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diff --git a/old/68946-0.txt b/old/68946-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 303d59f..0000000 --- a/old/68946-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,17706 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Pausanias' description of Greece, Vol. -I, by Pausanias - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Pausanias' description of Greece, Vol. I - -Author: Pausanias - -Translator: Arthur Richard Shilleto - -Release Date: September 9, 2022 [eBook #68946] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Ian Crann, Turgut Dincer and the Online Distributed - Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was - produced from images made available by the HathiTrust - Digital Library.) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PAUSANIAS' DESCRIPTION OF -GREECE, VOL. I *** - - - - _BOHN’S CLASSICAL LIBRARY._ - - PAUSANIAS’ DESCRIPTION OF - GREECE. - - - - - PAUSANIAS’ - DESCRIPTION OF GREECE, - - TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH - - WITH NOTES AND INDEX - - - BY ARTHUR RICHARD SHILLETO, M.A., - - _Sometime Scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge_. - - - - - VOLUME I. - - “Pausanias est un homme qui ne manque ni de bon sens ni de - bonne foi, mais qui croit ou au moins voudrait croire à ses dieux.” - --CHAMPAGNY. - - - LONDON: GEORGE BELL AND SONS, - YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. - 1886. - - - CHISWICK PRESS:--C. WHITTINGHAM AND CO., TOOKS COURT, - CHANCERY LANE. - - - - -PREFACE. - - -Of Pausanias personally we know very little, but that he lived during -the Reign of the Antonines, and travelled all round Greece, and wrote -his famous _Tour round Greece_, or _Description of Greece_, in 10 -Books, describing what he had seen and heard. His chief merit is his -showing to us the state of the works of art still remaining in his day -in the Greek cities, which have since been swept away by the various -invasions that have devastated that once happy land. “When Pausanias -travelled through Greece, during the age of the Antonines, about 1690 -years ago, he found every city teeming with life and refinement; every -Temple a Museum of Art; and every spot hallowed by some tradition which -contributed to its preservation. The ruthless destruction of these -works of art, in subsequent ages, has reduced them to a small number; -and the Traveller now pauses, with a melancholy interest, to reflect -upon the objects described by Pausanias, but which no longer exist.”[1] - - Pausanias’ _Description of Greece_ is also full of various -information on many topics. It is for example a mine of Mythology. For -its various matter it has been happily compared to a “County History.” -There is often a quiet vein of humour in Pausanias, who seems to have -been almost equally a believer in Providence and in Homer. - - I have translated from _Schubart’s_ Text in the _Teubner_ Series, -(1875), but have taken the liberty always, where the text seemed -hopeless, to adopt a reading that seemed preferable from any other -source. I have constantly had before me the valuable edition of -_Siebelis_, (Lipsiæ, 1827), to whom I am much indebted, especially for -his Illustrations, still veracity obliges me to state that occasionally -he too gives one reason to remember the famous lines of a well-known -Rector of Welwyn in the Eighteenth Century. - - “_The_ commentators each dark passage shun, - And hold their farthing candle to the Sun.” - - In the _Index_ it is hardly necessary to state that I owe much to -_Schubart_. - - CAMBRIDGE, - _May, 1886_. - - - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[1] George Scharf, Esq., F.S.A. 1859. _Wordsworth’s Greece_, p. 1. - - - - - CONTENTS. - - - PAGE - - BOOK I. ATTICA 1 - - II. CORINTH 90 - - III. LACONIA 168 - - IV. MESSENIA 228 - - V. ELIS 302 - - VI. ELIS. Part ii. 360 - - INDEX 414 - - - - -PAUSANIAS. - - - - -BOOK I.--ATTICA. - - - - -CHAPTER I. - - -On the mainland of Greece, facing the islands called the Cyclades and -the Ægean sea, the promontory of Sunium stands out on Attic soil: -and there is a harbour for any one coasting along the headland, and -a temple of Athene of Sunium on the summit of the height. And as one -sails on is Laurium, where the Athenians formerly had silver mines, and -a desert island of no great size called after Patroclus; for he had -built a wall in it and laid a palisade, when he sailed as admiral in -the Egyptian triremes, which Ptolemy, the son of Lagus, sent to punish -the Athenians, Antigonus, the son of Demetrius, in person making a raid -into their territory with a land force and ravaging it, and the fleet -simultaneously hemming them in by sea. Now the Piræus was a township -in ancient times, but was not a port until Themistocles ruled the -Athenians; but their port was Phalerum, (for here the sea is nearest to -Athens), and they say that it was from thence that Menestheus sailed -with the ships to Troy, and before him Theseus to exact vengeance -from Minos for the death of Androgeos. But when Themistocles was in -power, because the Piræus appeared to him to be more convenient as a -harbour, and it was certainly better to have three harbours than one -as at Phalerum, he made this the port. And even up to my time there -were stations for ships, and at the largest of the three harbours the -tomb of Themistocles; for they say that the Athenians repented of their -conduct to him, and that his relatives exhumed his remains and brought -them home from Magnesia. Certain it is that the sons of Themistocles -returned from exile, and hung up a painting of Themistocles in the -Parthenon. Now of all the things in the Piræus best worth seeing is the -temple of Athene and Zeus; both their statues are of gold, and Zeus has -a sceptre and Victory, while Athene is armed with a spear. Here, too, -is a painting by Arcesilaus of Leosthenes and his sons, that famous -hero who at the head of the Athenians and all the Greeks defeated the -Macedonians in battle in Bœotia, and again beyond Thermopylæ, and drove -them into Lamia over against Mount Œta and shut them up there. And it -is in the long portico, where those near the sea have their market, -(for there is another market for those more inland), and in the back -of the portico near the sea are statues of Zeus and Demos, the design -of Leochares. And near the sea is a temple erected to Aphrodite by -Conon, after his victory over the Lacedæmonian fleet off Cnidus in the -peninsula of Caria. For Aphrodite is the tutelary saint of the men of -Cnidus, and they have several temples of the goddess; the most ancient -celebrates her as Doritis, the next in date as Acræa, and latest of -all that which everybody else calls Athene of Cnidus, but the Cnidians -themselves call it Athene of the Fair Voyage. - - The Athenians have also another harbour at Munychia, and a temple -of Artemis of Munychia, and another at Phalerum, as has been stated -by me before, and near it a temple of Demeter. Here too is a temple -of Sciradian Athene, and of Zeus at a little distance, and altars of -gods called unknown, and of heroes, and of the children of Theseus and -Phalerus; for this Phalerus, the Athenians say, sailed with Jason to -Colchis. There is also an altar of Androgeos the son of Minos, though -it is only called altar of a hero, but those who take pains to know -more accurately than others their country’s antiquities are well aware -that it is the altar of Androgeos. And twenty stades[2] further is -the promontory Colias; when the fleet of the Persians was destroyed -the tide dashed the wrecks against it. There is here also a statue of -Aphrodite of Colias and the goddesses who are called Genetyllides. -I am of opinion that the Phocian goddesses in Ionia, that they call -by the name of Gennaides, are the same as these at Colias called -Genetyllides. And there is on the road to Athens from Phalerum a temple -of Hera without doors or roof; they say that Mardonius, the son of -Gobryas, burnt it. But the statue there now is (as they say) the work -of Alcamenes; this, indeed, the Persian cannot have touched. - - - - -CHAPTER II. - - -As one enters into the city there is a monument of Antiope the Amazon. -Pindar says that this Antiope was carried off by Pirithous and Theseus, -but the account by Hegias of Trœzen is as follows: that Hercules -besieging Themiscyra near the river Thermodon could not take it; but -that Antiope being enamoured of Theseus, (who was besieging the place -with Hercules), handed the place over to him. This is the account -Hegias has given. But the Athenians say that, when the Amazons came, -Antiope was shot by Molpadia with an arrow, and that Molpadia was slain -by Theseus. There is a monument also to Molpadia among the Athenians. -And as one ascends from the Piræus there are remains of the walls -which Conon re-erected after the sea-fight off Cnidus; for those which -Themistocles had built after the defeat of the Persians had been pulled -down during the rule of The Thirty Tyrants, as they were called. And -along the way the most notable tombs are those of Menander the son of -Diopeithes, and a cenotaph of Euripides without the body. For Euripides -was buried in Macedonia, having gone to the court of King Archelaus; -and the manner of his death, for it has been told by many, let it be as -they say. Poets even in those days lived with kings and earlier still, -for when Polycrates was tyrant at Samos Anacreon lived at his court, -and Æschylus and Simonides journeyed to Syracuse to the court of Hiero; -and to Dionysius, who was afterwards tyrant in Sicily, went Philoxenus; -and to Antigonus, king of the Macedonians, went Antagoras of Rhodes and -Aratus of Soli. On the other hand Hesiod and Homer either did not get -the chance of living at kings’ courts, or of their own accord didn’t -value it, the former because he lived in the country and shrank from -travelling, and the latter, having gone on his travels to very distant -parts, depreciated pecuniary assistance from the powerful in comparison -with the glory he had amongst most men, for from him too we have the -description of Demodocus’ being at the court of Alcinous, and that -Agamemnon left a poet with his wife. There is also a tomb not far from -the gates, with the statue of a soldier standing near a horse; who the -soldier is I don’t know, but Praxiteles modelled both the horse and the -soldier. - - As one enters into the city there is a building for the getting -ready of processions, which they conduct some annually, some at -various intervals. And near is the temple of Demeter, and the statues -in it are her and her daughter and Iacchus with a torch; and it is -written on the wall in Attic letters that they are the production of -Praxiteles. And not far from this temple is Poseidon on horseback, in -the act of hurling his spear at the giant Polybotes, in respect to -whom there is a story among the Coans as to the promontory of Chelone; -but the inscription of our days assigns the statue to another and not -to Poseidon. And there are porticoes from the gates to the Ceramicus, -and in front of them brazen statues of women and men who have obtained -some celebrity. And one of the porticoes has not only shrines of the -gods, but also what is called the gymnasium of Hermes; and there is in -it the house of Polytion, in which they say the most notable of the -Athenians imitated the Eleusinian mysteries. But in my time it was -consecrated to Dionysus. And this Dionysus they call Melpomenos for -the same reason that they call Apollo Musagetes. Here are statues of -Pæonian Athene and Zeus and Mnemosyne and the Muses, and Apollo (the -votive offering and work of Eubulides), and Acratus a satellite of -Dionysus: his face alone is worked in the wall. And next to the shrine -of Dionysus is a room with statues of earthenware, Amphictyon the king -of the Athenians feasting Dionysus and all the other gods. Here too is -Pegasus Eleutherensis, who introduced Dionysus to the Athenians; and -he was assisted by the oracle at Delphi, which foretold that the god -would come and settle there in the days of Icarius. And this is the -way Amphictyon got the kingdom. They say that Actæus was first king of -what is now Attica; and on his death Cecrops succeeded to the kingdom -having married Actæus’ daughter, and he had three daughters, Erse, and -Aglaurus, and Pandrosus, and one son, Erysichthon. He never reigned -over the Athenians, for he chanced to die in his father’s lifetime, and -the kingdom of Cecrops fell to Cranaus, the foremost of the Athenians -in power and influence. And they say that Cranaus had among other -daughters Atthis; from her they named the country Attica, which was -before called Actæa. And Amphictyon rose up in insurrection against -Cranaus, although he was married to his daughter, and deposed him from -the kingdom; but was himself afterwards ejected by Erichthonius and -his fellow conspirators. And they say that Erichthonius had no mortal -father, but that his parents were Hephæstus and Mother Earth. - - - - -CHAPTER III. - - -Now the place Ceramicus gets its name from the hero Ceramus, he too -reputed to be the son of Dionysus and Ariadne; and the first portico on -the right is called the royal portico, for there the king sits during -his yearly office which is called kingdom. On the roof of this portico -are statues of earthenware, Theseus hurling Sciron into the sea, and -Aurora carrying off Cephalus, who, being most handsome, was, they say, -carried off by enamoured Aurora, and his son was Phaethon. And he made -him sacristan of the temple. All this has been told by others, and by -Hesiod in his poem about women. And near the portico are statues of -Conon and his son Timotheus, and Evagoras, the king of the Cyprians, -who got the Phœnician triremes given to Conon by King Artaxerxes; -and he acted as an Athenian and one who had ancestral connection -with Salamis, for his pedigree went up to Teucer and the daughter of -Cinyras. Here too are statues of Zeus, surnamed Eleutherius, and the -Emperor Adrian, a benefactor to all the people he ruled over, and -especially to the city of the Athenians. And the portico built behind -has paintings of the so-called twelve gods. And Democracy and Demos and -Theseus are painted on the wall beyond. The painting represents Theseus -restoring to the Athenians political equality. The popular belief has -prevailed almost universally that Theseus played into the hands of -the people, and that from his time they remained under a democratical -government, till Pisistratus rose up and became tyrant. There are -other untrue traditions current among the mass of mankind, who have no -research and take for gospel all they heard as children in the choruses -and tragedies. One such tradition is that Theseus himself was king, -and that after the death of Menestheus his descendants continued kings -even to the fourth generation. But if I had a fancy for genealogies, -I should certainly have enumerated all the kings from Melanthus to -Cleidicus the son of Æsimidas as well as these. - - Here too is painted the action of the Athenians at Mantinea, who were -sent to aid the Lacedæmonians. Xenophon and others have written the -history of the entire war, the occupation of Cadmeia, and the slaughter -of the Lacedæmonians at Leuctra, and how the Bœotians made a raid into -the Peloponnese, and of the help that came to the Lacedæmonians from -the Athenians. And in the picture is the cavalry charge, the most -noted officers in which were on the Athenian side Gryllus, the son of -Xenophon, and in the Bœotian cavalry Epaminondas the Theban. These -paintings were painted for the Athenians by Euphranor, and in the -temple hard by he represented Apollo under the name Patrous. And in -front of the temple Leochares represented another Apollo, and Calamis -the Apollo who is called Averter of Evil. And they say the god got this -name by stopping from his oracle at Delphi the noisome pestilence, that -smote them at the same time as the Peloponnesian war. There is also a -temple to the Mother of the Gods wrought by Phidias, and next to it a -council chamber for those who are called The Five Hundred, who are -appointed annually. And in the council chamber are erected statues to -Zeus the Counsellor, and to Apollo (the artistic design of Pisias), -and to Demos (the work of Lyson). And the legislators were painted by -the Caunian Protogenes, but Olbiades painted Callippus, who led the -Athenians to Thermopylæ to prevent the invasion of the Galati into -Greece. - - - - -CHAPTER IV. - - -Now these Galati inhabit the remotest parts of Europe, near a mighty -sea, not navigable where they live: it has tides and breakers and -sea monsters quite unlike those in any other sea: and through their -territory flows the river Eridanus, by whose banks people think the -daughters of the sun lament the fate of their brother Phaethon. And -it is only of late that the name Galati has prevailed among them: -for originally they were called Celts both by themselves and by all -other nations. And an army gathered together by them marched towards -the Ionian Sea, and dispossessed all the nations of Illyria and all -that dwelt between them and the Macedonians, and even the Macedonians -themselves, and overran Thessaly. And when they got near to Thermopylæ, -most of the Greeks did not interfere with their onward march, -remembering how badly handled they had formerly been by Alexander -and Philip, and how subsequently Antipater and Cassander had nearly -ruined Greece; so that, on account of their weakness, they did not -consider it disgraceful individually that a general defence should be -abandoned. But the Athenians, although they had suffered more than -any other of the Greeks during the long Macedonian war, and had had -great losses in battles, yet resolved to go forth to Thermopylæ with -those of the Greeks who volunteered, having chosen this Callippus as -their General. And having occupied the narrowest pass they endeavoured -to bar the passage of the barbarians into Greece. But the Celts -having discovered the same defile by which Ephialtes the Trachinian -had formerly conducted the Persians, and having routed those of the -Phocians who were posted there in battle array, crossed Mount Œta -unbeknown to the Greeks. Then it was that the Athenians displayed -themselves to the Greeks as most worthy, by their brave defence -against the barbarians, being taken both in front and flank. But those -suffered most that were in their ships, inasmuch as the Lamiac Gulf was -full of mud near Thermopylæ; the explanation is, as it seems to me, -that here warm springs have their outlet into the sea. Here therefore -they suffered much. For, having taken on board their comrades, they -were obliged to sail over mud in vessels heavy with men and armour. -Thus did the Athenians endeavour to save the Greeks in the manner I -have described. But the Galati having got inside Pylæ, and not caring -to take the other fortified towns, were most anxious to plunder the -treasures of the god at Delphi. And the people of Delphi, and those -of the Phocians who dwelt in the cities round Parnassus, drew up in -battle array against them. A contingency of the Ætolians also arrived: -and you must know that at that era the Ætolians were eminent for manly -vigour. And when the armies engaged not only did lightnings dismay the -Galati, and fragments of rock coming down on them from Parnassus, but -three mighty warriors pressed them hard, two, they say, came from the -Hyperboreans, Hyperochus and Amadocus, and the third was Pyrrhus, the -son of Achilles. And in consequence of this aid the Delphians offer -sacrifice to Pyrrhus, though before they held his tomb in dishonour as -that of an enemy. But the greater part of the Galati having crossed -into Asia Minor in their ships, ravaged its maritime parts. And some -time afterwards the inhabitants of Pergamum, which in old times was -called Teuthrania, drove the Galati from the sea into the region now -called Galatia. They lived in the region east of the river Sangarius, -having captured Ancyra, a city of the Phrygians which Midas the son of -Gordias had formerly built. And the anchor which Midas found was still, -even in my time, in the temple of Zeus, and the well shown which was -called Midas’ well: which Midas, they say, poured wine into that he -might capture Silenus. As well as Ancyra they captured Pessinus near -the mountain Agdistis, where they say Atte was buried. And the people -of Pergamum have spoils of the Galati, and there is a painting of their -action with the Galati. And the region which the people of Pergamum -inhabit was in old times, they say, sacred to the Cabiri. And they -claim to be Arcadians who crossed over with Telephus into Asia Minor. -Of their other wars, if they fought any, the fame has not universally -spread: but three most notable exploits have been performed by them, -their gaining dominion over the southern part of Asia Minor, and their -expulsion of the Galati from thence, and their venture under Telephus -against the forces of Agamemnon, when the Greeks, unable to find Ilium, -ravaged the Mysian plain, thinking it was Trojan territory. But I -return to where I made my digression from. - - - - -CHAPTER V. - - -Near the council chamber of The Five Hundred is the room called the -Rotunda, and here the Prytanes sacrifice, and there are some silver -statues not very large. And higher up are some statues of the heroes, -from whom the tribes of the Athenians in later times got their names. -And who made the tribes ten instead of four, and changed their names -from the old ones, has been told by Herodotus. And of the heroes who -gave their names to the tribes, (_Eponymus_ is the name they give -them), are Hippothoon, the son of Poseidon by Alope the daughter -of Cercyon, and Antiochus, one of the sons of Hercules by Meda the -daughter of Phylas, and the third Ajax, the son of Telamon; and of the -Athenians Leo, who is said to have devoted all his daughters for the -public weal at the bidding of the oracle. Erechtheus also is among -the Eponymi, who conquered the Eleusinians in battle, and slew their -commander Immaradus, the son of Eumolpus; also Ægius, and Œneus the -illegitimate son of Pandion, and of the sons of Theseus Acamas. And -what Cecrops and Pandion they hold in honour, (for I saw their statues -too among the Eponymi), I do not know, for there were two of each; the -first Cecrops, that was king, married the daughter of Actæus, and the -other, who settled at Eubœa, was the son of Erechtheus, the grandson -of Pandion and the great grandson of Erichthonius, and the two Pandion -kings were the son of Erichthonius and the son of Cecrops the younger. -The latter was deposed from his kingdom by the Metionidæ, and when he -fled to Megara, the daughter of whose king he had married, his sons -were banished with him. And it is said that Pandion died there of -illness, and his tomb is near the sea in Megara, on the rock that is -called the rock of Athene the Diver. But his sons returned from exile -at Megara, and expelled the Metionidæ, and Ægeus, being the eldest, had -the sovereignty over the Athenians. Pandion also reared daughters, but -not with good fortune, nor had they any sons to avenge him. And yet for -the love of power he had made affinity with the king of Thrace. But -man has no power to escape what is willed by the Deity. They say that -Tereus (though married to Procne) dishonoured Philomela, not acting -according to the law of the Greeks: and, having still further murdered -the damsel, he compelled the women to punish him. There is also another -statue erected to Pandion in the Acropolis, well worth seeing. These -are the ancient Eponymi of the Athenians. And after these they have -as Eponymi Attalus the Mysian, and Ptolemy the Egyptian, and, in my -time, the Emperor Adrian, who worshipped the gods more religiously than -anyone, and who contributed most to the individual happiness of his -subjects. And he never willingly undertook any war, only he punished -the revolt of the Hebrews who live beyond the Syrians. And as to the -temples of the gods, part of which he originally built, and part of -which he adorned with votive offerings and decorations, or of the gifts -which he gave to the Greek cities and to those of the barbarians who -asked for them, all these good deeds of his are written up at Athens, -in the temple common to all the gods. - - - - -CHAPTER VI. - - -As to the actions of Attalus and Ptolemy, not only are they become more -ancient from the progress of time, so that the fame of them no longer -remains, but also those who lived with those kings in former days -neglected to register their exploits. I thought it well therefore to -record whatever works they did, and how it was that the government of -Egypt and of the Mysi, and of the neighbouring nations, fell to their -fathers. Ptolemy, the Macedonians think, was really the son of Philip -the son of Amyntas, (but putatively the son of Lagus), for his mother, -they say, was pregnant when she was given to Lagus to wife by Philip. -And they say that Ptolemy not only distinguished himself brilliantly -in Asia Minor, but, when danger befel Alexander at Oxydracæ, he of -all his companions was foremost to bring him aid. And upon the death -of Alexander, he it was who mainly resisted those who wished to give -all the dominions of Alexander to Aridæus the son of Philip, and he -again was responsible for the different nationalities being divided -into kingdoms. And he himself crossed into Egypt and slew Cleomenes, -whom Alexander had made satrap of Egypt, thinking him friendly to -Perdiccas and therefore not loyal to himself, and persuaded those of -the Macedonians who were appointed to carry the dead body of Alexander -to Ægæ to hand it over to him, and buried him at Memphis with the -customary Macedonian rites; but, feeling sure that Perdiccas would go -to war with him, he filled Egypt with garrisons. And Perdiccas, to -give a specious colour to his expedition, led about with him Aridæus -the son of Philip, and the lad Alexander, the son of Alexander by -Roxana the daughter of Oxyartes, but really was plotting to take away -the kingdom of Egypt from Ptolemy. But having been thrust out of -Egypt, and consequently losing his former prestige as a general, and -having incurred odium among the Macedonians on other grounds, he was -assassinated by his bodyguard. The death of Perdiccas roused Ptolemy -to immediate action: simultaneously he seized Syria and Phœnicia, -welcomed Seleucus the son of Antiochus, a fugitive who had been driven -into exile by Antigonus, and made preparations to take the field in -person against Antigonus. And Cassander the son of Antipater, and -Lysimachus king of Thrace, he persuaded to join him in the war, saying -that the exile of Seleucus and the aggrandisement of Antigonus was a -common danger to all of them. Now Antigonus for a time went on with -his preparations, but by no means courted war. But when he heard that -Ptolemy had gone to Libya to put down a revolt of the people of Cyrene, -forthwith he took Syria and Phœnicia by a _coup-de-main_, and, handing -them over to his son Demetrius, a boy in years a man in intellect, -returned to the Hellespont. But before getting there, on hearing -that Demetrius had been beaten in battle by Ptolemy, he led his army -back again. But Demetrius, so far from yielding ground altogether to -Ptolemy, planned an ambush and cut to pieces a few of the Egyptians. -And now, upon Antigonus’ coming up, Ptolemy did not wait for him, but -retired into Egypt. And when the winter was over Demetrius sailed to -Cyprus and beat Menelaus, Ptolemy’s satrap, in a naval engagement, and -then Ptolemy himself, as he tried to force his way through. And he -fled into Egypt and was blockaded both by land and sea by Antigonus -and Demetrius. But Ptolemy, although in great straits, yet preserved -his kingdom by stationing himself with his army at Pelusium on the -_qui vive_, and by keeping the enemy from the river with his fleet. -And Antigonus had no further hope that he could take Egypt in the -present state of affairs, so he despatched Demetrius to the Rhodians -with a large army and ships, hoping that, if he could get possession -of Rhodes, he could use it as his base against the Egyptians. But not -only did the Rhodians exhibit great daring and ingenuity against their -besiegers, but also Ptolemy himself to the utmost of his power assisted -them in the war. And Antigonus, though unsuccessful with Rhodes and -Egypt, ventured not long afterwards to fight against Lysimachus and -Cassander and the army of Seleucus, and lost the greater part of his -forces, and himself died mainly from being worn out by the length of -the war against Eumenes. And of the kings that put down the power of -Antigonus I think the most unscrupulous was Cassander, who, having -preserved his rule over the Macedonians only owing to Antigonus, went -and fought against a man that had been his benefactor. And after the -death of Antigonus, Ptolemy again took Syria and Cyprus, and restored -Pyrrhus to Thesprotian Epirus. And when Cyrene revolted, Magas the son -of Berenice, who was at this time the wife of Ptolemy, took it in the -fifth year after the revolt. Now if this Ptolemy was really the son -of Philip the son of Amyntas, it will be clear that he inherited this -madness for women from his father, who, though married to Eurydice, -the daughter of Antipater, and having children by her, yet fell in love -with Berenice, (whom Antipater had sent into Egypt as a companion to -Eurydice), and so enamoured was he of her that he had children by her, -and when his end was near willed to reign over Egypt Ptolemy, (from -whom the Athenians name one tribe), his son by Berenice and not by -Eurydice. - - - - -CHAPTER VII. - - -This Ptolemy being enamoured of Arsinoe, his sister on both sides, -married her, doing what was by no means usual among the Macedonians, -but not uncommon among his Egyptian subjects. And next he slew his -brother Argæus plotting against him, as was said. And he brought the -corpse of Alexander from Memphis. And he slew also another brother, -the son of Eurydice, observing that he was trying to make the Cyprians -revolt. And Magas the uterine brother of Ptolemy, (being the son of -Berenice and one Philip, a Macedonian but one of the common people and -otherwise unknown), who had been chosen by his mother to be governor -of Cyrene, at this time persuaded the people of Cyrene to revolt from -Ptolemy and marched with an army for Egypt. And Ptolemy, having guarded -the approaches, awaited the arrival of the men of Cyrene; but Magas -having had news brought him on the road that the Marmaridæ had revolted -from him, (now the Marmaridæ are a tribe of Libyan Nomads), endeavoured -to get back to Cyrene at once. And Ptolemy, intending to follow him, -was prevented by the following reason. Among some of his defensive -operations against Magas, he had invited in some foreign mercenaries, -and among others some 4,000 Galati; but finding that they were plotting -to make themselves masters of Egypt, he sent them down to the Nile to a -desert island. And here they perished, partly by one another’s sword, -partly by famine. And Magas being the husband of Apame, the daughter -of Antiochus the son of Seleucus, persuaded Antiochus to violate the -conditions which his father Seleucus had made with Ptolemy, and to -lead an army into Egypt. But as he was preparing to do so, Ptolemy -sent into all parts of Antichus’ dominions guerilla troops to ravage -the country where the defenders were weak, and more formidable bodies -he checked with his army, so that Antiochus had no longer the chance -to invade Egypt. I have previously described how this Ptolemy sent a -fleet to aid the Athenians against Antigonus and the Macedonians; but, -indeed, the Athenians derived no great benefit from it. Now his sons -were not by Arsinoe his sister, but by the daughter of Lysimachus, -for although he was married to his sister and lived with her, she -pre-deceased him and was childless, and the district Arsinoites is -named after her. - - - - -CHAPTER VIII. - - -Our subject now demands that we should relate the doings of Attalus, -for he is also one of the Athenian Eponymi. A Macedonian by name -Docimus, one of Antigonus’ generals, who afterwards gave himself and -his fortune into the hands of Lysimachus, had a Paphlagonian eunuch -called Philetærus. Now all the circumstances of Philetærus’ revolt from -Lysimachus, and how he invited in Seleucus, shall be narrated by me -in my account of Lysimachus. But this Attalus was the son of Attalus, -and nephew of Philetærus, and got the kingdom from Eumenes his cousin -handing it over to him. And this is the greatest of his exploits, that -he compelled the Galati to leave the coast and go inland to Galatia, -the country which they now inhabit. - - And next to the statues of the Eponymi are images of the gods, -Amphiaraus and Peace with Wealth as a boy in her arms. Here, too, are -statues in bronze of Lycurgus the son of Lycophron, and of Callias who -negotiated peace, as most of the Athenians say, between the Greeks -and Artaxerxes the son of Xerxes. Here, too, is Demosthenes, whom the -Athenians drove into exile to Calauria, the island near Trœzen, and -after having recalled him drove him into exile a second time after -the defeat at Lamia. And when Demosthenes went into exile the second -time, he crossed over again to Calauria, where he died by taking -poison. And he was the only exile who was not handed over to Antipater -and the Macedonians by Archias. Now this Archias, who was a native -of Thurii, acted very inhumanly. All who had opposed the Macedonians -before the disaster which befel the Greeks in Thessaly, Archias handed -over to Antipater for punishment. Now this was the end of Demosthenes’ -excessive affection for the Athenians. And it seems to me deserving of -record, that a man who had been cruelly exiled for his policy, and had -yet believed in the democracy, came to a bad end. - - And near the statue of Demosthenes is the temple of Ares, where are -two images of Aphrodite, and one of Ares designed by Alcamenes, and one -of Athene designed by a Parian by name Locrus. Here too is an image of -Enyo by the sons of Praxiteles. And round the temple are statues of -Hercules, and Theseus, and Apollo with his long hair in a fillet: and -statues of Calades, who was a legislator of the Athenians according -to tradition, and of Pindar, who amongst other honour obtained this -statue from the Athenians because he praised them in an Ode. And at no -great distance are statues of Harmodius and Aristogiton, the murderers -of Hipparchus: the motive and manner of this murder has been told by -others. And of these statues some are by Critias, but the oldest ones -by Antenor. And although Xerxes when he captured Athens, (the Athenians -having left the city), took them off as booty, Antiochus sent them back -afterwards to the Athenians. - - And in the theatre, which they call Odeum, there are statues, in the -entrance, of the Egyptian kings. Their names are all Ptolemy alike, -but each has another distinguishing name also. Thus they call one -Philometor, and another Philadelphus, and the son of Lagus Soter, a -name the Rhodians gave him. Philadelphus is the one whom I have before -made mention of as one of the Eponymi. And near him is also a statue of -his sister Arsinoe. - - - - -CHAPTER IX. - - -Now the Ptolemy called Philometor is the eighth in descent from -Ptolemy the son of Lagus, and he got his name in irony; for none of -these kings that we know of was so hated by their mother as he was; -for though he was the eldest of her sons she would not allow them to -call him to the kingdom, but got him banished to Cyprus by his father -previously. Now of this dislike of Cleopatra to her son they allege -other motives, but especially this one, that she thought Alexander, the -younger of her sons, would be more obsequious to her. And therefore she -urged the Egyptians to choose Alexander for their king. And when the -people opposed her in this, she sent Alexander to Cyprus, nominally -as general, but really because she wished through him to make herself -more formidable to Philometor. And at last having mutilated those of -the eunuchs whom she thought most friendly, she brought them before the -populace, and pretended that she was plotted against by Philometor, -and that the eunuchs had been treated in that shameful manner by -him. And the Alexandrians were eager to kill Philometor, but, as he -got on shipboard and escaped them, they made Alexander king on his -return from Cyprus. But Cleopatra was punished eventually for her -getting Philometor banished by being slain by Alexander, whom she had -got appointed king over the Egyptians. And the crime being detected, -and Alexander fleeing from fear of the citizens, Philometor quietly -returned from exile and a second time held Egypt, and warred against -the Thebans who had revolted. And having reduced them in the third -year after the revolt, he punished them so severely that there was no -vestige left them of their ancient prosperity, which had reached such -a pitch that they excelled in wealth the wealthiest of the Greeks, -even the treasures of the temple at Delphi and the Orchomenians. And -Philometor not long after meeting the common fate, the Athenians -who had been well treated by him in many respects that I need not -enumerate, erected a brazen statue both of him and Berenice, his only -legitimate child. And next to the Egyptian kings are statues of Philip -and his son Alexander. They performed greater exploits than to be mere -appendages to an account of something else. To the other Egyptian kings -gifts were given as being of real merit and benefactors, but to Philip -and Alexander more, from the flattery of the community towards them, -for they also honoured Lysimachus by a statue, not so much out of good -will as thinking him useful under existing circumstances. - - Now this Lysimachus was by birth a Macedonian and the armour-bearer -of Alexander, whom Alexander once in anger shut up in a building with a -lion and found him victorious over the beast. In all other respects he -continued to admire him, and held him in honour as among the foremost -of the Macedonians. And after Alexander’s death Lysimachus ruled over -those Thracians who were contiguous to the Macedonians, over whom -Alexander had ruled, and still earlier Philip. And these would be no -very great portion of Thrace. Now no nations are more populous than -all the Thracians, except the Celts, if one compares one race with -another; and that is why none of the Romans ever