of the barn); Carntaggart (of the priest); -Carnrigh (of the king); Cairndow, Cairnglass, Cairngorm (the black, the -gray, the blue mountains); Cairnan and Cairnie (little cairn); Carnwath -(the cairn at the ford); Carnoustie (the cairn of heroes); Carnbee (the -birch cairn), in Scotland. In Ireland: Carntochar (the hill of the -causeway); Carn-Tierno (Tigernach’s cairn); Carnbane (white cairn); -Carnsore Point, in Irish being simply the _carn_ or monumental heap, -_ore_ (a promontory) having been added by the Danes; Carnteel, Irish -_Carn-t-Siadhal_ (Shiel’s monument). In Wales: Carn-Dafydd (David’s -cairn); Carn-Llewelyn (Llewelyn’s cairn); Carnfach (little cairn), in -Monmouth; Fettercairn, perhaps the deer’s cairn, Gael. _feidh_ (deers); -Chirnside (the side or site of the cairn), on one of the Lammermuir -Hills; Carnoch (abounding in cairns), a parish in Fife; Boharm, in -Banffshire, anc. _Bocharin_ (the bow about the cairn). The countries of -Carniola and Carinthia probably derived their names from this Celtic -root. - -[Sidenote: CARRAIG, CARRICK (Gadhelic), -CRAG, or CARREG (Welsh), -CARRAG (Cornish),] - -a rock. The words are usually applied to large natural rocks, more -or less elevated. Carrick and Carrig are the names of numerous -districts in Ireland, as well as Carrick in Ayrshire; Carrigafoyle -(the rock of the hole, _phoill_), in the Shannon; Carrickaness (of -the waterfall); Ballynacarrick (the town of the rocks); Carrigallen, -Irish _Carraig-aluinn_ (the beautiful rock); Carrickanoran (the rock of -the spring, _uaran_); Carrickfergus (Fergus’s rock), where one Fergus -was drowned; Carrick-on-Suir (on the R. Suir); Carriga-howly, Irish -_Carraig-an-chobhlaigh_ (the rock of the fleet); Carrickduff (black -rock); Carrigeen and Cargan (little rock); Carragh (rocky ground); but -Carrick-on-Shannon is not derived from this root--its ancient name was -_Caradh-droma-ruise_ (the weir of the marsh ridge); Cerrig-y-Druidion -(the rock of the Druids), in Wales. - -[Sidenote: CARSE,] - -a term applied in Scotland to low grounds on the banks of rivers; -_e.g._ the Carse of Gowrie, Falkirk, Stirling, etc. - -[Sidenote: CASA (It. and _bas_ Lat.),] - -a house; _e.g._ Casa-Nova and Casa-Vecchia (new and old house), in -Corsica; Casal, Les Casals, Chaise, Les Chaises (the house and the -houses), in France; Chassepiare (corrupt. from _Casa-petrea_ (stone -house), in Belgium. - -[Sidenote: CASTEL, CHATEAU, CASTELLO, CASTILLO, CASTELL (Cym.-Cel.),] - -words in the Romance languages derived from the Lat. _castellum_ (a -castle). _Caiseal_, in the Irish language, either cognate with the -Lat. word or derived from it, has the same meaning, and is commonly -met with in that country under the form of _Cashel_; _e.g._ Cashel, -in Tipperary; Cashelfean and Cashelnavean (the fort of the Fenians); -_Caislean-n’h-Oghmaighe_, now Omagh (the castle of the beautiful -field). It is often changed into the English castle, as in Ballycastle, -in Mayo (the town of the fort); but Ballycastle, in Antrim, was named -from a modern castle, not from a _caiseal_ or fort; Castle-Dargan -(of Lough Dargan); Castlebar, Irish _Caislean-an-Bharraigh_ (the -fort of the Barrys); Castle-Dillon, Castle-Dermot, and Castle-Kieran -were renamed from castles erected near the hermitages of the monks -whose names they bear. Castel, Lat. _Castellum_ (the capital of the -Electorate of Hesse-Cassel); Castel Rodrigo (Roderick’s castle), in -Portugal; Castel-Lamare (by the sea-shore); Castel-bianco (white -castle); Castel del piano (of the plain); Castiglione (little -castle), in Italy. In France: Castelnau (new castle); Castelnaudary, -anc. _Castrum-novum-Arianiorum_ (the new castle of the Arians, -_i.e._ the Goths); Chateaubriant, _i.e._ _Chateau-du-Bryn_ (the -king’s castle); Chateau-Chinon (the castle decorated with dogs’ -heads); Chateau-Gontier (Gontier’s castle); Chateaulin (the castle -on the pool); Chateau-vilain (ugly castle); Chateau-roux, anc. -_Castrum-Rodolphi_ (Rodolph’s castle); Chatelandrew (the castle of -Andrew of Brittany); Chateaumeillant, anc. _Castrum-Mediolanum_ (the -castle in the middle of the plain or land, _lann_); Neufchatel (new -castle); Newcastle-upon-Tyne, named from a castle built by Robert, Duke -of Normandy, on the site of Monkchester; Newcastle-under-Line, _i.e._ -under the _lyme_ or boundary of the palatinate of Chester, having its -origin in a fortress erected by Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, instead of -the old fort of Chesterton; Castleton, in Man, is the translation of -_Ballycashel_ (castle dwelling), founded by one of the kings of the -island; Bewcastle (the castle of Buith, lord of Gilsland); Old and -New Castile, in Spain, so named from the numerous fortresses erected -by Alphonso I. as defences against the Moors. Cassel, in Prussia, -and various places with this prefix in England and Scotland, owe the -names to ancient castles around which the towns or villages arose, as -Castletown of Braemar, Castle-Douglas, Castle-Rising, etc.; Castlecary, -in Stirlingshire, supposed to be the _Coria Damnorum_ of Ptolemy, and -the _Caer-cere_ of Nennius; Barnard Castle, built by Barnard, the -grandfather of Baliol; Castell-Llechryd (the castle at the stone ford), -on the banks of the R. Wye, in Wales; Cestyll-Cynfar (castles in the -air). - -[Sidenote: CASTER, CHESTER, CEASTER (A.S.),] - -a fortress, city, town, from the Lat. _castrum_ (a fortified place), -and _castra_ (a camp); _e.g._ Caistor, Castor, Chester (the site of -a Roman fort or camp). The Welsh still called the city of Chester -_Caerleon_, which means the city called _Legio_, often used as a -proper name for a city where a Roman legion was stationed; Doncaster, -Lancaster, Brancaster, Illchester, Leicester, Colchester (_i.e._ the -camps on the Rivers Don, Lune, Bran, Ivel, Legre or Leir, Colne); -Alcester, on the Alne; Chichester (the fortress of Cissa, the Saxon -prince of the province); Cirencester, anc. _Corinium-ceaster_ (the -camp on the R. Churn); Exeter, Cel. _Caer-Isc_ (the fortress on the -river or water, _wysk_); Towcester, on the R. Towey; Gloucester, -Cel. _Caer-glow_ (the bright fortress); Godmanchester (the fort -of the priest), where Gothrun, the Dane, in the reign of Alfred, -embraced Christianity; Chesterfield and Chester-le-Street (the camp -in the field and the camp on the Roman road, _stratum_); Winchester, -Cel. _Caer-gwent_ (the camp on the fair plain), p. 38; Dorchester -(the camp of the _Durotriges_ (dwellers by the water); Worcester, -_Hwicwara-ceaster_ (the camp of the Huiccii); Silchester, Cel. -_Caer-Segont_ (the fort of the Segontii); Manchester, probably the -camp at _Mancenion_ (the place of tents), its ancient name; Rochester, -Cel. _Durobrivae_ (the ford of the water), A.S. _Hrofceaster_, -probably from a proper name; Bicester (the fort of Biren, a bishop); -Alphen, in Holland, anc. _Albanium-castra_ (the camp of Albanius); -Aubagne, in Provence, anc. _Castrum-de-Alpibus_ (the fortress of -the Alps); Champtoceaux, Lat. _Castrum-celsum_ (lofty fortress); -St. Chamond, Lat. _Castrum-Anemundi_ (the fortress of Ennemond); -Chalus, Lat. _Castrum-Lucius_ (the fortress by Lucius Capriolus, in -the reign of Augustus); Passau, in Bavaria, Lat. _Batavia-Castra_ -(the Batavians’ camp), corrupted first to _Patavium_ and then to -Passau; La Chartre, Chartre, and Chartres (the place of the camps), in -France; Chartre-sur-Loire, Lat. _Carcer-Castellum_ (the castle prison -or stronghold); Castril, Castrillo (little fortress); Castro-Jeriz -(Cæsar’s camp); Ojacastro (the camp on the R. Oja), in Spain. - -[Sidenote: CAVAN, CABHAN (Irish), -CAVA, LA (It.), -CUEVA (Span.), a cave, -COFA (A.S.), a cove,] - -a hollow place, cognate with the Lat. _cavea_ or _cavus_; _e.g._ -Cavan (the hollow), the cap. of Co. Cavan, and many other places from -this root in Ireland. _Cavan_, however, in some parts of Ireland, -signifies a round hill, as in Cavanacaw (the round hill of the chaff, -_catha_); Cavanagh (the hilly place); Cavanalick (the hill of the -flagstone); Covehithe, in Suffolk (the harbour of the recess); Runcorn, -in Cheshire, _i.e._ _Rum-cofan_ (the wide cove or inlet); Cowes (the -coves), in the Isle of Wight; La Cava, in Naples; Cuevas-de-Vera (the -caves of Vera); Cuevas-del-Valle (of the valley), in Spain. - -[Sidenote: CEALD (A.S.), -KALT (Ger.), -KOUD (Dut.),] - -cold; _e.g._ Caldicott, Calthorpe, Calthwaite (cold dwelling); -Koudhuizon, Koudaim, with the same meaning; Caldbeck, Kalbach, -Kallenbach (cold stream); Kaltenherberg (cold shelter); Calvorde (cold -ford); Kaltenkirchen (cold church); Colwell (cold well). - -[Sidenote: CEANN (Gadhelic),] - -a head, a point or promontory--in topography _kin_ or _ken_; _e.g._ -Kinnaird’s Head (the point of the high headland); Kintyre or Cantire -(the head of the land, _tir_); Kenmore (the great point), at the -head of Loch Tay; Kinloch (the head of the lake); Kincraigie (of the -little rock); Kinkell (the head church, _cill_); Kendrochet (bridge -end); Kinaldie and Kinalty (the head of the dark stream, _allt-dubh_); -Kingussie (the head of the fir-wood, _guith-saith_); Kinnaird (the high -headland), the name of a parish in Fife and a village in Stirling. -Kinross may mean the point (_ros_) at the head of Loch Leven, with -reference to the _town_ or with reference to the _county_, which in -early times formed part of the large district called the _Kingdom of -Fife_, anciently called _Ross_; and in this sense it may mean either -the head of the promontory or of the wood, both of which are in Celtic -_ros_. The ancient name of Fife, _Ross_, was changed into Fife in -honour of Duff, Earl of Fife, to whom it was granted by Kenneth II., -and in 1426 Kinross was separated from it, or, according to Nennius, -from _Feb_, the son of Cruidne, ancestor of the Picts. Kintore (the -head of the hill, _tor_); Kinneil, _i.e._ _Ceann-fhail_ (the head -of the wall), _i.e._ of Agricola; Kinell, Kinellar (the head of -the knoll); King-Edward, corrupt. from _Kinedur_ (the head of the -water, _dur_); Kinghorn, from _Ceann-cearn_ (corner headland)--Wester -Kinghorn is now Burntisland; Kingarth, in Bute, _i.e._ _Ceann-garbh_ -(the rough or stormy headland); Kinnoul (the head of the rock, -_ail_); Kintail (the head of the flood, _tuil_), _i.e._ of the two -salt-water lakes in Ross-shire; Boleskine (the summit of the furious -cascade, _boil cas_), _i.e._ of Foyers, in Inverness-shire; Kinmundy, -in Aberdeenshire, corrupt. from _Kinmunny_ (the head of the moss, -_moine_); Kinglassie, in Fife, was named after St. Glass or Glasianus); -Kenoway, Gael. _ceann-nan-uamh_ (the head of the den); Kent, Lat. -_Cantium_ (the country of the _Cantii_, or dwellers at the headland). -In Ireland: Kenmare in Kerry, Kinvarra in Galway, and Kinsale in -Cork, mean the head of the sea, _i.e._ _ceann-mara_ and _ceann-saile_ -(salt water), the highest point reached by the tide; Kincon (the -dog’s headland); Kinturk (of the boar); Slyne Head, in Ireland, is -in Irish _Ceann-leime_ (the head of the leap), and Loop Head is -_Leim-Chonchuillinn_ (Cuchullin’s leap); Cintra, in Portugal, may mean -the head of the strand, _traigh_. - -[Sidenote: CEFN (Cym.-Cel.),] - -a ridge, cognate with the Grk. κεφαλη, a head; _e.g._ the Cevennes, the -Cheviots; Cefn-Llys (palace ridge); Cefn-bryn (hill ridge); Cefn-coed -(wood ridge); Cefn-coch (red ridge); Cefn-y-Fan (the hill ridge); -Cefn-Rhestyn (the row of ridges); Cefn-cyn-warchan (the watch-tower -ridge); Cemmaes (the ridge of the plain), in Wales; Cefalu (on the -headland), in Sicily; Chevin Hill, near Derby; Chevin (a high cliff), -in Yorkshire; Cephalonia (the island of headlands), also called _Samos_ -(lofty); Cynocephale (the dog’s headland), in Thessaly. - -[Sidenote: CEOL (A.S.), -KIELLE (Teut.),] - -a ship; _e.g._ Keal and Keelby, in Lincoln (ship station); Ceolescumb, -Ceolëswyrth, Ceolseig, and perhaps Kiel, in Denmark; Chelsea, _i.e._ -Ceolesig, on the Thames. - -[Sidenote: CEORL (A.S.),] - -a husbandman; _e.g._ Charlton (the husbandman’s dwelling); Charlinch -(the husbandman’s island), formerly insulated. - -[Sidenote: CEOSEL (A.S.),] - -sand, gravel; _e.g._ Chesil (the sand-hill), in Dorset; Chiselhurst -(the thicket at the sand-bank); Chiseldon (sand-hill); Chiselborough -(the fort at the sand-bank); Winchelsea, corrupt. from _Gwent-ceoseley_ -(the sand-bank on the fair plain, _gwent_), or, according to another -etymology, named after Wincheling, the son of Cissa, the first king of -the South Saxons; Chiswick (sandy bay), on the Thames. - -[Sidenote: CERRIG (Welsh),] - -a heap of stones; _e.g._ Cerrig-y-Druidion (the Druids’ stones); -Cerrig-y-Pryfaed (the crag of the teachers), probably the Druids, in -Wales. - -[Sidenote: CHEP, CHEAP, CHIPPING (Teut.), -KIOPING, KIOBING,] - -a place of merchandise, from A.S. _ceapan_, Ger. _kaufen_ (to buy); -_e.g._ Chepstow, Chippenham, Cheapside (the market-place or town); -Chipping-Norton and Chipping-Sodbury (the north and south market-town); -Chippinghurst (the market at the wood or thicket); Copenhagen, -Dan. _Kioben-havn_ (the haven for merchandise); Lidkioping (the -market-place on the R. Lid); Linkioping, anc. _Longakopungar_ (long -market-town), in Sweden; Arroeskiœbing (the market-place in the island -of Arroe); Nykoping, in Funen, and Nykjobing, in Falster, Denmark (new -market-place). The Copeland Islands on the Irish coast (the islands of -merchandise), probably used as a storehouse by the Danish invaders; -Copmansthorpe (the village of traders), in Yorkshire; Nordköping (north -market), in Sweden; Kaufbeuren (market-place), in Bavaria; Sydenham, in -Kent, formerly Cypenham (market-place). - -[Sidenote: CHLUM (Sclav.),] - -a hill, cognate with the Lat. _culmen_, transposed by the Germans into -_kulm_ and sometimes into _golm_; _e.g._ Kulm, in W. Prussia (a town on -a hill); Kulm, on the R. Saale; Chlumek, Chlumetz, Golmitz, Golmüz (the -little hill). - -[Sidenote: CILL (Gadhelic), -CELL (Cym.-Cel.), from -CELLA (Lat.), and in the Provence languages, -CELLA, CELLULE,] - -a cell, a burying-ground, a church; in Celtic topography, _kil_ or -_kel_; _e.g._ Kilbride (the cell or church of St. Bridget), frequent -in Ireland and Scotland; Kildonan (of St. Donan); Kilkerran (of -St. Kieran); Kilpeter (of St. Peter); Kilcattan (of St. Chattan); -Kilmichael, Kilmarnock, Kilmarten, Kelpatrick, Kilbrandon (the churches -dedicated to St. Michael, St. Marnock, St. Martin, St. Patrick, -St. Brandon); Kilmaurs, Kilmorick, Kilmurry (St. Mary’s church); I -Columkil or Iona (the island of Columba’s church); Kilwinning (St. -Vimen’s church); Kilkenny (of St. Canice); Kilbeggan, in Ireland, and -Kilbucho, in Peeblesshire (the church of St. Bega); Kil-Fillan (of -St. Fillan); Killaloe, anc. _Cill-Dalua_ (the church of St. Dalua); -Killarney, Irish _Cill-airneadh_ (the church of the sloes)--the ancient -name of the lake was Lough Leane, from a famous artificer who lived -on its shores; Killin, _i.e._ _Cill-Fhinn_ (the burying-ground of -Finn, which is still pointed out); Kilmany (the church on the mossy -ground, _moine_); Kilmelfort, Cel. _Cill-na-maol-phort_ (the church -on the bald haven); Kilmore generally means the great church, but -Kilmore, Co. Cork, is from _Coillmhor_ (great wood), and in many -places in Ireland and Scotland it is difficult to determine whether -the root of the names is _cill_ or _coill_; Kildare, from _Cill-dara_ -(the cell of the oak blessed by St. Bridget); Kilmun, in Argyleshire, -is named from St. Munna, one of St. Columba’s companions; Kilrush, -Co. Clare (the church of the promontory or of the wood); Kells (the -cells) is the name of several places in Ireland, and of a parish in -Dumfries; but Kells, in Meath and Kilkenny, is a contraction of the -ancient name _Ceann-lios_ (the head, _lis_, or fort); Closeburn, in -Dumfries, is a corrupt. of _Cella-Osburni_ (the cell of St. Osburn); -Bischofzell and Appenzell (the church of the bishop and of the abbot); -Maria-Zell (of St. Mary); Kupferzell, Jaxt-zell, Zella-am-Hallbach, -Zell-am-Harmarsbach (the churches on the rivers Kupfer, Jaxt, Hallbach, -and Harmarsbach); Zell-am-Moss (the church on the moor); Zell-am-See -(on the lake); Zella St. Blasii (of St. Blaise); Sabloncieux, in -France, anc. _Sabloncellis_ (the cells on the sandy place); but in -France _La Selle_ and _Les Selles_ are often used instead of _cella_ -or _cellules_, as in Selle-St.-Cloud for _Cella-Sanct.-Clotoaldi_ -(the church dedicated to this saint); Selle-sur-Nahon, anc. _Cellula_ -(little church); Kilconquhar, in Fife (the church of St. Conchobar or -Connor); Kilbernie, in Ayrshire (the church of Berinus, a bishop); -Kilspindie (of St. Pensadius); Kilblane and Kilcolmkill, in Kintyre (of -St. Blane and St. Columba); Kilrenny (of St. Irenaeus); Kilchrenan, in -Argyleshire (the burying-place of St. Chrenan, the tutelary saint of -the parish). - -[Sidenote: CITTÀ, CIVITA (It.), -CIUDAD, CIDADE (Sp. and Port.), -CIOTAT (Fr.),] - -a city or borough, derived from the Lat. _civitas_; _e.g._ Cittadella -and Civitella (little city); Città di Castello (castellated city); -Città-Vecchia (old city), in Malta; Civita Vecchia (old city), in -Central Italy, formerly named _Centum-cellæ_ (the hundred apartments), -from a palace of the Emperor Trajan; Civita-de-Penné (the city of -the summit), in Naples; Cividad-della-Trinidad (the city of the Holy -Trinity); Ciudad-Rodrigo (Roderick’s city); Ciudad-Reäl (royal city); -Ciudad-de-Gracias (the city of grace), in Spain; Ciudadella (little -city), in Minorca. - -[Sidenote: CLACH, CLOCH, CLOUGH (Gadhelic),] - -a stone; _e.g._ Clach-breac (the speckled stone); Clach-an-Oban (the -stone of the little bay); Clach-na-darrach (the stone of the oak -grove); Clachach (a stony place). The word clachan, in Scotland, -was originally applied to a circle of stones where the Pagan rites -of worship were wont to be celebrated; and, after the introduction -of Christianity, houses and churches were erected near these spots, -and thus clachan came to mean a hamlet; and, at the present day, -the expression used in asking a person if he is going to church -is--“_Am bheil-thu’dol do’n clachan?_” (_i.e._ “Are you going to the -stones?”) There is the Clachan of Aberfoyle in Perthshire; and in -Blair-Athole there is a large stone called _Clach n’iobairt_ (the -stone of sacrifice). In Skye there is _Clach-na-h-Annat_ (the stone -of Annat, the goddess of victory); and those remarkable Druidical -remains, called rocking-stones, are termed in Gaelic _Clach-bhraeth_ -(the stone of knowledge), having been apparently used for divination. -There are others called _Clach-na-greine_ (the stone of the sun), and -_Clach-an-t-sagairt_ (of the priest). The village of Clackmannan was -originally _Clachan-Mannan_, _i.e._ the stone circle or hamlet of the -district anciently called _Mannan_. In Ireland this root-word commonly -takes the form of _clogh_ or _clough_, as in Cloghbally, Cloghvally -(stony dwelling); Clogher (the stony land); Clomony (the stony -shrubbery); Clorusk (the stony marsh); Cloichin, Cloghan, Clogheen -(land full of little stones); but the word clochan is also applied -to stepping-stones across a river, as in _Clochan-na-bh Fomharaigh_ -(the stepping-stones of the Fomarians, _i.e._ the Giant’s Causeway); -Cloghereen (the little stony place); Ballycloch and Ballenaclogh (the -town of the stones); Auchnacloy (the field of the stone); Clochfin (the -white stone); Clonakilty, corrupt. from _Clough-na-Kiltey_ (the stone -house of the O’Keelys). - -[Sidenote: CLAR, CLARAGH (Irish),] - -a board, a plain, a flat piece of land; Clare is the name of several -places in different counties of Ireland, sometimes softened to _Clara_. -County Clare is said to have derived its name from a plank placed -across the R. Fergus, at the village of Clare. Ballyclare, Ballinclare -(the town of the plain); Clarbane (white plain); Clarderry (level oak -grove); Clarchoill (level wood); Clareen (little plain). - -[Sidenote: CLAWDD (Cym.-Cel.),] - -a dyke or embankment; _e.g._ Clawdd-Offa (Offa’s Dyke). - -[Sidenote: CLEFF (A.S.), _cleof_ and _clyf_, -KLIPPE (Ger. and Scand.),] - -a steep bank or rock, cognate with the Lat. _clivus_ (a slope); -Clive, Cleave, Clee (the cliff); Clifton (the town on the cliff); -Clifdon (cliff hill); Clifford (the ford near the cliff); Hatcliffe -and Hockcliffe (high cliff); Cleveland (rocky land), in Yorkshire; -Cleves (the town on the slope), Rhenish Prussia; Radcliffe (red -cliff); Silberklippen (at the silver cliff); Horncliff (corner -cliff); Undercliff (between the cliff and the sea), in Isle of Wight; -Clitheroe (the cliff near the water), in Lancashire; Lillies-leaf, in -Roxburghshire, a corrupt. of _Lille’s-cliva_ (the cliff of Lilly or -Lille). - -[Sidenote: CLERE (Anglo-Norman),] - -a royal or episcopal residence, sometimes a manor; _e.g._ King’s-clere, -Co. Hants, so called because the Saxon kings had a palace there; -Burg-clere (where the bishops of Winchester resided), High-clere. - -[Sidenote: CLUAN, CLOON (Gadhelic),] - -a fertile piece of land, surrounded by a bog on one side and water on -the other, hence a meadow; _e.g._ Clunie, Cluny, Clunes, Clones (the -meadow pastures). These fertile pastures, as well as small islands, -were the favourite spots chosen by the monks in Ireland and Scotland as -places of retirement, and became eventually the sites of monasteries -and abbeys, although at first the names of these meadows, in many -instances, had no connection with a religious institution--thus Clones, -Co. Monaghan, was _Cluain-Eois_ (the meadow of Eos, probably a Pagan -chief), before it became a Christian settlement; Clonard, in Meath, -where the celebrated St. Finian had his school, in the sixth century, -was _Cluain-Eraird_ (Erard’s meadow). In some instances Clonard may -mean the high meadow; Clonmel (the meadow of honey); Clonfert (of -the grave); Clontarf and Clontarbh (the bull’s pasture); Clonbeg and -Cloneen (little meadow); Clonkeen (beautiful meadow); Cluainte and -Cloonty (the meadows); Cloonta-killen (the meadows of the wood)--_v._ -Joyce’s _Irish Names of Places_. - -[Sidenote: CNOC (Gadhelic), -KNWC (Cym.-Cel.),] - -a knoll, hill, or mound; _e.g._ Knock, a hill in Banff; Knockbrack (the -spotted knoll); Knockbane, Knockdoo, Knockglass (the white, black, and -gray hill); Carnock (cairn hill); Knockea, Irish _Cnoc-Aedha_ (Hugh’s -hill); Knocklayd, Co. Antrim, _i.e._ _Cnoc-leithid_ (broad hill); -Knockan, Knockeen (little hill); Knockmoyle (bald hill); Knocknagaul -(the hill of the strangers); Knockrath (of the fort); Knockshanbally -(of the old town); Knocktaggart (of the priest); Knockatober (of -the well); Knockalough (of the lake); Knockanure (of the yew); -Knockaderry (of the oak-wood); Knockane (little hill), Co. Kerry; -Knockandow (little black hill), Elgin; Knockreagh, Knockroe, Knockgorm -(the gray, red, blue hill); Knockacullion (the hill of the holly); -Knockranny (ferny hill); Knockagh (the hilly place); Knockfirinne (the -hill of truth), a noted fairy hill, Co. Limerick, which serves as a -weather-glass to the people of the neighbouring plains; Ballynock (the -town of the hill); Baldernock (the dwelling at the Druid’s hill), Co. -Stirling; Knwc-y Dinas (the hill of the fortress), in Cardigan. - -[Sidenote: COCH (Cym.-Cel.),] - -red - -[Sidenote: COED (Cym.-Cel.), -COID, this word was variously written Coit, Coat, or Cuitgoed. In -Cornwall it is found in Penquite (the head of the wood); Pencoed, with -the same meaning, in Wales; Argoed (upon the wood), in Wales; Goedmore -(great wood), in Wales; Coed-llai (short wood); Glascoed (green wood), -in Wales; Caldecot, corrupt. from _Cil-y-coed_ (the woody retreat), in -Wales; Coedglasen, corrupt. from _Coed-gleision_ (green trees).] - -a wood; _e.g._ Coed-Arthur (Arthur’s wood); Coedcymmer (the wood of -the confluence); Catmoss and Chatmoss (the wood moss); Coitmore (great -wood); Selwood, anc. _Coitmaur_ (great wood); Catlow (wood hill); -Cotswold (wood hill), the Saxon _wold_ having been added to the Cel. -_coed_. The forms of this word in Brittany are _Koat_ or _Koad_--hence -Coetbo, Coetmen, Coetmieux, etc.; Llwyd-goed (gray wood), in Wales. - -[Sidenote: COGN (Cel.),] - -the point of a hill between two valleys, or a tongue of land enclosed -between two watercourses; _e.g._ Cognat, Cougny, Cognac, Le Coigné, -Coigneur, Coigny, etc., in various parts of France--_v._ Cocheris’s -_Noms de Lieu_, Paris. - -[Sidenote: COILL (Gadhelic),] - -a wood--in topography it takes the forms of kel, kil, kelly, killy, -and kyle; _e.g._ Kellymore, and sometimes Kilmore (the great wood); -Kelburn, Kelvin, Kellyburn, and Keltie (the woody stream); Callander, -_Coille-an-dar_ (the oak-wood); Cuilty, Quilty, Kilty (the woods); -Kilton (the town in the wood), in Scotland. In Ireland: Kilbowie -(yellow wood); Kildarroch (the oak-wood); Kilcraig (the wood of the -rock); Kildinny (of the fire)--_v._ TEINE; Killiegowan (of the smith); -Kilgour (of the goats); Eden-keille (the face of the wood); Kylebrach -(the spotted wood); Kylenasagart (the priest’s wood); Kailzie (the -woody), a parish in Peebles; but Kyle, in Ayrshire, is not from this -root, but was named after a mythic Cymric king; Loughill, in Co. -Limerick, corrupt. from _Leamhchoill_ (the elm-wood); Barnacullia (the -top of the wood), near Dublin; Culleen and Coiltean (little wood); -Kildare, anc. _Coill-an-chlair_ (the wood of the plain). - -[Sidenote: COIRE, or CUIRE (Gadhelic),] - -a ravine, a hollow, a whirlpool; _e.g._ Corrie-dow (the dark ravine); -Corrie-garth (the field at the ravine); Corrimony (the hill, _monadh_, -at the ravine); Corrielea (the gray ravine); Corrie (the hollow), in -Dumfriesshire; Corriebeg (the little hollow); Corryvrechan whirlpool -(Brecan’s cauldron); Corgarf (the rough hollow, _garbh_); Corralin -(the whirlpool of the cataract)--_v._ LIN; Corriebuie (yellow ravine); -Corryuriskin (of the wild spirit); but _Cor_, in Ireland, generally -signifies a round hill, as in Corbeagh (birch hill); Corglass (green -hill); Corkeeran (rowan-tree hill); Corog and Correen (little hill); -while _Cora_, or _Coradh_, signifies a weir across a river, as in -Kincora (the head of the weir); Kirriemuir, in Forfar, corrupt. from -_Corriemor_ (the great hollow); Loch Venachoir, in Perthshire, is the -fair hollow or valley--_v._ FIN, p. 80. - -[Sidenote: COL, COLN (Lat. _colonia_),] - -a colony; _e.g._ Lincoln, anc. _Lindum-colonia_ (the colony at -Lindum, the hill fort on the pool, _linne_); Colne (the colony), in -Lancashire; Cologne, Lat. _Colonia-Agrippina_ (the colony), Ger. -_Köln_. The city was founded by the Ubii 37 B.C., and was at first -called _Ubiorum-oppidum_, but a colony being planted there in 50 A.D. -by Agrippina, the wife of the Emperor Claudius, it received her name. - -[Sidenote: COMAR, CUMAR (Gadhelic), -CYMMER, KEMBER (Cym.-Cel.),] - -a confluence, often found as Cumber or Comber; _e.g._ Comber, Co. -Down; Cefn-coed-y-cymmer (the wood ridge of the confluence), where -two branches of the R. Taff meet; Cumbernauld, in Dumbarton, Gael. -_Comar-n-uilt_ (the meeting of streams, _alt_). Cumnock, in Ayrshire, -may have the same meaning, from _Cumar_ and _oich_ (water), as -the streams Lugar and Glasnock meet near the village; Comrie, in -Perthshire, at the confluence of the streams Earn, Ruchill, and -Lednock; Kemper and Quimper (the confluence), and Quimper-lé, or -Kember-leach (the place at the confluence), in Brittany. The words -Condate and Condé, in French topography, seem to be cognate with this -Celtic root, as in Condé, in Normandy (at the meeting of two streams); -Condé, in Belgium (at the confluence of the Scheldt and Hawe); -_Condate-Rhedorum_ (the confluence of the Rhedones, a Celtic tribe), -now Rennes, in Brittany; Coucy, anc. _Condiceacum_ (at the confluence -of the Lette and Oise); Congleton, Co. Chester, was formerly _Condate_. - -[Sidenote: COMBE (A.S.), -CWM, KOMB (Cym.-Cel.), -CUM (Gadhelic),] - -a hollow valley between hills, a dingle; _e.g._ Colcombe (the valley -of the R. Coly); Cwmneath (of the Neath); Compton (the town in the -hollow); Gatcombe (the passage through the valley, _gat_); Combs, -the hollows in the Mendip hills; Wycombe (the valley of the Wye); -Winchcombe (the corner valley); Wivelscombe and Addiscombe, probably -connected with a personal name; Ilfracombe (Elfric’s dingle); Cwmrydol -and Cwmdyli, in Wales (the hollow of the Rivers Rydol and Dyli); -Cwm-eigian (the productive ridge); Cwmgilla (the hazel-wood valley); -Cwm-Toyddwr (the valley of two waters), near the conf. of the Rivers -Wye and Elain in Wales; Cwm-gloyn (the valley of the brook Gloyn); -Cwmdu (dark valley); Cwm-Barre (the valley of the R. Barre), in Wales; -Combe St. Nicholas, in Somerset and in Cumberland, named for the saint; -Comb-Basset and Comb-Raleigh, named from the proprietors; Cwm-du (black -dingle); Cwm-bychan (little dingle), in Wales; Corscombe (the dingle -in the bog). In Ireland: Coomnahorna (the valley of the barley); -Lackenacoombe (the hillside of the hollow); Lake Como, in Italy (in the -hollow). - -[Sidenote: CONFLUENTES (Lat.),] - -a flowing together, hence the meeting of waters; _e.g._ Coblentz, for -_Confluentes_ (at the conf. of the Moselle and Rhine); Conflans (at the -conf. of the Seine and Oise); Confluent, a hamlet situated at the conf. -of the Creuse and Gartempe. - -[Sidenote: COP (Welsh),] - -a summit; _e.g._ Cop-yr-Leni (the illuminated hill), so called from the -bonfires formerly kindled on the top. - -[Sidenote: CORCAGH, or CURRAGH (Irish), -CORS (Welsh), -CAR (Gael.), -KER (Scand.),] - -a marsh; _e.g._ Corse (the marsh); Corston, Corsby, Corsenside (the -dwelling or settlement on the marsh); Corscombe (marsh dingle), in -England. In Ireland: Cork, anc. _Corcach-mor-Mumham_ (the great marsh -of Munster); Curkeen, Corcaghan (little marsh); Curragh-more (great -marsh); Currabaha (the marsh of birches). Perhaps Careby and Carton, in -Lincoln, part of the Danish district, may be marsh dwelling. - -[Sidenote: CORNU (Lat.), -KERNE, CERYN (Cym.-Cel.), -CEARN (Gael.),] - -a horn, a corner--in topography, applied to headlands; _e.g._ Corneto -(the place on the corner), in Italy; Corné, Cornay, Corneuil, -etc., in France, from this root, or perhaps from _Cornus_ (the -cornel cherry-tree); Cornwall, Cel. _Cernyu_, Lat. _Cornubiæ_, A.S. -_Cornwallia_ (the promontory or corner peopled by the _Weales_, Welsh, -or foreigners); Cornuailles, in Brittany, with the same meaning--its -Celtic name was _Pen-Kernaw_ (the head of the corner). - -[Sidenote: COTE (A.S.), -COITE (Gael.), -CWT (Welsh), -KOTHE (Ger.),] - -a hut; _e.g._ Cottenham, Cottingham, Coatham (the village of huts); -Chatham, A.S. _Coteham_, with the same meaning; Bramcote (the hut among -broom); Fencotes (the huts in the fen or marsh; Prescot (priest’s hut); -Sculcoates, in Yorkshire, probably from the personal Scandinavian name -_Skule_; Saltcoats, in Ayrshire (the huts occupied by the makers of -salt, a trade formerly carried on to a great extent at that place); -Kothendorf (the village of huts); Hinter-kothen (behind the huts), in -Germany. - -[Sidenote: COTE, COTTA (Sansc.),] - -a fortress; _e.g._ Chicacotta (little fortress); Gazacotta (the -elephant’s fortress); Jagarcote (bamboo fort); Islamcot (the fort of -the true faith, _i.e._ of Mahomet); Noa-cote (new fort); Devicotta -(God’s fortress); Palamcotta (the camp fort). - -[Sidenote: CÔTE (Fr.), -COSTA (Span. and Port.),] - -a side or coast; _e.g._ Côte d’Or (the golden coast), a department -of France, so called from its fertility; Côtes-du-Nord (the Northern -coasts), a department of France; Costa-Rica (rich coast), a state of -Central America. - -[Sidenote: COURT (Nor. Fr.), -CWRT (Cym.-Cel.), -CORTE (It., Span., and Port.),] - -a place enclosed, the place occupied by a sovereign, a lordly mansion; -from the Lat. _cohors_, also _cors-cortis_ (an enclosed yard), cognate -with the Grk. _hortos_. The Romans called the castles built by Roman -settlers in the provinces _cortes_ or _cortem_, thence _court_ became -a common affix to the names of mansions in England and France--thus -Hampton Court and Hunton Court, in England; Leoncourt, Aubigne-court, -Honnecourt (the mansion of Leo, Albinius, and Honulf); Aubercourt (of -Albert); Mirecourt, Lat. _Mercurii-curtis_, where altars were wont -to be dedicated to Mercury. From the diminutives of this word arose -Cortiles, Cortina, Corticella, Courcelles, etc. The words _court_, -_cour_, and _corte_ were also used as equivalent to the Lat. _curia_ -(the place of assembly for the provincial councils)--thus Corte, in -Corsica, where the courts of justice were held; but Corsica itself -derived its name from the Phœnician _chorsi_ (a woody place). The -Cortes, in Spain, evidently equivalent to the Lat. _curia_, gives -its name to several towns in that country; Coire, the capital of -the Grisons, in Switzerland, comes from the anc. _Curia Rhætiorum_ -(the place where the provincial councils of the Rhætians were held); -Corbridge, in Northumberland, is supposed to take its name from a Roman -_curia_, and perhaps Currie, in East Lothian. - -[Sidenote: CRAIG, CARRAIG, CARRICK (Gadhelic), -CRAIG (Cym.-Cel.),] - -a rock; _e.g._ Craigie, Creich, Crathie, Gael. _Creagach_ (rocky), -parishes in Scotland; Carrick and Carrig, in Ireland (either the rocks -or rocky ground); Carrick-on-Suir (the rock of the R. Suir)--_v._ -p. 42; Craigengower (the goat’s rock); Craigendarroch (the rock -of the oak-wood); Craigdou (black rock); Craigdearg (red rock); -Craigmore (great rock); Craig-Phadric (St. Patrick’s rock), in -Inverness-shire; Craignish (the rock of the island), the extremity -of which is Ardcraignish; Craignethan (the rock encircled by the R. -Nethan), supposed to be the archetype of Tullietudlem; Craigentinny -(the little rock of the fire)--_v._ TEINE; Criggan (the little rock). -In Wales, Crick-Howel and Crickadarn (the rock of Howel and Cadarn); -Criccaeth (the narrow hill); Crick, in Derbyshire; Creach, in Somerset; -Critch-hill, Dorset. - -[Sidenote: CREEK (A.S.), -CRECCA, KREEK (Teut.), -CRIQUE (Fr.),] - -a small bay; _e.g._ Cricklade, anc. _Creccagelade_ (the bay of the -stream); Crayford (the ford of the creek); Crique-bœuf, Crique-by, -Crique-tot, Crique-villa (the dwelling on the creek); Criquiers (the -creeks), in France. In America this word signifies a small stream, as -Saltcreek, etc. - -[Sidenote: CROES, CROG (Cym.-Cel.), -CROIS, CROCH (Gadhelic), -CROD (A.S.), -KRYS (Scand.), -KREUTZ (Ger.), -CROIX (Fr.),] - -a cross, cognate with the Lat. _crux_; _e.g._ Crosby (the dwelling -near the cross); Crossmichael (the cross of St. Michael’s Church); -Groes-wen for Croes-wen (the blessed cross), in Glamorgan; Crossthwaite -(the forest-clearing at the cross); Croxton (cross town); Crewe and -Crewkerne (the place at the cross); Croes-bychan (little cross); -Kruzstrait (the road at the cross), in Belgium; Crosscanonby, Crosslee, -Crosshill, places in different parts of Scotland, probably named -from the vicinity of some cross; but Crossgates, Co. Fife, so called -from its situation at a spot where roads cross each other. It was -usual with the Celts in Ireland, as well as with the Spaniards and -Portuguese in America, to mark the place where any providential event -had occurred, or where they founded a church or city, by erecting a -cross--as in St. Croix, Santa-Cruz, and Vera Cruz (the true cross), -in South America. In Ireland: Crosserlough (the cross on the lake); -Crossmolina (O’Mulleeny’s cross); Aghacross (the fort at the cross); -Crossard (high cross); Crossreagh (gray cross); Crossmaglen, Irish -_Cros-mag-Fhloinn_ (the cross of Flann’s son); Crossau, Crossoge, and -Crusheen (little cross); Oswestry, in Shropshire, anc. _Croes-Oswalt_ -(the cross on which Oswald, King of Northumberland, was executed by -Penda of Mercia). Its Welsh name was _Maeshir_ (long field), by the -Saxons rendered _Meserfield_; Marcross (the cross on the sea-shore), in -Glamorgan; Pen-y-groes, Maen-y-groes, Rhyd-y-croessau (the hill, the -stone of the cross, the ford of the crosses), in Wales; Glencorse, near -Edinburgh, for _Glencross_, so named from a remarkable cross which once -stood there; Corstorphine, in Mid-Lothian, corrupt. from _Crostorphin_, -which might mean the cross of the beautiful hill, _torr fioum_, or -the cross of a person called Torphin. In the reign of James I. the -church of Corstorphine became a collegiate foundation, with a provost, -four prebendaries, and two singing boys. _Croich_ in Gaelic means a -gallows--thus Knockacrochy (gallows hill); Raheenacrochy (the little -fort of the gallows), in Ireland. - -[Sidenote: CROAGH (Gael.),] - -a hill of a round form--from _cruach_ (a haystack); _e.g._ Croghan, -Crohane (the little round hill); Ballycroghan (the town of the little -hill), in Ireland; Bencruachan (the stack-shaped hill), in Argyleshire. - -[Sidenote: CROFT (A.S.),] - -an enclosed field; _e.g._ Crofton (the town on the croft); Thornycroft -(thorny field). - -[Sidenote: CROM, CRUM (Gadhelic), -CRWM (Cym.-Cel.), -KRUMM (Ger.), -CRUMB (A.S.),] - -crooked; _e.g._ Cromdale (the winding valley), in Inverness-shire; -Croome, in Worcester; Cromlin, Crimlin (the winding glen, _ghlinn_), -in Ireland; Krumbach (the winding brook); Krumau and Krumenau (the -winding water or valley); Ancrum, a village in Roxburghshire, situated -at the _bend_ of the R. Alne at its confluence with the Teviot. - -[Sidenote: CRUG (Welsh),] - -a hillock; _e.g._ Crughwel (the conspicuous hillock, _hywel_); -Crug-y-swllt (the hillock of the treasure), in Wales; Crickadarn, -corrupt. from _Crug-eadarn_ (the strong crag), in Wales. - -[Sidenote: CUL, CUIL} (Gadhelic) (the corner),}] - -_e.g._ Coull, Cults, parishes in Scotland; Culter, _i.e._ _Cul-tir_ -(at the back of the land), in Lanarkshire; Culcairn (of the cairn); -Culmony (at the back of the hill or moss, _monadh_); Culloden for -_Cul-oiter_ (at the back of the ridge); Culnakyle (at the back of -the wood); Cultulach (of the hill); Culblair (the backlying field); -Culross (behind the headland), in Scotland. In Ireland: Coolboy -(yellow corner); Coolderry (at the back or corner of the oak-wood); -Cooleen, Cooleeny (little corner); Coleraine, in Londonderry, as well -as Coolraine, Coolrainy, Coolrahne, Irish _Cuil-rathain_ (the corner -of ferns); Coolgreany (sunny corner); Coolnasmear (the corner of the -blackberries). - -[Sidenote: CUND (Hindostanee),] - -a country; _e.g._ Bundelcund, Rohilcund (the countries of the Bundelas -and Rohillas). - - - D - -[Sidenote: DAGH, TAGH (Turc.),] - -a mountain; _e.g._ Daghestan (the mountainous district); Baba-dagh -(father or chief mountain); Kara-dagh (black mountain); Kezel-dagh -(red mountain); Belur-tagh (the snow-capped mountain); Aktagh (white -mountain); Mustagh (ice mountain); Beshtau (the five mountains); -Tak-Rustan (the mountain of Rustan); Tchazr-dagh (tent mountain); -Ala-dagh (beautiful mountain); Bingol-tagh (the mountain of 1000 -wells); Agri-dagh (steep mountain); Takht-i-Suliman (Solomon’s -mountain). - -[Sidenote: DAIL (Gadhelic), -DOL (Cym.-Cel.), -DAHL (Scand.), -THAL (Ger.), -DOL (Sclav.),] - -a valley, sometimes a field, English _dale_ or _dell_, and often joined -to the name of the river which flows through the district; _e.g._ -Clydesdale, Teviotdale, Nithsdale, Liddesdale, Dovedale, Arundel, -Dryfesdale, corrupt. to _Drysdale_ (the valley of the Clyde, Teviot, -Nith, Liddel, Dove, Arun, Dryfe); Rochdale, on the Roch, an affluent -of the Trivell; Dalmellington (the town in the valley of the mill). -It is to be noted that in places named by the Teut. and Scand. races, -this root-word, as well as others, is placed after the adjective or -defining word; while by the Celtic races it is placed first. Thus, in -Scandinavia, and in localities of Great Britain where the Danes and -Norsemen had settlements, we have--Romsdalen and Vaerdal, the valleys -of the Raumer and Vaer, in Norway; Langenthal, on the R. Langent, in -Switzerland; Rydal (rye valley), Westmoreland; Laugdalr (the valley -of warm springs), Iceland. In districts again peopled by the Saxons, -Avondale, Annandale (the valleys of the Avon and Annan). This is the -general rule, although there are exceptions--Rosenthal (the valley of -roses); Inn-thal (of the R. Inn); Freudenthal (of joy); Fromenthal -(wheat valley); Grunthal (green valley). In Gaelic, Irish, and Welsh -names, on the contrary, _dal_ precedes the defining word; _e.g._ Dalry -and Dalrigh (king’s level field); Dalbeth and Dalbeathie (the field of -birches); Dalginross (the field at the head of the promontory or wood); -Dalness and Dallas (the field of the cascade, _cas_); Dalserf (of St. -Serf); Dailly, in Ayrshire, anc. _Dalmaolkeran_ (the field of the -servant, _maol_, of St. Kiaran); Dalrymple (the valley of the rumbling -pool, _ruaemleagh_); Dalgarnock (of the rough hillock); Dalhousie (the -field at the corner of the water, _i.e._ of the Esk); Dalwhinnie (the -field of the meeting, _coinneach_); Dalziel (beautiful field, _geal_); -Dalguise (of the fir-trees, _giuthas_); Dalnaspittal (the field of -the _spideal_, _i.e._ the house of entertainment); Dalnacheaich (of -the stone); Dalnacraoibhe (of the tree); Dalbowie (yellow field). -Dollar, in Clackmannan, may be from this root, although there is a -tradition that it took its name from a castle in the parish called -Castle-Gloom, Gael. _doillair_ (dark); Deal or Dole (the valley in -Kent); Dol and Dole, in Brittany, with the same meaning; Doldrewin (the -valley of the Druidical circles in Wales); Dolquan (the owl’s meadow); -Dolau-Cothi (the meadows of the River Cothi); Dolgelly (the grove of -hazels); Dalkeith (the narrow valley, _caeth_); Codale (cow field); -Grisdale (swine field); Gasdale (goosefield); Balderdale, Silverdale, -Uldale, Ennerdale, Ransdale (from the personal names, Balder, Sölvar, -Ulf, Einer, Hrani); Brachendale (the valley of ferns); Berrydale, in -Caithness, corrupt. from Old Norse, _Berudalr_ (the valley of the -productive wood); Dalecarlia, called by the Swedes _Dahlena_ (the -valleys); Dieppedal (deep valley); Stendal (stony valley); Oundle, in -Northampton, corrupt. from _Avondle_; Kendal or Kirkby-Kendal (the -church town in the valley of the R. Ken); Dolgelly (the valley of -the grove), in Wales; Dolsk or Dolzig (the town in the valley), in -Posen; Dolzen, in Bohemia; Bartondale (the dale of the enclosure for -the gathered crops), in Yorkshire; Dalarossie, in Inverness, corrupt. -from _Dalfergussie_, Fergus’dale; Dalriada, in Ulster, named from a -king of the Milesian race, named _Cairbe-Raida_, who settled there. -His descendants gradually emigrated to Albin, which from them was -afterwards called Scotland; and that part of Argyleshire where they -landed they also named Dalriada. The three brothers, Fergus, Sorn, and -Anghus, came to Argyleshire in 503 A.D. Toul and Toulouse, situated -in valleys, probably were named from the same root-word; Toulouse was -anciently called _Civitas-Tolosatium_ (the city of the valley dwellers, -_dol-saetas_). - -[Sidenote: DAL, or GEDEL (A.S.), -DEEL (Dutch), -THEIL (Ger.), -DAL (Irish),] - -a part, a district; _e.g._ Kalthusertheil (the district of the cold -houses); Kerckdorfertheil (the district of the village church); -Baradeel (the barren district), in Germany and Holland. This word, -rather than _dail_, may be the root of Dalriada; see above. - -[Sidenote: DALEJ (Sclav.),] - -far; _e.g._ Daliz, Dalchow, Dalichow (the distant place). - -[Sidenote: DAMM (Teut.),] - -an embankment, a dyke; _e.g._ Rotterdam, Amsterdam, Saardam, properly -Zaandam (the embankment on the Rivers Rotte, Amstel, and Zaan); -Schiedam, on the R. Schie; Leerdam (the embankment on the field, -_lar_); Veendam (on the marsh, _veen_); Damm (the embankment), a town -in Prussia; Neudamm (the new dyke); Dammducht (the embankment of the -trench). - -[Sidenote: DAN,] - -in topography, signifies belonging to the Danes; _e.g._ Danelagh -(that portion of England which the Danes held after their treaty -with Alfred); Danby, Danesbury (the Danes’ dwellings); Danesbanks, -Danesgraves, Danesford, in Salop, where the Danes are believed to -have wintered in 896; Danshalt, in Fife, where they are said to have -halted after their defeat at Falkland; Danthorpe, Denton (Danes’ town); -Denshanger (Danes’ hill or declivity); Dantzic (the Danish fort, -built by a Danish colony in the reign of Waldemar II.); Tennstedt, in -Saxony, corrupt. from _Dannenstedi_ (the Danes’ station); Cruden, in -Aberdeenshire, anc. _Cruor-Danorum_ (the slaughter of the Danes on the -site of the last battle between the Celts and the Danes, which took -place in the parish 1012). The Danish king fell in this battle, and was -buried in the churchyard of Cruden. For centuries the Erroll family -received an annual pension from the Danish Government for taking care -of the grave at Cruden, but after the grave had been desecrated this -pension was discontinued. - -[Sidenote: DAR, DERA, DEIR (Ar.), -DEH (Pers.),] - -a dwelling, camp, or district; _e.g._ Dar-el-hajar (the rocky -district), in Egypt; Darfur (the district of the Foor or Foorians, or -the deer country), in Central Africa; Dera-Fati-Khan, Dera-Ghazi-Khan, -Dera-Ismail-Khan (_i.e._ the camps of these three chiefs, in the -Derajat, or camp district); Deir (the monk’s dwelling), in Syria; -Diarbekr (the dwellings or tents of Bekr); Dehi-Dervishan (the villages -of the dervishes); Deh-haji (the pilgrims’ village); Dekkergan (the -village of wolves); Deir-Antonius (St. Anthony’s monastery), in Egypt; -Buyukdereh (Turc. the great district on the Bosphorus). - -[Sidenote: DAR, DERO, DERYN (Cym.-Cel.), -DAIR (Gadhelic),] - -an oak, cognate with the Lat. _drus_, and Sansc. _dru_, _doire_, -or _daire_, Gadhelic, an oak-wood, Anglicised _derry_, _darach_, -or _dara_, the gen. of _dair_; _e.g._ Daragh (a place abounding -in oaks); Adare, _i.e._ _Athdara_ (the ford of the oak); Derry, -now Londonderry, was originally _Daire-Calgaigh_ (the oak-wood of -Galgacus, Latinised form of _Calgaigh_). In 546, when St. Columba -erected his monastery there, it became Derry-Columkille (the oak-wood -of Columba’s Church); in the reign of James I., by a charter granted -to the London merchants, it obtained its present name; Derry-fad (the -long oak-wood); Derry-na-hinch (of the island, _innis_); Dairbhre or -Darrery (the oak forest), the Irish name for the Island of Valentia; -Derry-allen (beautiful wood); Derrybane and Derrybawn (white oak-wood); -Derrylane (broad oak-wood); Durrow, Irish _Dairmagh_, and Latinised -_Robereticampus_ (the plain of the oaks); New and Old Deer (the -oak-wood), in Aberdeenshire, was a monastery erected in early times by -St. Columba, and given by him to St. Drostan. The old monastery was -situated near a wooded hill, still called _Aikie-Brae_ (oak hill), -and a fair was held annually in the neighbourhood, called _Mercatus -querceti_ (the oak market)--_v._ _Book of Deer_, p. 48; Craigendarroch -(the crag of the oak-wood); Darnock, or Darnick (the oak hillock), in -Roxburghshire; Dryburgh, corrupt. from _Darach-bruach_ (the bank of -oaks); Dori, the name of a round hill covered with oak-trees, in Wales; -Darowen (Owen’s oak-wood), in Wales. - -[Sidenote: DEICH, DYK (Teut.),] - -a dyke or entrenchment. These dykes were vast earthen ramparts -constructed by the Anglo-Saxons to serve as boundaries between hostile -tribes; _e.g._ Hoorndyk (the dyke at the corner); Grondick (green -dyke); Wansdyke (Woden’s dyke); Grimsdyke and Offa’s dyke (named after -the chiefs Grim and Offa); Houndsditch (the dog’s dyke); Ditton, Dixton -(towns enclosed by a dyke); Zaadik, in Holland, (the dyke) on the R. -Zaad. Cartsdike, a village in Renfrewshire separated from Greenock by -the burn Cart. Besides Grimesdyke (the name for the wall of Antoninus, -from the R. Forth to the Clyde), there is a Grimsditch in Cheshire. - -[Sidenote: DELF (Teut.),] - -a canal, from _delfan_ (to dig); _e.g._ Delft, a town in Holland, -intersected by canals; Delfshaven (the canal harbour); Delfbrüke (canal -bridge). - -[Sidenote: DEN, DEAN (Saxon),] - -a deep, wooded valley. This word is traced by Leo and others to the -Celtic _dion_ (protection, shelter); _e.g._ Dibden (deep hollow); -Hazeldean (the valley of hazels); Bowden or Bothanden (St. Bothan’s -valley), in Roxburghshire; Tenterden, anc. _Theinwarden_ (the guarded -valley of the thane or nobleman), in Kent; Howden (the _haugr_ or -_mound_ (in the valley), in Yorkshire; Howdon, with the same meaning, -in Northumberland; Otterden (the otter’s valley); Stagsden (of the -stag); Micheldean (great valley); Rottingdean (the valley of Hrotan, a -chief); Croxden (the valley of the cross). - -[Sidenote: DEOR (A.S.), -DYR (Scand.), -THIER (Ger.),] - -a wild animal--English, a deer; _e.g._ Deerhurst (deer’s thicket); -Durham, in Gloucester (the dwelling of wild animals). For Durham on the -Wear, _v._ HOLM. Tierbach, Tierhage (the brook and the enclosure of -wild animals). - -[Sidenote: DESERT, or DISERT,] - -a term borrowed from the Lat. _desertum_, and applied by the Celts to -the names of sequestered places chosen by the monks for devotion and -retirement; Dyserth, in North Wales, and Dyzard, in Cornwall; _e.g._ -Dysart, in Fife, formerly connected with the monastery of Culross, or -Kirkcaldy--near Dysart is the cave of St. Serf; Dysertmore (the great -desert), in Co. Kilkenny; Desertmartin in Londonderry, Desertserges in -Cork (the retreats of St. Martin and St. Sergius). In Ireland the word -is often corrupted to _Ester_ or _Isert_--as in Isertkelly (Kelly’s -retreat); Isertkeeran (St. Ciaran’s retreat). - -[Sidenote: DEUTSCH (Ger.),] - -from _thiod_, the people, a prefix used in Germany to distinguish -any district or place from a foreign settlement of the same name. In -Sclavonic districts it is opposed to the word _Katholic_, in connection -with the form of religion practised by their inhabitants--as in -Deutsch-hanmer (the Protestant village, opposed to Katholic-hanmer, -belonging to the Catholic or Greek Church). In other cases it is -opposed to _Walsch_ (foreign--_v._ WALSCH), as in Deutsch-steinach and -Walsh-steinach (the German and foreign towns on the _Steinach_, or -stony water). The Romans employed the word _Germania_ for _Deutsch_, -which Professor Leo traces to a Celtic root _gair-mean_ (one who -cries out or shouts); _e.g._ Deutschen, in the Tyrol; Deutz, in -Rhenish Prussia; Deutschendorf, in Hungary; Deutschenhausen, in -Moravia, i.e. the dwellings of the Germans. The earliest name by -which the Germans designated themselves seems to have been _Tungri_ -(the speakers). It was not till the seventeenth century that the word -_Dutch_ was restricted to the Low Germans. The French name for Germany -is modernised from the _Alemanni_ (a mixed race, and probably means -_other_ men, or _foreigners_). - -[Sidenote: DIEP, TIEF (Teut.), -DWFN (Cym.-Cel.),] - -deep; _e.g._ Deeping, Dibden, Dibdale (deep valley); Deptford (deep -ford); Market-deeping (the market-town in the low meadow); Devonshire, -Cel. _Dwfnient_ (the deep valleys); Diepholz (deep wood); Dieppe, -Scand. _Duipa_ (the deep water), the name of the river upon which it -was built; Abraham’s diep (Abraham’s hollow), in Holland; Diepenbeck -(deep brook); Tiefenthal and Tiefengrund (deep valley); Teupitz (the -deep water), a town in Prussia on a lake of this name; Defynock (a deep -valley), in Wales. - -[Sidenote: DINAS, or DIN (Cym.-Cel.),] - -a fortified height, a city, cognate with the Gadhelic _dun_; _e.g._ -Dinmore (the great fort), in Hereford; Dynevor, anc. _Dinas-fawr_ -(great fortress), in Carmarthen; Denbigh, Welsh _Din-bach_ (little -fort); Ruthin, in Co. Denbigh, corrupt. from _Rhudd-din_ (red castle); -Dinas Bran, a mountain and castle in Wales named after an ancient king -named Bran-Dinas-Powys, corrupt. from _Denes Powys_, a mansion built by -the Prince of Powys in honour of the lady whom he had married, whose -name was Denis; Hawarden, _i.e._ fixed on a hill, _den_, in Flint; its -ancient name was Penarth-Halawig (the headland above the salt marsh); -Dinefwr (the fenced hill), an ancient castle in the vale of the R. -Tywy; Tenby (Dane’s dwelling)--_v._ DAN; Welsh _Denbych-y-Pysod_, -_i.e._ of the fishes--to distinguish from its namesake in North Wales; -Tintern, corrupt. from _Din-Teyrn_ (the king’s mount), in Wales; Dinan -in France; Dinant in Belgium (the fortress on the water); Digne, anc. -_Dinia-Bodionticarium_ (the fort of the Bodiontici), in France; London, -anc. _Londinum_ (the fort on the marsh--_lon_, or perhaps on the -grove--_llwyn_). Din sometimes takes the form of _tin_, as in Tintagel -(St. Degla’s fort), in Cornwall; Tintern (the fort, _din_, of the -prince, Welsh _teyrn_), in Monmouth. - -[Sidenote: DINKEL (Ger.),] - -a kind of grain; _e.g._ Dinkelburg, Dinkelstadt, Dinkellage, Dinklar, -Dinkelsbuhl (the town, place, field, site, hill, where this grain -abounded). - -[Sidenote: DIOT, or theod (Teut.),] - -the people; _e.g._ Thetford, corrupt. from _Theotford_ (the people’s -ford); Detmold, corrupt. from _Theot-malli_ (the people’s place of -meeting); Diotweg (the people’s highway); Dettweiller (the town of the -Diet, or people’s meeting); Ditmarsh, anc. _Thiedmarsi_ (the people’s -marsh); Dettingen (belonging to the people)--_v._ ING. - -[Sidenote: DIVA, or DWIPA (Sansc.),] - -an island; _e.g._ the Maldives (_i.e._ the 1000 islands); the -Laccadives (the 10,000 islands); Java or _Yava-dwipa_ (the island of -rice, _jawa_, or of nutmegs, _jayah_); Socotra or _Dwipa-Sukadara_ (the -island of bliss); Ceylon or _Sanhala-Dwipa_ (the island of lions), -but called by the natives Lanka (the resplendent), and by the Arabs -Seren-dib (silk island); Dondrahead, corrupt. from _Dewandere_ (the end -of the island), in Ceylon. - -[Sidenote: DLAUHY, DLUGY (Sclav.),] - -long, Germanised _dolge_; _e.g._ Dlugenmost (long bridge); Dolgenbrodt -(long ford); Dolgensee (long lake); Dolgen, Dolgow, Dolgenow (long -place). - -[Sidenote: DOBRO, DOBRA (Sclav.),] - -good; _e.g._ Great and Little Döbern, Dobra, Dobrau, Dobrawitz, -Dobretzee, Dobrezin (good place); Dobberstroh (good pasture); Dobberbus -(good village); Dobrutscha (good land), part of Bulgaria; Dobergast -(good inn). - -[Sidenote: DODD (Scand.),] - -a hill with a round top; _e.g._ Dodd-Fell (the round rock), in -Cumberland; Dodmaen (the round stone), in Cornwall, popularly called -Dead Man’s Point. - -[Sidenote: DOM (Ger.),] - -a cathedral, and, in French topography, a house, from the Lat. _domus_; -_e.g._ Dom, in Westphalia; Domfront (the dwelling of Front, a hermit); -Dompierre (Peter’s house or church); Domblain (of St. Blaine); Domleger -(of St. Leger); Dongermain (of St. Germanus), in France; but the word -_domhnach_, in Ireland (_i.e._ a church), has another derivation. -This word, Anglicised _donagh_, signifies Sunday as well as church, -from the Lat. _Dominica_ (the Lord’s day); and all the churches with -this prefix to their names were originally founded by St. Patrick, -and the foundations were laid on Sunday; _e.g._ Donaghmore (great -church); Donaghedy, in Tyrone (St. Caidoc’s church); Donaghanie, _i.e._ -_Domnach-an-eich_ (the church of the steed); Donaghmoyne (of the -plain); Donaghcloney (of the meadow); Donaghcumper (of the confluence); -Donnybrook (St. Broc’s church). - -[Sidenote: DONK, DUNK, DONG (Old Ger.),] - -a mound surrounded by a marsh; _e.g._ Dong-weir (the mound of the -weir); Dunkhof (the enclosure at the mound); Dongen (the dwelling at -the mound); Hasedonk (the mound of the brushwood). - -[Sidenote: DORF, DORP, DRUP (Teut.),] - -a village or small town, originally applied to any small assembly of -people; _e.g._ Altendorf, Oldendorf (old town); Sommerstorf (summer -town); Baiarsdorf (the town of the Boii, or Bavarians); Gastdorf -(the town of the inn, or for guests); Dusseldorf, Meldorf, Ohrdruff, -Vilsendorf (towns of the Rivers Dussel, Miele, Ohr, and Vils); -Jagersdorf (huntsman’s village); Nussdorf (nut village); Mattersdorf -and Matschdorf, Ritzendorf, Ottersdorf (the towns of Matthew, Richard, -and Otho); Lindorf (the village at the linden-tree); Sandrup (sandy -village); Dorfheim, Dorpam (village home). - -[Sidenote: DORN (Ger.), -DOORN (Dutch), -THYRN (A.S.), -DRAENEN (Cym.-Cel.), -DRAEIGHEN (Gadhelic),] - -the thorn; _e.g._ Dornburg, Dornheim or Dornum, Dornburen, Thornton -(thorn dwelling); Doorn, the name of several places in the Dutch -colony, South Africa; Dornberg and Doornhoek (thorn hill); Dornach -(full of thorns); but Dornoch, in Sutherlandshire, is not from this -root; it is said to be derived from the Gael. _dorneich_, in allusion -to a certain Danish leader having been slain at the place by a blow -from a horse’s hoof. Thornhill, Thornbury, village names in England -and Scotland; Thorney (thorn island); Thorne, a town in Yorkshire; Yr -Ddreinog, Welsh (the thorny place), a hamlet in Anglesey; but Thorn, -a town in Prussia--Polish _Torun_--is probably derived from a cognate -word for _torres_, a tower. In Ireland: Dreen, Drinan, Dreenagh, -Drinney (places producing the black thorn). - -[Sidenote: DRECHT (Old Ger.),] - -for _trift_, meadow pasture; _e.g._ Moordrecht, Zwyndrecht, -Papendrecht, Ossendrecht (the moor, swine, oxen pasture, and the -priest’s meadow); Dort or Dordrecht (the pasture on the water), -situated in an island formed by the Maas; Maestricht, Latinised into -_Trajectus-ad-Moesum_ (the pasture or ford on the Maas or Meuse); -Utrecht, Latinised _Trajectus-ad-Rhenum_ (the ford or pasture on the -Rhine), or _Ultra-trajectum_ (beyond the ford). - -[Sidenote: DRIESCH (Ger.),] - -fallow ground; _e.g._ Driesch and Dresche, in Oldenburg; Driesfelt -(fallow field); Bockendriesch (the fallow ground at the beech-trees). - -[Sidenote: DROICHEAD (Gadhelic),] - -a bridge; _e.g._ Drogheda, anc. _Droichead-atha_ (the bridge at the -ford); Ballydrehid (bridge town); Knockadreet (the hill of the -bridge); Drumadrehid (the ridge at the bridge); Kildrought (the church -at the bridge), in Ireland; _Ceann-Drochaid_ (bridge end), the Gaelic -name for the Castleton of Braemar. - -[Sidenote: DROOG, or DURGA (Sansc.),] - -a hill fort; _e.g._ Savendroog (golden fort); Viziadroog (the fort -of victory); Chitteldroog (spotted fort); Calliendroog (flourishing -fort); Sindeedroog (the fort of the sun). - -[Sidenote: DROWO, or DRZEWO (Sclav.), -DRU (Sansc.), -TRIU (Goth.), a tree,] - -wood, or a forest; _e.g._ Drebkau, Drewitsch, Drewitz, Drohobicz (the -woody place); Drewiz, Drehnow, Drehna, with the same meaning; Misdroi -(in the midst of woods). - -[Sidenote: DRUIM, DROM (Gadhelic),] - -a ridge, from _droma_, the back-bone of an animal, cognate with the -Lat. _dorsum_; _e.g._ Drumard (high ridge); Dromeen, Drumeen, Drymen -(little ridge); Dromore (great ridge); Dromagh and Drumagh (full of -ridges); Dromineer, Co. Tipperary, and Drumminer in Aberdeenshire (the -ridge of the confluence, _inbhir_); Aughrim, Irish _Each-dhruim_ (the -horses’ ridge); Leitrim, _i.e._ _Liath-dhruim_ (gray ridge); Dromanure -(the ridge of the yew-tree); Drumderg (red ridge); Drumlane (broad -ridge); Drumcliff, _i.e._ _Druim-chluibh_ (the ridge of the baskets); -Drummond, common in Ireland and Scotland, corrupt. from _drumen_ -(little ridge). In Scotland there are Drumoak (the ridge of St. Mozola, -a virgin)--in Aberdeenshire it was originally Dalmaile (the valley of -Mozola); Meldrum-Old (bald ridge), in Aberdeenshire; Drem (the ridge -in East Lothian); Drumalbin, Lat. _Dorsum-Britanniae_ (the back-bone -or ridge of Scotland); Drummelzier, formerly _Dunmeller_ (the fort of -Meldredus, who, according to tradition, slew Merlin, whose grave is -shown in the parish); Drumblate (the warm ridge, or the flowery ridge); -Drumcliff, Co. Sligo, _i.e._ _Druimcliabh_ (the ridge of the baskets). - -[Sidenote: DRWS (Welsh),] - -a door or pass; _e.g._ Drws-y-coed (the pass of the wood); -Drws-y-nant (of the valley); Drws-Ardudwy (of the black water). - -[Sidenote: DU (Cym.-Cel.), -DUBH (Gadhelic),] - -black; _e.g._ Ddulas, a river in Wales; Douglas, in Scotland (the -black stream); Dubyn (the black lake). - -[Sidenote: DUB (Sclav.),] - -the oak; _e.g._ Dubicza, Dubrau, Düben, Dubrow (the place of -oak-trees); Teupliz, corrupt. from _Dublize_, with the same meaning; -Dobojze, Germanised into _Daubendorf_ (oak village); Dubrawice (oak -village); Dubrawka (oak wood), Germanised _Eichenwäldchen_, a colony -from Dubrow. In Poland this word takes the form of Dombrowo Dombroka. - -[Sidenote: DUN (Gadhelic),] - -a stronghold, a hill fort, cognate with the Welsh _din_. As an -adjective, _dun_ or _don_ means strong, as in Dunluce, _i.e._ -_dun-lios_ (strong fort); Duncladh (strong dyke). As a verb, it -signifies what is closed or shut in, _dunadh_, with the same meaning -as the Teut. _tun_, as in Corra-dhunta (the closed weir). Its full -signification, therefore, is a strong enclosed place, and the name -was accordingly applied in old times to forts surrounded by several -circumvallations, the remains of which are still found in Ireland and -Scotland. Many such places are called simply _doon_ or _down_; _e.g._ -Doune Castle, in Perthshire; Down-Patrick, named from an entrenched -_dun_ near the cathedral; Down and the Downs, King’s Co. and West -Meath; Dooneen and Downing (little fort); Dundalk, _i.e._ _Dun-Dealgan_ -(Delga’s fort); Dundonald (the fort of Domhnall); Dungannon (Geanan’s -fort); Dungarvan (Garvan’s fort); Dunleary (Laeghaire’s fort), now -Kingston; Dunhill and Dunally, for _Dun-aille_ (the fort on the cliff); -Downamona (of the bog); Shandon (old fort); Doonard (high fort); and -many others in Ireland. In Scotland: Dumbarton (the hill fort of the -Britons or Cumbrians); Dumfries (the fort among shrubs, _preas_, or -of the Feresians, _Caer Pheris_)--_v._ Dr. Skene’s _Book of Wales_; -Dunbar (the fort on the summit, or of Barr, a chief); Dunblane (of -St. Blane); Dundee, Lat. _Tao-dunum_, probably for _Dun-Tatha_ (the -fort on the Tay); Dunedin, or Edinburgh (Edwin’s fort), so named by a -prince of Northumberland in 628--its earlier names were _Dunmonadh_ -(the fort of the hill), or in Welsh _Dinas-Agned_ (the city of the -painted people), and the _Castrum-Alatum_ of Ptolemy. The Pictish -maidens of the royal race were kept in Edinburgh Castle, hence it -was also called _Castrum-Puellarum_; Dunottar (the fort on the reef, -_oiter_); Dunfermline (the fort of the alder-tree pool, or of the -winding pool); Dundrennan (the fort of the thorn bushes); Dunlop (the -fortified hill at the angle of the stream, _lub_); Dunkeld, anc. -_Duncalden_ (the fort of hazels); Dunbeath (of the birches); Dunrobin -(Robert’s fortress), founded by Robert, Earl of Sutherland; Dunure -(of the yew-trees); Dunnichen, _i.e._ _Dunn-Nechtan_ (of Nechtan, a -Pictish king); Dunsyre (the prophet’s hill or fort); Donegall, Irish -_Dungall_ (_i.e._ the fort of the strangers, the Danes); Lexdon, in -Essex, Lat. _Legionis-dunum_ (the fort of the legion); Leyden, in -Holland, Lat. _Lugdunum-Batavorum_ (the fortress of the Batavians, in -the hollow, _lug_); Lyons, anc. _Lugdunum_ (the fort in the hollow); -Maldon, in Essex, anc. _Camelodunum_ (the fort of the Celtic war-god -Camal); Melun, anc. _Melodunum_ (bald fort, _maol_), in France; Nevers, -Lat. _Noviodunum_ (new fort), in France; Thuin, in Belgium, and Thun, -in Switzerland (_dun_, the hill fort); Yverdun, anc. _Ebrodunum_ (the -fort on the water, _bior_); Kempten, in Germany, anc. _Campodunum_ -(the fort in the field); Issoudun (the fort on the water, _uisge_); -Emden (the fort on the R. Ems); Dijon, anc. _Dibisdunum_ (the fort on -two waters), at the conf. of the Ouche and Suzon; Mehun, Meudon, and -Meuny, in France (the fort on the plain), Lat. _Magdunum_; Verdun, -anc. _Verodunum_ (the fort on the water, _bior_), on the R. Meuse, in -France; Verden, in Hanover, on the R. Aller, with the same meaning; -Autun, corrupt. from _Augustodunum_ (the fortress of Augustus); -Wimbledon, in Surrey, anc. _Wibbandun_ (from an ancient proprietor, -Wibba); Sion, in Switzerland, Ger. _Sitten_, corrupt. from its ancient -Celtic name _Suidh-dunum_ (the seat of the hill fort). From _Daingeann_ -(a fortress) are derived such names as Dangen and Dingen, in Ireland; -also Dingle, in its earlier form _Daingean-ui-Chuis_ (the fort of -O’Cush or Hussey); it received its present name in the reign of -Elizabeth; Ballendine and Ballendaggan (the town of the fort); Dangan -was also the ancient name of Philipstown. - -[Sidenote: DUNE, or DOWN (A.S.), -DUN (Cel.),] - -a grassy hill or mound; _e.g._ the Downs, in the south of England; the -Dunes, in Flanders; Halidon Hill (the holy hill); Dunham, Dunwick, -and Dutton, originally _Dunton_ (hill town); Croydon (chalk hill); -Dunkirk, in Flanders (the church on the dunes); Snowdon (snowy hill), -in Wales; its Welsh name is _Creigiawr_ (the eagle’s rock), _eryr_ (an -eagle); Dunse, a town in Berwickshire, now _Duns_, near a hill of the -same name; the Eildon Hills, in Roxburghshire, corrupt. from _Moeldun_ -(the bald hill); Eddertoun, in Ross-shire (between the hills or dunes). - -[Sidenote: DUR, or DOBHR (Gadhelic), -DWFR, or DWR (Cym.-Cel.), -DOUR (Breton),] - -water; _e.g._ Dour, Douro, Dore, Duir, THUR, Doro, Adour, Durance, -Duron (river names); Glasdur (green water); Calder, anc. _Caldover_ -(woody water); Derwent (bright or clear water); Lauder (the gray -water); Ledder and Leader (the broad water); Dorking, Co. Surrey, -anc. _Durchinges_, or more correctly, _Durvicingas_ (dwellers by the -water--_wician_, to dwell); Briare, on the Loire, anc. _Briva-durum_ -(the town on the brink of the water, probably Dover, from this root); -Dorchester (the fortress of the Durotriges--dwellers by the water), -_trigo_, Cym.-Cel. (to dwell), called by Leland _Hydropolis_; Rother -(the red river); Cawdor, anc. _Kaledor_ (woody water). - -[Sidenote: DÜRRE (Ger.), -DROOG (Dutch),] - -dry, sterile; _e.g._ Dürrenstein (the barren rock); Dürrental (the -barren valley); Dürrwald (the dry or sterile wood); Droogberg (the -barren hill); Drupach (dry brook). - -[Sidenote: DWOR (Sclav.), -THUR (Ger.), -DORUS (Cel.), -DWAR (Sansc.),] - -a door or opening, an open court; _e.g._ Dvoretz (the town at the -opening), in Russia; Dwarka (the court or gate), Hindostan; Hurdwar -(the court of Hurry or Siva), called also _Gangadwara_ (the opening of -the Ganges), in Hindostan; Issoire, anc. _Issiodorum_ (the town at door -or meeting of the waters, _uisge_), a town in France at the conf. of -the Allier and Couze; Durrisdeer, Gael. _Dorus-darach_ (at the opening -of the oak-wood), in Dumfriesshire; Lindores, in Fife, anc. _Lindoruis_ -(at the outlet of the waters), on a lake of the same name which -communicates by a small stream with the Tay. - -[Sidenote: DYFFRYN (Welsh),] - -a river valley; _e.g._ Dyffryn-Clydach, Dyffryn-Gwy, in the valleys of -the R. Clwyd and Gwy, in Wales; Dyffryn-golych (the vale of worship), -in Glamorgan. - - - E - -[Sidenote: EA (A.S.), EY, AY, EGE or EG OE, O, or A (Scand.), -OOG (Dutch),] - -an island; from _ea_, _a_, _aa_, running water; _ea_ or _ey_ enter -into the composition of many A.S. names of places which are now joined -to the mainland or to rich pastures by the river-side, as in Eton, -Eaton, Eyam, Eyworth, Eywick (dwellings by the water); Eyemouth, -Moulsy, on the R. Mole; Bermondsey, now included in the Metropolis; -Eamont, anc. _Eamot_ (the meeting of waters); Fladda and Fladday -(flat island); Winchelsea (either the corner, A.S. _wincel_, of the -water, or the island of Wincheling, son of the Saxon king Cissa, who -founded it); Swansea (Sweyn’s town, on the water), at the mouth of -the Tawey; Anglesea (the island of the Angles or English), so named -by the Danes--its Welsh name was _Ynys-Fonn_ or _Mona_; Portsea (the -island of the haven); Battersea (St. Peter’s isle), because belonging -to St. Peter’s Abbey, Westminster; Chelsea (ship island, or the island -of the sandbank)--_v._ p. 46, CEOL, CEOSEL; Ely (eel island); Jersey -(Cæsar’s isle); Olney (holly meadow); Odensee (Woden’s island or town -on the water); Whalsey (whale island, _hval_); Rona (St. Ronan’s -isle); Mageroe (scraggy island); Nordereys and Sudereys--from this -word Sudereys, the Bishop of Sodor and Man takes his title--(the north -and south isles), names given by the Norsemen to the Hebrides and the -Orkneys under their rule; Oesel (seal island); Oransay (the island -of St. Oran); Pabba and Papa (priest’s isle). The Papae or Christian -anchorites came from Ireland and the west of Scotland to Orkney and -Shetland, and traces of them were found in Iceland on its discovery -by the Norsemen, hence probably such names as Pappa and Crimea (the -island of the Cymri or Cimmerians); Morea (the mulberry-shaped island); -Shapinsay (the isle of Hjalpand, a Norse Viking); Faröe (the sheep -islands--_faar_, Scand.); Faroe, also in Sweden; but Farr, a parish in -the north of Scotland, is from _faire_, Gael. a watch or sentinel, from -a chain of watch-towers which existed there in former times; Staffa -(the island of the staves or columns, Scand. _stav_); Athelney (the -island of the nobles); Bressay, Norse _Bardie’s ay_ (giant’s island); -Bardsey (the bard’s island), the last retreat of the Welsh bards; -Femoe (cattle island); Fetlar, anc. _Fedor’s-oe_ (Theodore’s island); -Romney (marsh island), Gael. _Rumach_; Sheppey, A.S. _Sceapige_ -(sheep island); Langeoog (long island); Oeland (water land); Torsay -(the island with conical hills, _torr_); Chertsey, A.S. _Ceortes-ige_ -(Ceorot’s island); Lingley (heathery island), _ling_, Norse (heather); -Muchelney (large island); Putney, A.S. _Puttanige_ (Putta’s isle); -Thorney (thorny island), but its more ancient name was _Ankerige_, from -an anchorite who dwelt in a cell in the island. - -[Sidenote: EADAR, EDAR (Cel.), between, -ENTRE (Fr., Span., and Port.), -INTER (Lat.),] - -_e.g._ Eddertoun, Co. Ross (between hills)--_v._ DUNE; Eddra-chillis, -_i.e._ _Eadar da Chaolas_ (between two firths), Co. Sutherland; -Killederdaowen, in Galway, _i.e._ _Coill-eder-da-abhainn_ (the -wood between two rivers); and Killadrown, King’s County, with -the same meaning; Cloonederowen, Galway (the meadow between two -rivers); Ballydarown (the townland between two rivers). In France: -Entre-deux-mers (between two seas); Entrevaux (between valleys); -Entre-rios (between streams), in Spain; Entre-Douro-e-Minho (between -these rivers), in Portugal; Interlacken (between lakes), in Switzerland. - -[Sidenote: EAGLAIS (Gadhelic), -EGLWYS (Cym.-Cel.), -ILIZ (Armoric), -EGYHAZ (Hung.),] - -a church. These and synonymous words in the Romance languages are -derived from Lat. _ecclesia_, and that from the Grk. ὲκκλησια (an -assembly); _e.g._ Eccles, a parish and suburb of Manchester, also the -name of two parishes in Berwickshire; Eccleshall, in Staffordshire, -so called because the bishops of Lichfield formerly had a palace -there; Eccleshill (church hill), in Yorkshire; Eccleston (church -town), in Lancashire; Ecclesmachan (the church of St. Machan), in -Linlithgow; Eaglesham (the hamlet at the church), Co. Renfrew; -Ecclescraig or Ecclesgrieg (the church of St. Gregory or Grig), -in Kincardine; Eglishcormick (St. Cormac’s church), Dumfries; -Ecclescyrus (of St. Cyrus), in Fife; Lesmahago, Co. Lanark, corrupt. -from _Ecclesia-Machuti_ (the church of St. Machute, who is said to -have settled there in the sixth century); Carluke, in Lanarkshire, -corrupt. from _Eccles-maol-Luke_ (the church of the servant of St. -Luke); Terregles, anc. _Traver-eglys_ (church lands), Gael. _treabhair_ -(houses), in Kirkcudbright. In Wales: Eglwys Fair (St. Mary’s -church); Hen-eglwys (old church); Aglish and Eglish (the church), -the names of parishes in Ireland; Aglishcloghone (the church of the -stepping-stones); Iglesuela (little church), in Spain; Fèhér eghaz -(white church), in Hungary. In France: Eglise-aux-bois (the church -in the woods); Eglise neuve (new church); Eglisolles, Eliçaberry, -and Eliçaberria (the church in the plain). Such names as Aylesford, -Aylsworth, Aylesby, etc., may be derived from _eglwys_ or _ecclesia_, -corrupted. - -[Sidenote: EAS, ESS, ESSIE (Gadhelic),] - -a waterfall; _e.g._ the R. Ness and Loch Ness (_i.e._ the river and -lake of the Fall of Foyers); Essnambroc (the waterfall of the badger); -Essmore (the great waterfall); Doonass (_i.e._ Irish _Dun easa_ (the -fort of the cataract), on the Shannon; Caherass, in Limerick, with the -same meaning; Pollanass (the pool of the waterfall); Fetteresso, in -Kincardine (the uncultivated land, _fiadhair_, near the waterfall); -Edessa, in Turkey, seems to derive its name from the same root, -as its Sclavonic name is _Vodena_, with the same meaning; Edessa, -in Mesopotamia, is on the R. Daisan; Portessie (the port of the -waterfall), Banff. - -[Sidenote: EBEN (Ger.),] - -a plain; _e.g._ Ebenried and Ebenrinth (the cleared plain); Ebnit (on -the plain); Breite-Ebnit (broad plain); Holzeben (woody plain). - -[Sidenote: ECKE, or EGG (Teut. and Scand.), -VIG (Gadhelic),] - -a nook or corner; _e.g._ Schönegg (beautiful nook); Eckdorf (corner -village); Eggberg (corner hill); Reinecke (the Rhine corner); Randecke -(the corner of the point, _rand_); Vilseek (at the corner of the -R. Vils); Wendecken (the corner of the Wends or Sclaves); Edgcott -(the corner hut); Wantage, Co. Berks (Wanta’s corner), on the edge -of a stream; Stevenage, Co. Herts (Stephen’s corner); Gourock (the -goal’s corner); Landeck, in the Tyrol (at the meeting or corner of -three roads); Nigg, Gael. _N-uig_ (at the corner), a parish in Co. -Kincardine, and also in Ross and Cromarty; Haideck (heath corner), in -Bavaria. - -[Sidenote: EGER (Hung.),] - -the alder-tree; _e.g._ the R. Eger with the town of the same name. - -[Sidenote: EILEAN (Gadhelic), -EALAND (A.S.), -EYLANDT (Dutch), -INSEL (Ger.),] - -an island, cognate with the Lat. _insula_. The Gaelic word is generally -applied to smaller islands than _innis_; _e.g._ _Eilean-sgiathach_ -or Skye (the winged island); Eilean-dunan (the isle of the small -fort); Eilean-na-goibhre (of the goats); Eilean-na-monach (of the -monks); Eilean-na-Clearach (of the clergy); Eilean-na-naoimbh (of the -saints), often applied to Ireland; _Eilean-nam-Muchad_ or Muck (the -island of pigs), in the Hebrides; Flannan, in the Hebrides, _i.e._ -_Eilean-an-Flannan_ (of St. Flannan); Groote Eylandt (great island), -off the coast of Australia; Rhode Island, in the United States, Dutch -(_red_ island), or, according to another interpretation, so named from -its fancied resemblance in form to the island of Rhodes. - -[Sidenote: EISEN (Ger.),] - -iron; _e.g._ Eisenstadt (iron town); Eisenach, in Germany (on a river -impregnated with iron); Eisenberg (iron hill fort), in Germany; -Eisenburg (iron town), Hung. _Vasvar_, in Hungary; Eisenirz (iron ore), -on the Erzberg Mountains; Eisenschmidt (iron forge), in Prussia. - -[Sidenote: ELF (Goth.), -ELV,] - -a river; _e.g._ Alf, Alb, Elbe, Elben, river names; Laagenelv (the -river in the hollow); Dol-elf (valley river); Elbing, a town on a river -of the same name. - -[Sidenote: ENAGH, or ÆNAGH (Irish),] - -an assembly of people, such as were held in old times by the Irish -at the burial mounds, and in modern times applied to a cattle fair; -_e.g._ Nenagh, in Tipperary, anc. _’n-Ænach-Urmhumhan_ (the assembly -meeting-place of Ormund), the definite article _n_ having been -added to the name--this place is still celebrated for its great -fairs; Ballinenagh, Ballineanig, Ballynenagh (the town of the fair); -Ardanlanig (the height of the fair); Monaster-an-enagh (the monastery -at the place of meeting). But this word is not to be confounded with -_eanach_ (a watery place or marsh), found under such forms as _enagh_ -and _annagh_, especially in Ulster. Thus Annabella, near Mallow, is in -Irish _Eanachbile_ (the marsh of the old tree); Annaghaskin (the marsh -of the eels). - -[Sidenote: ENDE (Teut.),] - -the end or corner; Ostend, in Belgium (at the west end of the canal -opening into the ocean); Ostend, in Essex (at the east end of the -land); Oberende (upper end); Süderende (the south corner); Endfelden -(the corner of the field), probably Enfield, near London. Purmerend (at -the end of the Purmer), a lake in Holland, now drained. - -[Sidenote: ENGE (Teut.),] - -narrow; _e.g._ Engberg (narrow hill); Engbrück (narrow bridge); -Engkuizen (the narrow houses). - -[Sidenote: ERBE (Ger.),] - -an inheritance or property; _e.g._ Erbstellen (the place of the -inheritance, or the inherited property); Erbhof (the inherited -mansion-house); Sechserben (the property or inheritance of the Saxons). - -[Sidenote: ERDE (Teut.),] - -cultivated land; _e.g._ Rotherde (red land); Schwarzenerde (black land). - -[Sidenote: ERLE (Ger.),] - -the alder-tree; _e.g._ Erla and Erlabeka (alder-tree stream); Erlangen -(the dwelling near alder-trees); Erlau, a town in Hungary, on the Erlau -(alder-tree river). - -[Sidenote: ERMAK (Turc.),] - -a river; _e.g._ Kizel-Ermack (red river); Jekil-Ermak (green river). - -[Sidenote: ESCHE (Old Ger.),] - -a common or sowed field; _e.g._ Summeresche, Winteresche (the field -sown in summer and winter); Brachesche (the field broken up for -tillage); Kaiseresche (the emperor’s common). For this word as an -affix, _v._ p. 5; as a prefix it signifies the ash-tree, as in the -Aschaff or ash-tree river; Aschaffenberg (the fortress on the Aschaff); -Eschach (ash-tree stream); Escheweiller (ash-tree town); Eschau -(ash-tree meadow). - -[Sidenote: ESGAIR (Welsh),] - -a long ridge; _e.g._ Esgair-hir (the long ridge); Esgair-yn-eira (the -snow ridge). - -[Sidenote: ESKI (Turc.),] - -old; _e.g._ Eski-djuma (old ditch). - -[Sidenote: ESPE, or ASPE (Ger.),] - -the poplar-tree; _e.g._ Aspach (a place abounding in poplars, or the -poplar-tree stream); Espenfield (the field of poplars); Aspenstadt (the -station of poplars)--_v._ AESP, p. 5. - -[Sidenote: ESTERO (Span.),] - -a marsh or salt creek; _e.g._ Estero-Santiago (St. James’s marsh); -Los-Esteros (the salt creeks), in South America. - -[Sidenote: ETAN, TANA (Basque),] - -a district, with the same meaning as the Cel. _tan_, Latinised -_tania_; _e.g._ Aquitania (the district of the waters); Mauritania (of -the Moors); Lusitania (the ancient name of Portugal). This root-word -enters into the name of Britain, according to Taylor--_v._ _Words and -Places_. - -[Sidenote: EUDAN, or AODANN (Gadhelic),] - -the forehead--in topography, the front or brow of a hill; _e.g._ -Edenderry (the hill-brow of the oak-wood); Edenkelly (the front of the -wood); Ednashanlaght (the hill-brow of the old sepulchre); Edenmore -(the great hill-brow); Edina (one of the ancient names of Edinburgh). - -[Sidenote: EVES (A.S.),] - -a margin; _e.g._ Evedon (on the brink of the hill); Evesbatch (the -brink of the brook); Evesham (the dwelling on the bank of the River -Avon, in Worcester, or the dwelling of Eoves, a shepherd, afterwards -made Bishop of Worcester). - - - F - -[Sidenote: FAGUS (Lat.),] - -a beech-tree; _Fagetum_, a place planted with beeches; _e.g._ La Fage, -Le Faget, Fayet, Les Faus, Faumont, in France. - -[Sidenote: FAHR, FUHR (Teut. and Scand.),] - -a way or passage--from _fahren_, to go; _e.g._ Fahrenhorst (the -passage at the wood); Fahrenbach, Fahrwasser (the passage over -the water); Fahrwangen (the field at the ferry); Rheinfahr (the -passage over the Rhine); Langefahr (long ferry); Niederfahr (lower -ferry); Vere or Campvere, in Holland (the ferry leading to Kampen); -Ferryby (the town of the Ferry), in Yorkshire; Broughty-Ferry, in -Fife (the ferry near a _brough_ or castle, the ruins of which still -remain); Ferry-Port-on-Craig (the landing-place on the rock, opposite -Broughty-Ferry); Queensferry, West Lothian, named from Queen Margaret; -Connal-Ferry (the ferry of the raging flood), _confhath-tuil_, in -Argyleshire; Fareham, Co. Hants (the dwelling at the ferry). - -[Sidenote: FALU, or FALVA (Hung.),] - -a village; _e.g._ Uj-falu (new village); Olah-falu (the village of -the Wallachians or Wallochs, a name which the Germans applied to -the Sclaves); Hanus-falva (John’s village); Ebes-falva (Elizabeth’s -village), Ger. _Elizabeth-stadt_; Szombat-falva (the village at which -the Saturday market was held); Balars-falva (the village of Blaise); -Bud-falva (the village of Buda). - -[Sidenote: FANUM (Lat.),] - -a temple; _e.g._ Fano, in Italy, anc. _Fanum-Fortunæ_ (the temple -of fortune), built here by the Romans to commemorate the defeat of -Asdrubal on the Metaurus; Famars, anc. _Fanum-Martis_ (the temple -of Mars); Fanjeaux, anc. _Fanum-Jovis_ (of Jove); St. Dié, anc. -_Fanum-Deodati_ (the temple of Deodatus, Bishop of Nevers); St. -Dezier, anc. _Fanum-Desiderii_ (the temple of St. Desiderius); -Florent-le-Vieul, anc. _Fanum-Florentii_ (of St. Florentius); St. -Flour, _Fanum-Flori_ (of St. Florus). - -[Sidenote: FARR (Norse),] - -a sheep. This word seems to have given names to several places in the -north of Scotland, as affording good pasture for sheep; _e.g._ Farr, a -parish in Sutherlandshire); Farra, Faray, islands in the Hebrides and -Orkneys; Fare, a hill in Aberdeenshire. - -[Sidenote: FEARN (Gadhelic), -FAUR, or VAUR (great)--_v._ MAUR,] - -the alder-tree; _e.g._ Fernagh, Farnagh, and Ferney (a place abounding -in alder-trees), in Ireland; Glenfarne (alder-tree valley); Ferns, Co. -Wexford, anc. _Fearna_ (the place of alders); Gortnavern (the field of -alders); Farney, Co. Monaghan, corrupt. from _Fearn-mhagh_ (alder-tree -plain); Altanfearn (the little stream of alders); Sronfearn (the point -of alders)--_v._ p. 178; Fearns (the alder-trees), in Ross-shire; -Fearn, also in Forfar; Ferney, on the Lake of Geneva, probably with -same meaning as Ferney in Ireland. - -[Sidenote: FEHER (Hung.),] - -white; Szekes-Fehervar, Ger. _Stulweissenburg_ (the throne of the white -fortress). - -[Sidenote: FEKETE (Hung.),] - -black; _e.g._ Fekete-halam (black hill). - -[Sidenote: FEL (Hung.),] - -upper, in opposition to _al_, lower; _e.g._ Felsovaros (upper town); -Alvaros (lower town). - -[Sidenote: FELD, or VELD (Teut.),] - -a plain or field; lit. a place where trees had been felled; _e.g._ -Feldham (field dwelling); Feldberg (field fortress); Bassevelde, in -Belgium (low plain); Gurkfeld (cucumber field); Leckfeld, Rhinfeld (the -plain of the Rivers Leck and Rhine); Great Driffield, in Yorkshire -(dry field); Huddersfield, in Doomsday _Oderesfeld_, from a personal -name; Macclesfield (the field of St. Michael’s church); Sheffield, on -the R. Sheaf; Mansfield, on the R. Mann; Lichfield, Co. Stafford (the -field of corpses), A.S. _Licenfelt_, where, according to tradition, -a great slaughter of the Christians took place in the reign of -Diocletian; Wakefield (the field by the wayside, _waeg_); Spitalfields, -(_i.e._ the fields near the hospital or place of entertainment), Lat. -_hospitalium_. There is a watering-place near Berwick called Spital, -also a suburb of Aberdeen called the Spital; Smithfield, in London, is -a corruption of _Smethfield_ (smooth field); Beaconsfield, Berks, so -called from having been built on a height on which beacon fires were -formerly lighted); Coilsfield, in Ayrshire (the field of Coilus or King -Coil). There is a large mound near it said to mark the site of his -grave. - -[Sidenote: FELL, FIALL, or FJELD (Scand.), -FEL, FELSEN (Ger.),] - -a high mountain or mountain range; _e.g._ Dovrefeld (the gloomy -mountains); Donnersfeld (the mountain range of thunder or of Thor); -Snafel, Iceland, and Sneefell, in the Isle of Man (snow mountain); -Blaefell (blue mountain); Drachenfells (the dragon’s rock); Weissenfels -(the white rock); Rothenfels (red rock); Scawfell (the mountain of -the _scaw_ or promontory); Hartfell (of harts); Hestfell (of the -steed); Lindenfels (of the linden-tree); Lichtenfels (the mountain of -light), a Moravian settlement in Greenland; Fitful Head, corrupt. from -_fitfioll_ (the hill with the promontory running into the sea), Old -Norse _fit_--in Shetland; Falaise, in France, a promontory, derived -from the Ger. _fell_; Fellentin (the fort, _dun_, on the rock), in -France; Souter-fell, Cumberland; Saudfjeld, Norway; Saudafell, in -Iceland (sheep hill), from Old Norse _sauder_, a sheep; perhaps Soutra -Hill, in Mid-Lothian, may come from the same word; Criffel (the craggy -rock), Dumfries; Felza, Felsbach (rocky stream), in France; Felsberg -(rock fortress), in Germany; Goat-fell, in Arran, Gael. _Gaoth-ceann_ -(the windy point), to which the Norsemen added their _fell_. - -[Sidenote: FENN (Ger.), -VEN, or VEEN (Dutch), -FEN (A.S.),] - -a marsh; _e.g._ the Fenns or marshy lands; Fen-ditton (the enclosed -town on the marsh); Fenny-Stratford (the ford on the Roman road, -_strat_, in the marshy land); Fenwick, Fenton, Finsbury (the town -or enclosed place on the marsh); Venloo, in Belgium (the place in -the marsh); Veenhof, Veenhusen (dwellings in the marsh); Houtveen -(woody marsh); Diepenveen (deep marsh); Zutphen, in Holland (the -south marsh); Ravenna, in Italy, called _Pludosa_ (the marshy). It -was originally built in a lagoon, on stakes, like Venice; Venice, -named from the _Veneti_, probably marsh dwellers; Vannes, in France, -and La Vendée, may be from the same word, although others derive the -names from _venna_ (a fisherman), others from _gwent_, Cel. (the fair -plain); Finland (the land of marshes). The natives call themselves -_Suomilius_, from _suoma_ (a marsh). _Fang_ in German and Dutch names, -and _faing_ in French names, are sometimes used instead of fenn--as in -Zeefang (lake marsh); Aalfang (eel marsh); Habechtsfang (hawk’s marsh); -Faing-du-buisson, Dom-faing, etc., in the valleys of the Vosges. - -[Sidenote: FERN, or FARN (Teut.),] - -the fern; _e.g._ Ferndorf, Farndon, Farnham, Farnborough (dwellings -among ferns); Farnhurst (fern thicket); Ferndale (fern valley); -Farringdon (fern hill); Fernruit (a place cleared of ferns). - -[Sidenote: FERT, FERTA (Gadhelic),] - -a grave or trench; _e.g._ Farta, Ferta, and Fartha (_i.e._ the graves); -Fertagh and Fartagh (the place of graves); Moyarta, in Clare, Irish -_Magh-fherta_ (the field of the graves); Fortingall, in Perthshire, is -supposed to have derived its name from this word, _Feart-na-gall_ (the -grave of the strangers), having been the scene of many bloody battles. - -[Sidenote: LA FERTE,] - -contracted from the French _La fermeté_, from the Lat. _firmitas_ -(strength), applied in topography to a stronghold; _e.g._ La Ferté -Bernardi (Bernard’s stronghold); Ferté-freshal, from _Firmitas -Fraxinelli_ (the stronghold of little ash-trees); La Ferté, in Nièvre -and in Jura, etc. - -[Sidenote: FESTE (Ger.), -VESTING (Dutch), -FAESTUNG (Scand.),] - -a fortress; _e.g._ Altefeste (high fortress); Franzenfeste (the -fortress of the Franks); Festenburg (the town of the fortress); -Ivanich-festung (John’s fortress), in Croatia. - -[Sidenote: FEUCHT (Ger.), -VOICHTIG (Dutch),] - -moist, marshy; _e.g._ Feuchtwang (the marshy field), in Bavaria, -formerly called _Hudropolis_, in Greek, with the same meaning; Feucht -(the damp place), also in Bavaria; Viecht-gross and Viecht-klein (the -great and little damp place), in Bavaria. - -[Sidenote: LES FÈVES (Fr.),] - -beans, Lat. _faba_, from which come such places in France as La -Favière, Favières, Faverage, Favray, Faverelles, etc. - -[Sidenote: FICHTE (Ger.),] - -the pine-tree; _e.g._ Schoenfichten (the beautiful pine-trees); -Finsterfechten (the dark pine-trees); Fichthorst (pine-wood); Feichheim -(a dwelling among pines). In topography, however, it is difficult to -distinguish this word from _feucht_ (damp). - -[Sidenote: FIN, FIONN (Gadhelic),] - -fair, white, Welsh _gwynn_; _e.g._ Findrum (white ridge); _Fionn-uisge_ -(the clear water). The Phœnix Park, in Dublin, was so called from -a beautiful spring well on the grounds; Findlater (the fair slope, -_leiter_); Fingart (fair field); Finnow, Finnan, and Finglass (fair -stream); Finglen (fair glen); Knockfin (fair hill); Loch Fyne (clear -or beautiful lake); Fintray, in Aberdeenshire; Fintry, in Stirling -(fair strand, _traigh_); Ventry, Co. Kerry, _i.e._ _Fionn-traigh_ (fair -strand); Finnow (the fair stream). - -[Sidenote: FIORD, or FJORD (Scand.),] - -a creek or inlet formed by an arm of the sea, Anglicised _ford_, or in -Scotland _firth_; _e.g._ Selfiord (herring creek); Laxfiord (salmon -creek); Hvalfiord (whale creek); Lymefiord (muddy creek); Skagafiord -(the inlet of the promontory, _skagi_); Halsfiord (the bay of the neck -or _hals_, _i.e._ the narrow passage); Waterford, named by the Danes -_Vadre-fiord_ (the fordable part of the bay)--the Irish name of the -town was _Port-lairge_ (the port of the thigh), from its form; Wexford -(the western creek or inlet), also named by the Danes _Flekkefiord_ -(the flat inlet)--its Irish name was _Inverslanie_ (at the mouth of -the Slaney); Strangford Lough (_i.e._ the loch of the strong _fiord_); -Carlingford, in Irish _Caerlinn_, the _fiord_ having been added by -the Danes; Vaeringefiord, in Norway (the inlet of the Varangians or -Warings); Breidafiord (broad inlet), in Ireland; Haverford, probably -from Scand. _havre_ (oats). - -[Sidenote: FLECKE (Teut. and Scand.),] - -a spot or level place, hence a hamlet; _e.g._ Flegg, East and West, in -Norfolk; Fleckney (the flat island); Fletton (flat town); Pfaffenfleck -(the priest’s hamlet); Amtsfleck (the amptman’s hamlet); Schœnfleck -(beautiful hamlet); Marktflecten (the market village); Fladda, -Flatholme, Fleckeroe (flat island); Fladstrand (flat strand). - -[Sidenote: FLEOT, FLIEZ (Teut.), -VLIET (Dutch),] - -a flush of water, a channel or arm of the sea on which vessels may -float; _e.g._ Fleet (a river name), in Kirkcudbright; Fleet Loch; -Swinefleet (Sweyn’s channel); Saltfleetby (the dwelling on the salt -water channel); Shalfleet (shallow channel); Depenfleth (deep channel); -Adlingfleet (the channel of the Atheling or noble); Ebbfleet, a place -which was a port in the twelfth century, but is now half a mile from -the shore; Purfleet, Co. Essex, anc. _Pourteflete_ (the channel of the -port); Fleetwood (the wood on the channel of the R. Wyre); Mühlfloss -(mill channel); Flushing, in Holland, corrupt. from _Vliessengen_ -(the town on the channel of the R. Scheldt). In Normandy this kind -of channel takes the form of _fleur_, _e.g._ Barfleur (the summit or -projection on the channel); Harfleur or Havrefleur (the harbour on -the channel); Biervliet (the fruitful plain on the channel). _Flad_ -as a prefix sometimes signifies a place liable to be flooded, as -Fladbury, Fledborough. The Lat. _flumen_ (a flowing stream) is akin -to these words, along with its derivations in the Romance languages: -thus Fiume (on the river), a seaport in Croatia, at the mouth of the -R. Fiumara; Fiumicina, a small seaport at the north mouth of the -Tiber; Fiume-freddo (the cold stream), in Italy and Sicily; Flims, in -Switzerland, Lat. _Ad-flumina_ (at the streams); Fiume-della Fine, near -Leghorn, is a corrupt. of its ancient name, _Ad-Fines_ (the river at -the boundary). - -[Sidenote: FÖLD (Hung.),] - -land; _e.g._ Földvar (land fortress); Alfold (low land); Felföld (high -land); Szekel-föld (the land of the Szeklers); Havasel-föld (the land -beyond the mountains), which is the Hungarian name for Wallachia. - -[Sidenote: FONS (Lat.), -FONTE (It. and Port.), -FONT, FONTAINE (Fr.), -FUENTE, and HONTANA (Span.), -FUARAN and UARAN (Gadhelic), -FFYNNON (Cym.-Cel.),] - -a fountain, a well; _e.g._ Fontainebleau, corrupt. from -_Fontaine-de-belle-eau_ (the spring of beautiful water); Fontenoy -(the place of the fountain); Fontenay (the place of the fountain); -Les Fontaines, Fontanas (the fountains); Fontenelles (the little -fountains); Fontevrault, Lat. _Fons-Ebraldi_ (the well of St. -Evrault); Fuente (the fountain), the name of several towns in -Spain; Fuencaliente (the warm fountain); Fuensagrada (holy -well); Fuente-el-fresna (of the ash-tree); Fuente-alamo (of the -poplar); Fontarabia, Span. _Fuentarrabia_, corrupt. from the Lat. -_Fons-rapidans_ (the swift-flowing spring); Fuenfrido (cold fountain); -Fossano, in Italy, Lat. _Fons-sanus_ (the healing fountain); Hontanas, -Hontanares, Hontananza, Hontangas (the place of springs), in Spain; -Hontomin (the fountain of the R. Omino), in Spain; Pinos-fuente -(pine-tree fountain), in Granada; Saint-fontaine, in Belgium, corrupt. -from _Terra-de-centum fontanis_ (the land of the hundred springs); Spa, -in Belgium, corrupt. from _Espa_ (the fountain)--its Latin name was -_Fons-Tungrorum_ (the well of the Tungri); Fonthill (the hill of the -spring). The town of Spalding, Co. Lincoln, is said to have derived -its name from a _spa_ of mineral water in the market-place. The Celtic -_uaran_ or _fuaran_ takes the form of _oran_ in Ireland: thus Oranmore -(the great fountain near a holy well); Knock-an-oran (the hill of -the well); Ballynoran (the town of the well); Tinoran, corrupt. from -_Tigh-an-uarain_ (the dwelling at the well); Foveran, in Aberdeenshire, -took its name from a spring, _fuaran_, at Foveran Castle; Ffynon-Bed -(St. Peter’s well), in Wales. - -[Sidenote: FORD (A.S.), -FURT, or FURTH (Ger.), -VOORD (Dutch),] - -a shallow passage over a river; _e.g._ Bradford (the broad ford), in -Yorkshire, on the R. Aire; Bedford, _Bedican ford_ (the protected -ford), on the Ouse; Brentford, on the R. Brenta; Chelmsford, on the -Chelmer; Camelford, on the Camel; Charford (the ford of Ceredic); -Aylesford (of Ægle); Hacford and Hackfurth (of Haco); Guildford (of the -guilds or trading associations); Hungerford, corrupt. from _Ingle ford_ -(corner ford); Oxford, Welsh _Rhyd-ychen_ (ford for oxen); Ochsenfurt, -in Bavaria, and probably the Bosphorus, with the same meaning; Hertford -(the hart’s ford); Hereford (the ford of the army), or more probably -a mistranslation of its Celtic name, _Caer-ffawydd_ (the town of the -beech-trees); Horsford, Illford, and Knutsford (the fords of Horsa, -Ella, and Canute). Canute had crossed this ford before gaining a great -battle; Watford (the ford on Watling Street); Milford, the translation -of _Rhyd-y-milwr_ (the ford of the Milwr), a small brook that flows -into the haven; Haverford West--_v._ HAVN--the Welsh name is _Hwlfford_ -(the sailing way, _fford_), so called because the tide comes up to the -town; Tiverton, anc. _Twyford_ (the town on the two fords); Stamford, -A.S. _Stanford_ (stony ford), on the Welland; _Stoney Stratford_ (the -stony ford on the Roman road); Stafford, anc. _Statford_ (the ford at -the station, or a ford crossed by staffs or stilts); Crayford, on the -R. Cray; but Crawford, in Lanarkshire, is corrupt. from _Caerford_ -(castle ford); Wallingford, anc. _Gual-hen_, Latinised _Gallena_ (the -old fort at the ford); Thetford, anc. _Theodford_ (the people’s ford), -on the R. Thet; Dartford, on the R. Darent; Bideford, in Devonshire -(by the ford); Furth and Pforten (the fords), in Prussia; Erfurt, in -Saxony, anc. _Erpisford_ (the ford of Erpe); Hohenfurth (the high -ford), Bohemia; Frankfort, on the Maine and on the Oder (the ford of -the Franks); Quernfurt and Velvorde (the fords of the Rivers Quern and -Wolowe); Steenvoord (stony ford); Verden, in Hanover (at the ford of -the R. Aller). - -[Sidenote: FORS, FOSS (Scand.),] - -a waterfall; _e.g._ High-force, Low-force, on the R. Tees; Skogar-foss -(the waterfall on the promontory), in Ireland; Wilberforce, in -Yorkshire (the cascade of Wilbera); Sodorfors (the south cascade), in -Sweden; Foston (the town of the waterfall). - -[Sidenote: FORST, VORST (Teut.),] - -a wood; _e.g._ Forst-lohn (the path through the wood); Forst-bach -(forest brook); Eichenforst (oak forest); Forstheim (forest dwelling). - -[Sidenote: FORT,] - -a stronghold; from the Lat. _fortis_, strong--akin to the Irish -_Longphorth_ (a fortress), and the French _La Ferté_, abridged from -_fermeté_--_v._ p. 79; _e.g._ Rochefort (the rock fortress); Fort -Augustus, named after the Duke of Cumberland; Fort-George (after -George II.); Fort-William, anc. _Inverlochy_ (at the mouth of the -lake), and surnamed after William III.; Fortrose (the fortress on the -promontory); Fort-Louis, in Upper Rhine, founded and named by Louis -XIV.; Charles-Fort, in Canada, named after Charles I. In Ireland the -town of Longford is called in the annals _Longphorth O’Farrell_ (the -fortress of the O’Farrells). This Irish word is sometimes corrupted, as -in _Lonart_ for _Longphorth_, and in Athlunkard for Athlongford (the -ford of the fortress). - -[Sidenote: FORUM (Lat.),] - -a market-place or place of assembly; _e.g._ Forli, anc. -_Forum-Livii_ (the forum of Livius), in Italy; Feurs, in France, -anc. _Forum-Segusianorum_ (the forum of the Segusiani); Forlimpopoli -(the forum of the people); Ferrara, anc. _Forum-Alieni_ (the -market-place of the foreigner); Fornova (new forum); Fossombrone, -anc. _Forum-Sempronii_ (of Sempronius); Fréjus and Friuli, anc. -_Forum-Julii_ (of Julius); Frontignan, anc. _Forum-Domitii_ (of -Domitius), also called _Frontiniacum_ (on the edge of the water); -Voorburg, in Holland, anc. _Forum-Hadriani_ (the market-place of -Hadrian); Klagenfurt, anc. _Claudii-Forum_ (the forum of Claudius); -Fordongianus, in Sardinia, anc. _Forum-Trajani_ (the forum of Trajan); -Forcassi, anc. _Forum-Cassii_ (of Cassius); Fiora, anc. _Forum-Aurelii_ -(of Aurelius); _Appii-Forum_ (of Appius); Marazion, in Cornwall, or -_Marketjeu_, Latinised by the Romans into _Forum-Jovis_ (the forum of -Jove or of God), resorted to in former times from its vicinity to the -sacred shrine of St. Michael. - -[Sidenote: FOSSE,] - -a ditch or trench dug around a fortified place, from the Lat. _fodio_, -to dig; _e.g._ Fosseway (the road near the trench); Foston (the town -with the trench or moat); Fosse, in Belgium; Fos, at the mouths of the -Rhone, anc. _Fossæ Marianæ Portus_ (the port of the trench or canal of -Marius). - -[Sidenote: FRANK (Ger.),] - -free, but in topography meaning belonging to the Franks; _e.g._ -Franconia (the district of the Franks); France, abridged from -_Frankreich_ (the kingdom of the Franks or freemen); Frankenthal -(the valley of the Franks); Frankenberg and Frankenfels (the hill and -rock of the Franks); Frankenburg and Frankenhausen (the dwellings -of the Franks); Frankenstein (the rock of the Franks); Frankenmarkt -(the market of the Franks); Ville-franche and Ville-franche sur Saone -(free town), in France; Villa-franca (free town), several in Italy; -Villa-franca (free town), in Spain. - -[Sidenote: FREI, or FREY (Ger.),] - -a privileged place, as also _freiheit_ (freedom); _e.g._ Freyburg and -Fribourg (the privileged city); Schloss-freiheit and Berg-freiheit -(the privileged castle); Oude-Vrijheid (the old privileged place), in -Holland; Freystadt, in Hungary, Grk. _Eleutheropolis_ (free city). - -[Sidenote: FRÊNE (Fr.), -FRASSINO (It.), -FRESNO (Span.), -FREIXO (Port.),] - -the ash-tree; _e.g._ Les Frênes, Les Fresnes (the ash-trees); Frenois, -Frenoit, Frenai, Frenay, Fresney (the place abounding in ash-trees), -in France; Frassinetto-di-Po (the ash-tree grove on the R. Po). - -[Sidenote: FREUDE (Ger.),] - -joy; _e.g._ Freudenthal (the valley of joy); Freudenstadt (the town of -joy). - -[Sidenote: FRIDE,] - -a hedge, from the Old Ger. word _vride_--akin to the Gael. _fridh_, -and the Welsh _fridd_ (a wood); _e.g._ Burgfried (the hedge of the -fortress); Friedberg, anc. _Vriduperg_ (a fortress surrounded by -a hedge); but Friedland, in East Prussia, Grk. _Irenopyrgos_ (the -tower of peace), is from _friede_, Ger. peace. The prefix _fried_ is -also sometimes a contraction for Frederick--thus Friedburg may mean -Frederick’s town. - -[Sidenote: FRITH, or FIRTH,] - -the navigable estuary of a river, akin to _fiord_ and the Lat. -_fretum_, a channel; _e.g._ the Firths of Forth, Tay, and Clyde; the -Solway Firth. This word Solway has had various derivations assigned to -it: one derivation is from the _Selgovæ_, a tribe; Ferguson suggests -the Old Norse word _sulla_, Eng. _sully_, from its turbid waters, -particularly as it was called in Leland’s _Itinera_ Sulway. I would -suggest the A.S. _sol_ (mire), as this channel is a miry slough at -low tide, and can be crossed on foot; Pentland Firth, corrupt. from -_Petland Fiord_ (the bay between the land of the Picts and the Orkneys). - -[Sidenote: FROU, FRAU (Ger.),] - -lord and lady; _e.g._ Froustalla (the lord or nobleman’s stall); -Frousthorp (the nobleman’s farm); Fraubrunnen (our lady’s well); -Frauenberg, Frauenburg, Fraustadt (our lady’s town); Frauenkirchen (our -lady’s church); Frauenfeld (our lady’s field). - -[Sidenote: FUL (A.S.),] - -dirty; _e.g._ Fulbeck, Fulbrook (dirty stream); Fulneck or _Fullanig_ -(dirty water); Fulham or Fullenham (either the dwelling on the miry -place or, according to another derivation, from _fügel_, a bird). - -[Sidenote: FÜRED (Hung.),] - -a bath or watering-place; _e.g._ Tisza-Füred (the watering-place on the -R. Theis or Tisza); Balaton-Füred, on Lake Balaton. - -[Sidenote: FURST (Ger.),] - -a prince or the first in rank; _e.g._ Furstenau, Furstenberg, -Furstenfeld, Furstenwald, Furstenwerder, Furstenzell (the meadow, hill, -field, wood, island, church, of the prince); but Furstberg means the -chief or highest hill. - - - G - -[Sidenote: GABEL (Teut.), -GABHAL, or GOUL (Gadhelic),] - -a fork, applied to river forks; _e.g._ Gabelbach (the forked stream); -Gabelhof (the court or dwelling at the forked stream), in Germany. In -Ireland: Goul, Gowel, and Gowl (the fork); Gola (forks); Addergoul, -Addergoule, and Edargoule, Irish _Eadar-dha-ghabhal_ (the place between -two river-prongs); Goule, in Yorkshire (on the fork of two streams). - -[Sidenote: GADEN (Ger.),] - -a cottage; _e.g._ Holzgaden (wood cottage); Steingaden (rock cottage). - -[Sidenote: GADR (Phœn.), -KARTHA, KIRJATH (Heb.),] - -an enclosure, a city, or fortified place, from _kir_, a wall; _e.g._ -Gades or Cadiz, anc. _Gadr_, in Spain; Carthage, anc. _Kartha-hadtha_ -(the new city, in opposition to Utica, the old); Carthagena (New -Carthage); Kirjath-Arba (the city of Arba, afterwards Hebron); -Kirjath-sepher (of the book); Kirjath-jearim (of forests); Kirjath-Baal -(Baal’s town); Kirjath-Sannah (of palms); Keriathaim (the double town); -Kir-Moab (the citadel of Moab); Cordova, in Spain, Phœn. _Kartha-Baal_ -(which may mean the city of Baal). - -[Sidenote: GAMA (Tamul),] - -a village; _e.g._ Alut-gama (new village), in Ceylon. - -[Sidenote: GANG (Ger.),] - -a narrow passage, either on land or by water; _e.g._ Birkengang (the -birch-tree pass); Strassgang (a narrow street); Gangbach (the passage -across the brook); Ganghofen (the dwelling at the ferry), on the R. -Roth, in Bavaria. - -[Sidenote: GANGA, or GUNGA (Sansc.),] - -a river; _e.g._ Borra Ganga or the Ganges (the great river); -Kishenganga (the black river); Neelganga (the blue river); Naraingunga -(the river of Naranyana or Vishnu); Ramgunga (Ram’s river). - -[Sidenote: GARBH (Gadhelic), -GARW (Cym.-Cel.),] - -rough; _e.g._ Rivers Gara, Garry, Garwe, Garwy, Owengarve, Garonne, -Garvault, Yair, Yarrow (rough stream); Garracloon (rough meadow); -Garroch head or Ard-Kingarth (the point of the rough headland), in -Bute; Garioch (the rough district), in Aberdeenshire. - -[Sidenote: GARENNE,] - -a word of Germanic or Celtic origin, from the Low Lat. _warenna_, and -that from the High Ger. _waran_ (to take precautions), had at first the -sense of a protected or guarded place, and more lately of a wood to -which was attached the exclusive right of the chase; _e.g._ La Garenne, -Garenne, Varenne, Varennes, Warennes, in various departments of France. - -[Sidenote: GARIEF (South Africa),] - -a river; _e.g._ Ky-garief (yellow river); Nu-garief (black river). - -[Sidenote: GARRDH (Gadhelic), GARDD (Cym.-Cel.),] - -a garden; _e.g._ Garryowen (Owen’s garden); Gairyard (high garden); -Ballingarry (the town of the garden); Garrane and Garrawn (the -shrubbery); Garranbane (white shrubbery). - -[Sidenote: GARTH (Welsh),] - -a hill; _e.g._ Tal-garth (the brow of the hill), in Brecknockshire; -Brecknock, named after Brychan, its king, who came from Ireland in the -sixth century. Its ancient name was _Garth-Madryn_ (the fox’s hill). - -[Sidenote: GARTH, GART (Teut. and Scand.), -GARRAD (Gadhelic), -GARRD, GARZ (Cym.-Cel.),] - -an enclosed place, either for plants or cattle, then a farm. It -is sometimes found in the form of _gort_ in Ireland and Scotland; -_e.g._ Garton (the enclosure or enclosed town); Applegarth (the apple -enclosure or farm); Hogarth (an enclosure for hay); Weingarten (an -enclosure for vines, or a vineyard); Stuttgart and Hestingaard (an -enclosure for horses); Nornigard (the sibyl’s dwelling, _norn_, a -prophetess); Fishgarth or Fishguard (the fisher’s farm), in Wales; -Noostigard (the farm at the _naust_ or ship station); in Shetland; -Smiorgard (butter farm); Prestgard (the priest’s farm); Yardley (the -enclosed meadow); Yardborough (the enclosed town); Gartan (little -field); Gordon, a parish in Berwickshire, corrupt. from _Goirtean_ -(little farm); Gartbane and Gortban (fair field); Gartfarran (the farm -at the fountain, _fuaran_); Gartbreck (spotted field); Gortnagclock -(the field of the stones); Gortreagh (gray field); Gortenure (the -field of the yew-tree); Oulart, in Ireland, corrupt. from _Abhalghort_ -(apple-field or orchard); Bugard (an enclosure for cattle), in -Shetland; Olligard (the farm or dwelling of Olaf), in Shetland; -Girthon, corrupt. from _Girthavon_ (the enclosure on the river), in -Kirkcudbright). On the other hand, _Garda_ or _Warda_ in French names -signified originally a fortified or protected place, from an old -Teutonic word _warta_; hence Gardere, Gardière, La Garderie, La Garde, -La Warde, etc. - -[Sidenote: GAT (Scand.), -GAEAT (A.S.), -GHAT (Sansc.),] - -an opening or passage; _e.g._ the Cattegat (the cat’s throat or -passage); Margate (the sea-gate or passage), anc. _Meregate_, there -having been formerly a _mere_ or lake here which had its influx -into the sea; Ramsgate (the passage of _Ruim_, the ancient name of -Thanet); Reigate, contraction from _Ridgegate_ (the passage through the -ridge); Yetholm (the valley at the passage or border between England -and Scotland, _yet_, Scot. a gate); Harrowgate, probably the passage -of the army, A.S. _here_, as it is situated near one of the great -Roman roads; Crossgates, a village in Fife (at the road crossings); -Ludgate did not derive its name from a certain King _Lud_, according -to popular tradition, but is an instance of tautology, there having -been an ancient A.S. word _hlid_ (a door), hence _Geathlid_ (a postern -gate)--_v._ BOSWORTH. In India the word _ghat_ is applied to a pass -between hills or mountains, as in the Ghauts (the two converging -mountain ranges); Sheergotta (the lion’s pass), between Calcutta and -Benares; and Geragaut (the horse’s pass), or to a passage across a -river, as well as to the flights of steps leading from a river to the -buildings on its banks. Thus Calcutta is _Kalikuti_ (the ghauts or -passes leading to the temple of the goddess Kali), on the R. Hoogly; -also Calicut, on the Malabar coast. - -[Sidenote: GAU, GOVIA (Ger.),] - -a district; _e.g._ Sundgau, Westgau, Nordgau (south, west, and north -district); Aargau, Rheingau, Thurgau (the districts watered by the -Rivers Aar, Rhine, and Thur); Schöengau (beautiful district); Wonnegau -(the district of delight); Hainault, Ger. _Hennegau_ (the district of -the R. Haine, and _ault_, the stream); Pinzgau (the district of rushes, -_binse_), in Tyrol; Oehringen or Oringowe (the district of the R. Ohr). - -[Sidenote: GEBEL, or DJEBEL (Ar.),] - -a mountain; _e.g._ Gebel-Kattarin, in Sinai (St. Catharine’s -mountain), where, according to tradition, the body of St. Catharine -was transported from Alexandria; Djebel-Mousa (the mountain of Moses), -in Horeb; Djebel-Nimrod (of Nimrod), in Armenia; Jebel-Khal (black -mount), in Africa; Gibraltar, Ar. _Gebel-al-Tarik_ (the mountain of -Tarik, a Moor, who erected a fort on the rock of Calpe, A.D. 711); -Jebel-Libnan or Lebanon (the white mountain), supposed to be so called -because covered with snow during a great part of the year; Gebel-Oomar -(the mountain of Omar); Gibel-el-Faro (the mountain with the -lighthouse), near Malaga; _Djebel-es-Sheikh_ (the mount of the sheik -or shah, _i.e._ of the king), the Arabian name for Mount Hermon--_v._ -INDEX. - -[Sidenote: GEESTE (Ger.),] - -barren land; _e.g._ Gaste, Geist, Geeste (the barren land); Geestefeld -(barren field); Holzengeist (the barren land in the wood); Nordergast, -Middelgast (the northern and middle barren land). - -[Sidenote: GEISE (Ger.),] - -a goat; _e.g._ Geisa and Geisbach (the goat’s stream); Geismar (rich in -goats); Geiselhoring, Geisenhausen, Geisenheim (the goat’s dwelling); -Geisberg (goat’s hill). - -[Sidenote: GEMENDE (Ger.),] - -a common; _e.g._ Gmeind (the common); Petersgemeinde (Peter’s common); -Gemeindmühle (the mill on the common). - -[Sidenote: GEMUND (Ger.),] - -a river-mouth or a confluence; _e.g._ Neckargemund (at the mouth of the -R. Neckar); Saaregemund (at the conf. of the R. Saare and the Belise); -Gmünd, in Wurtemberg (at the conf. of the two streams); Gemund and -Gemunden, in various parts of Germany. In Holland this word takes the -form of _monde_, as in Roermonde and Dendermonde (at the mouths of the -Roer and Dender); Emden, in Hanover, is a corrupt. of _Emsmünder_ (at -the conf. of the Ems and a small stream). - -[Sidenote: GEN,] - -an abbreviated form of _magen_ or _megen_, the Teutonic form for the -Cel. _magh_ (a field)--_qu. v._; _e.g._ Remagen or Rhemmaghen (the -field on the Rhine); Nimeguen, for _Novio-magus_ (the new field); -Schleusingen (the field or plain of the R. Schleuse); Munchingen (the -field of the monks); Beverungen, on the R. Bever; Meiningen (the great -field or plain), in the valley of the R. Wara. - -[Sidenote: GEN, GENAU (Cel.),] - -a mouth or opening; _e.g._ Llanfihangel-genaur’-glyn (the church of -the angel at the mouth of the glen), in Wales; Genappe and Gennep (the -mouth of the water, _abh_); Geneva (either the opening or mouth of the -water, or the head, _ceann_, of the water, where the Rhone proceeds -from the lake); Genoa, probably with the same meaning; Ghent or Gend, -at the conf. of the Scheldt and Lys, may also mean at the mouth of the -rivers, although, according to tradition, it acquired its name from a -tribe of Vandals, the _Gandani_, and was called in the ninth century -_Gandavum-vicum_, from the name of its inhabitants. - -[Sidenote: GENT,] - -in French topography, beautiful; _e.g._ Gentilly, anc. _Gentiliacum_ -(the place of beautiful waters), on the Bièvre--_v._ OEUIL; Nogent -(beautiful meadow). - -[Sidenote: GERICHT (Ger.),] - -a court of justice; _e.g._ Gerichtsbergen (the hill of the court of -justice); Gerichtstetten (the station of the court of justice). - -[Sidenote: GHAR (Ar.),] - -a cave; _e.g._ Garbo (the cave), in Malta; Trafalgar, _i.e._ -_Taraf-al-gar_ (the promontory of the cave). - -[Sidenote: GHAR, GHUR, or GORE (Sansc.), -NAGAR, a city,] - -a fort; _e.g._ Ahmednaghar (the fort of Ahmed); Ramghur (of Ram); -Kishenagur (of Krishna); Furracknagur (of Furrack); Moradnagur (of -Morad); Jehanagur (of Jehan); Allighur (of Allah or of God); Bisnaghur -(triumphant fort); Futtegur (fort of victory); Deoghur (God’s fort); -Neelgur (blue fort); Seringagur (the fort of abundance); Chandernagore -(the fort of the moon); Haidernagur (of Hyder Ali); Bissengur (the fort -of Vishnu); Chunarghur (the fort of the district of Chunar). - -[Sidenote: GHARI, or GHERRY (Sansc.),] - -a mountain; _e.g._ Ghaur, a mountainous district in Affghanistan; -Boughir (the woody mountain); Kistnagherry (Krishna’s mountain); -Rutnagiri (the mountain of rubies); Chandgherry (of the moon); -Shevagherry (of Siva); Neilgherries (the blue mountains); Dhawalageri -(the white mountain), being the highest peak of the Himalayas. - -[Sidenote: GILL, GJA (Scand.),] - -a ravine; _e.g._ Buttergill, Horisgill, Ormsgill, Thorsgill, etc. -(ravines in the Lake District named after Norse leaders); Hrafngia (the -ravens’ ravine, or of Hrafan, a Norse leader); Almanna-gja (Allman’s -ravine), in Iceland. The Hebrew _gäe_ (a ravine) answers in meaning -to this word, as in Ge-Hinnom (the ravine of the children of Hinnom), -corrupt. to _Gehenna_. This word, in the form of _goe_, is applied -to a small bay, _i.e._ a ravine which admits the sea, as in Redgoe, -Ravengoe, in the north of Scotland. - -[Sidenote: GLAISE (Gadhelic),] - -a small stream; _e.g._ Glasaboy (the yellow stream); Tullyglush (hill -stream); Glasheena (abounding in small streams); Douglas, _i.e._ -_Dubhglaise_ (the black stream), frequent in Ireland and Scotland; -Douglas, in the Isle of Man, is on the R. Douglas; also the name of a -parish and village in Lanarkshire, from which the Douglas family derive -their name. Glasheenaulin (the beautiful little stream), in Co. Cork; -Ardglashin (the height of the rivulet), in Cavan. - -[Sidenote: GLAN (Cym.-Cel.),] - -a shore, a brink, a side; _e.g._ Glan-yr-afon, Welsh (the river side). - -[Sidenote: GLAS (Cel.),] - -gray, blue, or green; _e.g._ Glasalt (gray stream); Glascloon -(green meadow); Glasdrummond (green ridge); Glaslough (green lake); -Glasmullagh (green summit), in Ireland; Glass, a parish in Scotland. In -Wales: Glascoed (greenwood); Glascombe (green hollow). Glasgow is said -by James, the author of _Welsh Names of Places_, to be a corrupt. of -_Glas-coed_. - -[Sidenote: GLEANN (Gadhelic), -GLYN and GLANN (Cym.