subdued all Thrace at -an earlier period. But all Thrace is now subject to the Romans, and -as much of the Celtic land as they think useless from the excessive -cold and inferiority of the soil has been purposely overlooked by -them, but the valuable parts they stick to. Now Lysimachus at this -period fought with the Odrysæ first of all his neighbours, and next -went on an expedition against Dromichetes and the Getæ. And fighting -with men not inexperienced in war, and in number far superior, he -himself getting into the greatest danger, fled for his life; and his -son Agathocles, now first accompanying his father on campaign, was -captured by the Getæ. And Lysimachus after this, being unfortunate in -battles and being greatly concerned at the capture of his son, made a -peace with Dromichetes, abandoning to Getes his possessions across the -Ister, and giving him his daughter in marriage, more of necessity than -choice. But some say that it was not Agathocles who was captured, but -Lysimachus himself, and that he was ransomed by Agathocles negotiating -with Getes on his account. And when he returned he brought with him -for Agathocles a wife in Lysandra, the daughter of Ptolemy Lagus -and Eurydice. And he crossed over into Asia Minor in his fleet, and -destroyed the rule of Antigonus. And he built the present city of the -Ephesians near the sea, bringing into it as settlers Lebedians and -Colophonians, after destroying their cities, so that Phœnix, the Iambic -writer, laments the capture of Colophon. Hermesianax, the Elegiac -writer, could not have lived, it seems to me, up to this date; for else -he would surely have written an elegy over the capture of Colophon. -Lysimachus also waged war against Pyrrhus the son of Æacides. And -watching for his departure from Epirus, as indeed he was wandering -most of his time, he ravaged all the rest of Epirus, and even meddled -with the tombs of the kings. I can scarce believe it, but Hieronymus -of Cardia has recorded that Lysimachus took up the tombs of the dead -and strewed the bones about. But this Hieronymus has the reputation -even on other grounds of having written with hostility against all the -kings except Antigonus, and of not having been altogether just even to -him. And in this account of the tombs in Epirus he clearly must have -invented the calumny, that a Macedonian would interfere with the tombs -of the dead. And besides it appears that Lysimachus did not know that -the people of Epirus were not only the ancestors of Pyrrhus but also of -Alexander; for Alexander was not only a native of Epirus, but on his -mother’s side one of the Æacidæ. And the subsequent alliance between -Pyrrhus and Lysimachus proves that if they did fight together there was -no irreconcilable animosity between them. But perhaps Hieronymus had -other causes of complaint against Lysimachus besides the chief one that -he destroyed the city of Cardia, and built instead of it Lysimachia on -the Isthmus of the Thracian Chersonese. - - - - -CHAPTER X. - - -Now as long as Aridæus, and after him Cassander and his sons, ruled, -there was friendship between Lysimachus and the Macedonians; but when -the kingdom came to Demetrius the son of Antigonus, then at once -Lysimachus thought war would be waged against him by Demetrius, and -preferred to take the initiative himself, knowing that it was a family -tradition with Demetrius to wish to be grasping something, and at -the same time observing that he had come to Macedonia on being sent -for by Alexander the son of Cassander, and on his arrival had killed -Alexander and taken in his stead the kingdom of the Macedonians. For -these reasons he fought with Demetrius at Amphipolis and was within an -ace of being ejected from Thrace, but through the help of Pyrrhus he -retained Thrace and afterwards ruled the Nestians and Macedonians also. -But the greater part of Macedonia Pyrrhus kept for himself, coming with -a force from Epirus and being useful to Lysimachus at that time. But -when Demetrius crossed over into Asia Minor and fought with Seleucus, -as long as the fortunes of Demetrius lasted the alliance between -Pyrrhus and Lysimachus remained unbroken; but when Demetrius got into -the power of Seleucus the friendship was dissolved, and Lysimachus -fought with Antigonus, the son of Demetrius, and with Pyrrhus himself, -and was easily victorious and got Macedonia and compelled Pyrrhus to -return to Epirus. Now many misfortunes are wont to come on men through -love. For Lysimachus being already advanced in age, and being reputed -fortunate in respect to his offspring, and although his son Agathocles -had children by Lysandra, yet married Arsinoe Lysandra’s sister. And -it is said that this Arsinoe, fearing for her children that after -the death of Lysimachus they would be in the hands of Agathocles, -for these reasons conspired against Agathocles. And some writers -have alleged that Arsinoe was violently in love with Agathocles, -but being disappointed in this plotted his death. And they say that -afterwards Lysimachus came to know of the awful doings of his wife, -when it was too late to be of any service to him, being entirely -deprived of his friends. For when Lysimachus permitted Arsinoe to put -Agathocles to death, Lysandra fled to Seleucus, taking with her her -sons and brothers, and in consequence of what had happened they fled -for refuge to Ptolemy. And these fugitives to the court of Seleucus -were accompanied by Alexander also, the son of Lysimachus by his wife -Odrysiades. And they, having got to Babylon, besought Seleucus to go -to war with Lysimachus; and Philetærus at the same time, who had had -all the money of Lysimachus entrusted to him, indignant at the death -of Agathocles and thinking the conduct of Arsinoe suspicious, occupied -Pergamum beyond the river Caicus, and sent an envoy and offered himself -and his money to Seleucus. And Lysimachus, learning all this, crossed -into Asia Minor forthwith, and himself began the war, and encountering -Seleucus was badly beaten and himself killed. And Alexander, who -was his son by his wife Odrysiades, after much entreaty to Lysandra -recovered his corpse, and subsequently conveyed it to the Chersonese -and buried it there, where even now his tomb is to be seen, between the -village Cardia and Pactye. Such was the fate of Lysimachus. - - - - -CHAPTER XI. - - -The Athenians also have a statue of Pyrrhus. This Pyrrhus was only -related to Alexander by ancestry. For Pyrrhus was the son of Æacides -the son of Arybbas, whereas Alexander was the son of Olympias the -daughter of Neoptolemus. Now, Neoptolemus and Arybbas had the same -father, Alcetas the son of Tharypus. And from Tharypus to Pyrrhus, -the son of Achilles, are fifteen generations. For he first, after the -capture of Ilium, neglected, returning home to Thessaly, and removed to -Epirus and dwelt there in accordance with the oracles of Helenus. And -he had no son by Hermione, but by Andromache he had Molossus and Pielus -and the youngest Pergamus. And Helenus also had a son Cestrinus by -Andromache, whom he married after the death of Pyrrhus at Delphi. And -when Helenus died having handed over the kingdom to Molossus the son -of Pyrrhus, Cestrinus with the Epirotes who volunteered to go with him -occupied the region across the river Thyamis, and Pergamus, crossing -into Asia Minor, killed Arius the king of Teuthrania in single combat -for the sovereignty of the country, and gave the city his own name, -which it now has. There is also to this day a temple of Andromache, who -accompanied him, in the city. But Pielus remained at home in Epirus, -and it was to him and not to Molossus that Pyrrhus the son of Æacides -and his fathers traced up their ancestry. Now up to the days of Alcetas -the son of Tharypus Epirus was under one king; but the sons of Alcetas -after some quarrelling changed the government to an equal share for -each, and remained loyal to that agreement; and afterwards Alexander -the son of Neoptolemus died in Lucania, and Olympias returned to -Epirus from fear of Antipater, and Æacides, the son of Arybbas, in all -respects remained loyal to Olympias, and even joined her in fighting -against Aridæus and the Macedonians, though the people of Epirus were -unwilling to enter into it. But as Olympias, when she conquered, had -acted infamously in connection with the death of Aridæus, and far more -so to the Macedonians, and consequently was thought afterwards to -have only met with her deserts from Cassander, the Epirotes would not -receive Æacides for a time owing to their hostility against Olympias; -and when he obtained pardon from them some time after Cassander again -prevented his return to Epirus. And a battle being fought between -Philip (the brother of Cassander) and Æacides at Œnidæ, Æacides was -wounded and died no long time after. And the people of Epirus made -Alcetas king, the son of Arybbas and elder brother of Æacides, a man -on previous occasions of ungovernable temper, and for that very reason -banished by his father. And now on his arrival he immediately so madly -raged against the people of Epirus, that they rose up against him by -night and killed him and his sons. And when they had killed him they -brought back from exile Pyrrhus the son of Æacides. And immediately -on his arrival Cassander marched against him, as being young and not -firmly established in the sovereignty. But Pyrrhus, on the invasion of -the Macedonians, went to Egypt to Ptolemy the son of Lagus; and Ptolemy -gave him as wife the uterine sister of his own children, and restored -him with a force of Egyptians. And Pyrrhus, on becoming king, attacked -the Corcyræans first of the Greeks, seeing that the island of Corcyra -lay opposite to his own territory, and not wishing it to be a base -for operations against him. And after the capture of Corcyra all the -defeats he met with fighting against Lysimachus, and how after he had -driven Demetrius out of Macedonia he ruled there until he in turn was -ejected by Lysimachus,--all these, the most important events at that -time in Pyrrhus’ life, have been already narrated by me in connection -with Lysimachus. And we know of no Greek before Pyrrhus that warred -with the Romans. For there is no record of any engagement between -Æneas and Diomede and the Argives with him; and the Athenians, who -were very ambitious and desired to reduce all Italy, were prevented by -the disaster at Syracuse from attacking the Romans; and Alexander the -son of Neoptolemus, of the same race as Pyrrhus but older in age, was -prevented by his death in Lucania from coming to blows with the Romans. - - - - -CHAPTER XII. - - -So Pyrrhus is the first that crossed the Ionian Sea from Greece -to fight against the Romans. And he crossed at the invitation of -the people of Tarentum, who had had earlier than this a war of -long standing with the Romans: and being unable to resist them by -themselves, (and they had already done services to Pyrrhus, for they -had aided him with their fleet when he was warring against Corcyra), -their envoys won Pyrrhus over, giving him to understand that it would -be for the happiness of all Greece, and that it would not be honourable -for him to leave them in the lurch, inasmuch as they were friends and -on the present occasion suppliants. And as the envoys urged these -things, the remembrance of the capture of Ilium came to Pyrrhus, -and he hoped the same would happen to him: for he, a descendant of -Achilles, would be warring against colonies of Trojans. And as the -idea pleased him, (and he was not the man to loiter at anything he -had a mind for), he forthwith equipped men-of-war and transports and -got ready cavalry and infantry to take with him. Now, there are some -books written by men not remarkable for historical power still extant, -called COMMENTARIES OF EVENTS. As often as I read them I am inclined to -marvel, not only at the daring of Pyrrhus which he displayed in action, -but also at the forethought which he always exhibited. On this occasion -he crossed over into Italy in his ships unbeknown to the Romans, and -his arrival was unknown to them until, (an attack being made by them -upon the people of Tarentum), he first showed himself at the head of -his army, and, attacking them contrary to their expectation, threw -them into confusion as was only likely. And, knowing full well that -he was not a match for the Romans in fighting, he contrived to let -loose elephants upon them. Now Alexander was the first European who -had elephants, after the conquest of Porus and India: and on his death -other European kings had them, and Antigonus a very large quantity of -them: and the elephants of Pyrrhus were captured by him in the battle -with Demetrius. And now on their appearance a panic seized the Romans, -who thought they were something superhuman. For the use of ivory indeed -all nations have clearly known from the earliest times; but the animals -themselves, until the Macedonians crossed into Asia, no nations had -seen at all except the Indians and Libyans and the adjacent nations. -And Homer proves this, who has represented the beds and houses of the -wealthier of the kings as decked with ivory, but has made no mention -whatever of the elephant. And if he had seen or heard of them he would, -I think, have recorded them rather than the battle of the Pygmies -and cranes. Pyrrhus was also invited into Sicily by an embassy of -Syracusans. For the Carthaginians used to cross over and take the Greek -cities in Sicily, and Syracuse the only one left they were blockading -and besieging. And Pyrrhus, hearing this from the envoys, left Tarentum -and the Italians that dwelt on the headland, and crossed over into -Sicily and compelled the Carthaginians to raise the siege. And, having -overweening self-confidence, he was elated to fight on sea against -the Carthaginians, (who were the greatest maritime nation of all the -barbarians of that day, having been originally Tyrians and Phœnicians), -with the natives of Epirus only, who even after the capture of Ilium -were most of them unacquainted with the sea, and knew not the use of -salt. As that line of Homer, in the “Odyssey,” bears me out: - - “Men who know not the sea, nor eat food seasoned with salt.”[3] - - - - -CHAPTER XIII. - - -Then Pyrrhus, after his defeat, sailed for Tarentum with the remnant of -his fleet. There his fortunes suffered great reverses, and he contrived -his flight in the following manner, (for he knew that the Romans would -not let him go scot-free). On his return from Sicily he first sent -letters everywhere to Asia Minor and Antigonus, asking for soldiers -from some of the kings and for money from others, and for both from -Antigonus. And when the messengers returned and their letters were -given to him, he called together a council of the chief men of Epirus -and Tarentum, and read none of the letters which he had with him but -merely said that aid would come. And quickly a report spread among the -Romans, that the Macedonians and other tribes of Asia Minor were going -to come over to the help of Pyrrhus. So the Romans when they heard -this remained quiet, and Pyrrhus under the shelter of the next night -crossed over to the mountains which they call Ceraunia. And after this -reverse in Italy he remained quiet with his forces for some time, and -then proclaimed war against Antigonus, bringing other charges against -him but mainly because he had failed to bring reinforcements to Italy. -And having beaten Antigonus’ own troops, and the foreign contingent -with him of the Galati, he pursued them to the maritime cities, and -became master of Upper Macedonia and Thessaly. And the greatness of -the battle and the magnitude of Pyrrhus’ victory are shown by the arms -of the Galati hung up in the temple of Athene Itonia between Pheræ and -Larissa, and the inscription on them is as follows: - - “Molossian Pyrrhus hung up these shields of the brave Galati to -Itonian Athene, when he had destroyed all the host of Antigonus. No -great wonder. The Æacidæ are warriors now as formerly.” - - The shields of the Galati he put here, but those of the Macedonians -he hung up to Zeus of the Macedonians at Dodona. And the following is -the inscription on them: - - “These formerly ravaged the wealthy Asian territory, - These also brought slavery to the Greeks; - But now hang up on the pillars in the house of Zeus - The spoils snatched from boasting Macedonia.” - - But Pyrrhus was prevented from overthrowing the Macedonians entirely, -though he came within an ace of it, and was only too ready always to -seize whatever was at his feet, by Cleonymus. Now this Cleonymus, who -had persuaded Pyrrhus to leave Macedonia and come to the Peloponnese, -although a Lacedæmonian led a hostile force into the territory of the -Lacedæmonians, for the reason which I shall give after his pedigree. -Pausanias that led the Greeks at Platæa had a son Pleistoanax, and he a -son Pausanias, and he a son Cleombrotus, who fought against Epaminondas -and the Thebans, and was killed at Leuctra. And Cleombrotus had two -sons Agesipolis and Cleomenes, and the former dying childless Cleomenes -had the kingdom. And he had two sons, the elder Acrotatus and the -younger Cleonymus. And Acrotatus dying first and after him Cleomenes, -there was a dispute who should be king between Acrotatus’ son, Areus, -and Cleonymus. And Cleonymus, determined to get the kingdom whether -or no, called in Pyrrhus into the country. And the Lacedæmonians -before Leuctra had met with no reverse, so that they would not admit -they could be conquered by a land army: for in the case of Leonidas -they said his followers were not sufficient to completely destroy the -Persians, and as for the exploit of Demosthenes and the Athenians at -the island of Sphacteria, they said that was a fluke of war and not -a genuine victory. But after their first reverse in Bœotia, they had -a second severe one with Antipater and the Macedonians: and thirdly -the war with Demetrius came on the land as an unexpected evil. And -when fourthly Pyrrhus invaded them, when they saw the enemy’s army, -they drew up in battle array together with their allies from Argos and -Messene. And Pyrrhus conquered and was within an ace of taking Sparta -at the first assault; but after having ravaged their territory and got -much booty he rested for awhile. And the Spartans prepared for a siege, -Sparta even before in the war with Demetrius having been fortified by -deep trenches and strong palisades, and in the weakest parts by special -works. And during this time and the long Laconian war Antigonus having -fortified the towns of the Macedonians pressed into the Peloponnese, -perceiving that Pyrrhus, if he should subdue Sparta and most of the -Peloponnese, would not go into Epirus, but into Macedonia again and to -the war sure to come there. And when Antigonus was intending to move -his army from Argos into Spartan territory, Pyrrhus himself had arrived -at Argos. And, being victorious, he followed the fugitives and entered -the city with them, and, as was likely, his army dispersed into all -quarters of the city. And as they were fighting in the temples and -houses and alleys and in all parts of the city promiscuously, Pyrrhus -was left all alone and got wounded in the head. They say Pyrrhus was -killed by a tile thrown by a woman: but the Argives say it was not a -woman that slew him, but Demeter in the form of a woman. This is the -account which the Argives themselves give of the death of Pyrrhus; -this is also what Lyceas, the expounder of his country’s usages, has -written in his verses. And on the spot where Pyrrhus died was erected -a temple to Demeter in accordance with the oracle of the god: and in -it was Pyrrhus buried. I am astonished that of all those who were -called Æacidæ their end happened in the same supernatural manner, since -Homer says Achilles was slain by Alexander the son of Priam and by -Apollo; and Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles, was ordered to be slain by -the Pythian oracle at Delphi; and this son of Æacides met his fate as -has been recorded by the Argives and sung by Lyceas. And yet this is -different to the account given by Hieronymus of Cardia: for one that -lives with a king must needs write history like a courtier. And if -Philistus, hoping for a return to Syracuse, was justified in concealing -the most flagitious acts of Dionysius, then Hieronymus, I ween, had -good excuse for writing to please Antigonus. Such was the end of the -glory of Epirus. - - - - -CHAPTER XIV. - - -And as one enters the Odeum at Athens, there is a Dionysus and other -things worth seeing. And near is a spring called the Nine Springs -constructed so by Pisistratus: for there are wells all over the city -but this is the only spring. And two temples have been built over the -spring, one to Demeter and the other to Proserpine; in one of them -is a statue to Triptolemus, about whom I will record the traditions, -omitting what is said about Deiope. Now the Argives are those of the -Greeks who chiefly dispute with the Athenians their rival claims to -antiquity, and assert that they have received gifts from the gods, -just as among the barbarians the Egyptians have similar disputes with -the Phrygians. The story goes then that when Demeter came to Argos -Pelasgus received her into his house, and that Chrysanthis, knowing of -the rape of Proserpine, informed her of it: and afterwards Trochilus -the initiating priest fled they say from Argos in consequence of the -hatred of Agenor, and came to Attica, and there married a wife from -Eleusis, and had children by her, Eubules and Triptolemus. This is -the account of the Argives. But the Athenians and neighbouring tribes -know that Triptolemus, the son of Celeus, was the first who sowed -corn in the fields. And it is sung by Musæus, (if indeed the lines -are by Musæus), that Triptolemus was the son of Ocean and Earth, and -it is sung by Orpheus, (if these lines again are by Orpheus, which I -doubt), that Dysaules was the father of Eubules and Triptolemus, and -that Demeter taught them how to sow corn because they had given her -information about the rape of her daughter. But the Athenian Chœrilus, -in the play called “Alope,” says that Cercyon and Triptolemus were -brothers, that their mother was a daughter of Amphictyon, and that the -father of Triptolemus was Rharus, and the father of Cercyon Poseidon. -And as I was intending to go further into the account, and narrate all -things appertaining to the temple at Athens called the Eleusinium, a -vision in the night checked me: but what it is lawful for me to write -for everybody, to this I will turn. In front of this temple, where -is also a statue of Triptolemus, there is a brazen bull being led to -sacrifice, and Epimenides the Gnossian is pourtrayed in a sitting -posture, who is recorded to have gone into a field and entered into a -cave and slept there, and woke not from that sleep till forty years -had rolled by, and afterwards wrote epic poems and visited Athens and -other cities. And Thales, who stopped the plague at Lacedæmon, was no -relation of his, nor of the same city as Epimenides: for the latter was -a Gnossian, whereas Thales is declared to have been a Gortynian by the -Colyphonian Polymnastus, who wrote a poem on him for the Lacedæmonians. -And a little further is the temple of Euclea, (_Fair Fame_), a votive -offering for the victory over the Persians at Marathon. And I think the -Athenians prided themselves not a little on this victory: Æschylus, -at any rate, on his death-bed, remembered none of his other exploits, -though he was so remarkable as a Dramatist and had fought both at -Artemisium and Salamis: and he wrote in the Poem he then composed his -own name and the name of his city, and that he had as witnesses of his -prowess the grove at Marathon and the Persians who landed there. - - And beyond the Ceramicus and the portico called _The Royal Portico_ -is a temple of Hephæstus, and that a statue of Athene was placed in -it I was not at all surprised at when I remembered the story about -Erichthonius. But seeing that the statue of Athene had grey eyes, I -found that this was a legend of the Libyans, who record that she was -the daughter of Poseidon and the Tritonian Marsh, and that therefore -her eyes were grey as those of Poseidon. And near is a temple of -Celestial Aphrodite, who was first worshipped by the Assyrians, and -after them by the Paphians of Cyprus, and by the Phœnicians who dwell -at Ascalon in Palestine. And from the Phœnicians the people of Cythera -learned her worship. And among the Athenians her worship was instituted -by Ægeus, thinking that he had no children, (for he had none then), and -that his sisters were unfortunate, owing to the wrath of the Celestial -One. And her statue is still among us of Parian stone, the design of -Phidias. And the Athenians have a township of the Athmoneans, who say -that Porphyrion, who reigned even before Actæus, erected among them a -temple to the Celestial Aphrodite. But the traditions of townships and -the dwellers in cities are widely different. - - - - -CHAPTER XV. - - -And as one goes into the portico, which they call _The Painted -Chamber_ from the paintings, there is a brazen statue of Hermes of the -Market-Place, and a gate near, and by it is a trophy of the Athenians -who overcame Plistarchus in a cavalry engagement, who, being the -brother of Cassander, had brought his cavalry and a foreign force -against them. Now, this portico has first the Athenians drawn up in -battle array, at Œnoe in Argive territory, against the Lacedæmonians: -and it is painted not in the height of the action, nor when the time -had come for the display of reckless valour in the heady fight, but -at the commencement of the engagement, and when they were just coming -to blows. And in the middle of the walls are painted the Athenians -and Theseus fighting with the Amazons. Now these are the only women -as it seems from whom reverses in war did not take away a relish for -danger; for after the capture of Themiscyra by Hercules, and later on -after the destruction of the army which they sent against Athens, they -yet went to Ilium and fought with the Athenians and other Greeks. And -next to the Amazons you may see painted the Greeks at the capture of -Ilium, and the kings gathered together on account of Ajax’s violence to -Cassandra: and the painting has Ajax himself, and Cassandra among the -other captive women. And at the end of the painting are the Greeks that -fought at Marathon, of the Bœotians the Platæans, and all the Attic -contingent are marching against the barbarians. And in this part of -the painting the valour is equal on both sides, but in the middle of -the battle the barbarians are fleeing and pushing one another into the -marsh. And at the end of this painting are the Phœnician ships, and the -Greeks slaying the barbarians who are trying to get on board. Here too -is a painting of the hero Marathon from whom the plain is named, and -Theseus in the guise of putting out to sea, and Athene and Hercules: -for by the people of Marathon first, as they themselves allege, was -Hercules considered a god. And of the combatants there stand out most -plainly in the painting Callimachus, who was chosen by the Athenians -as Polemarch, and Miltiades, one of the generals, and the hero who -was called Echetlus, of whom I shall make mention hereafter. Here -also are fixed up brazen shields, and these have an inscription that -they are from the Scionæans and their allies, and others smeared over -with pitch, that neither time nor rust should hurt them, are said to -have belonged to the Lacedæmonians who were captured in the island of -Sphacteria. - - - - -CHAPTER XVI. - - -And before the portico are brazen statues of Solon, the Athenian -legislator, and a little further Seleucus, to whom came beforehand -clear indications of his future prosperity. For when he started from -Macedonia with Alexander, as he was sacrificing to Zeus at Pella, -the wood laid on the altar moved to the statue of the god of its own -accord, and burst into a blaze without fire. And on the death of -Alexander Seleucus, fearing the arrival of Antigonus at Babylon, fled -to Ptolemy the son of Lagus, but returned some time after to Babylon, -and on his return defeated the army of Antigonus and slew Antigonus -himself, and afterwards captured Demetrius, the son of Antigonus, -who came against him with an army. And as all these things succeeded -with him, and not long after the power of Lysimachus collapsed, he -handed over all his power in Asia Minor to his son Antiochus, and -himself hurried into Macedonia, and took with him an army of Greeks -and barbarians. But Ptolemy the brother of Lysandra, who had fled to -Seleucus from Lysimachus, and who was generally speaking a very bold -and daring fellow and on that account called Lightning, when the army -of Seleucus reached Lysimachia privately slew Seleucus, and, allowing -the other kings to take Seleucus’ money, became king of Macedonia, -until venturing first of all the kings we know to fight against the -Galati, he was killed by the barbarians, and Antigonus the son of -Demetrius recovered the kingdom. And Seleucus, I am persuaded, was -an especially upright king, pious and religious. I infer this partly -because he restored to the Milesians at Branchidæ the brazen Apollo, -that had been carried away to Ecbatana in Persia by Xerxes; and partly -because, when he built Seleucia on the river Tigris and introduced -Babylonians to dwell there, he destroyed neither the wall of Babylon -nor the temple of Bel, but allowed the Chaldæans to dwell in its -vicinity. - - - - -CHAPTER XVII. - - -And the Athenians have in the market-place among other things not -universally notable an altar of _Mercy_, to whom, though most useful -of all the gods to the life of man and its vicissitudes, the Athenians -alone of all the Greeks assign honours. And not only is philanthropy -more regarded among them; but they also exhibit more piety to the gods -than others. For they have also an altar to _Shame_, and _Rumour_, and -_Energy_. And it is clear that those people who have a larger share -of piety than others have also a larger share of good fortune. And in -the gymnasium of the market-place, which is not far off and is called -after Ptolemy because he established it, are Hermæ in stone worth -seeing, and a brazen statue of Ptolemy; and the Libyan Juba is here, -and Chrysippus of Soli. And near the gymnasium is a temple of Theseus, -where are paintings of the Athenians fighting against the Amazons. And -this war has also been represented on the shield of Athene, and on the -base of Olympian Zeus. And in the temple of Theseus is also painted -the fight between the Centaurs and Lapithæ. Theseus is represented as -just having slain a Centaur, but with all the rest in the picture the -fight seems to be on equal terms. But the painting on the third wall is -not clear to those who do not know the story, partly as the painting -has faded from age, partly because Micon has not pourtrayed the whole -story. When Minos took Theseus and the rest of the band of boys to -Crete, he was enamoured of Peribœa, and when Theseus was very opposed -to this, he in his rage among other sarcasms that he hurled against -him said that he was not the son of Poseidon, for if he threw the ring -which he chanced to be wearing into the sea he could not get it again, -Minos is said at once to have thrown the ring into the sea when he had -said this. And they say that Theseus jumped into the sea and came up -with the ring and a golden crown, the gift of Amphitrite. And as to the -death of Theseus many varying accounts have been given. For they say -that he was once bound by Pluto until he was liberated by Hercules. -But the most credible account I have heard is that Theseus having -invaded Thesprotia, intending to carry off the wife of the king of the -country, lost the greater part of his army, and himself and Pirithous -were taken prisoners, (for Pirithous also came on the expedition -marriage-hunting), and confined by the king of Thesprotia at Cichyrus. - - Now among other things worth seeing in Thesprotia are the temple -of Zeus at Dodona, and a beech-tree sacred to the god. And near -Cichyrus there is a marsh called Acherusia and the river Acheron, and -there too flows Cocytus with most unpleasant stream. And I fancy that -Homer, having seen these, ventured to introduce them in his account -of the rivers of Hades, and to borrow his names from these rivers in -Thesprotia. However that may be, Theseus being detained there, the sons -of Tyndarus led an expedition to Aphidna, and captured it, and restored -Menestheus to the kingdom. And Menestheus paid no attention to the sons -of Theseus, who had gone to Eubœa for shelter to Elephenor; but as to -Theseus himself, thinking he would be a dangerous adversary if ever -he returned from Thesprotia, he coaxed the people so that if Theseus -ever returned he would be sent back again. Accordingly Theseus was -sent to Crete to Deucalion, and being carried out of his way by storms -to the island Scyrus, the Scyrians gave him a brilliant reception, -both for the splendour of his race and the renown of his exploits; -and it was owing to this that Lycomedes planned his death. And the -shrine of Theseus at Athens was after the time that the Persians were -at Marathon, for it was Miltiades’ son, Cimon, that drove out the -inhabitants of Scyrus to revenge the hero’s death, and that conveyed -his bones to Athens. - - - - -CHAPTER XVIII. - - -Now the temple of the Dioscuri is ancient; they are designed standing, -and their sons seated on horseback. Here too is a painting by -Polygnotus of the marriage of the daughters of Leucippus, and by Micon -of the Argonauts who sailed with Jason to Colchi: in this painting -Acastus and his horses stand out remarkably well. And above the temple -of the Dioscuri is the grove of Aglaurus, to whom and to her sisters -Erse and Pandrosus they say Athene gave Erichthonius, after putting -him in a chest and forbidding them to pry into the contents. Pandrosus -they say obeyed, but the other two opened the chest, and went mad when -they saw Erichthonius, and threw themselves down the Acropolis at the -very steepest place. It was on that very spot that the Persians landed, -and slew those Athenians who thought they understood the oracle better -than Themistocles, and fortified the Acropolis with wooden palisades. -And next is the Prytaneum, where the laws of Solon are written up, -and where are images of the goddesses Peace and Vesta, and among -other statues one to Autolycus the pancratiast; for Miltiades and -Themistocles have been removed for a Roman and a Thracian! As one goes -thence to the lower parts of the city is the temple of Serapis, whose -worship the Athenians introduced to please Ptolemy. Of the Egyptian -temples to Serapis the most famous is that at Alexandria, but the -oldest is that at Memphis, into which strangers may not enter, nor -even priests except during the ritual in connection with Apis. And not -far from the temple of Serapis is the place where they say Pirithous -and Theseus agreed to go to Lacedæmon, and afterwards to Thesprotia. -And next is a temple erected to Ilithyia, who they say came from the -Hyperborean regions to assist Leto in her travail-throes, and of whom -other nations learnt from the people of Delos, who sacrifice to her and -sing at her altar the Hymn of Olen. But the Cretans consider her to -have been born at Amnisus in Gnossian territory, and to have been the -daughter of Hera. And among the Athenians alone her statues are draped -to the bottom of her feet. Two of her statues the women said were -Cretan and votive offerings of Phædra, while the oldest was brought by -Erysichthon from Delos. - - And before going into the temple of Olympian Zeus--which Adrian the -Roman Emperor built, and in which he placed that remarkable statue of -Olympian Zeus (larger than any works of art except the Colossuses at -Rhodes and Rome); it is in ivory and gold, and elegant if you consider -the size--are two statues of Adrian in Thasian stone, and two in -Egyptian stone: and brazen statues in front of the pillars of what the -Athenians call their colonial cities. The whole circuit of the temple -is about four stades, and is full of statues; for from each city is -a statue of the Emperor Adrian, and the Athenians outdid them by the -very fine colossal statue of the Emperor which they erected at the -back of the temple. And in the temple precincts is an ancient statue -of Zeus in brass and a shrine of Cronos and Rhea, and a grove to Earth -by the title of Olympian. Here there is about a cubit’s subsidence of -soil, and they say that after Deucalion’s flood the water came in and -escaped there, and they knead every year a cake of barley meal with -honey and throw it into the cavity. And there is on a pillar a statue -of Isocrates, who left behind him 3 notable examples, his industry (for -though he lived to the age of 98 he never left off taking pupils), -his wisdom (for all his life he kept aloof from politics and public -business), and his love of liberty (for after the news of the battle -of Chæronea he pined away and died of voluntary starvation). And there -are some Persians in stone holding up a brazen tripod, both themselves -and the tripod fine works of art. And they say that Deucalion built -the old temple of Olympian Zeus, bringing as evidence that Deucalion -lived at Athens his tomb not far from this very temple. Adrian erected -also at Athens a temple of Hera and Pan-Hellenian Zeus, and a temple -for all the gods in common. But the most remarkable things are 100 -pillars wrought in Phrygian stone, and the walls in the porticoes -corresponding. And there is a room here with a roof of gold and -alabaster stone, adorned also with statues and paintings: and books are -stored up in it. And there is a gymnasium called the Adrian gymnasium: -and here too are 100 pillars of stone from Libyan quarries. - - - - -CHAPTER XIX. - - -And next to the temple of Olympian Zeus is a statue of Pythian -Apollo, as also a temple of Delphian Apollo. And they say that, when -this temple was completed except the roof, Theseus came to the city -incognito. And having a long garment down to his feet and his hair -being elegantly plaited, when he came near this temple, those who were -building the roof asked him jeeringly why a maiden ripe for marriage -was wandering about alone. And his only answer was, it is said, -unyoking the oxen from the waggon which stood by, and throwing it in -the air higher than the roof they were building. And with respect to -the place that they call _The Gardens_, and the temple of Aphrodite, -there