-Cel.), -GLEN (A.S.),] - -a small valley, often named from the river which flows through it; -_e.g._ Glen-fender, Glen-finnan, Glen-tilt, Glen-shee, Glen-esk, -Glen-bervie, Glen-bucket, Glen-livet, Glen-lyon, Glen-almond, -Glen-dochart, Glen-luce, Glen-isla, Glen-ary, Glen-coe, Glen-devon -(valleys in Scotland watered by the Rivers Fender, Finnan, Tilt, Shee, -Esk, Bervie, Bucket, Livet, Lyon, Almond, Dochart, Luce, Isla, Aray, -Cona, Devon). In Ireland: Glennagross (the valley of the crosses); -Glenmullion (of the mill); Glendine and Glandine and Glendowan, Irish -_Gleann-doimhin_ (the deep valley)--sometimes it takes the form of -_glan_ or _glyn_, as in Glin on the Shannon, and Glynn in Antrim; -Glennan, Glenann, Glentane, Glenlaun, etc. (little valley). When -this word occurs at the end of names in Ireland the _g_ is sometimes -suppressed; _e.g._ Leiglin, in Carlow, anc. _Leith-ghlionn_ (half -glen); Crumlin, Cromlin, and Crimlin (the winding glen); Glencross or -Glencorse, in the Pentlands, named from a remarkable cross which once -stood there; Glenelg (the valley of hunting or of the roe); Glengarnock -(of the rough hillock); Glencroe (of the sheepfold); Glenmore or -_Glenmore-nan-Albin_ (the great glen of Scotland which divides the -Highlands into two nearly equal parts); Glenmoreston (the valley -of the great cascade, _i.e._ of Foyers); Glenbeg (little valley); -Glenburnie (of the little stream); Glenmuick (the boars’ valley); -Glenure (of the yew); Glenfinlas (of the clear stream); Glengariff -(rough glen); Glendalough, Co. Wicklow, is in Irish _Gleann-da-locha_ -(the glen of the two lakes); Glennamaddy (of the dogs, _madadh_); -Glinties (the glens), Co. Donegal; Forglen, a parish in Banffshire (the -cold or the grassy glen). In Wales, Glyn-Nedd (of the R. Nedd.) - -[Sidenote: GLEIZ (Old Ger.),] - -shining; _e.g._ Glisbach (shining brook); Gleisberg (shining hill); -Gleesdorf, Gleesweiler (shining dwelling). - -[Sidenote: GLINA (Sclav.),] - -clay; _e.g._ Glinzig, Glindow, Glintock, Glianicke, Glinow (names of -places near clay pits); Glina (the clayey stream). - -[Sidenote: GLOG (Sclav.),] - -the white thorn; _e.g._ Glogau, _Gross_, and Upper Glogau, in Silesia -(places abounding in white thorn); Glognitz, with the same meaning. - -[Sidenote: GNADE (Ger.),] - -grace; _e.g._ Gnadenhütten (the tabernacles of grace), a Moravian -settlement on the Ohio; Gnadenthal (the valley of grace), in Africa; -Gnadenburg and Gnadenfeld (the city and field of grace). - -[Sidenote: GOBHA (Gadhelic),] - -a blacksmith--in topography _Gow_ or _Gowan_; _e.g._ Ardgowan (the -blacksmith’s height); Balgowan, Balnagowan, Balgownie, Balgonie, in -Scotland, and Ballygow, Ballygowan, Ballingown, Ballynagown, in Ireland -(the dwelling of the blacksmith); Athgoe (the blacksmith’s ford). In -early times the blacksmith was regarded as an important personage, -being the manufacturer of weapons of war, and the ancient Irish, like -other nations, had their smith god, Goban, hence the frequent use of -the word in their topography. - -[Sidenote: GOLA, or GALA (Sclav.),] - -a wood; _e.g._ Golschow, Goltzen, Golkojye or Kolkwitz, and Gahlen (the -woody place); Galinchen (the little Gahlen, _i.e._ a colony from that -town); Kallinichen, _i.e._ the colony from Gallun (the woody place); -Gollnow, in Pomerania, from this root; but Gollnitz, near Finsterwalde, -is corrupt. from _Jelenze_ (stag town), from _jelen_. - -[Sidenote: GOLB, GULB (Sclav.),] - -the dove; _e.g._ Gulbin, Golbitten, Golembin, Golembecks, Golembki -(dove town); Gollombken, in Prussia, Ger. _Taubendorf_ (dove town). - -[Sidenote: GORA (Sclav.), -Ὁρος (Grk.),] - -a mountain or hill; _e.g._ Goritz, Ger. _Goïs_ (the town on the hill), -in Hungary, in a province of the same name; Gorlitz (behind the -hill), called also _Sgoretz_; Gorigk, Ger. _Bergheide_ (hilly heath); -Gorgast (hill inn), _gosta_ corrupt. into _gast_; Podgorze, Podgorach, -Podgoriza, Poschgorize (near the hill). This word sometimes takes the -form of _hora_, as in Zahora, in Turkey (behind the hill); Czernahora -(the black hill). - -[Sidenote: GORT (Gadhelic),] - -a field, cognate with the Lat. _hortus_ and Span. _huerta_, and the -Teut. _garth_--_v._ p. 87; _e.g._ Huerta-del-rey (the king’s orchard), -in Spain. - -[Sidenote: GRAB (Sclav.),] - -the red beech; _e.g._ Grabkow, Grabitz, Grabig, Grabow (the place of -red beeches); Grabin, Ger. _Finsterwalde_ (the place of red beeches or -the dark wood). - -[Sidenote: GRABEN (Ger.), -GRAB, GRAEF (A.S.),] - -a grave or trench, from _graben_, _grafan_ (to dig); _e.g._ Mühlgraben -(the mill trench or dam); Vloedgraben (the trench for the flood); -Schutzgraben (the moat of the defence); Grafton and Graffham -(the moated town); Gravesend (the town at the end of the moat); -Bischofsgraef (the bishop’s trench). In Ireland the prefix _graf_ is -applied to lands that have been grubbed up with a kind of axe called a -_grafan_--hence such names as Graffan, Graffin, Graffee, Graffy. - -[Sidenote: GRAF, GRAAF (Teut. and Scand.),] - -a count or earl; _e.g._ Graffenau, Graffenberg, Grafenschlag, -Grafenstein (the meadow, hill, wood-clearing, and rock of the count); -Grafenworth and Grafenhain (the count’s enclosure or farm); Grafenthal -(the count’s valley); Grafenbrück (the count’s bridge); Grafenmühle -(the count’s mill); Gravelines, in Flanders, anc. _Graveninghem_ -(the count’s domain). In Sclavonic names, Grabik, Grabink, Grobitz, -Hrabowa, Hrabaschin (the count’s town); Grobinow (count’s town), -Germanised into _Kroppstadt_. - -[Sidenote: GRANGE (Fr. and Scot.),] - -a farm or storehouse for grain, from the Lat. _granaria_, cognate -with the Gadhelic _grainnseach_, Low Lat. _grangia_; _e.g._ Grange, a -parish and village in Banffshire; Les Granges (the granaries); La Neuve -Grange (the new farm), in France; La Granja, in Spain; Grangegeeth -(the windy farm), in Ireland. From the same root such names in Ireland -as Granagh, Granaghan (places producing grain). - -[Sidenote: GRENZE (Ger.), -GRAN (Sclav.),] - -the boundary or corner; _e.g._ Grenzhausen (the dwellings on the -boundary); Banai-Militar Granze (the border territory under the -government of a military officer called _The Ban_); Gransee (the corner -lake); Graniz, Granowo (boundary towns), in Hungary; Gran, a town in -Hungary, in a province of the same name through which the R. Gran flows. - -[Sidenote: GRIAN (Gadhelic),] - -the sun; _e.g._ Greenock, either from _grianach_ (sunny) or the -knoll, _cnoc_ (of the sun); Greenan, Greenane, Greenawn, and Grennan -(literally, a sunny spot), translated by the Irish Latin-writers -_solarium_; but as it occurs in topographical names in Ireland, it is -used as another name for a royal palace; Grenanstown, in Co. Tipperary, -is a sort of translation of its ancient name _Baile-an-ghrianain_ (the -town of the palace); Greenan-Ely (the palace of the circular stone -fortress, _aileach_); Tullagreen (the hill of the sun); Monagreany -(sunny bog). - -[Sidenote: GRIES (Ger.),] - -sand or gravel; _e.g._ Griesbach (sandy brook); Griesau, Griesthal -(sandy valley); Grieshaim (sandy dwelling); Grieswang (sandy field); -Griesberg (sand hill); Grieskirchen (the church on the sandy land). -_Gressius_ and _Gresum_ in _bas_ Lat. have the same meaning, and -have given names to such places in France as Les Grès, Grèses, Les -Gresillons, La Gressée, La Grezille, etc. - -[Sidenote: GROD, GOROD, GRAD (Sclav.), -HRAD (Turc.),] - -a fortified town; _e.g._ Belgrade and Belgorod (white fortress); -Ekateringrad and Elizabethgrad (the fortified town of the Empress -Catharine and Elizabeth); Zaregorod (the fortress of the Czar or -Emperor); Novgorod (new fortress); Paulograd and Ivanograd (the -fortress of Paul or Ivan, _i.e._ John); Gratz, Gradiska, Gradizsk, -Gradentz, Grodek, Grodno, Grodzizk (the fortified towns), in Poland and -Russia; Hradeck and Hradisch, with the same meaning, in Bohemia. - -[Sidenote: GRODEN (Frisian),] - -land reclaimed from the sea; _e.g._ Moorgroden, Ostergroden, -Salzgroden, places in Holland. - -[Sidenote: GRÖN, GROEN, GRUN (Teut. and Scand.),] - -green; _e.g._ Groenloo, Gronau (the green meadow); Grunavoe (green -bay); Grunataing (green promontory); Grunaster (green dwelling), in -Shetland; Greenland, translated from _Terra-verde_, the name given to -the country by Cortoreal in 1500, but it had been discovered by an -Icelander (Lief, son of Eric the red), in the ninth century, and named -by him _Hvitsaerk_ (white shirt), probably because covered with snow; -Greenwich, A.S. _Grenavie_, Lat. _viridus-vicus_ (green town). - -[Sidenote: GRUND (Ger.),] - -a valley; _e.g._ Amsel-grund, Itygrund (the valleys of the Rivers Amsel -and Ity); Riesengrund (the giant’s valley); Laucha-grund (the valley of -the R. Laucha), in Thuringia. - -[Sidenote: GUADA,] - -the name given to the rivers in Spain by the Moors, from the Arabic -_wädy_ (the dried-up bed of a river); _e.g._ Guadalaviar, _i.e._ -Ar. _Wadi-l-abyadh_ (the white river); Guadalete (the small river); -Guadalimar (red river); Guadarama (sandy river); Guadalertin (the muddy -river); Guadaloupe (the river of the bay, _upl_); Guadiana (the river -of joy), called by the Greeks _Chrysus_ (the golden); Guadalquivir, -_i.e._ _Wad-al-kebir_ (the great river); Guaalcazar (of the palace); -Guadalhorra (of the cave, _ghar_); Guadalbanar (of the battlefield); -Guadaira (of the mills). - -[Sidenote: GUÉ (Fr.),] - -a ford, perhaps from the Celtic _gwy_, water; _e.g._ Gué-du-Loire (the -ford of the Loire); Gué-de-l’Isle (of the island); Le Gué-aux-biches -(of the hinds); Boné, formerly _Bonum-vadum_, Lat. (the good ford), in -France; Bungay, in Suffolk, on the R. Waveney, corrupt. from _Bon-gué_ -(good ford). - -[Sidenote: GUISA (Old Ger.),] - -to gush, found in river names; _e.g._ Buachgieso (the bending stream); -Goldgieso (golden stream); Wisgoz (the white stream). - -[Sidenote: GUNGE (Sansc.),] - -a market-town; _e.g._ Saibgunge (the market-town of the Englishmen); -Futtegunge (the town of victory); Sultangunge (of the Sultan); -Shevagunge (of Siva); Jaffiergunge (of Jaffier). - -[Sidenote: GUT, GOED (Ger.),] - -a property; _e.g._ Schlossgut (the property of the castle); Wüstegut -(the property in the waste land); but this word, used as a prefix, -denotes _good_, as in Guttenberg, Guttenbrun, Guttenstein (the good -hill, well, and fortress). - -[Sidenote: GWEN (Cym.-Cel.),] - -fair, white, cognate with the Gadhelic _fionn_; _e.g._ Gwenap (the -fair slope); Gwendur and Derwent (the fair water); Berwyn (the fair -boundary); Corwen (the fair choir); Ventnor (the fair shore); Guinty -or Guindy (the fair or white dwelling), common in Wales. _Gwent_, -Latinised _Venta_, meant a fair open plain, and was applied to the -counties of Monmouth, Gloucester, and Hereford, and Hampshire, as well -as to the coast of Brittany: thus Winchester was formerly _Caer-gwent_ -(the fortress of the fair plain), Latinised _Venta-Belgorum_ (the -plain of the Belgians). There was a _gwent_ also in Norfolk, Latinised -_Venta-Icenorum_ (the plain of the Iceni). This root-word may be the -derivation of Vannes and La Vendée, in Normandy, if not from the -_Veneti_--_v._ FEN. - -[Sidenote: GWENT (Welsh),] - -a fair or open region, a campaign. It is a name now confined to nearly -all Monmouthshire, but which anciently comprehended also parts of the -counties of Gloucester and Hereford, being a district where _Caer-went_ -or the _Venta-Silurum_ of the Romans was the capital; Corwen (the -blessed choir or church); Yr Eglwys-Wen (the blessed choir or church); -Wenvoe, in Glamorgan, corrupt. from _Gwenvai_ (the happy land). - -[Sidenote: GWERN (Cym.-Cel.),] - -the alder-tree, also a swamp; _e.g._ Coed-gwern (alder-tree wood). - -[Sidenote: GWY, or WY (Cym.-Cel.),] - -water; _e.g._ the Rivers Wye, the Elwy (gliding water); Llugwy (clear -water); Mynewy (small water); Leveny (smooth water); Garway (rough -water); Conway (the chief or head water, _cyn_); Gwydir, _i.e._ -_Gwy-tir_ (water land), the ancient name of Glastonbury; Gwynedd (water -glen), an ancient region in North Wales. - -[Sidenote: GWYRDD (Welsh),] - -green, verdant; _e.g._ Gwyrdd-y-coed (the winter green). - - - H - -[Sidenote: HAAR (Teut.),] - -an eminence; _e.g._ Haarlem (the eminence on the clayey soil, _leem_). - -[Sidenote: HAFEN, HAVN (Teut. and Scand.), -HOFEN, HAMM, HAVRE (Fr.),] - -a harbour, from _haff_ (the ocean); _e.g._ Frische-haff -(freshwater haven); Kurische-haff (the harbour of the _Cures_, a -tribe); Ludwig’s-hafen (the harbour of Louis); Charles’s-haven, -Frederick’s-haven (named after their founders); Delfshaven (the -canal harbour); Vilshaven (the harbour at the mouth of the R. Vils); -Thorshaven (the harbour of Thor); Heiligenhaven (holy harbour); Hamburg -(the town of the harbour), formerly _Hochburi_ (high town); Soderhamm -(the south harbour); Osterhafen (east harbour); Ryehaven, in Sussex -(the harbour on the bank, _rive_); Milford-haven (the harbour of -Milford), the modern name of the Cel. _Aber-du-gledian_ (the confluence -of the two _swords_), a word applied to _streams_ by the ancient -Britons; Whitehaven, in Cumberland, according to Camden named from its -white cliffs; Stonehaven (the harbour of the rock), in allusion to -the projecting rock which shelters the harbour; Newhaven, Co. Sussex, -in allusion to the new harbour made in 1713--its former name was -_Meeching_; Newhaven, Co. Edinburgh, named in contradistinction from -the old harbour at Leith. - -[Sidenote: HAG, HAGEN (Teut. and Scand.), - HAIGH, HAY, HAIN,] - -an enclosure, literally a place surrounded by a hedge, cognate with -the Celtic _cae_; _e.g._ Hagen, in Germany, and La Haye, Les Hayes, -and Hawes (the enclosures), in France, Belgium, and England; Hagenbach -(the hedged-in brook); Hagenbrunn (the enclosed well); Hagueneau (the -enclosed meadow), a town in Germany; Fotheringay (probably originally -an enclosure for fodder or fother); The Hague, Ger. _Gravenhage_ (the -duke’s enclosure, originally a hunting-seat of the Princes of Orange); -Hain-Grossen (the great enclosure); Jacob’s-hagen (James’s enclosure), -in Pomerania; Urishay (the enclosure of Uris), in Hereford; Haigh and -Haywood (the enclosed wood), in Lancashire. - -[Sidenote: HAGO, HEGY (Hung.),] - -a hill; _e.g._ Kiraly-hago (the king’s hill); Szarhegy (the emperor’s -hill). - -[Sidenote: HAI (Chinese),] - -the sea; _e.g._ Hoanghai (the yellow sea); Nankai (the southern sea). - -[Sidenote: HAIDE, or HEIDE (Teut.),] - -a heath or wild wood; _e.g._ Falkenheid (the falcon’s wood); -Birchenheide (the birch-wood); Hohenheid and Hochheyd (high heath); -Hatfield, Hadleigh, Hatherley, and Hatherleigh (the heathy field or -meadow); Hadlow (heath hill); Haidecke (heath corner); Heydecapelle -(the chapel on the heath), in Holland. - -[Sidenote: HAIN (Ger.),] - -a grove or thicket; _e.g._ Wildenhain (the wild beasts’ thicket); -Wilhelmshain (William’s grove or thicket); Langenhain (long thicket); -Grossenhain (the thick grove). - -[Sidenote: HALDE (Ger.),] - -a declivity, cognate with _hald_, Scand. (a rock); _e.g._ Leimhalde -(clayey declivity); Frederick’s-hald, in Norway, so named by Frederick -III. in 1665. Its old name was simply _Halden_ (on the declivity). - -[Sidenote: HALL, or ALH (Teut.), -HEAL (A.S.),] - -a stone house, a palace; _e.g._ Eccleshall (church house), in -Staffordshire, where the Bishops of Lichfield had a palace; Coggeshall, -in Essex (Gwgan’s mansion); Kenninghall (the king’s palace), in -Norfolk, at one time the residence of the princes of East Anglia. - -[Sidenote: HALL and HALLE,] - -in German topography, is a general name for a place where salt is -manufactured. The word has its root in the Cym.-Cel. _halen_ (salt), -cognate with the Gadhelic _salen_ and the Teut. _salz_, probably from -the Grk. _hals_ (the sea). Hall and Halle, as town names, are found -in connection with _Salz_; as in Hall in Upper Austria, near the -Salzberg (a hill with salt mines), and Hall, near the salt mines in -the Tyrol; Halle, in Prussian Saxony, on the R. Saale; Reichenhall -(rich salt-work), in Bavaria; Hallein, celebrated for its salt-works -and baths, on the Salza; Hallstadt, also noted for its salt-works; -Hall, in Wurtemberg, near salt springs; Halton, in Cheshire, probably -takes its name from the salt mines and works in the neighbourhood; -_Penardhalawig_ (the headland of the salt marsh) was the ancient name -of Hawarden, in Flint and Cheshire; Halys and Halycus (salt streams), -in Galatia and Sicily. - -[Sidenote: HAM, HEIM (Teut. and Scand.), -HJEM, HEIM,] - -a home or family residence, literally a place of shelter, from -_heimen_, Ger. (to cover), _hama_, A.S. (a covering), cognate with the -Grk. _heima_; _e.g._ Hampstead and Hampton (the home place); Okehampton -(the dwelling on the R. Oke), in Devonshire; Oakham (oak dwelling), -so called from the numerous oaks that used to grow in its vicinity; -Buckingham (the home of the Buccingus or dwellers among beech-trees); -Birmingham, probably a patronymic from the Boerings; Addlingham and -Edlingham (the home of the Athelings or nobles); Horsham (Horsa’s -dwelling); Clapham (Clapa’s home); Epsom, anc. _Thermæ-Ebbesham_ -(the warm springs of Ebba, a Saxon queen); Flitcham (Felex’s home); -Blenheim, Ger. _Blindheim_ (dull home), in Bavaria; Nottingham, A.S. -_Snotengaham_ (the dwelling near caves); Shoreham (the dwelling on the -coast); Waltham (the dwelling near a wood); Framlingham (the dwelling -of the strangers), from the A.S.; Grantham (Granta’s dwelling); Ightham -(the parish with eight villages), in Kent; Wrexham, anc. _Writtlesham_ -(the town of wreaths), A.S. _wreoth_; Ingelheim (the dwelling of the -Angli); Ingersheim (of Ingra); Oppenheim (of Uppo); Rodelheim (of -Rodolph); Southampton (the _south_ dwelling, in distinction from -Northampton); Twickenham (the dwelling between the streams, where the -Thames seems to be divided into two streams); Rotherham, anc. Cel. _Yr -odre_ (the boundary), Lat. _Ad-fines_ (on the boundary); Wolverhampton -(the dwelling endowed by the Lady Wulfrana in the tenth century); -Godmanham, in Yorkshire (the holy man’s dwelling), the site of an idol -temple, destroyed under the preaching of Paulinus, whose name it bears. -This root-word is often joined to the name of a river, thus--Coleham, -Coverham, Debenham, Hexham or Hestildisham, Jaxtham, Lenham, Trentham, -Tynningham (_i.e._ towns or villages on the Rivers Colne, Cover, Deben, -Hestild, Jaxt, Len, Trent, Tyne); Cheltenham, on the Chelt; Oxnam, Co. -Roxburgh, formerly Oxenham (a place of shelter for oxen); Hameln, on -the R. Hamel, in Hanover; Drontheim or Trondjeim (throne dwelling); -Kaiserheim (the emperor’s dwelling); Heidelsheim (the dwelling of -Haidulf), in Bavaria; Hildesheim, probably the dwelling near the field -of battle, Old Ger. _hilti_ (a battle); Mannheim (the dwelling of -men), as contrasted with _Asheim_ or _Asgarth_ (the dwelling of the -gods), in Baden; Hildersham, in Yorkshire, anc. _Hildericsham_ (the -dwelling of Childeric). Ham is often contracted into _om_, _um_, -_en_, or _am_, etc.--as in Dokum (the town of the port or dock), in -Holland; Nehon, in Normandy, corrupt. from Nigel’s home; Angeln (the -dwelling of the Angli); Oppeln, in Silesia (the dwelling of Oppo); -Edrom, in Berwickshire, corrupt. from _Adderham_ (the dwelling on the -R. Adder); Ednam, on the Eden, in Roxburghshire; Hitchen, on the Hiz or -Hitche, in Herts; Fulham, anc. _Fullenham_ (the home of birds), A.S. -_fugil_; Hownam (the dwelling of Howen or Owen), in Roxburghshire. In -Flanders _ham_ or _heim_ often takes the forms of _eim_, _em_, etc., -as in Killim (the dwelling of Kilian); Ledringhem (of Ledro); Hem (of -Hugnes); Pitgain (of the well); Wolsen, for Wolfsheim; Bohemia (the -home of the Boii); Dahlen (valley dwelling); Wolsen (Wolfa’s dwelling). - -[Sidenote: HAMMAN (Ar. and Turc.), -HAMMAH,] - -hot springs; _e.g._ Hamman-Mousa (the hot springs of Moses); -Hamman-Pharoon (of Pharaoh); Hammah-de-Cabes (the warm baths of Cabes), -in North Africa; Alhama (the town of the warm baths), the name of -several places in Spain. - -[Sidenote: HAMMER (Scand.)] - -This word sometimes signifies a village or small town, and sometimes a -rock; _e.g._ Lillehammer (the little town); Oesthammer (east village); -Hamr (a steep place), in Shetland; Hammerfeste, in the island of -Qualoe, probably means the rock fortress, _faestung_. In German -topography it is generally connected with the blacksmith’s hammer, and -is common in localities where metals are worked, thus--Hammersmeide -(hammer-smithy); Silberhammer (a place where silver is wrought), near -Dantzic. Kemble also suspects a reference to Thor’s hammer in the names -of some towns or villages in England; _e.g._ Hamerton, in Huntingdon, -and also in Middlesex; Hammerwich, in Staffordshire; Hamerton-kirk, in -Yorkshire. - -[Sidenote: HANG (Ger.),] - -a declivity, from _hängen_ (to hang), A.S. _hongian_; _e.g._ Hangenheim -(the dwelling on the declivity); Pannshanger (Penn’s slope), in Herts; -Clehonger (clayey slope), Hereford. - -[Sidenote: HAR, HAER (Teut.),] - -the army; _e.g._ Harwich (army town or bay), in Essex, so called -because the Danes had a great military depot at this place; Herstal, -in Belgium, anc. _Hari-stelle_ (army place); Hargrave (the army -entrenchment), in Norfolk; Harbottle (the army’s quarters), in -Northumberland. In Edmond’s _Names of Places_ this prefix, as well as -_hor_, is referred to an A.S. word signifying hoary; under which he -places Harborough, in Leicestershire, the name of which is traced by -Bailey to _havre_ (oats). - -[Sidenote: HART, HARZ (Teut.), -HYRST (A.S.),] - -brushwood or a wood; _e.g._ the Harz Mountains, with the town of -Harzburg (the fortress in the wood); Harsefeld (woody field), -in Hanover; Hurst, in Kent; Deerhurst (deer wood or thicket); -Hurst-Monceaux (the wood of Monceaux, probably a Norman baron), -in Sussex; Hurst, a town in Lancashire; Lyndhurst (the wood of -lime-trees); Midhurst (in the middle of the wood); Hawkhurst (hawk -wood); Gravenhorst (the count’s wood); Horstmar (rich in wood)--_v._ -MAR; Billing’s-hurst (the wood of the Billings), a patronymic; -Farnhurst and Ferneyhurst (ferny wood); Sendenhorst (the rushy wood), -in Westphalia; Herzovia or Herzegovia (a woody district), in Turkey; -Murrhard, in Wurtemberg, means the wood on the R. Muhr; Delmenhorst, -on the Delme, in Hanover. Hart, in English topography, however, refers -more commonly to _heort_ (the hart), as in Hart_grove_, Hart_land_, -Hart_ley_, Hart_field_, Harts_ford_, Harts_hill_. It occasionally takes -the form of _chart_, as in Seal-chart (holy wood); Chart-Sutton (the -wood at the south town). - -[Sidenote: HASEL, HAEZEL (Teut.),] - -the hazel-tree; _e.g._ Hessle (the place of hazels); Haselburn and -Haselbrunnen (the stream and well of the hazels); Haslau (hazel -meadow); Heslington (the dwelling among hazels); Hasselt, in Belgium, -_i.e._ Hasselholt, Lat. _Hasseletum_ (hazel grove); Hasseloe (hazel -island), in Sweden and Denmark; Hazeldean and Haslingden (the hollow of -the hazels). - -[Sidenote: HATCH, HÆCA (A.S.),] - -a bolt, a gate, hence an enclosed dwelling; _e.g._ Hatch-Beauchamp (the -enclosed dwelling of Beauchamp, a personal name); Colney-Hatch (of -Colney); West-Hatch, in Somerset; Pilgrim’s Hatch, in Essex. - -[Sidenote: HAUGH, HEUGH, HOW, HOPE.] - -In Scotland these words generally denote a low-lying meadow between -hills or on the banks of a stream,--as in Hobkirk (_i.e._ the church -in the _hope_ or meadow); Howwood (the wood in the hollow); Hutton, for -_How_ton (the dwelling in the hollow), parishes in Scotland. In England -_how_ and _haugh_ come more frequently from the Scand. _haugr_ (a heap -or mound often raised over a grave, like the cairns in Scotland),--as -in Silver-how, Butterlip-how, in the Lake District, probably from -mounds over some Norse leader’s grave; Haugh, in Lincoln; Haugham (the -dwelling near the mound); Howden, in Yorkshire (the valley of the -_haugr_ or mound); Haughley (the meadow near the mound). La Hogue, in -France, is from _haugr_ or from the _houg_, as also Les Hogues and -La Hoguette (the little mound); Gretna Green is the modern name for -_Gretan-how_ (the great hollow). _Haugr_ also means a temple or high -place, fenced off and hallowed, among the Scandinavians; and to this -word so derived Dasent traces Harrow-on-the-hill and Harrowby. - -[Sidenote: HAUPT (Ger.), -HOVED (Scand.), -HEAFOD (A.S.),] - -a head, a promontory; _e.g._ Howth Head, in Ireland, from the Danish -_hofed_--its Irish name is _Ben Edair_ (the hill of Edar); Brunhoubt -(the well head); Berghaupt (hill head); Ruckshoft (ridge head), in -Germany; Hoft (the headland), in the island of Rugen; Sneehatten (snowy -head), in Norway; Hoddam (holm head), in Dumfriesshire. - -[Sidenote: HAUS (Teut.), HUUS (Scand.), HAZA (Hung.),] - -a dwelling, allied to _casa_, Lat., It., Span., and Port.; _e.g._ -Mühlhausen (at the mill house); Saxenhausen (the dwelling of the -Saxons); Wendenhausen (of the Wends); Schaffhausen (the ship station), -which consisted originally of a few storehouses on the banks of -the Rhine for the reception of merchandise; Dunkelhauser (the dark -house); Aarhuus (the town on the watercourse), a seaport in Denmark; -Aggers-huus, in Norway, on the R. Agger. This district and river seems -to have been named from an _agger_ or rampart erected near Christiania -in 1302, on the Aggerfiord. Ward-huus (the dwelling in the island of -the watch-tower), on the coast of Fenmark; Holzhausen (the dwelling -at the wood); Burghausen (the fortified dwelling); Distilhousen (the -dwelling among thistles), in Belgium. In Hungary, Bogdan-haza (God’s -house); Oroshaza (the dwelling of the Russians); Chaise-Dieu, Lat. -_Casa-Dei_ (the house of God), in France. Also in France, Chaise, Les -Chaises; Casa-nova (new house); Casa-vecchia (old house), in Corsica; -Chassepierre, Lat. _Casa-petrea_ (stone house), in Belgium; Casa-bianca -(white house), in Brazil. - -[Sidenote: HEL, HELLE, HELGE, HEIL,] - -prefixes with various meanings in Eng., Ger., and Scand. topography. -Sometimes they mean holy, Ger. _heilig_, as in Heligoland (holy -isle); Heilbron (holy well); Heligensteen (holy rock); Heilberg and -Hallidon (holy hill); Heiligencreuz (the town of the holy cross), -Hung. _Nemet-keresztur_ (the grove of the cross); Heiligenhaven (holy -harbour); Heiligenstadt (holy town); Halifax, in Yorkshire (holy -face), is said to have been named from an image of John the Baptist, -kept in a hermitage at the place; Hoxton, in Sussex, was originally -_Hageltoun_ (holy town), because it was there that St. Edmund suffered -martyrdom. Sometimes, however, _hell_ denotes a covered place, as in -Helwell, in Devonshire (the covered well); sometimes it means _clear_, -as in Hellebrunn (clear or bright fountain); Heilbronn, in Wurtemberg -(fountain of health), named from a spring formerly used medicinally. -Hellefors, a waterfall in Norway, and Hellgate, New York, seem to -derive their names from a superstition connected with _Hel_, the -goddess of the dead; Holyhead, in Wales, is in Welsh _Pen-Caer-Gibi_ -(the hill fort of St. Cybi, called _holy_ in his honour); Holy Island, -Lat. _Insula-sancta_, obtained its name from the monastery of St. -Cuthbert--its more ancient name, _Lindisfarne_, is probably the ferry, -_fahr_, of the brook Lindis, on the opposite shore; Holywell, in Flint, -took its name from St. Winifred’s Well, celebrated for its miraculous -cures--its Welsh name is _Tref-fynnon_ (the town of the clear water); -Holywood, Dumfriesshire, Cel. _Der Congal_ (the oak grove of St. -Congal). - -[Sidenote: HELLR (Scand.),] - -a cave into which the tide flows; _e.g._ Hellr-hals (the neck or strait -of the cave); Heller-holm (the island of the cave); Hellersness (the -headland of the caves). - -[Sidenote: HELY (Hung.),] - -a place; _e.g._ Vasarhely (the market-place); Varhely (the place of -the fortress); Marosvasarhely (the market-place on the R. Maros), in -Ger. _Neumarkt_; Vasarhely-hod-Mezö (the market-place of the beaver’s -meadow); Szombathely (the place where the Saturday market is held, -_szombat_); Csotortokhely (the Thursday market-place), Germanised -_Donners-markt_; Udvarhely (court place); Szerdahely (Wednesday -market-place), _Vasar_, Hung. (a market), from Turc. _Bazar_. - -[Sidenote: HEN (Cym.-Cel.),] - -old; _e.g._ Henly (the old place), on the Thames; Hentland, for -Hen-llan (old church, now St. Asaph’s); Henlys (old palace): Hen-egglys -(old church), in Anglesea. - -[Sidenote: HEN (Cym.-Cel.),] - -old, ancient; _e.g._ Henlys (the ancient hall). - -[Sidenote: HENGST (Teut.),] - -a horse--hence Hengiston, in Cornwall, either an enclosure for horses -or the town of Hengist; Hengestdorf or Pferdsdorf (horse’s village); -Hengistridge (horse’s ridge); Hinksey (the horse’s island or marshy -place); Hinkley (the horses’ meadow). - -[Sidenote: HERR, HERZOG (Ger.), -HERTOG (Dutch),] - -a duke or lord; _e.g._ Herzogenbosch or Bois-le-Duc (the duke’s -grove); Hertogspodler (the duke’s reclaimed land); Herzogenburg -(the duke’s fortress); Herzogenrath (the duke’s cleared land); -Herrnsbaumgarten (the duke’s orchard); Herrnhut (the Lord’s -tabernacle), founded by Count Zinzendorf, in Saxony, for the -Moravian Brethren, in 1722; Herisau (the duke’s meadow), Lat. -_Augia-Domini_, in Switzerland. - -[Sidenote: HESE, or HEES (Teut.),] - -a hedge or thicket; _e.g._ Hessingen (the dwelling in the thicket); -Maashees (the thicket on the R. Maas); Wolfhees (the wolf’s thicket). - -[Sidenote: HILL (A.S.), -HYL, HOLL (Scand.),] - -an elevation, cognate with the Ger. _hugel_; _e.g._ Silver-hill, named -after Sölvar, a Norse leader, in the Lake District; Hilton, Hilston -(hill town); Woolwich, anc. _Hyl-vich_ (hill town); Butterhill (the -hill of Buthar), a personal name in the Lake District. - -[Sidenote: HINDU (Pers.),] - -water; _e.g._ the Rivers Indus, Inde, Indre, etc.; Hindostan (the -district watered by the R. Indus). - -[Sidenote: HIPPO (Phœn.),] - -a walled town; _e.g._ Hippo, near Carthage. There were three cities -called Hippo in Africa and two in Spain: Olisippo (the walled town), -now Lisbon; Oreppo, Belippo, Lacippo. - -[Sidenote: HIR (Cym.-Cel.),] - -long. - -[Sidenote: HIRSCH (Ger.),] - -the hart; _e.g._ Hirzenach (the hart’s stream); Hersbrock (the hart’s -marsh); Hirschberg, Lat. _Corvamontem_ (the hart’s hill); Hirschfeld, -Herschau, Hirschholm, Hirschhorn (the field, meadow, hill, peak of the -harts). - -[Sidenote: HISSAR (Turc.),] - -a castle; _e.g._ Kezil-hissar (red castle); Kara-hissar (black -castle); Eski-hissar (old castle), anc. _Laodicea_; Demir-hissar (iron -castle); Guzel-hissar (white castle); Sevri-hissar (cypress castle); -Sultan-hissar (the sultan’s castle); Kulci-hissar (the castle on the R. -Khelki). - -[Sidenote: HITHE (A.S.),] - -a haven; _e.g._ Hythe, in Kent; Greenhithe (the green haven); Lambeth, -anc. _Lomehithe_ (clayey haven); Maidenhead, anc. _Mayden-hithe_, -i.e. the wharf _midway_ between Marlow and Windsor; Queenhithe (the -queen’s haven); Redriff, in Surrey, anc. _Rethra-hythe_ (the haven of -sailors), A.S. _rethra_, also called Rotherhithe (the haven for horned -cattle), Old Eng. _rother_; Stepney, anc. _Stebon-hythe_ (Stephen’s -haven or timber wharf); Erith, A.S. _Ora-hithe_ (shore haven), in Kent; -Challock, in Kent, corrupt. from _ceale hythe_ (chalk haven). - -[Sidenote: HJALTI (Scand.),] - -a Viking; _e.g._ Shapansay, anc. _Hjalpansay_ (the Viking’s island); -Shetland, _i.e._ _Hjaltiland_, with the same meaning. - -[Sidenote: HLINC (A.S.),] - -a ridge; _e.g._ Linch, in Sussex; Rouselinch (Rouse’s ridge), in -Worcestershire. - -[Sidenote: HO (Chinese),] - -a river or water; _e.g._ Euho (the precious river); Hoangho (the -yellow river); Peiho (white river); Yuho (imperial river); Keangho -(rapid river); Hoonan (south of the lake); Hoohe (north of the lake, -_i.e._ of Lake Tongting). - -[Sidenote: HOCH, HOHEN (Ger.), -HEAH, HEAG (A.S.), -HOOG (Dutch),] - -high; _höhe_ (a height); _e.g._ Hohurst and Hohenhart (high wood); -Hohenberg (high hill); Homburg (high hill fort); Homburg-von-der-höhe -(the high fort in front of the height); Hochfeld (high field); Hochain -(high enclosure); Hochstadt, Hochstetten, Hochstatten (high dwelling); -Hocheim (high home or dwelling), from which place Hock wines are -named; Hochwiesen, Sclav. _Velko-polya_ (high meadow or plain); Hochst -for Hochstadt, and Hoym for Hochham (high town); Hohenelbi, Grk. -_Albipolis_ (the high town on the Elbe); Hohenlohe (the high meadow or -thicket); Hohenstein and Hohenstauffen (high rock); Hohenwarth, Lat. -_Altaspecula_ (the high watch-tower); Hohenzollern (the high place -belonging to the Zwolf family); Hohenscheid (the high watershed); -Hockliffe (high cliff), in Bedford; Higham, Highworth (high manor or -dwelling); Highgate (high road); Wilhelmshöhe (William’s high place); -Hoy, in Shetland (the high island). - -[Sidenote: HOF (Teut.), -HOEVE (Dutch),] - -an enclosure, manor, and court. In Scandinavia _hoff_ means a temple; -_e.g._ Eyndhoven (the manor at the corner); Neuhof and Neunhoffen, in -France (new manor); Hof and Hoff (the enclosure), in Belgium; Hof, -in Bavaria, on the R. Saale; Stadt-am-hof, in Bavaria, anc. _Curia -Bavarica_ (the place at the court); Hof-an-der-March (the court or -manor on the R. March); Schoonhoven (beautiful manor), in Holland; -Nonnenhof (the nun’s enclosure); Meerhof (the dwelling on the marshy -land); Peterhof (the court dwelling founded by Peter the Great); -Hoff (the temple), in Iceland; Hoff, a village near Appleby, has -the same meaning, as it is situated in a wood called Hoff-land (the -temple grove). In Iceland, when a chieftain had taken possession of -a district, he erected a temple (_hoff_) and became, as he had been -in Norway, the chief, the pontiff, and the judge of the district; and -when the Norwegians took possession of Cumberland and Westmoreland they -would naturally act in the same manner. - -[Sidenote: HOHN (Old Ger.),] - -a low place, as in Die-Höhne (the hollows), in the Brocken. - -[Sidenote: HÖLLE (Teut.),] - -a cave, from _hohl_ (hollow); _e.g._ Hohenlinden, anc. _Hollinden_ -(the hollow place of lime-trees); Holland or the Netherlands (the -low countries); also Holland, a low-lying district in Lincolnshire; -Holdeornesse (the low promontory of the province of Deira); Holmer, in -Hereford (the low lake, _mere_). - -[Sidenote: HOLM (Scand.),] - -a small island; _e.g._ Flatholm (flat island); Steepholm (steep -island); Priestholm (of the priest); Alderholm (of alders); Holm, in -Sweden, and Hulm, in Norway (the island); Stockholm, anc. _Holmia_ -(the island city, built upon stakes). But _holm_ also signifies -occasionally a hill, as in Smailholm, in Roxburghshire (little hill); -and Hume, or _holm_, Castle, in Berwickshire (on a hill). Sometimes -also it signifies a low meadow on the banks of a stream, as in Durham, -corrupt. from _Dun-holm_ or _Dunelme_ (the fortress on the meadow), -almost surrounded by the R. Wear; Langholm (the long meadow); Denholm -(the meadow in the deep valley); Twynholm, anc. _Twynham_ (the dwelling -on the hillock), Welsh _twyn_, a parish in Kirkcudbright; Brachenholm -(ferny meadow); Lingholme (heather island), in Windermere; also -Silverholme (the island of Sölvar, a Norse leader); Bornholm, in the -Baltic, anc. _Burgundaland_ (the island of the Burgundians); Axholme, -an insulated district in Co. Lincoln, formed by the Rivers Trent, -Idle, and Don, from _uisge_, Cel. (water); Drotningholm, in the Mälar -Lake near Stockholm (queen’s island), from Swed. _drottmig_ (a queen); -Battleholme, found in some places in the north of England, according to -Ferguson, means fertile island, from an Old English word _battel_ or -_bette_ (fertile). - -[Sidenote: HOLT, HOLZ (A.S. and Ger.),] - -a wood; _e.g._ Aldershot (alder-tree wood); Bergholt (the hill or -hill fort in the wood); Evershot (the boar’s wood, _eofer_); Badshot -(badger’s wood); Bochholt (beech-wood); Jagerholz (huntsman’s wood); -Oosterhout (east wood); Holzkirchen (the church at the wood); -Thourhout, in East Flanders (the wood consecrated to the god Thor); -Tourotte, in the department of Oise, in France (also Thor’s wood); -Hootenesse (woody promontory), in Belgium; Diepholz (deep wood); -Meerholt and Meerhout (marshy wood); Holt, a woody district in Norfolk. - -[Sidenote: HOO, or HOE (Scand.),] - -a spit of land running into the sea; _e.g._ Sandhoe (the sandy cape); -The Hoe, in Kent; Kew, in Surrey, anc. _Kay-hoo_ (the quay on the spit -of land). - -[Sidenote: HORN (Ger.), -HYRNE (A.S.), -HOORN (Dutch),] - -a horn-like projection or cape jutting into the sea, or a valley -between hills, curved like a horn; _e.g._ Hoorn (the promontory), a -seaport in Holland, from which place the Dutch navigator Schoutens -named Cape Horn, Hoorn being his native place; Hornburg (the town on -the projection); Hornby (corner dwelling); Horncastle (the castle on -the promontory); Hornberg and Horndon (the projecting hill); Hornsea -(the projection on the coast); Matterhorn (the peak in the meadows), so -called from the patches of green meadow-land which surround its base; -Schreckhorn (the peak of terror); Finsteraarhorn (the peak out of which -the Finster-Aar, or dark Aar, has its source). This river is so named -to distinguish it from the Lauter or _clear_ river. Skagenshorn (the -peak of the Skaw, in Denmark); Faulhorn (the foul peak), so called -from the black shale which disintegrates in water; Wetterhorn (stormy -peak); Katzenhorn (the cat’s peak); Silberhorn (the silvery peak); -Jungfrauhorn (the peak of the maiden). - -[Sidenote: HOUC, or HOOG (Teut.),] - -a corner or little elevation, akin to the Scottish _heugh_ and the -Scand. _haugr_; _e.g._ Hoogzand and Hoogeveen (the sand and marsh at -the corner); Hoogheyd (corner heath); Hoogbraek (the broken-up land at -the corner); Stanhoug (stone corner). - -[Sidenote: HUBEL, or HUGEL (Ger.),] - -a little hill; _e.g._ Haidhugel (heath hill); Steinhugel (stony hill); -Huchel and Hivel (the little hill); Lindhövel (the hill of lime-trees); -Gieshübel (the hill of gushing brooks). - -[Sidenote: HUNDRED (Eng.), -HUNTARI (Ger.),] - -a district supposed to have originally comprised at least one hundred -family dwellings, like Welsh _Cantref_ (from _cant_, a hundred), the -name of a similar division in Wales; _e.g._ Hundrethwaite (the cleared -land on this Hundred), a district in Yorkshire. - -[Sidenote: HÜTTE (Teut. and Scand.),] - -a shed or cottage; _e.g._ Dunkelhütte (dark cottage); Mooshutten (the -cottage in the mossy land); Buxtehude (the hut on the ox pasture); -Huttenwerke (the huts at the works or mines); Hudemühlen (mill hut); -Hutton (the town of huts). But Landshut, in Bavaria, does not seem to -be derived from _hütte_, but from _schutz_, Ger. (a defence), as it is -in the neighbourhood of an old fortress, on the site of a Roman camp. - -[Sidenote: HVER (Norse),] - -a warm, bubbling spring; _e.g._ Uxaver (the oxen’s spring), in Iceland. - - - I - -[Sidenote: I (Gadhelic),] - -an island; _e.g._ I-Colum-chille or Iona (the island of St. Columba’s -cell); Ierne or Ireland (the western island or the island of Eire, an -ancient queen). - -[Sidenote: IA (Cel.),] - -a country or land; _e.g._ Galatia and Galicia, and anc. _Gallia_ (the -country of the Gauls); Andalusia, for Vandalusia (the country of -the Vandals); Batavia (the good land), _bette_, good; Britania or -Pictavia (probably the land of painted tribes); Catalonia, corrupt. -from _Gothalonia_ (the land of the Goths); Circassia (the land of the -Tcherkes, a tribe); Croatia (the land of the Choriots or mountaineers); -Suabia (of the Suevii); Moravia (the district of the R. Moravia); -Moldavia (of the R. Moldau). It is called by the natives and Turks -Bogdania, from Bogdan, a chieftain who colonised it in the thirteenth -century. Ethiopia (the land of the blacks, or the people with the -sunburnt faces), from Grk. _ops_ (the face), and _aitho_ (to burn); -Phœnicia (the land of palms or the _brown_ land), Grk. _Phœnix_; -Silesia (the land of the Suisli); Bosnia (the district of the R. -Bosna); Russia, named after Rourik, a Scandinavian chief; Siberia, from -_Siber_, the ancient capital of the Tartars; Kaffraria (the country of -the Kaffirs or unbelievers), a name given by the Arabs; Dalmatia (the -country of the Dalmates, who inhabited the city _Dalminium_); Iberia, -the ancient name of Spain, either from the R. Ebro or from a tribe -called the Iberi or Basques; Caledonia, perhaps from _Coille_ (the -wood). - -[Sidenote: IACUM,] - -an affix used by the Romans, sometimes for _ia_ (a district), and -sometimes the Latinised form of the adjectival termination _ach_--_qu. -v._ p. 5; _e.g._ Juliers, Lat. _Juliacum_ (belonging to Julius Cæsar); -Beauvais, Lat. _Bellovacum_ (belonging to the Bellovaci); Annonay, -Lat. _Annonicum_ (a place for grain, with large magazines of corn); -Bouvignes, in Belgium, Lat. _Boviniacum_ (the place of oxen); Clameny, -Lat. _Clameniacum_ (belonging to Clement, its founder); Joigny, anc. -_Joiniacum_, on the R. Yonne; Annecy, Lat. _Anneacum_ (belonging to -Anecius); Cognac, Lat. _Cogniacum_ (the corner of the water), Fr. -_coin_, Old Fr. _coiny_, Cel. _cuan_. - -[Sidenote: IERE,] - -an affix in French topography denoting a possession, and generally -affixed to the name of the proprietor; _e.g._ Guilletière (the -property of Guillet); Guzonière (of Guzon). - -[Sidenote: ILI (Turc.),] - -a district; _e.g._ Ili-Bosnia (the district of the R. Bosna); Rumeli or -Roumelia (the district of the Romans). - -[Sidenote: ILLIA (Basque),] - -a town; _e.g._ Elloirio, Illora, and Illura (the town on the water, -_ura_); Lorca, anc. _Illurcis_ (the town with fine water); Elibyrge -(the town with the tower), Grk. _pyrgos_; Elché, anc. _Illici_ (the -town on the hill, _ci_); Illiberus (new town, surnamed Elne after the -Empress Helena), in Spain; the isle of Oleron, anc. _Illura_ (the town -on the water). - -[Sidenote: IM and IN,] - -a contraction for the Ger. _in der_ (in or on the); _e.g._ Imgrund (in -the valley); Imhorst (in the wood); Eimbeck (on the brook); Imruke (on -the ridge). - -[Sidenote: ING, INGEN, INGA,] - -an affix used by the Teutonic races, as a patronymic, in the same -sense as _Mac_ is used in Scotland, _ap_ in Wales, and _O_ in Ireland. -_Ing_ is generally affixed to the settlement of a chief, and _ingen_ -to that of his descendants. _Ing_, preceding _ham_, _ton_, _dean_, -_ley_, _thorp_, _worth_, etc., is generally an abbreviation of _ingen_, -and denotes that the place belonged to the family of the tribe, as -in Bonnington, Collington, Collingham, Islington (the home of the -Bonnings, the Collings, and the Islings). In French topography _ingen_ -takes the forms of _igny_, _igné_, or _inges_; and it appears, by -comparing the names of many towns and villages in England and the -north-west of France with those of Germany, that Teutonic tribes -forming settlements in these countries transferred the names in their -native land to their new homes. For the full elucidation of this -subject reference may be made to Taylor’s _Words and Places_, chap. -vii. and the Appendix, and to Edmund’s _Names of Places_, p. 58. -Only a few examples of the use of this patronymic can be given here; -thus, from the _Offings_--Oving and Ovingham, corresponding to the -Ger. Offingen and the Fr. Offignes. From the _Eppings_--Epping, Ger. -Eppinghofen, and Fr. Epagne. The _Bings_--Bing, Bingham, Bingley; -Ger. Bingen; Fr. Buigny. The _Basings_--Eng. Basing, Basingham, -Bessingby; Fr. Bazigny. From the _Raedings_--Reading, Co. Berks. -The _Harlings_--Harlington. The _Billings_--Bellington. From the -_Moerings_ or _Merovingians_ many French towns and villages are named; -_e.g._ Morigny, Marigné, Merignac, Merrigny; in England--Merring, -Merrington. We can sometimes trace these tribe names to the nature of -the localities which they inhabited. Thus the _Bucings_, from which we -have Boking and Buckingham, to a locality abounding in beech-trees, -_boc_; the _Durotriges_, from which we have Dorset and Dorchester, are -the dwellers by the water, _dur_; as well as the _Eburovices_, who gave -their name to Evreux, in France. _Ing_, also, in A.S. names, sometimes -means a meadow, as in Clavering, in Essex (clover meadow), A.S. -_Claefer_; Mountnessing, Co. Essex (the meadow of the Mountneys, who -were formerly lords of the manor); Godalming (the meadow of Godhelm). - -[Sidenote: INNER (Ger.),] - -opposed to _ausser_ (the inner and outer), as in Innerzell, Ausserzell -(the inner and outer church). - -[Sidenote: INNIS (Gadhelic), -YNYS, ENEZ (Cym.-Cel.), -INSEL (Ger.), -INSULA (Lat.), -NESOS (Grk.),] - -an island, also in some cases pasture land near water, or a peninsula. -It often takes the form of _inch_, as in Inchkeith (the island of the -Keith family); Inchcolm (St. Columba’s Island); Inchfad (long isle); -Inchgarvie (the rough island); Inchard (high isle); Inch-Cailleach -(the island of the old women or nuns), in Loch Lomond, being the site -of an ancient nunnery; Inchmarnoch (of St. Marnoch), in the Firth of -Clyde; Inchbrackie (the spotted isle); Inchgower (the goat’s isle); -Inchtuthill (the island of the flooded stream); Craignish, anc. -_Craiginche_ (the rocky peninsula); Durness, in Sutherlandshire, is a -corrupt. from _Doirbh-innis_ (the stormy peninsula); Ynys-Bronwen (the -island of Bronwen, a Welsh lady who was buried there), in Anglesey; -Ynis-wyllt (wild island), off the coast of Wales; Inysawdre (the -isle and home of refuge), in Glamorgan. In Ireland: Ennis (the river -meadow); Enniskillen, Irish _Inis-Cethlenn_ (the island of Cethlenn, -an ancient queen of Ireland); Ennisheen (beautiful island); Devenish, -in Lough Erne, is _Daimhinis_ (the island of oxen). But Enniskerry is -not from this root; it is corrupt. from _Ath-na-scairbhe_ (the rough -ford); Orkney Isles, Gael. _Orc-innis_ (the islands of whales); they -are sometimes called _Earr-Cath_ (the tail of Caithness); Innisfallen, -in Lake Kallarney (the island of Fathlenn); the Hebrides or Sudereys, -called _Innisgall_ (the islands of the Gaels); the Aleutian Islands, -from Russ. _aleut_ (a bald rock); in Holland, Duiveland (pigeon -island), and Eyerlandt (the island of the sand-bank); Eilenburg, in -Saxony (the town on an island in the R. Mulda); Isola, a town in -Illyria (on an island); Issola or Imo-Isola (low island), in Italy; -Lille, in Flanders, anc. _L’Isle_, named from an insulated castle in -the midst of a marsh; Peloponnesus (the island of Pelops); Polynesia -(many islands). - -[Sidenote: INVER, or INBHIR (Gadhelic), -INNER,] - -a river confluence or a creek at the mouth of a river. This word is -an element in numerous names throughout Scotland; and although it is -not so common in Ireland, it exists in old names, as in Dromineer, for -_Druim-inbhir_ (the ridge of the river mouth). In Scotland it is used -in connection with _aber_, the word _inver_ being found sometimes at -the mouth and _aber_ farther up the same stream: thus--Abergeldie and -Invergeldie, on the Geldie; Abernyte and Invernyte, etc.; Inversnaid -(the needle or narrow confluence, _snathad_, a needle); Innerkip (at -the conf. of the Kip and Daff); Inveresk and Inverkeilor (at the mouths -of the Esk and Keilor), in Mid Lothian and Forfar; Innerleithen (at the -conf. of the Leithen and Tweed), in Peebles; Inveraven (at the conf. -of the Aven and Spey); Inverness (at the conf. of the Ness with the -Beauly); Inveraray (at the mouth of the Aray); Inverury (the Urie); -Inverkeithing (of the Keith); Inverbervie or Bervie (at the mouth of -the Bervie); Peterhead, anc. _Inverugie Petri_ or _Petri promontorium_ -(the promontory of the rock of St. Peter), on the R. Ugie, with its -church dedicated to St. Peter; Inverleith, now Leith (at the mouth of -the Leith); Inverarity (at the mouth of the Arity), in Forfar; Cullen, -anc. _Invercullen_ (at the mouth of the back river)--_v._ CUL. - -[Sidenote: ITZ, IZ, IZCH,] - -a Sclavonic affix, signifying a possession or quality, equivalent to -the Teut. _ing_; _e.g._ Carlovitz (Charles’s town); Mitrowitz (the town -of Demetrius); Studnitz (of the fountain); Targowitz (the market town); -Trebnitz and Trebitsch (poor town); Schwanitz (swine town); Madlitz -(the house of prayer); Publitz (the place of beans); Janowitz (John’s -town); Schwantewitz (the town of the Sclavonic god Swantewit). - - - J - -[Sidenote: JABLON (Sclav.),] - -the apple-tree; _e.g._ Jablonez, Jablonka, Jablona, Jablonken, -Jablonoko, Gablenz, Gablona (places abounding in apples); Jablonnoi or -Zablonnoi (the mountain of apples). - -[Sidenote: JAMA (Sclav.),] - -a ditch; _e.g._ Jamlitz, Jamnitz, and Jamno (places with a ditch or -trench); Jamburg (the town in the hollow or ditch); but Jamlitz may -sometimes mean the place of medlar-trees, from _jemelina_ (the medlar). - -[Sidenote: JASOR (Sclav.),] - -a marsh; _e.g._ Jehser-hohen and Jeser-nieder (the high and lower -marsh), near Frankfort; Jeserig and Jeserize (the marshy place). - -[Sidenote: JASSEN (Sclav.),] - -the ash-tree; _e.g._ Jessen, Jessern, Jesseu, Jessnitz (the place of -ash-trees). - -[Sidenote: JAWOR (Sclav.),] - -the maple-tree; _e.g._ Great and Little Jawer, in Silesia; Jauer, in -Russia; Jauernitz and Jauerburg (the place of maple-trees), in Russia. - -[Sidenote: JAZA (Sclav.),] - -a house; _e.g._ Jäschen, Jäschwitz, Jäschütz (the houses). - -[Sidenote: JEZIRAH (Ar.),] - -an island or peninsula; _e.g._ Algiers or Al-Jezirah, named from an -island near the town; Al-Geziras (the islands), near Gibraltar; Alghero -(the peninsula), in Sardinia; Jezirah-diraz (long island), in the -Persian Gulf; Al-Jezirah or Mesopotamia (between the river). - -[Sidenote: JÖKUL (Scand.),] - -a snow-covered hill; _e.g._ Vatna-Jökul (the hill with the lake); -Orefa-Jökul (the desert hill); Forfa-Jökul (the hill of Forfa): -Long-Jökul (long hill). - -[Sidenote: JONC (Fr.),] - -from _juncus_, Lat. (a rush); _e.g._ Jonchère, Joncheres, Jonchery, Le -Jonquer, La Joncières, etc., place-names in France. - - - K - -KAAI, KAI, KADE (Teut.), - -a quay or a bank by the water-side; _e.g._ Oudekaai (old quay); -Kadzand (the quay or bank on the sand); Moerkade (marshy bank); -Kewstoke (the place on the quay); Kew, in Surrey, on the Thames; -Torquay (the quay of the hill called _Tor_). - -[Sidenote: KAHL (Ger.), -CALO (A.S.),] - -bald, cognate with the Lat. _calvus_; _e.g._ Kalenberg and -Kahlengebirge (the bald mountains). - -[Sidenote: KAISER (Ger.), -KEYSER (Dutch), -CYZAR (Sclav.),] - -the emperor or Cæsar; _e.g._ Kaisersheim, Kaiserstadt (the emperor’s -town); Kaiserstuhl (the emperor’s seat); Kaiserberg (the emperor’s -fortress), in Alsace, named from a castle erected by Frederick II.; -Kaiserslautern (the emperor’s place), on the R. Lauter; Kaiserswerth -(the emperor’s island), on the Rhine; Keysersdyk (the emperor’s -dam); Keysersloot (the emperor’s sluice), in Holland; Cysarowes (the -emperor’s village), in Bohemia; Kaisariyeh, anc. _Cæsarea_. - -[Sidenote: KALAT, or KALAH (Ar.),] - -a castle; _e.g._ Khelat, in Belochistan; Yenikale (the new castle), -in the Crimea; Calatablanca (white castle), in Sicily; Calahorra, -Ar. _Kalat-harral_ (stone castle), in Spain; Calata-bellota (the -oak-tree castle), in Sicily; Calata-girone (the surrounded castle), -Sicily; Calata-mesetta (the castle of the women); Calatayud (the -castle of Ayud, a Moorish king); Alcala-real (the royal castle); -Alcala-de-Henares (the castle on the R. Henares), in Spain; -Sanjiac-Kaleh (the castle of the standard), corrupt. by the French into -_St. Jaques_, in Asia Minor; Calatrava (the castle of Rabah). - -[Sidenote: KAMEN (Sclav.),] - -a stone; _e.g._ Camentz, Kemmen, Kammena, Kamienetz (the stony place); -Kamminchen (the little stony place), a colony from Steenkirchen; -Chemnitz (the stony town, or the town on the stony river); -Kersna-kaimai (the Christian’s stone house); Schemnitz, Hung. _Selmecz_ -(stony town), in Silesia. - -[Sidenote: KARA (Turc.),] - -black; _e.g._ Karamania (the district of the blacks); Karacoum (the -black sand), in Tartary; Kara-su (the black river); Kara-su-Bazar (the -market-town on the Kara-su); Kara-Tappeh (the black mound), in Persia; -Kartagh and Kartaon (the black mountain chains), in Turkey and Tartary; -Kara-Dengis, the Turkish name for the Black Sea, called by the Russians -_Tchernœ-more_, Ger. _Schawarz-meer_; Kara-mulin (black mill); Cape -Kara-bournow (the black nose), in Asia Minor. - -[Sidenote: KEHLE (Ger.),] - -a gorge or defile; _e.g._ Bergkehle (hill gorge): Hundkehle (the dog’s -gorge); Langkehl (long gorge); Kehl (the gorge), in Baden; Schuylkill -(the hidden gorge), a river in America. - -[Sidenote: KESSEL, KEZIL (Ger.), -KYTEL (A.S.),] - -literally a kettle, but in topography applied to a bowl-shaped valley -surrounded by hills; _e.g._ Ketel, in Holstein; Kessel, in Belgium; -Kessel-loo (the low-lying grove or swamp), in Belgium; Kesselt (the -low-lying wood, _holt_), in Belgium; Kettle or King’s-kettle (the -hollow), in the valley of the R. Eden, in Fife, formerly belonging to -the crown; but such names as Kesselstadt, Kesselsham, Kettlesthorpe, -and Kettleshulme are probably connected with the personal name Chetil -or Kettle, being common names among the Teutons and Scandinavians. - -[Sidenote: KIR (Heb.), -KIRJATH,] - -a wall or stronghold, a city or town; _e.g._ Kir-Moab (the stronghold -of Moab); Kiriathaim (the two cities); Kirjath-Arba (the city of -Arba), now Hebron; Kirjath-Baal (of Baal); Kirjath-Huzoth (the city -of villas); Kirjath-jearim (of forests); Kirjath-sannah (of palms), -also called Kirjath-sepher (the city of the book). The Breton _Ker_ -(a dwelling) seems akin to this word, as in Kergneû (the house at the -nut-trees), in Brittany. - -[Sidenote: KIRCHE (Ger. and Scand.), -CYRIC (A.S.), -KERK (Dutch),] - -a church. The usual derivation of this word is from _kuriake_, Grk. -_oikos-kuriou_ (the Lord’s house); _e.g._ Kirkham, Kerkom, Kirchdorf -(church town); Kirchhof (church court); Kirchwerder (church island), -on an island in the R. Elbe; Kirchditmold (the church at the people’s -place of meeting)--_v._ DIOT. Fünfkirchen (the five churches), in -Hungary; Kirchberg (church hill), in Saxony. Many parishes in Scotland -have this affix to their names, as in Kirkbean (the church of St -Bean); Kirkcaldy (the church of the Culdees, who formerly had a -cell there); Kirkcolm (of St. Columba); Kirkconnel (of St. Connal); -Kirkcowan, anc. _Kirkuen_ (of St. Keuin); Kirkcudbright (of St. -Cuthbert); Kirkden (the church in the hollow); Kirkhill (on the hill); -Kirkhope (in the valley); Kirkinner (the church of St. Kinneir). In -England: Kirkby-Lonsdale (the church town), in the valley of the Lune; -Kirkby-Stephen (of St. Stephen, to whom the church was dedicated); -Kirkdale, in Lancashire; Kirkham, also in Lancashire; Kirkliston -(the church of the strong fort, founded by the Knights Templars), in -Linlithgow; Kirkoswald, named after Oswald, King of Northumberland; -Kirkurd, in Peeblesshire, Lat. _Ecclesia de Orde_ (the church of Orde -or Horda, a personal name); Kirkwall, Norse _Kirk-ju-vagr_ (the church -on the bay); Hobkirk (the church in the _hope_ or valley); Ladykirk, -in Berwickshire, dedicated to the Virgin Mary by James IV. on his -army crossing the Tweed near the place; Falkirk, supposed to be the -church on the _Vallum_ or wall of Agricola, but more likely to be the -A.S. rendering of its Gaelic name _Eglais-bhrac_ (the spotted church), -_fah_ in A.S. being of divers colours; Stonykirk, in Wigtonshire, -corrupt. from _Steenie-kirk_ (St. Stephen’s church); Kirkmaden (of -St. Medan); Carmichael for Kirk-Michael (of St. Michael); Bridekirk -(of St. Bridget); Carluke for Kirkluke (of St. Luke); Selkirk, anc. -_Sella-chyrche-Regis_ (the seat of the king’s church, originally -attached to a royal hunting-seat); Laurencekirk (the church of -St. Laurence, Archbishop of Canterbury, called the Apostle of the -Picts); Kirby-Kendal (the church in the valley of the Ken or Kent); -Channelkirk, in Berwickshire, anc. _Childer-kirk_ (the children’s -church, having been dedicated to the Innocents). - -[Sidenote: KIS (Hung.),] - -little; _e.g._ Kis-sceg (little corner), in Transylvania; Kishissar -(little fort). - -[Sidenote: KLAUSE, KLOSTER,] - -a place shut in, from the Lat. _claudo_, also a cloister; _e.g._ -Klausen (the enclosed place), in Tyrol; Klausenburg (the enclosed -fortress); Klausenthal (the enclosed valley); Kloster-Neuburg (the -new town of the cloister); Chiusa, in Tuscany, anc. _Clusium_, and -Clusa, in Saxony (the enclosed place), also La Chiusa, in Piedmont; but -_claus_, as a prefix, may be _Klaus_, the German for Nicholas, and is -sometimes attached to the names of churches dedicated to that saint. - -[Sidenote: KLEIN (Ger.),] - -little; _e.g._ Klein-eigher (the little giant), a mountain in -Switzerland. - -[Sidenote: KNAB, KNOP (Scand. and Teut.), -CNAP (Cel.),] - -a hillock; _e.g._ Noopnoss (the projecting point); Knabtoft (the farm -of the hillock); The Knab, in Cumberland; Knapen-Fell (the hill with -the protuberance), in Norway; Knapdale (the valley of hillocks), -Argyleshire; Knapton, Knapwell (the town and well near the hillock); -Snape (the hillock), in Suffolk and Yorkshire; Nappan (little hillock), -and Knapagh (hilly land), in Ireland. - -[Sidenote: KNOLL (Teut.), -KNOW,] - -a hillock; _e.g._ Knowle and Knoyle (the hillock); Knowl-end (hill -end); Knowsley (hill, valley, or field). In the form of _know_ or _now_ -it is common as an affix in Scotland. - -[Sidenote: KOH (Pers.),] - -a mountain; _e.g._ Koh-baba (the chief or father mountain); Caucasus -(mountain on mountain, or the mountain of the gods, _Asses_); Kuh-i-Nuh -(Noah’s mountain), the Persian name for Ararat; Kashgar (the mountain -fortress). - -[Sidenote: KOI (Turc.),] - -a village; _e.g._ Kopri-koi (bridge village); Haji-Veli-koi (the -village of the pilgrim Veli); Papaskoi (the priest’s village); Kadikoi -(the judge’s village); Hajikoi (the pilgrim’s village); Akhmedkoi -(Achmed’s village); Boghaz-koi (God’s house), near the ruins of an -ancient temple in Asia Minor. - -[Sidenote: KÖNIG (Ger.), -CING (A.S.),] - -a king; _e.g._ Königshofen (the king’s court); Königheim (the king’s -dwelling); Königsbrunn (the king’s well); Königshain (the king’s -enclosure); Königshaven (the king’s harbour); Königsberg, in Prussia, -and Kongsberg, in Norway (the king’s mountain); Königstein (the king’s -rock fortress); Coningsby, Connington, Coniston, Kingsbury, places in -England where the Anglo-Saxons held their court; Kingston, in Surrey, -where their kings were generally crowned; Kingston or Hull, upon the -R. Hull, in Yorkshire, named after Edward I.; Kingston, Co. Dublin, so -named in commemoration of George IV.’s visit to Ireland; Kingston, in -Jamaica, named after William III.; Cunningham, Kingthorpe, Kingsby (the -king’s dwelling or farm); but Cuningsburg, in Shetland, may be derived -from _Kuningr_ (a rabbit); Kingsbarns, in Fife, so called from certain -storehouses erected there by King John during his occupation of the -castle now demolished. - -[Sidenote: KOPF, KOPPE (Ger.), -COPA (Welsh), -KUPA (Sclav.), -CABO (Span.),] - -a headland or mountain peak; _e.g._ Catzenkopf (the cat’s head); -Schneekopf and Schneekoppe (snowy peak); Ochsenkopf (the oxen’s peak); -Riesenkoppe (giants’ peak); Perecop, in Russia (the gate of the -headland); Vogelskuppe (the birds’ peak); Cape Colonna (the headland -of the pillars), so named from the ruins of a temple to Minerva; Cape -Leuca (the white); Cape Negro (the black); Cape Roxo (the red cape); -Kuopio (on a headland), in Russia; Cabeza-del-buey (ox headland), -in Spain; Cabeciera (black headland), in Spain; Capo-d’Istria (the -summit of Istria); Copeland, a district in Cumberland full of peaks or -headlands. - -[Sidenote: KOPRI, KUPRI (Turc.),] - -a bridge; _e.g._ Vezir-kopri (the vizier’s bridge); Keupri-bazaar (the -market-town at the bridge); Keupris (bridge town), in Turkey. - -[Sidenote: KOS (Sclav.),] - -a goat; _e.g._ Koselo (goat’s river); Koslin (goat town), in Pomerania. - -[Sidenote: KOSCIOL (Sclav.),] - -a Romish church; _e.g._ Kostel, Kosteletz (towns with a Romish church), -a Protestant church being called _Zbor_, and a Greek church _Zerkwa_. - -[Sidenote: KRAL, KROL (Sclav.),] - -a king; _e.g._ Kralik, Kralitz, Krolow, Kraliewa, Kralowitz (the king’s -town or fortress). - -[Sidenote: KRASNA (Sclav.),] - -beautiful; _e.g._ Krasnabrod (the beautiful ford); Krasnapol (the -beautiful city); Krasno-Ufimsk (the beautiful town of the R. Ufa); -Krasna and Krasne (the beautiful place). - -[Sidenote: KRE (Sclav.),] - -a coppice; _e.g._ Sakrau, Sakrow (behind the coppice). - -[Sidenote: KREIS (Ger.),] - -a circle; _e.g._ Saalkreis (the circle watered by the R. Saal); -Schwardswaldkreis (the circle of the Black Forest). - -[Sidenote: KREM, KRIM (Sclav.),] - -a stone building; _e.g._ The Kremlin (the stone fort of Moscow); -Kremmen, Kremenetz, Kremnitz, Kremmenaia, Kremenskaia, towns in Russia, -Poland, and Lusatia. - -[Sidenote: KRONE, KRON (Teut. and Scand.),] - -a crown; _e.g._ Kronstadt, Hung. _Brasso_ (crown city), in Hungary; -Cronstadt, in Russia, founded by Peter the Great; Königscrone (the -king’s crown); Carlscrone (Charles’s crown); Landscrone (the crown or -summit of the land), a mountain and town in Silesia--also with the same -meaning, Landscrona, in Sweden. _Kron_, however, as a prefix, comes -occasionally from _krahn_ (a crane), as in Kronwinkel (the crane’s -corner). - -[Sidenote: KRUG (Ger.),] - -a small inn; _e.g._ Dornkrug (the thorn inn); Krugmülle (the mill -at the inn). - - - L - -[Sidenote: LAAG, LAGE (Ger.), -LOOG (Dutch),] - -a site, a low-lying field; _e.g._ Brawenlage (brown field); Wittlage -(white field or wood field); Blumlage (flowery field); Mühlenloog (the -mill field or site); Dinkellage (wheat field). This word is also used -as an adjective, signifying _low_; _e.g._ Loogkirk (low church); -Loogheyde (low heath); Loogemeer (low lake); Laaland (low island). - -[Sidenote: LAC (Fr.), -LACHE (Ger.), -LAGO (It., Span., and Port.), -LAGUNA,] - -a lake, cognate with the Lat. _lacus_ and the Cel. _loch_ or _lwch_. -These words in the various dialects originally signified a _hollow_, -from the roots _lag_, _lug_, and Grk. _lakos_; _e.g._ Lachen, Lat. -_Adlacum_ (at the lake), a town on Lake Zurich; Interlachen (between -the lakes), in Switzerland; Biberlachen (beaver lake); Lago Maggiore -(the greater lake), with reference to Lake Lugano, which itself means -simply the lake or hollow; Lago Nuovo (new lake), in Tyrol,--it was -formed a few years ago by a landslip; Lagoa (on a lake or marsh), -in Brazil; Lagow (on a lake), in Prussia; Lagos, in Portugal (on -a large bay or lake); Laguna-de-Negrillos (the lake of the elms) -and Laguna-Encinillos (of the evergreen oaks), in Spain; Laach, in -the Rhine Provinces (situated on a lake), the crater of an extinct -volcano; Anderlecht or Anderlac (at the lake or marsh), in Belgium; -Chablais, Lat. _Caput-lacensis_ (at the head of the lake, _i.e._ of -Geneva); Missolonghi, _i.e._ _Mezzo-laguno_ (in the midst of a marshy -lagoon); Beverley, in Yorkshire, anc. _Biberlac_ (the beaver lake or -marsh); Lago-dos-Patos (the lake of geese), in Brazil; Niederhaslach -and Oberhaslach (lower and upper lake), in Bas Rhin; Lake Champlain -takes its name from a Norman adventurer, Governor-general of Canada, -in the seventeenth century; Alagoas (abounding in lakes), a province -in Brazil, with its capital of the same name; Filey, in Yorkshire, in -Doomsday _Fuielac_ (_i.e._ bird lake, _fugæ_). - -[Sidenote: LAD (Scand.),] - -a pile or heap; _e.g._ Ladhouse, Ladhill, Ladcragg, Ladrigg (the house, -hill, crag, ridge of the mound or cairn), probably so named from a heap -or cairn erected over the grave of some Norse leader. - -[Sidenote: LADE, or LODE (A.S.),] - -a way, passage, or canal; _e.g._ Ladbrook (the passage of the brook); -Lechlade, in Gloucester (the passage of the R. Lech into the Thames); -Evenlode (at brink of the passage or stream); Cricklade, anc. -_Crecca-gelade_ or _Crecca-ford_ (the creek at the opening or entrance -of the Churn and Key into the Thames). - -[Sidenote: LAEN (Teut.), -LEHEN,] - -land leased out, a fief; _e.g._ Kingsland or Kingslaen, in Middlesex, -Hereford, and Orkney; Haylene (the enclosed fief), in Hereford; Lenham -(the dwelling on the laen); Lenton, ditto. - -[Sidenote: LAESE (A.S.),] - -pasture, literally moist, wet land; _e.g._ Lewes, in Sussex; -Lesowes, in Worcester (the wet pasture); Lewisham (the dwelling on the -pasture), in Kent; Leswalt (wood pasture), in Dumfriesshire. - -[Sidenote: LAG, LUG (Gadhelic), -LÜCKE (Ger.),] - -a hollow, cognate with the Lat. _lacus_ and the Grk. _lakkos_; _e.g._ -Logie (the hollow), in Stirling; Logiealmond (the hollow of the R. -Almond in Perth); Logie-Buchan, in Aberdeenshire; Logie-Coldstone, -Gael. _Lag-cul-duine_ (the hollow behind the fort), Aberdeen; -Logie-Easter and Logie-Wester, in Cromarty; Logie Loch and Laggan Loch -(the lake in the hollow); Logan (the little hollow); Logierait, Gael. -_Lag-an-rath_ (the hollow of the _rath_ or castle, so called from the -Earls of Atholl having formerly had their castle there in Perthshire); -Mortlach, Co. Banff, probably meaning the great hollow. In Ireland: -Legachory, Lagacurry, Legacurry (the hollow of the pit or caldron, -_coire_); Lugduff (dark hollow); Lugnaquillia (the highest of the -Wicklow mountains), is from the Irish _Lug-na-gcoilleach_ (the hollow -of the cocks, _i.e._ _grouse_); Lough Logan (the lake of the little -hollow); Lagnieu, in France, anc. _Lagniacum_ (the place in the hollow -of the waters); Laconia and Lacedemonia (in the hollow), in Greece. - -[Sidenote: LANN (Gadhelic), -LLAN (Cym.