is no account given by the Athenians, nor in respect to the -statue of Aphrodite which stands next the temple, and is square like -the Hermæ, and the inscription declares that Celestial Aphrodite is -the oldest of those that are called _Fates_. The statue of Aphrodite -in _The Gardens_ is the work of Alcamenes, and is among the few things -at Athens best worth seeing. There is also a temple of Hercules -called Cynosarges: (_i.e._, _of the white dog_); the history of the -white dog may be learnt by those who have read the oracle. And there -are altars to Hercules and Hebe, (the daughter of Zeus), who, they -think, was married to Hercules. There is also an altar of Alcmene and -Iolaus, who was associated with Hercules in most of his Labours. And -the Lyceum gets its name from Lycus the son of Pandion, but is now -as of old considered a temple of Apollo, for Apollo was here called -Lyceus originally. And it is also said that the natives of Termilæ, -where Lycus went when he fled from Ægeus, are called Lycians from the -same Lycus. And behind the Lyceum is the tomb of Nisus who was king of -Megara and slain by Minos, and the Athenians brought his corpse here -and buried it. About this Nisus there is a story that he had purple -hair, and that the oracle said he would die if it was shorn off. And -when the Cretans came into the land, they took all the other cities of -Megaris by storm, but had to blockade Nisæa, into which Nisus had fled -for refuge. And here they say the daughter of Nisus, who was enamoured -of Minos, cut off her father’s locks. This is the story. Now the rivers -of Attica are the Ilissus and the Eridanus that flows into it, having -the same name as the Celtic Eridanus. The Ilissus is the river where -they say Orithyia was playing when carried off by the North Wind, who -married her, and because of his affinity with the Athenians aided them -and destroyed many of the barbarians’ ships. And the Athenians think -the Ilissus sacred to several gods, and there is an altar also on its -banks to the Muses. The place is also shewn where the Peloponnesians -slew Codrus, the son of Melanthus, the king of Athens. After you cross -the Ilissus is a place called Agræ, and a temple of Artemis Agrotera, -(_The Huntress_), for here they say Artemis first hunted on her arrival -from Delos: accordingly her statue has a bow. And what is hardly -credible to hear, but wonderful to see, is a stadium of white marble; -one can easily conjecture its size in the following manner. Above the -Ilissus is a hill, and this stadium extends from the river to the hill -in a crescent-shaped form. It was built by Herodes an Athenian, and -most of the Pentelican quarry was used in its construction. - - - - -CHAPTER XX. - - -Now there is a way from the Prytaneum called _The Tripods_, so called -from some large temples of the gods there and some brazen tripods in -them, which contain many works of art especially worthy of mention. For -there is a Satyr on which Praxiteles is said to have prided himself -very much: and when Phryne once asked which was the finest of his -works, they say that he offered to give it her like a lover, but would -not say which he thought his finest work. A servant of Phryne at this -moment ran up, and said that most of Praxiteles’ works were destroyed -by a sudden fire that had seized the building where they were, but -that they were not all burnt. Praxiteles at once rushed out of doors, -and said he had nothing to show for all his labour, if the flames had -consumed his Satyr and Cupid. Phryne then bade him stay and be of good -cheer, for he had suffered no such loss, but it was only her artifice -to make him confess which were his finest works. She then selected the -Cupid. And in the neighbouring temple is a boy Satyr handing a cup to -Dionysus. And there is a painting by Thymilus of Cupid standing near -Dionysus. But the most ancient temple of Dionysus is at the theatre. -And inside the sacred precincts are two shrines of Dionysus and two -statues of him, one by Eleuthereus, and one by Alcamenes in ivory and -gold. There is a painting also of Dionysus taking Hephæstus to Heaven. -And this is the story the Greeks tell. Hera exposed Hephæstus on his -birth, and he nursing up his grievance against her sent her as a gift a -golden seat with invisible bonds, so that when she sat in it she was a -prisoner, and Hephæstus would not obey any of the gods, and Dionysus, -whose relations with Hephæstus were always good, made him drunk and -took him to Heaven. There are paintings also of Pentheus and Lycurgus -paying the penalty for their insults to Dionysus, and of Ariadne -asleep, Theseus putting out to sea, and Dionysus coming to carry her -off. And there is near the temple of Dionysus and the theatre a work -of art, said to have been designed in imitation of Xerxes’ tent. It -is a copy, for the original one was burnt by Sulla the Roman general -when he took Athens. And this is how the war came about. Mithridates -was king of the barbarians in the neighbourhood of the Euxine Sea. -Now his pretext for fighting against the Romans, and how he crossed -into Asia, and the cities he reduced by war or won over by diplomacy, -let those who wish to know the whole history of Mithridates concern -themselves about all this: I shall merely relate the circumstances -attending the capture of Athens. There was an Athenian called Aristion, -whom Mithridates employed as ambassador to the Greek States: he -persuaded the Athenians to prefer the friendship of Mithridates to -that of the Romans. However he persuaded only the democracy and the -fiercer spirits, for as to the more respectable Athenians they of -their own accord joined the Romans. And in the battle that ensued the -Romans were easily victorious, and pursued Aristion and the fleeing -Athenians to the city, and Archelaus and the barbarians to the Piræus. -Now Archelaus was the general of Mithridates, whom before this the -Magnesians who inhabit Sipylus wounded, as he was ravaging their -territory, and killed many of the barbarians. So Athens was blockaded, -and Taxilus another general of Mithridates happened to be investing -Elatea in the Phocian district, but when tidings of this came to him he -withdrew his forces into Attica. And the Roman general learning this -left part of his army to continue the siege of Athens, but himself went -with the greater part of his force to encounter Taxilus in Bœotia. And -the third day after news came to both the Roman camps, to Sulla that -the walls at Athens had been carried, and to the force besieging Athens -that Taxilus had been defeated at Chæronea. And when Sulla returned -to Attica, he shut up in the Ceramicus all his Athenian adversaries, -and ordered them to be decimated by lot. And Sulla’s rage against the -Athenians not a whit relaxing, some of them secretly went to Delphi: -and when they enquired if it was absolutely fated that Athens should be -destroyed, the Pythian priestess gave them an oracular response about -the bladder.[4] And Sulla after this had the same complaint with which -I learn Pherecydes the Syrian was visited. And the conduct of Sulla -to most of the Athenians was more savage than one would have expected -from a Roman: but I do not consider this the cause of his malady, but -the wrath of Zeus the God of Suppliants, because when Aristion fled for -refuge to the temple of Athene he tore him away and put him to death. -Athens being thus injured by the war with the Romans flourished again -when Adrian was Emperor. - - - - -CHAPTER XXI. - - -Now the Athenians have statues in the theatre of their tragic and -comic dramatists, mostly mediocrities, for except Menander there is no -Comedian of first-rate powers, and Euripides and Sophocles are the -great lights of Tragedy. And the story goes that after the death of -Sophocles the Lacedæmonians made an incursion into Attica, and their -leader saw in a dream Dionysus standing by him, and bidding him honour -the new Siren with all the honours paid to the dead: and the dream -seemed manifestly to refer to Sophocles and his plays. And even now -the Athenians are wont to compare the persuasiveness of his poetry and -discourses to a Siren’s song. And the statue of Æschylus was I think -completed long after his death, and subsequently to the painting which -exhibits the action at Marathon. And Æschylus used to tell the story -that when he was quite a lad, he slept in a field watching the grapes, -and Dionysus appeared to him and bade him write tragedy: and when -it was day, he wished to obey the god, and found it most easy work. -This was his own account. And on the South Wall, which looks from the -Acropolis to the theatre, is the golden head of Medusa the Gorgon, -with her ægis. And at the top of the theatre there is a crevice in -the rocks up to the Acropolis: and there is a tripod also here. On it -are pourtrayed Apollo and Artemis carrying off the sons of Niobe. I -myself saw this Niobe when I ascended the mountain Sipylus: the rock -and ravine at near view convey neither the idea of a woman, nor a woman -mourning, but at a distance you may fancy to yourself that you see a -woman all tears and with dejected mien. - - As you go from the theatre to the Acropolis is the tomb of Calus. -This Calus, his sister’s son and art-pupil, Dædalus murdered and fled -to Crete: and afterwards escaped into Sicily to Cocalus. And the temple -of Æsculapius, in regard to the statues of the god and his sons and -also the paintings, is well worth seeing. And there is in it a spring, -in which they say Halirrhothius the son of Poseidon was drowned by -Ares for having seduced his daughter, and this was the first case of -trial for murder. Here too among other things is a Sarmatic coat of -mail: anyone looking at it will say that the Sarmatians come not a whit -behind the Greeks in the arts. For they have neither iron that they -can dig nor do they import it, for they have less idea of barter than -any of the barbarians in those parts. This deficiency they meet by the -following invention. On their spears they have bone points instead -of iron, and bows and arrows of cornel wood, and bone points to their -arrows: and they throw lassoes at the enemy they meet in battle, and -gallop away and upset them when they are entangled in these lassoes. -And they make their coats of mail in the following manner. Everyone -rears a great many mares, being as they are a nomadic tribe, the land -not being divided into private allotments, and indeed growing nothing -but forest timber. These mares they use not only for war, and sacrifice -to the gods of the country, but also for food. And after getting -together a collection of hoofs they clean them and cut them in two, and -make of them something like dragons’ scales. And whoever has not seen -a dragon has at any rate seen a pine nut still green: anyone therefore -comparing the state of the hoof to the incisions apparent on pine nuts -would get a good idea of what I mean. These they perforate, and having -sewn them together with ligaments of horses and oxen make them into -coats of mail no less handsome and strong than Greek coats of mail: for -indeed whether they are struck point-blank or shot at they are proof. -But linen coats of mail are not equally useful for combatants, for they -admit the keen thrust of steel, but are some protection to hunters, for -the teeth of lions and panthers break off against them. And you may see -linen coats of mail hung up in other temples and in the Gryneum, where -is a most beautiful grove of Apollo, where the trees both cultivated -and wild please equally both nose and eye. - - - - -CHAPTER XXII. - - -Next to the temple of Æsculapius as you go to the Acropolis is the -temple of Themis. And before it is the sepulchre of Hippolytus. His -death they say came to him in consequence of the curses of his father. -But the story of the guilty love of Phædra, and the bold forwardness -of her nurse, is well known even to any barbarians who know Greek. -There is also a tomb of Hippolytus among the Træzenians, and their -legend is as follows. When Theseus intended to marry Phædra, not -wishing if he had children by her that Hippolytus should either be -their subject or king, he sent him to Pittheus, to be brought up at -Træzen and to be king there. And some time after Pallas and his sons -revolted against Theseus, and he having slain them went to Træzen to -be purified of the murder, and there Phædra first saw Hippolytus, and -became desperately enamoured of him, and (being unsuccessful in her -suit) contrived his death. And the people of Træzen have a myrtle whose -leaves are perforated throughout, and they say it did not grow like -that originally, but was the work of Phædra which she performed in her -love-sickness with her hairpin. And Theseus established the worship -of the Pandemian Aphrodite and of Persuasion, when he combined the -Athenians into one city from several townships. Their old statues did -not exist in my time: but those in my time were by no mean artists. -There is also a temple to Earth, the Rearer of Children, and to -Demeter as Chloe. The meaning of these names may be learnt from the -priests by enquirers. To the Acropolis there is only one approach: it -allows of no other, being everywhere precipitous and walled off. The -vestibules have a roof of white marble, and even now are remarkable -both for their beauty and size. As to the statues of the horsemen I -cannot say with precision, whether they are the sons of Xenophon, or -merely put there for decoration. On the right of the vestibules is -the shrine of Wingless Victory. From it the sea is visible, and there -Ægeus drowned himself as they say. For the ship which took his sons -to Crete had black sails, but Theseus told his father, (for he knew -there was some peril in attacking the Minotaur), that he would have -white sails, if he should sail back a conqueror. But he forgot this -promise in his loss of Ariadne. And Ægeus seeing the ship with black -sails, thinking his son was dead, threw himself in and was drowned. -And the Athenians have a hero-chapel to his memory. And on the left -of the vestibules is a building with paintings: and among those that -time has not destroyed are Diomede and Odysseus, the one taking away -Philoctetes’ bow in Lemnos, the other taking the Palladium from Ilium. -Among other paintings here is Ægisthus being slain by Orestes, and -Pylades slaying the sons of Nauplius that came to Ægisthus’ aid. And -Polyxena about to have her throat cut near the tomb of Achilles. Homer -did well not to mention this savage act. He also appears to me to have -done well, in his account of the capture of Scyrus by Achilles, to have -said not a word about what others relate, of Achilles having lived -at Scyrus among the maidens, which Polygnotus has painted; who has -also painted Odysseus suddenly making his appearance as Nausicaa and -her maids were bathing in the river, just as Homer has described it. -And among other paintings is Alcibiades, and there are traces in the -painting of the victory of his horses at Nemea. There too is Perseus -sailing to Seriphus, carrying to Polydectes the head of Medusa. But I -am not willing to tell the story of Medusa under ‘Attica.’ And, among -other paintings, to pass over the lad carrying the waterpots, and the -wrestler painted by Timænetus, is one of Musæus. I have read verses in -which it is recorded that Musæus could fly as a gift of Boreas, but -it seems to me that Onomacritus wrote the lines, and there is nothing -certainly of Musæus’ composition except the Hymn to Demeter written -for the Lycomidæ. And at the entrance to the Acropolis is a Hermes, -whom they call Propylæus, and the Graces, which they say were the -work of Socrates the son of Sophroniscus, whom the Pythian priestess -testified to have been the wisest of men, a thing which was not said to -Anacharsis, though he went to Delphi on purpose. - - - - -CHAPTER XXIII. - - -Now the Greeks among other things say that they had the seven wise -men. And among these they include the Lesbian tyrant and Periander the -son of Cypselus: and yet Pisistratus and his son Hippias were far more -humane and wise than Periander, both in war and in all that appertained -to citizen life, until Hippias because of the death of Hipparchus acted -with great cruelty, especially to a woman called Leæna, (_Lioness_). -For after the death of Hipparchus, (I speak now of what has never -before been recorded in history, but yet is generally believed by -the Athenians), Hippias tortured her to death, knowing that she had -been Aristogiton’s mistress, and thinking that she could not have been -ignorant of the plot against Hipparchus. In return for this, when -the Pisistratidæ had been deposed from the kingdom, a brazen lioness -was erected by the Athenians to her memory, and near her a statue of -Aphrodite, which they say was a votive offering of Callias, designed by -Calamis. - - And next is a brazen statue of Diitrephes pierced with arrows. This -Diitrephes, among other things which the Athenians record, led back the -Thracian mercenaries who came too late, for Demosthenes had already -sailed for Syracuse. And when he got to the Euripus near Chalcis, -and opposite Mycalessus in Bœotia, he landed and took Mycalessus: -and the Thracians slew not only the fighting men, but also the women -and children. And this proves what I say, that all the cities of the -Bœotians, whom the Thebans had dispossessed, were inhabited in my time -by those who had fled at their capture. Therefore if the barbarians -had not landed and slain all the Mycalessians, those that were left -would afterwards have repeopled the city. A very wonderful fact about -this statue of Diitrephes is that it was pierced with arrows, seeing -that it was not customary for any Greeks but the Cretans to shoot with -the bow. For we know that the Opuntian Locrians were so armed as early -as the Persian war, for Homer described them as coming to Ilium with -bows and slings. But the use of bows did not long remain even with -the Malienses: and I think that they did not use them before the days -of Philoctetes, and soon afterwards ceased to use them. And next to -Diitrephes, (I shall not mention the more obscure images), are some -statues of goddesses, as Hygiea, (_Health_), who they say was the -daughter of Æsculapius, and Athene by the same name of Hygiea. And -there is a small stone such as a little man can sit on, on which they -say Silenus rested, when Dionysus came to the land. Silenus is the name -they give to all old Satyrs. About the Satyrs I have conversed with -many, wishing to know all about them. And Euphemus a Carian told me -that sailing once on a time to Italy he was driven out of his course -by the winds, and carried to a distant sea, where people no longer -sail. And he said that here were many desert islands, some inhabited -by wild men: and at these islands the sailors did not like to land, as -they had landed there before and had experience of the natives, but -they were obliged on that occasion. These islands he said were called -by the sailors Satyr-islands, the dwellers in them were red-haired, -and had tails at their loins not much smaller than horses. When they -perceived the sailors they ran down to the ship, spoke not a word, but -began to handle the women on board. At last the sailors in dire alarm -landed a barbarian woman on the island: and the Satyrs treated her in -such a way as we will not venture to describe. - - I noticed other statues in the Acropolis, as the boy in brass with -a laver in his hand by Lycius the son of Myron, and Perseus having -slain Medusa by Myron. And there is a temple of Brauronian Artemis, -the statue the design of Praxiteles, but the goddess gets her name -from Brauron. And the ancient statue is at Brauron, called Tauric -Artemis. And a brazen model of the Wooden Horse is here, and that this -construction of Epeus was a design to break down the walls, every -one knows who does not consider the Phrygians plainly fatuous. And -tradition says of that Horse that it had inside it the bravest of the -Greeks, and this model in brass corresponds in every particular, and -Menestheus and Teucer are peeping out of it, as well as the sons of -Theseus. And of the statues next the Horse, Critias executed that of -Epicharinus training to run in heavy armour. And Œnobius did a kindness -to Thucydides the son of Olorus. For he passed a decree that Thucydides -should be recalled from exile to Athens, and as he was treacherously -murdered on his return, he has a tomb not far from the Melitian gates. -As to Hermolycus the Pancratiast, and Phormio the son of Asopichus, -as others have written about them I pass them by: only I have this -little bit more to say about Phormio. He being one of the noblest of -the Athenians, and illustrious from the renown of his ancestors, was -heavily in debt. He went therefore to the Pæanian township, and had -his maintenance there until the Athenians chose him as Admiral. He -however declined on the score that he owed money, and that he would -have no influence with the sailors till he had paid it. Accordingly the -Athenians paid his debts, for they would have him as Admiral. - - - - -CHAPTER XXIV. - - -Here too is Athene pourtrayed striking Marsyas the Silenus, because he -would take up her flutes, when the goddess wished them thrown away. -Besides those which I have mentioned is the legendary fight between -Theseus and the Minotaur, a man or a beast according to different -accounts. Certainly many more wonderful monsters than this have been -born of woman even in our times. Here too is Phrixus the son of -Athamas, who was carried to Colchi by the ram. He has just sacrificed -the ram to some god, (if one might conjecture to the god who is called -Laphystius among the Orchomenians), and having cut off the thighs -according to the Greek custom, he is looking at them burning on the -altar. And next, among other statues, is one of Hercules throttling -snakes according to the tradition. And there is Athene springing out -of the head of Zeus. And there also is a bull, the votive offering of -the council of the Areopagus. Why they offered it is not known, but -one might make many guesses if one liked. I have said before that the -Athenians more than any other Greeks have a zeal for religion. For they -first called Athene the worker, they first worshipped the mutilated -Hermæ, and in their temple along with these they have a God of the -Zealous. And whoever prefers modern works of real art to the antique, -may look at the following. There is a man with a helmet on, the work -of Cleœtas, and his nails are modelled in silver. Here is also a -statue of Earth supplicating to Zeus for rain, either wanting showers -for the Athenians, or a drought impending on all Greece. Here too is -Timotheus, the son of Conon, and Conon himself. Here too are cruel -Procne and her son Itys, by Alcamenes. Here too is Athene represented -showing the olive tree, and Poseidon showing water. And there is a -statue by Leochares of Zeus the Guardian of the city, in recording -whose customary rites I do not record the reasons assigned for them. -They put barley on the altar of this Zeus Guardian of the city, and do -not watch it: and the ox kept and fattened up for the sacrifice eats -the corn when it approaches the altar. And they call one of the priests -Ox-killer, and he after throwing the axe at the ox runs away, for that -is the usage: and (as if they did not know who had done the deed) they -bring the axe into court as defendant. They perform the rites in the -way indicated. - - And as regards the temple which they call the Parthenon, as you -enter it everything pourtrayed on the gables relates to the birth of -Athene, and behind is depicted the contest between Poseidon and Athene -for the soil of Attica. And this work of art is in ivory and gold. In -the middle of her helmet is an image of the Sphinx--about whom I shall -give an account when I come to Bœotia--and on each side of the helmet -are griffins worked. These griffins, says Aristæus the Proconnesian in -his poems, fought with the Arimaspians beyond the Issedones for the -gold of the soil which the griffins guarded. And the Arimaspians were -all one-eyed men from their birth, and the griffins were beasts like -lions, with wings and mouth like an eagle. Let so much suffice for -these griffins. But the statue of Athene is full length, with a tunic -reaching to her feet, and on her breast is the head of Medusa worked -in ivory, and in one hand she has a Victory four cubits high, in the -other hand a spear, and at her feet a shield, and near the spear a -dragon which perhaps is Erichthonius. And on the base of the statue is -a representation of the birth of Pandora, the first woman according to -Hesiod and other poets, for before her there was no race of women. Here -too I remember to have seen the only statue here of the Emperor Adrian, -and at the entrance one of Iphicrates the celebrated Athenian general. - - And outside the temple is a brazen Apollo said to be by Phidias: and -they call it Apollo _Averter of Locusts_, because when the locusts -destroyed the land the god said he would drive them out of the country. -And they know that he did so, but they don’t say how. I myself know -of locusts having been thrice destroyed on Mount Sipylus, but not in -the same way, for some were driven away by a violent wind that fell on -them, and others by a strong blight that came on them after showers, -and others were frozen to death by a sudden frost. All this came under -my own notice. - - - - -CHAPTER XXV. - - -There are also in the Acropolis at Athens statues of Pericles the -son of Xanthippus and Xanthippus himself, who fought against the -Persians at Mycale. The statue of Pericles stands by itself, but -near that of Xanthippus is Anacreon of Teos, the first after Lesbian -Sappho who wrote erotic poetry mainly: his appearance is that of a -man singing in liquor. And near are statues by Dinomenes of Io the -daughter of Inachus, and Callisto the daughter of Lycaon, both of -whom had precisely similar fates, the love of Zeus and the hatred of -Hera, Io being changed into a cow, and Callisto into a she-bear. And -on the southern wall Attalus has pourtrayed the legendary battle of -the giants, who formerly inhabited Thrace and the isthmus of Pallene, -and the contest between the Amazons and the Athenians, and the action -at Marathon against the Persians, and the slaughter of the Galati in -Mysia, each painting two cubits in size. There too is Olympiodorus, -illustrious for the greatness of his exploits, notably at that period -when he infused spirit in men who had been continually baffled, and on -that account had not a single hope for the future. For the disaster at -Chæronea was a beginning of sorrows for all the Greeks, and made slaves -alike of those who were absent from it, and of those who fought at it -against the Macedonians. Most of the Greek cities Philip captured, -and though he made a treaty with the Athenians nominally, he really -hurt them most, robbing them of their islands, and putting down their -naval supremacy. And for some time they were quiet, during the reign -of Philip and afterwards of Alexander, but when Alexander was dead and -the Macedonians chose Aridæus as his successor, though the whole power -fell to Antipater, then the Athenians thought it no longer endurable -that Greece should be for all time under Macedonia, but themselves -took up arms and urged others to do the same. And the cities of the -Peloponnesians which joined them were Argos, Epidaurus, Sicyon, Trœzen, -Elis, Phlius, Messene, and outside the Peloponnese the Locrians, the -Phocians, the Thessalians, the Carystians, and those Acarnanians -who ranked with the Ætolians. But the Bœotians who inhabited the -Theban territory which had been stripped of Thebans, fearing that the -Athenians would eject them from Thebes, not only refused to join the -confederate cities but did all they could to further the interests of -the Macedonians. Now the confederate cities were led each by their own -general, but the Athenian Leosthenes was chosen generalissimo, partly -from his city’s renown, partly from his own reputation for experience -in war. He had besides done good service to all the Greeks. For when -Alexander wished to settle in Persia all of those who had served for -pay with Darius and the satraps, Leosthenes was beforehand with him -and conveyed them back to Europe in his ships. And now too, after -having displayed more brilliant exploits than they expected, he infused -dejection in all men by his death, and that was the chief reason of -their failure. For a Macedonian garrison occupied first Munychia, -and afterwards the Piræus and the long walls. And after the death of -Antipater Olympias crossed over from Epirus and ruled for some time, -after putting Aridæus to death, but not long after she was besieged -by Cassander, and betrayed by the multitude. And when Cassander was -king, (I shall only concern myself with Athenian matters), he captured -Fort Panactus in Attica and Salamis, and got Demetrius the son of -Phanostratus, (who had his father’s repute for wisdom), appointed king -over the Athenians. He was however, deposed by Demetrius the son of -Antigonus, a young man well disposed to the Greeks: but Cassander, (who -had a deadly hatred against the Athenians), won over Lachares, who -had up to this time been the leader of the democracy, and persuaded -him to plot to be king: and of all the kings we know of he was most -savage to men and most reckless to the gods. But Demetrius the son -of Antigonus, though he had not been on the best of terms with the -Athenian democracy, yet was successful in putting down the power of -Lachares. And when the town was taken Lachares fled into Bœotia. But as -he had taken the golden shields from the Acropolis, and had stripped -the statue of Athene of all the ornaments that were removable, he was -supposed to be very rich, and was killed for his money’s sake by the -people of Corone. And Demetrius the son of Antigonus, having freed -the Athenians from the yoke of Lachares, did not immediately after -the flight of Lachares give up to them the Piræus, but after being -victorious in war with them put a garrison in the town, and fortified -what is called the Museum. Now the Museum is within the old town walls, -on a hill opposite the Acropolis, where they say that Musæus sang, and -died of old age, and was buried. And on the same place afterwards a -tomb was erected to a Syrian. This hill Demetrius fortified. - - - - -CHAPTER XXVI. - - -Some time after a few remembered the fame of their ancestors, and -when they considered what a change had come over the glory of Athens, -they elected Olympiodorus as their general. And he led against the -Macedonians old men and lads alike, hoping that by zeal rather than -strength their fortunes in war would be retrieved. And when the -Macedonians came out against him he conquered them in battle, and when -they fled to the Museum he took it. So Athens was delivered from the -Macedonians. And of the Athenians that distinguished themselves so as -to deserve special mention, Leocritus the son of Protarchus is said to -have displayed most bravery in action. For he was the first to scale -the wall and leap into the Museum: and as he fell in the fight, among -other honours conferred on him by the Athenians, they dedicated his -shield to Zeus Eleutherius, writing on it his name and his valour. And -this is the greatest feat of Olympiodorus, though he also recovered -the Piræus and Munychia: and when the Macedonians invaded Eleusis he -collected a band of Eleusinians and defeated them. And before this, -when Cassander intended to make a raid into Attica, he sailed to Ætolia -and persuaded the Ætolians to give their help, and this alliance was -the chief reason why they escaped war with Cassander. And Olympiodorus -has honours at Athens in the Acropolis and Prytaneum, and a painting -at Eleusis. And the Phocians who dwell at Elatea have erected a brazen -statue to him at Delphi, because he also helped them when they revolted -from Cassander. - - And next the statue of Olympiodorus is a brazen image of Artemis -called Leucophryene, and it was erected to her by the sons of -Themistocles: for the Magnesians, over whom Themistocles ruled, having -received that post from the king, worship Artemis Leucophryene. But I -must get on with my subject, as I have all Greece to deal with. Endœus -was an Athenian by race, and the pupil of Dædalus, and accompanied -Dædalus to Crete, when he fled there on account of his murder of Calus. -The statue of Athene sitting is by him, with the inscription that -Callias dedicated it and Endœus designed it. - - There is also a building called the Erechtheum: and in the vestibule -is an altar of Supreme Zeus, where they offer no living sacrifice, -but cakes without the usual libation of wine. And as you enter there -are three altars, one to Poseidon, (on which they also sacrifice to -Erechtheus according to the oracle,) one to the hero Butes, and the -third to Hephæstus. And on the walls are paintings of the family of -Butes. The building is a double one, and inside there is sea water in -a well. And this is no great marvel, for even those who live in inland -parts have such wells, as notably the Aphrodisienses in Caria. But this -well is represented as having a roar as of the sea when the South wind -blows. And in the rock is the figure of a trident. And this is said to -have been Poseidon’s proof in regard to the territory Athene disputed -with him. - - Sacred to Athene is all the rest of Athens, and similarly all Attica: -for although they worship different gods in different townships, none -the less do they honour Athene generally. And the most sacred of all -is the statue of Athene in what is now called the Acropolis, but was -then called the Polis (_city_), which was universally worshipped many -years before the various townships formed one city: and the rumour -about it is that it fell from heaven. As to this I shall not give an -opinion, whether it was so or not. And Callimachus made a golden lamp -for the goddess. And when they fill this lamp with oil it lasts for a -whole year, although it burns continually night and day. And the wick -is of a particular kind of cotton flax, the only kind imperishable by -fire. And above the lamp is a palmtree of brass reaching to the roof -and carrying off the smoke. And Callimachus the maker of this lamp, -although he comes behind the first artificers, yet was remarkable for -ingenuity, and was the first who perforated stone, and got the name of -_Art-critic_, whether his own appellation or given him by others. - - - - -CHAPTER XXVII. - - -In the temple of Athene Polias is a Hermes of wood, (said to be a -votive offering of Cecrops,) almost hidden by myrtle leaves. And of -the antique votive offerings worthy of record, is a folding chair -the work of Dædalus, and spoils taken from the Persians, as a coat -of mail of Masistius, who commanded the cavalry at Platæa, and a -scimetar said to have belonged to Mardonius. Masistius we know was -killed by the Athenian cavalry: but as Mardonius fought against the -Lacedæmonians and was killed by a Spartan, they could not have got -it at first hand, nor is it likely that the Lacedæmonians would have -allowed the Athenians to carry off such a trophy. And about the olive -they have nothing else to tell but that the goddess used it as a proof -of her right to the country when it was contested by Poseidon. And -they record also that this olive was burnt when the Persians set fire -to Athens, but though burnt it grew the same day two cubits. And next -to the temple of Athene is the temple of Pandrosus; who was the only -one of the three sisters who didn’t peep into the forbidden chest. -Now the things I most marvelled at are not universally known. I will -therefore write of them as they occur to me. Two maidens live not far -from the temple of Athene Polias, and the Athenians call them the -_carriers of the holy things_: for a certain time they live with the -goddess, but when her festival comes they act in the following way by -night. Putting upon their heads what the priestess of Athene gives them -to carry, (neither she nor they know what these things are,) these -maidens descend, by a natural underground passage, from an enclosure -in the city sacred to Aphrodite of the Gardens. In the sanctuary below -they deposit what they carry, and bring back something else closely -wrapped up. And these maidens they henceforth dismiss, and other two -they elect instead of them for the Acropolis. And near the temple of -Athene is an old woman, about a cubit in size, well-modelled, with an -inscription saying that she is the handmaid Lysimache, and there are -large brazen statues of two men standing apart as for a fight: the one -they call Erechtheus and the other Eumolpus. And yet all that know -Athenian Antiquities are aware that it was Eumolpus’ son, Immaradus, -that was slain by Erechtheus. And at the base are statues of Tolmides’ -prophet, and Tolmides himself, who was the Athenian Admiral, and did -great damage especially to the maritime region of the Peloponnesians, -and burnt the dockyards of the Lacedæmonians at Gythium, and took Bœæ -in the neighbouring country, and the island of Cytherus, and made a -descent on Sicyonia, and, when the Sicyonians fought against him as -he was ravaging their land, routed them and pursued them up to the -city. And afterwards when he returned to Athens, he conducted colonies -of the Athenians to Eubœa and Naxos, and attacked the Bœotians with -a land force: and, having laid waste most of the country, and taken -Chæronea after a siege, when he got to Haliartia was himself killed in -battle and his whole army defeated. Such I learnt were the fortunes -of Tolmides. And there are old statues of Athene: they are entire but -rather grimy, and too weak to bear a knock, for fire passed upon them -when Xerxes found the city bare of fighting men, as they had all gone -to man the fleet. There is also a representation of a boar-hunt, (about -which I know nothing for certain unless it is the Calydonian boar,) and -of the fight between Cycnus and Hercules. This Cycnus they say killed -among others the Thracian Lycus in a prize fight: but was himself -slain by Hercules near the river Peneus. - - Of the legends that they tell at Trœzen about Theseus one is that -Hercules, visiting Pittheus at Trœzen, threw down during dinner his -lion’s skin, and that several Trœzenian lads came into the room with -Theseus, who was seven years of age at most. They say that all the -other boys when they saw the lion’s skin fled helter skelter, but -Theseus not being afraid kept his ground, and plucked an axe from one -of the servants, and began to attack it fiercely, thinking the skin -was a live lion. This is the first Trœzenian legend about him. And -the next is that Ægeus put his boots and sword under a stone as means -of identifying his son, and then sailed away to Athens, and Theseus -when he was eighteen lifted the stone and removed what Ægeus had left -there. And this legend is worked in bronze, all but the stone, in the -Acropolis. They have also delineated another exploit of Theseus. This -is the legend. A bull was ravaging the Cretan territory both elsewhere -and by the river Tethris. In ancient times it appears wild beasts -were more formidable to men, as the Nemean and Parnasian lions, and -dragons in many parts of Greece, and boars at Calydon and Erymanthus -and Crommyon in Corinth, of whom it was said that some sprang out of -the ground, and others were sacred to the gods, and others sent for -the punishment of human beings. And this bull the Cretans say Poseidon -sent into their land, because Minos, who was master of the Grecian sea, -held Poseidon in no greater honour than any other god. And they say -that this bull crossed over from Crete to the Peloponnese, and that one -of the twelve Labours of Hercules was to fetch it to Eurystheus. And -when it was afterwards let go on the Argive plain, it fled through the -Isthmus of Corinth, and into Attica to the township of Marathon, and -killed several people whom it met, and among them Androgeos the son -of Minos. And Minos sailed to Athens, (for he could not be persuaded -that the Athenians had had no hand in the death of Androgeos,) and did -great damage, until it was covenanted to send annually seven maidens -and seven boys to Crete to the Minotaur, who was fabled to live in the -Labyrinth at Gnossus. As to the bull that had got to Marathon, it is -said to have been driven by Theseus into the Acropolis, and sacrificed -to Athene. And the township of Marathon has a representation of it. - - - - -CHAPTER XXVIII. - - -Why they erected a brazen statue to Cylon, although he plotted for the -sovereignty, I cannot clearly tell. But I conjecture the reason was -that he was very handsome in person and not unknown to fame, as he -had won the victory at Olympia in the double course, and it was his -good fortune to wed the daughter of Theagenes the king of Megara. And -besides those I have mentioned there are two works of art especially -famous, made out of Athenian spoil, a brazen statue of Athene, the -work of Phidias, made out of spoil taken from the Persians who landed -at Marathon: (the battle of the Lapithæ with the Centaurs, and all the -other things represented on her shield, are said to have been carved by -Mys, but Parrhasius is said to have drawn for Mys the outline of these -and of his other works.) The spearpoint of this Athene, and the plume -of her helmet, are visible from Sunium as you sail in. And there is a -brazen chariot made out of spoil of the Bœotians and Chalcidians in -Eubœa. And there are two other votive offerings, a statue of Pericles -the son of Xanthippus, and, (one of the finest works of Phidias,) -a statue of Athene, called the Lemnian Athene because an offering -from the people of Lemnos. The walls of the Acropolis, (except what -Cimon the son of Miltiades built,) are said to have been drawn out by -Pelasgians who formerly lived under the Acropolis. Their names were -Agrolas and Hyperbius. When I made enquiries who they were, all that I -could learn of them was that they were originally Sicilians, who had -emigrated to Acarnania. - - As you descend, not into the lower part of the city but only below -the Propylæa, there is a well of water, and near it a temple of Apollo -in a cave. Here they think Apollo had an amour with Creusa the daughter -of Erechtheus. And as to Pan, they say that Philippides, (who was sent -as a messenger to Lacedæmon when the Persians landed), reported that -the Lacedæmonians were deferring their march: for it was their custom -not to go out on a campaign till the moon was at its full. But he -said that he had met with Pan near the Parthenian forest, and he had -said that he was friendly to the Athenians, and would come and help -them at Marathon. Pan has been honoured therefore for this message. -Here is also the Areopagus, so called because Ares was first tried -here. I have before stated how and why he slew Halirrhothius. And they -say that subsequently Orestes was tried here for the murder of his -mother. And there is an altar of Athene Area, which Orestes erected -when he escaped punishment. And the two white stones, on which both -defendants and plaintiffs stand in this court, are respectively called -_Rigour-of-the-law_ and _Impudence_. - - And not far off is the temple of the Goddesses whom the Athenians -call _The Venerable Ones_, but Hesiod in his Theogony calls them the -Erinnyes. And Æschylus first represented them with snakes twined in -their hair: but in the statues here, either of these or of any other -infernal gods, there is nothing horrible. Here are statues of Pluto -and Hermes and Earth. Here all that have been acquitted before the -Areopagus offer their sacrifices, besides foreigners and citizens -occasionally. Within the precincts is also the tomb of Œdipus. After -many enquiries I found that his bones had been brought there from -Thebes: for I could not credit Sophocles’ account about the death of -Œdipus, since Homer records that Mecisteus went to Thebes after the -death of Œdipus and was a competitor in the funeral games held in his -honour there.