-Cel.), -LAND (Teut.),] - -an enclosure, a church, a house; but Mr. Skene considers that the -Cel. _llan_ comes from the Lat. _planum_ (a level place), just as -the Gael. _lan_ (full) comes from the Lat. _plenus_. This word is -more common in Welsh names than in the topography of Ireland and -Scotland, and in its signification of a church forms the groundwork of -a vast number of Welsh names. In Ireland it means a house as well as -a church, as in Landbrock (the badger’s house); Landmore (the great -church), in Londonderry; Landahussy (O’Hussy’s church), in Tyrone; -Lanaglug (the church of the bells). It is not so frequent in Scotland, -but the modern name of Lamlash, in the Island of Arran, formerly -_Ard-na-Molas_, the height of St. Molios, who lived in a cave there, -seems to be the church or enclosure of this saint; Lambride, in Forfar, -is _Lannbride_ (St. Bridget’s church); Lumphanan is from _Lann-Finan_ -(St. Finan’s church). The derivation of Lanark, anc. _Lanerk_, is -probably from the Welsh _Llanerch_ (a distinct spot or fertile piece -of ground). There are many examples of this root in Brittany; _e.g._ -Lanleff (the enclosure on the R. Leff); Lanmeur (great church); -Lannion (the little enclosure); Landerneau and Lannoy (the enclosure -on the water); but in French topography the Teut. _land_ generally -signifies uncultivated ground; _e.g._ La Lande, Landes, Landelles, La -Landelle, Les Landais, Landau, etc.--_v._ Cocheris’s _Noms de Lieu_. -Launceston, in Cornwall, is probably corrupt. from _Llan-Stephen_. The -greatest number of our examples must be taken from Wales. There are -Lantony or _Llan-Ddevinant_ (the church of St. David in the valley, -_nant_, of the R. Hodeny); Llan-Dewi-Aberarth (St. David’s church at -the mouth of the Arth); Lampeter (of St. Peter); Llan-Asaph (of St. -Asaph); Llanbadern-fawr (the great church founded by Paternus), also -Llan-Badarn-Odyn; Llandelo-vawr (of Feilo the Great); Llandewi-Brefi -(St. David’s church). Brevi here means the bellowing, from the dismal -moans of a sacred animal killed here; Llandovery, corrupt. from -_Llan-ym-dyffrwd_ (the church among the rivers, at the confluence of -three streams); Llanudno (of St. Tudno); Llanelly (of St. Elian); -Llanfair (of St. Mary); Llanover (the church of the Gover wells); -Llanon (the church dedicated to Nonn, the mother of St. David); -Llanfair-yn-nghornwy (on the horn or headland of the water). There -are several of this name,--as Llan-fair-ar-y-bryn (St. Mary’s church -on the hill); Llanfair-helygen (St. Mary’s church among willows); -Llanfair-o’r-llwyn (on the lake); Llanfihangel (of the angel); -Llanfihangel-genau’r-glyn (the church of the angels at the opening of -the valley); Llanfihangel-y-creuddin, a church erected probably on the -site of a bloody battle; Llanfihangel-lledrod (the church at the foot -of a declivity); Llangadogvawr (of St. Cadoc the Great); Llangeler (of -St. Celert); Llangollen (of St. Collen); Llanidloes (of St. Idloes); -Llaniestyn (of St. Constantine); Llannethlin, anc. _Mediolanum_ (the -church among the pools or marshes); Llantrissant (of three saints); -Llanddeusaint (of two saints); Llanberis (of St. Peres); Llandegla (of -St. Theckla); Llanrhaiadr (the church of the cataract); Llanfaes (the -church of the battle-field); Landaff, on the R. Taff; Llangoedmore -(the church of the great wood); Llanaml-lech (the church on the stony -ground, etc.); Llangwyllog (the gloomy church, perhaps in the shade -of the Druidic grove); Llanfleiddian (dedicated to a bishop named -Flaidd); Llanllawer (the church of the multitude, _llawer_, close to -which was a sainted well famous for its medicinal properties, and which -was resorted to by crowds of impotent folk); Llancilcen (the church -in the nook, _cil_, at the top, _cen_, of a hill), a parish in Flint; -Llan-mabon (of St. Mabon); Llan-Beblig, corrupt. from _Bublicius_, -named for the son of Helen, a Welsh princess; Llan-sant-Fagan, named -in honour of St. Faganus, a missionary from Rome. _Llan_ is sometimes -corrupted to _long_ in Scotland, as in Longniddrie; Lagny, a town -in France, anc. _Laniacum_ (the church or enclosure on the stream). -From the Teut. _land_, _i.e._ a country or district, some names may -come in appropriately under this head--thus Scotland (the land of -the Scots), from Ireland; Monkland, in Lanarkshire (belonging to the -monks); Natland, in Norway (the land of horned cattle); Sutherland -(the southern land, as compared with Caithness), both Sutherland and -Caithness having formed part of the Orkney Jarldom; Cumberland (the -land of the Cymbri), being part of the British kingdom of Cumbria; -Holland (the marshy land, _ollant_); Gippsland, named in honour of Sir -George Gipps, a governor of Port Philip; Friesland (the land of the -Frisii); Beveland (of oxen or beeves); Baardland (of the Lombards); -Westmoreland (the land of the _Westmoringas_ or people of the Western -moors); Gothland, in Sweden (the land of the Goths); Jutland (the land -of the Getæ or Jutes, the Cimbric Chersonesus of the ancients). - -[Sidenote: LAR, LAAR, LEER (Old Ger.), -LAER (A.S.), -LATHAIR, or LAUER (Gadhelic),] - -a site, a bed; and in Germany, according to Buttmann, a field; in -topography, synonymous with _lage_; _e.g._ Goslar (the site or field -on the R. Gose), in Hanover; Somplar (marshy field); Wittlar (woody -field); Dinklar (wheat field); Wetzlar, in Prussia, anc. _Wittlara_ -(woody field); Wassarlar (watery field); Noordlaren (the northern -site); Lahr (the site), a town in Baden. In Ireland this word takes -the forms of _laragh_ and _lara_; _e.g._ Laraghleas (the site of the -fort); Laraghshankill (of the old church). Lara, however, is sometimes -a corrupt. of _Leath-rath_ (half rath), as in Laragh, in West Meath; -and _laar_ and _lare_ often mean _middle_, as in Rosslare (the middle -peninsula); Ennislare (the middle island); Latheron, in Caithness, is -the site of the seal. - -[Sidenote: LAUF, LAUFEND (Ger.), -LOOP (Dutch),] - -a current, a rapid, from _laufen_, Ger.; _hlaupen_, Scand.; _hleapen_, -A.S. (to run, to leap); _e.g._ Laufen (the rapids), on the R. Salzach; -Lauffenberg (the town near the rapids of the Rhine); Laufnitz (the -leaping river); Lauffen (on the rapids of the R. Inn); Leixlip, in -Ireland, Old Norse _Lax-hlaup_ (salmon-leap), on a cataract of the R. -Liffey; Beck-loop (brook cataract), in Holland; Loop-Head, Co. Clare, -Irish _Leim-Chon-Chuillerin_ (Cuchullin’s leap)--_v._ Joyce’s _Names of -Places_. - -[Sidenote: LAW (A.S.), _hleaw_, -LOW,] - -a hill, cognate with the Irish _lagh_; _e.g._ Houndslow (the dog’s -hill); Ludlow (the people’s hill, _leod_); Greenlaw, in Berwickshire -(the green hill)--the modern town is situated on a plain, but old -Greenlaw was on a hill; Winslow (the hill of victory), in Berks; -Marlow (the chalk or marshy hill); Wardlaw (guard hill); Hadlow, anc. -_Haslow_ (hazel hill); Castlelaw, in the Lammermuir range, named from -Roman camps on these hills; Sidlaw Hills (the south hills, in reference -to their forming the southern boundary of Strathmore); Warmlow, Co. -Worcester, anc. _Waermundes-hleau_ (the hill of Waermund, a personal -name); Fala, a parish in Mid Lothian, abbreviated from _Fallaw_ (the -speckled hill); Mintlaw, in Aberdeenshire, corrupt. from _Moan-alt-law_ -(the hill at the moss burn). - -[Sidenote: LAYA (Sansc.),] - -an abode; _e.g._ Naglaya (the abode of snakes); the Himalaya Mountains -(the abode of snow); Hurrial, for _Arayalaya_ (the abode of Hari or -Vishnu). - -[Sidenote: LEAC (Gadhelic), -LLECH (Cym.-Cel.),] - -a flat stone--in topography, found in the forms of _lick_ and _leck_, -cognate with the Lat. _lapis_ and Grk. _lithos_; _e.g._ Lackeen, Licken -(the little stone); Slieve-league (the mountain of the flagstone); -Lickmollasy (St. Molasse’s flagstone); Bel-leek, Irish _Bel-leice_ -(the ford of the flagstone), near Ballyshannon; Lackagh (full of -flagstones); Lickfinn (white flagstone); Duleek, anc. _Doimhliag_ -(the stone house or church); Auchinleck (the field of the stone), in -Ayrshire; Harlech, in Merioneth; Ar-llech (on the rock, the place being -situated on a craggy eminence); Llananl-lech--_v._ LLAN; Llech-trufin, -probably originally Llech-treffen (the rock of the look-out, or -_twrfine_); Llanml-lech (the church among many stones); Tre-llech -(stone dwelling); Llech-rhyd (the ford of the flat stone); Leck, Lech, -Leckbeck (the stony rivers); Leckfield (the field on the R. Leck); -Leckwith, in Wales, for Lechwedd (a slope). - -[Sidenote: LEAMHAN (Gadhelic),] - -the elm-tree; _e.g._ the Laune, a river at Killarney, and the Leven, -in Scotland (the elm-tree stream); Lennox or Levenach (the district of -the R. Leven), the ancient name of Dumbartonshire; Lislevane (the fort -of the elm-tree), in Ireland. According to Mr. Skene, the Rivers Leven -in Dumbartonshire and in Fife have given their names to Loch Lomond -and Loch Leven, while in each county there is a corresponding mountain -called Lomond. - -[Sidenote: LEARG (Gadhelic),] - -the slope of a hill; _e.g._ Largy, in Ireland; Lairg, a parish in -Sutherlandshire; Largs, in Ayrshire, and Largo, in Fife, from this -word; Largan (the little hill-slope); Largynagreana (the sunny -hill-slope); Larganreagh (gray hill-slope), in Ireland. - -[Sidenote: LEBEN (Ger.),] - -a possession, an inheritance. Forsteman thinks this word is derived -from the Old Ger. _laiban_ (to leave or bequeath), cognate with -the Grk. _leipa_, and not from _leben_ (to live); _e.g._ Leibnitz, -anc. _Dud-leipen_ (the inheritance of Dudo); Ottersleben (of Otho); -Ritzleben (of Richard); Germersleben (of Germer); Osharsleben (of -Ausgar); Sandersleben (of Sander); Hadersleben (of Hada). - -[Sidenote: LEGIO (Lat.),] - -a Roman legion; _e.g._ Caerleon, on the Usk, anc. _Isca-Legionis_; -Leicester, _Legionis-castra_ (the camp of the legion); Leon, in Spain, -anc. _Legio_, being the station of the seventh Roman legion; Lexdon, -anc. _Legionis-dunum_ (the fort of the legion); Megiddo, in Palestine, -now Ledjun, anc. _Castra-legionis_ (the camp of the legion). - -[Sidenote: LEHM (Ger.), -LAAM (A.S.), -LEEM (Dutch),] - -clay, mud; _e.g._ the Leam (the muddy river); Leamington (the town on -the R. Leam); Lehmhurst (the clayey wood); Lambourn (muddy brook); -Leemkothen (the mud huts). - -[Sidenote: LEITER (Gadhelic),] - -the slope of a hill; _e.g._ Ballater, in Aberdeenshire (the town on the -sloping hill); Letterfearn (the alder-tree slope); Letterfourie (the -grassy hillside, _feurach_); Findlater (the cold hill-slope, _fionn_), -in Scotland. In Ireland: Letterkenny (the hill-slope of the O’Cannons); -Letterkeen (beautiful hill-slope); Lettermullen (Meallan’s hill-slope); -Letterbrick (the badger’s hill-slope); Letterlickey (the hill-slope of -the flagstone); Letherhead, in Surrey (at the head of the slope, Welsh -_llethr_), on the declivitous bank of the R. Mole; Machynlleth for -Mach-yn-Llethr (the ridge on the slope), a town in Montgomery. - -[Sidenote: LEOD (A.S.), LEUTE (Ger.),] - -the people; _e.g._ Leutkirch (the people’s church); Liège, Ger. -_Lüttich_, anc. _Leodicus-vicus_ (the people’s town)--the hill on which -the citadel stands was called _Publes-mont_ (the people’s hill); Leeds, -in Yorkshire, anc. _Loidis_ (the people’s town, according to Bayley); -Whittaker, however, makes it the town of Loidi, a personal name); but -Leeds, in Kent, is said to have been named after Ledian, the Chancellor -of Ethelred II. - -[Sidenote: LESSO, LESSE (Sclav.),] - -a wood or thicket; _e.g._ Lessau, Leske, Leskau, Lessen, Lissa (the -woody place), towns in Prussia; Leschnitz, in Silesia, and Leizig, in -Saxony, with the same meaning; Leschkirch (the church in the wood), in -Transylvania; Liezegorike (woody hill). - -[Sidenote: LEUCUS (Grk.),] - -white, _e.g._ Leuctra, Leuctron, Leucadia, so named from the white -rocks at its extremity; Leucasia (the white river); Leucate (the white -promontory in Greece). - -[Sidenote: LEY, LEA (A.S.), -LEG,] - -a district--in English topography generally applied to an open field or -meadow; _e.g._ Leigh (the meadow), in Lancashire; Berkeley, Thornley, -Oakley, Auchley, Alderley, Brachley (the meadow of birch, thorn, oak, -alder, ferns); Hasley (of hazels); Hagley (the enclosed meadow); -Horsley (the meadow of Horsa, or of horses); Brockley (of the badger); -Hindley (of the stag); Everley (of the wild boar, _aper_); Bradley -(broad meadow); Stanley (stony meadow); Loxley (of Loki, a Scandinavian -deity); Ashley (ash-tree meadow); but Ashley, S. Carolina, was named -after Lord Ashley in the reign of Charles II.; Morley (moor-field); -Bisley (bean-field); Cowley (cow’s field); Linley (flax-field); Monkley -(the monk’s field); Audley, Co. Stafford (old field); but Audley, in -Essex, took its name from a palace erected by Thomas Audley, Lord -Chancellor of England; Ofley (the field of King Offa); Tarporley, in -Cheshire, corrupt. from _Thorpeley_ (the farm-field or meadow); Chorley -(the meadow of the R. Chor); Bosley (Bodolph’s field); West Leigh, -North Leigh, Leighton, from the same root; Satterleigh (the field of -Seator, an A.S. deity); Earnley, Sussex (eagle meadow); Ripley, in -Yorkshire, from _Hryp_, a personal name; Bentley, _bent_, pasture (a -coarse kind of grass); Tewesley and Tisley, from Tiw, a Saxon deity--as -also Tewing, Tuoesmere, and Teowes (thorn); Henley (the old meadow or -field), supposed to be the oldest town in Oxfordshire. - -[Sidenote: LIN (Esthonian),] - -a fort or town; _e.g._ Rialin, now Riga (the fortress of the Rugii), in -Russia; Pernau, anc. _Perna-lin_ (the lime-tree fort); Tepelin (hill -town; _tepe_, Turc. hill). - -[Sidenote: LINDE (Ger.), -LIND, LYND (A.S. and Scand.),] - -the linden-tree; _e.g._ Lindhurst and Lyndhurst (the linden-tree wood); -Lindheim, Lindorf, Limburg, in Germany (the town of linden-trees); -as also Limburg, in Holland, formerly _Lindenburg_; Lindau (the -linden-tree meadow); Lindesnaes (the promontory of linden-trees), in -Norway; La Linde, Le Lindois (abounding in linden-trees); Limbœuf, -Lindebœuf (linden-tree dwelling), in France. - -[Sidenote: LINNE (Gadhelic), -LLYNN (Cym.-Cel.), -HLYNNA (A.S.),] - -a pool, a lake, sometimes applied to a waterfall, not as associated -with the cascade, but with the pool into which it is received, as in -the Linn of Dee, in Aberdeenshire, and Corra-linn, on the Clyde. Dublin -(the black pool) takes its name from that part of the R. Liffey on -which it is built; and there are several other places in Ireland whose -names have the same meaning, although variously spelt, as Devlin, in -Mayo; Dowling and Doolin, in Kilkenny and Clare; Ballinadoolin (the -town of the black pool), in Kildare. In several such cases the proper -name was _Ath-cliath_ (hurdle ford), literally _Baile-atha-cliath_ (the -town of the hurdle ford), the original name of Dublin. The ancient -name of Lincoln, _Lindum_, is the hill fort on the pool; Linlithgow -comes from the same root, and is probably the gray lake--how it came -by the termination _gow_, _gu_, or _cu_, as it is variously spelt, -cannot be determined; Linton, in Roxburghshire, is the town on the -pool; Linton, in Peebles, on the R. Lyne--in Cambridge (on the -brook, _hlynna_); Dupplin, on the R. Earn, in Perthshire (the black -pool); Crailing, in Berwickshire, anc. _Traverlin_ (the dwellings, -_treabhar_, on the pool); Edarline (between the pools); Aber-glas-lyn -(the estuary of the blue pool), in Wales; Lynn-Regis (the king’s -pool), in Norfolk; Roslin (the projecting point on the pool), in Mid -Lothian; Lynn-yr-Afrange (the beaver’s pool), in Wales; Mauchline, in -Ayrshire (the pool in the plain, _magh_); Lincluden, in Kirkcudbright -(the pool of the R. Cluden); Lindores, in Fife, probably not from this -root, but a corrupt. of _Lann-Tours_, being the seat of the abbey of -Tours, founded by David, Earl of Huntingdon. Lyme-Regis (the king’s -pool), in Dorset; Lymington, anc. _Linton_ (the town on the pool), in -Hants; Llyn-hir (long pool); Llyn-y-cun (the dog’s pool), in Carnarvon; -Llynn-y-Nadroedd (the adder’s pool); Llynn-ye-cae (the enclosed pool), -all in Wales; Llyn-tegid (the fair or beautiful lake); Lly-gwyn, with -the same meaning; Llyn-Teivy, of the R. Teivy, in Wales; Llyn-Safaddon, -corrupt. from _Llyn-saf-baddon_ (the standing pool or fixed bathing -place)--_v._ BAD. - -[Sidenote: LIOS, or LIS (Gadhelic), -LES (Breton and Cornish),] - -an enclosure, a garden, or a fort. In Ireland it generally meant -originally a place enclosed with a circular entrenchment, for the -purpose of shelter and safety, and is often translated by the Lat. -_atrium_ (the entrance-room to a dwelling or temple). There are eleven -places in Ireland called Lismore (the great enclosure); Lismore also -in Argyleshire; Listowel (Tuathal’s fort); Liscarrol (Carrol’s fort); -Liscahane (Cathan’s fort); Lissan, Lissane, Lessany (the little fort); -Ballylesson (the town of the little fort); Lisclogher (stone fort); -Lislevane (the fort of the elm); Lismullin (of the mill); Lisnadarragh -(of the oaks); Lisnaskea, _i.e._ _Lios-na-sceithe_ (of the bush); -Lissard (high fort); Gortnalissa (the field of the fort); Lisbellaw, -_i.e._ _Lios-bel-atha_ (the fort at the ford mouth); Dunluce (strong -fort); Thurles, Co. Tipperary, from _Durlas_ (strong fort); Rathurles -(the rath of the strong fort)--all in Ireland; Liskard or Liskeard -(the enclosure on the height), in Cornwall and Cheshire; Lostwithel, -in Cornwall, _i.e._ _Les-vthiel_ (the lofty palace), one of the -ancient seats of the Duke of Cornwall; Lesmahago, in Lanarkshire, Lat. -_Ecclesia-Machute_ (the enclosure or church of St. Machute); Lesneven, -in Brittany, _i.e._ _Les-an-Evan_ (the enclosure or palace of Evan, -Count of Leon); Leslie, in Fife (the enclosure on the R. Leven); -Lessudden or St. Boswell’s, in Roxburghshire, bears the first name from -Aidan, the Bishop of Lindesfarne, who is said to have lived there; and -its second name from Boisel, a disciple of St. Cuthbert. The Spanish -_llosa_ is akin to the Celtic _lios_, as in Lliosa-del-Obispo (the -bishop’s enclosure). - -[Sidenote: LIPA (Sclav.),] - -the linden-tree; _e.g._ Leipzig, Lipten, Laubsdorf or Libanoise, -Lauban or Luban, Luben, Laubst, Labolz, etc. (the places abounding in -linden-trees); Lubeck and Lublin may come from the same root, or from a -Sclavonic word signifying _beloved_. - -[Sidenote: LLWYD (Welsh),] - -gray-brown; _e.g._ Rhipyn Llwyd (the gray upland); Llwyd-goed (gray -wood). - -[Sidenote: LOCH, LOUGH (Gadhelic), -LLWCH (Cym.-Cel.),] - -a lake; _e.g._ Loch Broom (the lake of showers, _braon_); Loch Carron -(of the winding water); Loch Doine (deep loch); Loch Duich, in -Ross-shire (the lake of St. Duthic, the same person from whom the town -of Tain took its Gaelic name, _Baile-Duich_, St. Dulhaick’s town); Loch -Fyne (the fair lake); Loch Lomond (the lake of the elm-tree river); -Loch Nell (of the swan, _eala_); Loch Ness (of the waterfall, _i.e._ -of Foyers)--_v._ EAS; Loch Long (ship lake, Scand. _Skipafiord_); -Gareloch (short lake, _gearr_), in Ross-shire, and also a branch of the -Firth of Clyde; Loch Etive (dreary loch, _eitidh_); Lochlubnaig (the -lake of the little bend, _lubnaig_); Lochbuie and Lochbuy (the yellow -loch); Lochmuic (of the wild boar); Lochgorm (blue loch); Lochlaggan -(of the hollow); Loch Tay (of the R. Tay or _Tamha_, quiet river); -Lochgelly (of the fair water); Loch Maree (the lake of St. Malrube); -Lochard (high loch); Loch Awe and Loch Linnhe (here duplicate names, -_aw_ signifying water and _linne_ a pool); Loch-na-keal (the loch -of the cemetery, _cill_); Loch Earn (the west loch, _i.e._ west of -Loch Tay); Lochgelly (white lake, _gealich_); Loch Katrine, probably -the lake of the Caterans or freebooters; Benderloch, in Argyleshire, -_i.e._ _Bendaraloch_ (the hill between the lakes); Lochnagar, _i.e._ -_Lochan-na-gabhar_ (the little lake of the goats, at the base of the -mountain to which it gives its name); Lochmaben, probably the loch -of the bald headland, as in an old charter the castle at the head of -the loch is called _Lochmalban_; Lochfad (long loch), in the Island -of Bute, five miles long and scarce half a mile broad; Loch Achray, -in Perthshire (the loch of the _level_ plain, _reidh_); Leuchars, in -Fife, formerly _Lough-yards_, the low grounds of the village used to -lie under water for the greater part of the year. In Ireland there are -Lough Derg (red lake), originally _Loch Dergderc_ (the lake of the red -eye, connected with a legend); Lough Conn (from a personal name Conn); -Loch Rea (gray or smooth lake, _reidh_, smooth); as also Loch Ryan, in -Kirkcudbright (of the smooth water, _reidhan_); Loch Foyle (the lake of -Febhal, the son of Lodan); Loughan, Loughane (little lake); Lochanaskin -(the little lake of the eels); Lough Corrib, corrupt. from Lough -Orbsen (the lake of Orbsen or Mannanan, over whose grave it is said -to have burst forth); Lough Erne, in Ireland, named from the _Ernai_, -a tribe; Lough Finn, named after a lady called Finn, who was drowned -in its waters; Lough, _i.e._ _Loch-n’-Echach_ (the lake of Eochy, a -Munster chief, who, with his family, was overwhelmed in the eruption -which gave their origin to its waters); Loch Swilly, probably a Scand. -name, meaning the lake of the surges or whirlpool, _swelchie_. The town -of Carlow was originally _Cetherloch_ (the quadruple lake, _cether_, -four), from a tradition that formerly the R. Barrow formed four lakes -at this spot. - -[Sidenote: LOCUS (Lat.), -LOCA (A.S.), -LOK, LLE (Cym.-Cel), -LIEU (Fr.),] - -a place; _e.g._ Netley, Lat. _Laeto-loco_ (at the pleasant, cheerful -place), so called from a monastery founded there by Mereward, King of -Mercia, in 658; Madley (the good place); Matlock (the meat enclosure -or storehouse); Leominster, Lat. _Locus-fanum_ (temple place); Porlock -or Portlock, in Somerset (the place of the port); Lok-Maria-Ker (the -town of Maria Ker), in Brittany. In France: Richelieu (rich place); -Chaalis, anc. _Carolis-locus_ (the place of Charles the Good, Count -of Flanders); Beaulieu (beautiful place); Loctudey, at Finisterre, -corrupt. from _Loc-Sancti-Tudené_ (the place of St. Tudy); Locdieu and -Dilo, _i.e._ _Dei-locus_ (God’s place); Lieusaint (holy place); Baslieu -(low place). - -[Sidenote: LOH, LOO (Ger. and Dutch), -LOHE,] - -a meadow or thicket, and sometimes a marsh; _e.g._ Waterloo (watery -meadow); Venloo (the marshy meadow), and perhaps _Louvain_ may have -the same meaning; Groenloo (green thicket); Hohenlohe (the high marshy -meadow); Tongerloo (the marshy meadow of the Tungri); Schwarzenloh (the -black thicket); Anderlues (on the marsh). - -[Sidenote: LOHN (Ger.), -LOON (Dutch),] - -a path; _e.g._ Iser-lohn (the path by the R. Iser); Forstlohn (the -path in the wood); Neerloon and Oberloon (the lower and upper path); -Loon-op-Zand (the path on the sand). - -[Sidenote: LUCUS (Lat.), -LLWYN (Welsh), a grove,] - -a sacred grove; _e.g._ Lugo, in Italy, anc. _Lucus-Dianæ_ (the sacred -grove of Diana); Lugo, in Spain, anc. _Lucus-Augusti_ (the sacred grove -of Augustus); Les luches, in France, near the remains of an ancient -temple; Luc, anc. _Lucus_, in Dauphiny. - -[Sidenote: LUG, LUKA, or LUZ (Sclav.), -LEOIG (Gadhelic), -LAUK (Esthonian),] - -a marsh, cognate with the Lat. _lutum_; _e.g._ Lusatia or Lausatz (the -marshy land); Lassahn, Ger. _Laki-burgum_ (the town on the marsh); -Lugos or Lugosch, Luko and Leignitz, with the same meaning, in Poland -and Silesia; Podlachia (near the marshes), a district in Poland. The -towns of Lyons, Laon, and Leyden were formerly named _Lugdunum_ (the -fortress in the marshy land); Paris was formerly _Lutetia-Parisiorum_ -(the marshy land of the Parisii). In France: Loches, formerly _Luccæ_ -and _Lochiæ_ (the marshy land); and Loché, formerly _Locheium_ (the -marshy dwelling), in the department of Indre et Loire. - -[Sidenote: LUND (Scand.),] - -a sacred grove; _e.g._ Lund, towns in Sweden and in the Shetlands; -Lundgarth (the enclosed grove), in Yorkshire; Lundsthing (the place of -meeting at the grove), in Shetland; Charlottenlund, Christianslund, -and Frederickslund (the grove of Charlotte, Christian, and Frederick), -villages in Denmark; and perhaps the island Lundy, in the Bristol -Channel. - -[Sidenote: LUST, LYST (Teut.),] - -pleasure--applied, in topography, to a palace or lordly mansion; _e.g._ -Ludwigslust, Charlottenlust, Ravenlust (the palaces of Ludovick, of -Charlotte, and of Hrafen); Lostwithel, in Cornwall (the manor of -Withel), in the old Brit. language, _Pen Uchel coet_ (the lofty hill -in the wood, and the _Uzella_ of Ptolemy); Lustleigh (the valley of -pleasure), in Devon. - -[Sidenote: LUTTER, LAUTER (Teut.),] - -bright, clear; _e.g._ Lutri, on Lake Geneva; Luttar, in Brunswick (the -bright place); Latterbach and Lauterburn (clear stream); Lauterburg, in -Alsace, on the R. Lauter; Lutterworth (the bright farm); Lauterecken, -in Bavaria, at the corner, _eck_, of the R. Lauter. - -[Sidenote: LUTZEL, LYTEL (Teut.), -LILLE (Scand.),] - -small; _e.g._ Lutgenrode (the little clearing); Luxemburg, corrupt. -from _Lutzelburg_ (small fortress), Latinised _Lucis-Burgum_ (the city -of light), and hence passing into Luxemburg; Lucelle or Lutzel, in -Alsace; Lutzelsten (the small rock), in Alsace. - - - M - -[Sidenote: MAEN (Welsh),] - -a stone; _e.g._ Maentwrog (the tower-like pillar), a parish in -Merioneth; Maen or Dewi (St. David’s possession). - -[Sidenote: MAES, or FAES (Cym.-Cel.), -MOED, or MEAD (A.S.), -MATTE (Ger.),] - -a meadow or field, cognate with the Gael. _magh_; _e.g._ Maescar -(the pool in the field); Maisemore (great field), in Brecknock and -Gloucestershire; Marden, in Hereford, anc. _Maes-y-durdin_ (the field -of the water camp); Basaleg, a parish in Wales. The name has been -corrupted _Maes-aleg_, signifying _elect land_, from an event famous -in Welsh history, which took place there. Maes-teg (the fair field); -Maes-yr-onnen (the field of ash-trees); Cemmaes (the plain of the -ridge, _cefn_); Maes-y-Mynach (monk field); Cemmaes, _i.e._ _Cefn-maes_ -(the ridge of the plain), in Wales; Runnymede, Co. Surrey (the meadow -of the council), Latinised _Pratum-concilii_; Andermatt (on the -meadow); Zermatt (at the meadow), in Switzerland; Matterhorn (the peak -of the meadow); Aeschenmatt (ash-tree meadow); Maes-Garmon (the field -of St. Germanus), in Wales; Soultzmatt (the meadow of mineral waters, -_salz_), in Alsace. - -[Sidenote: MAGEN, MEKEN, or MAIN (Teut.),] - -great; _e.g._ the R. Main, anc. _Magen-aha_ (great water); Mainland, -anc. _Meginland_ (great island), in the Orkneys; Mainhardt (great -wood); Meiningen (the great field)--_v._ GEN--in Germany. - -[Sidenote: MAGH (Gadhelic), -MACH (Cym.-Cel.), a ridge,] - -a field or plain, corrupt. into Maw or Moy, Latinised _magus_; _e.g._ -Magh-breagh (the beautiful plain), in Ireland, extending from the R. -Liffey to the borders of Co. Louth; Moy and May (the plain), both in -Ireland and in Scotland; Moidart (the high plain), in Inverness-shire; -Mayo (the plain of yew-trees); Moynalty, Irish _Magh-nealta_ (the -plain of the flocks); Macosquin, in Londonderry, corrupt. from -_Magh-Cosgrain_ (the field of Cosgrain); Mallow, in Cork, _Magh-Ealla_ -(the plain of the R. Allo or Ealla, now the Blackwater); Moville and -Movilla (the plain of the old tree, _bile_); Moycoba, for _Magh-Coba_ -(the plain of Coba); _Machaire_, a derivative from _Magh_, is found -under the forms of Maghera and Maghery, thus--Magheracloone (the -plain of the meadow); Magheraculmony (the plain at the back of the -shrubbery); Maynooth (the plain of Nuadhat); Moira, corrupt. from -_Magh-rath_ (the plain of the forts), Co. Down; Moyarta (the plain of -the grave, _ferta_). In Scotland we find Rothiemay, in Banff, corrupt. -from _Rath-na-magh_ (the castle of the plain); Monievaird, _i.e._ -_Magh-na-bhaird_ (the plain of the bards), in Perthshire; Machynlleth -(the ridge on the slope), a town in Montgomeryshire, Wales. In its -Latinised form this word is found in _Marcomagus_, now Margagen (the -plain of the Marcomanni); Juliomagus and Cæsaromagus (of Julius and -Cæsar); Noviomagus (the new plain); and again the same word became -_magen_ or _megen_ among the Teutonic races, thus Noviomagus became -Nimeguen; Nozon was anc. _Noviomagus_ or _Noviodunum_; Riom, in -France, anc. _Ricomagus_ (rich plain); Maing or Meung, on the Loire, -formerly _Magus_; Argenton, Argentomagus (silver field); Rouen, anc. -_Rothomagus_ (the fort on the plain). The ancient name of Worms was -_Bartomagus_, which Buttman says means high field; its present name was -corrupted from _Vormatia_; Mouzon, in France, was Mosomagus (the plain -of the R. Meuse). - -[Sidenote: MAHA (Sansc.),] - -great; _e.g._ Mahabalipoor (the city of the great god Bali); Mahanuddy -(the great river); Mahadea Mountains (the mountains of the great -goddess); Maha-vila-ganga (the great sandy river); Mantote, in Ceylon, -corrupt. from _Maha-Totta_ (the great ferry). - -[Sidenote: MAHAL, MAL, or MOLD (Teut.),] - -the place of meeting; _e.g._ Mahlburg or Mailburg, in Lower Austria -(the town of the place of meeting); Detmold, anc. _Theotmalli_ (the -people’s meeting-place); Wittmold (the meeting-place in the wood); -Moldfelde (in the field); Malton (the town of the meeting), in -Yorkshire; Maulden (the valley of the meeting), in Bedfordshire; -Kirch-ditmold (the church at the meeting-place). - -[Sidenote: MALY, or MALKI (Sclav.),] - -little; _e.g._ Malinek, Malinkowo, Malenz, Malchow, Malkow, Malkowitz -(little town); Maliverck (the little height). - -[Sidenote: MAN, or MAEN (Cym.-Cel.),] - -a place or district; _Maenol_ or _Mainor_, Welsh (a possession), -akin to the Lat. _mansio_ and the Fr. _maison_. From this word maybe -derived Maine, a province of France; Mans and Mantes, although more -directly they may probably come from the _Cenomanni_, a people who -formerly inhabited that district in France; Mantua, in Italy, and La -Mancha, in Spain, may be placed under this head; also Manchester, -anc. _Mancunium_, and Mancester, anc. _Manduessedum_; Menteith, in -Perthshire, the district of the R. Teith. In the Welsh language the -letter _m_ is changed into _f_ and pronounced _v_, and _fan_ abridged -to _fa_, thus--Brawdfa (the place of judgment); Eisteddfa (the sitting -place); Gorphwzsfa (resting place); Morfa (the shore or sea place); -Manaera (the place of slaughter), probably the site of a battle; -Manclochog (the ringing-stone).[4] - -[Sidenote: MANSUS (Lat.),] - -a farm or rural dwelling, to which was attached a certain portion of -land. It was often contracted into _mas_, _miex_, or _mex_; _e.g._ La -Manse, Mansac, Manselle, Le Mas, Beaumets, Beaumais, in France. The -Manse, _i.e._ the dwelling and glebe attached to a parish in Scotland; -Mains, a parish in Forfar. - -[Sidenote: MANTIL (Old Ger.),] - -the fir-tree; _e.g._ Mantilholz (the fir-wood); Mantilberg (fir-tree -hill); Zimmermantil (the room or dwelling at the fir-trees). - -[Sidenote: MAR,] - -a Ger. word, used both as an affix and a prefix, with various meanings. -As a prefix, it occasionally stands for _mark_ (a boundary), as in -Marbrook (the boundary brook), and Marchwiail (the boundary of poles), -in Wales; sometimes for a _marsh_, as in Marbach, on the Danube, and -Marburg, on the Neckar; sometimes also for _mark_, an Old Ger. word for -a horse, as in Marburg, on the R. Lahn, and Marburg and Mardorf (horse -town), in Hesse. As an affix, it is an adjective, and signifies, in the -names of places and persons, clear, bright, distinguished, or abounding -in; _e.g._ Eschmar (abounding in ash-trees); Geismar (in goats); -Horstmar (in wood); Weimar (in the vine). - -[Sidenote: MARK (Ger.), -MEARC (A.S.), -MARCHE (Fr.),] - -the boundary; _e.g._ Styria or Stiermark, the boundary of the R. -Steyer; Markstein (the boundary stone); Markhaus (the dwelling on the -border); March, a town in Cambridge; La Marche (the frontier), a domain -in France, having been the boundary between the Franks and Euskarians; -Mercia, one of the kingdoms of the Heptarchy, bordering on Wales; and -Murcia, in Spain, the boundary district between the Moorish kingdom of -Granada and the other parts of Spain; Newmark, Altmark, Mittelmark (the -new, old, and middle boundary), in Germany; Mark, in the Scandinavian -language, meant a plain or district, thus Denmark means the plain of -the Danes; Finnmark (of the Finns); Markbury, in Cheshire; Markley, in -Hereford (the boundary town and field). The Marcomanni were the March -or boundary men of the Sclavonic frontier of Germany; the R. March or -Morava, the boundary between Lower Austria and Hungary; Marbecq and -Marbeque, rivers in France; Mardick (the boundary dike). - -[Sidenote: MARKT (Teut.), -MERKT,] - -a market, sometimes found as _mart_; _e.g._ Marktmühle (the market -mill); Marktham, Marktflecken (market-town), in Germany; Martham, -also in Norfolk; Neumarkt in Germany, and Newmarket in England (new -market-town); Martock, in Somerset (the oak-tree under which the market -of the district used to be held); Market-Raisin, in Lincoln, on the -R. Raisin; Bibert-Markt, in Bavaria, on the R. Bibert; Kasmarkt, in -Hungary, corrupt. from _Kaiser-Markt_ (the emperor’s market-town); -Donnersmarkt, the German translation or corruption of _Csotartokhely_ -(the Thursday market-place), in Hungary. The cattle-market at -Stratford-on-Avon is still called the _Rother-market_, from an old word -_rother_, for horned cattle. - -[Sidenote: MARSA (Ar.),] - -a port; _e.g._ Marsala, in Sicily, _i.e._ _Marsa-Allah_ (the port of -God); Marsalquivir, _i.e._ _Marsal-el-kebir_ (the great port). In -Malta: Marsa-scala, Marsa-scirocco, Marsa-muscetto, Marsa Torno. - -[Sidenote: MAS (Irish),] - -the thigh--applied in topography to a long low hill; _e.g._ Massreagh -(gray hill); Mausrower (thick hill); Massareene, _i.e._ _Mas-a-rioghna_ -(the queen’s hill); but Massbrook, Co. Mayo, is not from this root; it -is a translation of _Sruthan-an-aiffrinn_ (the brook where the mass -used to be celebrated). - -[Sidenote: MAUM, MOYM, or MAM,] - -Irish _madhm_ (a mountain pass or chasm); _e.g._ Maum-Turk (the boar’s -pass); Maumakeogh (the pass of the mist); Maumnaman (of the women); -Maumnahaltora (of the altar). - -[Sidenote: MAVRO (Modern Grk.),] - -black; _e.g._ Mavrovouno (the black mountain); Mavro Potamo (the -black river), in Greece; Mavrovo and Mavroya (the black town), in -Turkey. - -[Sidenote: MAWR,] - -by mutation _fawr_, Welsh (great)--_v._ MOR, p. 143. - -[Sidenote: MEDINA (Ar.),] - -a city or the metropolis; _e.g._ Medina, in Arabia, called by -the Arabs _Medinat-al-Nabi_ (the city of the prophet). In Spain: -Medina-de-las-torres (the city of the towers); Medina-del-campo (of the -plain); Medina-delpomar (of the apple-orchard); Medina-del-rio-seco -(of the dry river-bed); Medina-Sidonia (of the Sidonians). This city -was so named by the Moors, because they believed it to have been built -on the site of the Phœnician city Asidur. - -[Sidenote: MEER, MERE (Teut.),] - -a lake, sea, or marsh; _e.g._ Blakemere (the black lake, _blaec_), in -Hereford; Great Marlow or Merelow (the hill by the marsh); Cranmere -(the crane’s lake or marsh); Winandermere, so called, according to -Camden, from the _winding_ of its shores; Wittleseamere, Buttermere, -and Ellsmere, probably from personal names; Meerfeld, Meerhof, -Meerholz, and Meerhout (the field, court, and wood near the lake or -marsh), in Holland. But _mere_, in place-names, is said sometimes to -mean a boundary--thus _Merse_, the other name for Berwickshire, may -mean either the marshy land or the boundary county between England -and Scotland. Closely connected with _meer_ (a lake) are the words -in the Celtic as well as in the Teutonic languages, denoting marshy -lands, _i.e._ lands that have lain under water, and are still partially -submerged--such as _merse_, A.S.; _morast_, Ger.; _morfa_, Welsh; -_marish_, Gadhelic; _marsk_, Scand.; and _marais_, Fr. Many places in -Great Britain and the Continent derive their names from these words, -thus--the Maros or Marosh; and the Morava (marshy rivers); Moravia -(the district of the marshy river); Morast, in Sweden (the town on the -marsh); Merton, in Berwickshire (the town on the marsh); Morebattle, in -Roxburghshire, anc. _Mereboda_ (the dwelling on the marsh); Ostermarsh -(east marsh), in Holland; Marengo (the marshy field), in Italy; Les -Moeres (the marshes), in Flanders; Marchienne, Marchienes, Maresché, -Maresches, Marest, etc., in France; Marcienisi, in Italy (marshy -localities). The River Mersey may come from this word, or it may mean -the border river between England and Wales. - -[Sidenote: MENIL, MESNIL (Fr.),] - -from _Mansionile_, the dim. of _mansus_; _e.g._ Grandmenil (the great -dwelling or hamlet); Le Menil-la-comtesse (the manor of the countess); -Mesnil-église (the church hamlet); Mesnil-Guillaume, Mesnil-Gilbert, -Mesnil-Jourdan, named from the proprietors; Mesnil-sur-l’Estrée (the -hamlet on the Roman road called _Strata Estrée_); Les Menils, Menillot, -etc., in France. - -[Sidenote: MENZIL (Ar.),] - -a village; _e.g._ Miselmeri, corrupt. from _Menzil-el-Emir_ (the emir’s -village); Mezojuso, from _Menzil-Yusuf_ (the village of Joseph). - -[Sidenote: MEON (Cel.), -MIO (Scand.),] - -little, cognate with the Lat. _minor_; _e.g._ the Rivers Minnow and -Mynwy, in Wales; the Mincio, in Italy; the Minho, in Portugal; Minorca -(the less), in opposition to Majorca (the greater island); Miosen (the -little sea or lake), in Norway. - -[Sidenote: MICKLA, MYCEL (Teut. and Scand.),] - -great, Scotch _muckle_; _e.g._ Mickledorf, Michelstadt, Michelham, -Mickleton (great dwelling); Micklebeck (great brook); Michelau -(great meadow); Mitchelmerse (the great marsh); Mecklenburg, anc. -_Mikilinberg_ (the great town or hill fort); Muchelney (the great -island), in Somersetshire, formed by the conf. of the Rivers Ivel and -Parret; Meikle Ferry (the great ferry), on Dornoch Firth; Micklegarth -(the great enclosure), the Scandinavian name for Constantinople, -Grk. _Megalopolis_; but _mikil_ or _miklos_, especially in Russia -and Hungary, is often an abbreviation of St. Nicholas, and denotes -that the churches in these places were dedicated to that saint--thus -Mikailov, Mikhailovskaia, Mikhalpol (St. Nicholas’s towns), in Russia; -Miklos-Szent and Miklos-Nagy-Szent, in Hungary; Mikolajow, in Poland; -Mitcham, in Surrey, in Doomsday is _Michelham_. - -[Sidenote: MIN, MEN, or MAEN (Cym.-Cel.),] - -a high rock or the brow of a hill; _e.g._ Maen-du (black rock), in -Monmouth; Minto, a parish in Roxburghshire, on the brow of a steep -hill; Meonstoke (hill station); East and West Meon, in Gloucestershire; -Mendabia (at the foot of the hill), in Spain; Altmaen, corrupt. to “Old -Man of Coniston,” in the Lake country, and to the “Old Man of Hoy,” in -the Orkneys; the “Dodmaen,” in Cornwall--_v._ DODD--has been corrupted -to _Deadman_. - -[Sidenote: MINSTER, MYNSTER (A.S.), -MUENSTER (Ger.),] - -a monk’s dwelling or monastery, hence a cathedral--Lat. _monasterium_; -_e.g._ Illminster, Axminster, Stourminster, Kremmunster, Charminster -(the monasteries on the Rivers Ill, Ax, Stour, Krem, and Char); -Beaminster, Co. Dorset, named after St. Bega; Kidderminster (the -monastery of Earl Cynebert); Westminster (the minster west of -St. Paul’s); Warminster (near the weir or dam of the R. Willey); -Monasteranenagh (the monastery of the fair); Monasterboice (of St. -Bœthus); Monasterevin (of St. Evin), in Ireland; Monasteria de la Vega -(of the plain), in Spain. In France: Moutier, Moustier, Moustoir, -Munster, Monestier (the monastery); Montereau, Montreuil, Marmoutier -(the monastery of St. Martin); Masmoutier (of Maso); Noirmoutier and -Rougemoutier (the black and red monastery); Toli-Monaster or Bitolia -(the monastery of the beech-trees), in Turkey; Munster (the monastery), -in Alsace; but Munster, a province in Ireland, is compounded from -the Scand. _ster_--_qu._ _v._--and the Irish _Mumha_, a king’s name; -Munster-eifel (the monastery at the foot of the Eifel-berg). - -[Sidenote: MIR (Sclav.),] - -peace; _e.g._ Mirgorod (the fortress of peace); Miropol, Mirowitz, -Mirow (the town of peace). - -[Sidenote: MITTEL, MIDDEL (Teut. and Scand.), -MIEDZY (Sclav.),] - -the middle, cognate with the Lat. _medius_, Grk. _mesos_, and Gadhelic -_meadhon_; _e.g._ Middleby, Middleton, Middleham, Mitton, Middleburg -(the middle town); Middlesex (the territory of the middle Saxons); -Middlewich (the middle salt manufactory), in Cheshire--_v._ WICH; -Midhurst (the middle wood), in Sussex; Midmar (the middle district of -Mar), in Aberdeenshire; Ardmeanadh, Gael. _Ardmeadhonadh_ (the middle -height), being the Gaelic name for Cromarty; Mitford (the middle -ford); Melton-Mowbray, sometimes written _Medeltune_ (the middle -town), formerly belonging to the Mowbray family; Mittelgebirge (the -middle mountain range); Mittelwalde, Sclav. _Medzibor_ (the middle of -the wood), in Silesia; Methwold, in Norfolk, with the same meaning; -Mittweyda (in the midst of pasture ground), in Saxony; Methley and -Metfield (middle field); Meseritz and Meseritsch, _i.e._ _mied-zyvreka_ -(in the midst of streams), in Moravia and Pomerania; Mediasch (in the -midst of waters), in Hungary; Misdroi (in the midst of woods), in -Pomerania; Mediterranean Sea (in the middle of the land); Media (the -middle country, as then known); Mesopotamia, Grk. (the country between -the rivers); Mediolanum (in the midst of the plain or land)--_v._ -LANN--the ancient name of Milan, Saintes, and some other towns. - -[Sidenote: MLADY, MLODY (Sclav.),] - -new; _e.g._ Mladiza, Mladowitz, Mladzowitz (new town), in Bohemia; -Bladen and Bladow, corrupt. from _Mladen_, with the same meaning, -in Silesia. - -[Sidenote: MOEL (Cym.-Cel.), -MAOL, MEALL (Gadhelic), -MOOL (Scand.),] - -a round hill or a bald promontory, as an adjective signifying bald, and -often applied to hills and promontories, thus--the Mull or promontory -of Cantyre and Galloway; Meldrum, in Aberdeenshire, and Meeldrum, -in Ireland (the bald ridge); Melrose, _i.e._ _Maol-ros_ (the bald -headland), Old Melrose having been situated on a peninsula formed by -the Tweed; the Eildon Hills, near Melrose, corrupt. from _Moeldun_ -(bald hill); the Island of Mull, one of the Hebrides; Mealfourvounie -(the hill of the cold moor), in Inverness-shire; Glassmeal (gray hill), -in Perth; Malvern (the bald hill of the alders, _gwernen_); Moel-y-don -(the hill of the waves), in Anglesea; Moel-Aelir (the frosty hill); -Muldonach (the hill of Donald), one of the Hebrides; Moel-Try-garn (the -ridge of the three cairns); Moel-Eilio (the mount of construction); -Moel-y-crio (the hill of shouting); Moel-ben-twrch (boar’s head -hill), in Wales; Moel-cwm-Cerwyn (the bald dingle of the cauldron); -Moelfre, corrupt. from _Moelbre_ (bald hill), in Wales. In Ireland this -word often takes the form of _moyle_, as in Kilmoyle (bald church); -Rathmoyle, Lismoyle, Dunmoyle (the bald or dilapidated fort); Mweelbane -(the white hill); Meelgarrow (rough hill); Meelshane (John’s bald -hill); Mweel-na-horna (the bald hill of the barley); Maulagh (abounding -in hillocks); Mullaghmeen (smooth hillock); Mulboy (yellow hillock), -etc.; Mullanagore and Mullanagower (the little summit of the goats). In -Wales: Moel-hebog (hawk hill); Moel-eryn (eagle hill), in Wales. The -Mool of Aswich and the Mool of Land, in Shetland. - -[Sidenote: MOIN, MOINE (Gadhelic), -MON,] - -a moss or bog. in Ireland: Mona-braher, _i.e._ _Moin-nam-brathar_ -(the bog of the friars); Monalour (of the lepers); Moneen (the little -bog); Ballynamona (the town of the bog); Monard (high bog); Montiagh, -for _Mointeach_ (the boggy place); Monabrock (the badger’s moss); -Monroe (the red moss); _Mon_ is, however, sometimes used instead of -_monadh_ (a rising ground in a moor), as in Co. Monaghan, _Muineachan_ -(abounding in little hills); which country, however, according to the -_Annals of the Four Masters_, was named from its chief town (the town -of monks). In Scotland: Moin, a moorland district in Sutherlandshire; -Monzie and Moonzie (the mossy land), in Fife and Perthshire; Montrose -(the boggy promontory); _Mon_, again for _monadh_, in Monimail (bald -hill), in Fife; Moncrieffe (the woody hill, _craobach_); Moness (the -hill of the cascade, _eas_). - -[Sidenote: MÖNCH (Ger.), -MONEC (A.S.), -MONACH (Gadhelic), -MYNACH (Cym.-Cel.),] - -a monk, from the Greek _monos_ (alone); _e.g._ Monkton, Monkstown, -Monkswood, Monkland, named from lands belonging to the monks; Le -Mönch (the monk), one of the highest of the Bernese Alps; Monachty -(the monks’ dwelling), in Wales; Llan-y-mynach (the monks’ church -or enclosure), Co. Salop; Monksilver, in Somerset, corrupt. from -_Monk-sylva_ (the monks’ wood); Monkleagh (the monks’ meadow); Munsley, -with the same meaning, in Hereford; Monach-log-ddu (the place of -the black monks), in Wales; Munchberg (monk’s hill), in Bavaria; -Munchengratz (the monks’ fortress), in Bohemia; Munich and Munchingen -(belonging to the monks), in Germany. - -[Sidenote: MONDE, MÜND (Ger.), -MUNNI, MINDE (Scand.),] - -a river _mouth_; _e.g._ Dortmund, Fischmund, Dendermund, Roermonde, -Travemünde, Saarmund, Tangermünde, Ysselmonde, Rupelmonde, Orlamunda, -Stolpemünde, Swinmund or Sweinemund, Ukermünde, Warnemunde, at the -mouth of the rivers forming the first part of these names; Münden, in -Hanover (at the mouths of the Rivers Werra and Fulda); Monmouth (at the -conf. of the Mynwy and Wye); Plymouth, Falmouth, Sidmouth, Yarmouth, -Grangemouth, Teignmouth, Wearmouth, Cockermouth, at the mouths of -these rivers; Bishop’s Wearmouth, founded by Biscop in the middle of -the seventh century; Deulemont, in France, at the mouth of the Deule; -Gladmouth, in Wales, formerly _Cledemuth_, at the mouth of the Clede -or Cleddy; Minde, in Iceland, at the mouth of Lake Miosen. - -[Sidenote: MONEY,] - -a frequent prefix in Irish names from _muine_ (a brake or shrubbery); -_e.g._ Moneymore, Moneybeg (the great and little shrubbery); Moneygorm -(the blue shrubbery); Moneyduff (the black or dark shrubbery); -Moneygall (the shrubbery of the strangers). - -[Sidenote: MONT, MONTE (Fr. and It.), -MONTANA and MONTE (Span. and Port.),] - -a mountain, from the Lat. _mons_, and cognate with the Gadhelic -_monadh_, and the Cym.-Cel. _mynydd_; _e.g._ Montalto (high mount); -Montauban (the mount of Albanus); Montechiaro (clear mount); -Monte-fosoli (brown mount); Montehermosa (beautiful mount), in Spain; -Montenegro, Turc. _Karadagh_, Sclav. _Zerna-gora_ (black mount), -in Turkey; Beaumont, Chaumont, Haumont (the beautiful, bald, and -high mount); Montereale and Montreal (the royal hill); Montreal, in -Canada, so named by Cartier in 1555; Monte-Rosa, anc. _Mons-sylva_ -(woody hill); Monte-Video (the prospect mount); Montmartre, anc. -_Mons-Martyrum_ (the hill of the martyrdom of St. Denis), but its -earlier name was _Mons-Martis_ (the hill of Mars); Montmirail, -Lat. _Mons-mirabilis_ (the wonderful mountain); Remiremont, Lat. -_Romaries-mons_, founded by St. Romarie in 620; Monte-Cavallo, corrupt. -from _Monte-Calvaria_ (the Mount of Calvary), so called from a number -of chapels, in which were represented the successive scenes of our -Lord’s passion. From _monticellus_, the diminutive of _mont_, have -arisen such place-names as Moncel, Le Monchel, Monchelet, etc.; Mont -d’Or (golden mount), in Auvergne; Montefrio (cold mount), in Spain; -Montpellier, Lat. _Mons-puellarum_ (the hill of the young girls), so -called from two villages belonging to the sisters of St. Fulcrum; -Montserrat (the serrated hill); Clermont (bright hill); Mondragon -and Montdragone (the dragon’s hill); Monfalcone (hawk hill); Mons, -Ger. _Berghen_ (hill town), in Belgium; Piedmont (at the foot of the -Alps); Floremont or Blumenberg (flowery hill), in Alsace; Montaign -and Monthen, anc. _Mons-acutus_ (sharp or peaked hill); Montigny, -Montignac (mountainous); Jeumont, anc. _Jovismons_ (the hill of Jove), -in France; Mount Pilatus (the mount with the _cap_ of clouds, from -_pileus_, Lat. a felt cap); Richmond, in Yorkshire, named from a -castle in Brittany, from which the Earl of Richmond took his title, -meaning the rich or fertile hill; Richmond, in Surrey, named by the -Earl after his Yorkshire estate, formerly called _Shene_ from the -splendour of the royal residence there, _seine_, A.S. (splendid); -Righimont, in Switzerland, corrupt. from _Mons-regius_ (royal hill); -Montacute (sharp hill), in Somerset; Tras-os-Montes (beyond the -hills), in Portugal; Apremont, in France, for _Aspromonte_ (rough -hill); Pyrmont, corrupt. from _Mons-Petrus_ (St. Peter’s mount); -Montferrato (the fortified hill). _Mont_ also signified a hill fort, -like _berg_ and _dun_, as in Montalcino (the fort of Alcinous), in -Italy; Montgomery, in Wales, (the fortress of Roger de Montgomerie, who -erected a castle there in 1093)--its earlier name was _Tre-Faldwyn_ -(the dwelling of Baldwin, a Norman knight); Charlemont, in France, -named after Charles V.; Henrichemont, after Henri-Quatre. In Wales: -the town of Mold, abbreviated from _Mons-altus_ (high fort)--the -Normans built a castle there; Mynydd-du (black hill); Mynydd-mawr -(great hill); Mynydd-moel (bald hill). In Scotland: _Monadh-ruadh_ (the -red mount or the _mounth_), the Gaelic name for the Grampians; Mount -Battock, Gael. _Monadh-beatach_ (the raven’s hill); Mountbenjerlaw, in -Selkirkshire, originally _Ben-Yair_ (the hill of the R. Yair), to which -the A.S. _law_ and the Norman _mount_ were added. But _monadh_ in Gael. -signifies a mountain range, and sometimes a moor, as Monadh-leath (the -gray mountain range). Probably Mendip, in Somerset, is the deep hill, -Welsh _dwfn_ and _mynydd_; Monimail (bald hill); Monifieth (the hill -or moor of the deer, _feidh_). The Mourne Mountains, in Ireland, means -the mountains of the tribe; _Mughhorna_. _Mon_, in the Basque language, -also signifies a hill, and is found in Monzon, an ancient town of -Spain, with a hill fort; Monda and Mondonedo, in Spain; and Mondego, in -Portugal; and in Carmona (hill summit), in Spain. - -[Sidenote: MOOS (Ger.), -MOS (Scand.), -MECH, MOCK (Sclav.),] - -mossy ground; _e.g._ Donaumoss (the mossy meadow of the Danube); -Mosston (the town on the mossy ground); Moseley (moss-field or valley); -Moscow, on the R. Moskwa (mossy water); Mossow, Mehzo, Mochow, -Mochlitz (the mossy ground); Mohacs, Ger. _Margetta_ (the marshy or -mossy island), in the Danube; Miesbach (the district of the mossy -brook), in Bavaria. The Irish word _mæthail_ (soft mossy land) is -almost synonymous with these roots. It is found in Mohill, Co. Leitrim; -Mothel in Waterford, and Mothell in Kilkenny; Cahermoyle (the stone -fort of the mossy land) in Ireland, and in Muthil in Perthshire. - -[Sidenote: MOR, MOER (Teut. and Scand.),] - -waste land, heath; Scot. _muir_; _e.g._ Moorby, Morton, and Moreton -(the dwelling on the moor); Morpeth (the moor path); Oudemoor (the old -moor), and Oostmoer (east moor), in Holland; Moorlinch (the moor ridge, -_hlinc_); Lichtenmoer (the cleared moor); Muirkirk (the church in the -moor), in Argyleshire; Murroes, corrupt. from _Muirhouse_, a parish -in Co. Forfar; Tweedsmuir (the moor at the source of the R. Tweed), a -parish in Peeblesshire; Muiravonside (the mossy land on the banks of -the R. Avon), in Stirlingshire. - -[Sidenote: MOR (Gadhelic), -MAWR (Cym.-Cel.), or by mutation _fawr_; _e.g._ Morlais for -_Mawr-clais_ (the great trench), the name of a ruined castle near -Cardiff, built above a deep gully, through which a brook passes.] - -great; _e.g._ Morven (the great _ben_ or hill), a hill in Caithness and -also in Aberdeenshire; Morven or Morvern, _i.e._ _Mor-Earrain_ (the -great district), in Argyleshire, called by the Gaels Kenalban, corrupt. -from _Cenealbaltyn_, _i.e._ the tribe of Baldan, a personal name; -Kenmore (the great headland), on Loch Tay; Penmaen-mawr (the great -stone-hill), in Wales. - -[Sidenote: MOR (Cym.-Cel. and Sclav.), -MUIR (Gadhelic), -MORFA (Welsh), sea-marsh,] - -the sea, cognate with the Lat. _mare_, and its derivatives in the -Romance languages, and the Teut. _meer_; _e.g._ Armorica or Brittany, -and Pomerania (the districts on the sea-shore); Morbihan (the little -sea), in Brittany; Morlachia or _Moro-Vlassi_ (the Wallachs’ or -strangers’ land by the sea)--_v._ WALSCH; Morlaix (a place on the -sea-shore), in Brittany; Glamorgan, Welsh _gwlad-morgant_ (the district -of Morgan Mawr, an ancient king of Wales); Morgan, in Cornwall, _i.e._ -by the sea-shore; Maracaybo (the headland by the sea-shore), in South -America; Parimaribo (the dwelling near the sea), in South America; -Connemara, in Ireland, Irish _Conmac-ne-Mara_, the descendants of -Conmac (by the sea-side). - -[Sidenote: MOST (Sclav.),] - -a bridge; _e.g._ Dolgemost (long bridge); Maust, Most, Mostje (the -place at the bridge), in Bohemia; Babimost (the old woman’s bridge, -_i.e._ the fragile bridge), abbreviated to Bomst; Priedemost (the first -bridge), in Silesia; Mostar (old bridge), a town in Turkey. - -[Sidenote: MOT, or MOOT (A.S.),] - -the place of assembly, where the Anglo-Saxons held their courts of -justice; _e.g._ Mote-hill, at Scone; the Moat Hill, near Hawick; the -Mote of Galloway; the Moat of Dull, in Perthshire, and of Hamilton, on -Strathclyde; Moot-hill, at Naseby; and in the Lake District, Montay -and Caermote; Moothill also appears in Aberdeenshire; Almoot, near -Peterhead, meaning the meeting-place on the height, has been corrupted -into _Old Maud_, and the railway company have called their station -_New Maud_. It is found in the Gaelic name for the Island of Bute, -_Baile-mhoide_ (the dwelling of the courts of justice), but in this -case, as in Ireland, the word was probably borrowed from the Saxons. -The word is found in Ireland, signifying a large mound, as well as in -connection with the courts of justice--as in _Tom-an-mhoid_ (the hill -of the court of justice); LA MOTTE, Fr. (a hillock), common in France. - -[Sidenote: MÜHLE (Ger.), -MYLEN (A.S.), -MUILENN (Gadhelic), -MELIN (Cym.-Cel.), -MLYN (Sclav.), -MOLEN (Dutch),] - -a mill, cognate with the Lat. _mola_, and its derivatives in the -Romance languages; _e.g._ Mülenbach and Molinbech (mill brook); Mühlan, -Mühldorf, Mühlhausen, Muhlheim (mill dwelling); Moleneynde (mill -corner), in Germany and Holland. In England and Scotland: Melbourne, -Milton, Millwick, Milford, Milden, Milnathorpe (the stream, town, ford, -hollow, farm, of the mill); but Milton, in Kent and in Dorsetshire, are -corrupt. from _middle_ town; Moulin, a parish in Perthshire. In France: -Moulins (the mills), so called from the great number of water mills -formerly on the R. Allier; Mülhausen or Mulhouse, in Alsace, celebrated -for its manufactures; Molina, a manufacturing town in Murcia; also in -Spain, Molinos-del-Rey (the king’s mills). In Ireland: Mullinahone -(the mill of the cave); Mullinavat (of the stick); Mullintra (of the -strand); Mullinakil (of the church). In Sclavonic districts: Mlineh, -Mlinki, Mlinsk, Mlinow, etc. - -[Sidenote: MULLAGH (Gadhelic),] - -the top or summit, and sometimes applied to hills of a considerable -height; _e.g._ Mullaghmeen (the smooth summit); Mulkeergh (the summit -of the sheep, _caoirich_); Mullan (the little summit), in Ireland; -probably the Island of Mull, in the Hebrides. - -[Sidenote: MURUS (Lat.), -MAUER (Ger.), -MURA (Sclav.),] - -a wall; _e.g._ Maurs (the walled town), in France; also -Villa-de-Muro-cincto (the dwelling surrounded by walls); Morsain, -in 879 _Murocinctus_ (surrounded by walls); Murviel (old walls), in -Herault,--a place where the ruins of an ancient Gaulish city are found; -Mauerhof (the enclosed court), in Germany; Trasmauer (the walled town -on the R. Trasen), in Austria; Murany-var (the walled fortress), -in Hungary; Muriel-de-la-fuente (the walled town of the fountain); -Muriel-viejo (the old walled town); Murillo (the little walled town), -in Spain; Murviedro (the old fortifications), called by the Romans -_Muriveteres_, because they believed it to be on the site of the -ancient Saguntum; Semur, in France, corrupt. from _Sinemurum_ (without -walls). - - - N - -[Sidenote: NAES (A.S.), -NOES (Scand.), -NES (Fr.),] - -a nose, cognate with the Lat. _nasus_, and in topography applied to -a promontory; _e.g._ the Naze, in Norway, and Nash, in Monmouth; -Nash-scaur (the promontory of the cliff), in Wales; Katznase (the cat’s -headland); Blankenese (white cape), in Holstein; Foreness, Sheerness, -Fifeness, Buchanness, Blackness, in England and Scotland; Roeness (red -cape), Shetland; Vatternish (water cape), in Skye; Borrowstounness or -Bo’ness, in West Lothian (the cape near Burward’s dwelling); Holderness -(the woody promontory); Langness and Littleness, in Man; Dungeness -(danger cape); Furness (the cape of the beacon-fire), the site of an -ancient lighthouse in Lancashire; Saturnness (the southern cape), in -Kirkcudbright; Shoeburyness, corrupt. from _Sceobirig_ (the cape of the -sea-fortress); Skegness (the cape near the wood, _skogr_); Skipness -(ship headland); Sviatanos, Sclav. (holy cape), in Russia; Caithness -(the promontory of the Catti, a tribe). - -[Sidenote: NAGORE (Hindu _nagar_, Sansc. _nagura_),] - -a city; _e.g._ Barnagore for _Varaha-nagur_ (the city of the boar); -Chandernagore (of the moon); Serenagur (of the sun). - -[Sidenote: NAGY (Hung.),] - -great; _e.g._ Nagy-Karoly (Charles’s great town); Nagy-Malton (St. -Matthew’s great town); Nagy-Szent-Miklos (of St. Nicholas); Nagy-varad -(great fortress); Nagy-Koros (the great town on the R. Köros). - -[Sidenote: NAHR (Semitic),] - -a river; _e.g._ Nahr-el-keber (the great river); Nahr-el-kelb or Lycus -(the river of the dog or wolf), so named from a fancied resemblance of -a rock near its mouth to the head of these animals; Nahr-Mukatta (the -river of slaughter); Aram-Naharaim (the high lands of the two rivers, -_i.e._ Mesopotamia); Nahar-Misraim (the river of Egypt, _i.e._ the -Nile). - -[Sidenote: NANT (Cym.-Cel.),] - -a brook or a valley through which a stream flows; _e.g._ Nantmel (the -honey brook); Sych-nant (dried-up brook); Nancemillin (the valley of -the mill), in Wales; Dewffneynt (the deep valley) was the ancient -British name of Devonshire; Levenant (smooth stream); Nant-frangon, -_i.e._ _Nant-yr-a-franc_ (the beavers’ valley); Nantglyn (the glen of -the brook); Nant-y-Gwrtheyren (Vortigern’s valley), in Wales; Nans, -in Cornwall; also in Cornwall--Penant (the head of the valley), and -Cornant (a brook); Nantwich, in Cheshire (the salt-works, _wich_, -on the brook or stream, _i.e._ the Weaver); Nantua (in a valley of -the Alps); Nantes named from the Namnetes (dwellers in the valley); -Mochnant (the swift brook); Nannau (the brooks), in Wales; Nangle, -a bay on the coast of Wales, perhaps Nant-gel or cel (a secret -corner)--the Rev. J. James. Nevern, a parish in Wales, for _Nant-ynfer_ -(the brook of the confluence); Nancy (the valley dwellings); Nans, -Nant, with the same meaning, in France; Nanteuil (the valley of the -fountain)--_v._ ŒUIL; Nantberis (St. Peris’s brook). - -[Sidenote: NASS (Ger.),] - -moist; _e.g._ Nassau (the moist meadow); Nassenfeld (moist field); -Nassenhuben (the huts in moist land); Nassenbeuren (the dwelling in -moist land). - -[Sidenote: NAVA (Basque),] - -a plain; _e.g._ Nava-de-los-Oteros (the plain of the heights); -Nava-hermosa (beautiful plain); Navarre and Navarreux (the plain among -hills); Navarette (the plain at the foot of the hill); Paredes-de-nava -(the houses of the plain). - -[Sidenote: NEDER, NIEDER, NEER (Teut. and Scand.),] - -lower; _e.g._ Netherlands (the lower lands); Netherby (lower town); -Niederlahnstein (the fortress on the lower R. Lahn); Nederheim, -Nederwyk (lower dwellings). - -[Sidenote: NEMET (Celtic),] - -a sacred grove, cognate with the Lat. _nemus_ and the Grk. _nemos_; -_e.g._ Nemours, anc. _Nemoracum_ (the place of the sacred wood or -grove); Nanterre, also in France, anc. _Nemetodurum_ (the sacred grove -on the waters); Nismes, anc. _Nemausus_ (the place in the grove); -Augustonemetum (the splendid place of the grove), being the ancient -name of Clermont; Nemetacum, the ancient name of Arras; Nemea (the -place of the grove), in Greece. - -[Sidenote: NEU (Ger.), -NEWYDD (Cym.-Cel.), -NUADH (Gadhelic), -NOWY and NAU (Sclav.),] - -new, cognate with the Lat. _novus_ and the Grk. _neos_ and their -derivatives; _e.g._ Neuburg, Neudorf, Neustadt, Neuville, Newbury, -Newburgh (new town); Neumarkt (new market); Newbold, Newbottle, -Newbattle (new building), in Germany, England, and Scotland; Newburgh, -in Fife, is a town of considerable antiquity. It owes its origin to -the Abbey of Lindores, in its neighbourhood. It was erected into a -burgh or barony by Alexander III., in 1266, and in the charter it was -called “_Novus burgus, juxta monasterium de Lindores_.” It seems, -therefore, that there was a more ancient burgh belonging to the -abbey in the neighbourhood--Newburn (new stream), in Fife. Newhaven -(the new harbour), in relation to the older harbour of Leith. In the -sixteenth century Newhaven had a chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary, -and was then called our Lady’s port of grace; but in the year 1511 -the city of Edinburgh bought up the village and harbour. In France: -Nevers and Noyon, anc. _Noviodunum_ (the new fortress); Neuvy, with -the same meaning; Neuvéglise (new church); Villeneuve (new villa); -Nièvre and Nivernais, a department and ancient province of France; -Nienburg, corrupt. from _Neuenburg_ (new town), in Hanover; Newport -(new harbour), in Belgium; Newport, in the Isle of Wight, so named -because it superseded the older harbour at Carisbrook; Newport, -in Wales, which superseded Caerleon; Neusatz or Neoplanta (new -station), founded in 1700, on the Danube; Neusohl (new seat), in -Hungary--its native name is _Bestereze-banya_ (the mine on the R. -Bistritz); Neustadl (new stall); Neuwied (new pasture); Nimeguen, -anc. _Noviomagus_ (new field), in Holland; Novgorod and Novigrad (new -fortress); Novidwar (new court), in Russia; Nowe-mjasto (new bridge), -in Poland; Novobeilaiaskaia (the new town on the white stream), in -Russia; Nova-Zembla, _i.e._ _Novaia-Zemlia_ (the new land); Nowazamka -(new castle); Novi-Bazaar (new market), in Turkey; Nowosedl (new seat); -Nienburg, Nyborg, Nyby, Nystead (new town), in Denmark and Holland; -Neocastro (new camp), in Greece; Nola or _Novla_ (new place), in the -Sardinian states; Naumburg and Nienburg, corrupt. from _Neuenburg_ -(new town); Nykioping (new market-town), in Sweden, and Nykjobing, in -Denmark, with the same meaning; Newington, in Surrey, corrupt. from -_Neweton_; Newfoundland, so called when rediscovered by John Cabot in -1427, but known previously by Icelandic colonists as _Litla-Helluland_; -Nova Scotia (New Scotland), called by the Norseman _Markland_; New -River, a large aqueduct from Hertfordshire to Islington, by which a -great part of London is supplied with water; New Ross, Co. Wexford, -corrupt. from its Irish name _Ros-mic-Treoin_ (the wood of Treun’s -son); Newtown-Hamilton, in Ireland, founded by the Hamilton family in -1770; Newtown-Limavady, Co. Londonderry, named from a castle in the -neighbourhood called Limavady (the dog’s leap); Newtown-Stewart, Co. -Tyrone, so called from Sir William Stewart, to whom it was granted by -Charles I.; New York, named in honour of the Duke of York, afterwards -James II.; New Zealand, called by Tasman, its Dutch discoverer, in -honour, it is supposed, of his native province. - -[Sidenote: NIJNY (Sclav.),] - -lower; _e.g._ Nijny-Novgorod (the lower new fortress); Nijny-Neviansk -(the lower town on the Neva), as distinguished from Verkii-Neviansk, -the upper; Nijnaia-ozernaia-krepost (the lower fort of the lakes); -Nijny-Devitzk (the lower town on the Devitza); Nijni-Tagelsk (the lower -town on the R. Tagel), in Russia. - -[Sidenote: NIMZ (Sclav.),] - -foreign, from _nemy_ or _nêmec_, dumb--a word applied by the Sclavonic -races to the Germans, because their language was unintelligible to -them: _e.g._ Niemitsch, Niemez, Niemtschitz, German towns in Bohemia; -Nemet-uj-var (the new German fortress), in Hungary; but there is a -Sclavonic deity called Njam, to whom the names of some of these places -may be traced. - -[Sidenote: NO, NOE, NOUE (Old Fr.),] - -a low meadow habitually overflowed with water. It has evidently arisen -out of _noyer_, to submerge; _e.g._ Noaillac, Noallau, La Noalle, -Noalles, Noyelle, Noyellette, in which the word is probably joined to -_œuil_, a water-source; Nogent (pleasant meadow); No-aux-Bois (in the -woods); Les Noues, Neuillay, Neuilly, Noisy, Lat. _Noesiacum_. - -[Sidenote: NORDEN, NÔORD (Teut.), -NOR (Scand.), -NORD (Fr.),] - -the north; _e.g._ Normandy (the land given by the French to the Normans -under Rollo in 912); Noordbroek (the north marshy land); Noordwolde -(north wood), in Holland; Norbury, Nordenburg, Norton, Nordhausen -(north dwelling or town); Norham, on the R. Tweed; Northampton (the -town on the north side of the _Aufona_, now the R. Nen); Northumberland -(the land north of the Humber); Nordkyn (north cape); Normanton and -Normandby (dwellings of the Norsemen or Danes), in England; Norrköping -(northern market-town), in Sweden; Norrland (a large division of -Sweden); Northallerton, in Yorkshire, so called to distinguish it from -Allerton-Mauleverer; North Cape (the most northerly point of Norwegian -Lapland); North Berwick, Co. Haddington, so called to distinguish it -from Berwick-upon-Tweed; Norway (the northern kingdom)--_v._ REICH, -REIKE; Norfolk (the abode of the north people, as distinguished from -Suffolk to the south); Northleach, north of the R. Leach; Northwich, -in Cheshire (the north salt manufactory)--_v._ WICH; Norwich, the -town which superseded _Venta-Icenorum_, whose inhabitants fled at the -approach of the Danes, and erected a castle of defence farther north. - -[Sidenote: NOYER (Fr.),] - -the walnut-tree, Lat. _nucarius_, from which are derived _nucetum_, -_nucelletum_, and _nugaretum_ (a place planted with walnut-trees); -_e.g._ Noyers, Nozay, Noroy, La Nozaye, Les Nozées, Nozieres, Nozeroy, -etc., in France. - -[Sidenote: NUDDY (Pali),] - -a river; _e.g._ Maha-nuddy (great river); Nuddea (the district of the -rivers). - -[Sidenote: NUWERA (Tamil),] - -a city; _e.g._ Alut-nuwera (new city); Kalawa (the city on the -Kala-Oya, _i.e._ the rocky river); Nuwera-Panduas (the city of -Panduas), in Ceylon. - - - O - -[Sidenote: OB, OBER (Ger.), -OVER (Dutch),] - -upper; _e.g._ Oberhofen (upper court); Oberlahnstein (the upper -fortress on the R. Lahn); Oberndorf, Overbie, Overham, Overton, -Overburg (upper town); Oberdrauburg (the upper town on the R. Drave); -Overyssel (beyond the R. Yssel); Orton (upper town), in Westmoreland; -St. Mary’s-Overy, Southwark (_i.e._ over the water from London). - -[Sidenote: OE--_v._ EA, p. 71.] - -[Sidenote: ŒUIL (Fr.),] - -the eye--(in topography applied to the source of a stream or a -fountain; _e.g._ Arcueil (the arched fountain or aqueduct); Berneuil -(the source of the water, _bior_); Verneuil and Vernel (alder-tree -fountain, Lat. _vernus_); Argenteuil (silver fountain); Bonneuil (good -fountain); Nanteuil (the source of the stream); Auneuil (alder-tree -fountain, Fr. _aune_); Auteuil (high fountain); Boisseuil (the -woody fountain); Chantilly, anc. _Cantilliacum_ (the head of the -water-source). - -[Sidenote: OFER, or ORE (A.S.), -OVER (Dutch), -UFER (Ger.), -OIR (Gadhelic), -EYRE, or ORE (Scand.), a point,] - -a border, boundary, or shore--cognate with the Lat. _ora_ and the -Grk. _horos_; _e.g._ Oare and Ore (the shore), in Kent, Sussex, and -Somerset; Windsor, _i.e._ _Windle-sora_ (the winding shore, A.S. -_windle_); Southover and Westover (the south and west shore); Ventnor -(the shore of _Gwent_, the ancient name of the Isle of Wight); Pershore -(the willow shore, _pursh_), or, according to Camden, corrupt. from -_Periscorum_--in allusion to the abundance of _pear-trees_ in its -vicinity; Andover, anc. _Andeafaran_ (the shore or ferry of the R. -Anton); Ravensore (the point or promontory of Hrafen, a Scand. personal -name); Hanover, anc. _Hohenufer_ (high shore); Elsinore (the point near -the town of Helsing), in Denmark; Argyle, Gael. _Oirirgaedheal_ (the -coast lands of the Gaels); Dover, in Kent, and Douvres, in Normandy, -perhaps from _ofer_. - -[Sidenote: OICHE (obs. Gael.),] - -water; _e.g._ Oich River and Oichel (the Rivers Ock, Ocker, Ocke, Eck); -Loch Oich, Duich (the black water). - -[Sidenote: ORE (Hindostanee),] - -a city; _e.g._ Ellore, Vellore, Nellore; Tanjore, anc. _Tanja-nagaram_ -(the city of refuge); Bednore (bamboo city); Mangalore (the city of -Mangala-Devi). - -[Sidenote: ORMR (Scand.),] - -a serpent, also a personal name; _e.g._ Ormeshead, in Cumberland, -named either from the serpent-like shape of the rock, or from the -common Norse name _Ormr_; Ormathwaite, Ormsby, Ormiston, Ormskirk (the -clearing, the dwelling, and the church of Ormr). The same prefix in -French topography signifies the elm-tree, as in Les Ormes (the elms); -Ormoy, Lat. _Ulmetium_ (the elm-grove), synonymous with Olmedo and -Olmeto, in Spain. The Orne or Olna (elm-tree river), in Normandy; Ulm -or Ulma (the place of elm-trees), in Wurtemburg; Olmeta, in Corsica. - -[Sidenote: ORT (Ger.), -OORT (Dutch), -ORD (Scand.),] - -a point, a corner, and sometimes a place; _e.g._ Angerort (the corner -of the R. Anger); Ruhrort (of the Rohr or Ruhr); Grünort (green point); -Schönort (beautiful point); Akkerort (the corner of the field); -Tiegenort (of the R. Tiege); Störort (of the R. Stör); the Ord or -headland of Caithness. - -[Sidenote: OST, OEST (Ger.), -OOST (Dutch), -OSTER (Scand.),] - -the east; _e.g._ Ostend (at the east end or opening of the canal into -the ocean); Osterburg, Osterfeld, Osterhofen (the east town, field, -and court); Osterholtz (the east wood); Osterdalen (the east basin of -the R. Duhl), in Sweden; Ostheim, Osthausen, Oesthammer (the eastern -dwelling or village); Ostwald (east wood), in Alsace; Essex (the -country of the East Saxons, in opposition to Wessex); Austerlitz (the -east town of the R. Littawa); Alost (to the east), in Belgium. - -[Sidenote: OSTROW, or OZERO (Sclav.),] - -an island or lake; _e.g._ Ostrov, in Russia (on a river-island); -Kolkoe-Ostrog (the island in the R. Kola); Ostrova (an island in the -Danube); Bielo-Ozero (the white lake); Tschudskoe-Ozero (the lake of -the Tschudes, a tribe); Ostrownoye (the new island). But Ostrow and -Wustrow are sometimes Germanised forms of _Wotschow_, Sclav, (a marshy -place), as in Wustrow, Ostropol, Ostrasatz, Ostrawiec (the place on the -marshy ground). - -[Sidenote: OTERO (Span.),] - -a hill or rising ground; _e.g._ El-Otero (the rising ground); -Otero-de-las-duenas (the hill of the old ladies); Otero-del-Rey (the -king’s hill). - -[Sidenote: OW, ITZ, OWIZ, OO,] - -Sclavonic affixes, used as patronymics, like the Ger. _ingen_; _e.g._ -Nowakwitz (the possession of the descendants of Nouak); Jvanow, Janow, -Janowitz (belonging to John and his descendants); Karlowitz (to -Charles); Petrowitz (to Peter); Kazimiritz (to Casimir); Mitrowitz (to -Demetrius); Stanislowow (to Stanislaus); Tomazow (to Thomas); Cracow -or Kracow (the town of Duke Craus or Krak of Poland, by whom it was -founded in 1700). - - - P - -[Sidenote: PALATIUM (Lat.), -PALAZZO (It.), -PALACHIO (Span.), -PALAS (Cym.-Cel.), -PAILIS (Gadhelic),] - -a palace; _e.g._ the Upper and Lower Palatinate, so called from the -palaces erected by the Roman emperors in different parts of the -empire; Palazzo, in Dalmatia and Naples; Palazzolo and Palazzuolo (the -great palace), in Piedmont; Los Palachios (the palaces), in Spain; -Pfalsbourg, anc. _Palatiolum_ (the town of the palace, founded in -1570), in France; Semipalatinsk, in Siberia (the town of the seven -palaces), so called from the extensive ruins in its neighbourhood; -Spalatro, in Dalmatia, named from the palace of Diocletian, originally -_Salonæ-Palatium_ (the palace near Salona), at first corrupted to -_As-palthium_ (at the palace), and then to Spalatro. In Wales: -Plas-gwyn (the white palace); Plas-newydd (the new palace). - -[Sidenote: PALLI (Tamil),] - -a small town or village, sometimes corrupted to Poly, Pilly, or Pally; -_e.g._ Trichinopoly, _i.e._ _Trisira-palli_ (the town of the giant). - -[Sidenote: PALUS (Lat.), -PADULE (It.),] - -a marsh; _e.g._ Padula and Paduli, towns in Italy; Peel, Lat. _palus_, -an extensive marsh in Belgium; La Pala, La Palud, and Paluz, in France; -Perugia (the town on the marsh), in a province of the same name in -Italy; Pelusium, Coptic _Permoun_ (the muddy or marshy place), on the -Delta of the Nile. - -[Sidenote: PANT (Welsh),] - -a hollow; _e.g._ Pant-y-crwys (the hollow of the cross), in Wales; -Pant-yr-Ysgraff for _Pont-yr-Ysgraff_--_v._ PONT. - -[Sidenote: PAPA, or PABBA (Scand.), -PFAFFE (Ger.), -POP (Sclav.),] - -a priest; _e.g._ Pabba (the priest’s island), several of this name in -the Hebrides; Papa-Stour (the great island of the priest), in Shetland; -Papa-Stronsay (the priest’s island near Stronsay), Orkney; Pappenheim, -Pfaffenhausen, Pfaffenberg, Pfaffenhofen (the priest’s dwelling), in -Germany; Papendrecht (the priest’s pasture); Pfarrkirchen (the priest’s -or parish church); Poppowitz, Poppow, Sclav. (places belonging to the -priests). - -[Sidenote: PARA (Brazilian),] - -a river, water, or the sea; _e.g._ Para, Parahiba, Parana, Paranymbuna, -rivers in Brazil; Paraguay (the place of waters); Parana-Assu (the -great river); Parana-Mirim (the small river); Parahyba (bad water). - -[Sidenote: PARA (Sclav.),] - -a swamp or marsh, cognate with the Lat. _palus_; _e.g._ Parchen, -Parchau, Parchim (places in a marshy locality); Partwitz or Parzow, -Paaren (the town on the marsh), in several localities. The letter _p_ -is sometimes changed into _b_ as in Barduz, Barzig, Baruth, in Prussia, -and Bars or Barsch, in Hungary. - -[Sidenote: PATAM, or PATTANA (Sansc.),] - -a city; _e.g._ Nagapatam (the city of the snake); Masulipatam (of -fishes); Periapatam (the chosen city); Viziapatam (the city of -victory); Seringapatam, _i.e._ _Sri-ranja-Pattana_ (the city of -Vishnu); Pata or Pattana (the city); Madras or _Madras-patan_ (the city -of the college or school; _madrasa_, Ar., a university). Madras is -called by the natives _Chenna-patana_ (the city of Chenappa, an Indian -prince). - -[Sidenote: PEEL (Cel. _pile_),] - -a small fortress; _e.g._ Peel, in the Isle of Man, and numerous Peel -towers on the border between England and Scotland. The Pile of Foudrig -(the peel or tower of the fire island), called Furness, the site of -an ancient lighthouse; Les Pilles, in Dauphiny; Ile du Pilier, in La -Vendée, with a lighthouse; _Pillas_, in the Lithuanian language also, -is a castle, thus--Pillkallan (the castle on the hill), in E. Prussia, -as well as the towns of Pillau, in E. Prussia, Pilsen, in Bohemia, and -Pillnitz (the towns with fortifications). - -[Sidenote: PEN (Cym.-Cel.),] - -a head, or a promontory, or hill summit; _e.g._ Pen-carrig (rocky hill -or cape); Pen-brynn (hill summit); Pencoid (of the wood); Penmon (the -promontory of Mona or Anglesea); Pentir (the headland); Pentyrch (the -boar’s head); Pen-y-cwm-gwig (the top of the woody vale), in Wales; -Pen-y-groes (the headland of the cross); Penby-diog (land’s end), in -Wales; Pencelly (the chief grove); Pen-y-gelly (the head of the grove, -_cell_, a grove); Penllech (of the stone or rock); Penhill, Somerset, -and Penlaw, Dumfries (the hill summit); Pendarves (the head of the -oak-field); Penpont (the head of the bridge), in Dumfriesshire; Penn (a -hill), in Stafford; Pencombe (the head of the hollow); Penforfa (of the -moor); Pennant (of the valley); Pen-mynnydd (of the mountain); Penrith, -anc. _Pen-rhyd_ (of the ford); Penicuik (the cuckoo’s hill); Cockpen -(red hill); Pen-maen-maur (the great stone head or hill); Pennigant -(windy hill); Penryn and Penrhyn (the head of the promontory); -Pentraeth (of the strand); Pen-y-craig or Old Radnor (the head of the -rock); Penzance, formerly _Pensans_--it is called the saint’s headland, -from a head of John the Baptist (the town’s arms), but Camden thinks -it might mean the head of the sands; Pain-bœuf or Penn-Ochen (the ox’s -headland); Pendennis (the fort on the headland)--_v._ DINAS. Mount -Pindus and the Grampians, Van in Brecknock, and the Vans in Wales, -embody this root; also the Apennines and the Pennine Alps, Pena and -Penha, in Spain and Portugal are applied to rocks, thus--Penafiel (the -loyal rock), in Spain, and also Cape Penas; Penha-verde (green rock) in -Brazil. - -[Sidenote: PFERCH (Ger.), -PEARROC (A.S.), -PARC (Fr.), -PAIRC (Irish).] - -In Germany this word signifies an enclosure for cattle--in England -and France, an enclosure for the protection of game or for pleasure; -_e.g._ Parkhurst (the enclosure in the wood); Parkfoot (at the foot -of the park), Co. Stirling; Parkham (park dwelling); Parkmore (great -park or field), in Ireland; Parkatotaun (the field of the burning), Co. -Limerick. - -[Sidenote: PFERD (Ger.),] - -a horse; _e.g._ Pferdsfeld (the horse’s field); Pfersdorf (the horse’s -village). - -[Sidenote: PFORTE (Ger.), -POORT (Dutch), -PORTH (Cym.-Cel.), -PORT (Gadhelic),] - -a haven, landing-place, or passage--cognate with the Lat. _portus_; -_e.g._ Seligenpforten (the blessed port); Sassenpoorte (the Saxons’ -haven); Himmelpforte (the port of heaven); Pforzheim (the dwelling at -the passage or entrance to the Hyrcenian forest), in Baden; Zandpoort -(sandy haven); Porlock (the enclosed haven), in Somersetshire; -Portsmouth (the mouth of the haven); Porthkerry (rocky haven), in -Wales; Porthaethroy (the landing-place of the terrible water), a -dangerous ferry in Wales; Portholgoch, corrupt. from _Porth-y-wal-goch_ -(_i.e._ the harbour of the red wall); Porthstinian (the port of -Justinian), in Wales; Porth-y-cawl, corrupt. from _Porth-y-Gaul_ (the -harbour where the Gallic invaders used to land), in Wales. In Ireland: -Portraine, now Rathlin (the landing-place of Rachra); Portadown (at the -fortress); Portlaw, Irish _Port-lagha_ (at the hill); Portmarnock (the -haven of St. Marnock); Port-na-Spania (the port of the Spaniard), where -one of the vessels of the Invincible Armada was wrecked, off the coast -of Ireland; Port-Arlington, named after the Earl of Arlington in the -reign of Charles II.; Port-Glasgow, anc. _Kil-ma-Colm_ (St. Columba’s -church). It received its modern name in 1668, when purchased by the -merchants of Glasgow; Portmoak, in Kinross (the landing-place of St. -Moak); Port-Patrick (the place from which it is said St. Patrick sailed -for Ireland); Portree, in Skye, and Port-an-righ, in Ross (the king’s -haven); Portnellan (the landing-place of the island), in Loch Tummel; -Portmore (the great port), in Wigton; Port-na-craig (of the rock); -Port-na-churaich (of the boat), in Iona, where St. Columba landed -from Ireland; Port-skerrie (the rocky landing-place), in Sutherland; -Snizort, in Skye, corrupt. from _Snisport_, probably named after a -Norse leader or pirate; Port-ny-hinsey (the haven of the island), the -Celtic name of Peel, in the Isle of Man; Portinscale, in Westmoreland -(the passage where the _skaala_ or booths for the Scandinavian _thing_, -_i.e._ meeting, were erected); Portobello (the beautiful harbour), in -South America, so named by its founder; Portobello, in Mid Lothian, -named in commemoration of the capture of the South American town in -1739; Portskewitt or _Porth-is-coed_ (the port below the wood), in -Monmouth; Porth-yn-lyn (the port of the pool), in Wales; Portsoy, in -Banffshire, _i.e._ _Port-saith_ (the safe port); Port-dyn-Norwig (the -port of the Northman), in Wales; Maryport, in Cumberland, named after -the wife of its first proprietor; Portlethan, Gael. _Port-leath-an_ -(the port of the gray river), Kincardine; Port-Logan, in Wigton, _i.e._ -Gael. _Port-na-lagan_ (the port of the hollow). _Port_ became an -established Saxon word for a market-town--hence we have such names as -Newport, Longport, applied to inland towns; Bridport, on the R. Brit. -The Cinque-ports, Fr. _cinq_ (five), were the towns of Dover, Hastings, -Hythe, Romney, Sandwich. In Portugal: Oporto (the port); Portugal, -anc. _Portus-cale_, both meaning the harbour; Porto-rico (rich port), -an island of the Antilles group; Porto-Santo (the holy port), in the -Madeira Isles; Porto-seguro (safe port); Porto-Vecchio (old port), in -Corsica; Porto-Alegre (the cheerful port), in Brazil; Porto-farina -(the port of wheat), in North Africa; Porto-ferrajo (fortified port), -in Tuscany, on the coast of the Island of Elba; Port-Vendres, Lat. -_Portus-Veneris_ (the port of Venus), in France; Le Treport, corrupt. -from the Lat. _Ulterior-Portus_, in Normandy, at the mouth of the -Bresle. - -[Sidenote: PIC, PIKE (A.S.), -PIC and PUY (Fr.), -SPITZE (Ger.),] - -a peak or promontory; _e.g._ the Pike o’ Stickle (the peak of the -high rock); the Peak, in Derbyshire; Pike’s Peak, in the Rocky -Mountains, named after General Pike; Spitz, in Austria, built around -a hill; Spitzbergen (the peaked mountains); Spithead (the head of -the promontory); Le Puy (the peak), a town situated on a high hill; -Puy-de-dome (the dome-shaped peak). - -[Sidenote: PISCH (Sclav.),] - -sand; _e.g._ Pesth, in Hungary (on a dry, sandy soil); but Buttman -suggests that the name may be derived from _paz_, Sclav. (a baking -place), as the German name for Buda, on the opposite side of the -Danube, is _Ofen_ (the oven); Peschkowitz, Peshen, Pisck, Pskov, -Peckska, in Russia and Bohemia. _Pies_, Sclav. (the dog), may, however, -be the root-word of some of these names. - -PITT, PITTEN (Gadhelic), - -a hole, a small hollow. This word, as a prefix, occurs very frequently -in Scotland, especially in Fife, in which county the most important -place is Pittenweem (the hollow of the cave, _uaimh_), the seat of an -ancient monastery, near which is the cave from which it was named; -Pitcairn (the hollow of the cairn), near Perth, in the neighbourhood -of which there are two large cairns of stones; Pitgarvie (the rough -hollow); Pitglas (the gray hollow); Pettinain (the hollow of the -river), a parish on the Clyde; Pittencrieff (the hollow of the -tree, _craobh_); Pitgober (of the goat); Pitnamoon (of the moss); -Pittendriech (the Druid’s hollow); Pitcaithly, probably the hollow -of the narrow valley, in Perthshire; Pittentaggart (the priest’s -portion)--as in ancient times, the word _pitte_ is understood to have -also meant a part or portion of land; and it has probably this meaning -in Pitlochrie, in Perthshire, anc. _Pittan-cleireach_ (the portion of -the clergy or church-land), as well as in Pittan-clerach, in Fife; -Pitmeddin, in Aberdeenshire, named after St. Meddane. Pittenbrae (the -hollow of the hill); Petty or Pettie, anc. _Petyn_ (the hollow of the -island), on Beauly Loch, Inverness; Pettycur (the hollow of the dell, -_coire_), in Fife. - -[Sidenote: PLESSA (Fr.), -PLESSEICUM,] - -meaning successively a hedge, an enclosed and cultivated place -surrounded by trees, an enclosed garden, a park, a mansion, or -country residence; _e.g._ Plessis, Le Plessin, Plessier, Le Plessial, -etc.--_v._ Cocheris’s _Noms de Lieu_. - -[Sidenote: PLEU, or PLOE (Cym.-Cel.),] - -a village, found only in Brittany; _e.g._ Pleu-meur (great village); -Pleu-nevey (new village); Ploer-mel (the mill village); Pleu-Jian -(John’s village); Pleu, Ploven, Pleven, etc. - -[Sidenote: PLÖN, POLSKI (Sclav.),] - -a plain; _e.g._ Ploen, a town in Holstein; Plönersee (the lake of the -plain); Juriev-Polskoi (St. George’s town on the plain); Poland, _i.e._ -_Polskoi_ (the plain or level land); Volkynia (the level country). - -[Sidenote: POD (Sclav.),] - -near or under; _e.g._ Podgoriza (under the hill); Podmokla (near the -moss); Potsdam, from _Pozdu-pemi_ (under the oaks). - -[Sidenote: POLDER (Dutch),] - -land reclaimed from the sea; _e.g._ Polder and Polders, in Belgium; -Beemsterpolder (the meadow of the reclaimed land); Charlotten-Polder -(Charlotte’s reclaimed land); Pwlpolder (land reclaimed from a pool or -marsh). - -[Sidenote: POLIS (Grk.),] - -a city; _pol_ (Sclav.), probably borrowed from the Greek; -Constantinople, Adrianople, founded by the emperors Constantine and -Adrian; Nicopolis and Nicopoli (the city of victory)--the first founded -by Augustus to commemorate the battle of Actium, and the second by -Trajan to commemorate his victory over the Dacians; Persepolis (the -city of the Persians); Pampeluna, corrupt. from _Pompeiopolis_, so -called because rebuilt by the sons of Pompey the Great; Decapolis (the -district of the ten cities), colonised by the Romans, in Palestine; -Sebastopol (the august city); Stavropol (the city of the cross), in -Russia; Bielopol (the white city); Bogopol (the city of God, Sclav. -_Bog_); Gallipoli, anc. _Calipolis_ (the beautiful city); Naples, -Nauplia, Nablous, and Neapolis (the new city); Grenoble, corrupt. from -_Gratianopolis_ (the city of Gratian); Heliopolis (the city of the -sun), being the Greek name for On, in Egypt, and also for Baalbec, in -Syria; Krasnapol (the fair city); Theriasipol, in Hungary (named after -the Empress Theresa)--its Hungarian name _Szabadka_ (the privileged); -Yelisabetpol (after the Empress Elizabeth); Tripoli, in Syria (the -three cities), being a joint colony from Tyre, Sidon, and Aradus; -Tripoli, in Barbary, named from its three principal cities, Lepta, -Oca, and Sabrata; Tripolitza, in the Morea, built from the remains -of the three cities Tegea, Mantinea, and Palantium; Amphipolis, now -_Emboli_ (the surrounded city), so called because almost encircled by -the R. Strymon; Anapli, in the Morea, corrupt. from _Neapolis_ (new -town); Annapolis, in Nova Scotia, named after Queen Anne; Antibes, in -Provence, a colony from Marseilles, anc. _Antinopolis_, named after its -founder; Stamboul, the Turkish name for Constantinople, means _eis ten -polin_ (to the city). - -[Sidenote: POLL (Gadhelic), -PWL (Cym.-Cel.), -POEL (Teut.),] - -a pool or marsh, cognate with the Lat. _palus_; _e.g._ Poole, in -Dorset, situated on a lagune; Pontypool (the pool at the bridge); -Welsh-pool, so called to distinguish it from Poole in Dorset--its -Welsh name is _Trellyn_ (the dwelling on the pool); Hartlepool, Danish -_Hartness_ (the pool hard by the headland)--the Normans added _le -pol_, from a pool called the Slake, by which it is almost insulated; -Liverpool, probably _Llyr-pwl_, Welsh (the sea pool); Blackpool, in -Lancashire, named from a marsh now drained; Polton and Pulborough -(pool town); Polbaith and Polbeath, Gael. (the pool of the birches); -Poltarf (of the bull); Pollnaranny and Polrane (of the ferns), in -Ireland; Wampool in Cumberland (_i.e._ Woden’s pool); Pwl-helli (the -salt pool); Pwll-du (black pool); Pwll-broch-mael (the pool of the -warlike weapons), the site of a battle between the Welsh and Saxons; -Pwll-tin-byd (the very deep pool, literally the pool at the bottom -of the world); Pwll-y-wrach (the hag’s pool), in Wales. _Pill_, in -Gloucester, means the mouth of a brook, _e.g._ Cow-pill, Horse-pill, -etc.; Polmont, Co. Stirling, corrupt. from _poll-monaidh_ (the pool -near the hill). - -[Sidenote: POMMIER (Fr.),] - -the apple-tree; _pomeratum_ (a place planted with apple-trees); -_e.g._ La Pommerée, Pommeray, Pomiers, Pommera, Pommeraie, Pommereau, -Pommereuil, in France. - -[Sidenote: PONS (Lat.), -PONT (Welsh),] - -the bridge, with its derivatives in the Romance and in the Welsh -languages; _e.g._ Pontefract, Lat. _Ad-pontem-fractum_ (at the broken -bridge); Pontoise (the bridge across the R. Oise); Pont-Audemer (the -bridge built by Aldemar across the R. Rille); Pont-de-briques (the -bridge of bricks); Pont-d’Espagne, corrupt. from _Pont-de-sapins_ -(the fir-tree bridge); Ponteland, in Northumberland, corrupt. from -_Ad-pontem-Ælianum_ (at the bridge of Ælius); Pontigny (bridge -town); Les-Ponts-de-Cé (the bridges of Cæsar), a town in France, -with four bridges across the Loire; Negropont, probably a corrupt. -of _Egripo_, which the Italian sailors translated into Negripo or -Negropont (black bridge), in allusion to the narrow strait called -in Greek _Euripos_ (_i.e._ the strait with the violent current), on -which the town was built--the name of the town was gradually extended -to the whole island, till then called _Eubœa_; Ponte-vedra (the old -bridge), and Puenta-de-la-Reyna (the queen’s bridge), in Spain; -Grampound, in Cornwall, Welsh _Pout-maur_ (the great bridge), corrupt. -from the Fr. _Grand-pont_; Paunton, in Lincoln, anc. _Ad-pontem_ -(at the bridge); Pontesbury (bridge town), in Cheshire; Ponte-corvo -(the crooked bridge), in Campania; Deux-ponts (the two bridges), in -Bavaria. In Wales: Pont-faen (stone bridge); Pont-newydd (new bridge); -Pont-glasllyn (the bridge at the blue pool); Pont-y-glyn (the bridge -of the glen); Pont-y-pair (the bridge of the cauldron); Pont-ar-ddulas -(the bridge on the dark water); Pont-ar-Fynach (the devil’s bridge); -Pontypool (the bridge of the pool); Pant-yr-ysgraff, probably corrupt. -from _Pont-yr-ysgraff_ (the bridge of boats). In France: Poncelle, -Ponchel, Poncelet, Ponceaux, etc.; Pont-à-couleuvre, in the depart. of -Oise, probably from an Old Lat. text, in which this place is called -_Pont-à-qui-l’ouvre_ (_i.e._ the bridge to whomsoever may open), it -being a bridge closed by barriers--Cocheris’s _Noms de Lieu_. - -[Sidenote: POOR, PORE, PURA (Sansc.),] - -a city; _e.g._ Nagpoor (snake city); Chuta Nagpore (the little snake -city); Amarapoora (divine city); Bejapore or Visiapoor (the city of -victory); Berampore (of the Mahometan sect called _Bohra_); Bhagulpore -(tiger city); Ahmedpore (the city of Ahmed); Ahmedpore Chuta (the -little city of Ahmed); Callianpoor (flourishing city); Bhurtpore (the -city of Bhurat, the brother of the god Ram); Rampoor (Ram’s city); -Bissenpoor (of Vishnu); Ferozepore (of Feroze-Togluk); Huripoor (of -Hari or Vishnu); Shahjehanpoor (of Shah Jehan); Mahabalipoor (of -Bali the Great); Caujapoor (of the Virgin); Rajapore (of the rajah); -Cawnpoor or Khanpur (of the Beloved One, a title of Krishna); Hajipoor -(of the pilgrim); Ghazipore (of Ghazi, a martyr); Mirzapoor (the -city of the emir); Secunderpoor (of Secunder Lodi); Sidhpoor (of -the saint); Singapore (of the lions); Russoulpoor (of the prophet); -Chandpoor (of the moon); Joudpoor (war city); Ratnapoor (of rubies); -Munnipora (of jewels); Darmapooram (of justice); Dinajpore (of -beggars); Futtepoor (of victory); Sudhapura (bright city); Conjeveram, -corrupt. from _Canchipura_ (the golden city); Trivandrum, corrupt. from -_Tiruvanan-thapuram_ (the town of the holy Eternal One), in Travancore. - -[Sidenote: PRAAG, PRAYAGA (Sansc.),] - -a holy place; _e.g._ Vissenpraag (the holy place of Vishnu); -Devaprayaga (God’s holy place). - -[Sidenote: PRADO (Span. and Port.), -PRATA (It.), -PRAIRIE (Fr.),] - -a meadow, derived from the Lat. _pratum_; _e.g._ the Prairies or meadow -lands; Prato-Vecchio (the old meadow), in Tuscany; Ouro-preto, corrupt. -from _Ouro-prado_ (the gold meadow), near a gold mine in Brazil. In -France, Prémol, _i.e._ _pratum molle_ (the smooth meadow); Prabert, -_i.e._ _Pratum Alberti_ (Albert’s meadow); Pradelles, Les Prések, -Prémontié, Lat. _Pratum-mons_ (the mount in the meadow), the site of an -abbey, chief of the order of the Prémontié. - -[Sidenote: PUEBLA (Span.),] - -a collection of people, hence a village; _e.g._ La Puebla, in Mexico; -La Puebla-de-los-Angelos (the village of the angels), in Mexico. - -[Sidenote: PULO (Malay),] - -an island; _e.g._ Pulo-Penang (betel-nut island). - -[Sidenote: PUSTY (Sclav.),] - -a waste place; _e.g._ Pustina (on the waste ground); Pusta-kaminica -(the stony waste). - -[Sidenote: PYTT (A.S.), -PFUTZE (Ger.), -PYDEN (Welsh),] - -a well or pool of standing water, cognate with the Lat. _puteus_ and -its derivatives in the Romance languages; _e.g._ Puozzuoli in Italy, -and Puteaux in France, anc. _Puteoli_ (the place of wells); Le Puiset, -anc. _Puteolis castrum_ (the camp of the well); Pfutzenburg and -Pfutzenthal (the town and valley of the wells or pools), in Germany; -Poza-de-la-sal (the salt well), near a salt mine in Spain; also in -Spain: Pozanca and Pozancos (the stagnant pools); Pozo-blanco and -Pozo-hondo (the white and deep pool); Putney, anc. _Puttenheath_ (the -pool on the heath), in Surrey; Puttenheim, in Belgium (a dwelling near -a well or pool). - - - Q - -[Sidenote: QUELLE (Ger.), WEDEL (Old Ger.), -WYL (A.S.), -KILDE (Scand.), -KILL (Dutch),] - -a place from which water flows--from _quellen_, to spring, and -_wyllan_, to flow; _e.g._ Mühlquelle (the mill fountain); Hoogkill -(corner well), and Bassekill (low well), in Holland; Quillebœuf -(well town), in Normandy; Roeskilde (the fountain of King Roe), in -Denmark; Salzwedel (salt well); Hohenwedel (high well); Tideswell, -in Derbyshire--probably from a personal name, as there is a Tideslow -in the neighbourhood; Wells, in Norfolk (a place into which the tide -flows); Wells, in Somerset, named from a holy fountain dedicated to St. -Andrew; Motherwell, in Lanarkshire, named from a well dedicated to the -Virgin Mary; Amwell, in Hants, corrupt. from _Emma’s well_; Holywell, -in Wales, named from St. Winifred’s well--in Welsh it is called -_Treffynnon_ (the town of the well); Shadwell, in London (St. Chad’s -well); Bakewell, anc. _Badican-wylla_ (the bath wells), in Derbyshire; -Walston, a parish in Lanarkshire, named from a sacred well near the -site of the church; Ashwell (the well among ash-trees), in Hertford; -Ewell, in Surrey, found written _Etwell_ and _Awell_ (_at_ the well). - - - R - -[Sidenote: RADE, RODE (Teut.),] - -a place where wood has been cut down, and which has been cleared -for tillage, from _reuten_, to root out, to plough or turn up. The -word in its various forms, _reud_, _reut_, and _rath_, is common in -German topography; _e.g._ Wittarode (the cleared wood); Herzegerode -(the clearing on the Hartz Mountains); Quadrath (the clearing of the -Quadi); Lippenrode (the clearing on the R. Lippe); Rade-vor-dem-walde -(the clearing in front of the wood); Randarath and Wernigerode (the -clearing of Randa and Werner); Zeulenroda (the clearing on the -boundary, _ziel_); Schabert, corrupt. from _Suabroid_ (the Swabian -clearing); Pfaffrath (the priest’s clearing); Baireuth (the cleared -ground of the Boii or Bavarians); Schussenried (the clearing on the R. -Schussen). Royd, in England, means a path cut through a wood, as in -Huntroyd, Boothroyd, Holroyd. _Terra-rodata_ (rode land) was so called -in opposition to _Terra-Bovata_, _i.e._ an ancient enclosure which had -been from time immemorial under the plough, _i.e._ Ormeroyd (Ormer’s -rode land). - -[Sidenote: RAIN, RAND, RA (Teut. and Scand.), -RHYNN (Cym.-Cel.), -RINN (Irish), -ROINN (Gael.),] - -a promontory or peninsula; _e.g._ Rain, a town name in Bavaria -and Styria; Randers, on a promontory in Denmark; Hohenrain (high -promontory); Steenrain (rock headland); Renfrew (the promontory of -the stream, _frew_), anc. _Strathgriff_, on the R. Griff; the Rhinns -(_i.e._ the points), in Galloway; Rhynie, a parish in Aberdeenshire; -Rhind, a parish in Perthshire, with the parish church situated on -a headland jutting into the R. Tay; Rinmore (the great point), in -Devon, Argyle, and Aberdeenshire; Rindon, in Wigton; Tynron, Gael. -_Tigh-an-roinne_ (the house on the point), a parish in Dumfriesshire; -Reay, in Sutherlandshire, and Reay, a station on the Lancaster and -Carlisle Railway, from _Ra_, Norse (a point); Penryn (the head of -the point), in Cornwall. This word, in various forms, such as _rin_, -_reen_, _rine_, _ring_, is of frequent occurrence in Ireland; _e.g._ -Ringrone (the seal’s promontory); Rineanna (the promontory of the -marsh, _eanaigh_); Ringville and Ringabella, Irish _Rinn-bhile_ (the -point of the old tree); Ringfad (long point); Ringbane (white point); -Rineen (little point); Ringagonagh (the point of the O’Cooneys); -Rinville, in Galway (the point of Mhil, a Firbolg chieftain); Ringsend, -near Dublin (the end of the point). - -[Sidenote: RAJA, RAJ (Sansc.),] - -royal; _e.g._ Rajamahal (the royal palace); Rajapoor (royal -city); Rajpootana (the country of the Rajpoots, _i.e._ the king’s -sons--_putra_, a son). - -[Sidenote: RAS (Ar.), -ROSH (Heb.),] - -a cape; _e.g._ Ras-el-abyad (the white cape); Rasigelbi, corrupt. from -_Rasicalbo_ (the dog’s cape); Rasicarami (the cape of the vineyards); -Ras-el-tafal (chalk cape); Rasicanzar (the swine’s cape); Ras-el-shakah -(the split cape); Ras-el-hamra (red cape); Rascorno (Cape Horn). - -[Sidenote: RATH, RAED (Teut.),] - -council; _e.g._ Rachstadt or Rastadt (the town of the council or -court of justice); Rathenau (the meadow of the council): Raithby (the -dwelling of the court of justice). - -[Sidenote: RATH (Gadhelic),] - -a round earthen fort or stronghold, cognate with the Welsh _rhath_, a -mound or hill; _e.g._ Rathmore (the great fort); Ratass or Rathteas -(the south fort); Rattoo or _Rath-tuaith_ (northern fort); Rathbeg -(little fort); Rathduff (black fort); Rathglass (green fort); Rathcoole -(the fort of Cumhal, the father of Finn); Rathcormac (of Cormack); -Rathdrum (of the ridge); Rathdowney, Irish _Rath-tamhnaigh_ (of the -green field); Rathbane (white fort); Rathfryland (Freelan’s fort)--all -in Ireland. Rattray, in Perthshire, where there are the remains of an -old fortress on a hill, and near what is called the Standing Stones, -supposed to have been a Druidical temple; Rathven (hill-fort), in -Banffshire; Rathmorail (the magnificent fort), in Aberdeenshire; -Raphoe, Co. Donegal, abbrev. from _Rathboth_ (the fort of huts). - -[Sidenote: REICH, REIKE (Goth.), -RICE (A.S.), -RIGH (Scand.),] - -a kingdom; _e.g._ France, _i.e._ _Frank-reich_ (the kingdom of the -_Franks_, who are supposed to have derived their name from a kind of -javelin called _franca_); Austria, _Œstreich_ (the eastern kingdom), as -opposed to Neustria (the western); Surrey or _Sud-rice_ (the southern -kingdom); Goodrich, in Hereford (Goda’s rule or kingdom); Rastrick -(Rasta’s rule), in Yorkshire; Norway or _Nordrike_ (the northern -kingdom); Ringerige, in Norway (the kingdom of King Ringe); Gothland, -anc. _Gotarike_ (the kingdom of the Goths); Sweden, anc. _Sviarike_ -(the kingdom of the Suiones). - -[Sidenote: REIDH (Gadhelic),] - -smooth, used also as a noun to signify a level field, and Anglicised -_re_, _rea_, or _rey_; _e.g._ Remeen (the smooth plain); Muilrea -(smooth hill, _mullagh_, p. 145); Rehill for _Redh-choill_ (smooth -wood). - -[Sidenote: REKA (Sclav.),] - -a river; _e.g._ Riga, Rega, Regan, Regnitz (river names); also the R. -Spree, Sclav. _Serbenreka_ (the river of the Serbs or Wends); Meseritz -and Meseritsch (in the midst of rivers), in Moravia and Wallachia; -Rakonitz (the town on the river), in Russia; Reka, the Sclavonic name -for _Fiume_, It. (the river), a town on the Adriatic, at the mouth of a -stream of the same name. - -[Sidenote: RHEDIG (Cym.-Cel.), -RUITH (Gadhelic), -REO (Grk.), -RUO (Lat.), -RI, SRI (Sansc.),] - -to flow, from whence are derived _rivus_ and _rivula_, Lat.; _rio_, -Span. and Port.; _rivola_, _raes_, and _rith_, A.S. (a stream). -The Eng. _river_ comes through the Fr. _rivière_, and that from -_riparia_, in Mediæval Lat. a river, but literally a river-bank. From -these root-words many river names are derived, or from _rhe_, _rea_ -(swift), joined to root-words signifying water; _e.g._ the Rhone, anc. -_Rhodanus_, the Rhine, Rye, Rea, Rhee, Rhea, Rey, Rheus, Roe, Ruhr, -etc.; Rio-doce and Rio-dulce (sweet or fresh river), in opposition to -Rio-salada (salt river); Rio-branco (white river); Rio-bravo-del-norte -(the great north river); Rio-grande-do-sul (the great south river); -Rio-negro (black river); Rio-tinto (coloured river); Rio-colorado, with -the same meaning; Rio-de-Janeiro, generally called Rio--so named by -the Portuguese discoverer because the bay was discovered on the feast -of St. Januarius: the city founded at the place, and now called Rio, -was originally named St. Sebastian; Rio-de-Cobra (the snake river), in -Jamaica; Rio-dos-Reis (the river of the kings), in Africa, so named -by Vasco de Gama, because discovered on the feast of the Epiphany; -Rio-de-Ouro (the river of gold), on the coast of Guinea; Rio-azul (the -blue river); Rio-Marahão (the tangled river); Rio-de-la-Plata (the -river of _plata_, _i.e._ silver), so called from the booty taken on its -banks. - -[Sidenote: RHIADUR (Cym.-Cel.),] - -a cataract; _e.g._ Rhayadar (the cataract), a town in Radnor, near -a fall of the R. Wye, removed in 1780. Radnor itself is supposed to -have taken its name from _Rhiadur-Gwy_ (the cataract of the R. Wye); -Rhiadur-mawr (the great cataract), in Caernarvonshire; Rhaidr-y-wennol -(the cataract of the swallow), so named from the rapidity of its -motion, like that of the bird. - -[Sidenote: RHIW (Welsh),] - -an ascent; _e.g._ Ruabon, corrupt. from _Rhiw-Fabon_ (the ascent of St. -Mabon). - -[Sidenote: RHOS, ROS (Cym.-Cel.),] - -in Wales signifying a moor, in Cornwall a valley; _e.g._ Ross, a town -in Hereford; Rhoscollen (the moor of hazels), in Anglesea; Rhos-du -(black moor); Penrhos (the head of the moor), in Wales. In Cornwall: -Roskilly (the valley of hazels); Rosecrewe (the valley of the cross); -Rosvean (little valley); Rosmean (stony valley). - -[Sidenote: RHUDD (Cym.-Cel.), -RUADH (Gadhelic), -ROTH and RUD (Teut.), -ROD (Scand.),] - -red; _e.g._ Rutland (red land), or perhaps cleared ground--_v._ RODE; -Rhuddlan (the red bank, _glan_); Rhuthin, corrupt. from _Rhudd-din_ -(the red land); Llanrhudd (the red church), in Wales; Romhilde, -anc. _Rotemulte_ (red land); Rother, Rotha, Rothback (red stream); -Rotherthurm, Hung. _Vörostoroney_ (red tower); Rothen-haus, Sclav. -_Czerweny-hradek_ (red house or castle), in Bohemia; Rotenburg, in -Switzerland (the town on the red brook); Rothenburg, in Hanover and -Bavaria (the red fortress); Rothenburg, in Prussia proper, is called -by the Sclaves _Rostarezewo_ (the town of the Sclavonic deity Ratzi); -Rothenfels (red rock); Rotherham (the dwelling on the red river); -Roughan and Rooghaun (reddish land), in Ireland. But the prefix _rud_ -is sometimes the abbreviation of a proper name, thus--Rudesheim, in -Germany, is from _Hruodinesheim_ (the dwelling of Hruodine); Rudby, in -Yorkshire (of Routh); Rudkioping, in Denmark (the market-town of Routh). - -[Sidenote: RHYD (Welsh),] - -a ford; _e.g._ Rhyderin, corrupt. from _Rhyd-gerwin_ (the rough -ford); Rhyd-y-Boithan, corrupt. from _Byddin_ (the ford of the army); -Rhydonen, corrupt. from _Rhyd-hen_ (the old ford); Rhyd-dol-cynfar (the -ford of the valley of the ancient fight). - -[Sidenote: RIDING, or THRITHING,] - -the three _things_, _q.v._, _i.e._ the three places or districts where -the Scandinavians held their judicial assemblies; _e.g._ the Ridings, -in Yorkshire, so named under the Danish rule; Lincoln was divided by -the Danes in the same manner. - -[Sidenote: RIED (A.S.),] - -a reed; _e.g._ Retford and Radford (the reedy ford); Radbourne (reedy -brook); Redbridge, in Hants, anc. _Reideford_ (reedy ford). Bede calls -it _Arundinis-vadum_, Lat. (the ford of the reeds). - -[Sidenote: RIGGE (A.S.), RÜCHEN (Ger.),] - -a ridge; _e.g._ Hansrücke (John’s ridge); Hengistrücke (the horses’ -ridge); Hundsricke (the dog’s ridge); Rudgeley (the field at the -ridge); Brownrigg, Grayrigg (the brown and gray ridge); Reigate (the -passage through the ridge), contracted from _ridgegate_; Lindridge -(lime-tree ridge); Rucksteig (the steep path on the ridge); Langrike -(long ridge); Steenrücke (stony ridge). - -[Sidenote: RIPA (Lat.), -RIVA (It.), -RIBA (Span. and Port.), -RIVE (Fr.),] - -a bank or the border of a stream; _e.g._ Riva (on the bank of Lake -Como); Riva or Rief (on Lake Garda); Rive-de-Gier and Aube-rive (on the -banks of the R. Gier and Aube); Aute-rive and Rives-altes (the high -river-banks); Rieux, anc. _Rivi-Castra_ (the camp of the river-bank); -Riberac (on the bank of the water), in France; Rivalta (the high bank), -in Piedmont; Rivoli, anc. _Ripula_ (the little bank), in Piedmont; -Romorantin, anc. _Rivus-Morentini_ (the bank of the R. Morantin), in -France; _Riveria_ or _Riberia_, in Low Lat. signified a plain on the -bank of a river--hence Rivière, Rivières, Hautes-Rivières, La Rivoire, -etc., in France; Rivarrennæ, _i.e._ _Ripa-arenæ_ (the sandy bank), on -the R. Cher; the Rialto at Venice is corrupt, from _Riva-alto_ (the -high bank); Rye, in Sussex, in Lat. records _Ripa_; Ryde, in the Isle -of Wight, formerly _Rye_ (on the bank of the water); Altrupp, on the -R. Rhone, anc. _Alta-ripa_ (the high bank); Ribaute and Autrepe, for -_Haute-rive_ (high bank), in Belgium; Ribadavia and Riba-de-Sella (the -bank of the Rivers Avia and Sella), in Spain; Ripon, in Yorkshire, anc. -_Ripum_ (on the bank of the R. Ure). - -[Sidenote: RISCH (Ger.), -RISGE (A.S.), -ROGOSCHA (Sclav.),] - -the rush; _e.g._ Ruscomb (the rushy hollow); Rushbrook (the rushy -stream); Rushford, Rushmere, Rushholme, Ryston (the rushy ford, marsh, -island, and town); Rogatzn, in Poland, and Rogatchev, in Russia (the -place of rushes). - -[Sidenote: ROC, ROCHE (Fr.), -ROCCA (It.), -ROC (A.S.),] - -a rock--derivatives from the Lat. _rupes_; _e.g._ Rocca-bianca (white -rock); Rocca-casale (rock village or dwelling); Rocca-secura (the -safe rock fortress), in Italy; Rocca-Valoscuro (the rock in the dark -valley), in Naples; Rochefort-sur-mer (the strong fortress on the -sea), at the mouth of the R. Charente; La Rochelle (the little rock -fortress); Rochefort (rock fortress), in Belgium; Rochester, Co. Kent -(the fortress on the rock), or, according to Bede, the fort of Hrop, -a Saxon chief; Rochester, in New York, named after Colonel Rochester, -one of the early settlers; Roche-Guyon, Lat. _Rupes-Guidonis_ (the -rock fortress of Guido); Roche-Foucault, anc. _Rupes-Fucaldi_ (the -fortress of Foucalt); Rocroi, Lat. _Rupes-Regia_ (the royal fortress), -in France; Roxburgh (the rock fortress)--the ancient town, as well as -the county, taking their name from the strong castle, situated on a -rock near the junction of the Tweed and Teviot--the ancient name of the -castle was _Marchidun_ (the hill-fort on the marshy land). - -[Sidenote: ROS, ROSS (Gadhelic),] - -a promontory or isthmus, and also, in the south of Ireland, a wood; -thus New Ross, Co. Wexford, anc. _Ros-mic-Treoin_ (the wood of Treuon’s -son); Roscommon (of St. Coman); Roscrea (Cree’s wood); Ross-castle (on -a promontory on Lake Killarney); Muckross (the peninsula of the pigs), -in several places in Ireland; Muckros (with the same meaning--the pig’s -headland) was the ancient name of the town of St. Andrews; Rossbegh -(of the birches); Rossinver (of the confluence); Port-rush (the -landing-place of the promontory); Ross-shire seems to have taken its -name from _Ross_ (a wood); Montrose, anc. _Monros_ (the promontory on -the marshy land, _moin_); Rosneath, anc. _Rosneveth_ (the promontory of -St. Nefydd), in Dumbartonshire; Roslin (the promontory on the pool); -Kinross (the head of the promontory), either with reference to the -county--in regard to Fife, of which it anciently formed part--or with -reference to the town at the head of Loch Leven. Fife was anciently -called _Ross_: it got the name of Fife in honour of Duff, Earl of -Fife, to whom it was given by Kenneth II.; and in 1426 Kinross was -made a separate county. Roskeen (the head or corner of Ross-shire); -Rosehearty, in Aberdeenshire, corrupt. from _Ros-ardty_ (the dwelling -on the high promontory). - -[Sidenote: RÜHE (Ger.),] - -rest; _e.g._ Ludwigsrühe (Ludowic’s rest); Carlshrühe (Charles’s rest), -founded by Charles William, Margrave of Baden, in 1715; Henricksrühe -(Henry’s rest). - -[Sidenote: RUN (A.S.),] - -council; _e.g._ Runhall (the hall of the council); Runnington, anc. -_Runenton_ (the town of the council); Runnymede (the meadow of the -council). - -[Sidenote: RYBA (Sclav.),] - -fish; _e.g._ Rybnik, Rybniza (the fish pond); Rybinsk, Rybnaia (fish -town). - -[Sidenote: RYSCH, or ROW (Sclav.),] - -a dam or ditch; _e.g._ Prierow (near the dam); Prierosbrück (the bridge -near the dam); Ryswick (the town on the dam); Riez, Rieze, Riezow, -Riezig (at the dam). - - - S - -[Sidenote: SA (Sclav.), -ZA,] - -behind; _e.g._ Sabor (behind the wood); Zadrin (behind the R. Drin); -Zamosc (behind the moss); Zabrod (behind the ford); Zablat (behind the -marsh). - -[Sidenote: SABHALL (Gadhelic),] - -a barn; _e.g._ Saul, Co. Down, anc. _Sabhall-Patrick_ (Patrick’s barn), -being the first place of worship used by St. Patrick in Ireland; Saval -(the barn used as a church), near Newry; Drumsaul (the barn or church -on the ridge); Sawel, a mountain in Ireland, probably from the same -root; Cairntoul, a hill in Aberdeenshire, originally _Carn-t-Sabhall_ -(the cairn of the barn). - -[Sidenote: SABLE (Fr.),] - -sand; _e.g._ Sable, Sablé, Sablat, Sablon, Sablières, La Sablonière, in -France. - -[Sidenote: SALH, SAEL (A.S.), -SALIX (Lat.),] - -the willow; _e.g._ Salehurst (willow copse); Salford (willow ford); -Saul, in Gloucestershire (the place of willows). In France many places -take their name from _Saule_, Fr. (the willow); _e.g._ Sailly, from -_Salicetum_ (a place planted with willows), as also Saux, Saules, -Saulzais, etc. - -[Sidenote: SALL (Teut.), -ZAAL,] - -a stone dwelling; _sel_, a cottage, cognate with the Span. and Port. -_sala_; _e.g._ Hohensale (high dwelling); Nordsehl (north dwelling); -Oldenzeel (old dwelling); Eversal (the dwelling of the wild boar); -Brunsele (the dwelling at the well); Holzselen (at the wood); -Laufenselden (the dwelling near the waterfall); Marsal (on the marsh), -in France. In Spain: Salas (the halls); Salas-de-la-ribera (the -dwellings on the river-bank); Salas-de-los-Infantes (the dwellings of -the infantry); Upsal, Scand. _Upsalr_ (the high halls), in Sweden. - -[Sidenote: SALZ (Ger.), -SALANN (Gadhelic), -SOL (Sclav.), -HALEN (Cym.