[5] - - The Athenians have other Courts of Law, but not so famous as the -Areopagus. One they call Parabystum and another Trigonum, [that is -_Crush_ and _Triangle_,] the former being in a low part of the city -and crowds of litigants in very trumpery cases frequenting it, the -other gets its name from its shape. And the Courts called _Froggy_ and -_Scarlet_ preserve their names to this day from their colours. But -the largest Court, which has also the greatest number of litigants, -is called Heliæa. Murder-cases are taken in the Court they call -the Palladium, where are also tried cases of manslaughter. And that -Demophon was the first person tried here no one disputes: but why he -was tried is debated. They say that Diomede, sailing home after the -capture of Ilium, put into Phalerum one dark night, and the Argives -landed as on hostile soil, not knowing in the dark that it was Attica. -Thereupon they say Demophon rushed up, being ignorant that the men in -the ships were Argives, and slew several of them, and went off with the -Palladium which he took from them, and an Athenian not recognized in -the melée was knocked down and trodden underfoot by Demophon’s horse. -For this affair Demophon had to stand his trial, prosecuted some say by -the relations of this Athenian, others say by the Argives generally. -And the Delphinium is the Court for those who plead that they have -committed justifiable homicide, which was the plea of Theseus when he -was acquitted for killing Pallas and his sons who rose up against him. -And before the acquittal of Theseus every manslayer had to flee for his -life, or if he stayed to suffer the same death as he had inflicted. And -in the Court called the Prytaneum they try iron and other inanimate -things. I imagine the custom originated when Erechtheus was king of -Athens, for then first did Ox-killer kill an ox at the temple of Zeus -Guardian of the City: and he left the axe there and fled the country, -and the axe was forthwith acquitted after trial, and is tried annually -even nowadays. Other inanimate things are said to have spontaneously -committed justifiable homicide: the best and most famous illustration -of which is afforded by the scimetar of Cambyses.[6] And there is at -the Piræus near the sea a Court called Phreattys: here fugitives, if -(after they have once escaped) a second charge is brought against them, -make their defence on shipboard to their hearers on land. Teucer first -(the story goes) thus made his defence before Telamon that he had had -no hand in the death of Ajax. Let this suffice for these matters, that -all who care may know everything about the Athenian law-courts. - - - - -CHAPTER XXIX. - - -Near the Areopagus is shewn the ship that is made for the procession -at the Panathenæa. And this perhaps has been outdone. But the ship at -Delos is the finest I have ever heard of, having nine banks of rowers -from the decks. - - And the Athenians in the townships, and on the roads outside the -city, have temples of the gods, and tombs of men and heroes. And not -far distant is the Academy, once belonging to a private man, now a -gymnasium. And as you go down to it are the precincts of Artemis, and -statues of her as _Best_ and _Beautifullest_: I suppose these titles -have the same reference as the lines of Sappho, another account about -them I know but shall pass over. And there is a small temple, to -which they carry every year on appointed days the statue of Dionysus -Eleuthereusis. So many temples to the gods are there here. There are -also tombs, first of Thrasybulus the son of Lycus, in all respects one -of the most famous of the Athenians either since his day or before -him. Most of his exploits I shall pass by, but one thing will be -enough to prove my statement. Starting from Thebes with only sixty -men he put down the _Thirty Tyrants_, and persuaded the Athenians who -were in factions to be reconciled to one another and live on friendly -terms. His is the first tomb, and near it are the tombs of Pericles -and Chabrias and Phormio. And all the Athenians have monuments here -that died in battle either on land or sea, except those that fought -at Marathon. For those have tombs on the spot for their valour. But -the others lie on the road to the Academy, and slabs are on their -tombs recording the name and township of each. First come those whom -the Edoni unexpectedly fell upon and slew in Thrace, when they had -made themselves masters of all the country up to Drabescus: and it -is said also that hailstones fell on them. And among generals are -Leagrus, who had the greatest amount of power committed to him, and -Sophanes of Decelea, who slew the Argive Eurybates, (who was helping -the Æginetans), the victor in five contests at Nemea. And this is the -third army the Athenians sent out of Greece. For all the Greeks by -mutual consent fought against Priam and the Trojans: but the Athenians -alone sent an army into Sardinia with Iolaus, and again to Ionia, and -the third time to Thrace. And before the monument is a pillar with -a representation of two cavalry officers fighting, whose names are -Melanopus and Macartatus, who met their death contending against the -Lacedæmonians and Bœotians, at the border of the Eleonian and Tanagræan -territory. And there is the tomb of the Thessalian cavalry who -remembered their ancient friendship to Athens, when the Peloponnesians -under Archidamas first invaded Attica: they are near the Cretan -archers. And again there are tombs of the Athenians, as of Clisthenes, -(who made the regulations for the tribes which are observed even -now,) and the cavalry who were slain on that day of danger, when the -Thessalians brought aid. Here too are the Cleonæi, who came with the -Argives into Attica: why they came I shall tell when I come to Argos. -Here too is the tomb of the Athenians who fought with the Æginetans -before the Persian War. And that was I ween a just decree of the people -that, if the Athenians gave a public burial to the slaves, their names -should be written on a pillar. And this proves that they behaved well -to their masters in the wars. And there are also monuments of other -valiant men, who fell fighting in various places: the most illustrious -of those that fought at Olynthus, and Melesander (who sailed in his -ships up the Mæander in Upper Caria), and those who fell in the war -with Cassander, and those Argives who were formerly the allies of the -Athenians. This alliance came about (they say) in the following manner. -There was an earthquake at Lacedæmon, and the Helots revolted and went -to Ithome: and when they revolted the Lacedæmonians sent for aid to -the Athenians and others: and they despatched to them picked men under -Cimon the son of Miltiades. These the Lacedæmonians sent back moved by -suspicion. And the Athenians thought such an outrage insufferable, and, -on their return home again, made an offensive and defensive alliance -with the Argives, who had always been the enemies of the Lacedæmonians. -And afterwards, when a battle between the Athenians and Bœotians and -Lacedæmonians was on the eve of taking place at Tanagra, the Argives -came to the aid of the Athenians. And when the Argives were having the -better of it, night came on and took away the certainty of victory, -and the next day the Lacedæmonians won the victory, the Thessalians -having betrayed the Athenians. I ought also to mention Apollodorus the -leader of the mercenaries, who was an Athenian, but had been sent by -Arsites, the satrap of Phrygia near the Hellespont, and had relieved -Perinthia, when Philip attacked it with an army. He is buried here, -with Eubulus the son of Spintharus, and other men who although they -deserved it did not meet with good fortune; some fell conspiring -against the tyrant Lachares, and others counselled the seizure of the -Piræus when the Macedonians guarded it, but before they could carry -out their plan they were informed against by their fellow-conspirators -and put to death. Here too are the tombs of those who fell at Corinth: -and it was palpably shewn here (and afterwards at Leuctra) by the -Deity, that those whom the Greeks call brave were nothing without -good fortune, since the Lacedæmonians who had formerly conquered the -Corinthians and Athenians, and moreover the Argives and Bœotians, were -afterwards so completely routed at Leuctra by the Bœotians alone. And -next to the tombs of those that fell at Corinth, some elegiac lines -testify that the pillar was erected not only to them, but also to -those that died at Eubœa and Chios, as also to some whom it declares -were slain in the remote parts of the continent of Asia Minor, and in -Sicily. And all the Generals are inscribed on it except Nicias, and the -Platæan soldiers and citizens together. Nicias was passed over for the -following reason: I give the same account as Philistus, who said that -Demosthenes made conditions of surrender for everybody but himself, -and when he was taken attempted suicide, whereas Nicias surrendered -voluntarily. And so his name was not written on the pillar, as he was -shewn to be a willing captive and not a man fit for war. On another -pillar are the names of those who fought in Thrace, and at Megara, -and when Alcibiades persuaded the Mantinæans and Eleans to revolt -from the Lacedæmonians, and those who conquered the Syracusans before -Demosthenes came to Sicily. Those also are buried here who fought the -naval engagement at the Hellespont, and those who fought against the -Macedonians at Chæronea, and those who served with Cleon at Amphipolis, -and those who fell at Delium in the territory of the Tanagræans, and -those whom Leosthenes led to Thessaly, and those who sailed to Cyprus -with Cimon, and those, thirteen only, who with Olympiodorus drove out -the Macedonian garrison. And the Athenians say that, when the Romans -were fighting against one of their neighbours, they sent a small force -to their aid, and certainly afterwards there were five Attic triremes -present at the sea-fight between the Romans and Carthaginians. These -also have their tomb here. The exploits of Tolmides and his men, and -the manner of their death, I have already described: but let any one -to whom their memory is dear know that they too lie buried on this -road. They too lie here who on the same day won under Cimon a glorious -victory both by land and sea. Here too lie Conon and Timotheus, -father and son, second only to Miltiades and Cimon in their brilliant -feats. Here too lie Zeno the son of Mnaseas, and Chrysippus of Soli, -and Nicias the son of Nicomedes, (the best painter of animals in his -day,) and Harmodius and Aristogiton who murdered Hipparchus the son of -Pisistratus, and the orators Ephialtes, (who did his best to discredit -the legislation of the Areopagus,) and Lycurgus the son of Lycophron. -This Lycurgus put into the public treasury 6,500 talents more than -Pericles the son of Xanthippus got together, and furnished elaborate -apparatus for the processions of Athene, and golden Victories, and -dresses for 100 maidens, and for war arms and darts, and 400 triremes -for naval engagements. And as for buildings he finished the theatre -though others began it, and during his term of office built docks at -the Piræus, and a gymnasium at the Lyceum. All his silver and gold work -Lachares plundered when he was in power: but the buildings remain to -this day. - - - - -CHAPTER XXX. - - -Before the entrance into the Academy is an altar of Eros, with the -inscription that Charmus was the first of the Athenians to offer -votive offerings to Eros. And they say that the altar in the city -called the altar of Anteros is the offering of the resident aliens, -for Meles an Athenian, tired of Timagoras, a resident alien who was -enamoured of him, bade him go to the highest part of the rock and -throw himself down. And Timagoras careless of his life, and wishing -in all things to gratify the stripling’s commands, threw himself down -accordingly. But Meles, when he saw that Timagoras was dead, was so -stricken with remorse, that he threw himself down from the same rock, -and so perished. And in consequence it was ordained that the resident -aliens should worship as a god Anteros, the avenger of Timagoras. And -in the Academy is an altar of Prometheus, and they run from it to the -city with lighted torches. The game is to keep the torch alight as -they run. And if the torch goes out there is no longer victory to the -first, but the second wins instead. And if his is out, then the third. -And so on. And if the torches of all go out, then there is no one who -can win the game. There is also an altar of the Muses, and another of -Hermes, and in the interior one of Athene, and another of Hercules. -And there is an olive-tree, which is said to have been the second that -ever was. And not far from the Academy is the tomb of Plato, to whom -the Deity foretold that he would be most excellent in Philosophy, and -foretold it in the following way. Socrates, the night before Plato was -going to be his pupil, dreamed that a swan flew into his bosom. Now -the swan is a bird that has a fame for music, for they say that Cycnus -[_Swan_], king of the Ligyans across the Eridanus in Celtic territory, -was fond of music, and when he died was at Apollo’s desire changed into -a bird. I daresay a musical man reigned over the Ligyans, but I can -hardly believe that a man became a bird. Here too is seen the tower of -Timon, who was the only person who thought one can be happy in no way -except by shunning one’s kind. There is also shewn here a place called -Colonus, sacred to Poseidon the creator of horses, the first place in -Attica which they say Œdipus came to: this is however different from -the account of Homer, still it is the account they give. There is also -an altar of Poseidon God of Horses and of Athene Goddess of Horses, and -a hero-chapel of Pirithous and Theseus and Œdipus and Adrastus. But -Poseidon’s grove and temple were burnt by Antigonus, when he invaded -Attica and ravaged it with his army. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXI. - - -Now the small townships of Attica, founded by haphazard, have the -following records. The Alimusii have a temple to Law-giving Demeter and -her daughter Proserpine; and in Zoster [_Belt_] by the sea is an altar -to Athene and Apollo and Artemis and Leto. They say that Leto did not -give birth to her children here, but loosed her belt as if she were -going to, and that was why the place got that name. The Prospaltii also -have a temple to Proserpine and Demeter, and the Anagyrasians have a -temple to the Mother of the Gods. And at Cephalæ Castor and Pollux are -held in highest honour: for they call them the Great Gods. - - And the people of Prasiæ have a temple of Apollo: here came (they -say) the firstfruits of the Hyperboreans, handed over by them to the -Arimaspians, and by the Arimaspians to the Issedones, and brought -thence by the Scythians to Sinope, and thence carried by the Greeks to -Prasiæ, and by the Athenians to Delos: these firstfruits are hidden -in an ear of wheat, and may be looked at by nobody. At Prasiæ there -is also a monument to Erysichthon, who died on his passage home, as -he sailed back from Delos after his mission there. That Cranaus the -king of the Athenians was expelled by Amphictyon, though he was his -kinsman, I have before narrated: and they say that when he fled with -his adherents to the Lamprian township he was killed and buried there: -and his tomb is there to this day. And Ion the son of Xuthus, (for he -too dwelt in Attica, and commanded the Athenians in the war against -the Eleusinians,) has a tomb in the place called Potami. - - So far tradition goes. And the Phlyenses have altars to -Dionysus-giving Apollo and Lightgiving Artemis, and to Dionysus -Crowned with flowers, and to the Nymphs of the River Ismenus, and to -Earth whom they call the Great Goddess: and another temple has altars -to Fruitbearing Demeter, and Zeus the Protector of Property, and -Tithronian Athene, and Proserpine the Firstborn, and to the goddesses -called _The Venerable Ones_, (_i.e._ the Eumenides.) And at Myrrhinus -there is a statue to Colænian Artemis. And the Athmonenses worship -Amarynthian Artemis. And when I enquired of the Interpreters and -Experts as to these Goddesses, I could obtain no accurate information, -but I conjecture as follows. Amarynthus is in Eubœa, and there too they -worship the Amarynthian Artemis. And the Athenians at her feast bestow -as much honour on her as the Eubœans. In this way I think she got her -name among the Athmonenses, and Colænian Artemis at Myrrhinus from -Colænus. I have written already elsewhere that it is the opinion of -many in the townships that there were kings at Athens before Cecrops. -Now Colænus is the name of a king who ruled at Athens before Cecrops, -according to the tradition of the people of Myrrhinus. And there is a -township at Acharnæ: the Acharnians worship among other gods Apollo of -the Streets and Hercules. And there is an altar to Athene Hygiea: they -also worship Athene by the name of _Horse-lover_, and Dionysus by that -of _Songster_, and _Ivy-God_, for they say ivy grew here first. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXII. - - -And the mountains of Attica are Pentelicus, famous for its -stonequarries, and Parnes, which affords good hunting of wild boars -and bears, and Hymettus, which is the best place for bees next to the -territory of the Alazones. For among the Alazones the bees are so tame -that they live with the people, and go freely about for their food -anywhere, and are not confined in hives: and they make honey anywhere, -and it is so firm and compact that you cannot separate it from the -comb. And on the mountains of Attica also are statues of the gods. -At Pentelicus there is a statue of Athene, and at Hymettus one of -Zeus of Hymettus: there are altars also to Rainy Zeus, and Apollo the -Fore-seer. And at Parnes there is a brazen statue of Parnesian Zeus, -and an altar to Semalean Zeus. There is also another altar at Parnes, -and they sacrifice on it sometimes to Zeus the Rainy, sometimes to Zeus -the Averter of Ill. There is also the small mountain called Anchesmus, -and on it the statue of Anchesmian Zeus. - - Before I turn to the description of the islands, I will enter -again into the history of the townships. The township of Marathon -is about equidistant from Athens and Carystus in Eubœa. It was this -part of Attica that the Persians landed at, and were defeated, and -lost some of their ships as they were putting out to sea in retreat. -And in the plain is the tomb of the Athenians, and on it are pillars -with the names of the dead according to their tribes. And another -for the Platæans of Bœotia and their slaves: for this was the first -engagement in which slaves fought. And there is apart a monument to -Miltiades the son of Cimon, whose death occurred afterwards, when he -failed to capture Paros, and was on that account put on his trial by -the Athenians. Here every night one may hear horses neighing and men -fighting: those who come on purpose to see the sight suffer for their -curiosity, but if they are there as spectators accidentally the wrath -of the gods harms them not. And the people of Marathon highly honour -those that fell in the battle, calling them heroes, as also they -pay honours to Marathon (from whom the township gets its name), and -Hercules, whom they say they first of all the Greeks worshipped as a -god. And it chanced, as they say, in the battle that a man of rustic -appearance and dress appeared, who slew many of the Persians with a -ploughshare, and vanished after the fight: and when the Athenians made -enquiry of the oracle, the god gave no other answer, but bade them -honour the hero Echetlæus. And a trophy of white stone was erected -there. And the Athenians say that they buried the Persians, (it being -a matter of decency to bury in the ground a man’s corpse,) but I could -find no tomb. For there was no mound nor any other visible trace of -burial. So they must have carried them to some hole and thrown them -in pell mell. And there is at Marathon a fountain called Macaria, and -this is the tradition about it. When Hercules fled from Eurystheus -at Tiryns, he went to his friend Ceyx the king of Trachis. And when -Hercules left mankind Eurystheus asked for his children, and Ceyx sent -them to Athens, pleading his own weakness, and suggesting that Theseus -might be able to protect them. And coming to Athens as suppliants, -they brought about the first war between the Peloponnesians and the -Athenians, as Theseus would not give them up to Eurystheus, though he -begged hard for them. And they say that an oracle told the Athenians -that one of the children of Hercules must voluntarily die, or else they -would not get the victory. Hereupon Macaria, the daughter of Deianira -and Hercules, sacrificed herself that the Athenians might conquer in -the war, and the fountain gets its name from her. And there is at -Marathon a lake for the most part muddy: into it the fugitive Persians -fell not knowing the way, and most of the slaughter happened they say -here. And above the lake are the mangers of the horses of Artaphernes -in stone, and among the rocks vestiges of a tent. And a river flows -from the lake, affording pleasant water to the herds that come to the -lake, but at its outlet into the sea it is salt and full of sea fish. -And at a little distance from the plain is a mountain of Pan, and a -cave well worth seeing. The entrance to it is narrow, but when you get -well in there are rooms and baths, and what is called Pan’s herd of -goats, rocks very like goats in shape. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXIII. - - -And not far from Marathon is Brauron, where they say Iphigenia, the -daughter of Agamemnon, landed in her flight from the Tauri, bringing -with her the statue of Artemis, and, having left it here, went on -to Athens and afterwards to Argos. Here is indeed an ancient statue -of Artemis. But those who have the Tauric statue of the goddess in -my opinion, I shall show in another part of my work. And about -sixty stades from Marathon is Rhamnus, as you go along the shore to -Oropus. And there are buildings near the sea for men, and a little -way from the sea on the cliff is a temple of Nemesis, who is the most -implacable of all the gods to haughty men. And it seems that those -Persians who landed at Marathon met with vengeance from this goddess: -for despising the difficulty of capturing Athens, they brought Parian -marble to make a trophy of, as if they had already conquered. This -marble Phidias made into a statue of Nemesis, and on the goddess’ -head is a crown with some figures of stags, and some small statues of -Victory: in one hand she has a branch of an apple tree, in the other -a bowl, on which some Ethiopians are carved. As to these Ethiopians I -could not myself conjecture what they referred to, nor could I accept -the account of those who thought they knew, who say that they were -carved on the bowl because of the river Oceanus: for the Ethiopians -dwelt by it, and Oceanus was Nemesis’ father. For indeed Oceanus is -not a river but a sea, the remotest sea sailed on by men, and on -its shore live the Spaniards and Celts, and in it is the island of -Britain. But the remotest Ethiopians live beyond Syene by the Red Sea, -and are fisheaters, from which circumstance the gulf near which they -live is called Fish-eater. But the most upright ones[7] inhabit the -city Meroe, and what is called the Ethiopian plain: these shew the -Table of the Sun, but have no sea or river except the Nile. And there -are other Ethiopians (who live near the Mauri), that extend to the -territory of the Nasamones. For the Nasamones, whom Herodotus calls -the Atlantes, but geographers call Lixitæ, are the remotest of the -Libyans who live near Mount Atlas. They sow nothing, and live on wild -vines. And neither these Ethiopians nor the Nasamones have any river. -For the water near Mount Atlas, though it flows in three directions, -makes no river, for the sand sucks it all in. So the Ethiopians live -by no river or ocean. And the water from Mount Atlas is muddy, and at -its source there are crocodiles two cubits long, and when men approach -they dive down into the water. And many have the idea that this water -coming up again out of the sand makes the river Nile in Egypt. Now -Mount Atlas is so high that its peaks are said to touch the sky, and -it is inaccessible from the water and trees which are everywhere. The -neighbourhood of the Nasamones has been explored, but we know of no one -who has sailed by the parts near the sea. But let this account suffice. -Neither this statue of Nemesis nor any other of the old statues of -her are delineated with wings, not even the most holy statues at -Smyrna: but in later times people, wishing to shew this goddess as -especially following upon Love, gave Nemesis wings as well as Love. I -shall describe what is at the base of the statue, only clearing up the -following matter. They say Nemesis was the mother of Helen, but Leda -suckled her and brought her up: but her father the Greeks generally -think was Zeus and not Tyndareus. Phidias having heard this represented -on the base of the statue Helen being carried by Leda to Nemesis, and -Tyndareus and his sons, and a man called Hippeus with a horse standing -by. There too are Agamemnon and Menelaus, and Pyrrhus the son of -Achilles, the first husband of Hermione, the daughter of Helen. Orestes -was passed over for the murder of his mother, though Hermione remained -with him all her life and bore him a son. And next come Epochus, and -another young man. I have heard nothing else of them than that they are -the brothers of Œnoe, who gave her name to the township. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXIV. - - -The land about Oropus between Attica and Tanagra, which originally -belonged to Bœotia, is now Athenian. The Athenians fought for it -continually, but got no firm hold of it till Philip gave it them after -the capture of Thebes. The city is near the sea and has played no great -part in history: about 12 stades from it is the temple of Amphiaraus. -And it is said that, when Amphiaraus fled from Thebes, the earth opened -and swallowed up him and his chariot: but it did not they say happen -here but at a place called Harma (_Chariot_), on the way from Thebes to -Chalcis. And the Oropians first made Amphiaraus a god, and since all -the Greeks have so accounted him. I can mention others who were once -men, who have honours paid to them as gods, and cities dedicated to -them, as Eleus in the Chersonese to Protesilaus, and Lebadea in Bœotia -to Trophonius: so Amphiaraus has a temple at Oropus, and a statue in -white stone. And the altar has five divisions: one belongs to Hercules -and Zeus and Pæonian Apollo, and another is dedicated to heroes and -heroes’ wives. And the third belongs to Vesta and Hermes and Amphiaraus -and the sons of Amphilochus: but Alcmæon, owing to the murder of -Eriphyle, has no honour with Amphiaraus, nor with Amphilochus. And -the fourth division of the altar belongs to Aphrodite and Panacea, -and also to Jason and Hygiea and Pæonian Athene. And the fifth has -been set apart for the Nymphs and Pan, and the rivers Achelous and -Cephisus. And Amphilochus has also an altar at Athens, and at Mallus -in Cilicia an oracle most veracious even in my day. And the Oropians -have a fountain near the temple, which they call Amphiaraus’, but they -neither sacrifice at it, nor use it for lustrations or washing their -hands. But when any disease has been cured by means of the oracle, then -it is customary to throw into the fountain some gold or silver coin: -and here they say Amphiaraus became a god. And the Gnossian Iophon, -one of the interpreters of Antiquities, has preserved some oracular -responses of Amphiaraus in Hexameters, given he says to the Argives -who were despatched to Thebes. These lines had irresistible attraction -for the general public. Now besides those who are said of old to have -been inspired by Apollo, there was no oracle-giving seer, but there -were people good at explaining dreams, and inspecting the flights of -birds and the entrails of victims. Amphiaraus was I think especially -excellent in divination by dreams: and it is certain when he became -a god that he instituted divination by dreams. And whoever comes to -consult Amphiaraus has first (such is the custom) to purify himself, -that is to sacrifice to the god. They sacrifice then to all the other -gods whose names are on the altar. And after all these preliminary -rites, they sacrifice a ram, and wrapping themselves up in its skin go -to sleep, and expect divine direction through a dream. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXV. - - -And the Athenians have various islands not far from Attica, one called -after Patroclus, about which I have already given an account, and -another a little beyond Sunium, as you sail leaving Attica on the left: -here they say Helen landed after the capture of Ilium, so the Island -is called Helena. And Salamis lies over against Eleusis and extends -towards Megaris. The name Salamis was they say originally given to -this island from Salamis the mother of Asopus, and afterwards the -Æginetans under Telamon inhabited the island: and Philæus, the son -of Eurysaces and grandson of Ajax, became an Athenian and handed it -over to Athens. And many years afterwards the Athenians expelled the -people of Salamis, condemning them for having been slack of duty in -the war with Cassander, and for having surrendered their city to the -Macedonians more from choice than compulsion: and Ascetades (who had -been chosen as Governor of Salamis) they condemned to death, and swore -that for all time they would remember this treason of the people of -Salamis. And there are yet ruins of the market, and a temple of Ajax, -and his statue in ebony. And divine honours are to this day paid by -the Athenians to Ajax and Eurysaces: the latter has also an altar at -Athens. And a stone is shown at Salamis not far from the harbour: on -which they say Telamon sate and gazed at the vessel in which his sons -were sailing away to Aulis, to join the general expedition of the -Greeks against Ilium. And the natives of Salamis say that after the -death of Ajax a flower first appeared on their island: white and red, -smaller than the lily especially in its petals, with the same letters -on it as the hyacinth.[8] And I have heard the tradition of the Æolians -(who afterwards inhabited Ilium) as to the controversy about the -arms of Achilles, and they say that after the shipwreck of Odysseus -these arms were washed ashore by the sea near the tomb of Ajax. And -some particulars as to his great size were given me by a Mysian. He -told me that the sea washed his tomb which was on the seashore, and -made entrance to it easy, and he bade me conjecture the huge size of -his body by the following detail. His kneepans, (which the doctors -call _mills_,) were the size of the quoits used by any lad practising -for the Pentathlum. I do not wonder at the size of those who are -called Cabares, who, remotest of the Celts, live in a region thinly -peopled from the extreme cold, for their corpses are not a bit bigger -than Egyptian ones. I will now relate some remarkable cases of dead -bodies. Among the Magnesians at Lethæus one of the citizens, called -Protophanes, was victor on the same day at Olympia in the pancratium -and in the wrestling: some robbers broke into his tomb, thinking to -find something valuable there, and after them came others to see his -corpse: his ribs were not separated as is usual, but he was all bone -from his shoulders to the lowest ribs, which are called by the doctors -_false ribs_. And the Milesians have in front of their city the island -Lade, which breaks off into two little islands, one of which is called -Asterius. And they say that Asterius was buried here, and that he -was the son of Anax, and Anax was the son of Earth: his corpse is -two cubits, no less. The following circumstance also appears to me -wonderful. In Upper Lydia there is a small town called the Gates of -Temenus. Some bones were discovered here, when a piece of cliff broke -off in a storm, in shape like those of a man, but on account of their -size no one would have thought them a man’s. And forthwith a rumour -spread among the populace that it was the dead body of Geryon the son -of Chrysaor, and that a man’s seat fashioned in stone on the hillside -was his seat. And they called the mountain torrent Oceanus, and said -that people ploughing often turned up horns of oxen, for the story goes -that Geryon bred most excellent oxen. But when I opposed their theory, -and proved to them that Geryon lived at Gades, and that he has no known -tomb but a tree of various forms, hereupon the Lydian Antiquarians told -the real truth, that it was the dead body of Hyllus, and that Hyllus -was the son of Earth, and gave his name to the river Hyllus. They said -also that Hercules on account of his former intercourse with Omphale -called his son Hyllus after the same river. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXVI. - - -At Salamis, to return to my subject, there is a temple of Artemis, and -a trophy erected for the victory which Themistocles the son of Neocles -won for the Greeks. There is also a temple to Cychreus. For when the -Athenians were fighting the naval engagement with the Persians it is -said that a dragon was seen in the Athenian fleet, and the oracle -informed the Athenians that it was the hero Cychreus. And there is an -island facing Salamis called Psyttalea, on which they say as many as -400 Persians landed: who after the defeat of Xerxes’ fleet were they -say slain by the Greeks who passed over into Psyttalea. There is not -one statue in the island which is a work of art, but there are some -rude images of Pan made anyhow. - - And as you go to Eleusis from Athens, by the way which the Athenians -call the Sacred Way, is the tomb of Anthemocritus, to whom the -Megarians acted most unscrupulously, inasmuch as they killed him though -he came as a herald, to announce to them that henceforth they were not -to cultivate the sacred land. And for this act of theirs the wrath of -the two goddesses[9] still abides, since they are the only Greeks that -the Emperor Adrian was not able to aggrandise. And next to the column -of Anthemocritus is the tomb of Molottus, who was chosen as General of -the Athenians when they crossed over into Eubœa to the aid of Plutarch. -And near this is a village called Scirus for the following reason. -When the people of Eleusis were at war with Erechtheus, a prophet -came from Dodona Scirus by name, who also built at Phalerum the old -temple of Sciradian Athene. And as he fell in battle the Eleusinians -buried him near a mountain torrent, and both the village and torrent -get their name from the hero. And near is the tomb of Cephisodorus, -who was the leader of the people, and especially opposed Philip the -son of Demetrius, the king of the Macedonians. And Cephisodorus got -as allies for the Athenians the Mysian king Attalus, and the Egyptian -king Ptolemy, and independent nations as the Ætolians, and islanders as -the Rhodians and Cretans. And as the succours from Egypt and Mysia and -Crete came for the most part too late, and as the Rhodians (fighting -by sea only) could do little harm to heavy-armed soldiers like the -Macedonians, Cephisodorus sailed for Italy with some of the Athenians, -and begged the Romans to aid them. And they sent them a force and a -general, who so reduced Philip and the Macedonians that eventually -Perseus, the son of Philip, lost his kingdom, and was carried to Italy -as a captive. This Philip was the son of Demetrius: who was the first -of the family who was king of Macedonia, after slaying Alexander the -son of Cassander, as I have before related. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXVII. - - -And next to the tomb of Cephisodorus are buried Heliodorus the -Aliensian, (you may see a painting of him in the large temple of -Athene): and Themistocles the son of Poliarchus, the great grandson of -the Themistocles that fought the great sea-fight against Xerxes and the -Medes. All his other descendants except Acestius I shall pass by. But -she the daughter of Xenocles, the son of Sophocles, the son of Leo, -had the good fortune to have all her ancestors torchbearers even up to -her great grandfather Leo, and in her life she saw first her brother -Sophocles a torchbearer, and after him her husband Themistocles, and -after his death her son Theophrastus. Such was the good fortune she is -said to have had. - - And as you go a little further is the grove of the hero Lacius, who -gives his name to a township. There too is the tomb of Nicocles of -Tarentum, who won the greatest fame of all harpers. There is also an -altar to Zephyrus, and a temple of Demeter and Proserpine: Athene and -Poseidon have joint honours with them. Here they say Phytalus received -Demeter into his house, and the goddess gave him in return a fig tree. -My account is confirmed by the inscription on Phytalus’ tomb. - - “Here Phytalus king-hero once received - Holy Demeter, when she first vouchsafed - The fruit that mortals call the fig: since when - The race of Phytalus has deathless fame.” - - And before crossing over the river Cephisus, is the tomb of -Theodorus, one of the best tragic actors of his day. And there are two -statues near the river, Mnesimaches, and his son cutting off his hair -as a votive offering to the Cephisus. That it was an ancient custom for -all the Greeks to cut off locks of their hair to rivers one would infer -from the verses of Homer, who describes Peleus as vowing to cut off -his hair to the river Spercheus if his son Achilles returned safe from -Troy.[10] - - On the other side of the Cephisus is an ancient altar to Milichian -(_i.e._ _mild_) Zeus, where Theseus got purified after slaying the -progeny of Phytalus. He had slain other robbers, and Sinis, who was his -relation by Pittheus his maternal grandfather. And there are the tombs -here of Theodectes the son of Phaselites, and of Mnesitheus. This last -they say was a noted doctor, and dedicated several statues, and among -them one of Iacchus. And by the roadside is a small temple called the -temple of Cyamites (_Bean-man_): but I have no certain information, -whether he first sowed beans, or whether they gave the name to some -hero, because it was not lawful to ascribe the invention of beans to -Demeter. And whoever has seen the Eleusinian mysteries, or has read the -Orphic poems, knows what I mean. And of the tombs that are finest for -size and beauty are two especially, one of a Rhodian who had migrated -to Athens, the other of Pythionice, made by Harpalus a Macedonian, who -had fled from Alexander and sailed to Europe from Asia, and coming -to Athens was arrested by the Athenians, but escaped by bribing -the friends of Alexander and others, and before this had married -Pythionice, whose extraction I don’t know, but she was a courtesan both -at Athens and Corinth. He was so enamoured of her that, when she died, -he raised this monument to her, the finest of all the ancient works of -art in Greece. - - And there is a temple in which are statues of Demeter and Proserpine -and Athene and Apollo: but originally the temple was built to Apollo -alone. For they say that Cephalus the son of Deioneus went with -Amphitryon to the Teleboæ, and was the first dweller in the island -which is now called from him Cephallenia: and that he fled from Athens, -and lived for some time at Thebes, because he had murdered his wife -Procris. And in the tenth generation afterwards Chalcinus and Dætus -his descendants sailed to Delphi, and begged of the god permission to -return to Athens: and he ordered them first to sacrifice to Apollo on -the spot where they should see a trireme on land moving. And when they -got to the mountain called Pœcilus a dragon appeared eagerly running -into its hole: and here they sacrificed to Apollo, and afterwards on -their arrival at Athens the Athenians made them citizens. Next to this -is a temple of Aphrodite, and before it a handsome wall of white stone. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXVIII. - - -Now the channels called Rheti are like rivers only in their flow, for -their water is sea water. And one might suppose that they flow from -the Euripus near Chalcis underground, falling into a sea with a lower -level. These Rheti are said to be sacred to Proserpine and Demeter, -and their priests only may catch the fish in them. And they were, -as I hear, in old times the boundaries between the territory of the -Eleusinians and Athenians. And the first inhabitant on the other side -of the Rheti was Crocon, and that district is called to this day the -kingdom of Crocon. This Crocon the Athenians say married Sæsara the -daughter of Celeus. This at least is the tradition of the occupants -of the township of Scambonidæ. Crocon’s tomb indeed I could not find, -but Eumolpus’ tomb the Athenians and Eubœans both show. This Eumolpus -they say came from Thrace, and was the son of Poseidon and Chione: and -Chione was they say the daughter of Boreas and Orithyia. Homer has -not indeed given us his pedigree, but he calls him in his poem a noble -man. And in the battle between the people of Eleusis and the Athenians -Erechtheus the king of Athens was slain, and also Immaradus the son of -Eumolpus: and peace was concluded on these conditions, that the people -of Eleusis should be in all other respects Athenians, but should have -the private management of their Mysteries. And the rites of the two -goddesses, Demeter and Proserpine, were performed by the daughters of -Celeus. Pamphus and Homer alike call them by the names Diogenea, and -Pammerope, and Sæsara. But on the death of Eumolpus Ceryx the youngest -son was the only one left, who (the heralds say) was not the son of -Eumolpus at all, but the son of Hermes by Aglaurus the daughter of -Cecrops. - - There is also a hero-chapel to Hippothoon, from whom a tribe gets its -name, and near it one to Zarex, who is said to have learnt music of -Apollo. But my own idea is that Zarex was a stranger, a Lacedæmonian -who had come into Attica, and that the city Zarex in Laconia by the -sea was called after him. But if the hero Zarex was a native of -Attica, I know nothing about him. And the river Cephisus flows near -the Eleusinian territory with greater speed than before: and here -is a place called Erineus, where Pluto they say descended, when he -carried off Proserpine. On the banks of this river Theseus slew the -robber Polypemon, who was surnamed Procrustes. And the Eleusinians -have a temple to Triptolemus, and to Propylæan Artemis, and to Father -Poseidon, and a well called Callichorus, where the Eleusinian women -first danced and sang songs to the goddess. And the Rharian plain -was the first sown and the first that produced crops according to -tradition, and this is the reason why it is the custom to use barley -from it to make cakes for the sacrifices. Here is shown Triptolemus’ -threshing-floor and altar. But what is inside the sacred wall I am -forbidden by a dream to divulge, for those who are uninitiated, as -they are forbidden sight of them, so also clearly may not hear of the -mysteries. And the hero Eleusis, from whom the city gets its name, was -according to some the son of Hermes and Daira the daughter of Oceanus, -others make him the son of Ogygus. For the ancients, when they had no -data for their pedigrees, invented fictitious ones, and especially in -the pedigrees of heroes. - - And as you turn from Eleusis to Bœotia the boundary of Attica is -the Platæan district. That was the old boundary between the Athenians -and the people of Eleutheræ. But when the people of Eleutheræ became -Athenians then Mount Cithæron in Bœotia became the boundary. And the -people of Eleutheræ became Athenians not by compulsion, but from hatred -to the Thebans and a liking for the Athenian form of government. In -this plain too is a temple of Dionysus, and a statue of the god was -removed thence to Athens long ago: the one at Eleutheræ now is an -imitation of it. And at some distance is a small grotto, and near it a -spring of cold water. And it is said that Antiope gave birth to twins -and left them in this grotto, and a shepherd finding them near the -spring gave them their first bath in it, having stript them of their -swaddling clothes. And there was still in my day remains of a wall and -buildings at Eleutheræ. This makes it clear that it was a town built a -little above the plain towards Mount Cithæron. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXIX. - - -And another road leads from Eleusis to Megara: as you go along this -road is a well called the Well of Flowers. Pamphus records that it -was at this well that Demeter sat in the guise of an old woman after -the rape of Proserpine: and that she was taken thence as an old woman -of the country by the daughters of Celeus to their mother, and that -Metanira entrusted her with the education of her son. And not far -from the well is the temple of Metanira, and next to it the tombs of -those that fell at Thebes. For Creon, who was at that time the ruler -at Thebes (being Regent for Laodamas the son of Eteocles), would not -allow their relations to bury the dead: and Adrastus having supplicated -Theseus, and a battle having been fought between the Athenians and -Bœotians, when Theseus was the victor, he conveyed the dead bodies -to Eleusis and there buried them. But the Thebans say that they -surrendered the dead bodies of their own free will, and did not fight -on this question. And next to the tombs of the Argives is the monument -of Alope, who they say was the mother of Hippothoon by Poseidon, -and was in consequence put to death by her father Cercyon. Now this -Cercyon is said in other respects to have been harsh to strangers, and -especially to those who would not contend with him in wrestling: and -this place was called even in my day Cercyon’s wrestling ground, at a -little distance from the tomb of Alope. And Cercyon is said to have -killed all that wrestled with him but Theseus. But Theseus wrestled -against him cunningly throw for throw and beat him: for he was the -first who elevated wrestling into a science, and afterwards established -training schools for wrestling: for before the time of Theseus only -size and strength were made use of in wrestling. - - Such in my opinion are the most noteworthy among Athenian traditions -or sights. And in my account I have selected out of a mass of material -that only which was important enough to be considered history. - - Next to Eleusis is the district called Megaris: it too belonged -originally to the Athenians, having been bequeathed to Pandion by (its) -king Pylas. Proofs of what I assert are the tomb of Pandion in that -district, and the fact that Nisus, though he conceded the kingdom of -Attica to Ægeus the head of the family, yet himself was selected to -be king of Megara and the whole district up to Corinth: and even now -the Megarians have a dockyard called Nisæa after him. And afterwards, -when Codrus was king, the Peloponnesians marched against Athens: and -not having any brilliant success there they went home again, but took -Megara from the Athenians, and gave it to the Corinthians and others -of their allies that wished to dwell in it. Thus the Megarians changed -their customs and dialect and became Dorians. And they say the city -got its name in the days of Car, the son of Phoroneus, who was king in -this district: in his day they say first temples were built to Demeter -among them, and the inhabitants called them Halls.[11] This is at -any rate the tradition of the Megarians. But the Bœotians say that -Megareus the son of Poseidon lived at Onchestus, and went with an army -of Bœotians to aid Nisus in his war against Minos, and that he fell in -the battle, and got buried there, and the city which had been formerly -called Nisa, got its name Megara from him. And years afterwards, in the -12th generation from Car, the son of Phoroneus, the Megarians say Lelex -came from Egypt and became king, and during his reign the Megarians -were called Leleges. And he had a son Cleson, and a grandson Pylas, -and a great-grandson Sciron, who married the daughter of Pandion, and -afterwards, (Sciron having a controversy with Nisus the son of Pandion -about the sovereignty), Æacus was arbitrator, and gave his decision -that the kingdom was to belong to Nisus and his descendants, but the -command of the army was to devolve upon Sciron. And Megareus the son of -Poseidon, having married Iphinoe the daughter of Nisus, succeeded Nisus -they say in the kingdom. But of the Cretan war, and the capture of the -city in the days of King Nisus, they pretend to know nothing. - - - - -CHAPTER XL. - - -There is in the city a conduit erected by Theagenes, of whom I -mentioned before that he married his daughter to Cylon an Athenian. -This Theagenes when he was king erected this conduit, well worth seeing -for its size and beauty and the number of its pillars. And the water -that flows into is called after the Sithnidian Nymphs, who, according -to the Megarian tradition, are natives, and one of them bare a son -to Zeus, whose name was Megarus, and who escaped Deucalion’s flood -by getting to the top of Mount Gerania (_Cranemountain_), which was -not the original name of the mountain, but was so called because he -followed in his swimming the flight of some cranes by their cry. And -not far from this conduit is an ancient temple, and there are some -statues in it of Roman Emperors, and an image of Artemis in brass -by the name of Saviour. The story goes that some men in the army of -Mardonius who had overrun Megaris wished to return to Thebes to join -Mardonius, but by the contrivance of Artemis wandered about all night, -and lost their way, and got into the mountainous part of the country, -and, endeavouring to ascertain if the enemy’s army was about, shot some -arrows, and the rock shot at returned a groan, and they shot again and -again furiously. And at last their arrows were expended in shooting -at their supposed foes. And when day dawned, and the Megarians really -did attack them, (well armed against men badly armed and now _minus_ -ammunition), they slew most of them. And this is why they put up an -image to Artemis the Saviour. Here too are images of the so-called 12 -gods, the production of Praxiteles. He also made an Artemis of the -Strongylii. And next, as you enter the sacred enclosure of Zeus called -the Olympieum, there is a temple well worth seeing: the statue of Zeus -is not finished in consequence of the war between the Peloponnesians -and the Athenians, in which the Athenians every year by land and by -sea injured the Megarians both publicly and privately, ravaging their -territory, and bringing them individually to the greatest poverty. -And the head of this statue of Zeus is of ivory and gold, but the -other parts are of clay and earthenware: and they say it was made by -Theocosmus a native, assisted by Phidias. And above the head of Zeus -are the Seasons and the Fates: it is plain to all that Fate is his -servant, and that he orders the Seasons as is meet. In the back part of -the temple there are some wooden figures only half finished: Theocosmus -intended to finish them when he had adorned the statue of Zeus with -ivory and gold. And in the temple there is the brazen ram of a trireme, -which was they say taken at Salamis, in the sea fight against the -Athenians. The Athenians do not deny that there was for some time a -defection on the part of Salamis to the Megarians, but Solon they say -by his elegiac verses stirred the Athenians up, and they fought for -it, and eventually retook it. But the Megarians say that some of their -exiles, called Doryclei, mixed themselves among the inhabitants and -betrayed Salamis to the Athenians. And next to the enclosure of Zeus, -as you ascend the Acropolis still called the Carian from Car the son -of Phoroneus, is the temple of Nyctelian Dionysus, and the temple of -Aphrodite the Procuress, and the Oracle of Night, and a roofless -temple of dusty Zeus. And statues of Æsculapius and Hygiea, both the -work of Bryaxis. Here too is the sacred Hall of Demeter: which they say -was erected by Car when he was king. - - - - -CHAPTER XLI. - - -As you descend from the Acropolis in a Northerly direction, you come -to the sepulchre of Alcmene near the Olympieum. She died they say at -Megara on her journey from Argos to Thebes, and the sons of Hercules -had a dispute, some wishing to take her dead body to Argos, others to -Thebes: for the sons of Hercules by Megara were buried at Thebes, as -also Amphitryon’s sons. But Apollo at Delphi gave the oracular response -that it would be better for them to bury Alcmena at Megara. From this -place the interpreter of national Antiquities took me to a place called -Rhun (_Flow_), so called because some water flowed here from the hills -above the city, but Theagenes when he was king diverted the water -into another direction, and erected here an altar to Achelous. And at -no great distance is the monument of Hyllus the son of Hercules, who -fought in single combat with the Arcadian Echemus, the son of Aeropus. -Who this Echemus was that slew Hyllus I shall shew in another place, -but Hyllus is buried at Megara. The expedition to the Peloponnese, when -Orestes was king, might rightly be called an expedition of the sons -of Hercules. And not far from the monument of Hyllus is the temple of -Isis, and near it the temple of Apollo and Artemis. This last they say -was built by Alcathous, after he had slain the lion that was called -the lion of Mount Cithæron. This lion had they say devoured several -Megarians and among them the king’s son Euippus: whose elder brother -Timalcus had been killed by Theseus still earlier, when he went -with Castor and Pollux to the siege of Aphidna. Megareus therefore -promised his daughter in marriage, and the succession to the kingdom, -to whoever should kill the lion of Mount Cithæron. So Alcathous (the -son of Pelops) attacked the beast and slew him, and, when he became -king built this temple, dedicating it to Huntress Artemis and Hunter -Apollo. This at any rate is the local tradition. But though I don’t -want to contradict the Megarians, I cannot find myself in agreement -with them entirely, for though I quite admit that the lion of Mount -Cithæron was killed by Alcathous, yet who ever recorded that Timalcus -the son of Megareus went to Aphidna with Castor and Pollux? And how (if -he had gone there) could he have been thought to have been killed by -Theseus, seeing that Alcman in his Ode to Castor and Pollux, recording -how they took Athens, and carried away captive the mother of Theseus, -yet says that Theseus was away? Pindar also gives a very similar -account, and says that Theseus wished to be connected by marriage with -Castor and Pollux, till he went away to help Pirithous in his ambitious -attempt to wed Proserpine. But whoever drew up the genealogy plainly -knew the simplicity of the Megarians, since Theseus was the descendant -of Pelops. But indeed the Megarians purposely hide the real state of -things, not wishing to own that their city was captured when Nisus was -king, and that Megareus who succeeded to the kingdom was the son in law -of Nisus, and that Alcathous was the son in law of Megareus. But it is -certain that it was not till after the death of Nisus, and a revolution -at Megara, that Alcathous came there from Elis. And this is my proof. -He built up the wall anew, when the whole of the old wall had been -demolished by the Cretans. Let this suffice for Alcathous and the lion, -whether he slew the lion on Mount Cithæron or somewhere else, before he -erected the temple to Huntress Artemis and Hunter Apollo. - - As you descend from this temple is the hero-chapel of Pandion, who, -as I have already shewn, was buried at what is called the rock of -Athene the Diver. He has also divine honours paid to him at Megara. -And near the hero-chapel of Pandion is the monument of Hippolyta. This -is the Megarian tradition about her. When the Amazons, on account of -Antiope, made an expedition against the Athenians, they were beaten -by Theseus, and most of them (it so happened) fell in battle, but -Hippolyta (the sister of Antiope), who was at that time leader of the -Amazons, fled to Megara with the remnant of them, and there, having -been unsuccessful with her army, and dejected at the present state -of things, and still more despondent about getting safe home again to -Themiscyra, died of grief and was buried. And the device on her tomb -is an Amazon’s shield. And not far distant is the tomb of Tereus, who -married Procne the daughter of Pandion. Tereus was king (according to -the Megarian tradition) of Pagæ in Megaris, but in my opinion (and -there are still extant proofs of what I state) he was king of Daulis -N.W. of Chæronea: for most of what is now called Hellas was inhabited -in old time by barbarians. And his subjects would no longer obey -Tereus after his vile conduct to Philomela, and after the murder of -Itys by Procne and Philomela. And he committed suicide at Megara, and -they forthwith piled up a tomb for him, and offer sacrifices to him -annually, using pebbles in the sacrifice instead of barley. And they -say the hoopoe was first seen here. And Procne and Philomela went to -Athens, and lamenting what they had suffered and done melted away in -tears: and the tradition that they were changed into a nightingale -and swallow is, I fancy, simply that these birds have a sorrowful and -melancholy note. - - - - -CHAPTER XLII. - - -There is also another citadel at Megara that gets its name from -Alcathous. As one goes up to it, there is on the right hand a monument -of Megareus, who started from Onchestus to aid the Megarians in the -Cretan War. There is also shown an altar of the gods called Prodromi: -and they say that Alcathous first sacrificed to them when he was -commencing to build his wall. And near this altar is a stone, on which -they say Apollo put his harp down, while he assisted Alcathous in -building the wall. And the following fact proves that the Megarians -were numbered among the Athenians: Peribœa the daughter of Alcathous -was certainly sent by him to Crete with Theseus in connection with the -tribute. And Apollo, as the Megarians say, assisted him in building the -wall, and laid his harp down on the stone: and if one chances to hit -it with a pebble, it sounds like a harp being played. This inspired -great wonder in me, but not so much as the Colossus in Egypt. At -Thebes in Egypt, when you cross the Nile, at a place called the Pipes -(_Syringes_), there is a seated statue that has a musical sound, most -people call it Memnon: for he they say went from Ethiopia to Egypt and -even to Susa. But the Thebans say it was a statue not of Memnon, but -Phamenophes a Theban, and I have heard people say it was Sesostris. -This statue Cambyses cut in two: and now the head to the middle of -the body lies on the ground, but the lower part remains in a sitting -posture, and every morning at sunrise resounds with melody, and the -sound it most resembles is that of a harp or lyre with a chord broken. - - And the Megarians have a council chamber, which was once as they say -the tomb of Timalcus, who, as I said a little time back, was killed -by Theseus. And on the hill where the citadel stands is a temple of -Athene, and a brazen statue of the goddess, except the hands and the -toes, which as well as the face are of ivory. And there is another -temple here of Athene called Victory, and another of her as Aiantis. -As regards the latter, all mention of it is passed over by the -interpreters of curiosities at Megara, but I will write my own ideas. -Telamon the son of Æacus married Peribœa the daughter of Alcathous. I -imagine then that Aias, having succeeded to the kingdom of Alcathous, -made this statue of Athene Aiantis. - - The old temple of Apollo was made of brick: but afterwards the -Emperor Adrian built it of white stone. The statues called Apollo -Pythius and Apollo Decataphorus are very like Egyptian statues, but the -one they call Archegetes is like Æginetan handiwork. And all alike are -made of ebony. I heard a Cyprian, a cunning herbalist, say that the -ebony has neither leaves nor fruit, and that it is never seen exposed -to the sun, but its roots are underground, and the Ethiopians dig them -up, and there are men among them who know how to find it. There is -also a temple of Law-giving Demeter. And as you go down from thence -is the tomb of Callipolis the son of Alcathous. Alcathous had also an -elder son called Ischepolis, whom his father sent to assist Meleager in -Ætolia against the Calydonian boar. And when he was killed Callipolis -heard the news first in this place: and he ran to the citadel, where -his father was sacrificing to Apollo, and threw down the wood from the -altar. And Alcathous, not having yet heard the news about Ischepolis, -was vexed with Callipolis for his irreverence, and in his wrath killed -him instantaneously by striking him on the head with one of the pieces -of wood he had thrown down from the altar. - - On the road to the Prytaneum there is a hero-chapel of Ino, and -a cornice of stone round it. Some olive-trees also grow there. The -Megarians are the only Greeks that say that the dead body of Ino was -cast on the shore of Megaris, and that Cleso and Tauropolis, the -daughters of Cleso and granddaughters of Lelex, found it and buried -it. And they say that Ino was called by them first Leucothea, and they -sacrifice to her every year. - - - - -CHAPTER XLIII. - - -They also lay claim to the possession of a mortuary-chapel of -Iphigenia, for she too they say died at Megara. But I have heard a -different account of Iphigenia from the Arcadians, and I know that -Hesiod in his Catalogue of Women describes Iphigenia as not dying, but -being changed into Hecate by the will of Artemis. And Herodotus[12] -wrote not dissimilarly to this, that the Tauric people in Scythia after -shipwreck sacrifice to a virgin, who is they say Iphigenia the daughter -of Agamemnon. Adrastus also has divine honours among the Megarians: -he too they say died among them (when he was leading the army back -after the capture of Thebes), of old age and sorrow for the death of -Ægialeus. And Agamemnon erected an altar to Artemis at Megara, when he -went to Calchas, a native of the place, to persuade him to join the -expedition to Ilium. And in the Prytaneum they say Euippus the son of -Megareus was buried, and also Ischepolis the son of Alcathous. And -there is a rock near the Prytaneum called _The Calling Rock_, because -Demeter (if there is any truth in the tale), when she wandered about -seeking her daughter, called out for her here. And the Megarian women -still perform a kind of mimic representation of this. And the Megarians -have tombs in the city: one they erected for those who fell fighting -against the Medes, the other, called Æsymnian, is a monument to heroes. -For when Hyperion, the last king of Megara, the son of Agamemnon, was -killed by Sandion on account of his greed and haughtiness, they chose -no longer to be under kingly government, but to have chief magistrates -annually chosen, so as to be under one another’s authority by turn. -Then it was that Æsymnus, second to none of the Megarians in fame and -influence, went to Apollo at Delphi, and asked how they were to have -prosperity. And the god among other things told them they would fare -well if they deliberated on affairs with the majority. Thinking these -words had reference to the dead, they built here a council chamber, -that the tomb of the heroes might be inside their council chamber. As -you go from thence to the hero-chapel of Alcathous, which the Megarians -now use as a Record Office, there are two tombs, one they say of -Pyrgo, the wife of Alcathous before he married Euæchma the daughter of -Megareus, the other of Iphinoe the daughter of Alcathous, who they say -died unmarried. At her tomb it is the custom of maidens before marriage -to pour libations, and sacrifice some of their long hair, as the -maidens of Delos used to do to Hecaerge and Opis. And near the entrance -to the temple of Dionysus are the tombs of Astycratea and Manto, the -daughters of Polyidus, (the son of Cœranus, the son of Abas, the son of -Melampus,) who went to Megara, and purged Alcathous for the murder of -his son Callipolis. And Polyidus also built the temple of Dionysus, and -erected a statue of the god veiled in my day except the face: that is -visible. And a Satyr is near Dionysus, the work of Praxiteles in Parian -marble. And this they call Tutelary Dionysus, and another they call -Dionysus Dasyllius (_the Vine-ripener_), and this statue they say was -erected by Euchenor the son of Cœranus the son of Polyidus. And next to -the temple of Dionysus is the shrine of Aphrodite, and a statue of the -goddess in ivory, under the title Praxis (_Action_). This is the oldest -statue in the shrine. And _Persuasion_ and another goddess whom they -call _Consolation_ are by Praxiteles: and by Scopas _Love_ and _Desire_ -and _Yearning_, each statue expressing the particular shade of meaning -marked by the words. And near the shrine of Aphrodite is the temple -of Chance: this too is by Praxiteles. And in the neighbouring temple -Lysippus has made the Muses and a brazen Zeus. - - The Megarians also have the tomb of Corœbus: the verses about him I -shall relate here though they are also Argive intelligence. In the days -when Crotopus was king in Argos, his daughter Psamathe they say had -a child by Apollo, and being greatly afraid of her father knowing it -exposed the child. And some sheep dogs of Crotopus lit upon the child -and killed it, and Apollo sent upon the city _Punishment_, a monster -who took children away from their mothers (they say), till Corœbus -killed it to ingratiate himself with the Argives. And after killing it, -as a second plague came on them and vexed them sore, Corœbus of his own -accord went to Delphi, and offered to submit to the punishment of the -god for killing _Punishment_. The Pythian priestess forbade Corœbus -to return to Argos, but told him to carry a tripod from the temple, -and wherever the tripod should fall, there he was to build a temple to -Apollo and himself dwell. And the tripod slipt out of his hand and fell -(without his contrivance) on the mountain Gerania, and there he built -the village Tripodisci. And his tomb is in the market-place at Megara: -and there are some elegiac verses on it that relate to Psamathe and -Corœbus himself, and a representation on the tomb of Corœbus killing -Punishment. These statues are the oldest Greek ones in stone that I -have myself seen. - - - - -CHAPTER XLIV. - - -Next Corœbus is buried Orsippus, who, though the athletes according to -olden custom had girdles round their loins, ran naked at Olympia in -the race and won the prize. And they say that he afterwards as general -cut off a slice of his neighbours’ territory. But I think at Olympia -he dropped his girdle on purpose, knowing that it is easier for a -man to run naked than with a girdle on. And as you descend from the -market-place by the way called Straight, there is on the right hand a -temple of Protecting Apollo: you can find it by turning a little out -of the way. And there is in it a statue of Apollo well worth seeing, -and an Artemis and Leto, and other statues, and Leto and her sons by -Praxiteles. And there is in the ancient gymnasium, near the gates -called Nymphades, a stone in shape like a small pyramid. This they -call Apollo Carinus, and there is here a temple to Ilithyia also. -Such are the notable things the city contains. And as you descend to -the dockyard, which is still called Nisæa, is a temple of Demeter the -Wool-bearer. Several explanations are given of this title, among them -that those who first reared sheep in this country gave her that name. -And one would conjecture that the roof had fallen from the temple by -the lapse of time. There is here also a citadel called Nisæa. And as -you descend from it there is near the sea a monument of Lelex the -king, who is said to have come from Egypt, and to have been the son of -Poseidon by Libye the daughter of Epaphus. There is an island too near -Nisæa of no great size called Minoa. Here the navy of the Cretans was -moored in the war with Nisus. And the mountainous part of Megaris is on -the borders of Bœotia, and contains two towns, Pagæ and Ægosthena. As -you go to Pagæ, if you turn a little off from the regular road, there -is shewn the rock which has arrows fixed in it everywhere, into which -the Medes once shot in the night. At Pagæ too well worth seeing is a -brazen statue of Artemis under the title of _Saviour_, in size and -shape like the statues of the goddess at Megara. There is also here -a hero-chapel of Ægialeus the son of Adrastus. He, when the Argives -marched against Thebes the second time, was killed in the first battle -at Glisas, and his relations carried him to Pagæ in Megaris, and buried -him there, and the hero-chapel is still called after his name. And at -Ægosthena is a temple of Melampus the son of Amythaon, and a man of -no great size is carved on a pillar. And they sacrifice to Melampus -and have a festival to him every year. But they say that he has no -prophetic powers either in dreams or in any other way. And I also heard -at Erenea a village of Megaris, that Autonoe the daughter of Cadmus, -excessively grieving at the death of Actæon, and the circumstances -of it which tradition records, and the general misfortunes of her -father’s house, migrated there from Thebes: and her tomb is in that -village. - - And as you go from Megara to Corinth there are several tombs, and -among them that of the Samian flute-player Telephanes. And they say -that this tomb was erected by Cleopatra, the daughter of Philip the -son of Amyntas. And there is a monument of Car the son of Phoroneus, -originally only a mound of earth, but afterwards in consequence of the -oracle it was beautified with a shell-like stone. And the Megarians -are the only Greeks who possess this peculiar kind of stone, and many -things in their city are made of it. It is very white, and softer than -other stone, and seashells are everywhere in it. Such is this kind of -stone. And the road, called the Scironian road after Sciron, is so -called because Sciron, when he was commander in chief of the Megarians, -first made it a road for travellers according to tradition. And the -Emperor Adrian made it so wide and convenient that two chariots could -drive abreast. - - Now there are traditions about the rocks which project in the narrow -part of the road; with regard to the Molurian rock, that Ino threw -herself into the sea from it with Melicerta, the younger of her sons: -for Learchus the oldest was killed by his father. Athamas also is -said to have acted in the same way when mad, and to have exhibited -ungovernable rage to Ino and her children, thinking that the famine -which befell the Orchomenians, which also apparently caused the -death of Phrixus, was not the visitation of God, but a stepmother’s -contrivance against them all. So she to escape him threw herself and -her boy Melicerta into the sea from the Molurian rock. And the boy, -being carried it is said by a dolphin to the Isthmus of Corinth, had -various honours paid to him under the name of Palæmon, and the Isthmian -games were celebrated in his honour. This Molurian rock they consider -sacred to Leucothea and Palæmon, but the rocks next to it they consider -accursed, because Sciron lived near them, who threw into the sea all -strangers that chanced to come there. And a tortoise used to swim about -near these rocks, so as to devour those that were thrown in: these sea -tortoises are like land tortoises, except in size and the shape of -their feet which are like those of seals. But the whirligig of time -which brought on Sciron punishment for all this, for he himself was -thrown by Theseus into the same sea. And on the top of the mountain is -a temple to Zeus called the Remover. They say that Zeus was so called -because when a great drought once happened to the Greeks, and Æacus in -obedience to the oracle prayed to Pan-Hellenian Zeus at Ægina, he took -it away and removed it. Here are also statues of Aphrodite and Apollo -and Pan. And as you go on a little further is the tomb of Eurystheus. -They say that he fled here from Attica after the battle with the -Heraclidæ, and was killed by Iolaus. As you descend this road is a -temple of Latoan Apollo, and near to it the boundaries between Megaris -and Corinth, where they say Hyllus the son of Hercules had a single -combat with the Arcadian Echemus. - - - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[2] A stade was about one-eighth of a Roman mile. - -[3] Odyssey, xi., 122, 123. - -[4] See Plutarch’s “Life of Theseus.” - -[5] Iliad, xxiii., 677-680. - -[6] See Herod., iii., 64. - -[7] Perhaps a reminiscence of Hom. Il. i. 423. - -[8] See Verg. Ecl. 3. 