-Cel.),] - -salt, cognate with the Lat. _sal_ and the Grk. _hals_; _e.g._ the -Rivers Saale, Salzach, Salzbach, Sal, Salat (salt stream); Salies, -Salins, Salinas, Salines, Salenillas, Salskaia, place-names in France, -South America, and Russia (in the neighbourhood of salt mines or -springs); Saalfeld, on the R. Saal, in Saxony; also Saalfelden, in -Austria (the salt field); Salamanca, in Spain, anc. _Salmantica_ -(the place in the neighbourhood of salt springs); Salzburg, on the -R. Salzach; Salzbrunn (the salt well); Salzkammergut (the public -treasury of the salt-works); Soultz or Soultzbad (the saline bath); -Soultzbach (the salt brook); Soultz-sous-forets (the salt springs -under the woods); Soultzmatt (the meadow of the salt springs); -Selters, anc. _Saltrissa_, in Nassau, near the Selzar or mineral -springs; Saltzkotten (the huts of the salt miners), in Westphalia; -Solikamsk (the town of the salt-works on the R. Kama), in Russia; -_salt_ and _saltz_, as affixes, are also applied to dwellings on the -sea-coast, thus--Westersalt, Ostersalt, Neusaltz (the west, east, and -new watering-place by the sea); but Salton, a parish in East Lothian, -does not come from this word. It is said to have derived its name from -Nicolas de Soules, who possessed that part of the country in the -thirteenth century. _Hal_, the Celtic word for salt, still exists in -the names of places where there are or were salt-works; _e.g._ Haling, -in Hants; Halton, in Cheshire; Halsal and Hallaton, in Lancashire; -Halle, in Prussian Saxony, stands on the R. Saala; Reichenhall, on the -Saale; Hallein, on the Salza, near the salt mines in Tyrol. - -[Sidenote: SANG (Ger.),] - -a place cleared of wood by burning, from _sengen_, to burn; _e.g._ -Feuersang (the fire clearing); Altensang (the old clearing); but -Vogelgesang means the place of singing-birds. - -[Sidenote: SARN (Welsh),] - -a road. The word _sarn_ refers to the old Roman road which the Emperor -Maximus called in honour of his wife Helen, a Welsh princess whom he -had married; _e.g._ Sarn-Helen (Helen’s road); Pen-Sarn (the head or -end of the road); Tal-Sarn (the face of the road). - -[Sidenote: SAX, SAHS (Teut.),] - -a stone, cognate with the Lat. _saxum_; _e.g._ Sachsa (the stony water -in the neighbourhood of quarries); Sasso, in Italy (the stone or tomb); -Sassoferrato (the fortified rock); Sassuolo (the little rock or stone), -in Italy; but these words, either as prefixes or affixes, in topography -generally indicate places belonging to the Saxons, who were so called -from the _seax_, a kind of sword which they used in warfare; thus -Sachsenberg, Sachsenburg, Sachsenheim, Sachsendorf, Sassetot, denote -the dwellings of the Saxons; Saxony, in Germany (peopled by Saxons); -Sussex, Essex, and Wessex (the south, east, and west districts of the -Saxons), in England; Saxby (the Saxons’ town), in Lincoln; Saxlingham -(the home of the descendants of the Saxons), in Norfolk; Sassenberg -(the Saxons’ hill), in Westphalia. - -[Sidenote: SCALE, SKALI (Scand.), -SHEAL, SHEALING (Scotch),] - -a hut or shed; _e.g._ Scalby and Scaleby (hut town); Scalloway (the -huts on the bay, _vig_), in Shetland; Galashiels (the huts on the -R. Gala); Biggarshiels (the huts near the town of Biggar); Larbert, -Co. Stirling, formerly _Lairbert-scheills_ (the huts of a man named -Lairbert); North and South Shields, originally a collection of -fishermen’s huts; but as _scald_, in the Scandinavian language, means -a bard--that word is likely to have formed an element in place-names. -Scaldwell is probably the bard’s well; Skalholt, in Iceland, may be the -bard’s hill. - -[Sidenote: SCAM (Old Ger.),] - -little; _e.g._ Schambach, Schamach (the little stream). - -[Sidenote: SCHANZE (Ger.),] - -a bulwark; _e.g._ Rheinschanze (the bulwark of the Rhine); Hochschanze -(high bulwark). - -[Sidenote: SCHEIDE (Ger.),] - -a watershed, from _scheiden_, to divide; _e.g._ Lennscheide, Remschede, -Nettenscheide (the watershed of the Rivers Lenn, Rems, and Nette); but -this word sometimes means a place separated by an enclosure from the -surrounding land, as in Scheidhof (the separated or enclosed court); -Scheidlehen (the separated fief). - -[Sidenote: SCHENKE (Ger.),] - -a public-house; _e.g._ Schenholtz (the wood near the public-house); -Shenklein (the little public-house); Shenkendorf (the inn village). - -[Sidenote: SCHEUNE (Ger.),] - -a shed or barn; _e.g._ Ziegelscheune (the brick barn); Kalkscheune -(lime-shed); Scheunenstelle (the place of sheds). - -[Sidenote: SCHLAG (Ger.),] - -a wood clearing or field; _e.g._ Leopoldschlag (the field of Leopold); -Grafenschlag (of the count); Pfaffenschlag (of the priest); Kirchsclag -(of the church); Schlagenwald (the cleared wood); Schlagberg and -Schlaghöck (the cleared hill and corner); Murzuschlag (the clearing on -the R. Murz), in Styria. - -[Sidenote: SCHLANGE (Ger.),] - -a snake; _e.g._ Slagenhorst (snake thicket); Schlangenbad (snake bath). - -[Sidenote: SCHLEUSE (Ger.), -SLUYS (Dutch), -ECLUSE (Fr.),] - -a sluice; _e.g._ Rhinschleuse (the sluice of the Rhine); Sluys, in -Holland; and Slooten, also a town in Holland, on a lake of the same -name (from _sloot_, a ditch); Sluispolder (the reclaimed land at the -sluice); Schlusseburg, in Russia (the fortress at the sluice), built -on an island at the spot where the R. Neva issues from Lake Ladoga; -Helvoetsluis (the sluice on the Haring-vliet, an arm of the R. Maas); -Fort de l’Ecluse (the fortress of the sluice), in France. - -[Sidenote: SCHLOSS (Ger.),] - -a castle; _e.g._ Marienschloss (the castle of the Virgin Mary); -Heidenschloss (the castle on the heath); Schlossmühle (castle mill); -Schlosshof (the castle court). - -[Sidenote: SCHMAL (Ger.), -SMAA (Scand.),] - -little; _e.g._ Schmalkalden, anc. _Schmalenaha_ (the town on the small -stream); Smalley, with the same meaning; Smaalehlen (the small fief), -in Norway; Smallburgh (little town); Schmallenberg (little hill); -Smailholm (little hill), a parish in Roxburghshire. - -[Sidenote: SCHMEIDE (Ger.),] - -a smithy; _e.g._ Nagelschmeide (the nail smithy); Schmeidefeld and -Schmeidsiedel (the field and site of the smithy); Schmeideberg (the -hill of the smithy). - -[Sidenote: SCHWAIG (Old Ger.), -SCHWEIG,] - -a cattle-shed; _e.g._ Herrnschweige (the count’s cattle-shed); -Brunswick, anc. _Braunsweig_ (Bruno’s shed, or the town of Bruno). - -[Sidenote: SCHWAND (Ger.),] - -a wood clearing; _e.g._ Schwand or Schwandt, in Bavaria; Schwanden, in -Switzerland; Schwandorf (the village at the wood clearing). - -[Sidenote: SCHWARZ (Ger.),] - -black; _e.g._ Schwarza, Schwarzach, Schwarzbach, Schwarzwasser (black -stream); Schwarzburg (black fortress); Schwarzberg (black mountain); -Schwarzwald (black wood); Schwarzkreutz (the black cross). - -[Sidenote: SCHWERE (Sclav.),] - -a wild beast; _e.g._ Schwerin and Schwerinlake, in Mecklenburg; and -Schwersentz, in Posen (places infested by wild beasts). - -[Sidenote: SCIR (A.S.), -SCER,] - -clear, bright; _e.g._ Sherbourne (the clear stream); but this word is -sometimes used instead of _scyre_, a division or shire, as in Sherwood -(the wood where the shire meetings were held); Sherston (shire boundary -stone); Shardlow and Shardhill (the boundary hill); Sharnford (the -boundary ford); Sharrington (the town of the children of the shire or -division). - -[Sidenote: SEANN (Gadhelic),] - -old; _e.g._ Shanmullagh (the old summit); Shandrum (the old ridge); -Shangarry (the old garden); Shanbally and Shanvally (the old dwelling); -Shanbo, Shanboe, and Shanbogh (the old hut), in Ireland; also Shankill -(old church), and Shandon, Irish _Seandun_ (old fort). There are -several places in Ireland called Shannon from this word, but it is -uncertain what is the origin of the R. Shannon, whose ancient name -was _Senos_; Sanquhar, Gael. _Seann-Cathair_ (the old fortress), in -Dumfriesshire, named from an old castle near the town. - -[Sidenote: SEE (Ger.), -ZEE (Dutch),] - -a lake or sea; _e.g._ Ostsee and Oostzee (east lake); Zuyderzee (the -Southern Sea); Zealand and Zeeland (land surrounded by the sea); -Gransee (boundary or corner lake); Bodensee or Lake Constance, named -from _Bodami-Castrum_, the castle of the legate of the Carlovingian -kings on its shore, and latterly from a fortress erected by Constantine -the Great; Dolgensee, Sclav. (the long lake); the Plattensee (the lake -on the marsh, _blatto_); Unterseen (below the lakes); the Red Sea, the -translation of the sea of _Edom_ (the red). - -[Sidenote: SEIFEN (Ger.),] - -a place where metals are washed; _e.g._ Seifen and Seifendorf (towns -where metals were washed); Seifengold (where gold is washed); -Seifenzinn (where tin is washed); Seifenwerk (the hill of the metal -washing). - -[Sidenote: SEILLE,] - -an affix in French and Belgian topography, signifying a wood or -forest, derived from the Lat. _saltus_ and _sylva_; _e.g._ Baseille -(low wood); Haseille (high wood); Forseille (out of the wood); Senlis, -Lat. _Civitas Sylvanectensium_ (the town of the _Sylvanectes_, _i.e._ -dwellers in the woods); Savigny and Souvigny, Lat. _Sylvaniacum_ -(in the woods); Selvigny, Souvigné, with the same meaning; -La-silve-bénite (the blessed wood); Silve-réal (royal wood), etc., in -France; Transylvania (the district beyond the woods)--its Hungarian -name, _Erdely-Orsag_, means the woody country; Selwood, anc. Brit. -_Coit-mawr_, Lat. _Sylva-magna_ (the great wood), perhaps Selby, in -Yorkshire. - -[Sidenote: SELENY, or ZIELENY (Sclav.),] - -green; _e.g._ Selinga (the green river); Zelendorf (green village); -Zielonagora (green mountain); Zieleng-brod (green ford); Zielenzig and -Szelenek (green place). - -[Sidenote: SELIG (Teut.),] - -holy; _e.g._ Seligenstadt, Seligenfeld, Seligenthal (the holy place, -field, valley); Sellyoak (holy oak), perhaps Selby, in Yorkshire, if it -is not from _sylva_, wood. - -[Sidenote: SET, SEATA (A.S.), -ZETEL (Dutch), -SITZ (Ger.), -SSEDLIO (Sclav.), -SUIDHE (Gadhelic),] - -a seat, settlement, or possession, cognate with the Lat. _sedes_; -_e.g._ Dorset (the settlement of the _Durotriges_, _i.e._ dwellers -by the water); Wiltshire, anc. _Wilsaetan_ (the settlement on the -R. Willy); Shropshire, anc. _Scrobsaetan_ (the settlement among -shrubs); Somerset, named from _Somerton_ (the summer seat of the -West Anglo-Saxon kings); Settle, in Yorkshire (the settlement); -Sittingbourne, in Kent (the settlement on the brook). In the Lake -District, colonised by Norsemen, this word often takes the form -of _side_; _e.g._ Ormside, Ambleside, Kettleside, Silverside (the -settlement of Ormr, Hamel, Ketyl, Soelvar), etc.; Pecsaeten (the -settlement at the peak), in Derbyshire; Alsace, anc. _Alsatia_, _i.e._ -the _other_ settlement, with reference to the German settlements -on the west bank of the Rhine, as distinguished from the Franks or -_Ripuari_, on the east; Holstein, anc. _Holtsatia_ (the settlement in -the woods); Waldsassen (wood settlement); Winkelsass and Endzettel -(the corner settlement); Neusass, Neusiedel, and Neusohl (the new -settlement); Einsiedeln (the settlement of Eina), in Switzerland; -Wolfsedal (of Wolfa); Soest or Söst, in Prussia, for _Suth-satium_ (the -southern seat). In Sclavonian names we have Sedlitz (the possession); -Stary-Sedlo (the old possession); Sedlitz-gross (the great settlement); -Sursee, in Switzerland (the seat or dwelling, Old Fr. Zi), on the R. -Sur; Sion or Sitten, in Switzerland, Cel. _Suidh-dunum_ (the seat on -the hill-fort). In Ireland: Seagoe, Irish _Suidhe-Gobha_ (St. Gobha’s -seat); Seeoran (Oran’s seat); Seaghanbane (the white seat); Seaghandoo -(the black seat); Shinrone, anc. _Suidhe-an-roin_ (literally the seat -of the seal, but figuratively of a certain hairy man); Hermosillo, in -Mexico, Span. (beautiful seat). - -[Sidenote: SHAN (Chinese),] - -a mountain; _e.g._ Shan-tung (east of the mountain); Shan-se (west of -the mountain); Thian-Shan (the celestial mountain). - -[Sidenote: SHAMAR (Pers.),] - -a river; _e.g._ Samer, Samara, Sambre, river names. The Samur, which -flows into the Sea of Asoph. - -[Sidenote: SHAW (A.S.), _sceaga_, -SKEG (Scand.),] - -a wood or grove; _e.g._ the Shaws, in Cumberland and Lanarkshire; -Birchenshaw (the birch grove); Pollokshaws (the woods near the village -of Pollok); Bradshaw (broad wood); Shaugh-Prior (the prior’s wood); -Shawbury (the town in the wood); Evershaw (the wood of the wild boar, -_eofer_); Skegness (the headland of the wood). - -[Sidenote: SHEHR (Pers.), -CHERI (Tamil),] - -a dwelling; _e.g._ Begshehr (the dwelling of the beg or bey); -Abou-shehr (the dwelling of Abou); Allah-shehr (God’s house); Eskshehr -(old dwelling); Yenishehr (new dwelling); Anoopshehr (incomparable -dwelling); Pondicherry, originally _Pudicheri_ (new dwelling or town); -Paraicherie (the village of Pariahs)--probably Shiraz and Shirvan -belong to this root. - -[Sidenote: SIDH, SITH (Gadhelic),] - -a fairy or a fairy hill. The belief in these supernatural beings is -still general among the Celtic races. It was believed that they resided -in the interior of pleasant hills called _sidhe_ or _siodha_. The -word frequently takes the form of _shee_, as in the Shee Hills, in -Co. Meath; Glenshee, in Perthshire; Mullaghshee (the fairy hillock); -Sheetrim, _i.e._ _Sidh-dhruim_ (the fairy ridge), the old name of the -rock of Cashel; Killashee (the church near the fairy hill); Rashee (the -fort of the fairies); also Shean, Sheann, Sheane, Shane, in Ireland. - -[Sidenote: SIERRA (Span.), -CERRO (Port.),] - -a mountain chain, having a serrated appearance, from the Lat. -_serra_, a saw; or perhaps from the Ar. _sehrah_, an uncultivated -tract of land, being the root of the desert of Sahara, in Africa; -_e.g._ Sierra-de-fuentes (the mountain chain of the fountains); -Sierra-de-los-vertientes (of the cascades); Sierra Leone (of the lion); -Sierra-Calderona (the mountain chain with the cauldrons or craters); -Sierra-de-las-Monas (of the apes); Sierra Morena (the dark mountain -range); Sierra Nevada (the snowy); Sierra Estrella (the starry mountain -range); Sierra-de-Culebra (of the snake); Sierra-de-gata (of agates); -Esmeraldas-Serradas (the emerald mountains), in Brazil; Cerro-da-vigia -(the mountain of observation); Cerro-de-la-Giganta (of the giantess); -Cerro-largo (broad mountain); Cerro-gordo (fruitful mountain); -Cerro-del-cobre (of the snake); but _serra_, in Italian, means a narrow -place--as in Serra-capriola (the narrow place of the goats); and -Serra-Monascesca (of the monks). - -[Sidenote: SKAER (Scand.), -SGOR and SGEIR (Gadhelic),] - -a sharp rock-allied to the Welsh _skerid_, cleft asunder, _ysgariad_; -_e.g._ Skerid-fawn and Skerid-fach (the great and little skerid or -division). _Esgair_ is another word from the same root, applied to -a long ridge; _e.g._ Esgair-hir (the long ridge); Esgair-graig (the -rock ridge)--_e.g._ Scarcliff (the cliff of the sharp rock); Nashscaur -(the promontory of the steep rock); Scarborough (the town on the rock -or cliff); Scorton, with the same meaning, in Yorkshire; Scarnose -and Scarness (the sharp cape); Skerryford, Skeerpoint, on the coast -of Wales; Sheerness (the sharp headland), on the Thames; Scaranos, -with the same meaning, on the coast of Sicily; Scarabines (the sharp -points), in Caithness; Scuir (a sharp rock), on the island of Egg; -Scordale, in Westmoreland, and Scordal, in Iceland (the valley of the -steep rock); Scarsach (abounding in steep rocks), in Perth; Scarba (the -island of the sharp rock), and Scarp, in the Hebrides; the Skerry and -the Skerries, in the Shetlands, and on the coast of Ireland and Wales; -Skerry-vore (the great rock), in the Hebrides. - -[Sidenote: SKAW, SKAGI (Scand.),] - -an isthmus or promontory; _e.g._ the Skaw or Skagen Cape, on the coast -of Denmark; Skagerack or Skagen-rack (the strait near the promontory). - -[Sidenote: SKI, SK, SKIA,] - -an affix in Sclav. topography, signifying a town, often annexed to -the name of the river near the town, or to the name of its founder; -_e.g._ Tobolsk, Tomsk, Pinsk, Vitepsk, Volsk, Omsk, on the Rivers -Tobol, Tom, Pina, Viteba, Volga, Om; Irkutsk, Berdiansk, Bielorietzk, -Bobroninsk, Illginsk, Miask, Olekminsk, Okhotsk, Olensk, on the Rivers -Irkut, Berda, Biela, Bobronia, Ilga, Miass, Olekma, Okhota, and Olenek; -Bielozersk (the town on the white island); Jarensk (the town on the -Jarenga or strong river); Kesilskaia (on the red river); Krasno-Ufimsk -(the beautiful town of the R. Ufa); Petsk (silk town), in Turkey, where -the mulberry-tree is extensively cultivated; Yakutsk (the town of the -Yakuts, a Tartar tribe); Salskaia, on the R. Sal; Sviajsk (the town on -the Sviga, holy river); Sviatskaia (the town of Sviatovid, a Sclav. -deity); Dmitrovisk (the town of Demetrius, a Russian saint); Kupiansk -and Kupiszki (the town on the promontory, _kupa_). - -[Sidenote: SKIP (Scand.), -SCHAEF (A.S.),] - -a sheep; _e.g._ Skipton, Skipwich, Schaefheim (sheep town); Shapfells -(sheep hills); Sheppey (sheep island); Skipsia (sheep’s stream); -Schaefmatt (sheep meadow); Shefford (sheep’s ford); Scaefstadt (sheep -town). - -[Sidenote: SLIABH, SLIEVE, or SLIEU (Gadhelic),] - -a mountain or heath, akin to the Ger. _sliet_, a declivity; _e.g._ -Slieve-Anieran (the iron mountain), so called from its mines; -Slievesnaght (snowy mountains); Slieve-Bernagh (gapped mountain); -Bricklive (speckled mountain); Beglieve (small mountain). In all -these places in Ireland the original names have been corrupted: -Sleaty (the mountains); Sleeven (the little hill); Slievenamon, -_i.e._ _Sliabh-na-mban-fion_ (the mountain of the fair women or -fairies); Slievebloom (Bladh’s mountain); Slieve-beagh (birch-tree -hill); Slieve-corragh (rugged hill); Slieveroe (the red hill); -Sliabh-cuailgne, now the Cooley Mountains, in Ireland; Sleibhe-Cuillinn -(the Coolin or Cuchullin Hills), in Skye; Slamannan (the _sliabh_ or -moor of the district formerly called _Manan_, parts of Stirling and -Clackmannanshire). - -[Sidenote: SLOG (A.S.),] - -a slough or marshy place; _e.g._ Slough, Co. Bucks; Sloby, Slawston, -Slaugham (the dwelling on the marshy ground). - -[Sidenote: SLUAGH (Gadhelic),] - -a multitude, a host; _e.g._ Ballinasloe (the ford-mouth of the hosts), -in Co. Galway; Srahatloe, _i.e._ _Srath-a’-tsluagh_ (the river holm -of the hosts); Knockatloe and Tullintloy (the hill of the hosts), in -Ireland. - -[Sidenote: SNAID, SNOED (Teut.),] - -a separated piece of land, from the Old Ger. _sniden_ and Modern Ger. -_schneiden_ (to cut); _e.g._ Eckschnaid (the oak snaid); Hinterschnaid -(behind the snaid); Snaith, in Yorkshire; Snead, Montgomery; Sneyd, Co. -Stafford; Sneaton (the town on the snaid); Snodland and Snodlands (the -separated lands); Snodhill (the hill on the snaid). - -[Sidenote: SOC (A.S.), -SOKE (Scand.),] - -a place privileged to hold local courts; _e.g._ Thorpe-le-Soke and -Kirby-le-Soken (the village and church-town where the courts were wont -to be held); Walsoken and Walton-le-Soken (the place near the _wall_, -or perhaps the _well_, where the court was held); Sockbridge and -Sockburn (the bridge and stream near the court station). - -[Sidenote: SOTO (Span.),] - -a grove; _e.g._ Soto, the name of several places in Spain; Sotilla -(the little grove); Sotilla-de-las-Palomas (the little grove of the -doves); Sotilla-de-la-ribera (the little grove of the river-bank). - -[Sidenote: SPINA (Lat.), -EPINE (Fr.),] - -a thorn; _e.g._ Epinac, Epinal, Epinay, in France; Espinosa, in Spain -(the thorny place); Epinville (the thorny villa); Epineuil (the thorny -fountain, _œuil_); Epinoy, Epineuse, etc., in France; Speen, in Co. -Berks, anc. _Spinæ_ (the thorny place). - -[Sidenote: SPITAL (Nor.-Fr.), -YSPYTTY (Cym.-Cel.), -SPIDEAL (Gadhelic),] - -an hospital or place of entertainment for strangers or invalids, from -the Lat. _hospitium_; _e.g._ Spittal, in Caithness and Co. Pembroke; -Spittle, in Cheshire and in Berwickshire; the Spital of Glenshee, in -Perthshire; Dalna-Spidal (the field of the hospital); Spittalfields, -in Middlesex; Yspytty-Rhew-Ystwith, on the R. Ystwith; Yspytty-Evan -(Evan’s hospital), in Wales; Llanspithid, in Brecknock, which derived -its name from an ancient _Ysbytty hospitium_ that existed here, -supported by the priory of Malvern. These names and many others in -England and Scotland derived their names from hospitals attached to -religious houses in the Middle Ages. - -[Sidenote: SPRING (Teut.), -SPRONG (Scand.),] - -a water-source; _e.g._ Springthorpe (the farm at the fountain); -Adlerspring (the eagle’s fountain); Lippspring (at the source of the -R. Lippe); Springe (at the source of the R. Haller); Magdespring (the -maiden’s fountain). - -[Sidenote: SRATH (Gadhelic), -YSTRAD (Cym.-Cel.),] - -an extensive valley, Anglicised _strath_; _e.g._ Strathmore and -Strathbeg (the great and little valleys); Strathavon, Strathblan, -Strathbogie, Strathconan, Strathearn (the valleys of the Rivers Avon, -Blane, Bogie, Conan, and Earn); Strathyre, corrupt. from _Srathiar_ -(the western valley, with reference to Strathearn, the eastern), -in Perthshire; Strathclyde, Strathnaver, Strathspey, Strathallan, -Strathpeffer, Strathbran, Strathgriffe (the valleys of the Rivers -Clyde, Naver, Spey, Allan, Peffer, Bran, and Griffe); Strath Tary, -in Sutherlandshire (the bull’s strath, _tairebb_); Strichen, in -Aberdeenshire, corrupt. from _Srath-Ugie_ (the valley of the R. Ugie); -Strathdon, corrupt. from _Srath-domhain_ (the valley of the deep -river); Ystrad-Tywy (the valley of the R. Tywy), in Wales; Ystrad-yw -(yew-tree valley or the valley of the brook Ywen); Yester, a parish in -East Lothian, from _Ystrad_; Ystrad-fflur (the flowery valley), called -by the Romans _Strata-Florida_; Ystrad-gwnlais (the valley of the -trench, _clais_, through which a stream flows); Straiton, in Ayrshire -(the town on the Strath); Traquhair (sheep valley). - -[Sidenote: SRON (Gadhelic), -TRWYN (Cym.-Cel.),] - -a nose, hence a promontory; _e.g._ Stronaba (the cow’s promontory); -Stronaclacher (the stony promontory); Stronechrigen (the rocky point); -Stronfearn (the point of the alders); Strondeas (the southern point); -Strontian (the little promontory); Sorn, in Ayrshire, named from an -ancient castle situated on a rocky headland; Troon (the promontory), -on the Ayrshire coast; Sroan-keeragh (the sheep’s promontory); -Shrone-beha (birch-tree promontory), in Ireland; Duntroon Castle -(the fortress on the promontory), in Argyleshire; Turnberry Head, in -Ayrshire, from _trwyn_; also Trwyn Point, in Ayrshire; Au-tron (on the -point), in Cornwall; Trwyn-y-Badan (the promontory of the boats), in -Wales. - -[Sidenote: SRUTH, SRUTHAIR (Gadhelic), -SROTA (Sansc.),] - -a river or flowing water; _sru_, Sansc., to flow--cognate with -_stroum_, Teut., _struja_, Sclav.; _e.g._ Srue, Sruh, Shrough, -Sroughan (the stream), in Ireland; also Abbeyshrule (the abbey on -the stream); Bealnashrura (the ford-mouth of the stream); Sroolane, -Srooleen, Sruffan, and Sruffaun (little stream); Killeenatruan, anc. -_Cillin-a-tsruthain_ (the little church of the stream); Anstruther in -Fife, and Westruther in Berwickshire, probably from the same root; but -Strowan, in Perthshire, is named for St. Rowan; Ardstraw, in Tyrone, is -a corrupt. of _Ard-sratha_ (the height near the bank of the stream). - -[Sidenote: STACKR (Scand.), -STUAIC (Gadhelic),] - -a projecting rock or point; _e.g._ the Stack Rocks and South Stack, on -the coast of Wales; the Stags, on the Irish coast; Stack Island, Wales; -and St. Bude’s Stack. In Ireland this word is generally Anglicised -into _stook_; thus--the Stookans (the little rock pinnacles), near the -entrance of the Giant’s Causeway; Stookan and Stookeen (the little -rock). - -[Sidenote: STADT and STATT (Ger.), -STEDE, or STEAD (A.S.),] - -a place or town; _gestade_, a station for ships; _stadel_, a small -town; _staeth_, a bank or shore; _e.g._ Carlstadt, TheresienStadt, -Christianstadt (towns named after one of the German emperors, Charles, -after the Empress Theresa, and after Christian IV. of Sweden); -Darmstadt, Illstadt, Stadt-Steinach, Lippstadt (towns on the Rivers -Darm, Ill, Steinach, and Lippe); Bleistadt (lead town), near lead -mines; Brahestadt, in Russia (founded by Count Brahe); Elizabethstadt, -Hung. _Ebes-falva_, named after the Empress Elizabeth; Frederickstadt -(Frederick’s town), in Denmark and in Norway; Gerbstadt, in Saxony -(the town of Gerbert); Glückstadt, Lat. _Fanum-fortunæ_ (the fortunate -town or the temple of fortune); Halbertstadt (the town of Albert); -Heiligenstadt (holy town); Hermanstadt (the town of Herman, one of -the Germans who colonised certain German cities in Transylvania in the -twelfth century); Ingoldstadt, in Bavaria (the town of Ingold)--the -name of this town was mistranslated by Latin and Greek authors into -_Auripolis_ and _Chrysopolis_ (the golden city); Rudolstadt (the town -of Rudolph); Grimstadt, in Norway, and Grimstead, in Co. Wilts (the -town of Grim, a common Scandinavian name); Stade (the station), in -Hanover; Scoppenstadt, in Brunswick, anc. _Scipingestete_ (the ship -station); Stadt-am-hop (the town at the court), in Bavaria; Tennstadt, -anc. _Dannenstedi_ (the station of the Danes), in Saxony; Kroppenstadt, -the Germanised form of the Sclav. _Grobenstadt_ (the count’s town); -Reichstadt (rich town); Altstadt (old town); Elstead, in Sussex and -in Surrey (the place of Ella, the Saxon); Stadhampton (the town at -the home place), in Oxford; Thaxsted (the thatched place), in Essex; -Boxstead (the place of beech-trees, or of the Bokings, a patronymic); -Hampstead (the home place); Wanstead (Woden’s place); Armenianstadt, in -Transylvania, colonised by Armenians in 1726; Staithes (the banks), in -Cumberland; Stathern (the dwelling on the bank), Leicester; Halstead, -A.S. _Haelsted_ (a healthy place). - -[Sidenote: STAEF, STAUF (Teut.), -STAV (Scand.),] - -a stake or pole, also, in Germany, applied to a perpendicular rock; -_e.g._ Stauffenberg (the mountain with pillar-like rocks), in Lower -Hesse; Donaustauff (the steep rock on the Danube); Hohenstauffen (the -high rocks), in Wurtemberg; Regenstauf (the rock on the R. Regen); -Staufen (a fort situated on a rock), in Baden; Staffa (the island with -the pillar-like rocks), off the coast of Argyleshire; Staffenloch (the -lake of the pillars), in the Island of Skye. - -[Sidenote: STAL, STUHL (Teut.), -STELLE,] - -a stall, place, or seat; _e.g._ Hohenstellen (the high place); Herstal -(the place of the army); Tunstall (the place on the hill, _dun_), in -Co. Stafford. - -[Sidenote: STAN (A.S.), -STEIN (Ger.), -STEEN (Dutch),] - -a stone or rock, and in topography sometimes applied to a -rock-fortress; _e.g._ Staunton, Steynton (the town on the stony -ground); Stanton, in Gloucestershire, named from a remarkable stone in -the neighbourhood); Fewstone (fire stone), in Yorkshire, said to have -been named from a fire-circle near the place; Staines (the stones), -in Middlesex, marking the jurisdiction of the mayor of London; Stantz -(the stony place), in Switzerland; Steenbeke, Steenbegue, Steinbach -(the stony brook); Stanley (stony field), in Yorkshire; Steenbirge, -Steenbrugge, Steenhout, Steenkirche (the stony hill, bridge, wood, -church), in Belgium; Steenvorde (stony ford); Stein-am-anger (the rock -on the field); Steinitz (the German rendering of _Sczenz_, dog town), -in Moravia; Offenstein (the fortress of Offa); Lahnstein (the fortress -on the R. Lahn); Lauenstein (the lion’s fortress, with reference to -some person who bore that sobriquet); Ehrenbreitstein (the broad -stone of honour); Stennis (the headland of the stones), in Orkney; -Hauenstein, in Baden (the hewn rock), so called because the precipices -of the Jura in that locality resemble masonry; Ysselstein (the rock -on the R. Yssel); Bleistein (lead rock), near lead mines, in Bavaria; -Dachstein, in Alsace, anc. _Dagoberti Saxum_ (the rock of Dagobert); -Frankenstein (the rock of the Franks); Falkenstein (of the falcon or of -the personal name Falk); Greiffenstein (of the vulture); Schaunstein -(the beautiful rock or fortress); Neckar-Steinach (the stony place -on the Neckar); Iselstein, on the Isel; Wetterstein, on the Wetter; -Buxton, in Derbyshire, was named from the piles of stones called -buck-stones, found in the Yorkshire and Derbyshire moors; Standish, -in Gloucestershire, corrupt. from _Stonehouse_. In some cases the -affix _stone_ is used instead of _town_ or _ton_, as in Maidstone, -A.S. _Medwegston_, Cel. _Caer-Medwig_ (the town on the R. Medway); -Goodmanstone (the priest’s town), Dorsetshire; and in Cumberland and -Westmoreland, where the Norsemen had settlements, this word often -marks the site of the grave of one of their heroes, as in Haroldstone, -Hubberstone, Thurston, Gamfrestone, Silverstone, Stanton, Drew (the -Druid’s stone), in Somersetshire, near an ancient stone-circle; -Kingston, in Surrey, where in the centre of the town is still shown the -_stone_ on which the A.S. kings were crowned. - -[Sidenote: STAN (Pers.), -STHANA (Sansc.),] - -a district or region; _e.g._ Hindostan (the district watered by the -R. Indus, Pers. _hindu_--water); Affghanistan (the district of the -Affghans, who are said to have taken their designation from a certain -chief called Malik Afghāna); Rajpootana (the district of the Rajpoots -or king’s sons); Kurdistan (of the Kurds); Beloochistan (of the -Beluchis); Gurgistan or Georgia (the district watered by the R. Kur -or Kyros); Kaffaristan or Kaffraria (of the unbelievers); Arabistan -(of the Arabs); Bootan (the district of the Highlanders); Dushistan -(the south region), also called _Gurmsir_ (warm country); Gulistan -(the district of roses); Baghistan (of gardens); Khorasan (the country -of the sun); Zangistan or Zanguebar, Pers. and Ar. (the country or -coast-lands of the Zangis)--_v._ BAHR. - -[Sidenote: STAPLE (Teut.),] - -literally a prop, support, or heap; but in the commerce of the Middle -Ages it was applied, in the first place, to the buildings or towns in -which the chief products of a district were treasured up or sold; and, -in the second place, to the commodities themselves; _e.g._ Stapleton -(the town of the market); Staplehurst and Stapleford (the wood and -ford near the market-place); Dunstable (the market-place on the hill), -formerly _Dunstaple_; Whitstable (white market-place); Barnstaple, anc. -_Berstable_ (the market-place for the produce of the district--_beor_, -what it bears). In France: Etaples, L’étape, Staple, etc. - -[Sidenote: STARY (Sclav.),] - -old; _e.g._ Stargard, Starogard (the old fortress); Stary-sedlo, -Storosele, Starosol (the old settlement); Starodub (the old oak-tree); -Starwitz, Staria, Starinka, Stariza (old place); Starobielsk (the -old town on the R. Biela); Staro-Constantinov (the old town of -Constantine). In places where the population is chiefly German this -word takes the form of _stark_, as in Starkenburg, Starkenhorst; -Istarda or Starova (old town), in Turkey; Staroi-Oskol (the old town on -the R. Oskol, in opposition to Novoi-Oskol, the new town on that river). - -[Sidenote: STEIG, STIG, STY (Teut. and Scand.),] - -a steep path; _e.g._ Stickney (the island or watery meadow by the steep -path); Kirchsteg (the steep path to the church); Durnsteeg (thorny -path); Stiegmühle (the mill on the steep path); Amsteg (at the steep -path). - -[Sidenote: STEORT (A.S.), -STERZ (Old Ger.),] - -the tail--in topography a point; _e.g._ Startpoint, in Devonshire; -Starston (the town on the point); Sterzhausen, Sterzmühle, -Staartpolder--_v._ HAUS, MÜHLE, POLDER; Staartven (the marsh on the -point). - -[Sidenote: STEPPES (Sclav.),] - -an uncultivated waste--a word applied to the extensive desert plains in -Russia. - -[Sidenote: STER, or ESTER,] - -in Brittany, a stream; _e.g._ Ster-boueux (the muddy stream); -Stercaer (the stream at the fort); Sterpoulder (of the black pool), -etc. According to Forsteman, there is a Teutonic river-root, _str_, -which he finds in the names of 100 German streams; _e.g._ Elster, -Alster, Wilster, Gelster, Laster, and _Ister_--an ancient name of the -Danube--Stour, Stura, etc. - -[Sidenote: STER (Scand.),] - -Old Norse _setr_ (a station or place), contracted from _stadr_ (a -place); _bu-stadr_ (a dwelling-place), contracted to _bister_ or -_buster_; _e.g._ Grunaster (green place); Keldabister (the place -at the well or fountain); Kirkbuster (the dwelling at the church); -Hesting-ster (the settlement of Hesting). The same word appears in the -names given by the Danes to three of the provinces of Ireland--Ulster, -for the Irish _Uladh_, _i.e._ _Ulla-ster_; Leinster, Irish _Laighen_ or -_Layn_; Munster, Irish _Mumha_ (named after a king). - -[Sidenote: STOC, STOW (Teut.),] - -literally a stake or the trunk of a tree, applied at first to a place -protected by a stockade, or surrounded by stocks or piles; and in -German topography sometimes applied to hills, as in Hochstock (high -hill); Stockheim (the home on the hill); sometimes to places built upon -stakes, as in Stockholm. In Great Britain, standing alone, it means -simply the place, as Stock, in Essex; Stow, a parish in Mid Lothian; -Stoke-upon-Trent; Stow-in-the-Wold or waste land; Stoke-Bardolph, -Stoke-Fleming, Stoke-Gabriel, Stoke-Poges, Stoke-Edith (named from the -proprietors); Stow-market (the market-place); Stow-Upland (the place in -the high lands); Kewstoke (at the quay); Elstow, in Wilts (old place); -Elstow, in Bedford (St. Helen’s place), the site of a nunnery dedicated -to that saint; Basingstoke (the place belonging to the Basings, a -patronymic); Bridstow (St. Bridget’s place); Bristol, anc. _Briegstow_ -(the place at the breach or chasm, _brice_, through which the R. Avon -passes)--its Celtic name was _Nant-Avon_ (on the valley of the Avon); -Padstow, in Cornwall, anc. _Petrocstowe_, Welsh _Llan-petroc_ (the -place or church of St. Petroc); Tavistock and Tawstock (places on the -Rivers Tavy and Taw). As a prefix, _stock_ often denotes the chief -place in a district, as in Stockton (the chief town on the Tees), and -in Stockport (the chief port on the Mersey). - -[Sidenote: STOLL (Ger.),] - -a mine-shaft; _e.g._ Stollenberg (the hill of the mine-shaft); -Stollenschmeide (the smithy at the mine-shaft); but Stollenkirchen, -_i.e._ _Stallinchirchun_, is from Stalla (a person’s name). - -[Sidenote: STOLPE (Sclav.),] - -a rising ground in a marshy place; _e.g._ Stolpe, the name of a circle -and of several towns in Hungary and Pomerania; Stolpen, in Saxony. - -[Sidenote: STÖR (Scand.),] - -great; _e.g._ Störfiord (the great bay); Störhammer (great hill); -Störoe (great island); Störaa (great river); Störsjon and Störsoen -(great lake); Störa-kopparberg (the great copper mountain), in Sweden -and Norway. - -[Sidenote: STRAD (A.S.), -STRASSE (Ger.), -STRŒDE (Scand.), -SRAID (Gadhelic), -YSTRAD (Cym.-Cel.),] - -a row, a street, a road, borrowed from the Lat. _strata_; _e.g._ -Stratford (the ford near one of the great Roman roads, called streets); -Stratford-le-Bow (the ford with the bow or bridge near the Roman road); -Stratsett (the road station); Streatham and Stretton (the town on the -road); Stratton, in Cornwall, and Stradbally, in Ireland (the village -of one street); Straid, Strade (the street); Stradeen (little street), -in Ireland; Strond, on the R. Strond; Strasbourg, in West Prussia (the -town on the highway); but Strasbourg, in Alsace, anc. _Stratiburg_, is -the German translation of its Latin name _Argentoriatum_ (the town of -silver--_strati_, Teut., silver); Stony Stratford (the stony ford on -the great Roman road, called Erming Street); Watling Street is said -to have been named from _waedla_ (the mendicant or pilgrim); Icknield -Street from the _Iceni_; Erming Street from _earm_ (a pauper). - -[Sidenote: STRAZNA (Sclav.),] - -a watch-tower, akin to the A.S. _streone_; _e.g._ Straznitz, -in Moravia (the town with the watch-tower). - -[Sidenote: STRELITZ (Sclav.),] - -a huntsman; _e.g._ Strelitz-klein and Strelitz-gross (the great and -little town of the huntsman, or of the _Strelitzi_, the name given to -the lifeguards), in Russia; Strelitzkaia and Strielinskaia, with the -same meaning. - -[Sidenote: STROM, STROOM (Teut.),] - -a stream or current; _e.g._ the Maelstrom (mill stream, so called from -its rushing sound); Rheinstrom (the Rhine current); Stroomsloot (the -sluice of the current); Stroma, Stromoe, Stromsoe, Stromay (the island -of the current); Stromen and Stromstadt (the place near the current); -Stromen-Fiorden (the bay of the current); Stromberg (the town or hill -on the stream); Stromness (the headland of the current). - -[Sidenote: SU (Turc.),] - -water; _e.g._ Ak-su (the white stream); Kara-su (the black stream); -Adji-su (bitter water). - -[Sidenote: SUD, SUTH, SODER, SOUDEN,] - -the south; Buttman traces this word to the sun, the oldest form of -the word being _sundar_; _e.g._ Sonnenburg, Sonderhausen, Sundheim, -Soudham, Southofen (the south dwelling or enclosure); Southdean -(south hollow); Southwark, Dan. _Sydvirche_ (the south fortress); -Southover (south shore); Suffolk (the district of the south people, as -distinguished from Norfolk); Sutton and Sodbury (south town); Sudborne -(south stream); Suderoe (south island); Sudetic Mountains (the southern -mountain chain); Sudereys (the southern islands), a name applied by -the Norsemen to all the British islands under their rule south of -the Orkneys and north of the Island of Man--hence the bishoprick of -_Sodor_ and Man; Sutherland (the land to the south of Caithness); -Soderköping (the south market-town), in Sweden; Soest, in Prussia (on -the Sosterbach); Sidlaw Hills (the south hills, in reference to their -forming the south boundary of Strathmore). - -[Sidenote: SUMAR, SOMAR (Teut.),] - -summer; _e.g._ Somercotes, Somersall, Somerton (summer dwellings); -Somerghem in Belgium, and Sommerberg in Bohemia, with the same meaning; -but Somarsheim, in Hungary, is the German corrupt. of _Szomorfalva_ -(the village of sorrow); Szmarja or Szent-marfa (St. Mary’s town), -Germanised into _Sommarein_. - -[Sidenote: SUND (Scand.),] - -a strait; _e.g._ the Sound, between Sweden and Zealand; Christiansund, -at the mouth of a narrow inlet, founded by Christian IV.; -Frederichsund, on a narrow inlet in Zealand; Ostersund (the eastern -strait), in Sweden; Stralsund (the arrow-like strait--_straele_, an -arrow). - -[Sidenote: SUNTARA (Teut.),] - -privileged land; _e.g._ Frankensundern (the privileged place of the -Franks); Beversundern (the privileged place on the R. Bever); Sontra, -in Hesse-Homburg (the privileged place); Sunderland (the privileged -land), in Durham. - -[Sidenote: SZASZ (Hung.),] - -Saxon; _e.g._ Szasvaros, Ger. _Sachsenstadt_ (the town or fortress of -the Saxons), in Transylvania; Szasz-Sebes (the Saxon-Sebes or swift -stream). - -[Sidenote: SZENT (Hung.), SANT (Welsh),] - -a saint; _e.g._ Szenta, Szentes (the saints’ town or holy town); _e.g._ -Szendro (St. Andrew’s town); Mindszent (the town of All Saints); -Szent-kercsyt (the town of the holy cross); Santarem, in Portugal, -from St. Irene, Santiago (for St. James); St. Denis, named after St. -Dionysius, where the remains of this saint were interred; St. Heliers, -in Jersey (for St. Hilarius); Szent-György (St. George’s town); St. -Ives, in Cornwall, named after an Irish saint called _Jia_, who came to -that spot; St. Ives, in Huntingdon, named after Ivon, a bishop. - - - T - -[Sidenote: TA (Chinese),] - -great; _e.g._ Ta-kiang (the great river); Ta-Hai (the great lake); -Ta-Shan (great mountain); Ta-Gobi (the great desert). - -[Sidenote: TABERNA (Lat. and Span.), -TAFARN (Welsh),] - -an inn; _e.g._ Taberna, in Spain; Zabern-Rhein (the inn on the Rhine); -Zabern-berg (the hill inn); Zabern-Elsass (the Alsatian inn), called -in French _Savernæ_, corrupt. from the Lat. _Tabernæ_; Tavernes and -Taverny, in France. - -[Sidenote: TAING, TANGA (Teut. and Scand.), -TUNGA,] - -a tongue, a point of land; _e.g._ Tongue, a parish in Sutherlandshire; -Tong, in Ross; Tongland, in Kirkcudbright, upon a peninsula formed by -the Rivers Dee and Tarf; Tonge, in Lancashire; but Tongres, Tongrinnes, -and Tongerloo, in Belgium, derive their names from the _Tungri_, a -tribe; Tong-fell, in Cumberland, and Tangfjeld, Norway, and Tunga-fell, -Iceland (the mountain with the tongue or point); Thong-castle, in Kent, -and Thong-castor, near Grimsby. - -[Sidenote: TAL (Cym.-Cel.),] - -the forehead, or, as an adjective, high; _e.g._ Talgarth (the brow of -the hill; Talibont (bridge-end, _pont_); Talbenny (the head of the -hill-pen), in Wales. Tal-y-cavn (the head of the trough); Tal-y-Llychan -(the head of the pools), in Caermarthen; Talachddu (the head of the -black water, a small brook called Achddu), a parish in Brecknock. - -[Sidenote: TAMH, TAW (Cym.-Cel.),] - -quiet, cognate with A.S. _tam_, found in many river names; _e.g._ -the Tame, Tamar, Tamer, Teane, Teign, Thame, Taw, Tawey, Tavoy, Tay, -Temesch, Tees, Thames (the quiet water), joined to _uisge_, _a_, _y_, -_o_, _or_, _ri_ (flowing water). - -[Sidenote: TAMNACH (Gadhelic),] - -a green field, common in Irish topography under various forms, -such as Tawny, Tawnagh, Tonagh, and Taminy; _e.g._ Tonaghneeve, -for _Tamhnaich-naemh_ (the field of the saints), now Saintfield; -Tawnaghlahan (broad field); Tawnkeel (narrow field); Tamnaghbane (white -field); Tavnaghdrissagh (the field of the briers). - -[Sidenote: TANNA (Old Ger.),] - -wood; _tanne_ (modern), the fir-tree; _e.g._ Niederthan (the lower -wood); Hohenthan (high wood); Thanheim, Thanhausen, Tandorf (the -dwellings at the wood); Tanberg (wood hill). - -[Sidenote: TARBERT, or TAIRBERT (Gadhelic),] - -an isthmus; _e.g._ Tarbet, in Cromarty and Ross; Tarbert, in Harris; -Tarbet, on Loch Lomond; East and West Tarbert, in Argyleshire; -Tarbetness (the point of the isthmus), in Ross-shire. - -[Sidenote: TARBH (Gadhelic), -TARW (Cym.-Cel.),] - -a bull, cognate with the Lat. _taurus_ and the Grk. _tauros_; _e.g._ -Knockatarriv and Knockatarry (the hill of the bull); Clontarf, anc. -_Cluain-tarbh_ (the bull’s meadow); Cloontarriff and Cloontarriv, with -the same meaning. Some river names, such as Tarf, Tarras, Tarth, Tarn, -may have this word as a prefix, or perhaps _tara_, Irish, rapid. - -[Sidenote: TARNIK (Sclav.),] - -the thorn; _e.g._ Tarnowce and Tarnowitz (thorn village); Tarnau, -Tarnow, Tornow, Torniz (a thorny place); Tarnograd (thorn fortress); -Tarnopol (thorn city). - -[Sidenote: TEACH and TIGH (Gadhelic), -TY (Cym.-Cel.),] - -a house or dwelling, cognate with the Lat. _tectum_, Ger. _dach_, and -Scand. _tag_, a roof; Anglicised _tagh_, in the genitive, _tigh_. -This word, under various forms, is common in Irish topography; _e.g._ -Tagheen (beautiful house); Taghboy and Taghbane (the yellow and white -house); Taghadoe (St. Tua’s house); Tiaquin, in Co. Galway, _i.e._ -_Tigh-Dachonna_ (St. Dachonna’s house); Timahoe, for _Tech-Mochua_ (St. -Mochua’s house or church). Joined to the genitive of the article, it -takes the form of _tin_ or _tinna_, thus--Tinnahinch (the house of the -island or river holm, _innis_); Tincurragh (of the marsh); Tinakilly -(of the church or wood); Timolin (of St. Moling); Tigh-na-bruaich, -in Argyleshire (the dwelling on the edge of the bank); Tynron, in -Dumfries, _i.e._ _Tigh-an-roinne_ (the house on the point); Tyndrum, in -Perthshire (the dwelling on the ridge); Tisaran, anc. _Teach-Sarain_ -(the house of St. Saran), in King’s Co. Stillorgan, also in Ireland, -corrupt. from _Tigh-Lorcain_ (the house of St. Lorcain or Lawrence); -Saggard, from _Teach-Sacra_ (of St. Mosacra); Cromarty, anc. -_Crum-bachtyn_ (the dwelling on the winding bay); Tinnick, in Ireland, -_i.e._ _Tigh-cnuie_ (the house on the hill). In Wales: Ty-gwyn (white -house); Ty-Ddewi (St. David’s house); Great Tey and Little Tey (great -and little dwelling); Tey-at-the-elms, in Essex. - -[Sidenote: TEAMHAIR (Irish),] - -a palace situated on an elevated spot; _e.g._ Tara, anc. _Teamhair_, -the ancient capital of Meath, and several other places called Tara, in -Ireland. This word sometimes takes the form of _tavver_, _tawer_, or -_tower_, as in Towerbeg and Towermore (the little and great palace). - -[Sidenote: TEAMPULL (Gadhelic),] - -a temple or church, derived from the Lat. _templum_; _e.g._ -Templemichael, Templebredon (the churches of St. Michael and St. -Bredon); Templemore (the great church or cathedral); Templecarriga (of -the rock); Temple-tochar (of the causeway), in Ireland; Templemars and -Talemars, in France, anc. _Templum-Martis_ (the temple of Mars). - -[Sidenote: TEINE (Gadhelic), -TÂN (Cym.-Cel.),] - -fire. In topography this word is found in the forms of _tin_ and -_tinny_, and must indicate spots where fires of special importance were -wont to be kindled. Whether these fires were beacon-fires, or whether -they referred to the Beltane fires kindled by the ancient Celts on May -Day, cannot, in special cases, be determined; but that the Beltane -fires were connected with the religious rites of the Druids is allowed, -even by those who do not derive the word _Beltane_ from the name of a -Celtic deity, or trace the observance of these rites to the sun and -fire worship once alleged to have existed among the Celtic tribes, but -now held to be an untenable theory by Celtic scholars.[5] In Ireland, -near Coleraine, we find Kiltinny (the wood of the fire); Tamnaghvelton -(the field of the Beltane sports); Clontinty, Co. Cork (the meadow of -the fires); Mollynadinta, anc. _Mullaigh-na-dtaeinte_ (the summit of -the fires); Duntinny (the fort of the fire), Co. Donegal. In Scotland -_tinny_ is also found in topography, thus--Ardentinny and Craigentinny -(the height and rock of the fire); Auchteany, and perhaps Auchindinny -(the field of the fires); Tinto (the hill of the fire), in Lanarkshire. - -[Sidenote: TEPETL (Astec),] - -a mountain; _e.g._ Popocatepetl (the smoky mountain), in Mexico; -Citlaltepetl (the star-like mountain--_citaline_, a star); -Naucampatepetl (the square-shaped mountain), in Mexico. - -[Sidenote: TEPLY (Sclav.),] - -warm; _e.g._ Tepla (the warm stream); Tepel, on the R. Tepla (in the -neighbourhood of warm mineral waters); Teplitz, the name of towns in -Hungary, Bavaria, and Illyria, sometimes written Toplitz; Teplik and -Teplovka, in Russia; Teflis, in Georgia, celebrated for its warm baths. - -[Sidenote: TERRA (Lat., It., and Port.), -TIERRA (Span.), -TERRE (French), -TIR (Gadhelic and Cym.-Cel.),] - -land; _e.g._ Terciera (the rough land), in the Azores; Terranova -(the new land), in Sicily, supposed to be on the site of the ancient -Gela; Tierra-del-fuego (the land of fire), so named on account -of the numerous fires seen on the land by the first discoverers; -Terregles (church land); Tiree Island, Gael. _Tir-ith_ (the land -of corn); Terryglas, _i.e._ _Tir-da-ghlas_ (the land of the two -rivers), Co. Tipperary; Terryland, _i.e._ _Tir-oilein_ (the land of -the island); Tyrone, anc. _Tir-Eoghain_ (Owen’s land); Tir-Rosser, -_i.e._ _Tir-Rhos-hir_ (the long peat land), in Caermarthen; Pentir -(the headland); Gwydir, from the roots _gwy_, water, and _tir_, a -general term for moist land in different places in Wales. It was the -ancient name of Glastonbury; Tiranascragh (the land of the sand hill, -_esker_), Co. Galway; Tyrconell (the land of Conell), the ancient -name of Co. Donegal; Carstairs, in Lanarkshire, anc. _Casteltarras_, -probably corrupt. from _Castelterres_ (the castle lands), the castle -in the village having been the site of a Roman station; Culter, in -Lanarkshire, anc. _Cultir_ (the back of the land); _Finisterroe_ -(land’s end), now Cape Finistère, the north-west extremity of France; -Blantyre (warm land--_blane_, warm), in Lanarkshire; Terrebonne (good -land), in Canada; Terre-haute (high land), in Indiana. - -[Sidenote: THAL (Ger.),] - -a valley--_v._ DAL. - -[Sidenote: THING, or TING,] - -a term applied by the Scandinavians to the legislative assemblies of -their nation, and also to the places where these assemblies met, from -an old word _tinga_, to speak. Traces of these institutions appear -in the topography of certain districts in Great Britain formerly -occupied by Danes or Norwegians. The Norwegian Parliament is still -called the _Storthing_ or great assembly; smaller courts are called -_Lawthings_, and the _Althing_ was the general assembly of the whole -nation. These meetings were generally held on some remote island, -hill, or promontory, where their deliberations might be undisturbed. -The Swedish Parliament used to assemble on a mound near Upsala, which -still bears the name of _Tingshogen_, Scand. _haugr_; Thingveller (the -council-plains), in Iceland; Sandsthing (the place of meeting on the -sand), in Iceland; Aithsthing (the meeting-place on the headland), -in Iceland; Dingwall, in Ross-shire, has the same derivation--its -Gaelic name is _Inverpeffer_ (at the mouth of that stream); Tingwall, -in Shetland, Tynwald Hill, Isle of Man, Thingwall in Cheshire, and -Dinsdale in Durham, from the same root; Tinwald, in Dumfries (the wood -of the meeting); Tain, in Ross-shire, Norse _Thing_--its Gaelic name is -_Baile-Duich_ (St. Duthic’s town). - -[Sidenote: THOR and THUR,] - -prefixes derived from the Saxon and Scandinavian deity _Thor_; _e.g._ -Thorley, Thurley, Thursley, Thorsby, Thurlow, the valley, dwelling, -and hill, named after Thor, or perhaps from a people or family name -derived from the god, _i.e._ the _Thurings_, from whence also probably -come Thorington in England, and Thorigné and Thorigny in France; -Thüringerwald, in Germany; Thurston, Thursford, Thurscross, Thurlstone, -etc.; Thorsoe (Thor’s island); Thurso (Thor’s stream, on which the -town of Thurso is situated); Thorshaven (Thor’s harbour), in Norway -and in the Faroe Islands. On the continent the god Thor was worshipped -under the name of Thunor, hence the English word _thunder_ and the -German _Donner_ (supposed, in the Middle Ages, to be Thor’s voice). -From this word are derived Thunersberg and Donnersberg (the mountain of -Thor); Donnersbach (Thor’s stream), in Styria; Torslunde (Thor’s sacred -grove), in Denmark. - -[Sidenote: THORPE (A.S.),] - -an assembly of people, cognate with the Welsh _torf_ (a crowd or -troop), Gael. _treubh_ (a tribe), and _troupe_, French; and then -gradually coming to denote a farm or village; _e.g._ Thorp, in -Northamptonshire; Calthorpe (cold village); Langthorpe (long village); -Ingelthorpe, Kettlesthorpe, Swansthorpe, Bischopsthorpe (the farm or -village of Ingold, Kettle, Sweyn, and the bishop); Nunthorpe (the nun’s -village); Raventhorpe (Hrafen’s village); Thorparch, in Yorkshire -(the village bridge), on the R. Wharfe; Milnethorpe (the village of -the mill); Althorpe (old villages); Basingthorpe (the village of the -Basings, a patronymic); Copmanthorpe (of the merchant). - -[Sidenote: THWAITE (Scand. _thveit_),] - -a cleared spot or an isolated piece of land, akin to the Danish -_tvede_, a peninsula; _e.g._ Harrowthwaite, Finsthwaite, Ormathwaite, -Sattersthwaite, places cleared and cultivated by the Scandinavians, -whose names they bear; Applethwaite (of apples); Calthwaite (cold -clearing); Birkthwaite (of birches); Micklethwaite (great clearing); -Crossthwaite, in Cumberland, where St. Kentigern is said to have -erected a cross; Lockthwaite (Loki’s clearing). - -[Sidenote: TOBAR (Gadhelic),] - -a fountain or well, from the old word _doboir_, water. Wells and -fountains were held in great veneration by the Celts in heathen times, -and are the subjects of many traditions in Ireland and Scotland. Many -of the early preachers of Christianity established their foundations -near these venerated wells, which were the common resorts of the -people whom they had come to convert. In this way the new religion -became associated in the minds of the converts with their favourite -wells, and obtained the names of the saints, by which they are known -to this day; _e.g._ Tobermory (St. Mary’s well), in the Island of -Mull; Tobar-na-bhan-thighern (the chieftainess’s well), in Badenoch; -Ballintobar (the town of the well), Co. Mayo, now called Tobermore (the -great well), which had a well blessed by St. Patrick; Tibbermore or -Tippermuir (the great well), in Perthshire; Tobar-nam-buadh, in Skye -(the well of virtues); Tipperary, anc. _Tiobrad-Arann_ (the well of the -district of Ara); Tipperkevin (St. Kevin’s well); Tipperstown, anc. -_Baile-an-tobair_ (the town of the well); Tobercurry (the well of the -cauldron); Toberbilly (the well of the old tree); Tobernaclug (the well -of the bells, _clog_). Bells were held sacred by the Irish on account -of a certain bell favoured by St. Patrick. Perhaps the rivers Tiber and -Tiverone, as well as Tivoli, anc. _Tibur_, may come from this root. - -[Sidenote: TOFT, TOT (Scand.),] - -an enclosure or farm; _e.g._ Lowestoft, Dan. _Luetoft_ (the enclosure -or place of the beacon-fire, which in early times was placed on the -promontory where the town stands); Langtoft (long farm); Monk’s Tofts -(the monk’s farm), and West Tofts, in Norfolk; Ecclestofts (the church -farm buildings), in Berwickshire; Ivetot, anc. _Ivonis-tot_ (the farm -of Ivo and Hautot (high farm), in Normandy; Sassetot (the Saxon’s -farm); Littletot (little farm); Berguetot (birch farm), in Normandy. - -[Sidenote: TOM (Gadhelic and Welsh),] - -a knoll or mound; _e.g._ Tomintoul (the knoll of the barn), Gael. -_Tom-an-t-sabhail_, Co. Banff; Tomachuraich (the boat-shaped knoll), -Inverness-shire; Tom-ma-Chessaig (St. Kessag’s mound), at Callander; -Tom-na-faire (the knoll of the watch-tower), on Loch Etive; Tomatin -(the knoll of the fire, _teine_); Tomnacroiche (of the gallows); -Tom-da-choill (of the two woods); Tombreck (speckled knoll); Tomgarrow -(rough knoll); Tomnaguie (windy knoll), in Ireland; Tom-bar-lwm (the -mound of the bare hill); Tommen-y-Bala (the mound of Lake Bala, having -been raised as representative of Mount Ararat); Tommen-y-mur (of the -rampart). - -[Sidenote: TON (A.S.), -TUN (Scand.),] - -an enclosure, a town. The primary meaning of this word comes from -the Gothic _tains_, Scand. _teinn_, Ger. _zaun_, a fence or hedge -formed of twigs. Originally it meant a place rudely fortified with -stakes, and was applied to single farm-steadings and manors, in which -sense _tun_ is still used in Iceland, and _toon_ in Scotland. The -word _toon_ retained this restricted meaning even in England in the -time of Wickliffe. These single enclosures became the nucleus of a -village which, gradually increasing, became a town or city, in the same -manner as villages and towns arose around the Celtic _duns_, _raths_, -and _lises_. This root, in the names of towns and villages, is more -common than any other in Anglo-Saxon topography, being an element -in an eighth part of the names of dwelling-places in the south of -Great Britain. The greatest number of these names is connected with -those of the original proprietors of the places, of which but a few -examples can be given here. In such cases, the root _ton_ is generally -preceded by _s_ or _ing_--_qu. v._; _e.g._ Grimston, Ormiston, Ribston, -Haroldston, Flixton, Kennington (the property of Grim, Orm, Hreopa, -Harold, and Felix); Canewdon (of Canute); Addlington and Edlington -(of the nobles); Dolphinton, Covington, and Thankerton, parishes in -Lanarkshire, took their names from Dolphine, Colban, and Tancred, to -whom the lands were given in very early times; Symington and Wiston, in -Lanarkshire, are found mentioned in old charters, the one as Symington, -in Ayrshire, named from the same Simon Lockhart, the progenitor of the -Lockharts of Lee; Cadoxton, _i.e._ Cadog’s town, in Wales; _Ecclesia -de uilla Simonis Lockard_ (the church of Simon Lockhart’s villa), and -the other, _Ecclesia uilla Withce_ (the church of Withce’s villa); -Haddington (the town of Haddo); Alfreton, Wimbledon, Herbrandston, -Houston (of Alfred, Wibba, Herbrand, Hugh); Riccarton, in Ayrshire, -formerly Richardston, took its name from Richard Waleys, _i.e._ -Richard the Foreigner, the ancestor of the great Wallace); Stewarton, -in Ayrshire, had its name from the family which became the royal race -of Scotland; Boston, in Lincoln (named after St. Botolph, the patron -saint of sailors); Maxton, a parish in Roxburghshire (the settlement of -Maccus, a person of some note in the reign of David I.); Flemingston -and Flemington (named from Flemish emigrants); Woolston (from St. -Woolstan); Ulverston (from Ulphia, a Saxon chief); Wolverhampton and -Royston (from ladies who endowed religious houses at these places); -Minchhampton (the home of the nuns, _minchens_); Hampton (the enclosed -home); Preston and Presteign (priest’s town); Thrapston (the dwelling -at the cross-roads); Broughton (the town at the fort or mound), a -parish in Peeblesshire, with a village of the same name; Albrighton -(the town of Aylburh); Harrington (of the descendants of Haro); Barton -and Barnton (the enclosure for the crop; literally, what the land -bears); Shettleston, in Lanarkshire, Lat. _Villa-filii-Sadin_ (the -villa of Sadin’s son); Bridlington (the town of the _Brihtlingas_, a -tribe), sometimes called _Burlington_; Adlington (town of Eadwulf); -Prestonpans, in Mid Lothian, named from the salt pans erected there -by the monks of Newbattle; Layton, in Essex, on the R. Lea; Luton, in -Bedford, also on the Lea; Makerston, in Roxburghshire, perhaps from -St. Machar; Johnstone, in Renfrew (founded by the Laird of Johnston -in 1782); Liberton, near Edinburgh, where there was an hospital for -lepers; Honiton, Co. Devon, _Ouneu-y-din_ (the town of ash-trees); -Kensington (of the Kensings); Edmonton, in Middlesex (Edmond’s town); -North and South Petherton, in Somerset (named from the R. Parret), -anc. _Pedreda_; Campbeltown, in Argyleshire, received its name from -the Argyle family in 1701--its Gaelic name was _Ceann-Loch_ (the loch -head); Launceston--_v._ LANN; Torrington, in Devon (the town on the -hill, _tor_, or on the R. Torridge); Watlington (the village protected -by _wattles_). Of towns named from the rivers near which they are -situated, Collumpton, Crediton, Frampton, Taunton, Lenton (on the Culm, -Credy, Frome or Frame, Tone, and Lee); Northampton (on the north shore -of the R. _Aufona_, now the Nen); Okehampton, on the R. Oke; Otterton, -Leamington, Bruton, Moulton, Wilton, on the Otter, Learn, Brue, Mole, -and Willy; Darlington or Darnton, on the Dar; Lymington, in Hants, -anc. _Lenton_ (on the pool); Southampton (the south town on the Anton -or Test, which with the Itchen forms Southampton Water); Ayton, in -Berwickshire, on the R. Eye. - -[Sidenote: TOPOL (Sclav.),] - -the poplar-tree; _e.g._ Töplitz, Neu and Alt (the place of poplars), -in the basin of the R. Elbe, to be distinguished from Teplitz, in -Bohemia--_v._ TEPLY, which is sometimes misnamed Töplitz. - -[Sidenote: TORGAU (Sclav.),] - -a market-place; _e.g._ Torgau, Torgovitza, Torgowitz (market-towns). - -[Sidenote: TORR (Gadhelic), -TWR (Cym.