106. Theocr. x. 28. And especially Ovid, -Metamorph. x. 210-219. - -[9] Demeter and Proserpine. - -[10] Iliad xxiii. 144-148. - -[11] The Greek is _Megara_. Hence the paronomasia. - -[12] Herod. iv. 99, and 103. - - - - -BOOK II.--CORINTH. - - - - -CHAPTER I. - - -The Corinthian territory, a part of Argolis, gets its name from -Corinthus, and that he was the son of Zeus I know of none who seriously -assert but most Corinthians, for Eumelus the son of Amphilytus of the -race called Bacchidæ, who is also said to have been a poet, says in -his History of Corinth (if indeed he is the author of it), that Ephyre -the daughter of Oceanus, dwelt first in this land, and that afterwards -Marathon the son of Epopeus, the son of Aloeus, the son of the Sun, -fled from the lawless insolence of his father, and took a colony into -the maritime parts of Attica, and when Epopeus was dead returned to the -Peloponnese, and after dividing the kingdom among his sons went back -into Attica, and from his son Sicyon Asopia got the name of Sicyonia, -and Ephyrea got called Corinth from his son Corinthus. - - Now Corinth is inhabited by none of the ancient Corinthians, but by -colonists who were sent there by the Romans. And this is owing to the -Achæan confederacy. For the Corinthians joined it, and took their part -in the war with the Romans which Critolaus, who had been appointed -commander in chief of the Achæans, brought about, having persuaded -the Achæans and most of the Greeks outside the Peloponnese to revolt -against Rome. And the Romans, after conquering all the other Greeks in -battle, took away from them their arms, and razed the fortifications of -all the fortified cities: but they destroyed Corinth under Mummius the -General of the Roman army, and they say it was rebuilt by Julius Cæsar, -who instituted the present form of government at Rome, (the Imperial). -Carthage also was rebuilt in his term of power. - - Now the place called Crommyon in the Corinthian territory is so -called from Cromus the son of Poseidon. Here they say was the haunt of -the Phæan boar, and the scene of Theseus’ legendary exploits against -Pityocamptes, (the _Pinebender_). As you go forward the famous pine was -to be seen even in my time near the seashore; and there was an altar to -Melicerta there, for it was here they say that he was conveyed by the -dolphin: and Sisyphus, finding him lying dead on the shore, buried him -at the Isthmus, and established the Isthmian games in honour of him. -Now it is at the head of the Isthmus that the robber Sinis took two -pine-trees and bent them down to the ground: and whoever he conquered -in battle he tied to these pine-trees, and let the pines go up into -the air again: and each of these pines dragged the poor fellow tied to -it, and (neither yielding but pulling with equal vigour) the victim -tied to them was torn asunder. In this way Sinis himself was killed -by Theseus. For Theseus cleared all the road from Trœzen to Athens -of evildoers, having killed those whom I mentioned before, and, at -Epidaurus the Holy, Periphetes the putative son of Hephæstus, whose -weapon in fighting was a brazen club. The Isthmus of Corinth extends -in one direction to the sea near Cenchreæ, and in the other to the -sea near Lechæum. This Isthmus makes the Peloponnese a Peninsula. And -whoever attempted to make the Peloponnese an island died before the -completion of a canal across the Isthmus. And where they began to dig -is now plainly visible, but they didn’t make much progress because -of the rock. The Peloponnese remains therefore what it was by nature -main land. And when Alexander, the son of Philip, wished to make a -canal through Mimas, the work was all but completed. But the oracle -at Delphi forbade the navvies to complete the work. So difficult is -it for man to oppose the divine ordinances. And the Corinthians are -not alone in their boasting about their country, but it seems to me -that the Athenians even earlier used tall talk in regard to Attica. -The Corinthians say that Poseidon had a controversy with the Sun about -their land, and that Briareus was the Arbitrator, awarding the Isthmus -and all in that direction to Poseidon, and giving the height above -the city to the Sun. From this time they say the Isthmus belongs to -Poseidon. - - The great sights at Corinth are the Theatre, and the Stadium of -white stone. And as you approach the temple of the god, there are -statues of the Athletes who have been conquerors in the Isthmian games -on one side, and on the other pine-trees planted in a row, mostly in -a straight line. And at the temple, which is not very large, there -stand some Tritons in brass. And there are statues in the porch two of -Poseidon, and one of Amphitrite, and a brazen Sea. And inside Herod an -Athenian placed in our time 4 horses all gold except the hoofs, which -are of ivory. And two golden Tritons are near the horses, ivory below -the waist. And Amphitrite and Poseidon are standing in a chariot, and -their son Palæmon is seated bolt upright on the dolphin’s back: and -these are made of ivory and gold. And on the middle of the base, on -which the chariot rests, is the Sea supporting the child Aphrodite -rising from it, and on each side are the so-called Nereids, who have I -know altars in other parts of Greece, and some have temples dedicated -to them as Shepherdesses, in places where Achilles is also honoured. -And at Doto among the Gabali there is a holy temple, where the peplus -is still kept, which the Greeks say Eriphyle took for her son Alcmæon. -And on the base of Poseidon’s statue are in bas relief the sons of -Tyndareus, because they are the patron saints of ships and sailors. -And the other statues are Calm and Sea, and a horse like a sea-monster -below the waist, and Ino and Bellerophon and Pegasus. - - - - -CHAPTER II. - - -And inside the precincts there is on the left hand a temple of Palæmon, -and some statues in it of Poseidon and Leucothea and Palæmon himself. -And there is also a crypt, approached by an underground passage, -where they say Palæmon is buried: whatever Corinthian or foreigner -commits perjury here has no chance of escaping punishment. There is -also an ancient temple called the altar of the Cyclopes, to whom they -sacrifice upon it. But the tombs of Sisyphus and Neleus, (for they say -that Neleus came to Corinth, and died there of some disease, and was -buried near the Isthmus), no one could find from the account in the -poems of Eumelus. As to Neleus they say that his tomb was not even -shewn to Nestor by Sisyphus: for it was to be unknown to all alike. -But that Sisyphus was buried at the Isthmus, and indeed the very site -of his tomb, a few Corinthians who were his contemporaries know. And -the Isthmian games did not fall into disuse when Corinth was taken by -Mummius, but as long as the city lay desolate, these games took place -at Sicyon, and when the city was rebuilt the old honour came back to -Corinth. - - The Corinthian seaports got their names from Leches and Cenchrias, -who were reputed to be the sons of Poseidon by Pirene the daughter of -Achelous: though in Hesiod’s poem _the great Eœæ_ Pirene is said to be -the daughter of Œbalus. And there is at Lechæum a temple and brazen -statue of Poseidon, and as you go to Cenchreæ from the Isthmus a temple -of Artemis, and old wooden statue of the goddess. And at Cenchreæ there -is a shrine of Aphrodite and her statue in stone, and next it, on the -breakwater near the sea, a brazen statue of Poseidon. And on the other -side of the harbour are temples of Æsculapius and Isis. And opposite -Cenchreæ is the bath of Helen: where much salt water flows into the sea -from the rock, like water just with the chill off. - - As you go up the hill to Corinth there are several tombs along the -wayside, and at the gate is buried Diogenes of Sinope, whom the Greeks -nickname the Cynic. And in front of the city is a grove of cypress -trees called Craneum. Here is a temple of Bellerophon, and a shrine -of Melænian Aphrodite, and the tomb of Lais, with a lioness carved -on it with a ram in its front paws. And there is another monument of -Lais said to exist in Thessaly: for she went to Thessaly when she -was enamoured of Hippostratus. She is said to have come originally -from Hyccara in Sicily, and to have been taken prisoner as a child by -Nicias and the Athenians, and to have been sold at Corinth, and to have -outstripped in beauty all the courtesans there, and so admired was she -by the Corinthians that even now they claim her as a Corinthian. - - The notable things in the city are partly the remains of antiquity -still to be seen there, partly works of art more recent, when Corinth -was at the height of all her glory. In the market-place, for most of -the temples are there, is Ephesian Artemis, and there are two wooden -statues of Dionysus gilt except the faces, which are painted with -red paint, one they call Lysian Dionysus, and the other Dionysus the -Reveller. The tradition about these statues I will record. Pentheus -they say, when he outraged Dionysus, among other acts of reckless -daring actually at last went to Mount Cithæron to spy the women, and -climbed up into a tree to see what they were doing: and when they -detected him, they forthwith dragged him down, and tore him limb from -limb. And afterwards, so they say at Corinth, the Pythian Priestess -told them to discover that tree and pay it divine honours. And that is -why these statues are made of that very wood. There is also a Temple -of Fortune: her statue is in a standing posture, in Parian marble. And -near it is a temple to all the gods. And near it is a conduit, and a -brazen Poseidon on it, and a dolphin under Poseidon’s feet passing the -water. And there is a brazen statue of Apollo called the Clarian, and -a statue of Aphrodite by Hermogenes of Cythera. And both the statues -of Hermes are of brass and in a standing posture, and one of them has -a shrine built for it. And there are three statues of Zeus in the open -air, one has no special title, the second is called Zeus of the Nether -World, and the third Zeus of Highest Heaven. - - - - -CHAPTER III. - - -And in the middle of the market-place is a statue of Athene in brass: -on the base are sculptured effigies of the Muses. And above the -market-place is a temple of Octavia, the sister of Augustus, who was -Emperor of the Romans after Cæsar, the founder of modern Corinth. - - And as you go from the market-place towards Lechæum there are -vestibules, on which are golden chariots, one with Phaethon in it (the -son of the Sun), and the other with the Sun himself in it. And at a -little distance from the vestibules on the right as you enter is a -brazen statue of Hercules. And next to it is the approach to the well -of Pirene. They say that Pirene became a well from a woman through the -tears she shed, bewailing the death of her son Cenchrias at the hands -of Artemis. And the well is beautified with white stone, and there are -cells like caves to match, from which the water trickles into that part -of the well which is in the open air, and it has a sweet taste, and -they say that Corinthian brass when hissing hot is dipped into this -water. There is also a statue of Apollo near Pirene, and some precincts -of the god. There is also a painting of Odysseus taking vengeance on -the suitors. - - And as you go straight on for Lechæum, you will see a brazen Hermes -in a sitting posture, and by it a ram, for Hermes more than any of the -gods is thought to watch over and increase flocks, as indeed Homer -has represented him in the Iliad “The son of Phorbas rich in flocks -and herds, whom Hermes loved most of the Trojans, and increased his -substance.”[13] But the tradition about Hermes and the ram in the rites -of the Great Mother (though I know it) I purposely pass over. And next -to the statue of Hermes are Poseidon and Leucothea, and Palæmon on -the dolphin’s back. And there are several baths in various parts of -Corinth, some erected at the public expense, and others by the Emperor -Adrian. And the most famous of them is near the statue of Poseidon. -It was erected by Eurycles a Spartan, who beautified it with various -stones, amongst others by the stone they dig at Croceæ in Laconia. -On the left of the entrance is a statue of Poseidon, and next to him -one of Artemis hunting. And many conduits have been built in various -parts of the city, as there is abundance of water, as well as the water -which the Emperor Adrian brought from Stymphelus: the handsomest is the -conduit by the statue of Artemis, and on it is a figure of Bellerophon, -and the water flows by the hoof of Pegasus. - - As you go from the market-place towards Sicyon, there is visible on -the right of the road a temple and brazen statue of Apollo, and at a -little distance a well called the well of Glauce: for she threw herself -into it, thinking the water would be an antidote against the poison of -Medea. Above this well is what is called the Odeum. And near it is the -tomb of the sons of Medea, whose names were Mermerus and Pheres, who -are said to have been stoned by the Corinthians because of the gifts -which they took Glauce. But because their death was violent and unjust, -the children of the Corinthians wasted away in consequence, until at -the oracular response of the god yearly sacrifices were ordained for -them, and a statue of Panic erected. This statue still remains to our -day, the figure of a woman represented as feeling the greatest terror. -But since the capture of Corinth by the Romans and the decay of the -old Corinthians, the sacrifices are no longer continued by the new -settlers, nor do their children continue to shear their hair, or wear -black raiment. And Medea when she went to Athens, lived with Ægeus, but -some time after (being detected plotting against Theseus) she had to -fly from Athens also, and going to the country which was then called -Aria, gave her name to its inhabitants, so that they were called Medes -from her. And the son whom she carried off with her when she fled to -the Arians was they say her son by Ægeus, and his name was Medus. But -Hellanicus calls him Polyxenus, and says Jason was his father. And -there are poems among the Greeks called Naupactian: in which Jason -is represented as having migrated from Iolcus to Corcyra after the -death of Pelias, and Mermerus (the elder of his sons) is said to have -been torn to pieces by a lioness, as he was hunting on the mainland -opposite: but about Pheres nothing is recorded. And Cinæthon the -Lacedæmonian, who also wrote Genealogical Poems, said that Jason had -by Medea a son Medeus and a daughter Eriopis: but of any children more -he too has made no mention. But Eumœlus’ account is that the Sun gave -Asopia to Aloeus, and Ephyræa to Æetes: and Æetes went to Colchis, and -left the kingdom to Bunus the son of Hermes and Alcidamea, and after -Bunus’ death, Epopeus reigned over the Ephyræans. And when in after -days Corinthus the son of Marathon died childless, the Corinthians -sent for Medea from Iolcus to hand over the kingdom to her: and it was -through her that Jason became king of Corinth, and Medea had children, -by Jason, but whenever each was born she took it to the temple of -Hera and hid it there, for she thought that by hiding them they would -be immortal: but eventually she learned that she was wrong in this -expectation, and, being at the same time detected by Jason, he would -not forgive her though she pleaded hard for forgiveness, but sailed -away to Iolcus. Eventually Medea herself went away too, and handed over -the kingdom to Sisyphus. This is the account I have read. - - - - -CHAPTER IV. - - -And not far from the tomb of Mermerus and Pheres is the temple of -Athene the _Bridler_: who they say helped Bellerophon more than any of -the gods in various ways, and gave him Pegasus, after having broken -it in and bridled it herself. Her statue is of wood, but the head and -hands and toes are of white stone. That Bellerophon was not absolute -king at Corinth, but limited in his power by Prœtus and the Argives I -am positive, as every one will be who has read Homer carefully. And -when Bellerophon migrated into Lycia, the Corinthians seem just the -same to have obeyed those who were in power at Argos or Mycenæ. And -they had no separate commander-in-chief of their own in the expedition -against Troy, but took part in the expedition only as a contingent with -the men of Mycenæ; and Agamemnon’s other troops. And Sisyphus had as -sons not only Glaucus the father of Bellerophon, but also Ornytion, -and Thersander, and Almus. And Phocus was the son of Ornytion, though -nominally the son of Poseidon. And he colonized Tithorea in what is -now called Phocis, but Thoas, the younger son of Ornytion, remained -at Corinth. And Demophon was the son of Thoas, Propodas the son of -Demophon, Doridas and Hyanthidas the sons of Propodas. During the joint -reign of Doridas and Hyanthidas the Dorians led an expedition against -Corinth, under the command of Aletes the son of Hippotas, (the son -of Phylas, the son of Antiochus, the son of Hercules). Doridas and -Hyanthidas handed over the kingdom to Aletes, and were permitted to -remain at Corinth, but the Corinthian people were expelled, after being -beaten in battle by the Dorians. And Aletes himself and his descendants -reigned for five generations, down to Bacchis the son of Prumnis, -and his descendants the Bacchidæ reigned five more generations, down -to Telestes the son of Aristodemus. And Telestes was slain by Arieus -and Perantas out of hatred, and there were no longer any kings, but -Presidents elected annually from the Bacchidæ, till Cypselus the son -of Eetion drove out the Bacchidæ, and made himself king. He was the -descendant of Melas the son of Antasus. And when Melas joined the -Dorian expedition against Corinth from Gonussa beyond Sicyon, Aletes -at first according to the oracle told him to go to other Greeks, but -afterwards disregarded the oracle and took him as associate. Such is -the result of my researches about the kings of the Corinthians. - - Now the temple of Athene the _Bridler_ is near the theatre, and not -far off is a wooden statue of a naked Hercules, which they say is the -work of Dædalus. All the works of Dædalus are somewhat odd to look at, -but there is a wonderful inspiration about them. And above the theatre -is a temple of Jupiter Capitolinus in the Roman diction, in Greek -it would be Zeus Coryphæus. And not far from this theatre is an old -gymnasium, and a well called Lerna. And there are pillars round it, and -seats to refresh those who come in in summertime. In this gymnasium -there are shrines of the gods, one of Zeus, one of Æsculapius: and -statues of Æsculapius and Hygiea (_Health_) in white stone, and one of -Zeus in brass. As you ascend to Acro-Corinthus, (it is the top of the -hill above the city, Briareus gave it to the Sun, after litigation, and -the Sun, as the Corinthians say, let Aphrodite have it), there are two -temples of Isis, one they call the Pelagian and the other the Egyptian, -and two of Serapis, one under the name of Canobus. And next them are -altars to the Sun, and a temple of Necessity and Force, into which it -is not customary to enter. Above this is a temple of the Mother of -the Gods, and a stone pillar and seat. The temples of the Fates and -Demeter and Proserpine have statues rather dim with age. Here too is a -temple of Bunæan Hera, which Bunus the son of Hermes erected. Hence the -goddess got the title Bunæan. - - - - -CHAPTER V. - - -On the ascent to Acro-Corinthus there is also a temple of Aphrodite: -and statues of her in full armour, and the Sun, and Cupid with a bow. -And the fountain behind the temple is they say the gift of Asopus to -Sisyphus: for he, though he knew that Zeus had carried off Ægina the -daughter of Asopus, refused to tell him unless he would give him this -water on Acro-Corinthus. And Asopus giving this water he vouchsafed -the required information, and for his information pays the penalty -in Hades, if indeed this is credible. But I have heard people say -that this fountain is Pirene, and that the water in the city flows -down from it. This river Asopus has its rise in the neighbourhood of -Phlius, flows through the Sicyonian district, and has its outlet in the -Corinthian Gulf. And the people of Phlius say that Asopus’ daughters -were Corcyra and Ægina and Thebe: and that from Corcyra and Ægina the -islands Scheria and Œnone got their present names, and that Thebe gave -its name to Thebes the city of Cadmus. But the Thebans do not admit -this, for they say that Thebe was the daughter of the Bœotian Asopus, -and not the Asopus that has its rise at Phlius. The Phliasians and -Sicyonians say further about this river that it is foreign and not -indigenous, for Mæander they say flowing down from Celænæ through -Phrygia and Caria, and falling into the sea at Miletus, travelled to -the Peloponnese and made the river Asopus. And I remember to have -heard something of the same kind from the people of Delos of the -river Inopus, which they say came to them from the Nile. And moreover -there is a tradition that the same Nile is the river Euphrates, which -was lost in a lake and re-emerged as the Nile in the remote part of -Ethiopia. This is what I heard about the Asopus. As you turn towards -the mountains from Acro-Corinthus is the Teneatic gate, and a temple -of Ilithyia. Now Tenea is about 60 stades from Corinth. And the people -of Tenea say that they are Trojans, and were carried away captive by -the Greeks from Tenedos, and located here by Agamemnon: and accordingly -Apollo is the god they hold in highest honour. - - And as you go from Corinth along the coast in the direction of Sicyon -there is a temple, which was burnt down, not far from the city on the -left hand of the way. There have been several wars in the neighbourhood -of Corinth, and fire has consumed, as one would indeed expect, both -houses and temples outside the city walls: this was they say a temple -of Apollo, and burnt down by Pyrrhus the son of Achilles. I have also -heard another account, that the Corinthians erected this temple to -Olympian Zeus, and that it was some accidental fire that burnt it down. -And the people of Sicyon, who are near neighbours to the Corinthians, -say of their region that Ægialeus the Autochthon first dwelt there, and -that what is now called Ægialus in the Peloponnese was called after him -its king, and that he was founder of Ægialea a city in the plain: and -that the site of the temple of Apollo was the citadel. And they say -that the son of Ægialeus was Europs, and the son of Europs Telchis, -and the son of Telchis Apis. Now this Apis had grown to such magnitude -before Pelops came to Olympia, that all the land inside the Isthmus -was called after him Apian. And the son of Apis was Thelxion, and the -son of Thelxion was Ægyrus, and his son was Thurimachus, and the son -of Thurimachus was Leucippus, and Leucippus had no male children, and -only one daughter Chalcinia, who they say bore a child to Poseidon, who -was called Peratus, and was brought up by Leucippus, and on his death -succeeded to the kingdom as his heir. And the history of Plemnæus the -son of Peratus seems to me most marvellous. All his children died that -his wife bare to him directly they were born and had uttered the first -cry, till Demeter took compassion on him, and coming to Ægialea as a -stranger to Plemnæus reared his child Orthopolis. And Orthopolis had a -daughter Chrysorthe: she had a child, supposed to be Apollo’s, called -Coronus. And Coronus had Corax and a younger son Lamedon. - - - - -CHAPTER VI. - - -And Corax dying childless, about this time Epopeus came from Thessaly -and obtained the kingdom. In his reign first (they say) did a hostile -army ever come into their country, as they had heretofore in all -time lived in peace. And the origin of the war was this. Antiope -the daughter of Nycteus had a great reputation for beauty among the -Greeks, and there was a rumour about her that she was the daughter of -Asopus, the river that forms the boundary between Thebes and Platæa, -and not the daughter of Nycteus. I know not whether Epopeus asked her -in marriage, or carried her off with more audacious designs from the -beginning. But the Thebans came with an army, and Nycteus was wounded, -and Epopeus too (though he won the victory). Nycteus though very bad -they took back to Thebes, and, when he was on the point of death, he -gave orders that Lycus his brother should be ruler of the Thebans for -the present: for Nycteus himself was Regent for Labdacus, (the son -of Polydorus, the son of Cadmus), who was still a child, and now he -left the Regency to Lycus. He also begged Lycus to go with a larger -force to Ægialea and punish Epopeus, and even to illtreat Antiope if -he could get hold of her. And Epopeus at first offered sacrifices for -his victory and built a temple to Athene, and when it was finished -prayed that the goddess would shew by some sign if it was to her mind, -and after the prayer they say oil trickled in front of the temple. -But afterwards Epopeus chanced to die of his wound which had been -originally neglected, so Lycus had no longer any need of war, for -Lamedon (the son of Coronus) the king after Epopeus gave Antiope up. -And she, as she was being conducted to Thebes, gave birth to a child -on the road near Eleutheræ. And it is in reference to this event that -Asius the son of Amphiptolemus has written the lines, “Antiope, the -daughter of the deep-eddying river Asopus, bare Zethus and divine -Amphion, being pregnant both by Zeus, and Epopeus shepherd of his -people.” - - But Homer[14] has given them a finer pedigree, and says that they -first built Thebes, distinguishing as it seems to me the lower city -from the city built by Cadmus. And King Lamedon married a wife from -Athens, Pheno the daughter of Clytius: and afterwards, when there was -war between him and Archander and Architeles, the sons of Achæus, he -invited Sicyon from Attica to help him, and gave him his daughter -Zeuxippe in marriage, and when he became king the region got called -after him Sicyonia, and the town Sicyon instead of Ægialea. And the -Sicyonians say that Sicyon was not the son of Marathon the son of -Epopeus, but the son of Metion the son of Erechtheus. And Asius agrees -with them. But Hesiod has represented Sicyon as the son of Erechtheus, -and Ibycus says he was the son of Pelops. However Sicyon had a daughter -Chthonophyle, who is said to have had a son Polybus by Hermes: and -afterwards Phlias the son of Dionysus married her, and she had a son -Androdamas. And Polybus gave his daughter Lysianassa to Talaus, the son -of Bias, the king of the Argives: and when Adrastus fled from Argos he -went to Polybus at Sicyon, and after Polybus’ death he obtained the -chief power at Sicyon. But when Adrastus was restored to Argos, then -Ianiscus the descendant of Clytius, the father in law of Lamedon, came -from Attica and became king, and on his death Phæstus, who was reputed -to be one of the sons of Hercules. And Phæstus having migrated to -Crete in accordance with an oracle, Zeuxippus, the son of Apollo and -the nymph Syllis, is said to have become king. And after the death of -Zeuxippus Agamemnon led an army against Sicyon and its king Hippolytus, -the son of Rhopalus, the son of Phæstus. And Hippolytus fearing the -invading army agreed to be subject to Agamemnon and Mycenæ. And this -Hippolytus had a son Lacestades. And Phalces, the son of Temenus, -having seized Sicyon by night in conjunction with the Dorians, did no -harm to Lacestades (as being himself also a descendant of Hercules), -but shared the royal power with him. - - - - -CHAPTER VII. - - -And the Sicyonians became Dorians after this, and a part of Argolis. -And their city, built by Ægialeus in the plain, Demetrius the son of -Antigonus razed to the ground, and built the present city on the site -of what was in former times the citadel. And the reason of the low -fortunes of the Sicyonians one could not find out by investigation, but -one would have to be content with what is said by Homer about Zeus,[15] - - “Who hath brought down the pride of many cities.” - -And when they were in a far from favourable condition an earthquake -came on them, and made the city almost bare of men, and robbed them of -many works of art. This earthquake also injured the cities of Caria and -Lycia, and the island of Rhodes suffered especially, insomuch that the -oracle of the Sibyl about Rhodes was fulfilled. - - And as you go from Corinth towards Sicyon you come to the tomb of -Messenian Lycus, whoever this Lycus was. For I find no Messenian Lycus -that practised in the pentathlum, or carried off the prize at Olympia. -This tomb is a mound of earth, and the Sicyonians mostly bury in the -following manner. The body they deposit in the ground, and over it a -stone slab with pillars on the top, on which are figures, generally -like the eagles in the temples. But they write no epitaph, but simply -the name of the deceased, not even his parentage, and bid the dead -farewell. And next to the tomb of Lycus, when you have crossed over the -Asopus, is on the right hand the temple of Olympian Zeus, and a little -further on, on the left side of the road, is the tomb of Eupolis the -Athenian Comedian. Further on in the direction of the city is the tomb -of Xenodice, who died in childbirth: it is unlike the tombs in this -part of the country, and has a painting, which is very fine. A little -further is the tomb of the Sicyonians, who died at Pellene, and Dyme in -Achaia, and at Megalopolis and Sellasia, whose exploits I shall relate -fully later on. And they have near the gate a well in a cave, which -oozes through the roof of the cave, so it is called the Dripping Well. - - And in the present citadel there is a temple to Fortune Dwelling on -the Heights, and next it one to the Dioscuri. Both these and the statue -of Fortune are of wood. And in the theatre built under the citadel the -person represented on the stage-curtain is, they say, Aratus the son -of Clinias. And next to the theatre is a temple of Dionysus: the god -is fashioned in gold and ivory, and near him some Bacchantes in white -stone. These women they say are sacred to Dionysus, and full of Bacchic -fury. And the Sicyonians have other statues in a secret place, which -one night in every year they bring to the temple of Dionysus from the -place called Ornament Room, and they bring them with lighted torches -and national Hymns. The leader of the procession is called Baccheus, -this functionary was appointed by Androdamas the son of Phlias, and -the next in the procession is called Lysius, whom the Theban Phanes -brought from Thebes at the bidding of the Pythian Priestess. And Phanes -came to Sicyon, when Aristomachus the son of Cleodæus, mistaking the -oracle, lost thereby his return to the Peloponnese. And as you go from -the temple of Dionysus to the market-place there is a shrine of Artemis -Limnæa on the right hand. And that the roof has fallen in is clear to -the spectator. But as to the statue of the goddess--for there is none -now--the people of Sicyon do not say whether it was carried away to -some other place, or how it was destroyed (if destroyed). - - And as you enter the market-place is a temple of Persuasion, also -without a statue. Persuasion is worshipped by them on the following -ground. Apollo and Artemis after slaying Pytho went to Ægialea to -purify themselves. But being seized with some panic fear in the place -which they now call Fear, they turned aside to Crete to Carmanor, and -a pestilence came upon the people at Ægialea, and they were ordered by -the seers to propitiate Apollo and Artemis. And they sent 7 lads and -7 maidens to the river Sythas to supplicate Apollo and Artemis, and -persuaded by them these deities went to what was then the citadel, and -the place they first reached was the temple of Persuasion. A Pageant -of all this goes on to this day. On the Festival of Apollo the lads -go to the river Sythas, and, after bringing Apollo and Artemis to the -temple of Persuasion, take them back again to the temple of Apollo. And -that temple is in the middle of the present market-place, and they say -it was originally built by Prœtus, because his daughters got cured of -madness here. They say also that Meleager hung up in this temple the -spear with which he killed the Calydonian boar: here too (they say) are -deposited the flutes of Marsyas: for after his awful death the river -Marsyas carried them to Mæander, and they turned up again at the Asopus -and were landed at Sicyon, and given to Apollo by a shepherd who found -them. Of these votive offerings there is no vestige: for they were -burnt with the temple. And the temple and statue were re-erected in my -time by Pythocles. - - - - -CHAPTER VIII. - - -The sacred enclosure near the temple of Persuasion, consecrated to -the Roman emperors, was formerly the house of Cleon the king. For -Clisthenes the son of Aristonymus, the son of Myro, was king of the -Sicyonians in the lower part of the city, but Cleon in what is now the -city (_i.e._ the upper part). In front of this house is a hero-chapel -to Aratus, who did the greatest exploits of all the Greeks in his -time: and this is what he did. After the death of Cleon there came -on those in authority such unbridled lust for power, that Euthydemus -and Timoclidas usurped the chief power. These the people afterwards -drove out, and put in their place Clinias the father of Aratus: and -not many years afterwards Abantidas got the chief power, (after the -death of Clinias), and either exiled Aratus, or Aratus retired of his -own free will. However the men of the country killed Abantidas, and -Pascas his father succeeded him, and Nicocles killed him, and reigned -in his room. Against him came Aratus with some Sicyonian refugees and -mercenaries from Argos, and slipping by some of the garrison in the -darkness (for he made his attack by night), and forcing others back, -got inside the walls: and (for by now it was day) leading his men to -the tyrant’s house, he made a fierce attack on it. And he took it by -storm with no great difficulty, and Nicocles slipt out at a back door -and fled. And Aratus granted the Sicyonians isonomy, reconciling them -to the refugees, and giving back to the refugees all their houses and -goods that had been sold, but not without full compensation to former -purchasers. And because all the Greeks were greatly afraid of the -Macedonians and Antigonus (the Regent for Philip the son of Demetrius), -he forced the Sicyonians, though they were Dorians, into the Achæan -league. And forthwith he was chosen commander in chief by the Achæans, -and he led them against the Locrians that live at Amphissa, and into -the territory of the hostile Ætolians, and ravaged it. And although -Antigonus held Corinth with a Macedonian garrison, he dismayed them by -the suddenness of his attack, and in a battle defeated and killed many -of them, and among others Persæus the head of the garrison, who had -been a disciple of Zeno (the son of Mnaseas) in philosophy. And when -Aratus had set Corinth free, then the Epidaurians and the Trœzenians -who occupy the coast of Argolis, and the Megarians beyond the Isthmus, -joined the Achæan league, and Ptolemy also formed an alliance with -them. But the Lacedæmonians and Agis (the son of Eudamidas) their king -were beforehand with them, and took Pellene by a _coup de main_, but -when Aratus and his army came up they were beaten in the engagement, -and evacuated Pellene, and returned home again on certain conditions. -And Aratus, as things had prospered so well in the Peloponnese, thought -it monstrous that the Piræus and Munychia, and moreover Salamis and -Sunium, should be allowed to continue in Macedonian hands, and, as he -did not expect to be able to take them by storm, he persuaded Diogenes, -who was Governor of these Forts, to surrender them for 150 talents, and -of this money he himself contributed one sixth part for the Athenians. -He also persuaded Aristomachus, who was king at Argos, to give a -democratical form of government to the Argives, and to join the Achæan -league. And he took Mantinea from the Lacedæmonians. But indeed all -things do not answer according to a man’s wish, since even Aratus was -obliged eventually to become the ally of the Macedonians and Antigonus. -This is how it happened. - - - - -CHAPTER IX. - - -Cleomenes, the son of Leonidas, and grandson of Cleonymus, when he -succeeded to the kingdom in Sparta, imitated Pausanias in desiring to -be an autocrat, and not to obey the established laws. And as he was -more impetuous than Pausanias, and brave as a lion, he quickly moulded -everything to his will by his sagacity and boldness, and took off by -poison Eurydamidas, the king of the other royal branch, while quite -a lad, and vested the power of the Ephors in his brother Epiclidas, -and having put down the power of the Senate, he established instead -of them The Great Council of Patronomi (as they were called). And -being very ambitious of greater fortunes, and even the supremacy over -Greece, he attacked the Achæans first, hoping to have them as allies if -he conquered them, and not wishing to give them the chance to hinder -his actions. And he attacked them and beat them at Dyme above Patræ, -Aratus being in this action the Achæan general, and this defeat it was -that compelled Aratus to invite the aid of Antigonus, being afraid -for the Achæans, and even for the safety of Sicyon. And Cleomenes -having violated his conditions with Antigonus, (having openly acted -against the terms of the treaty in other respects, and especially by -turning out the inhabitants of Megalopolis,) Antigonus crossed into -the Peloponnese, and in concert with the Achæans attacked Cleomenes at -Sellasia. And the Achæans were victorious, and Sellasia was enslaved, -and Lacedæmon captured. Antigonus and the Achæans then gave back to -the Lacedæmonians their old Polity: and of Leonidas’s sons, Epiclidas -was killed in battle, and Cleomenes, (who fled to Egypt and received -the greatest honours from Ptolemy), was cast into prison subsequently -for inciting the Egyptians to revolt. And he escaped out of prison, -and caused some trouble at Alexandria: but at last he was taken and -committed suicide. And the Lacedæmonians, glad to get rid of Cleomenes, -chose to submit to kingly government no longer, but from thenceforth -until now had the republican form of government. And Antigonus -continued friendly to Aratus, as he had done him many good and splendid -services. But when Philip took the government into his own hands, -because Aratus did not praise his frequent exhibition of temper to his -subjects, and sometimes even checked him in his outbursts, he murdered -him, giving him poison when he didn’t expect it. And from Ægium, for -here fate took him, they took his body to Sicyon and buried him, and -the hero-chapel Arateum is still called after him. And Philip acted in -just the same way to Euryclides and Micon, who were Athenians: for them -too, (being orators and not unpersuasive with the people), he took off -by poison. But poison was it seems destined to bring disaster to Philip -himself: for his son Demetrius was poisoned by Perseus, his youngest -brother, and so caused his father’s death by sorrow. And I have gone -out of my way to give this account, remembering the divine saying of -Hesiod, that he who plots mischief for another brings it first on his -own pate.