-Cel.),] - -a mound, a heap, a conical hill, cognate with the Lat. _turris_, the -Ger. _thurm_, and the Grk. _pyrgos_ (a tower); Tor, in Ireland, means -a tower also; _e.g._ Toralt (the tower of the cliff); Tormore (great -tower or tower-like rock); Tornaroy (the king’s tower); Tory Island, -off the Irish coast, had two distinct names--_Torach_ (_i.e._ abounding -in tower-like rocks), and _Toirinis_ (the island of the tower), so -named from a fortress called _Tor-Conaing_ (the tower of Conaing, a -Fomorian chief); Torran, Tortan (little tower), applied to little -knolls, as in Toortane and Turtane; Mistor and Mamtor, in Devonshire; -Croken Torr, in Cornwall (a hill where meetings were held--_gragan_, -Welsh, to speak); Torphichen (the raven’s hill), a parish in West -Lothian; Torbolton, in Ayrshire, tradition says is the town of Baal’s -mound. There is a beautiful hill in the parish where superstitious -rites are still held; a bonfire is raised, and a sort of altar erected, -similar to those described in the sacrifices to Baal on Mount Carmel; -Torbay, in Devonshire, named from the hill which overlooks the bay, -which gives its name to Torquay; Torrdubh and Torrduff (black hill); -Torbane and Torgorm (the white and the blue hill); Torbreck (speckled -hill); Torinturk (the wild boar’s hill); Kintore (at the head of -the hill), in Aberdeenshire; Turriff, in Banffshire, is the plural -form of _toir_. From the Lat. _turris_ and its derivatives, come -Tordesillas (the tower of the bishop’s see), in Spain; Torquemada, -Lat. _Turris cremata_ (the burned tower); Torr-alba and Torre-blanca -(the white tower); Torrecilla, Lat. _Turricellæ_ (the church-towers), -in Spain; Torres-novas and Torres-vedras (the new and old towers), -in Portugal; Torella (the little tower), Naples; Truxillo, in Spain, -_i.e._ _Turris-Julii_ (the tower of Julius); Tourcoing (corner -tower), in France; La-tour-Sans-Venin, near Grenoble, is a corrupt. -of _Tour-Saint-Verena_--to this saint the chapel was dedicated; -Tournay, in Belgium, Lat. _Turris Nerviorum_ (the tower of the Nervii); -Torres-Torres (the fortifications of the mountains), Tours, in France, -is not named from this root, but from the _Turones_, a tribe; but -Torres Strait was named after the navigator Torres, who discovered it -in 1606. In the Semitic languages also _Tzur_ means a rock; it is the -root of the names of the city of Tyre, and of Syria, of which in early -times it was the chief city. Taurus or Tor is a general name for a -mountain chain; Tabris (the mountain town), a city of Persia. - -[Sidenote: TRAETH (Cym.-Cel.), -TRAIGH (Gadhelic),] - -a strand; _e.g._ Traeth-mawr (great strand); Traeth-bach (little -strand); Trefdraeth (the dwelling on the strand), in Wales; Traeth-coch -(red strand), in Anglesea. In Ireland: Tralee, Co. Derry, is from -_Traigh-liath_ (the gray strand); Tranamadree (the strand of the dogs), -Co. Cork; Ballintra, when it occurs on the coast, means the town on the -strand, but inland it comes from _Baile-an-tsratha_ (the town on the -river-holm); Ventry, Co. Kerry, is from _Fionn-traigh_ (white strand); -as also Trabane, Trawane, and Trawbawn, which derive their names from -the whitish colour of the sand; Fintray, a parish in Aberdeenshire -on the R. Don, is also white strand; but Fintray, in Dumbartonshire, -was formerly _Fyntref_ or _Fyntre_, probably the dwelling, _tre_, on -the Fenach, which is the boundary-stream of the parish on one side; -Traeth-Saith, in Wales, named after a mythological patriarch. - -[Sidenote: TRANK (Ger.),] - -a tank for watering animals; _e.g._ Kleintrank (little tank); Rosstrank -(horse tank); Trankmühle (mill tank). - -[Sidenote: TRAWA (Sclav.),] - -grass; e.g. the Traun and the Trave (_i.e._ the grassy rivers); -Traunkirchen (the church on the Traun); Traunik, Trawitz (the grassy -place); Traunviertel (the district of the R. Traun), in Silesia and -Austria. - -[Sidenote: TRE, or TREF (Cym.-Cel.), -TREABHAIR (Gael.),] - -a dwelling, a town; _e.g._ Treago, anc. _Tref-y-goll_ (hazel-tree -dwelling), in Monmouth; Tre-n-eglos (church town), in Cornwall; -Tremaine (stone dwelling), Cornwall; _Tref-y-clawdd_ (the town of -the dyke, _i.e._ Offa’s dyke), the Welsh name for Knighton, in -Pembrokeshire; Oswestry might come naturally from this word, but the -Welsh call it _Croes-Oswald_ (the place of St. Oswald’s martyrdom); -Coventry, too, might be from the same root, but Camden says it is a -corruption of _Conventria_ (the district of the convent); Daventry, -abridged from _Dwy-avon-tre_ (the dwelling on the two rivers); Truro, -_i.e._ _Tre-rhiw_ (the dwelling on the sloping bank, or on the stream); -Redruth, in Cornwall, anc. _Tref-Derwydd_ (the Druid’s town); Trefrhiw -(the town on the stream), in Caernarvon; Tremadoc (Madoc’s dwelling); -Trecoid (the dwelling in the wood); Braintree, Co. Essex (hill -dwelling); Dreghorn, in Ayrshire, anc. _Trequern_ (the dwelling near -alder-trees); Thrisk, in Yorkshire, anc. _Tref-Ysk_ (the dwelling by -the water); Tranent, in Mid Lothian, corrupt. from _Treabhairnant_ (the -dwellings in the valley); Crailing, in Berwickshire, anc. _Traverlin_ -(the dwellings on the pool); Tring, Co. Herts, anc. _Treungla_ -or _Treangle_ (the village at the corner), Welsh _ongl_, Lat. -_angulus_; Trelech (the dwelling at the stone, called Harold’s grave); -Tre-Taliesin (the dwelling of Taliesin, the celebrated Welsh bard); -Trenewydd (new dwelling), in Wales; Rhuddry, a parish in Glamorgan, -probably corrupt. from _Yr-yw-tre_ (the yew-trees’ home); Tre’r Beirdd -(bard’s town); Trefawr, Trefach (great and little town); Tredegar, -_i.e._ _Tre-deg-fair-ar_ (land), (the choice abode); Tre-Wyddel (the -forester’s abode); Trefhedyn, _i.e._ _Tref-y-din_ (hill town). - -[Sidenote: TROM, TRIUM (Gadhelic),] - -the elder-tree; _e.g._ Trim, in Co. Meath, corrupt. from _Ath-trium_ -(the ford of the elder-trees); Trummery and Trimmer (places abounding -in elder-trees); Tromann, Trumman (the little elder-tree). - -[Sidenote: TUAIM, TOOM (Gadhelic),] - -a mound raised over a grave, cognate with the Lat. _tumulus_; _e.g._ -Tuam, Co. Galway, anc. _Tuaim-da-ghualann_ (the tumulus of the two -shoulders, from the shape of the ancient sepulchral mound); Toome, on -the R. Bann; Tomfinlough (the tumulus of the clear lake); Tomgraney -(the tomb of Grian); the Tomies (hills on Lake Killarney); Toomona (the -tomb of the bog); Toomyvara, _i.e._ _Tuaim-ui-Mheadra_ (O’Mara’s tomb). - -[Sidenote: TUAR (Gadhelic),] - -a bleach-green, Anglicised _toor_; _e.g._ Tooreen (little -bleach-green); Tooreenagrena (the sunny little bleach-green); Monatore -(the bog of the bleach-green); Tintore, for _Tigh-an-tuair_ (the house -at the bleach-green), in Ireland. - -[Sidenote: TULACH (Gadhelic),] - -a little hill or mound, and also a measure of land--Anglicised -_tulla_, _tullow_, _tully_, or _tulli_; _e.g._ Tullow (the hill); -Tullamore (great hill); Tullanavert (the hill of the graves, _ferta_); -Tullaghcullion and Tullycullion (of the holly); Kiltullagh (church -hill); Tullaghan (little hill); Tallow, Co. Waterford, more correctly -_Tealach-an-iarainn_ (the hill of the iron, from the neighbouring -iron mines); Tullyallen, on the Boyne, and Tulliallan, in Perthshire, -_i.e._ _Tulaigh-álainn_ (the beautiful hill); Tullyard (high hill); -Tillicoultry (the hill at the back of the land), in Clackmannan; -Tullibardine (the bard’s hill); Tulloch-gorum (the blue hill); -Tullybody (the hill of the black cow, _bo dubh_); Tillyfour (the -grassy hill, _feoiridh_). _Tully_ or _tilly_, however, is sometimes -a corruption of _teaglach_ (a family), as in Tullynessle and -Tillymorgan--_v._ W. SKENE, LL.D. - -[Sidenote: TUNDRA (Tartar),] - -a mossy flat, the name given to the vast plains on the Arctic Ocean. - -[Sidenote: TURA (Tartar),] - -a town or settlement; _e.g._ Tura, a river in Russia, so called by -the Tartars because they made a settlement at the place; Tura, also -in Hungary; O’Tura (old town); Turinsk (the town on the R. Tura), in -Russia. - -[Sidenote: TWISTLE (Scand.),] - -a boundary; _e.g._ Twistleton (the town on the boundary); -Oswaldtwistle (Oswald’s boundary); Haltwistle (high boundary); -Birchtwistle (birch-tree boundary); Ectwistle (oak-tree boundary). - - - U - -[Sidenote: UAMH (Gadhelic),] - -a cave; _e.g._ Cluain-uamha (the pasture of the cave), the ancient name -of Cloyne, Co. Cork; Drumnahoe, _i.e._ _Druim-na-huamha_ (the ridge -of the cave); Mullinahone (the mill of the cave); Lisnahoon (the fort -of the cave), in Ireland. Wem, in Salop, and Wembdon, in Somerset, as -well as other place-names with the prefix _wem_, may be derived from -the A.S. _wem_ (a hollow), analogous to the Cel. _uaimh_. Wamphray, in -Dumfriesshire, Gael. _Uamh-fridh_ (the forest-cave). - -[Sidenote: UCHEL, UCH (Cym.-Cel.),] - -high, cognate with the Gael. _uchda_ (a height); _e.g._ Ucheltref and -Ochiltree (the high dwelling); the Ochills, a hill range in Perthshire, -Lat. _Ocelli-montes_. - -[Sidenote: UISCE, or UISGE (Gadhelic), -GWY (Cym.-Cel.),] - -water; _e.g._ Esk, Usk, Esky, Esker, Eskle, Oise, Ouse, Issy, Ax, -Axe, Ux, Ex, Use, Ousel, Wisk, Eska, Esla, Aisne, Isar, Isère, Isen, -Etsch (river names); Duffus and Doubs (black water); Marosh (marshy -water); the Theis, anc. _Tibiscus_; Adige, anc. _Athesis_; the Po, -anc. _Padusa_; Loch Ewe, and Ewes, a parish in Dumfries watered by a -stream of this name; Wisbeach (on the beach of the _Wysg_ or _Wash_), -now some miles from the beach by the gradual advance of the land; -Knockaniska (the hillock on the water); Killiskey and Killiskea (the -church on the water), in Limerick; but Balihiskey, in Tipperary, is -from _Bealach-uisce_ (the road of the water); the Rivers Minho and -Mincio, anc. _Minius_ and _Mincius_ (little stream); Duffus (dark -water); Istria (half land, half water); Argense or Argenteus (silver -stream), in France; Caldas (warm waters), in Spain and Portugal; Ischia -(the island of waters), abounding in mineral springs; Issny, on the R. -Leine, anc. _Issiacum_ (on the water); Metz, anc. _Mettis_ (between the -waters), also named _Divodurum_ (on the two rivers); Osimo, in Italy, -anc. _Auximum_, and Osna, in Spain, anc. _Uxama_ (on the water). - -[Sidenote: URA (Basque),] - -water; _e.g._ Astura (rocky water), a river which gives its name to -the Asturias; Illuria (the town on the water); Illuro, with the same -meaning, now _Maturo_, in Spain; Osuno, anc. _Ursonum_, and Tarazona, -anc. _Turiaso_ (the place of good waters), in Spain--_osoa_, Basque -(good); Oloron, anc. _Illura_ (the town on the water)--_illia_, Basque -(a town). - -[Sidenote: URBS (Lat.),] - -a city; _e.g._ Orvieto, Lat. _Urbs-vetus_ (the old city). - - - V - -[Sidenote: VALLIS (Lat.), -VAL and VALLÉE (Fr.), -VALLE (Span., Port., and It.),] - -a valley; _e.g._ Vallais (the land of valleys), in Switzerland--its -inhabitants were formerly called _Nantuates_, _i.e._ valley dwellers; -Val-de-Avallano (the valley of hazels); Val-de-fuentes (of fountains); -Val-del-laguna (of the lagoon); Val-del-losa (of the flagstone); -Val-del-Moro (of the Moor); Val-de-Olivas (of olive-trees); -Val-de-penas (of the rocks); Val-de-robles (of the oak-trees), in -Spain; Val-de-lys (the valley of streams), in the Pyrenees, from an old -Provençal word _lys_ (water); Vallée-de-Carol (of Charles), through -which Charlemagne passed from his conquest of the Moors; Vallombrosa -(the shady valley); Valparaiso (the valley of Paradise); Valtelline, -in Lombardy, consisting of a long valley, traversed by the R. Adda and -Teglio; Vaucluse, Lat. _Vallis-clusa_ (the enclosed valley); Orvaux, -Lat. _Aure-vallis_ (the golden valley); Riéval, Lat. _Regia-vallis_ -(the royal valley); Vals (in the valley of the Volane); Vaucouleurs, -Lat. _Vallis-coloris_ (the valley of colour), in a valley of the -R. Meuse, whose green and smiling meadows have given it this name; -Gerveaux or Yorvaux, in Durham, Lat. _Uri-vallis_ (the valley of the -R. Ure); Pays-de-Vaud (the country of valleys or of the Waldenses); -Clairvaux, Lat. _Clara-vallis_ (the bright valley); Roncesvalles (the -valleys abounding in briers); Vaudemont, Lat. _Vallis-de-monte_ (the -valley of the mountain); Val-di-chiana (the valley of the standing -pool), in Italy. - -[Sidenote: VAR, VARAD (Hung.),] - -a fortress; _e.g._ Kolos-var, Ger. _Klausenburg_, anc. _Claudipolis_ -(the enclosed fortress, or the city of Claudius); Nagy-varad (great -fortress); Vasvar, Ger. _Eisenburg_ (iron fortress); Szamos-Ujvar (the -new fortress), on the R. Zamos; Sarivar (palace fortress); Foldvar -(the land fortress); Szekes-Fehervar, Ger. _Stuhl-Weissenburg_ (the -white fortress of the throne); Karoly-Fehervar or Karlsburg (Charles’s -white fortress); Varosvar, Ger. _Eisenthurm_ (the red fortress or iron -tower), in Hungary; Ersek-Ujvar, Ger. _Neuhausel_ (the bishop’s new -fortress or seat). - -[Sidenote: VAROS (Hung.),] - -a town; _e.g._ Ujvaros (the new town); Also-varos (lower town); -Szasz-varos, Ger. _Sachsenstadt_ (the Saxon’s town. - -[Sidenote: VATN and VAND (Scand.),] - -a lake; _e.g._ Vatnsdalr (the valley of lakes); Arnarvatn (eagle lake); -Fiskvatn (fish lake); Langavat (long lake); Steepavat (steep lake); -Sanvatn (sandy lake); Miosen-Vand (little lake); Helgavatn (holy -lake); Vatster (the lake dwelling); Myvatn (the lake of the midges); -Vatnagaard (the farm on the lake). - -[Sidenote: VEGA (Span.),] - -a plain; _e.g._ Vega-de-la-neustra-Senora (the plain of our Lady); -Vega-Espinarada (the plain surrounded by thorns). - -[Sidenote: VELIKA, or WELIKI (Sclav.),] - -great; _e.g._ Velikaia (the great river); Velikja-luki (the great -marsh), in Russia; Welkawes (the great village or dwelling), in -Sclavonia; Welka, Welkow, Welchau, Welchow, etc., with the same meaning. - -[Sidenote: VERNUS (Lat.),] - -the alder-tree, Cel. _gwern_; _e.g._ Verney, Vernez, Vernois, Vernoy, -Verneuil, Vernieres, etc., the names of various places in France. - -[Sidenote: VIE, VE, WY (Scand.),] - -holy; _e.g._ Wydale (the holy valley); Wyborg, Weighton, Wisby, -Wigthorpe (holy dwelling); Wigan, anc. _Wibiggan_ (the holy building), -in Lancashire; Wigton, in Cumberland (holy town); but Wigton, in -Scotland (the town on the bay, _vig_); Sviga (holy river), in Russia; -Sviajsk (the town on the holy river); Sveaborg and Viborg (holy town); -Sviatos-nos (holy cape); Sviatskaia (holy town, or of the deity -worshipped by the Sclavonians, called _Sviatovid_), in Russia. - -[Sidenote: VILLA (Lat.),] - -a farm, manor, or town, with its derivatives in the Romance languages; -_e.g._ Villa-hermosa (the beautiful town); Villa-franca-de-panades (the -free town of the bakers), in Spain. In France: Charleville (named after -Charles, Duc de Nevers); Flamanville (founded by a colony of Flemings), -in Normandy; Joinville, Lat. _Jovis-Villa_ (the city of Jove, named -from a Roman tower near the town); Luneville (the city of the moon), -supposed to have been named from a temple to Diana; Offranville, in -Normandy, Lat. _Vulfrani Villa_ (the manor of Wulfran); Auberville -and Aubervilliers (the manors of Albert); Thionville (the manor of -Theodone), Lat. _Theodonis Villa_; La Ville-tertre (hill town); -Deville, formerly _Dei Villa_ (the city of God); Marteville, Lat. -_Martis Villa_ (of Mars); Villa-Viçosa (abundant town), in Spain and -Portugal; Villa-rica (rich town); Yeovil, in Somerset (the town on the -R. Yeo); Maxwell, in Kirkcudbright and in Roxburghshire, corrupt. from -_Maccusville_ (the manor or settlement of Maccus, to whom the lands -were given by David I.); Philipville or Philipstadt, in Belgium (named -by Charles V. after his son); Louisville, in the United States (named -after Louis XVI., whose troops assisted the Americans in the War of -Independence). - -[Sidenote: VINEA, VINETUM (Lat.),] - -a vineyard; _e.g._ Le Vignæ, La Vignelle, Les Vigneaux, Vigneaux, -Vigny, Vinax, and places abounding in the vine; La Vigne, in France. - -[Sidenote: VOE (Scand.), -VOGR,] - -a bay; _e.g._ Leirvogr (mud bay); Laxvoe (salmon bay); Siliavoe -(herring bay); Grunavoe (green bay); Westvoe (west bay); Aithsvoe (the -bay on the _aith_ or headland); Sandvoe (sandy bay); Kaltenwaag (cold -bay); Vaage (on the bay), a town in Norway. - -[Sidenote: VORM (Ger.),] - -in front of; _e.g._ Vormbach, Vormbusch, Vormhorst, Vormhagen (in -front of the brook, thicket, wood, and hedge). - - - W - -[Sidenote: WAD, WATH (A.S.), -VAD (Scand.),] - -a ford, cognate with the Lat. _vadum_ and the Gadhelic _ath_; _e.g._ -Wadebridge (the bridge at the ford), in Cornwall; Wath-upon-Dearne (the -ford of the R. Dearne), in Yorkshire; Carnwath (the ford at the cairn), -in Lanarkshire; Lasswade (the ford on the pasture-land, _laes_), in Mid -Lothian; Wath (the ford), on the Yorkshire Ouse; Langwaden (long ford), -in Germany; Wageningen, Lat. _Vadu_ (on the ford), in Holland, on the -R. Leck. - -[Sidenote: WÂDI, or WADY (Ar.),] - -a river-course or ravine; _e.g._ Wâdi-el-Ain (the ravine of the -fountain); Wâdi-Sasafeh (of the pigeons); Wâdi-Sidri (of the -thorn); Wady-Solab (of the cross); Wâdy-Shellal (of the cataract); -Wâdy-Magherah (of the caves); Wady-Sagal (of the acacia); Wady-Mousa -(of Moses); Wâdy-Abou-hamad (of the father fig-tree, named from a -very old tree); Wady-Mokatteb (of the writing, from the number of -inscriptions made by pilgrims); Wady-hamman (of the wild pigeons). - -[Sidenote: WALD (Ger.), -WEALD, WOLD (A.S.),] - -a wood or waste land; _e.g._ Walden-Saffron, in Essex (the waste land -on which saffron was afterwards cultivated); the Weald, Wold, and -Wealdon (the waste lands), in Essex, Kent, Lincoln, and Yorkshire; -Waltham and Walthamstow (the dwelling-place near the wood); Waldstadt, -Waldheim, Walddorf (dwellings near the wood), in Germany; Waldeck -(woody corner, or corner of the wood); Waldshut (the forest hut), in -Switzerland; Boëmerwald (the Bohemian forest); Waldau (woody meadow); -Waldsassen (the settlement in the wood); Unterwalden (under or -below the wood); Zinnwald-Sachsisch (the wood near the Saxon’s tin -mine); Finsterwalde (the dark wood); Greifswald (the griffin’s wood); -Habechtswald (hawk’s wood); Lichtenwald (the cleared wood); Rugenwalde -(the wood of the Rugii, a tribe), in Pomerania; Regenwalde and -Saalwalde (the woody districts of the rivers Rega and Saale); Methwald -(in the midst of woods), in Norfolk; Leswalt (the pasture, _laes_, in -the wood), in Wigtonshire; Mouswald (the wood near Lochar Moss), in -Dumfriesshire; Wooton-Basset, in Wilts (the woody town of the Basset -family, so called from the quantity of wood in the neighbourhood). - -[Sidenote: WALL (Old Ger.), -WEALL (A.S.),] - -an embankment, a rampart, a wall, cognate with the Lat. _vallum_, the -Gadhelic _balla_, and the Welsh _gwal_; _e.g._ Walton, on the Naze, -where there was a walled enclosure to defend the northern intruders -from the assaults of their hostile Saxon neighbours; Walton, also, in -the east corner of Suffolk (the town near the wall); also Walton, on -the Thames; Walton-le-dale and Walton (on the hill), in Lancashire; -Wallsend (at the end of the wall), in Northumberland; Walford, in -Hereford (the ford near a Roman fortification); Wallsoken (the place -near the wall, where the judicial courts were held)--_v._ SOC; Walmer -(the sea-wall), in Kent; Wallburg, Walldorf (walled towns), in Germany; -Wallingford, in Berks, anc. _Gallena_, Welsh _Gwal-hen_ (the old wall -or fortification), A.S. _Wealingaford_; Wallmill, Wallshiels, Wallfoot, -Wallhead, places in Northumberland near the wall of Adrian; Walpole -(the dwelling, _bol_, near the wall), in Norfolk, a sea-bank raised by -the Romans as a defence from the sea; but Walsham and Walsingham, in -Norfolk, take their name from the _Waelsings_, a tribe. This place was -called by Erasmus Parathalasia, Grk. (by the sea-beach). - -[Sidenote: WALSCH (Ger.), -WEALH (A.S.), -VLACH (Sclav.),] - -foreign. These words were applied by the Teutonic and Sclavonic nations -to all foreigners, and to the countries inhabited or colonised by -those who did not come from a Teutonic stock or speak their language. -In the charters of the Scoto-Saxon kings the Celtic Picts of Cambria -and Strathclyde were called _Wallenses_; _e.g._ Wales, _Gwalia_--root -_gwal_ or _gall_, foreign. The Welsh call their own country _Cymru_ -(the abode of the Kymry or aborigines)--(the home of the Cymric Celts), -so named by the Saxons; Wallachia (the strangers’ land, _vlach_), so -called by the Germans and Sclaves because colonised by the Romans; -Walcherin, anc. _Walacria_ or _Gualacra_ (the island of the strangers -or Celts); Cornwall (the horn or promontory of the Celts); also -Cornuailles (a district in Brittany peopled by British emigrants from -Wales); Wallendorf (the town of the strangers), the German name for -_Olaszi_ or _Olak_, in Hungary, peopled by Wallachians; Wallenstadt and -Wallensee (the town and lake on the borders of the Romansch district of -the Grisons, conquered by the Romans under Constantius); Wâlschland, -the German name for Italy. The Celts of Flanders were also called -Walloons by their German neighbours; and Wlachowitz, in Moravia, means -the town of the Wallachs or strangers. The Gadhelic _gall_ (foreign), -although used with the same meaning as _wealh_, is not connected with -it. It is a word that has been applied to strangers by the Irish -from the remotest antiquity; and as it was applied by them to the -natives of Gaul (_Galli_), _gall_, in the first instance, might mean -simply a native of Gaul. It was afterwards used in reference to the -Norwegians, _Fionn-ghaill_ (the _fair_-haired strangers); and to the -Danes, _Dubh-ghaill_ (the _dark_-haired strangers); and in connection -with them and with the English the word enters largely into Irish -topography; _e.g._ Donegal, _i.e._ _Dun-nau-Gall_ (the fortress of -the foreigners or Danes); Clonegall and Clongall (the meadow of the -strangers); Ballynagall and Ballnagall (the town of the strangers, -or English). For the further elucidation of these words _v._ _Irish -Names of Places_, by Dr. Joyce, and _Words and Places_, by the Rev. -Isaac Taylor. The words _Gaill_ and _Gallda_ are applied by the -Highlanders of Scotland to their countrymen in the Lowlands, but they -have no connection with the name which they apply to themselves--_The -Gaidheil_, derived from an ancestor _Gaodal_. - -[Sidenote: WANG (Ger. and A.S.),] - -a field or strip of land, allied to the Scottish _whang_, a slice; -_e.g._ Feuchtwang (moist field); Duirwangen (barren field); Ellwangen, -anc. _Ellhenwang_ (the field of the temple, _eleh_ or _alhs_); -Affolterwangen (apple-tree field); Wangford (the ford of the _wang_). - -[Sidenote: WARA (Sansc.),] - -a dwelling; _e.g._ Kattiwar (the dwelling of the Katties, a tribe); -Judwar (of the Juts or Jats); Kishtewar (the dwelling in the wood). -In Anglo-Saxon _wara_ means inhabitants--thus _Lindiswaras_ (the -inhabitants of Lincoln; _Cantwara_, of Kent). - -[Sidenote: WARD, WART, WARTH (Teut.),] - -a watch-tower or beacon, or a place guarded, A.S. _waerdian_, Ger. -_warten_, to guard--_waering_, a fortification; _e.g._ Hohenwarth, -Lat. _Altaspecula_ (the high watch-tower); Warburg (the town of the -watch-tower), in Westphalia. In England: Warden, Wardle, Wardley -(guarded places, or places where the warden of the district resided); -Wardlaw (the beacon hill); Wardoe (beacon island), in Norway; Warwick, -_i.e._ _Waering-vic_ (the fortified dwelling, or the fort of the -_Waerings_); Wöerden or Warden (the fortified place), in Holland; -Vordhill, in Shetland, and Varberg, in Sweden (the hill of the -beacon); Warthill, or beacon hill, in Westmoreland; Warburton, found -as _Wardeburgh_ (the town near the watch-fort)--here Athelfreda, Oueen -of Mercia, built a citadel; Warrington (the town with the fortress, -_waering_); Gross-wardein, the German rendering of _Nagy varad_, Sclav. -(great fortress). From _guardar_, Span. (to defend), we have Guardamar -(the sea guard, with a hill-fort at the mouth of the R. Segura); La -Guardia (built as a defence against the incursions of the Moors); -Guardia-regia (royal fortress); Leeuwarden, anc. _Lienwarden_ (the -guarded place near lime-trees), in the Netherlands. - -[Sidenote: WARID, WERID (Old Ger.), -WERDER (Mod. Ger.),] - -a river island, or sometimes a plot of ground insulated by marshes -and secured by dykes. It often takes the forms of _werth_ or _wirth_, -cognate with the A.S. _worth_ or _worthing_, _qu. v._; _e.g._ -Bischopswerder (the bishop’s island); Elsterwerder, Saarwerder (the -islands in the Rivers Elster and Saar); Donauworth (the island in the -R. Danube); Kirchwerder (church island); Marienwerder (the island or -enclosure dedicated to the Virgin Mary); Falconswaart (the falcon’s -enclosure), in Holland; Poppenwarth (the priest’s enclosure); Werden, -Werder, Wertheim (dwellings near river islands); Worth (the enclosed -place), in Bavaria; Worth-sur-Sauer (the enclosure on the R. Sauer); -Nonnenwerth (the nun’s enclosure); Furstenwerder (the prince’s -island); Verden (near a large island formed by the R. Aller), in -Hanover; Verderbruch (the island bridge); Bolswaard (Bolswine’s -river island), in Holland; Wertingen (a town on an island in the -R. Schmutter); Schönwerder (beautiful island on the R. Unstruth); -Werth-sur-Sauer, in Alsace (on an island formed by the Rivers Sauer -and Soultzbach); Borumeler-Waard (an island near the town of Berumel), -in Holland, formed by the junction of the Rivers Waal and Maas; but -Hoyerswerda, in Silesia, is a corruption of the Wendish name _Worejze_ -(the town on the ploughed land). - -[Sidenote: WARK, VIRKI (Scand.),] - -a fortress; _e.g._ Wark, in Dumfriesshire, Warke Castle, on the -Scottish border; Warkthwaite (the enclosure belonging to the fortress), -in Cumberland; Aldwark (old fortress); Newark, in Nottingham and in -Selkirk (the new fortress); Southwark (the south fortress); Warksburn, -Warkton, Warkworth (places named from their vicinity to Warke Castle), -in Northumberland. - -[Sidenote: WASSER, WAZAR (Teut.), -WODA (Sclav.),] - -water; _e.g._ Rothwasser (a town on the red river); Schwartzwasser -(black water); Whiteadder (white water), river names; Ullswater -(named from Ulla or Ulf, a Norse chief); Wasserburg, in Bavaria, on -the R. Inn, and Wasserburg on Lake Constance (the town on the water); -Waterloo (the watery marsh); Wasserbillig (the plain by the river); -Zwishenwassern (between the waters, at the confluence of two streams), -in Illyria; Altwasser, Sclav. _Starawoda_ (the old stream), in Moravia. -The ancient name of the R. Odra was _Wodra_ (water). - -[Sidenote: WEG (Ger.), -WAAG (Dutch), -WAEG (A.S.),] - -a way, a road, cognate with the Lat. _via_; _e.g._ Wegefurt and Wayford -(the way to the ford); Bradenwaag, (broad way); Lichtenweg (the cleared -road); Wegmühle (mill road); Wainfleet (the way by the harbour); -Wakefield (the field by the wayside); Norway, A.S. _Norwaegas_ (the -northern districts or paths); Courbevoie, Lat. _Curba-via_ (the curbed -way), in France. - -[Sidenote: WEIDE (Ger.), -WEOD (A.S.),] - -pasture; _e.g._ Langenweid (the long pasture); Rathsweide (the -councillor’s pasture); Neuweid (new pasture); Mittweyda (the middle -pasture). - -[Sidenote: WEILER (Ger.),] - -a hamlet, Old Ger. _wila_; _e.g._ Kleinweil (the little hamlet); -Kurzweil (short hamlet); Langweil (long hamlet), Pfaffwyl (the priest’s -hamlet); Weiller, in Alsace, Echzell, in Hesse-Darmstadt, corrupt. from -_Achizwila_ (the hamlet on the water); Eschweiler (the hamlet near -ash-trees); Dettweiler (the hamlet of the diet, or people’s meeting); -Rappersweil (the hamlet of Rappert, a personal name); Rothwell, in -Baden, anc. _Rotwili_ (red hamlet). In England this word takes the -form of _well_ or _will_, as in Kittlewell and Bradwell. In Normandy, -Hardvilliers, Rohrwiller, Neuviller, etc. - -[Sidenote: WEIR (A.S.),] - -a dam, that which wards off the water, _wearan_, A.S., to guard; _e.g._ -Ware, in Co. Hertford, named from a dam on the R. Lea, made by the -Danes; Wareham (the town on the Weir), in Dorsetshire; Warminster (the -monastery near the weir.) - -[Sidenote: WEISS (Ger.), -HWIT (A.S.), -HVID (Scand.),] - -white; _e.g._ Weisshorn (white cape); Weissmaes (white field); -Weissenberg and Weissenfels (white rock); Weissenburg and Weissenstadt -(white town); Weissenthurm (white tower). Sometimes the word takes the -form of _witten_, as in Wittenberg and Wittenburg (white fortress), -although this prefix is frequently derived from _vitu_, wood; Whitacre -(white field); Whitburne, Whitbourne, Whitbeck (white stream); Witley -(white meadow); Whiston, in Worcester, so named because it was -originally a convent of _white_ nuns. - -[Sidenote: WEND, WIND,] - -words applied in German topography to mark the settlements of the Wends -or Sclavonians, from the verb _wandeln_, to wander. The Sclavonians -call themselves _Slowjane_, which means intelligible men, or _Srb_, -which means _kinsmen_; while, by all the Sclavonic tribes, the -Germans are called _niemiec_, the dumb men, because their language -is unintelligible to their Sclavonic neighbours. The Wends in the -sixth century occupied the north-eastern parts of Germany, but are -now chiefly confined to Lusatia; _e.g._ Wendischbach (the Wends’ -brook); Wendischhausen and Windsheim (the dwellings of the Wends); -Wendischgratz (the Wends’ fortress); Wendischkappel (the Wends’ -chapel or church); Windecken and Wendischhayn (the Wends’ corner and -enclosure). - -[Sidenote: WERBA (Sclav.),] - -pasture; _e.g._ Werben, on the Elbe. - -[Sidenote: WERCH (Sclav.),] - -a summit; _e.g._ Werchau (the town on the height), in Prussia; -Werch-see (the lake on the height); Werchne-Udinsk (the height on -the R. Uda); Verkne-Dnieprevosk (the high town on the R. Dnieper); -Werchne-Uralish, on the R. Ural; Verkne-Kolynski, on the R. Kolyma; -Verkne-Sousensk, on the R. Sosna; Werchblatt (high marsh). - -[Sidenote: WERF, WARF (Teut.),] - -a dam or wharf; literally, what is thrown up--_werfen_; _e.g._ -Werfen (the town on the embankment), in Upper Austria; Antwerp, anc. -_Andoverpum_ (at the wharf); Hohenwerpum (high wharf); Neuwarp (new -wharf). - -[Sidenote: WERK, WEORC (Teut.),] - -a work, applied in topography to places where manufactures are carried -on; _e.g._ _Bergwerk_ (a hill work or mine); Konigswerk (the king’s -manufactory); Hofwerk and Werkhausen (places connected with mines); -Hüttenwerk (the huts of the workmen in the Hartz Mountains); Seifenwerk -(the place for washing the metals at the mines); Frederickswerk (a -cannon foundry in Denmark established by King Frederick); Wirksworth, -in Derbyshire (the enclosure near the mines). - -[Sidenote: WESTEN (Ger.),] - -the west. This word Buttman traces to an old Ger. root _wesen_, Goth. -_visan_ (rest), _i.e._ the quarter of the heavens where the sun sinks -to rest; _e.g._ Westphalia (the western plain); Westerwald (west wood); -Westerufer (the western shore, _i.e._ of the R. Inn); Westhausen and -Westhoffen (the west dwellings and court), in Alsace; Wesen, on the -west shore of Lake Wallensee; Westeraas, in Sweden, anc. _Vestra-aros_ -(western dwelling), so called to distinguish it from Ostra-aros (the -eastern dwelling); Westman’s Isles, Scand. _Vestmanna-eyar_, on the -coast of Iceland, so called because peopled by men from the west--Irish -pirates; Westbury, Westbourn, Weston, Westbrook, from the same root. - -[Sidenote: WICH, WIC, WYK (Teut.), -WICK, VIG (Scand.), -WAS, WIES (Sclav.),] - -a dwelling, a village, a town--a word in general use in the topography -of Great Britain, as well as on the continent, but with various -meanings. According to Leo, the Teut. _wich_ or _vichs_ arose from -the root _waes_, A.S., and _wiese_, Ger. (a moist meadow) and hence -was applied to places situated on low lands, often on the bank of -a stream; _e.g._ Meeswyk (the town on the Maas); Beverwyk, on the -Bever. The primary meaning seems to have been a station--with the -Anglo-Saxons a station or abode on the _land_, with the Norsemen a -station for _ships_. The root of the word runs through all the Aryan -languages--Sansc. _veça_, Grk. _oikos_, Pol. _wies_, Ir. _fieh_, -Cym.-Cel. _qwic_, all meaning an abode; _e.g._ Alnwick (the town on -the R. Alne); Ipswich, anc. _Gippenswich_, on the Gipping; York, A.S. -_Eorvic_, Lat. _Eboracum_, Welsh _Caer-Ebreuc_ (the town on the water, -or R. Eure); Hawick (the town on the haugh or low meadow); Noordwyk -(north town); Nederwyk (lower town); Zuidwyk and Zuick (south town), -in Holland and Belgium; Harwich (army town), so called from having -been a Saxon station or military depot; Keswick (the town of Cissa); -Wickware, in Gloucestershire (the town of the family of De la Ware). -On the other hand, the Scandinavian _wich_ or _vig_ signifies a bay, -or a place situated on the coast, or at the mouth of a river--thus -Schleswick (on a bay formed by the R. Schlie), in Prussia; Wick (the -town on the bay), in Caithness; Sandwich (the town on the sandy bay); -Lerwick (on the muddy bay); Greenwich, Scand. _Granvigen_ (the town on -the pine bay); Reikjavik, in Iceland (the reeky or smoky bay); Vigo -in Spain, and Vaage in Norway (on spacious bays); Swanage, in Dorset, -anc. _Swanwick_ (Sweyen’s bay town); Brodick, in Arran (the broad bay -town); Wicklow, in Ireland, probably Danish _Vigloe_ (bay shelter), -used by the Danes as a ship station; Smerwick (butter bay); Berwick, -contracted from _Aberwick_ (at the mouth of the R. Tweed)--_v._ ABER. -_Wiche_ also denotes a place where there are salt mines or springs, and -in this sense is probably connected with the Scand. _vig_, as salt was -often obtained by the evaporation of sea-water in shallow bays; thus -Nantwich--_v._ NANT; Middlewich (the middle salt works); Droitwich, -Lat. _Salinæ_ (the salt springs, where the _droit_ or tax was paid). -In some cases _wich_ or _wick_ is derived from the Lat. _vicus_, -cognate with the Grk. _oikos_ and Sansc. _veça_ (a dwelling)--thus -Katwyk-sur-mer and Katwyk-sur-Rhin are supposed to occupy the site -of the Roman _Vicus-Cattorum_ (the dwelling-place of the Chatti); -Vick or Vique, in Spain, from _Vicus-Ausoniensis_ (the dwelling of -the Ausones); Vidauban, in France, from _Vicus-Albanus_ (the dwelling -of Albanus); Longwy, from _Longus-vicus_ (long town); Limoges, anc. -_Lemovicum_ (the town of the Lemovici); also in France: Vic-desprès -(the town on the meadows); Vic-sur-Losse and Vic-sur-Aisne, the towns -on these rivers. The Sclav. _wice_ is found in Jazlowice (the town on -the marsh); and Malschwice (Matthew’s town), etc. - -[Sidenote: WIDR, or VITU (Teut. and Scand.),] - -wood; _e.g._ Norwood (north wood); Selwood, Lat. _Sylva-magna_ (great -wood), Celtic _Coitmaur_; Coteswold (from its sheep-cotes, in the -wood); the Wolds, near Wolderness, in Yorkshire; Ringwood, in Hants, -Lat. _Regni-sylva_ (the wood or forest of the _Regni_, a tribe); -Wittstock and Woodstock (woody place); but Wittingau, Wittingen, -Wittgenstein, Wittgensdorf, and other names with this prefix in -Germany, come from the patronymic _Wittick_ or _Wittikind_ (_i.e._ the -children of the woods). In England the same prefix may mean _white_, -as in Witney, or from places where the Saxon _Witangemote_ held their -meetings; Holywood, in Dumfriesshire, Lat. _Abbia sacra nemoris_ (the -abbey of the sacred wood), called by the Irish _Der-Congal_ (the sacred -oak grove of Congal). - -[Sidenote: WIECK, or WIKI (Sclav.),] - -a market especially for corn; _e.g._ Wieck (the market town), the name -of numerous places in the Sclavonic districts; Wikow (the Sclavonic -name for Elsterwerder)--_v._ WARID, etc. - -[Sidenote: WIESE (Ger.), -WAES (A.S.),] - -pasture-ground or meadow; _e.g._ Pfaffenwiese (the priest’s meadow); -Schaafwiese (sheep pasture); Wiesbaden (the meadow baths); the Wash -(near moist pasture-ground); Wismar (beautiful or rich meadow), -in Mecklenburg; Wiesflech (the hamlet in the meadow pasture); -Ziegelwasen (the goat’s meadow); Wisheim (the dwelling in the meadow or -pasture-ground). - -[Sidenote: WILIG (A.S.),] - -the willow; _e.g._ Wilcrick (willow crag); Wilden (willow hollow); but -Willoughby and Willoughton, probably from a personal name. - -[Sidenote: WIN (A.S.),] - -victory; _e.g._ Winford, Winslow, Wingrave, Wimborne (the ford, hill, -entrenchment, and brook of the victory). - -[Sidenote: WINKEL (Ger.), -WINCEL (A.S.),] - -a corner; _e.g._ Winceby (corner dwelling); Winchcomb (the corner -hollow); Winchelsea (the island or moist land at the corner); -Winchendon (corner hill); Winkleigh (corner meadow); Winkelhorst -(corner thicket); Winkeldorf (corner village); Winklarn (the waste -field at the corner). - -[Sidenote: WISCH, or OSSICK,] - -contracted from the Sclav. _hussoki_ (high); _e.g._ Wissek, Weissagh, -Wisowice or Wisowitz, Ossiegt, and Ossagh (high village); Wischhrad -(high fortress); Wisoki-mazo-wieck (the high middle market-town), in -Poland; but in Germany _wisch_ is sometimes a form of _wiese_ (meadow), -as in Wischmühle (the meadow mill); Wischhausen (the dwelling in the -meadow); Essek, for _Ossick_ (high place), in Sclavonia. - -[Sidenote: WITHIG (A.S.),] - -the willow; _e.g._ Witham, Withern (willow dwelling); Withybrook -(willow stream); Withridge (willow ridge). - -[Sidenote: WOH (A.S.),] - -a turning; _e.g._ Woburn, Wooburn (the bend of the stream); Woking -(the turning at the chink or chine). - -[Sidenote: WOL (Sclav.),] - -the ox; _e.g._ Wolgast (the oxen’s shed); Wohlau (an enclosure for -oxen), a town in Prussia which carries on a great trade in cattle; -Wollin (the place of oxen), at the mouth of the R. Oder. - -[Sidenote: WOLSCHA, or OELZA (Sclav.),] - -the alder-tree; _e.g._ Wolschau, Wolschen, Wolsching, Wolschinka (the -place abounding in alders); the Sclavonic name for the R. Elster is -_Wolshinka_ (the river of alders); Oels, in Silesia, on the Oelse -(alder-tree stream); Oelsen and Olsenice (the village of alder-trees); -Olsnitz (the town on Elster, or alder stream). - -[Sidenote: WOLV, or WOL,] - -a prefix sometimes employed with reference to the wolf, as in -Wolvesley (the wolves’ island), where a tribute of wolves’ heads was -paid annually by the Britons to the Saxons, by order of King Edgar. -Sometimes as a contraction for _wold_ (the waste land), as in Wolford, -Wolborough, Woldingham, Wooler, and in Woolverton; but it comes often -also from a personal name, as in Wolfhamcote, Wulferlow, Wolferton -(from Ulp or Wulfhern). - -[Sidenote: WORTH, or WEORTHING (A.S.),] - -a farm, manor, or estate, a place warded or protected, A.S. _warian_ -(to defend); cognate with the Ger. _warid_ or _werder_; _e.g._ Worthing -in Sussex, Worthen in Salop, Worthy and Worting in Hants, Worthington -in Lancashire (the farm or manor); Highworth (high manor); Kenilworth -(the estate of Kenelm); Bosworth (of Bosa); Edgeworth (the estate on -the border); Edgeware, anc. _Edgeworth_, same meaning; Polwarth (the -estate on the marshy land), a parish in Berwickshire; Ravenworth (the -manor of Hrafen); Rickmansworth (of Rickman); Tamworth (the manor), -on R. Tam; Wandsworth, on the R. Wandle; Worksworth (the place near -the miner’s works); Chatsworth (the manor in the wood), Celtic _coed_; -Hammersmith, corrupt. from _Hermoderworth_ (the manor of Hermode). - -[Sidenote: WURZE (Ger.), -WYRT (A.S.),] - -an herb, a plant; _wyrtun_, a garden; _e.g._ Wurtzburg, anc. -_Herbipolis_ (the city of plants); Wortley (the place or field of -herbs); Warton (the garden). - - - Y - -[Sidenote: YEN (Chinese),] - -salt; _e.g._ Yen-shan (salt hill); Yen-yuen (salt spring). - -[Sidenote: YENI (Turc.),] - -new; _e.g._ Yenidja-Vardar (the new fortress), anc. _Pella_; -Yenidya-Carasu (the new place on the black water); Yenikale (the -new castle); Yenikhan (new inn); Yeniseisk (the new town on the R. -Yenisei); Yenishehr (the new dwelling); Yeni-Bazar (new market); -Yenikoi (new village); Yeni-Hissar (new castle). - - - Z - -[Sidenote: ZAB (Ar.),] - -a fountain; _e.g._ Great and Little Zab, in Turkey. - -[Sidenote: ZARNY, or CZERNY (Sclav.),] - -black; _e.g._ Zschorne (black town); Sornosche-Elster, _i.e._ the black -R. Elster; Zschornegosda (black inn); Zarnowice, Zarnowitz, Sarne, -Sarnow, Sarnowo, Sarnaki (black village). - -[Sidenote: ZERENY, or CZERENY (Sclav.),] - -red; _e.g._ Tscherna (the red river); Tscherniz or Zerniz (red town); -Tzernagora (red mountain). - -[Sidenote: ZERKWA (Sclav.),] - -a Greek church, from the Grk. _kuriake_; a Romish church in their -language is called _kosciol_; a Protestant church, _zbor_; _e.g._ -Zerkowo, Zerkowitz, Zerkwitz (the town of the Greek church). - -[Sidenote: ZETTEL (Sclav.),] - -from _sedal_ (Ger.), a seat or settlement; _e.g._ Brockzettel (the -settlement or seat on the broken-up land); Endzettel (the settlement at -the corner); Weinzettel (the wine settlement). - -[Sidenote: ZI (Old Fr.),] - -a habitation; _e.g._ Sussi (the habitation on high ground); Issy (the -dwelling, _here_, or on low ground); Passy (the dwelling near the -boat--_bac_ or _bad_). - - - - - INDEX - - _A few Names which do not occur in the body of the Work are explained - in the Index._ - - - A - - Abbeville, 4 - - Abbeyfeale, 4 - - Abbeyleix and Abbeyshrule, 4 - - Abyssinia, named from the Rivers Abai and Wabash, or, according to - Bruce, from _habish_ (mixed), _i.e._ the country of the - mixed races - - Acapulca, 9 - - Acre, anc. _Accho_, Ar. the sultry or sandy shore - - Adelsberg, the nobles’ fortress - - Aden, Ar. a paradise - - Afium-kara-hissar, Turc. the black castle of opium - - Agades, the enclosure - - Agde, in France, Grk. _Agathos_, the good place, founded by - Greeks from Marseilles - - Aghrim, or Aughrim, 67 - - Agosta, Lat. _Augusta_ - - Agra, 2 - - Airdrie, 10 - - Aix, 9 - - Aix-la-Chapelle, 9 - - Akerman, Turc. (white castle) - - Akhalzk, new fortress - - Alabama, the land of rest - - Alagous Bay (abounding in lakes) - - Aland, water land - - Albania, 7 - - Albert, in Cape Colony, named after the Prince Consort - - Albuera, Ar. the lake - - Albuquerque, Lat. the white oak-tree - - Alcala, Ar. the castle, 114 - - Alcantara, 6 - - Alcarez, Ar. the farm - - Aldershott, 107 - - Alemtayo (beyond the R. Tagus) - - Aleutian Islands, the bold rocks - - Alexandria and Alexandretta, named after Alexander the Great - - Alexandria, in Cape Colony, in honour of Queen Victoria - - Alexandria, in Italy, after Pope Alexander III. - - Alhama, 100 - - Alleghany Mountains, from a tribe - - Alloa, the way to the sea - - Almaden, Ar. the mine - - Almanza, Ar. the plain - - Almanzor, Ar. victorious - - Almeida, Ar. the table - - Altona, called by the Hamburgians _All-zu-nah_, _i.e._ - (all too near), in allusion to its vicinity to Hamburg - - Alyth, the ascent or slope - - America, named after the Florentine adventurer Amerigo-Vespucci - - Angora, anc. Ancyra - - Annam (the place of the South) - - Anstruther, 179 - - Antrim (at the elder trees) - - Antwerp, 208 - - Aoasta, Lat. _Augusta_ - - Apennine Mountains, 154 - - Appenzel, 4 - - Appleby, 37 - - Applecross, 3 - - Aranjues, Lat. _Ara Jovis_, the altar of Jove - - Aravali Mountain, the hill of strength - - Arbois, anc. _Arborosa_, the woody place - - Arbroath, 3 - - Archangel, named in honour of the Archangel Michael - - Archipelago, the chief sea - - Arcos, anc. _Argobriga_, the town on the bend - - Ardeche, now Ardoix, in France, from _ardoise_, slate - - Ardee, in Ireland, on the R. Dee, now the Nith - - Ardeen and Ardennes, 10, 11 - - Ardfert, 10 - - Ardrossan, 10 - - Argos, the plain - - Argyle, 150 - - Arles, Cel. _Ar-laeth_, the marshy land - - Armagh, _i.e._ _Ardmacha_, Macha’s height - - Armorica, 143 - - Arras, named from the _Atrebates_ - - Arthur Seat, in Edinburgh, Gael. _Ard-na-said_, _i.e._ - the height of the arrows, meaning a convenient ground to shoot - from - - Ascension Island, so named because discovered on Ascension Day - - Asperne, 11 - - Aspropotamo, Modern Grk. (the white river) - - Assouan, Ar. the opening at the mouth of the Nile - - Astrakan, named after a Tartar king - - Astura R., 199 - - Asturias, 12 - - Attica, Grk. the promontory - - Aubusson, 36 - - Auch, named after the _Ausci_, a tribe - - Auchinleck, 5 - - Auckland, 5 - - Audlem, 7 - - Augsburg, 35 - - Aurillac, supposed to have been named after the Emperor Aurelian - - Auriol, anc. _Auriolum_, the golden or magnificent - - Austerlitz, 151 - - Australia, the southern land - - Austria, 164 - - Autun, 69 - - Auvergne, the high country, 11 - - Ava, or Awa, named from _angwa_, a fish-pond - - Avignon, 14 - - Avranches, named from the _Abrincatui_ - - Awe, Loch, 2 - - Azores Isles, Port. the islands of hawks - - - B - - Baalbec, 15 - - Babelmandeb Strait, 15 - - Bactria, Pers. the east country - - Badajos, corrupt. from Lat. _Pax Augusta_ - - Baden, 15 - - Baffin’s Bay, named in honour of the discoverer - - Bagdad, 16 - - Bahar, corrupt. from _Vihar_, a Buddhist monastery - - Bahia, Port. the bay, 16 - - Bahr-el-Abiad, 17 - - Bahrein, 17 - - Baikal, the rich sea - - Baireuth, 162 - - Bakewell, 162 - - Bakhtchisarai, the palace of the gardens - - Bala (river head), in Wales - - Balachulish, 17 - - Balaclava, 21 - - Bala-Ghauts, 18 - - Bala-hissar, 18 - - Balasore, 18 - - Balbriggan, Brecan’s bridge - - Balearic Isles, because their inhabitants were skilful in the use - of the sling (_Balla_, Grk. to throw) - - Balfour, 17 - - Balkan, 18 - - Balkh, 18 - - Ballantrae, the dwelling on the sea-shore, 196 - - Ballater, 125 - - Ballina, corrupt. from _Bel-atha_, ford mouth, 21 - - Ballingry, the town of the king--_v._ BAILE - - _Note._--For Scotch or Irish names beginning with _bal_ or _bally_, - _v._ BAILE or BEAL, pp. 17 and 21 - - Ballintra, 196 - - Balloch, 22 - - Ballycastle, castle-town--_v._ 17 - - Ballymena, 17 - - Ballymoney, 17 - - Ballyshannon, 22 - - Balmaghie, 18 - - Balmaklellan, the town of the Maclellans, 18 - - Balmerino, 17 - - Balmoral, 17 - - Balquhidder, the town at the back of the country - - Balta and Baltia, the country of the belts or straits, the ancient - name of Scandinavia, 18 - - Banbury, 35 - - Banchory, the fair valley - - Banchory-Devenick and Banchory-Ternan, named in honour of two - saints who lived there - - Banda-Oriental, the eastern bank of the Rio-de-la-Plata - - Banff, 34 - - Bangor, 23 - - Banjarmassin, from _bender_, a harbour, and _masing_, - usual, or from _banjer_, water, and _massin_, salt - - Banks Islands and Banks Land, named in honour of Sir Joseph Banks - - Bantry, Ir. _Beantraighe_, _i.e._ belonging to the - descendants of Beann, of the royal race of Ulster - - Barbadoes, Port. the island of pines - - Barbary, the country of the Berbers - - Barbuda, the island of the bearded men, so named by the Portuguese - - Barcelona, named from Hamilcar Barca, who founded it - - Bardhwan, Pers. the thriving place - - Bardsey, 72 - - Barfleur, 81 - - Bar-le-Duc, 19 - - Barnstaple, 152 - - Barrow, 19 - - Barrow Strait, named in honour of Sir John Barrow - - Barton, 194 - - Basque Provinces, from _bassoco_, a mountaineer, or, according - to Humboldt, from _basoa_, a forest - - Bass Strait, named after Bass, a navigator - - Basse Terre, low land - - Bassora, or Bozra, the fortress - - Batavia, 108 - - Bath, 16 - - Battersea, 71 - - Battle and Buittle, 27 - - Bautzen, 33 - - Bavaria, the country of the Boii - - Bayeux, named from the _Bajoccas_, a tribe - - Bayonne, 17 - - Beachy Head, 19 - - Beauley and Beaulieu, 21 - - Beaumaris, 21 - - Beauvais, named from the _Bellovacii_ - - Bedford, 82 - - Bednore, 151 - - Beersheba, 20 - - Behring Strait, so named by Captain Cook in honour of Behring, a - Russian navigator - - Beinn, Ben, etc., a mountain, 22 - - Beira, Port. the river-bank - - Beja, corrupt. from the Lat. _Pax-Julia_ - - Belfast, 22 - - Belgium, named from the Belgae - - Belgrade, 21 - - Belize, named after a person called Wallace - - Bell Rock or Inch Cape, a reef of rocks south-east from Arbroath, - so called from the lighthouse which was erected on it in 1811, - previous to which the monks of Arbroath caused a bell to be - suspended upon it so as to be rung by the waves, and thus give - warning to mariners - - Belleisle, 21 - - Bellie, the mouth of the ford - - Belper, 21 - - Beluchistan, 182 - - Benares, named from the names of the two rivers on which it is - situated - - Bender, etc., 23 - - Beni, etc., 23 - - Benin, corrupt. from Lat. _benignus_, blessed - - Berbice, at the mouth of the R. Berbice - - Berdiansk, 176 - - Berg and its derivatives, 23 - - Bergamo, on a hill - - Berhampore, 160 - - Berkeley, 25 - - Berkshire, 25 - - Berlin, perhaps from Sclav. _berle_, uncultivated ground, but - uncertain - - Bermudas Isles, named after the discoverer Juan Bermudez - - Berriew, corrupt. from _Aber-Rhiw_, at the mouth of the R. - Rhiw, in Wales, 3 - - Bervie, 112 - - Berwick, 209 - - Berwyn, 19 - - Beveland, 122 - - Beverley, 25 - - Bewdley, 21 - - Beyrout, 20 - - Bhagulpore, 160 - - Bhurtpore, 160 - - Bicester, corrupt. from _Birincester_, _i.e._ the - fortress of Birin, Bishop of Gloucester - - Bideford, by the ford - - Biela-Tsorkov, white church - - Bielgorod, white fortress - - Bielorietzk, 176 - - Biggar, the soft land - - Bilbao, under the hill - - Bingley, the field of Bing, the original proprietor - - Bir, 20 - - Birkdale, the birch valley - - Birkenhead and Birkhampstead, 25 - - Birmingham, 99 - - Biscaya and Bay of Biscay, named from the Basques, which, according - to Humboldt, means forest dwellers - - Bishop-Auckland, so called from the number of oaks that grew here, - and from the manor having belonged to the bishops of Durham - - Black Sea, perhaps so called from its frequent storms and fogs. The - Greeks called it Euxine, from _euxinos_, hospitable, - disliking its original name, Axinos, inhospitable - - Blaen and its derivatives, 26 - - Blair and its derivatives, 26 - - Blantyre, the warm retreat - - Bodmin, 27 - - Bohemia, 100 - - Bois-le-Duc, the duke’s wood - - Bokhara, the treasury of sciences, the chief town in a state of the - same name - - Bolivia, named after its liberator Bolivar - - Bologna and Boulogne, named from the Boii - - Bombay, named after an Indian goddess Bombé, but translated by the - Portuguese into _Bom-bahia_, good bay - - Bordeaux, 9 - - Bornholm, 127 - - Borovsk, 28 - - Borrowstounness, 145 - - Bosphorus, Grk. the passage of the bull - - Bourges, named from the _Bituriges_ - - Brabant, 18 - - Bramapootra R., the offspring of Brahma - - Brazil, named from the colour of its dye-woods, _braza_, Port. - a live coal - - Breadalbane, 29 - - Brecknock, the hill of Brecon or Brychan, a Welsh prince - - Breda, 29 - - Breslaw, named after King _Vratis-law_ - - Breton, Cape, discovered by mariners from Brittany - - Bridgenorth, 31 - - Bridgewater, 31 - - Brieg, 29 - - Brighton, corrupt. from _Brighthelmston_, from a personal name - - Bristol, 183 - - Britain: the Cym.