[16] - - And next to the hero-chapel of Aratus is an altar to Poseidon -Isthmius, and rude statues of Milichian Zeus and Tutelary Artemis. -Milichian Zeus is in the shape of Pyramid, Artemis in that of a Pillar. -Here too has been built a Council Chamber, and a Porch called the -Clisthenic from its builder Clisthenes, who built it out of spoil which -he took in the war against Cirrha, as an ally of the Amphictyones. -And in the part of the market-place which is in the open air there is -a Zeus in brass, the work of Lysippus, and near it a golden Artemis. -And next is the temple of Lycian (_Wolf-god_) Apollo, in a very -dilapidated condition. When wolves used to devour the flocks so that -there was no profit in keeping sheep, Apollo pointed out a certain -place where some dry wood lay, and ordered the bark of this wood and -flesh to be laid together before the wolves. And this bark killed the -wolves immediately they tasted it. This wood is kept stored up in the -temple of the Wolf-god: but what tree it is of none of the Sicyonian -antiquaries know. And next are some brazen statues, said to be the -daughters of Prœtus, but the inscription has other women’s names. There -is also a Hercules in brass, by Sicyonian Lysippus. And near it is a -statue of Hermes of the Market. - - - - -CHAPTER X. - - -Not far from the market-place in the gymnasium is a Hercules in stone, -the work of Scopas. There is also elsewhere a temple of Hercules: the -precincts of which they call Pædize, and the temple is in the middle of -the precincts, and in it is an old wooden statue of Hercules by Laphaes -of Phlius. And the sacrifices they are wont to conduct as follows. -They say that Phæstus, when he went to Sicyon, found that the people -there offered victims to Hercules as a hero, whereas he thought they -ought to sacrifice to him as to a god. And now the Sicyonians sacrifice -lambs and burn their thighs on the altar, and part of the meat they -eat and part they offer as to a hero. And the first of the days of the -Feast which they keep to Hercules they call _Names_, and the second -_Hercules’ Day_. - - A road leads from here to the temple of Æsculapius. In the precincts -there is on the left hand a double building: in the outer room is a -statue of _Sleep_, and there is nothing of it remaining but the head. -And the inner room is dedicated to Carnean Apollo, and none but the -priests may enter it. In the Porch is the huge bone of a sea-monster, -and next it the statue of _Dream_, and _Sleep_, called _the Bountiful_, -lulling a lion to rest. And as you go up to the temple of Æsculapius, -on one side is a statue of Pan seated, on the other one of Artemis -erect. At the entrance is the god himself (Æsculapius) beardless, in -gold and ivory, the work of Calamis: he has his sceptre in one hand, -and in the other the fruit of the pine-tree. And they say that the god -was brought to them from Epidaurus by a pair of mules, and that he was -like a dragon, and that he was brought by Nicagora a native of Sicyon, -the mother of Agasicles, and the wife of Echetimus. There are also some -small statues fastened to the ceiling. The woman seated on the dragon -is they say Aristodama the mother of Aratus, and they consider Aratus -the son of Æsculapius. Such are the notable things to be seen in these -precincts. - - And there are other precincts there sacred to Aphrodite: and in them -first is the statue of Antiope. For they say her sons were born at -Sicyon, and this is the connection with Antiope. Next is the temple -of Aphrodite. None may enter into it but a maiden Sacristan, who must -never marry, and another maiden who performs the annual rites. This -maiden they call bath-carrier. All others alike must only look at the -goddess from the porch and worship her there. Her figure seated is the -design of Canachus a native of Sicyon, (who also designed the Didymæan -Apollo for the Milesians, and the Ismenian Apollo for the Thebans). It -is in gold and ivory. The goddess wears on her head a cap, and in one -hand holds a poppy, in the other an apple. And they offer in sacrifice -to her the thighs of any victims but wild boars, all other parts they -burn with juniper wood, and when they burn the thighs they burn up -together with them the leaves of pæderos; which is a plant that grows -in the precincts of the goddess’ temple in the open air, and grows in -no other land, nor in any other part of Sicyonia. And its leaves are -smaller than the leaves of the beech, but larger than those of the holm -oak, and their shape is that of the oak-leaf, partly black, partly -white like the silvery white of the poplar tree. - - And as you go hence to the gymnasium, on the right is the temple of -Pheræan Artemis: the wooden statue of the goddess was they say brought -from Pheræ. Clinias built this gymnasium, and they educate boys there -still. There is an Artemis also in white stone, carved only down to the -waist, and a Hercules in his lower parts like the square Hermæ. - - - - -CHAPTER XI. - - -And as you turn from thence to the gate called The Holy Gate, not far -from the gate is a shrine of Athene, which Epopeus formerly erected, -in size and beauty surpassing those of its time. But time has obscured -its fame. The god struck it with lightning: and now there remains only -the altar, for the lightning did not light on it. And in front of -the altar is the tomb of Epopeus, and near his tomb are the Gods the -Averters of Evil, to whom they sacrifice (as the Greeks generally) to -avert evil. And they say that Epopeus built the neighbouring temple to -Artemis and Apollo, and Adrastus the one next to Hera: but no statues -remain in either temple. Adrastus also built behind the temple of -Hera two altars, one to Pan, and one to the Sun God in white stone. -And as you descend to the plain is a temple of Demeter, and they say -Plemnæus built it in gratitude to the goddess for rearing his son. And -at a little distance from the temple of Hera, which Adrastus built, is -the temple of Carnean Apollo. There are only the pillars of it left, -you will find neither walls nor roof nor anything else there--nor in -the temple of Hera the _Guide_: which was built by Phalces the son -of Temenus, who said that Hera was his guide on the way to Sicyon. -And as you go from Sicyon on the straight road to Phlius, about ten -stades, and then turn off to the left, is the grove called Pyræa, and -in it a temple of Demeter Prostasia, and Proserpine. Here the men have -a festival to themselves, and give up what is called the _Nymphon_ -to the women to celebrate their festival in, and there are statues -of Dionysus and Demeter and Proserpine (showing only their faces) in -the _Nymphon_. And the road to Titane is sixty stades, and because of -its narrowness it is impassable by a carriage and pair: and 20 stades -further you cross the Asopus, and see on the left a grove of holm-oaks, -and a temple of the Goddesses whom the Athenians call the Venerable, -but the Sicyonians the Eumenides. And every year they keep a feast to -them on one day, sacrificing ewes big with young, and they are wont -to pour libations of honey and milk, and to use flowers as chaplets. -They go through the same rites on the altar of the Fates in the open -air, in the grove. And as you turn back again to the road, and cross -the Asopus again, you come to a mountain-top, where the natives say -Titan first dwelt, who was the brother of the Sun, and gave the name -Titane to this place. This Titan seems to me to have been wonderfully -clever in watching the seasons of the year, as when the Sun fructified -and ripened seeds and fruit, and this was why he was considered the -Sun’s brother. And afterwards Alexanor, the son of Machaon, the son of -Æsculapius, came to Sicyon, and built a temple of Æsculapius at Titane. -A few people dwell there, but for the most part only the suppliants of -the god, and there are within the precincts some old cypress trees. But -it is not possible to learn of what wood or metal Æsculapius’ statue is -made, nor do they know who made it, though some say Alexanor himself. -The only parts of the statue that are visible are the face and fingers -and toes, for a white woollen tunic and cloak are thrown round it. And -there is a statue of Hygiea somewhat similar. You can not see it either -easily, so hidden is it by the hair of the women which they shear to -the goddess, and by the folds of a Babylonish garment. And whichever of -these any one wishes to propitiate, he is instructed to worship Hygiea. -Alexanor and Euamerion have also statues, to the former they offer -sacrifices after sunset as to a hero, but to the latter they sacrifice -as to a god. And (if my conjecture is correct) this Euamerion is called -Telesphorus (according to some oracle) by the people of Pergamum, but -by the people of Epidaurus Acesis. There is also a wooden statue of -Coronis, but not anywhere in the temple: but when bull or lamb or pig -are sacrificed to the goddess, then they take Coronis to the temple of -Athene and honour her there. Nor are they contented merely with cutting -off the thighs of the victims, but they burn all the victims whole -on the ground except birds, and these they burn on the altar. On the -gable ends are figures of Hercules, and several Victories. And in the -porch are statues of Dionysus and Hecate and Aphrodite and The Mother -of the Gods and Fortune: these are all in wood, and one of Gortynian -Æsculapius in stone. And people are afraid to approach the sacred -dragons: but if their food is put at the entrance they give no further -trouble. There is also within the precincts a statue of Granianus, a -native of Sicyon, in brass. He won two victories at Olympia in the -pentathlum, and a third in the stadium, and two in the double course, -which he ran both in armour and out of armour. - - - - -CHAPTER XII. - - -And at Titane there is also a temple of Athene, into which they carry -the statue of Coronis. And in it is an old wooden statue of Athene. -This too is said to have been struck by lightning. As you descend from -the hill, for the temple is built on the hill, is the altar of the -winds, on which the priest sacrifices to them one night in every year. -And he performs mysterious rites at four pits, to tame their violence, -chanting, so they say, the incantations of Medea. - - And as you go from Titane to Sicyon, and descend towards the sea, -there is on the left a temple of Hera, with neither statue nor roof. -They say Prœtus the son of Abas built it. And as you go down to what -is called the harbour of the Sicyonians, and turn to Aristonautæ, the -port of the people of Pellene, there is, a little above the road, on -the left a temple of Poseidon. And as you go on along the high road -you come to the river Helisson, and next the river Sythas, both rivers -flowing into the sea. - - Next to Sicyonia is Phliasia. Its chief town Phlius is 40 stades at -most distant from Titane, and the road to it from Sicyon is straight. -That the Phliasians have no connection with the Arcadians is plain -from the catalogue of the Arcadians in Homer’s Iliad, for they are -not included among them. And that they were Argives originally, and -became Dorians after the return of the Heraclidæ to the Peloponnese, -will appear in the course of my narrative. As I know there are many -different traditions about among the Phliasians, I shall give those -which are most generally accepted among them. The first person who -lived in this land was they say Aras an Autochthon, and he built a -city on that hill which is still in our time called the Arantine hill, -(not very far from another hill, on which the Phliasians have their -citadel and a temple of Hebe.) Here he built his city, and from him -both land and city got called of old Arantia. It was in his reign that -Asopus (said to be the son of Celusa and Poseidon) found the water of -the river which they still call Asopus from the name of the person who -found it.[17] And the sepulchre of Aras is in a place called Celeæ, -where they say also Dysaules, an Eleusinian, is buried. And Aras had a -son Aoris and a daughter Aræthyrea, who the Phliasians say were cunning -hunters and brave in war. And, Aræthyrea dying first, Aoris changed the -name of the city into Aræthyrea. Homer has made mention of it (when -recording those who went with Agamemnon to Ilium) in the line - - “They lived at Orneæ and lovely Aræthyrea.”[18] - -And I think the tombs of the sons of Aras are on the Arantine hill. And -at their tombs are some remarkable pillars, and before the rites which -they celebrate to Ceres they look at these tombs, and call Aras and his -sons to the libations. As to Phlias, the third who gave his name to -the land, I cannot at all accept the Argive tradition that he was the -son of Cisus the son of Temenus, for I know that he was called the son -of Dionysus, and was said to have been one of those who sailed in the -Argo. And the lines of the Rhodian poet bear me out, “Phlias also came -with the men of Aræthyrea, where he dwelt, wealthy through his sire -Dionysus, near the springs of Asopus.” And Aræthyrea was the mother of -Phlias and not Chthonophyle, for Chthonophyle was his wife and he had -Andromedas by her. - - - - -CHAPTER XIII. - - -By the return of the Heraclidæ all the Peloponnese was disturbed -except Arcadia, for many of the cities had to take Dorian settlers, -and frequent changes of inhabitants took place. The following were -the changes at Phlius. Rhegnidas a Dorian (the son of Phalces the son -of Temenus) marched against it from Argos and Sicyon. And some of the -Phliasians were content with his demands, that they should remain in -their own land, that he should be their king, and that the Dorians and -he should have lands assigned to them. But Hippasus and his party stood -out for a vigorous defence, and not for yielding up to the Dorians -their numerous advantages without a fight. But as the people preferred -the opposite view, Hippasus and those who agreed with him fled to -Samos. And the great grandson of this Hippasus was Pythagoras, surnamed -the Wise: who was the son of Mnesarchus, the son of Euphron, the son of -Hippasus. This is the account the Phliasians give of their own history, -and in most particulars the Sicyonians bear them out. - - The most notable public sights are as follows. There is in the -citadel at Phlius a cypress grove, and a temple hoary from old -antiquity. The deity to whom the temple belongs is said by the most -ancient of the Phliasians to have been Ganymeda, but by later ones -Hebe: of whom Homer has made mention in the single combat between -Menelaus and Paris, saying that she was the cupbearer of the gods, and -again in the descent of Odysseus to Hades he has said that she was -the wife of Hercules. But Olen in his Hymn to Hera says that she was -reared by the Seasons, and was mother of Ares and Hebe. And among the -Phliasians this goddess has various honours and especially in regard to -slaves; for they give them entire immunity if they come as suppliants -here, and when prisoners are loosed of their fetters they hang them up -on the trees in the grove. And they keep a yearly feast which they -call _Ivy-cuttings_. But they have no statue in any secret crypt, nor -do they display one openly: and they have a sacred reason for acting -so, for on the left as you go out there is a temple of Hera with a -statue in Parian marble. And in the citadel there are some precincts -sacred to Demeter, and in them a temple and statue of Demeter and -Persephone, and also a brazen statue of Artemis, which seemed to me -ancient. And as you go down from the citadel there is on the right -a temple and beardless statue of Æsculapius. Under this temple is a -theatre. And not far from it is a temple of Demeter, and some old -statues of the goddess in a sitting posture. - - And in the market-place there is a brazen she-goat, mostly gilt. -It got honours among the Phliasians for the following reason. The -constellation which they call the She-Goat does continuous harm to -vines at its rise. And that no serious detriment might result from it, -they paid various honours to this brazen goat, and decked its statue -with gold. Here too is a monument of Aristias the son of Pratinas. The -Satyrs carved by Aristias and Pratinas are reckoned the best carving -next to that of Æschylus. In the back part of the market-place is a -house called by the Phliasians the seer’s house. Into it Amphiaraus -went (so they say) and lay all night in sleep before giving his -oracular responses: and according to their account he for some time -lived there privately and not as a seer. And since his time the -building has been shut up entirely. And not far off is what is called -_Omphalus_, the centre of all the Peloponnese, if indeed their account -is correct. Next you come to an ancient temple of Dionysus, and another -of Apollo, and another of Isis. The statue of Dionysus may be seen by -anybody, as also that of Apollo: but that of Isis may only be seen -by the priests. The following is also a tradition of the Phliasians, -that Hercules, when he returned safe from Libya with the apples of the -Hesperides, went to Phlius for some reason or other, and when he was -living there was visited by Œneus, who was a connexion by marriage. -On his arrival from Ætolia either he feasted Hercules, or Hercules -feasted him. However this may be, Hercules struck the lad Cyathus, the -cupbearer of Œneus, on the head with one of his fingers, not being -pleased with the drink he offered him: and as this lad died immediately -from the blow, the Phliasians erected a chapel to his memory. It was -built near the temple of Apollo, and has a stone statue of Cyathus in -the act of handing the cup to Hercules. - - - - -CHAPTER XIV. - - -Now Celeæ is about five stades from Phlius, and they sacrifice to -Demeter there every fourth year and not annually. Nor is the presiding -priest appointed for life, but a different one is chosen on each -occasion, who may marry if he chooses. In this respect they differ from -the Eleusinian mysteries, though generally speaking, as the Phliasians -themselves admit, their mysteries are an imitation of those. They -say that Dysaules the brother of Celeus came to their country and -established these rites, when he was driven from Eleusis by Ion the son -of Xuthus, who had been chosen commander in chief by the Athenians in -the war against the people of Eleusis. This statement of the Phliasians -I cannot assent to, that an Eleusinian should have been conquered in -battle and gone into exile, when before the war was fought out the -matter was submitted to arbitration, and Eumolpus remained at Eleusis. -But it is quite possible that Dysaules may have gone to Celeæ for some -other reason, and not that which the Phliasians allege. Nor indeed -had he, as it seems to me, any other relation with the Eleusinian -chiefs than as brother of Celeus, for else Homer would not have passed -him over in his Hymn to Demeter: where in his list of those who were -taught the mysteries by the goddess he ignores Dysaules. These are -his lines. “She shewed Triptolemus, and Diocles tamer of horses, and -powerful Eumolpus, and Celeus leader of the people, the due performance -of her rights and mysteries.”[19] However, according to the Phliasian -tradition, this Dysaules established the mysteries here, and also gave -the name Celeæ to the place. There is also here as I have said the -tomb of Dysaules, but subsequent to the date of the tomb of Aras: for -according to the Phliasian account Dysaules came after the days when -Aras was king. For they say Aras was a contemporary of Prometheus the -son of Iapetus, and lived three generations earlier than Pelasgus the -son of Arcas, and those who were called the Autochthons at Athens. And -they say the chariot of Pelops is attached to the roof of the temple -called the Anactorum. Such are the most important traditions of the -Phliasians. - - - - -CHAPTER XV. - - -On the road from Corinth to Argos you come to the small town of Cleonæ. -Some say Cleone was the daughter of Pelops, others that she was one of -the daughters of Asopus, the river that flows by Sicyon: however the -town got its name from her. There is a temple of Athene there, and a -statue of the goddess by Scyllis and Dipœnus, pupils of Dædalus. But -some say that Dædalus took a wife from Gortyns, and that Dipœnus and -Scyllis were his sons by her. At Cleonæ beside this temple is the tomb -of Eurytus and Cteatus, who had gone from Elis to be spectators of the -Isthmian games, and whom Hercules shot with arrows there, charging them -with having fought against him in the battle with Augeas. - - From Cleonæ there are two roads to Argos, one convenient for rapid -walkers and the shorter route, the other called Tretus (_Bored_), more -convenient for a carriage, though it too is narrow and has mountains on -both sides. Among these mountains is still shown the lair of the Nemean -lion, for Nemea is only about 15 stades distant. - - At Nemea is a temple well worth seeing of Nemean Zeus, only the roof -has tumbled in, and there is no longer any statue there: but there is -a cypress grove near the temple, where they say that Opheltes, placed -on the grass there by his nurse, was devoured by a dragon. The Argives -also sacrifice to Zeus at Nemea, and select the priest of Nemean -Zeus, and have a contest in running for men in armour at the winter -meeting at Nemea. Here too is the tomb of Opheltes, and round it a -wall of stones, and altars within the precincts: and there is a piled -up mound of earth as a monument to Lycurgus the father of Opheltes. -And the fountain they call Adrastea, whether for some other reason or -because Adrastus discovered it. And they say the name Nemea was given -to the place by Nemea the daughter of Asopus. And above Nemea is the -Mountain Apesas, where they say Perseus sacrificed first to Apesantian -Zeus. And as you go up to Argos by the road called Tretus you will see -on the left hand the ruins of Mycenæ. All Greeks know that Perseus -founded Mycenæ, and I shall relate the circumstances of the founding, -and why the Argives afterwards dispossessed the old inhabitants. For -in what is now called Argolis they mention no older town, and they say -that Inachus the king gave his name to the river, and sacrificed to -Hera. They also say that Phoroneus was the first mortal in this land, -and that Inachus his father was not a man but a river: and that he -and Cephisus and Asterion were the arbitrators between Poseidon and -Hera in their dispute about the land: and when they judged that it was -Hera’s, then Poseidon took away all their water. And this is the reason -why neither Inachus nor any other of these rivers mentioned have any -water except after rain. And in summer their streams are dry except at -Lerna. And Phoroneus the son of Inachus first gathered men together in -communities, who before lived scattered and solitary: so the city in -which they were first gathered together was called Phoronicum. - - - - -CHAPTER XVI. - - -And Argos his daughter’s son, who reigned after Phoroneus, gave Argos -his own name. And to Argos were born Pirasus and Phorbas, and to -Phorbas Triopas, and to Triopas Iasus and Agenor. Io the daughter of -Iasus went to Egypt, either as Herodotus tells the story or as the -Greeks tell the story, and Crotopus the son of Agenor had the rule -after Iasus, and the son of Crotopus was Sthenelas. And Danaus sailed -from Egypt against Gelanor the son of Sthenelas, and expelled from the -kingdom the descendants of Agenor. All the world knows the history, how -his daughters acted to their cousins, and how after his death Lynceus -had the kingdom. And his grandsons, the sons of Abas, divided the -kingdom, Acrisius remained at Argos, and Prœtus had Heræum and Midea -and Tiryns and all the maritime parts of Argolis: and there are to -this day remains of Prœtus’ palace at Tiryns. And some time afterwards -Acrisius, hearing that Perseus was alive and a mighty man of valour, -retired to Larissa by the river Peneus. And Perseus, as he wished -excessively to see his mother’s father and greet him with kind words -and deeds, went to him to Larissa. And being in the prime of life, -and rejoicing in the invention of the game of quoits, he displayed -his prowess to all, and by fatality Acrisius was unintentionally -killed by the throw of his quoit. Thus was the prophecy of the god -fulfilled to Acrisius, nor did his contrivances against his daughter -and her son turn away his fate. But when Perseus returned to Argos, -for he was ashamed of the infamy of this murder of his grandfather, -he persuaded Megapenthes the son of Prœtus to exchange kingdoms with -him, and founded Mycenæ, where the scabbard of his sword fell off, -for he thought this an indication that he should build a city there. -Another tradition is that when thirsty he took up a fungus from the -ground, and when some water flowed from it he drank it and was pleased, -and called the name of the place Mycenæ [which means both _scabbard_ -and _fungus_.] Homer indeed in the Odyssey[20] has recorded the lady -Mycene in the following line, - - “Tyro and Alcmene and Mycene adorned with garlands;” - -and the poem called the Great Eœæ, by Hesiod, represents her as the -daughter of Inachus and the wife of Arestor: and from her some say the -city got its name. But the tradition of Acusilaus which they also add, -that Myceneus was the son of Sparton, and Sparton the son of Phoroneus, -I could not accept, far less would the Lacedæmonians. For they have -at Amyclæ the image of a woman called Sparta, and if they heard that -Sparton was the son of Phoroneus they would marvel at once. - - Now the Argives destroyed Mycenæ in jealousy. For though they took no -part against the Medes, the people of Mycenæ sent to Thermopylæ 80 men, -who shared in the glory of the famous 300. This public spirit brought -about their destruction, by provoking the Argives to jealousy. But -there are still some remains of the precincts and the gate, and there -are some lions on it: which were they say executed by the Cyclopes, who -built the wall at Tiryns for Prœtus. And among the ruins at Mycenæ is a -fountain called Perseus’, and some underground buildings belonging to -Atreus and his sons, where their treasures were. And there is the tomb -of Atreus, and of those whom Ægisthus slew at a banquet on their return -from Ilium with Agamemnon. As to Cassandra’s tomb the Lacedæmonians -of Amyclæ claim that they have it. And there is the tomb of Agamemnon -there, and that of Eurymedon the charioteer, and the joint-tomb of -Teledamus and Pelops, who were twins of Cassandra, and were butchered -by Ægisthus (while still babes) after their parents. There is also the -tomb of Electra, who married Pylades, and Orestes gave her away. And -Hellanicus has recorded that Medon and Strophius were the issue of the -marriage. And Clytæmnestra and Ægisthus were buried a little outside -the walls, for they were thought unworthy to lie within the city, and -mingle their ashes with Agamemnon and those who were murdered with him. - - - - -CHAPTER XVII. - - -About fifteen stades from Mycenæ on the left is a temple of Hera. By -the road flows the river Eleutherius. And the priestesses use it for -lustrations and for private sacrifices. And this temple is on the -more level part of Eubœa, for Eubœa is a mountain, and they say the -daughters of the river god Asterion were Eubœa and Prosymna and Acræa, -and that they were nurses of Hera. And Acræa gave her name to all the -mountain opposite the temple of Hera, and Eubœa to the mountain near -the temple, and Prosymna to the ground below the temple. And this -Asterion flows above the temple of Hera and falls into a ravine and so -disappears. And the flower called Asterion grows on its banks: they -carry this flower to Hera and plait her crowns of its leaves. The -architect of the temple was they say Eupolemus the Argive: and all the -carved work above the pillars relates partly to the birth of Zeus and -the gods and the battle with the Giants, and partly to the Trojan war -and the capture of Ilium. And there are some statues in the porch, of -the priestesses of Hera, and of Orestes and other heroes. For they -say the one bearing the inscription that it is the Emperor Augustus -is really Orestes. In the Ante-chapel are some old statues of The -Graces, and on the right hand the bed of Hera, and a votive offering, -the spear which Menelaus took from Euphorbus at Ilium. And there is a -huge statue of Hera seated on a throne, in gold and ivory, the design -of Polycletus. And she has a crown on her head composed of Graces and -Seasons, and in one hand she has the fruit of the pomegranate, and in -the other her sceptre. As to the pomegranate let me pass that over, -for I am forbid to speak of it. But as to the cuckoo which sits on -the sceptre, they say that Zeus, when he was enamoured of Hera while -still a maid, changed himself into that bird, and that Hera chased the -supposed cuckoo in sport. This tradition and similar ones about the -gods I do not record because I believe them, but I record them just -the same. And near Hera is a statue of Hebe said to be by Naucydes, -this too in ivory and gold. And near it on a pillar is an old statue -of Hera. But the oldest statue of Hera was made of wild pear tree, -and was placed at Tiryns by Pirasus the son of Argus, and the Argives -when they took Tiryns conveyed it to the temple of Hera, and I myself -have seen it, a statue not very large seated. And the votive offerings -worthy of record are a silver altar, with the legendary marriage of -Hebe and Hercules carved upon it, and a peacock of gold and precious -stones, an offering of the Emperor Adrian: he made this present because -the peacock is sacred to Hera. There is also a golden crown and purple -robe, the offerings of Nero. And there are above this temple the -foundations of an older one and whatever the flames have spared. That -temple was burnt by Chryseis, the priestess of Hera, falling asleep, -and her lamp first setting fire to the decorations. And Chryseis went -to Tegea and supplicated Alean Athene: and the Argives, although such -a misfortune had befallen them, did not remove the effigy of Chryseis, -but it is there to this day in front of the burnt temple. - - - - -CHAPTER XVIII. - - -And as you go from Mycenæ to Argos there is on the left hand a -hero-chapel of Perseus near the road. He has honours here from the -people in the neighbourhood, but the greatest honours are paid him -at Seriphus, and he has also a temple among the Athenians, and in -it an altar to Dictys and Clymene, who are called the Saviours of -Perseus. And as you advance on the road to Argos a little way from this -hero-chapel is the tomb of Thyestes on the right hand: and on it is -a ram in stone, for Thyestes stole the golden sheep, when he seduced -his brother’s wife. And Atreus could not be satisfied with the law -of Tit for Tat, but slaughtered the children of Thyestes and served -them up to him at table. But afterwards I cannot pronounce decidedly -whether Ægisthus began the injury, or whether it began with the murder -of Tantalus the son of Thyestes by Agamemnon: for they say he married -Clytæmnestra as her first husband having received her from Tyndareus. -And I do not wish to accuse them of wickedness incarnate. But if -the crime of Pelops and the ghost of Myrtilus haunted the family so -ruthlessly, it reminds one of the answer of the Pythian Priestess to -Glaucus the son of Epicydes the Spartan, when he purposed perjury, that -punishment would come on his descendants. - - As you go on a little to the left from the _Rams_, for so they call -the tomb of Thyestes, is a place called Mysia, and a temple of Mysian -Demeter, so called from a man called Mysius, who was as the Argives -say a host of Demeter. It has no roof. And in it is a shrine of baked -brick, and images of Proserpine and Pluto and Demeter. And a little -further is the river Inachus, and on the other side of the river is an -altar of the Sun. And you will go thence to the gate called from the -neighbouring temple, the temple of Ilithyia. - - The Argives are the only Greeks I know of who were divided into three -kingdoms. For in the reign of Anaxagoras, the son of Argos, the son of -Megapenthes, a madness came on the women, they went from their homes -and wandered up and down the country, till Melampus the son of Amythaon -cured them of that complaint, on condition that he and his brother -Bias should share alike with Anaxagoras. And five kings of Bias’ race -reigned for four generations to Cyanippus the son of Ægialeus, being -all descended from Neleus on the mother’s side, and from Melampus six -generations and six kings to Amphilochus the son of Amphiaraus. But -the native race, the descendants of Anaxagoras, reigned longer. For -Iphis, the son of Alector, the son of Anaxagoras, left the kingdom to -Sthenelus the son of his brother Capaneus: and Amphilochus after the -capture of Ilium having migrated to what is now called Amphilochi, -and Cyanippus dying childless, Cylarabes the son of Sthenelus had the -kingdom alone. And he too had no children, and so Orestes the son -of Agamemnon got Argos, as he was a near neighbour, and besides his -hereditary sway had added to his dominions much Arcadian territory, and -as he had also got the kingdom in Sparta, and had ever ready help in -the alliance of the Phocians. And he was king of the Lacedæmonians at -their own request. For they thought the sons of Tyndareus’ daughters -better entitled to the kingdom than Nicostratus and Megapenthes, the -sons of Menelaus by a bondmaid. And when Orestes died Tisamenus, -the son of Orestes by Hermione the daughter of Menelaus, had the -kingdom. And Penthilus, Orestes’ bastard son by Erigone the daughter -of Ægisthus, is mentioned by Cinæthon in his Verses. It was in the -reign of this Tisamenus that the Heraclidæ returned to the Peloponnese, -_viz._ Temenus and Cresphontes the sons of Aristomachus, and, as -Aristodemus had died earlier, his sons came too. And they laid claim -to Argos and its kingdom on it seems to me the justest grounds, for -Tisamenus was a descendant of Pelops, but the Heraclidæ derived from -Perseus. And they represented that Tyndareus had been turned out by -Hippocoon, and they said that Hercules had slain Hippocoon and his -sons, and had given the country back to Tyndareus. Similarly they said -about Messenia, that it was given to Nestor as a charge by Hercules -when he took Pylos. They turned out therefore Tisamenus from Lacedæmon -and Argos, and the descendants of Nestor from Messenia, _viz._ Alcmæon -the son of Sillus the son of Thrasymedes, and Pisistratus the son of -Pisistratus, and the sons of Pæon the son of Antilochus, and besides -them Melanthus the son of Andropompus, the son of Borus, the son of -Penthilus, the son of Periclymenus. So Tisamenus and his sons went to -what is now called Achaia with his army: and all the other sons of -Neleus but Pisistratus, (for I don’t know to what people he betook -himself), went to Athens, and the Pæonidæ and the Alcmæonidæ were -called after them. Melanthus also had the kingdom, after driving out -Thymœtes, the son of Oxyntas, who was the last of the descendants of -Theseus that reigned at Athens. - - - - -CHAPTER XIX. - - -As to Cresphontes and the sons of Aristodemus there is nothing pressing -to narrate about them. But Temenus openly made use of Deiphontes (the -son of Antimachus, the son of Thrasyanor, the son of Ctesippus, the -son of Hercules) as general for his battles instead of his sons, and -made him his associate in all things, and gave him as wife his daughter -Hyrnetho whom he loved more than all his children, and was suspected of -intending to make her and Deiphontes his heirs in the kingdom. And for -these reasons he was slain by his sons, and Cisus the eldest of them -became king. But the Argives, who had from the most ancient times loved -equality and home rule, reduced the kingly power so low, that Medon, -the son of Cisus, and his descendants were left the royal title only. -And Meltas the son of Lacedas, the 10th descendant of Medon, the people -sentenced to deprivation of his kingdom altogether. - - Of the temples in the city of the Argives the most notable is that -of Lycian (_Wolf-God_) Apollo. The statue in our day was the work of -an Athenian, Attalus, but originally the temple and wooden statue was -the offering of Danaus. I think all statues were wooden in those days, -and especially Egyptian ones. Now Danaus built a temple to Apollo -the Wolf-God for the following reason. When he came to Argos, he and -Gelanor the son of Sthenelas were rival competitors for the kingdom. -And many ingratiating words having been spoken by both of them to the -people, and Gelanor’s speech seeming rather the best, the people, they -say, put off the decision to the next day. And at break of day a wolf -attacked a herd of cattle that were feeding near the walls, and had a -fierce encounter with the bull, the leader of the herd. And it occurred -to the Argives that Gelanor was like the bull, Danaus like the wolf, -for just as this animal does not live with human beings so Danaus had -not up to that time lived with them. And as the wolf mastered the bull, -so Danaus got the kingdom. And he thinking that Apollo had sent that -wolf against the herd, built a temple to Apollo the Wolf-God. In it -is the throne of Danaus, and an image of Biton, the man who carried -a bull on his shoulders (as Lyceas has represented), for, when the -Argives were sacrificing to Zeus at Nemea, Biton took up a bull by -sheer strength and carried it to the altar. And they light the fire -close to this image, and they call it the fire of Phoroneus: for they -do not admit that Prometheus gave fire to men, but they attribute -the invention of fire to Phoroneus. Here also are wooden statues of -Aphrodite and Hermes, the latter the work of Epeus, and the former -the offering of Hypermnestra. For she, the only one of his daughters -who disobeyed his cruel order, was brought to trial by Danaus, partly -because he thought his own safety compromised by that of Lynceus, and -partly because her not joining with her sisters in their atrocious -deed augmented the disgrace of the contriver of the deed. And, being -acquitted by the Argives, she erected as a votive offering in this -temple a statue of Victorious Aphrodite. And there is inside the temple -a statue of Ladas, who excelled all his contemporaries in fleetness of -foot, and one of Hermes making a lyre out of a tortoise. And there is -in front of the temple an amphitheatre with a representation of the -fight between the bull and the wolf, and a maiden throwing a stone at -the bull. They think this maiden represents Artemis. Danaus had all -this constructed, and some pillars near, and wooden statues of Zeus and -Artemis. - - Here also are the tombs of Linus the son of Apollo, and of Psamathe -the daughter of Crotopus, and this is that Linus they say who wrote -poetry. I pass him by now as more meet to be discussed in another -place, and as regards Psamathe I have already given a full account of -her in what I have written about Megara. Next is a statue of Apollo the -Guardian of the Streets, and the altar of Rainy Zeus, where those who -conspired the return of Polynices to Thebes swore that they would die -if unsuccessful in taking Thebes. As to the sepulchre of Prometheus, -the Argives seem to me to give a less credible account than the -Opuntians, but they stick to their account all the same. - - - - -CHAPTER XX. - - -And passing by the effigy of Creux the boxer, and the trophy erected -over the Corinthians, you come to the statue of Milichian Zeus seated, -the work of Polycletus in white stone. I ascertained that the following -was the reason why it was made. When the Lacedæmonians began the war -with the Argives, they continued hostilities till Philip the son of -Amyntas compelled them to remain within their original boundaries. For -during all previous time the Lacedæmonians never interfered outside -the Peloponnese, but were always cutting a slice off Argolis, or the -Argives, if the Lacedæmonians were engaged in war, would at such a -time make a swoop on their borders. And when their mutual animosity -was at its height, the Argives resolved to keep a standing army of -1000 picked men, and their captain was Bryas the Argive, who in other -respects was insolent to the people, and outraged a maiden, who was -being led in procession to her bridegroom’s house, tearing her away -from her escort. But during the night catching him asleep she blinded -Bryas: and being arrested at daybreak implored protection from the -people. As they would not abandon her to the vengeance of the thousand, -there ensued a fight, and the people were victorious, and in the heat -of victory left not one of the 1000 alive. But afterwards they made -expiation for this shedding of kinsmen’s blood, and erected a statue -to Milichian Zeus. And near are statues in stone of Cleobis and Bito, -who themselves drew the car with their mother in it to the temple of -Hera.