-Cel. root _brith_, to paint, is supposed by - some to be the root of the word; the British poets called it - _Inis gwyn_, white island, which answers to the Roman name - _Albion_ - - Brixton, 31 - - Brodick, 209 - - Brody, 30 - - Brooklyn, in New York, Dutch, the broken-up land - - Bruges, 31 - - Brunswick, 172 - - Brussels, 30 - - Brzesce-Litewski, 28 - - Bucharest, the city of enjoyment - - Buckingham, a tribe name, or the dwelling among beeches, 33 - - Buda, 33 - - Budweis, 33 - - Buenos-Ayres, 28 - - Builth, 8 - - Bungay, 95 - - Burgos, 36 - - Burslem, Burward’s dwelling in the clayey soil, _leim_ - - Bury, 34 - - Bushire, 174 - - Bute, 33 - - Buttermere, 136 - - Buxton, 33 - - - C - - Cabeza-del-Buey, 117 - - Cabrach, the timber-moss, a parish in Co. Banff - - Cader-Idris, the chair of Idris, in Wales - - Cadiz, 86 - - Cahors, named from the _Cadurci_ - - Cairo, Ar. _Al-kahirah_, the victorious - - Calahorra, 114 - - Calais, 39 - - Calatayud, 114 - - Calcutta, 88 - - California is supposed to have taken its name from an old romance, - in which this name was given to an imaginary island filled with - gold, and Cortes applied the name to the whole district - - Callander, the corner of the water--_v._ DUR - - The Calf of Man. The word _calf_ was frequently used by the - Norsemen for a smaller object in relation to a larger--_i.e._ - the small island off Man - - Calvados, named from one of the vessels of the Spanish Armada, - wrecked on the coast of France - - Cambay, anc. _Khumbavati_, the city of the pillar - - Cambuskenneth, 39 - - Canada, Ind. _Kannahta_, a collection of huts - - Candahar, named after Alexander the Great - - Candia, Ar. _Khandæ_, the trench island - - Cannes, 40 - - Cannoch, _i.e._ _cann_, bright, and _oich_, water, - the ancient name of the spot on which Conway Castle stands - - Canopus was called by the Egyptians the city of Kneph, a god - - Cantal, the head of the rock, 41 - - Canton, _i.e._ _Kwang Chou_, the metropolis - - Cantyre or Kintyre, 45 - - Capri and Caprera, the islands of wild goats - - Cardigan, named after its ancient king Ceredig, and is therefore - corrupted from _Ceredigion_ - - Carew, 38 - - Carlingford, 39 - - Carlisle, 38 - - Carlow, 129 - - Carlscroone, 118 - - Carlshamm, Charles’s haven, 97 - - Carluke, 39 - - Carmel, Heb. the fruitful field - - Carmichael, 39 - - Carnac, 41 - - Carnatic, named from the _Carnates_, a tribe - - Carniola, 41 - - Carolina, U.S., named after Charles II. - - Caroline Isles, named after Carlos II. of Spain - - Carpathian Mountains, from _Chrabat_, a mountain range - - Carrantuohill, Ir. the reversed reaping-hook, the highest mountain - in Ireland - - Carthage, 86 - - Carthagena, 86 - - Casale, 42 - - Cashel, 42 - - Caspian Sea, named from the _Caspii_, a tribe - - Cassel, 42 - - Castile, 42 - - Catania, Phœn. the little city - - Cattegat, 88 - - Caucasus, 147 - - Cavan, 44 - - Caxamarca in Peru, the place of frost - - Cefalu, 46 - - Cephalonia, 46 - - Cerigo, anc. _Cythera_, the harp-shaped - - Cerro--_v._ SIERRA - - Cevennes, 46 - - Ceylon, 65 - - Chambery, the bend of the water, on the R. Leysse, in France - - Chamouni, 40 - - Champlain, named from the Governor-General of Canada in the - seventeenth century - - Charles Cape, named after Baby Charles in the reign of James I. - - Charlestown, named after Charles II. - - Chatham, 55 - - Chaumont, 39 - - Chelsea, 46 - - Chemnitz, 114 - - Chepstow, 47 - - Chester, 43 - - Cheviot Hills, 46 - - Chilham, 99 - - Chiltern Hills, 11 - - China, probably named from the dynasty of Thsin in the third - century B.C. - - Chippenham, 47 - - Chiusa, 116 - - Christchurch, in Hants, anc. _Twinam-burne_, between two - streams, and afterwards named from a church and priory founded - by the W. Saxons in the reign of Edward the Confessor - - Christiana, named after Christian IV. of Sweden - - Ciudad, 49 - - Civita-Vecchia, 49 - - Clackmannan, 49 - - Clameny, 109 - - Clare Co., 50 - - Cleveland, 50 - - Cleves, 50 - - Clifton, 50 - - Clitheroe, 50 - - Clogheen, 49 - - Clonakilty, 50 - - Clones, 50 - - Clontarf, 50 - - Closeburn, 48 - - Cloyne, 50 - - Coblentz, 54 - - Cochin, _kochi_, a morass - - Cockburnspath, in Berwickshire, corrupt. from _Colbrand’s Path_ - - Cognac, the corner of the water - - Coire or Chur, 56 - - Colberg, 31 - - Coleraine, 58 - - Colmar, Lat. _Collis-Martis_, the hill of Mars - - Colombo, corrupt. from _Kalan-Totta_, the ferry on the Kalawa - Ganga - - Colonna, Cape, 117 - - Como, Lake, 54 - - Comorin, Cape, named from a temple to the goddess Durga - - Compostella, Santiago de, corrupt. from _Sanctus Jacobus - Apostolus_, so called from a legend that the Apostle James was - buried there - - Comrie, at the confluence of three rivers, in Perthshire, 53 - - Condé, 33 - - Congleton, 33 - - Connaught, anc. _Conaicht_, the territory of the descendants - of Conn of the hundred battles - - Connecticut, Ind. _Qunnitukut_, the country on the long river - - Connemara, 144 - - Constance, Lake, 172 - - Copeland Isle, 47 - - Copenhagen, 47 - - Corbridge, 56 - - Cork, 54 - - Cornwall, 54 - - Coromandel, corrupt. from _Cholomandala_, the district of the - _Cholas_, a tribe - - Corrientes, Span. the currents - - Corryvreckan, 52 - - Corsica, the woody - - Corunna, corrupt. from _Columna_, the pillars, in allusion to - a tower of Hercules - - Cosenza, Lat. _Cosentia_, the confluence - - Cotswold Hills, 52 - - Cottian Alps, named after a Celtic chief - - Coutance and Cotantin, named after the Emperor Constantius - - Coventry, 196 - - Cowal, in Ayrshire, named after King Coill - - Cowes, 45 - - Cracow, the town of Krak, Duke of Poland - - Cramond, 38 - - Crathie, 56 - - Cremona, anc. _Cremonensis-ager_, the field named from a tribe - - Crewe, 56 - - Crewkerne, 56 - - Crieff, Gael. _Craobh_, a tree - - Croagh-Patrick, 56 - - Croatia, 109 - - Cromar, the heart of Mar, a district in Aberdeenshire - - Cronstadt, 118 - - Croydon, 70 - - CRUG, as prefix, 58 - - Cuença, Lat. _concha_, a shell - - Cueva-de-Vera, 45 - - Culebra R., the snake river - - Cumberland, 122 - - Cumbernauld, 53 - - Cumbraes Isles and Cumbrian Mountains, named after the _Cymbri_ - - Cundinamarca, named after an Indian goddess - - Curaçoa, named from a kind of bird - - Currie, 56 - - Cuzeo, the centre, in Peru - - CWM, as prefix--_v._ 53, at COMBE - - Cyclades Isles, Grk. _kuklos_, a circle - - Cyprus, perhaps named from the herb _kupros_, with which it - abounded, called by the Greeks _Cerastes_, the horned - - Czernowitz, Sclav. black town - - - D - - Dacca, Sansc. _Da-akka_, the hidden goddess, from a statue of - Durga found there - - Dantzic, Danish fort, 61 - - Daventry, 196 - - Daviot, 6 - - Dax, 9 - - Deal, 59 - - Deccan, Sansc. _Dakshina_, the south land - - Delft, 62 - - Delhi, Sansc. _dahal_, a quagmire - - Denbigh, 64 - - Denmark, 134 - - Deptford, 54 - - Derbend, the shut-up gates or the difficult pass - - Derry or Londonderry, 61 - - Derwent R., 70 - - Desaguadero R., Span. the drain - - Detmold, 64 - - Détroit, the strait between Lake St. Clair and Lake Erie - - Devizes, anc. _de vies_, denoting a place where two ways met - - Devonshire, 64 - - Dhawalagiri Mountain, 90 - - Dieppe, 54 - - Digne, 64 - - Dijon, 69 - - Dinan and Dinant, 54 - - Dingle, 58 - - Dingwall, 190 - - Dinkelsbuhl, 33 - - Dmitrov, the town of St. Demetrius - - Dnieper R., _i.e._ _Don-ieper_, upper river - - Dniester, _Don-iester_, lower river Don - - Doab, 2 - - Dole, 59 - - Dolgelly, 60 - - Dominica Isle, so named because discovered on Sunday, _i.e._ - _Dies Dominica_ - - Donagh, as prefix, 65 - - Dondra Head, 65 - - Donegall, 69 - - Donnybrook, 65 - - Doon R., 14 - - Dorchester, 44 - - Dorking, 70 - - Dornoch, 66 - - Dorset, 173 - - Dort or Dordrecht, 66 - - Douglas, 91 - - Douro R., 70 - - Dover, anc. _Dubris_, or anc. Brit. _Dufy-rraha_ - - Dovrefield Mountains, 78 - - Downpatrick, 68 - - Downs, The, 69 - - Drachenfels, 78 - - Drenthe, 18 - - Dresden, Sclav. _Drezany_, the haven - - Dreux, named from the _Durocasses_ - - Drogheda, 66 - - Drohobicz, Sclav. the woody place - - Droitwich, 209 - - Dromore, 67 - - Drontheim, 99 - - Dryburgh, 62 - - Dubicza, 68 - - Dublin, 126 - - Dubro, 57 - - Dumbarton, 68 - - Dumfries, 68 - - Dungeness, 145 - - Dunkirk, 70 - - Dunluce, 128 - - Dunse, now Duns, 70 - - Dunstable, 182 - - Durham, 106 - - Durrow, 62 - - Dynevor, 64 - - Dyrrachium, Grk. the place with the dangerous breakers, _Dus_ and - _rachia_ - - Dysart, 63 - - - E - - Eaglesham, church hamlet - - Ecclefechan, the church of St. Fechan - - Eccleshall, 72 - - Ecija, 12 - - Ecuador, _i.e._ on the equator - - Edessa, 73 - - Edfou, corrupt. from _Atbo_, the Coptic synonym for _Hut_, - the throne of Horus - - Edinburgh, 68 - - Edom, the red land - - Egripo or Negropont, 159 - - Ehrenbreitstein, 181 - - Eichstadt, Ger. oak town - - Eiger, the giant, in Switzerland - - Eisenach, 74 - - Eisenberg, 74 - - Elbing, named from the river on which it stands - - Elbœuf, 37 - - Elché, 109 - - Elgin, named after Helgyn, a Norwegian chief, about A.D. 927 - - Elimo or Elath, the trees - - Elizabeth, county in New York, named from the daughter of James I. - - Elizabethgrad, 94 - - Elmina, Ar. the mine - - Elphin, Ir. _Aill-finn_, the rock of the clear spring - - Elsinore, 150 - - Elster R., the alder-tree stream - - Elstow, 183 - - Elvas, anc. _Alba_, Basque, the place on the steep hill, _alboa_ - - Ely, 71 - - Emden, 69 - - Empoli, corrupt. from the Lat. _emporium_, the market-place - - Enkhuizen, 75 - - Ennis, 111 - - Enniskillen, 111 - - Eperies, Hung. the place of strawberries - - Eperney, anc. _aquæ-perennes_, the ever-flowing water - - Epinal, 177 - - Epping, 110 - - Epsom, 99 - - Erekli, anc. _Heraclea_ - - Erfurt, 83 - - Erith, 105 - - Erivan, Pers. _Rewan_, named after its founder - - Erlangen, 75 - - Erlaw, 75 - - Errigal, Ir. _Airegal_, a small church - - Erzeroom, corrupt. from _Arz-er-Room_, the fortress of the Romans - - Eschwege, ash-tree road - - Eschweiller, 6 - - ESGAIR--_v._ SKAFR, 175 - - Esk R., 198 - - Essek or Ossick, 211 - - Essex, 151 - - Estepa, 12 - - Estepona, 12 - - Esthonia, the district of the people of the East - - Estremadura, Lat. _Estrema-Durii_, the extreme limits of the R. - Douro - - Etna, corrupt. from _attuna_, the furnace - - Eton, 71 - - Eubœa, the well-tilled land - - Euho or Yuho R., 105 - - Euphrates R., the fruitful, Ar. _Furat_, sweet water - - Europe, Grk. _euros_ and _ops_, the broad - face - - Euxine, Grk. the hospitable, formerly _axinos_ the inhospitable sea - - Evesham, 76 - - Evora, the ford, in Spain - - Evreux, 9 - - Exeter, 44 - - - F - - Faenza, Lat. _Faventia_, the favoured - - Fair Head and Fair Island, from _farr_, Scand. a sheep - - Falaise, 78 - - Falkirk, 116 - - Famars, 77 - - Fano, 76 - - Fareham, 76 - - Farnham, 79 - - Faroe Islands, 71 - - Faulhorn, 108 - - Fazal, the beech-tree island, in the Azores - - Femern, 11 - - Fermanagh, Ir. the men of Monagh - - Fermoy, the men of the plain - - Fernando Po, named after the discoverer - - Ferney, 77 - - Ferns, 77 - - Ferrara, 84 - - Ferriby, 76 - - Ferrol, Span. _farol_, the beacon - - Fetlar Isle, 72 - - Fez, Ar. fertile - - Fife, said to be named from Feb, a Pictish chief - - Figueras, Span. the fig-trees - - Finisterre, Cape, and district, 190 - - Finster-Aar-horn, 107 - - Fintray and Fintry, 196 - - Fishguard, 87 - - Fiume, 81 - - Flamborough Head, anc. _Fleamburgh_, the flame hill or beacon - hill - - Flèche, La, named from the lofty spire of the church of St. Thomas - - Fleetwood, 81 - - Flintshire, supposed to have derived its name from the abundance of - quartz in the country - - Flisk, the moist place, Gael. _fleasg_ - - Florence, Lat. _Florentia_, the flourishing - - Florida, called by the Spaniards _Pascua-Florida_ because - discovered on Easter Sunday - - Flushing, 81 - - Fochabers, Gael. _Faichaber_, the plain of the confluence, but - more anciently _Beulath_, the mouth of the ford - - Foldvar, 81 - - Folkstone, the people’s fortress, Lat. _Lapis-populi_ - - Fondi, 81 - - Fontenay, 81 - - Fontenoy, 81 - - Fordyce, the south pasture - - Forfar, supposed to have been named from a tribe, the _Forestii_ - - Forli, 83 - - Formentara, abounding in grain - - Formosa, Span. the beautiful - - Forth R., Scot. _Froch_, and Welsh _Werid_ - - Fossano, 81 - - Frankenstein, 181 - - Frankfort, 83 - - Frankfürt, 83 - - Fraubrunnen, 32 - - Frederickshald, 98 - - Freiburg, 84 - - Friesland, 122 - - Frische Haff, 97 - - Friuli, 84 - - Fuentarrabia, 82 - - Fühnen Isle or Odensey, 71 - - Fulham, 100 - - Funchal, a place abounding in _funcho_, Port. fennel - - Fürth, 83 - - - G - - Gainsborough, the town of the _Ganii_, a tribe - - Galapago Isles, Span. the islands of the water tortoises - - Galashiels, 170 - - Galatia, 108 - - Galicia, 108 - - Galilee, Heb. a district - - Galle, Point de, Cingalese, the rock promontory, _galle_ - - Galway, named from _Gaillimh_, rocky river, 86 - - Ganges R., 86 - - Garioch, 86 - - Garonne R., 86 - - Gateshead, 40 - - Gaza, Ar. a treasury - - Gebirge--_v._ BERG, 24 - - Genappe, 89 - - Geneva, 89 - - Genoa, 90 - - Georgia, named after George III. - - Ghauts Mountains, 88 - - Ghent, 89 - - Giant’s Causeway, 49 - - Gibraltar, 89 - - Giessbach, the rushing brook - - Girgeh, St. George’s town, on the Nile - - Girvan R., the short stream - - Giurgevo, St. George’s town - - Glamorgan, Welsh _Morganwg_, _i.e._ Gwlad-Morgan, the - territory of Morgan-Mawr, its king in the tenth century, 143 - - Glarus, corrupt. from _St. Hilarius_, to whom the church was - dedicated - - Glogau, 92 - - Gloucester, 44 - - Gmünd, 89 - - Goat Fell, 78 - - Godalming, Godhelm’s meadow, in Surrey - - Goes or Ter-Goes, at the R. Gosa - - Gollnitz and Gollnow, 92 - - Goole, 86 - - Goritz, 93 - - Gorlitz, 93 - - Goslar, 122 - - Göttingen, a patronymic - - Gouda, on the R. Gouwe - - Gower, Welsh _Gwyr_, a peninsula in Wales, sloping west from - Swansea--it may signify the land of the sunset - - Grabow, 93 - - Gradentz, 94 - - Gran, on the R. Gran - - Grasmere, the lake of swine - - Gratz, 94 - - Gravelines, 93 - - Gravesend, 93 - - Greenland, 95 - - Greenlaw, 123 - - Greenock, 94 - - Greenwich, 209 - - Grenoble, 158 - - Gretna Green, 102 - - Grisnez, Cape, gray cape, 145 - - Grisons, Ger. _Graubünden_, the gray league, so called from - the dress worn by the Unionists in 1424 - - Grodno, 94 - - Grongar--_v._ CAER, 38 - - Gröningen, a patronymic - - Grossenhain, 97 - - Guadalquivir, 95 - - Guadiana, 95 - - Güben, Sclav. dove town - - Gueret, Fr. land for tillage - - Guienne, corrupt. from _Aquitania_ - - Gustrow, Sclav. guest town - - Gwasanau, corrupt. from _Hosannah_, a place in North Wales. The - name was given in allusion to the _Victoria-Alleluiatica_, fought - on the spot in 420, between the Britons, headed by the Germans, - and the Picts and Scots - - - H - - Haarlem, 96 - - Hadersleben, 124 - - Haemus Mountain, 18 - - Hague, The, 97 - - Haguenau, 97 - - Hainan, Chinese, south of the sea, corrupt. from _Hai Lam_ - - Hainault, 88 - - Halicarnassus, Grk. _Halikarnassos_, sea horn place - - Halifax, 103 - - Halifax, Nova Scotia, named for the Earl of Halifax - - Hall and Halle, 98 - - Hamburg, 97 - - Hameln, 99 - - Hammerfest, 100 - - Hampstead, 98 - - Hankau or Hankow, the mouth of commerce, a city in China - - Hanover, 150 - - Harbottle, 27 - - Harrogate, 88 - - Hartlepool, 158 - - Hartz Mountains, 101 - - Harwich, 100 - - Haselt, 101 - - Hastings, A.S. _Haestinga-ceaster_, the camp of Hastings, a - Danish pirate - - Havana, the harbour - - Havre, Le, 97 - - Hawarden, Welsh, upon the hill - - Hawes, 97 - - Heboken, Ind. the smoked pipe, the spot in New Jersey at which the - English settlers smoked the pipe of peace with the Indian chiefs - - Hechingen, a patronymic. - - Hedjas, the land of pilgrimage - - Heidelberg, 24 - - Heilbron, 32 - - Heiligenstadt, 103 - - Heligoland, 103 - - Helvellyn, if Celtic, perhaps _El-velin_, the hill of Baal - - Hems, probably named from _Hms_, the Egyptian name of Isis - - Henly, Cym.-Cel. old place - - Herat, anc. _Aria-Civitas_, the town on the Arius, now the R. Heri - - Hereford, 82 - - Hermon, the lofty peak - - Herstal, 180 - - Hesse, named from the _Catti_ or _Chatti_ - - Himalaya Mountains, 123 - - Hinckley, the horse’s meadow - - Hindostan, 181 - - Hindu Koosh Mountains, _i.e._ the Indian Caucasus - - Hinojosa, Span. the place of fennel - - Hirschberg, 105 - - Hitchen, 100 - - Hoang Ho, 105 - - Hobart Town, named after one of the first settlers - - Hohenlinden, 106 - - Holland, 106 - - Holstein, 174 - - Holt, 107 - - Holyhead, 103 - - Holy Island, 103 - - Holywell, 103 - - Holywood, 103 - - Homburg, 105 - - Honduras, Span. deep water - - Hong Kong, the place of fragrant streams - - Hoorn, 107 - - Hor, the mountain - - Horeb, the desert - - Horn, Cape, 107 - - Horncastle, 107 - - Horsham, 99 - - Howden, 102 - - Howth Head, 102 - - Hudson R., named after Henry Hudson, who ascended the river A.D. - 1607 - - Huelva, Basque _Onoba_, at the foot of the hill; and Ar. - _Wuebban_, corrupt. to Huelva - - Huesca, anc. _Osca_, the town of the Basques or Euscs - - Hull, 117 - - Hungary, Ger. _Ungarn_, the country of the Huns; Hung. - _Magyar-Orzag_, the country of the Magyars - - Huntingdon, hunter’s hill, or a patronymic - - Hurdwar, 70 - - Huron, Lake, from a tribe - - Hurryhur, named from the goddess Hari or Vishnu - - Hurst, 101 - - Hythe, 105 - - - I - - Ilfracombe, 54 - - Illinois, named after the tribe _Illini_, _i.e._ the men; and - _ois_, a tribe - - Imaus, the snowy mountain - - Inch--_v._ INNIS, 111 - - Ingleborough Mountain, 24 - - Inkermann, Turc. the place of caverns - - Innerleithen, 112 - - Innsbrück, at the bridge, on the R. Inn - - Interlachen, 119 - - Inverness, 112 - - Iona or I, 108 - - Iowa, the drowsy ones, a tribe name, U.S. - - Ipswich, 209 - - Ireland or Ierne, 108 - - Irkutsk, 176 - - Irrawädi, the great river - - Iscanderoon, named after Alexander the Great - - Iserlohn, 130 - - Isla, in the Hebrides, named after Yula, a Danish princess who was - buried there - - Ispahan, Pers. the place of horses - - Issoire, 70 - - Issoudun, 69 - - Ithaca, the strait or steep - - - J - - Jabalon R., 112 - - Jaffa or Joppa, Semitic, beauty - - Jamaica, corrupt. from _Xaymaca_, the land of wood and water - - Jamboli, Sclav. the city in the hollow - - Janina, Sclav. John’s town - - Jaroslav, named after its founder - - Jassy, Sclav. the marshy place - - Jauer, 113 - - Java, 65 - - Jersey, 71 - - Jersey, in U.S., so named by Sir George Carteret, who had come from - the Island of Jersey - - Jerusalem, Semitic, the abode of peace - - Joinville, 201 - - Joppa--_v._ Jaffa, the beautiful - - Jouare, anc. _Ara-Jovis_, the altar of Jove - - Juggernaut, or more correctly _Jagganatha_, the Lord of the - world--_jacat_, Sansc. the world, and _natha_, Lord - - Juliers, 109 - - Jumna R., named after Yamuna, a goddess - - Jungfrau Mountain, Ger. the maiden or the fair one, so called from - its spotless white - - Jura Isle, Scand. _Deor-oe_, deer island - - Jüterbogk, named for the Sclav. god of spring - - Jutland, named from the Jutes - - - K - - Kaffraria, Ar. the land of the _Kafirs_ or unbelievers - - Kaisarizeh, the mod. name of anc. _Cæsarea_ - - Kaiserlautern, 113 - - Kalgan, Tartar, the gate, a town in China - - Kampen, 35 - - Kandy, splendour - - Kansas, a tribe name - - Karlsbad, 16 - - Keith, Gael. the cloudy, from _ceath_, a cloud or mist - - Kel and Kil--_v._ COILL or CILL - - Kells, 48 - - Kelso, 38 - - Kempen, 40 - - Ken--_v._ CEANN - - Kendal, 60 - - Kenmare, 46 - - Kensington, the town of the _Kensings_ - - Kent, 45 - - Kentucky, the dark and bloody ground - - Kerry Co., Ir. _Ciarraidhe_, the district of the race of Ciar - - Kettering, a patronymic - - Kew, 107 - - Khartoum, the promontory - - Khelat, 114 - - Kin--_v._ CEANN - - Kinghorn, 45 - - Kingsclere, 5 - - King’s Co., named after Philip II. of Spain - - Kingston, 147 - - Kingussie, 45 - - Kirkillisia, the forty churches in Turkey - - Kirkintilloch, 38 - - Kirkwall, 115 - - Kishon R., _i.e._ the tortuous stream - - Kissengen, a patronymic - - Klagenfurt, 84 - - Knock--_v._ CNOC - - Königgratz, the king’s fortress - - Kordofan, the white land - - Koros R., Hung, the red river - - Koslin, 118 - - Kothendorf, 47 - - Kralowitz, 118 - - Kraszna R., beautiful river - - Kremenetz, 118 - - Kremnitz, 118 - - Krishna or Kistna R., the black stream, in India - - Kronstadt, 118 - - Kulm, 47 - - Kyle--_v._ CAOL - - - L - - La Hogue, Cape, 102 - - Laaland Isle, 119 - - Labuan Isle, Malay, the anchorage - - Laccadives, 65 - - Laconia, 120 - - Ladrone Isles, Span. the islands of thieves - - Lagnieu, 120 - - Lagos, 120 - - Laguna, 120 - - Lahr, 123 - - Lambeth, 105 - - Lambride, 121 - - Lamlash, 120 - - Lampeter, 121 - - Lamsaki, anc. _Lampsacus_, the passage - - Lanark, 121 - - Land’s End--_v._ PEN - - Landerneau, 121 - - Langres, anc. _Langone_, named from the _Lingones_, a tribe - - Languedoc, named from the use of the word _oc_, for _yes_, - in their language, _i.e._ Langue-d’oc - - Lannion, 121 - - Laon, 130 - - Larbert, named from a man of this name - - Largo, 124 - - Largs, 124 - - Larissa, named after a daughter of Pelasgus - - Lassa, the land of the Divine intelligence, the capital of Thibet - - Latakia, corrupt. from anc. _Laodicea_ - - Latheron, 103 - - Lauder, named from the R. Leader - - Lauffen, 123 - - Launceston, 121 - - Laval, anc. _Vallis-Guidonis_, the valley of Guido - - Lawrence R., so named because discovered on St. Laurence’s Day, - 1535 - - Laybach or Laubach, 15 - - Leam R., 125 - - Leamington, 125 - - Lebanon Mountain, 89 - - Leeds, 125 - - Leibnitz, 124 - - Leighlin, 91 - - Leighton-Buzzard, 21 - - Leinster, 183 - - Leipzig, 128 - - Leith, named from the river at whose mouth it stands - - Leitrim, 67 - - Lemberg, 24 - - Leobschütz, the place of the _Leubuzi_, a Sclavonic tribe - - Leominster, 130 - - Leon, anc. _Legio_, the station of the 7th Roman Legion - - Lepanto, Gulf of, corrupt. from _Naupactus_, Grk. the ship station - - Lerida, anc. _Llerda_, Basque, the town - - Lesmahago, 128 - - Letterkenny, 125 - - Leuchars, the marshy land - - Levant, Lat. the place of the sun-rising, as seen from Italy - - Leven R., 124 - - Lewes, _Les ewes_, the waters - - Lewis Island, Scand. _Lyodhuus_, the wharf - - Leyden, 69 - - Liberia, the country of the free, colonised by emancipated slaves - - Lichfield, 77 - - Lidkioping, 47 - - Liège, 125 - - Liegnitz, 130 - - Lifford, 25 - - Ligny, a patronymic - - Lille, 111 - - Lilybaeum, Phœn. opposite Libya - - Lima, corrupt. from _Rimæ_, the name of the river on which it - stands and of a famous idol - - Limbourg, 126 - - Limerick, corrupt. from _Lomnech_, a barren spot; _lom_, bare - - Limoges, anc. _Lemovicum_, the dwelling of the Lemovici - - Linares, Span. flax fields - - Lincoln, 53 - - Lindesnaes, 126 - - Lindores, in Fife, probably a corruption of _Lann-Tours_, being - the seat of an anc. Abbey of Tours, founded by David, Earl of - Huntingdon - - Linkioping, 47 - - Linlithgow, 127 - - Lisbellaw, 128 - - Lisbon, 104 - - Lisieux, in France, Lat. _Noviomagus_, the new field, - subsequently named from the Lexovii - - Liskeard, 128 - - Lissa, 125 - - Liverpool, 158 - - Livno, Livny, Livonia, named from the _Liefs_, a Ugrian tribe - - Llanerch-y-medd, the place of honey, in Wales - - Llanos, Span. the level plains - - Lochaber, 3 - - Lockerby, 37 - - Lodi, anc. _Laus-Pompeii_ - - Logie, 120 - - Lombardy, the country of the _Longobardi_, so called from a - kind of weapon which they used - - London, 64 - - Londonderry, 61 - - Longford, 83 - - Longniddrie--_v._ LLAN, 122 - - Loop Head, 123 - - Lorca, 109 - - Loretto, named from Lauretta, a lady who gave the site for a chapel - at that place - - L’Orient, so named from an establishment of the East India Company - at the place in 1666 - - Lorn, Gael. _Labhrin_, named after one of the Irish colonists - from Dalriada - - Lossie R., 1 - - Loughill, Ir. _Leamchoil_, the elm-wood - - Louisiana, named after Louis XIV. of France - - Louisville, 201 - - Louth, in Lincoln, named from the R. Ludd - - Louth Co., Ir. _Lugh Magh_, the field of Lugh - - Louvain, Ger. _Löwen_, the lion, named after a person called - Leo - - Lowestoft, 192 - - Lubeck, 128 - - Luben, 128 - - Lublin, 128 - - Lucca, anc. _Luca_--_v._ LUCUS - - Lucena, Basque _Lucea_, the long town - - Lucerne, named from a lighthouse or beacon, _lucerna_, - formerly placed on a tower in the middle of the R. Rheus - - Lucknow, corrupt. from the native name _Laksneanauti_, - the fortunate - - Ludlow, 123 - - Ludwigslust, 131 - - Lugano, 119 - - Lugo, 130 - - Lugos, 130 - - Lund, 131 - - Lurgan, Ir. the low ridge - - Luxembourg, 131 - - Luxor, corrupt. from _El-Kasur_, the palaces - - Lycus R., Grk. _leukos_ - - Lyme, in Kent, anc. _Kainos-limen_, Grk. the new haven - - Lyme-Regis, on the R. Lyme - - Lyons, 69 - - - M - - Macao, in China, where there was a temple sacred to an idol named - Ama. The Portuguese made it _Amagoa_, the bay of Ama, - corrupted first to Amacao and then to Macao - - Madeira, Port. the woody island - - Madras, 153 - - Madrid, anc. _Majerit_, origin unknown, but perhaps from - _Madarat_, Ar. a city - - Maelawr, from _mael_, Welsh, mart, and _lawr_, ground, a - general name for places in Wales where trade could be carried on - without any hindrance from diversity of races.--James’s _Welsh - Names of Places_ - - Maestricht, 66 - - Magdala, Semitic, a watch-tower in Abyssinia - - Magdala, in Saxe-Weimar, on the R. Midgel - - Magor, corrupt. from _Magwyr_, Welsh, a ruin, the name of a - railway station near Chepstow - - Maidenhead, 105 - - Maidstone, 181 - - Main R., 132 - - Maine, in France, named from the _Cenomani_ - - Mainland, 132 - - Malabar Coast, or _Malaywar_, the hilly country - - Malacca, named from the tree called Malacca - - Malaga, Phœn. _malac_, salt, named from its trade in salt - - Malakoff, named after a sailor of that name who established a - public-house there - - Maldives Islands, 65 - - Maldon, 69 - - Mallow, 132 - - Malpas, Fr. the difficult pass - - Malta, Phœn. _Melita_, a place of refuge - - Malvern, 139 - - Mancha, La, Span. a spot of ground covered with weeds - - Manchester, 44 - - Manfredonia, named after Manfred, King of Naples, by whom it was - built - - Mangalore, named after an Indian deity - - Mangerton Mountain, in Ireland, corrupt. from _Mangartach_, - _i.e._ the mountain covered with _mang_, a long - hairlike grass - - Mans, Le, named after the _Cenomani_ - - Mansorah, in Egypt, the victorious - - Mantinea, Grk. the place of the prophet or oracle, _mantis_ - - Mantua, 133 - - Manzanares, Span. the apple-tree orchard - - Maracaybo, 143 - - Maranao, Span. a place overgrown with weeds - - Marathon, a place abounding in fennel, _marathos_ - - Marazion, 84 - - Marburg, 134 - - March, 134 - - Marchena, the marshy land - - Marengo, 136 - - Margarita, the island of pearls - - Margate, 88 - - Marienwerder, 205 - - Marlow, Great, 136 - - Marmora, Sea of, named from an adjacent island, celebrated for its - marble, _marmor_ - - Marnoch, Co. Banff, named from St. Marnoch - - Maros R., 136 - - Maros-Vasarhely, 103 - - Marquesas Isles, named after Marquis Mendoza, Viceroy of Peru, who - originated the voyage through which they were discovered - - Marsala, 135 - - Maryland, named after the queen of Charles I. - - Mathern, corrupt. from _Merthyr_, the martyr, the name of a - church near Chepstow, built in memory of Fewdrig, King of Gwent, - who died on its site as he was returning wounded from a battle - against the Saxons - - Mathravel, the land of apples, one of the ancient provinces into - which Wales was divided - - Matlock, 130 - - Mauritius, discovered by the Portuguese in 1505, visited by the - Dutch in 1596, who named it after Prince Maurice of the - Netherlands. From 1713 till 1810 it belonged to the French, who - called it Isle of France - - May Island, 132 - - Maynooth, 132 - - Mayo, the plain of yew-trees - - Mazzara, Phœn. the castle - - Mazzarino, the little castle - - Mearns, corrupt. from _Maghgkerkkin_, the plain of Kerkin - - Meaux, named from the _Meldi_ - - Mecklenburg, 137 - - Medellin, named after its founder, Metellus, the Roman consul - - Medina, 135 - - Mediterranean Sea, 138 - - Meiningen, 132 - - Meissen, on the R. Meissa - - Melbourne, named after Lord Melbourne in 1837 - - Meldrum, 67 - - Melrose, 139 - - Melun, 69 - - Memmingen, a patronymic - - Memphis or Memphe, _i.e._ _Ma-m-Phthah_, the place of the - Egyptian god Phthah - - Menai Strait, anc. _Sruth-monena_ - - Menam, the mother of waters, a river of Siam - - Mendip Hills, _i.e._ _mune-duppe_, rich in mines - - Mentone, It. the chin, on a point of lead - - Merida, Lat. _Augusta Emerita_, the town of the _emeriti_ - or veterans, founded by Emperor Augustus - - Merioneth, named after Merion, a British saint - - Merthyr-Tydvil, named after the daughter of an ancient British king - - Meseritz, 138 - - Meshed, Ar. the mosque - - Mesolonghi or Missolonghi, 119 - - Mesopotamia, 138 - - Metz, named from the _Meomatrici_, a tribe - - Michigan Lake, Ind. great lake, or the weir, or fish-trap, from its - shape - - Middelburg, 138 - - Midhurst, 138 - - Miklos, 137 - - Milan, 115 - - Milton, 144 - - Minnesota R., the sky-coloured water - - Miramichi, Ind. happy retreat - - Mirgorod, 138 - - Mississippi R., Ind. the father of waters - - Missouri, Ind. the muddy stream - - Mitrovicz or Mitrovitz, 152 - - Mittau, named from _Mita_, a Sclav. deity - - Modena, Lat. _Mutina_, the fortified place - - Moffat, the foot of the moss - - Mogadore, named after a saint whose tomb is on an island off the - coast - - Moguer, Ar. the caves - - Mohawk R., named from a tribe - - Moidart or Moydart, 132 - - Mola, It. the mound, anc. _Turres-Juliani_, the town of Julian - - Mold, 142 - - Monaghan, Ir. _Muneachain_, a place abounding in little hills - - Monaster, 138 - - Monasterevin, 138 - - Monda, 142 - - Mondego, 142 - - Monena, the river or sea of Mona - - Monmouth, at the mouth of the Mynwy, _i.e._ the border river, - from which it took its ancient name - - Montgomery, 142 - - Montrose, 168 - - Moravia, 136 - - Morayshire, 119 - - Morbihan, 119 - - Morecambe Bay, 39 - - Morocco, the country of the Moors, 22 - - Morpeth, 143 - - Morven, 143 - - Morvern, 143 - - Moscow, 142 - - Moulins, 141 - - Mourne Mountains, 142 - - Moy, Moyne, 132 - - Muhlhausen, 141 - - Mull Island, 145 - - Münden, 140 - - Munich, 140 - - Munster, in Germany, 138 - - Munster, in Ireland, 138 - - Murcia, 134 - - Murviedro, 145 - - Muscat or Meschid, Ar. the tomb of a saint - - Muthil, 143 - - Mysore, corrupt. from _Mahesh-Asura_, the name of a - buffalo-headed monster, said to have been destroyed by the - goddess Kali - - - N - - Naas, Ir. a fair or place of meeting - - Nablous, 158 - - Nagore, _na-gara_, Sansc. a city - - Nagpore, 160 - - Nagy-Banja, 18 - - Nagy-Koros, 146 - - Nairn, on the R. Nairn, anc. _Ainear-nan_, east-flowing river - - Nancy, 146 - - Nankin, Chinese, the southern capital - - Nantes, 146 - - Nantwich, 146 - - Naples, 158 - - Narbonne, named from the _Narbonenses_ - - Naseby, the town on the cape - - Nashville, named from Colonel Nash - - Nassau, 146 - - Natal, Colony, so named because discovered on Christmas Day, - _Dies-natalis_, by Vasco de Gama in 1498 - - Natchez, a tribe name - - Naumburg, 148 - - Naupactus, the place of ships - - Nauplia, a sea-port, from the Grk. _naus_, a ship, and - _pleos_, full - - Navan, Ir. _n’Eamhain_, literally the neck brooch, so named - from a legend connected with the foundation of an ancient palace - there - - Navarre, 147 - - Naxos, the floating island - - Naze, Cape, 145 - - Nebraska, Ind. the shallow river - - Nedjed, Ar. the elevated country - - Negropont, 159 - - Neilgherry Hills, 90 - - Nemours, the place of the sacred grove, _nemus_ - - Nenagh, 74 - - Ness, Loch and R., 73 - - Neston, 73 - - Netherlands, 147 - - Neusatz, 148 - - Neusohl, 148 - - Neuwied, 148 - - Nevada Mountains--_v._ SIERRA, 175 - - Nevers, anc. _Nivernum_ and _Noviodunum_, the new fort or the R. - Nièvre - - Neviansk, on the R. Neva - - Newark, 206 - - Newcastle, 43 - - Newport, 156 - - New Ross, 167 - - Newry, Ir. _Iubhar-cinn-tragha_, the yew-tree at the head of - the strand - - New York, named after the Duke of York, brother of Charles II. - - Niagara, corrupt. from _Oni-aw-ga-rah_, the thunder of waters - - Nicastro, new camp - - Nicopoli, 158 - - Nijni Novgorod, 148 - - Nile R., native name _Sihor_, the blue, called by the Jews - Nile, the stream - - Nimeguen, 133 - - Nimes or Nismes, 147 - - Ningpo, the repose of the waves - - Niphon Mount, the source of light - - Nippissing, a tribe name - - Nogent, 149 - - Noirmoutier, 138 - - Nola, 148 - - Nombre-de-dios, the name of God, a city of Mexico - - Nörrkoping, 47 - - Northumberland, 149 - - Norway, 149 - - Nova Scotia, so named in concession to Sir William Alexander, a - Scotsman, who settled there in the reign of James II. It was - named _Markland_ by its Norse discoverer, Eric the Red - - Nova Zembla, 148 - - Noyon, anc. _Noviodunum_, the new fort - - Nubia, Coptic, the land of gold - - Nuneaton, the nun’s town, on the R. Ea, in Warwickshire, the seat - of an ancient priory - - Nurnberg, 24 - - Nyassa and Nyanza, the water - - Nyborg, 148 - - Nyköping or Nykobing, 47 - - Nystadt, 148 - - - O - - Oakham, 5 - - Oban, Gael. the little bay - - Ochill Hills, 198 - - Ochiltree, 198 - - Odensee, 71 - - Oeta Mount, sheep mountain - - Ofen or Buda, 33 - - Ohio, beautiful river, called by the French _La Belle rivière_ - - Oldenburg, 7 - - Olekminsk, 176 - - Olympus Mountain, the shining - - Omagh, _Omeha_, named from a tribe - - Omsk, 176 - - Oosterhout, 107 - - Oporto, 156 - - Oppeln, the town on the R. Oppo - - Oppido, Lat. _Oppidum_ - - Orange, anc. _Arausione_, the town on the R. Araise - - Orange R. and Republic, named after Maurice, Prince of Orange - - Oregon R., from the Span. _organa_, wild marjoram - - Orellana R., named from its discoverer - - Orissa, named from a tribe - - Orkney Islands, 111 - - Orleans, corrupt. from _Aurelianum_, named after the Emperor - Aurelian - - Orme’s Head, Norse _ormr_, a serpent, from its shape - - Ormskirk, 125 - - Orvieto, 199 - - Osborne, named after the Fitz-Osborne family - - Oschatz, Sclav. _Osada_, the colony - - Osimo, 199 - - Osnabrück, 31 - - Ossa Mountain, Grk. the watch-tower - - Ostend, 74 - - Ostia, Lat. the place at the river’s mouth, _Os_ - - Oswestry, 57 - - Othrys, the mountain with the overhanging brow, Grk. _othrus_ - - Otranto, anc. _Hydruntum_, a place almost surrounded by water, - _ùdor_, Grk. - - Ottawa, a tribe name - - Ottawa R., a tribe name - - Oudenarde, 7 - - Oudh or Awadh, corrupt. from _Ayodha_, the invincible - - Oulart, corrupt. from _Abhalgort_, Ir. apple field - - Oundle, 60 - - Ouro-preto, 160 - - Ouse R., 198 - - Overyssel R., 150 - - Oviedo is said to have derived this name from the Rivers Ove and - Divo. Its Latin name was _Lucus-Asturum_, the grove of the - Asturians - - Owyhee, the hot place - - - P - - Paderborn, 32 - - Padstow, 183 - - Paestum, anc. _Poseidonia_, the city of Poseidon or Neptune - - Palamcotta, 55 - - Palermo, corrupt. from _Panormus_, Grk. the spacious harbour - - Palestine, the land of the Philistines, _strangers_; from - Crete, who occupied merely a strip of the country on the coast, - and yet gave their own name to the whole land - - Palma, the palm-tree - - Palmas, Lat. the palm-trees - - Palmyra or Tadmor, the city of palms - - Pampeluna or Pamplona, 158 - - Panama Bay, the bay of mud fish - - Panjab or Punjaub, 2 - - Paraguay, 153 - - Parahyba, 153 - - Paramaribo, 144 - - Parapamisan Mountains, the flat-topped hills - - Parchim, 153 - - Paris, 130 - - Parsonstown, named for Sir William Parsons, who received a grant of - the land on which the town stands, with the adjoining estate, - from James II. in 1670 - - Passau, 44 - - Patagonia, so called from the clumsy shoes of its native - inhabitants - - Patna, 153 - - Paunton, 159 - - Pays de Vaud, 200 - - Peebles, anc. _Peblis_, Cym.-Cel. the tents or sheds - - Peel, 153 - - Peiho R., 105 - - Pe-king, Chinese, the northern capital - - Pe-ling Mountains, the northern mountains - - Pelion, the clayey mountains, _pelos_, Grk. clay - - Pella, the stony - - Pembroke, 30 - - Penicuik, 154 - - Pennsylvania, named after William Penn, whose son had obtained a - grant of forest land in compensation for £16,000 which the king - owed to his father - - Pentland Hills, corrupt. from the Pictsland Hills - - Penzance, 154 - - Perekop, the rampart - - Perigord, named from the _Petrocorii_ - - Perm, anc. _Biarmaland_, the country of the Biarmi - - Pernambuco, the mouth of hell, so called from the violent surf at - the mouth of its harbour - - Pernau, 126 - - Pershore, 130 - - Perth, 19 - - Perthddu, Welsh, the black brake or brushwood, in Wales - - Perugia, 152 - - Peshawur, the advanced fortress - - Pesth, 150 - - Peterhead, 112 - - Peterwarden, the fortress of Peter the Hermit - - Petra, the stony - - Petropaulovski, the port of Peter and Paul - - Pforzheim, 135 - - Philadelphia, the town of brotherly love, in America - - Philippi, named after Philip of Macedon - - Philippine Isles, named after Philip II. of Spain - - Philipstown, in Ireland, named after Philip, the husband of Queen - Mary - - Phocis, the place of seals - - Phœnice, either the place of palms or the Phœnician settlement - - Phœnix Park, in Dublin, 80 - - Piedmont, the foot of the mountain - - Pietermaritzburg, named after two Boer leaders - - Pillau, 153 - - Pisgah Mountain, the height - - Pittenweem, 157 - - Pittsburg, named after William Pitt - - Placentia, Lat. the pleasant place - - Plassy, named from a grove of a certain kind of tree - - Plattensee or Balaton, 173 - - Plenlimmon Mountain, Welsh, the mountain with five peaks - - Plock, or Plotsk, 26 - - Ploermel, 157 - - Podgoricza, 157 - - Poictiers, named from the _Pictones_ - - Poland, Sclav. the level land - - Polynesia, 112 - - Pomerania, 143 - - Pondicherri, Tamil, the new village - - Pontoise, 159 - - Poole, 158 - - Popocatepetl Mountain, the smoking mountain - - Portrush, 168 - - Portugal, 156 - - Potenza, Lat. _Potentia_, the powerful - - Potsdam, 157 - - Powys, the name of an ancient district in North Wales, signifying a - place of rest - - Pozoblanco, 161 - - Prague, Sclav. _Prako_, the threshold - - Prato-Vecchio, 160 - - Prenzlow, the town of Pribislav, a personal name - - Presburg or Brezisburg, the town of Brazilaus - - Prescot, 55 - - Presteign and Preston, 194 - - Privas, anc. _Privatium Castra_, the fortress not belonging to - the state, but private property - - Prossnitz, on the R. Prosna - - Providence, in U.S., so named by Roger Williams, who was persecuted - by the Puritan settlers in Massachusetts because he preached - toleration in religion, and was obliged to take refuge at that - place, to which, in gratitude to God, he gave this name - - Prussia, the country of the _Pruezi_ - - Puebla, Span. a town or village - - Puebla-de-los-Angelos, the town of the angels, so called from its - fine climate - - Puenta-de-la-Reyna, 159 - - Puerto, the harbour - - Pulo-Penang, 161 - - Puozzuoli, 161 - - Puy-de-dome, 156 - - Pwlhelli, 159 - - Pyrenees Mountains, named either from the Basque _pyrge_, high, - or from the Celtic _pyr_, a fir-tree - - Pyrmont, 142 - - - Q - - Quang-se, the western province, in China - - Quang-tung, the eastern province - - Quatre-Bras, Fr. the four arms, _i.e._ at the meeting of four - roads - - Quebec, in Canada, named after Quebec in Brittany, the village on - the point - - Queensberry, 24 - - Queen’s County, named after Queen Mary - - Queensferry, 76 - - Queensland and Queenstown, named after Queen Victoria - - Quimper, 53 - - Quimper-lé, 53 - - Quita, the deep ravine - - - R - - Radnorshire, 165 - - Radom and Radomka, named after the Sclav. deity Ratzi - - Rajputana, 163 - - Ramgunga, 86 - - Ramnaggur, ram’s fort - - Ramsgate, 88 - - Randers, 162 - - Raphoe, 163 - - Rapidan R., named after Queen Anne - - Rappahannock R., Ind. the river of quick-rising waters - - Rastadt, 163 - - Ratibor, 28 - - Ratisbon, Sclav. the fortress on the R. Regen, Ger. _Regena Castra_ - or _Regensburg_ - - Ravenna, 79 - - Rayne, Gael. _raon_, a plain, a parish in Aberdeenshire - - Reading, a patronymic - - Redruth, in Cornwall, in old deeds, _Tre-Druith_, the dwelling - of the Druids - - Reeth, on the stream, _rith_ - - Rega R., 164 - - Reichenbach, 15 - - Reichenhall, 98 - - Reigate, 88 - - Reims or Rheims, named for the _Remi_, a tribe - - Remscheid, 171 - - Renaix, corrupt. from _Hrodnace_, the town of Hrodno - - Renfrew, 162 - - Rennes, named from the _Rhedoni_, a tribe - - Resht, Ar. headship - - Resolven, Welsh _Rhiw_, Scotch _maen_, the brow of the - stonehead, in Glamorganshire - - Reculver, in Kent, corrupt. from _Regoluion_, the point against the - waves - - Retford, 166 - - Reutlingen, a patronymic - - Revel, named from two small islands near the town, called _reffe_, - the sand-banks - - Reykiavik or Reikiavik, 209 - - Rhine R. and Rhone R., 164 - - Rhode Island, 74 - - Rhodes and Rosas, in Spain, named from the _Rhodians_, a - Grecian tribe - - Rhyddlan or Rhuddlan, Cym.-Cel. the red church - - Rhyl, the cleft, a watering-place in North Wales - - Rhymni, the marshy land, in Monmouthshire, on a river called the - Rhymni, from the nature of the land through which it flows--_v._ - Romney, at EA, 71 - - Riga, 126 - - Ringwood, in Hants, the wood of the Regni - - Rio-de-Janeiro, 164 - - Ripon, 167 - - Ritzbuttel, 27 - - Rive-de-Gier, 166 - - Rivoli, 166 - - Rochdale, the valley of the R. Roche - - Rochefort, 167 - - Rochelle, 167 - - Rochester, 167 - - Roermonde, 140 - - Romania or Roumilli, 109 - - Romans, anc. _Romanum-Monasterium_, the monastery of the - Romans, founded by St. Bernard - - Rome, perhaps named from the _groma_, or four cross roads - that at the forum formed the nucleus of the city - - Romorantin, 166 - - Roncesvalles, 200 - - Roque, La, Cape, the rock - - Roscommon, 167 - - Roscrea, 167 - - Rosetta, anc. Ar. _Rasched_, headship - - Ross, in Hereford, 165 - - Rossbach, the horse’s brook - - Ross-shire, 168 - - Rothenburg, 165 - - Rotherham, 165 - - Rotherthurm, 165 - - Rothesay, the isle of Rother, the ancient name of Bute - - Rotterdam, 60 - - Rouen, 133 - - Rousillon, named from the ancient town of _Ruscino_, a Roman - colony - - Roveredo, Lat. _Roboretum_, a place planted with oaks, in - Tyrol - - Row, in Dumbartonshire, from _rubha_, Gael. a promontory - running into the sea - - Roxburgh, 167 - - Ruabon, corrupt. from _Rhiw-Mabon-Sant_, the ascent of St. - Mabon, in North Wales - - Rudgeley or Rugely, 166 - - Rugen, named from the Rugii - - Runcorn, 45 - - Runnymede, 132 - - Rushbrook and Rushford, 167 - - Russia, named from the _Rossi_, a tribe of Norsemen in the ninth - century - - Ruthin and Rhuddlan, 165 - - Rutland, 165 - - Rybinsk, 168 - - Ryde, 167 - - Ryswick, 168 - - - S - - Saale R., 169 - - Saarbrück, 31 - - Saar-Louis, 12 - - Sabor, 28 - - Sabor R., 28 - - Saffron Walden, 202 - - Sagan, Sclav. behind the road - - Sahara, 176 - - Saida or Sidon, Semitic, fish town - - Saintes, named from the _Santones_ - - Salamanca, 169 - - Salem, in U.S., intended by the Puritans to be a type of the New - Jerusalem - - Salford, 169 - - Salins, 169 - - Salisbury, 35 - - Salonica, corrupt. from _Thessalonica_ - - Salop, contracted from _Sloppesbury_, the Norman corruption of - _Scrobbesbury_, the town among shrubs, now - Shrewsbury--_v._ 34 - - Saltcoats, 55 - - Salzburg, 169 - - Samarcand, said to have been named after Alexander the Great - - Samaria, the town of Shemir - - Samos, Phœn. the lofty - - Sandwich, 209 - - Sangerhausen--_v._ SANG - - Sanquhar, 172 - - San Salvador, the Holy Saviour, the first land descried by - Columbus, and therefore named by him from the Saviour, who had - guarded him in so many perils - - San Sebastian, the first Spanish colony founded in South America - - Santa Cruz, 57 - - Santa Fé, the city of the holy faith, founded by Queen Isabella - after the siege of Granada - - Santander, named after St. Andrew - - Saragossa, corrupt. from _Cæsarea Augusta_; its Basque name - was _Saluba_, the sheep’s ford - - Sarawak, Malay _Sarakaw_, the cove - - Sarnow, 212 - - Saskatchewan, swift current, a river in British North America - - Saul, in Gloucester--_v._ SALH, 169 - - Saul, Co. Down--_v._ SABHALL, 168 - - Saumur, anc. _Salmurium_, the walled building - - Saxony, 170 - - Scala-nova, 39 - - Scalloway, 170 - - Scarborough, 175 - - Scawfell Mountain, 78 - - Schaffhausen, 102 - - Schemnitz, 114 - - Schichallion Mountain, Gael. _Ti-chail-linn_, the maiden’s pap - - Schleswick, 209 - - Schmalkalden, 171 - - Schotturen, the Scotch Vienna, a colony of Scottish monks having - settled there - - Schreckhorn Mountain, 107 - - Schweidnitz, Sclav. the place of the cornel-tree - - Schweinfurt, the ford of the Suevi - - Schwerin, 172 - - Scilly Islands, the islands of the rock, _siglio_ - - Scinde, the country of the R. Indus or Sinde - - Scratch meal Scar, in Cumberland--_v._ SKAER, 175 - - Scutari, in Albania, corrupt. from _Scodra_, hill town - - Scutari, in Turkey, from _Uskudar_, Pers. a messenger, having - been in remote periods, what it is to this day, a station for - Asiatic couriers - - Sebastopol, 158 - - Sedlitz, 174 - - Segovia, anc. _Segubia_, probably the plain on the river-bend; - _ce_, a plain, and _gubia_, a bend - - Selby, 173 - - Selinga, 173 - - Semipalatinsk, 152 - - Senlis, 173 - - Sens, named from the _Senones_ - - Seringapatam, 153 - - Settle, 173 - - Seville, Phœn. _Sephala_, a marshy plain - - Sevres, named from the two rivers which traverse it, anc. _Villa - Savara_ - - Shamo, Chinese, the desert - - Shan--_v._ SEANN, 172 - - Shanghai, supreme court - - Shansi, west of the mountain - - Shantung, east of the mountain - - Sherborne, 172 - - Shetland Islands, 104 - - Shields, 170 - - Shiraz, 174 - - Shirvan, said to have been named after Nieshirvan, a king of Persia - - Shotover, corrupt. from _Chateauvert_, green castle - - Shrewsbury--_v._ Salop - - Sicily, named from the _Siculi_, a tribe - - Sidlaw Hills, fairy hills--_v._ SIDH - - Sidon--_v._ Saida, in Index. - - Silesia, Sclav. _Zlezia_, the bad land - - Silhet or Sirihat, the rich market - - Silloth Bay, perhaps herring bay, _sil_, Norse, a herring, and - _lod_, a bundle of fishing lines - - Sion or Sitten, 174 - - Sion, Mount, the upraised - - Skagen, Cape, 176 - - Skager-rack, 176 - - Skaw Cape, 176 - - Skipton, 176 - - Skye Island, Gael. _Ealan-skianach_, the winged island - - Slamanan, 177 - - Sligo, named from the R. _Sligeach_, shelly water - - Sluys, 171 - - Slyne Head, 46 - - Snäfell Mountain, 78 - - Snaith, 177 - - Snowdon Mountain, 70 - - Socotra, 65 - - Soissons, named from the _Suessiones_ - - Sokoto, the market-place - - Soleure, corrupt. from St. Ours or Ursinus, to whom the church was - dedicated - - Solway Firth, according to Camden, was named from a small village - in Scotland called Solam - - Somerset, 173 - - Sommariva, the summit of the bank - - Somogy, Hung. the place of cornel-trees - - Sophia, Grk. wisdom, dedicated to the second person of the Trinity - - Sorbonne, named from Robert de Sorbonne, almoner of St. Louis - - Söst or Soest, 174 - - Soudan--_v._ BELED - - Southampton, 194 - - Southwark, 206 - - Souvigny, 173 - - Spa, 82 - - Spalatro, 152 - - Sparta, Grk. the sowed land or the place of scattered houses - - Spires or Speyer, named from the R. Speyerbach - - Spitzbergen, 156 - - Spurn Head, the look-out cape, from _spyrian_, to look out - - St. Alban’s Head, corrupt. from St. Aldhelm’s Head - - St. Andrews, so named from a tradition that the bones of St. Andrew - were brought to that place by St. Regulus: formerly called - _Mucros_, the boar’s headland, and then Kilrymont, the church - or cell of the king’s mount - - St. Cloud for St. Hloddwald - - St. David’s, in Wales, Welsh _Ty-Ddewi_--_v._ TY - - St. Heliers for St. Hilarius - - St. Omer for St. Awdomar - - Stadel, etc., 179 - - Staffa, 180 - - Staines, 181 - - Stamboul, 158 - - Stanislaus, named after Stanislaus of Poland - - Stantz, 181 - - Stargard, 182 - - Starodub, 182 - - Startpoint, 182 - - Stavropol, 158 - - Stellenbosch, 36 - - Stepney, 105 - - Stetten, Sclav. _Zytyn_, the place of green corn - - Stirling, Cym.-Cel. _Ystrevelyn_, the town of the Easterlings, - from Flanders - - Stockholm, 106 - - Stockport, 184 - - Stockton, 184 - - Stoke, 183 - - Stolpe, 184 - - Stonehaven, 97 - - Stow-market, 183 - - Stradbally, 184 - - Stralsund, 185 - - Strasbourg, 184 - - Strehlitz, 184 - - Striegau or Cziska, Sclav. the place on the small stream, _tschuga_ - - Stulweissenburg--_v._ FEHER - - Stuttgard, 87 - - Styria or Steyermark, the boundary of the R. Steyer - - Sudetic Mountains, 185 - - Suez, the mouth or opening - - Suffolk, 185 - - Sumatra, corrupt. from _Trimatra_, the happy - - Sunderbunds, corrupt. from _Sundari-vana_, so called from the - forest, _vana_, of _Sundari_-trees - - Sunderland, 186 - - Surat, _i.e._ _Su-rashta_, the good country - - Surrey, 164 - - Susa, a city of ancient Persia, so called from the _lilies_ in - its neighbourhood; _susa_, a lily - - Sussex, 170 - - Sutherlandshire, 185 - - Sviatoi-nos, 146 - - Swan R., so named from the number of black swans seen by the first - discoverer - - Swansea, 71 - - Sweden, 164 - - Sydney, named after a governor of the colony - - Syria--_v._ BELED, 20 - - Szent-kercsyt, 186 - - Szentes, for saint, 186 - - - T - - Tabriz, anc. _Taurus_, the mountain town - - Tagus or Tejo R., Phœn. the fish river - - Tain, 190 - - Takhtapul, the throne city, the seat of the Turkish Afghan - government - - Takht-i-Soliman, the throne of Solomon, being the highest of the - Solomon Mountains - - Talavera, 29 - - Tamsai, fresh water town, in China - - Tananarivo, the city of one thousand towns, the capital of - Madagascar - - Tanderagee, Ir. _Ton-legœith_, the place with its back to the - wind - - Tanjier, Phœn. the city protected by God - - Tanjore, corrupt. from _Tanjavur_, derived from its ancient - name _Tanja-Nagaram_, the city of refuge - - Tarazona, 199 - - Tarifa, named after a Moorish chief - - Tarnopol, 187 - - Tarporley, 126 - - Tarragona, anc. _Tarraco_, Phœn. _Tarchon_, the citadel - or palace - - Tarsus, Phœn. the strong place - - Tasmania, named after Abel Tasman, who discovered it in 1642. It - was called Van Diemen’s Land in honour of the Governor-General of - the Dutch East India Company - - Taurus Mountain, 196 - - Tavistock, 184 - - Tay R., 187 - - Tcherniz, 212 - - Teflis, 189 - - Teltown, Ir. _Tailten_, where Taillte, the daughter of the - King of Spain, was buried - - Temeswar, Hung. the fortress on the R. Temes - - Temisconata, the wonder of water, a county and lake in Canada - - Temple, a parish in Mid-Lothian, where there was an establishment - for the Templars or Red Friars, founded by David I. - - Tennessee R., the spoon-shaped river, so called from its curve - - Tenterden, 62 - - Teramo, 14 - - Terni, 14 - - Terranova, 189 - - Texas, Ind. hunting ground - - Tezcuco, Mexican, the place of detention - - Thames R., 187 - - Thannheim, 187 - - Thapsus, the passage - - Thaxsted, 180 - - Thebes, in Egypt, _Taba_, the capital - - Thermia, Grk. the place of warm springs, in Sicily - - Thermopylæ, the defile of the warm springs - - Thian-shan, Chinese, the celestial mountains - - Thian-shan-nan-loo, the country south of the celestial mountains - - Thian-shan-pe-loo, the country north of the celestial mountains - - Thibet, supposed to be a corrupt. of _Thupo_, the country of - the Thou, a people who founded an empire there in the sixth - century - - This or Abou-This, _i.e._ the city of This, corrupted by the - Greeks into _Abydos_ - - Thouars, 12 - - Thrace, Grk. the rough land, _trachus_ - - Thun, 69 - - Thurgau, 88 - - Thurles, 128 - - Thurso, 1 - - Tiber R., 192 - - Tideswell, 161 - - Tierra-del-Fuego, 189 - - Tillicoultry, 198 - - Tilsit or Tilzela, at the conf. of the R. Tilzele with the Memel - - Tinnevelly, corrupt. from _Trinavali_, one of the names of Vishnu - - Tinto Hill, 189 - - Tipperary, 192 - - Tiree Island, 189 - - Tiverton, 83 - - Tlascala, Mexican, the place of bread - - Tobermory, 192 - - Tobolsk, 176 - - Todmorden, corrupt. from _Todmare-dean_, the valley of the - foxes’ mere or marsh - - Tomantoul, 192 - - Tomsk, 176 - - Tongres, 186 - - Tonquin, Chinese _Tang-king_, the eastern capital - - Toome--_v._ TUAIM, 197 - - Töplitz, Neu and Alt - - Torgau, 195 - - Torquay, 195 - - Torres Straits, named after one of Magalhaen’s lieutenants - - Torres-Vedras, 195 - - Torquemada, 195 - - Tory Island, 195 - - Toul and Toulouse, 50 - - Toulon, anc. _Telonium_ or _Telo Martius_, named after its founder - - Tourcoing, 195 - - Tours, 196 - - Towie and Tough, parishes in Aberdeenshire, from Gael, _tuath_, the - north - - Trafalgar, 90 - - Tralee, 196 - - Tranent, 197 - - Transylvania, 173 - - Trapani, anc. _Drapanum_, the sickle, Grk. _drepanon_ - - Tras-os-Montes, 142 - - Traun R., 196 - - Traunik, 196 - - Traunviertel, 196 - - Trave R., 196 - - Trebizond, Grk. _trapezus_, the table, so called from its form - - Trent, anc. _Civitas-Tridentium_, the town of the _Tridenti_ - - Trêves, named from the _Treviri_, a tribe - - Trichinapalli, the town of the giant _Trisira_ - - Trim, at the elder-tree, 197 - - Trinidad, so named by Columbus from its three peaks, emblematic of - the Holy Trinity - - Tring, a patronymic - - Tripoli, 158 - - Tripolitza, 158 - - Trolhätta Fall, Goth. the abyss of the trolls or demons - - Trondhjem or Drontheim - - Troon, 178 - - Troppau, _i.e._ _Zur-Oppa_, on the R. Oppa - - Troyes, named from the _Tricasses_ - - Truro, 197 - - Truxillo, in Spain, corrupt. from _Turris-Julii_, Julius’s tower - - Tuam, 197 - - Tubingen, anc. _Diowingen_, probably a patronymic - - Tudela, anc. _Tutela_, the watch-tower - - Tullamore, 197 - - Tulle, anc. _Tutela_, the watch-tower - - Tullow, 197 - - Turin, anc. _Augusta-Taurinorum_, named from the Taurini, - _i.e._ dwellers among hills - - Tweed R., Brit. _tuedd_, a border - - Tyndrum, 188 - - Tynron, 188 - - Tyre, 196 - - Tyrnau, on the R. Tyrnau - - Tyrone, 189 - - Tzerna or Czerna R., 212 - - Tzernagora, 212 - - - U - - Udny, a parish in Aberdeenshire, _i.e._ _Wodeney_, from the Saxon - god Woden - - Uist, North and South, Scand. _Vist_, an abode - - Uj-hely, Hung. new place - - Ukraine, Sclav. the frontier or boundary - - Ulleswater, 206 - - Ulm or Ulma, the place of elm-trees - - Ulster, 183 - - Unst Island, anc. _Ornyst_, Scand. the eagle’s nest - - Unyamuezi, the land of the moon - - Upsala, 169 - - Ural Mountains and R., Tartar, the belt or girdle - - Usedom, the Germanised form of _Huzysch_, Sclav. the place of - learning - - Usk R., 198 - - Utrecht, 66 - - - V - - Valais, 199 - - Valence, in France, and - - Valencia, in Spain, anc. _Valentia_, the powerful - - Valenciennes and Valenza, or Valence, said to have been named after - the Emperor Valentinian - - Valentia Island, in Ireland, Ir. _Dearbhre_, the oak wood - - Valetta, in Malta, named after the Grand Master of the Knights of - St. John in 1566 - - Valparaiso, 200 - - Van Diemen’s Land, named after Maria Van Diemen by Tasman - - Vannes, named from the _Veneti_ - - Varna, Turc. the fortress - - Varosvar, 200 - - Vasarhely, 103 - - Vaucluse, 200 - - Vaud, Pays de, 200 - - Velekaja R., 200 - - Vendée, La, and - - Vendôme, named from the _Veneti_ - - Venezuela, little Venice, so called from an Indian village - constructed on piles, discovered by the Spaniards - - Venice, 79 - - Venloo, 79 - - Ventnor, 150 - - Ventry, 196 - - Verdun and Verden, 69 - - Vermont, green mountain - - Vevey, anc. _Vibiscum_, on the R. Vip - - Viborg, 201 - - Vick, 210 - - Vienna, Ger. _Wien_, on the R. Wien, an affluent of the Danube - - Viesti, named from a temple dedicated to Vesta - - Vigo, 209 - - Vimeira, Port. the place of osiers, _vime_ - - Vincennes, anc. _Ad-Vicenas_ - - Virginia, named after Queen Elizabeth - - Vistula or Wisla, the west-flowing river - - Vitré, corrupt. from _Victoriacum_, the victorious - - Vitry, the victorious, founded by Francis I. - - Vladimir, founded by the ducal family of that name in the twelfth - century - - Vogelberg, the hill of birds - - Volga, the great water - - Volhynia, Sclav. the plain - - Voorburg, 84 - - Voralberg, _i.e._ in front of the Arlberg ridge - - Vukovar, the fortress on the R. Vuka - - - W - - Wakefield, 206 - - Walcherin Island, 204 - - Waldeck, 202 - - Walden, Saffron, 202 - - Wales, 203 - - Wallachia, 204 - - Wallendorf, 204 - - Wallenstadt, 204 - - Wallingford, 203 - - Walthamstow, 202 - - Ware, 207 - - Wareham, 207 - - Warminster, 207 - - Warrington, a patronymic - - Warsaw, the fortified place--_v._ VAR - - Warwick, 205 - - Waterford, 80 - - Waterloo, 130 - - Weimar, 134 - - Weissenfels, 207 - - Weistritz R., the swift, straight stream - - Well--_v._ QUELLE - - Welland R., the river into which the tide flows - - Wellingborough, a patronymic - - Wellington, a patronymic - - Wells, 161 - - Welshpool, Welsh _Trallwng_, the quagmire - - Wem, 198 - - Wemys, _uamh_, the cave - - Werden, 205 - - Wesely, Hung. pleasant - - Weser R., 1 - - Westeraas, 208 - - Westphalia, the western plain - - Wetterhorn, 108 - - Wexford, 80 - - Whitby, 37 - - Whitehaven, 97 - - Whithorn, 11 - - Wiborg, 201 - - Wick, 209 - - Wicklow, 209 - - Wiesbaden, 16 - - Wigan, 201 - - Wight, Isle of, anc. _Zuzo-yr-with_, the island of the channel - - Wigton, 201 - - Wiltshire, 173 - - Wimbleton, 193 - - Wimborne, 210 - - Winchester, 44 - - Windsor, 150 - - Wirksworth, 208 - - Wisbeach, the shore of the R. Ouse, _uisge_, water - - Wisconsin, Ind. the wild rushing channel - - Wismar, 210 - - Withey, 207 - - Wittenberg, 207 - - Wittstock, 210 - - Wladislawaw, the town of Wladislav - - Wokingham, 5 - - Wolfenbuttel, 27 - - Wolga--_v._ Volga - - Wolverhampton, 193 - - Woodstock, 210 - - Wooler, 211 - - Woolwich, 104 - - Worcester, anc. _Huic-wara-ceaster_, the camp of the _Huieci_ - - Worms, 133 - - Worm’s Head, the serpent’s head, _ornr_, from its form - - Worthing, 211 - - Wrath, Cape, Scand. the cape of the _hvarf_, or turning - - Wrietzen or Brietzen, Sclav. the place of birch-trees--_v._ BRASA - - Wroxeter, anc. _Uriconium_ - - Wurtemberg, anc. _Wrtinisberk_, from a personal name - - Wurtzburg, 212 - - Wycombe, 53 - - Wyoming Valley, corrupt. from _Maugh-wauwame_, Ind. the large - plains - - - X - - Xanthus R., Grk. the yellow river - - Xeres de la Frontera, anc. _Asta Regia Cæsariana_, Cæsar’s royal - fortress - - Xeres de los Caballeros, Cæsar’s cavalry town - - - Y - - Yakutsk, named from the _Yakuts_, a Tartar tribe - - Yang-tse Kiang R., the son of the great water - - Yarra, the ever-flowing, a river in Australia - - Yeddo or Jeddo, river door - - Yell, barren - - Yemen, to the south or right - - Yeni-Bazaar, 212 - - Yenisi R., 212 - - Yeovil, 201 - - York, 209 - - Youghal, anc. _Eochaill_, the yew wood - - Ypres or Yperen, the dwelling on the Yperlea - - Ysselmonde, 140 - - Yunnan, the cloudy south region, in China - - Yvetot, 192 - - Yvoire, 9 - - - Z - - Zab R., 212 - - Zabern, 186 - - Zambor, Sclav. behind the wood - - Zanguebar or Zanjistan, Pers. and Arab., the land of the Zangis and - Bahr - - Zaragossa--_v._ Saragossa - - Zealand, in Denmark, _Sjvelland_, spirit land - - Zealand, in Netherlands, land surrounded by the sea - - Zeitz, named after Ciza, a Sclav. goddess - - Zell or Cell, 48 - - Zerbst, belonging to the Wends, _Sserbski_ - - Zittau, the place of corn - - Zug, anc. _Tugium_, named from the _Tugeni_, a tribe - - Zurich, anc. _Thiouricum_, the town of the Thuricii, who built - it after it had been destroyed by Attila - - Zutphen, 79 - - Zuyder-Zee, 172 - - Zweibrücken, 31 - - Zwickau, the place of goats, Ger. _Ziege_ - - Zwolle, anc. _Suole_, Old Ger. _Sval_, at the swell of the water - - - THE END - - - _Printed by_ R. & R. 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Revised by JOHN - RICHARDSON. 548 pp. 9s. - -“So far as general physical geography goes, such Manuals as those -of ... Mrs. Somerville leave little to be desired.”--Mr. J. S. -KELTIE’S _Report on Geographical Education_. - - - JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, LONDON. - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[1] _Ancient Books of Wales_, vol. i. p. 144, with reference to the -famous work of Chalmers, the _Caledonia_. - -[2] _A_, signifying in possession, seems to be derived from _a_, Old -Norse, I have; _aga_, I possess. The Old English _awe_, to own, is -still retained in the north of England and in Aberdeenshire. - -[3] Caer-afon (the fortress on the water) was its ancient name. - -[4] It obtained the name from two large stones that lay on the roadside -near the church, and possessed that property. - -[5] For the word _Beltein_, _v._ Joyce’s _Irish Names of Places_, vol. -i. p. 187; Chambers’s _Encyclopædia_; and Petrie’s _Round Towers of -Ireland_. - - -Transcriber’s Notes: - -1. Obvious printers’, punctuation and spelling errors have been -corrected silently. - -2. Some hyphenated and non-hyphenated versions of the same words have -been retained as in the original. - -3. Italics are shown as _xxx_. - - - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A DICTIONARY OF PLACE-NAMES -GIVING THEIR DERIVATIONS *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. 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