[21] And opposite these is the temple of Nemean Zeus, and in it a -brazen statue of the god erect, the design of Lysippus. And next to it, -as you go forward, on the right hand, is the tomb of Phoroneus: to whom -they still offer victims. And opposite the temple of Nemean Zeus is a -temple of Fortune of most ancient date, since Palamedes the inventor of -dice made a votive offering of his dice to this temple. And the tomb -near they call that of the Mænad Chorea, who they say with the other -women accompanied Dionysus to Argos, and Perseus being victorious in -the battle slew most of the women: the others they buried all together, -but for her they had a tomb separately, as she excelled the others in -merit. And at a little distance is a temple of the Seasons. And as -you go on there are some full-length statues of Polynices, the son -of Œdipus, and all the chief warriors that died with him in battle -fighting against Thebes. These men Æschylus has described as only -seven in number, though more must have come from Argos and Messene -and Arcadia. And near these seven, (for the Argives also follow the -description of Æschylus), are the statues of those that took Thebes, -Ægialeus the son of Adrastus, and Promachus the son of Parthenopæus the -son of Talaus, and Polydorus the son of Hippomedon, and Thersander, -and Alcmæon and Amphilochus the sons of Amphiaraus, and Diomede and -Sthenelus: also Euryalus the son of Mecisteus, and Adrastus and Timeas, -the sons of Polynices. And not far from these statues is exhibited the -sepulchre of Danaus, and a cenotaph of the Argives whom fate seized in -Ilium or on the journey home. And there is here also a temple of Zeus -Soter, at a little distance from which is a building where the Argive -women bewail Adonis. And on the right hand of the entrance a temple has -been built to the river Cephisus: the water of this river they say was -not altogether dried up by Poseidon, but flowed under ground on the -site of the temple. And near the temple of the Cephisus is a head of -the Medusa in stone: this also they say is the work of the Cyclopes. -And the place behind they call to this day _Judgement Hall_, because -they say that Hypermnestra was put upon her trial there by Danaus. And -not far distant is a theatre: and in it among other things well worth -seeing is Perilaus the Argive, the son of Alcenor, slaying Othryades -the Spartan. Perilaus before this had had the good luck to carry off -the prize for wrestling in the Nemean games. And beyond the theatre -is a temple of Aphrodite, in front of which is a statue of Telesilla -the poetess on a pillar: at her feet lie her volumes of poetry, and -she herself is looking at a helmet, which she holds in her hand and -is about to put on her head. This Telesilla was otherwise remarkable -among women, besides being honoured for her poetic gifts. For when upon -the Argives fell disaster untold at the hands of Cleomenes (the son -of Anaxandrides) and the Lacedæmonians, and most of them perished in -the battle, and when all that fled for refuge to the grove at Argos -perished also, at first coming out for quarter, but when they found -that the promised quarter was not granted, setting themselves and the -grove on fire together, then Cleomenes led the Lacedæmonians to an -Argos stript of men. Then it was that Telesilla manned the walls with -all the slaves who through youth or age were reckoned unfit to carry -arms, and herself getting together all the arms which were left in -the houses or the temples, and mustering all the women in the prime -of life, armed them, and drew them up in battle array where she knew -the enemy would approach. And when the Lacedæmonians came up, and the -women so far from being dismayed at their war cry received their attack -stoutly, then the Lacedæmonians considering that if they killed all -the women their victory would be discreditable, and if they themselves -were beaten their reverse would be disgraceful, yielded to the women. -Now the Pythian Priestess had foretold this, and Herodotus, whether -understanding the oracle or not, had recorded it as follows.[22] “But -when the female conquering the male shall drive him out and win fame -for the Argives, then shall the god make many of the Argive women -wretched.” These words of the oracle describe the action of the women. - - - - -CHAPTER XXI. - - -And as you descend from thence and turn to the market-place you see the -tomb of Cerdo, the wife of Phoroneus, and the temple of Æsculapius. -And the temple of Artemis, under the name Persuasion, was erected also -by Hypermnestra, when she was victorious over her father in the trial -about Lynceus. There is also a brazen statue of Æneas, and a place -called Delta, but why it is called Delta I purposely pass over, for I -didn’t like the explanation. And in front of it is a temple of Zeus -Promoter of Flight, and near it is the sepulchre of Hypermnestra the -mother of Amphiaraus, and the sepulchre of Hypermnestra the daughter -of Danaus, who lies in the same grave with Lynceus. And opposite them -is the tomb of Talaus the son of Bias, about whom and his descendants -I have spoken already. And there is a temple of Athene under the name -of _Trumpet_, which they say Hegeleus built. This Hegeleus they say was -the son of Tyrsenus, who was the son of Hercules and a Lydian woman, -and Tyrsenus was the first who invented the trumpet, and Hegeleus his -son taught the Dorians who followed Temenus the use of it, and that -was why he called Athene _Trumpet_. And before the temple of Athene is -they say the tomb of Epimenides: for the Lacedæmonians when they fought -against the Gnossians took Epimenides alive, but killed him afterwards -because he did not prophesy auspiciously for them, and they say they -brought his remains, and buried them, here. And the building of white -stone, nearly in the middle of the market-place, is not a trophy over -Pyrrhus the king of Epirus, as the Argives say, but a memorial that his -body was burnt here, inasmuch as elephants and all other things which -he used in battle are represented here. This was the building for his -funeral pyre: but his bones lie in the temple of Demeter, where in my -account of Attica I have shown that he died. And at the entrance of -this temple of Demeter you may see his brazen shield hanging over the -door. - - And not far from the building in the market-place of the Argives -is a mound of earth. They say the head of the Gorgon Medusa lies -under it. To omit fable, it has been recorded of her that she was the -daughter of Phorcus, and that after the death of her father she ruled -over the people that live near the Tritonian marsh, and used to go out -hunting and led the Libyans in battle, and moreover resisted with her -army the power of Perseus, though picked men followed him from the -Peloponnese, but she was treacherously slain by night, and Perseus, -marvelling at her beauty even after death, cut her head off and brought -it home to display to the Greeks. But Procles the Carthaginian, the -son of Eucrates, has another account more plausible than this one. The -desert of Libya produces monsters scarce credible to those that hear -of them, and there both wild men and wild women are born: and Procles -said he had seen one of those wild men that had been taken to Rome. He -conjectured therefore that Medusa was a woman who had wandered from -them, and gone to the Tritonian marsh, and illtreated the inhabitants -till Perseus slew her: and Athene he thought assisted Perseus in the -work, because the men in the neighbourhood of the Tritonian marsh were -sacred to her. And in Argos close to this monument of the Gorgon is the -tomb of the Gorgon-slayer Perseus. Why she was called Gorgon is plain -to the hearer at once.[23] They say she was the first woman who ever -married a second husband, for she married one Œbalus, when her husband -Perieres the son of Æolus was dead, with whom she had lived from her -virginity. Previously it was customary for women to remain widows if -their husband died. And before this tomb is a trophy erected in stone -to the Argive Laphaes, whom, according to the Argive tradition, the -people rose up against and expelled when he was king, and when he -fled to Sparta the Lacedæmonians endeavoured to restore him, but the -Argives being victorious in the battle slew Laphaes and most of the -Lacedæmonians. And not far from this trophy is the temple of Leto, and -a statue of her by Praxiteles. And the figure near the goddess is the -maiden they call Chloris, who they say was the daughter of Niobe, and -was originally called Melibœa. And when the children of Amphion and -Niobe were slain by Apollo and Artemis, she alone and Amyclas were -saved alive, as they supplicated Leto. But fear turned Melibœa so -pale that she remained so all the rest of her life, insomuch that her -name was changed from Melibœa into Chloris (_pale_). This Chloris and -Amyclas the Argives say built the original temple of Leto. But I myself -am of opinion, (for I lean more than most people to the authority of -Homer,) that none of the children of Niobe survived. The following line -bears me out. - - “Two arrows only slew the whole family.”[24] - - Homer therefore describes the whole family of Amphion as cut off. - - - - -CHAPTER XXII. - - -Now the temple of Flowery Hera is on the right hand of the temple of -Leto, and in front of it is the tomb of the women who fell in the -fight between the Argives and Perseus, and had marched with Dionysus -from the islands in the Ægean, and who were called _Marines_ from -that circumstance. And right opposite the sepulchre of those women -is the temple of Demeter, surnamed Pelasgian because Pelasgus the -son of Triopas built it, and at no great distance from the temple -is Pelasgus’ tomb. And beyond the tomb is a brazen shrine not very -large, which contains old statues of Artemis and Zeus and Athene. -Lyceas in his verses has represented it as a votive offering to Zeus -the Contriver, and said that the Argives who went on the expedition -to Ilium swore here that they would not give over fighting, till they -should either capture Ilium or be killed fighting there. But others -have said that the remains of Tantalus are in that brazen shrine. I -will not dispute that the Tantalus who was the son of Thyestes or -Broteus, (for both traditions are current), who married Clytæmnestra -before Agamemnon, was buried here. But the Tantalus who was said to -be son of Zeus or Pluto was buried at Sipylus in a very handsome tomb -which I have myself seen. And moreover there was no necessity for him -to flee from Sipylus, as happened afterwards to Pelops when Ilus the -Phrygian came against him with an army. But let the enquiry proceed no -further. As for the rites which take place at the neighbouring trench, -they say they were instituted by Nicostratus, a man of those parts. To -this day they place in the trench lighted torches to Proserpine the -daughter of Demeter. There too is a temple of Poseidon under the name -of the _Flood-god_--for Poseidon flooded most of the region, because -Inachus and the other arbitrators decided that the land was Hera’s and -not his. But Hera afterwards got Poseidon to draw the water off: and -the Argives, at the place where the stream retired, built a temple -to Poseidon the _Flood-god_. And as you go a little further is the -tomb of Argos, who was reputed to be the son of Zeus and Niobe the -daughter of Phoroneus: and next is the temple of the Dioscuri. And -there are statues of them and their sons, Anaxis and Mnasinous, and -with them their mothers Hilaira and Phœbe, in black ebony wood, by -Dipœnus and Scyllis. Even the horses are mostly made of ebony, though -partly of ivory. And near this temple of the Dioscuri is a temple of -Ilithyia, the offering of Helen, when Theseus went with Pirithous to -Thesprotia, and Aphidna was captured by the Dioscuri, and Helen was -taken to Lacedæmon. For they say she was pregnant by Theseus, and -bare a child in Argos and built this temple to Ilithyia, and gave the -child to Clytæmnestra, who was now the wife of Agamemnon, and the -child afterwards became the wife of Menelaus. Euphorion the Chalcidian -and Alexander the Pleuronian have mentioned it in their poems, and -still earlier Stesichorus of Himera, and they say like the Argives -that Iphigenia was the daughter of Theseus by Helen. And beyond the -temple of Ilithyia is the temple of Hecate, and the statue is the work -of Scopas. It is of stone and right opposite are two brazen statues -of Hecate, one by Polycletus, and the other by his brother Naucydes -the son of Mothon. And as you go straight for the gymnasium, which -is called Cylarabis after Cylarabus, the son of Sthenelus, you come -to the tomb of Licymnius the son of Electryon. Homer says he was -slain by Tleptolemus the son of Hercules, who had to fly from Argos -in consequence of this murder. And, as you turn off a little towards -Cylarabis and the gate in this direction, is the sepulchre of Sacadas, -who was the first who played the Hymn to Apollo at Delphi on the flute: -and it seems the anger of Apollo against flute-players (which he had -in consequence of the contest with Marsyas the Silenus) was appeased -by this Sacadas. In this gymnasium of Cylarabus is a bust of Athene -Capanea, and they show the tomb of Sthenelus, and of Cylarabus himself. -And not far from this gymnasium is a monument to the Argives who sailed -with the Athenians to reduce Syracuse and Sicily. - - - - -CHAPTER XXIII. - - -As you go thence on the road called the Hollow Way, there is on the -right hand a temple of Dionysus: the statue of the god they say came -from Eubœa. For when the Greeks returning from Ilium were shipwrecked -at Caphareus, those of the Argives who contrived to escape to shore -were in evil plight from cold and hunger. But when they prayed that one -of the gods would save them in their present emergency, immediately as -they went forward they saw a cave of Dionysus, and a statue of the god -in the cave, and some wild goats that had taken refuge from the cold -were huddled together in it. These the Argives killed, and eat their -flesh, and used their skins for clothing. And when the winter was over, -they repaired their vessels and sailed homewards, and took with them -the wooden statue from the cave, and worship it to this day. And very -near the temple of Dionysus you will see the house of Adrastus, and at -some distance from it the temple of Amphiaraus, and beyond that the -tomb of Eriphyle. And next these is the shrine of Æsculapius, and close -to it the temple of Bato, who was of the family of Amphiaraus and one -of the Melampodidæ, and was Amphiaraus’ charioteer when he went out -to battle: and when the rout from Thebes came about, the earth opened -and swallowed up Amphiaraus and the chariot and Bato all together. -And as you return from the Hollow Way you come to the reputed tomb -of Hyrnetho. If it is a cenotaph and merely in memory of her, their -account is probable enough, but if they say that the body of Hyrnetho -lies there I cannot believe them, but let him believe them who knows -nothing about Epidaurus. The most famous of the temples of Æsculapius -at Argos has a statue still to be seen, Æsculapius seated, in white -stone, and next to him a statue of Hygiea. There are also seated -near them those who designed these statues, Xenophilus and Strato. -That temple was originally built by Sphyrus, the son of Machaon, and -the brother of the Alexanor who has honours among the Sicyonians at -Titane. And the statue of Pheræan Artemis, (for the Argives worship -Pheræan Artemis as well as the Athenians and Sicyonians,) was they say -brought from Pheræ in Thessaly. But I cannot agree with the Argives -who say that they have at Argos the tombs of Deianira the daughter of -Œneus, and of Helenus the son of Priam, and that they have the statue -of Athene that was carried away from Ilium, and whose loss caused its -fall. The Palladium, for that is its name, was certainly carried by -Æneas to Italy. As to Deianira, we know she died at Trachis and not -at Argos, and her tomb is near that of Hercules on Mount Œta. And as -to Helenus the son of Priam, I have already shown that he went with -Pyrrhus the son of Achilles to Epirus, and married Andromache, and -was Regent for the sons of Pyrrhus, and that Cestrine in Epirus took -its name from his son Cestrinus. Not that the Argive antiquarians are -ignorant that all their traditions are not true, still they utter -them: for it is not easy to get the mass of mankind to change their -preconceived opinions. There are other things at Argos worth seeing, -as the underground building, (in which is the brazen chamber which -Acrisius formerly got constructed for the safe custody of his daughter, -Perilaus deposed and succeeded him,) and the tomb of Crotopus, and -the temple of Cretan Dionysus. For they say that Dionysus, after he -had warred with Perseus and got friendly again with him, was highly -honoured by the Argives in various respects, and was given as a special -honour this enclosure. And afterwards it was called the temple of -Cretan Dionysus, because they buried Ariadne here. And Lyceas says that -when the temple was restored an earthenware cinerary urn was found that -contained the ashes of Ariadne: which he said several Argives had seen. -And near this temple of Dionysus is the temple of Celestial Aphrodite. - - - - -CHAPTER XXIV. - - -And the citadel they call Larissa from the daughter of Pelasgus, and -from two cities of that name in Thessaly, one on the coast, and one by -the river Peneus. And as you go up to the citadel there is a temple of -Hera Dwelling on the Heights, there is also a temple of Apollo, which -Pythæus, who first came from Delphi, is said to have erected. The -statue is of brass erect, and is called Apollo of the Ridgeway, for the -place is called Ridge. Oracular responses, for there is an oracle there -even to our day, are given in the following manner. The prophetess is -debarred from marriage: and when a lamb is sacrificed every month, -she tastes of the blood and becomes possessed by the god. And next to -the temple of Apollo of the Ridgeway is the temple of Athene called -_Sharp-eyed_, the votive offering of Diomede, because when he was -fighting at Ilium the goddess upon one occasion took a mist from his -eyes.[25] And close by is the race-course where they hold the games to -Nemean Zeus and to Hera. On the left of the road to the citadel is a -monument to the sons of Ægyptus. Their heads are here apart from their -bodies, for the bodies are at Lerna where the murder of the young men -was perpetrated, and when they were dead their wives cut their heads -off, to show their father their desperate deed. And on the summit of -Larissa is the temple of Larissæan Zeus, which has no roof to it: and -the statue, which is made of wood, stands no longer on its base. And -there is a temple of Athene well worth seeing. There are several votive -offerings there, and a wooden statue of Zeus, with the usual two eyes, -and a third in the forehead. This Zeus they say was the tutelary god of -Priam the son of Laomedon, and was placed in his hall in the open air, -and when Ilium was taken by the Greeks, it was to his altar that Priam -fled for refuge. And when they divided the spoil Sthenelus the son of -Capaneus got it, and placed it here. One might conjecture that the god -has three eyes for the following reason. That he reigns in heaven is -the universal tradition of all mankind. And that he reigns also under -the earth the line of Homer proves, speaking of him as - - “Zeus the lord of the under world, and dread Proserpine.”[26] - -And Æschylus the son of Euphorion calls him also Zeus of the sea. The -sculptor therefore whoever he was represented him with three eyes to -denote that the god rules in these three departments of the universe. - - Among the roads from Argos to various parts of the Peloponnese, -is one to Tegea a town in Arcadia. On the right of this road is the -mountain Lycone, full of cypress trees. And on the top of the mountain -is a temple to Orthian Artemis, and there are statues of Apollo and -Leto and Artemis in white stone; said to be by Polycletus. And as you -go down from the mountain there is on the left of the road a temple of -Artemis. And at a little distance on the right is the mountain called -Chaon. And underneath it trees are planted, and manifestly here the -Erasinus has its rise: for a while it flows from Stymphalus in Arcadia, -as the Rheti flow from Euripus to Eleusis and so to the sea. And where -the river Erasinus gushes out on the mountain-side they sacrifice to -Dionysus and Pan, and keep the feast of Dionysus called _Medley_. And -as you return to the Tegean road, you come to Cenchreæ on the right of -what is called Trochus. Why it was called Cenchreæ they do not tell us, -except the name came from Cenchreus the son of Pirene. There is here a -general tomb of the Argives who conquered the Lacedæmonians in battle -near Hysiæ. I ascertained that this battle was fought when Pisistratus -was ruler at Athens, and in the 4th year of the Olympiad in which -Eurybotus the Athenian won the prize in the course. And as you descend -to the plain are the ruins of the town Hysiæ in Argolis, and here they -say the reverse happened to the Lacedæmonians. - - - - -CHAPTER XXV. - - -The road to Mantinea from Argos is not the same as the road to Tegea, -but you start from the gates near the ridge. And on this road there -is a temple with a double entrance, one facing west, another east. -At the east end is a wooden statue of Aphrodite, at the west one of -Ares. These statues are they say votive offerings of Polynices and the -Argives who were associated with him in his expedition. And as you go -on from thence after crossing the winter torrent called Ravine you come -to Œnoe, which gets its name (so the Argives say) from Œneus, who was -king in Ætolia, and expelled they say from his kingdom by the sons of -Agrius, and went to Argos to Diomede. And he helped him somewhat by -leading an army into Calydonia, but he couldn’t he said stay there: -but recommended him if he liked to accompany him to Argos. And when he -went there, he treated him in all respects well, as one would expect a -person to treat his grandfather, and when he died he buried him here. -The place got called Œnoe by the Argives after him. And above Œnoe is -the Mountain Artemisium, and a temple of Artemis on the top of the -mountain. And on this mountain are the sources of the Inachus: for it -has its rise here, though it flows underground for some way. There is -nothing else to see here. - - And another road from the gates near the Ridge goes to Lyrceia. This -is the place to which Lynceus alone of all the 50 brothers is said to -have escaped, and when he got there safe, he held up a lighted torch -there. For it was no doubt agreed between Hypermnestra and him that he -should do so as a signal, if he should escape from Danaus and get to -a place of safety. And she also they say kindled another at Larissa, -manifestly to show that she too was in no danger. And in memory of -this the Argives every year have a torch procession. And in those -days the place was called Lynceia, but afterwards, because Lyrcus an -illegitimate son of Abas lived there, it got the name Lyrceia from him. -There is nothing very notable among the ruins but the effigy of Lyrcus -on a pillar. From Lyrceia to Argos is about 60 stades, and it is about -the same distance from Lyrceia to Orneæ. Homer has made no mention of -Lyrceia in his catalogue, as the city was already depopulated at the -time of the expedition to Ilium: but Orneæ, which was still inhabited, -Homer[27] has recorded before Phlius and Sicyon, according to its -geographical situation in Argolis. And it got its name from Orneus the -son of Erechtheus: and this Orneus had a son Peteos, and he had a son -Menestheus, who aided Agamemnon with a force from Athens to put down -the dominion of Priam. From Orneus then the city got its name, and the -Argives afterwards dispossessed the people of Orneæ; and when they were -dispossessed they were naturalized among the Argives. And there is at -Orneæ a temple of Artemis, and a wooden statue of the goddess in an -erect posture, and another temple to all the gods in common. And beyond -Orneæ are Sicyonia and Phliasia. - - And as you go from Argos to the district of Epidaurus there is a -building on the right hand like a pyramid, with some Argolic shields -worked on it as a design. Here Prœtus fought with Acrisius for the -supremacy, and their contest was they say drawn, and they had a peace -afterwards, as neither of them could conquer the other. And they say -that they engaged first with shields, and then they and the army -on both sides in full armour. And those who fell on both sides, as -they were fellow citizens and kinsmen, had one tomb and monument in -common. And as you go on from thence and turn to the right you come -to the ruins of Tiryns. And the Argives dispossessed the inhabitants -of Tiryns, wishing to take them in as settlers to aggrandize Argos. -And they say the hero Tiryns, from whom the city got its name, was the -son of Argus the son of Zeus. And the walls of the city, which are the -only ruins left, are the work of the Cyclopes made of rude stones, each -stone of so gigantic a size that the smallest of them could hardly -be moved by a pair of mules. And in ancient times small stones were -inserted so as to dovetail in with the large stones. And as you go down -to the sea, are the chambers of the daughters of Prœtus. And when you -return to the high road you will come to Midea on the left. They say -that Electryon the father of Alcmena was king of Midea. But now nothing -is left of Midea but the site. And on the direct road to Epidaurus is -the village Lessa, and there is a temple of Athene in it, and a wooden -statue very similar to that in the citadel at Larissa. And above Lessa -is the Mountain Arachnæum, which in old times in the days of Inachus -had the name of Sapyselaton. And there are altars on it to Zeus and -Hera. They sacrifice to these gods here when there is a deficiency of -rain. - - - - -CHAPTER XXVI. - - -And near Lessa is Epidaurus in Argolis, and before you get to the town -itself, you will come to the temple of Æsculapius. I do not know who -dwelt in this place before Epidaurus came to it: nor could I learn from -any of the people of the neighbourhood anything about his descendants. -But the last king they say before the Dorians came to the Peloponnese -was Pityreus, the descendant of Ion the son of Xuthus. He they say gave -up the land without fighting for it to Deiphontes and the Argives: and -retired to Athens with his subjects and dwelt there, and Deiphontes -and the Argives who espoused his cause occupied Epidauria. For there -was a split among the Argives at the death of Temenus, Deiphontes and -Hyrnetho being hostile to the sons of Temenus, and the army with them -favouring Deiphontes and Hyrnetho more than Cisus and his brothers. -Epidaurus, from whom the country got its name, was, as the people -of Elis say, the son of Pelops: but according to the opinion of the -Argives, and the poem of Hesiod called The Great Eœæ, the father of -Epidaurus was Argus the son of Zeus. But the Epidaurians make Epidaurus -the son of Apollo. And the district was generally held sacred to -Æsculapius for the following reason. The Epidaurians say that Phlegyas -came to the Peloponnese on the pretext of seeing the country, but -really to spy out the population, and see if the number of fighting -men was large. For Phlegyas was the greatest warrior of that day, and, -whoever he attacked, used to carry off their corn and fruit and booty -of all kinds. But when he came to the Peloponnese his daughter followed -him, who though her father knew it not was with child by Apollo. And -when she bore her child on Epidaurian soil, she exposed it on the -mountain called in our day Titthion, but which was then called Myrgion. -And as he was exposed there one of the she-goats feeding on the -mountain gave him milk, and the watch-dog of the flock guarded him. And -Aresthanas, for that was the name of the goat-herd, when he found the -number of the goats not tallying and that the dog was also absent from -the flock, went in search everywhere, and when he saw the child desired -to take him away, but when he got near saw lightning shining from the -child, and thinking there was something divine in all this, as indeed -there was, he turned away. And it was forthwith noised abroad about the -lad both by land and sea that he could heal sicknesses, and raise the -dead. There is also another tradition told of him, that Coronis, when -pregnant with Æsculapius, lay with Ischys the son of Elatus, and that -she was put to death by Artemis who thus punished her unfaithfulness -to Apollo, and when the funeral pyre was already lighted Hermes is -said to have plucked the child from the flame. And a third tradition -is as it seems to me the least likely of all, which makes Æsculapius -the son of Arsinoe, the daughter of Leucippus. For when Apollophanes -the Arcadian went to Delphi and enquired of the god, whether Æsculapius -was the son of Arsinoe and a citizen at Messene, Apollo answered from -his oracle, “O Æsculapius, that art born a great joy to all mortals, -whom lovely Coronis, the daughter of Phlegyas, bare to me the child of -love, at rocky Epidaurus.” This oracular response shows plainly that -Æsculapius was not the son of Arsinoe, but that Hesiod, or somebody -that interpolated Hesiod, inserted that legend to please the people -of Messene. And this too bears me out that Æsculapius was born at -Epidaurus, that his worship is derived from thence. For the Athenians -call the day on which they worship Æsculapius _Epidauria_, and they -say the god is worshipped by them from Epidaurus; and also Archias the -son of Aristæchmus, being healed in Epidauria of a convulsion that -seized him when he was hunting near Pindasus, introduced the worship -of the god at Pergamum. And from the people of Pergamum it passed in -our time to the people of Smyrna. And at Balagræ amongst the Cyrenæans -the Epidaurian Æsculapius is called _Doctor_. And from the Cyrenæans -Æsculapius got worshipped in Labene among the Cretans. And there -is this difference between the Cyrenæan and Epidaurian customs of -worshipping Æsculapius, that the former sacrifice goats, which is not -customary with the latter. And I find that Æsculapius was considered as -a god from the beginning, and not merely as he got fame as time went -on, from other proofs, and the testimony of Homer in what Agamemnon -says about Machaon, - - “Talthybius, call here as quickly as possible Machaon the mortal, - the son of Æsculapius,” - -as if he said the man the son of the god.[28] - - - - -CHAPTER XXVII. - - -The sacred grove of Æsculapius is walled in on all sides: nor do any -deaths or births take place in the precincts of the god, just as is the -case at the island Delos. And the sacrifices, whether any native of -Epidaurus or stranger be the sacrificer, they consume in the precincts. -The same I know happens at Titane. And the statue of Æsculapius is in -size half that of Olympian Zeus at Athens, and is made of ivory and -gold: and the inscription shows that it was by the Parian Thrasymede -the son of Arignotus. The god sits on a seat holding a staff in one -hand, and the other hand he has on a dragon’s head, and a dog is seated -at his feet. And on the seat are represented the actions of Argive -heroes, as Bellerophon killing the Chimæra, and Perseus with the head -of Medusa. And beyond the temple is a sleeping-place for suppliants. -And a round building has been built near well worth seeing, of white -stone, called the Rotunda. And in it there is a painting by Pausias of -Cupid throwing away his bow and arrows and taking up a lyre instead. -There is also here a painting of Drunkenness, also by Pausias, drinking -out of a glass bowl. You may see in the painting the glass bowl and in -it a woman’s face reflected. And six pillars to this day stand in the -precincts, but in old time there were more. On these are recorded the -names of men and women healed by Æsculapius, and the complaint from -which each suffered, and how they were cured, written in Doric. And -apart from the rest is an ancient pillar, which states that Hippolytus -offered 20 horses to the god. And the people of Aricia have a tradition -corresponding to the inscription on this pillar, that, when Hippolytus -died in consequence of the imprecations of Theseus, Æsculapius restored -him to life again: and when he came to life again, he refused to pardon -his father, and disregarding his entreaties went into Italy to the -people of Aricia, and there became king and built a temple to Artemis, -where in my time the prize for victory in single combat was to become -the priest of the goddess. But the contest was not for freemen, but for -slaves who had run away from their masters. And the Epidaurians have a -theatre in their temple, especially well worth seeing in my opinion: -for the Roman theatres beat all in the world in magnificence, and for -size the Arcadian theatre at Megalopolis carries the day: but for -beauty of proportion what architect could compete with Polycletus? And -Polycletus it was that designed this theatre and round building. And -within the grove there is a temple of Artemis, and a statue of Epione, -and a temple of Aphrodite and Themis, and a stadium, as generally among -the Greeks, consisting of a mound of earth, and a fountain well worth -seeing for its roof and other decoration. And Antonine the Senator -constructed in our days a bath of Æsculapius, and a temple of the gods -they call the _Bountiful Gods_. He built also a temple for Hygiea and -for Æsculapius and for Apollo under the title of Egyptian gods. He -restored also Cotys’ porch for the roof had fallen in and it had all -come to ruin as it had been built of unbaked brick. And the Epidaurians -who lived near the temple were especially unfortunate, for their women -might not bear children under a roof but only in the open air. But -Antonine set this right and erected a building where it was lawful -both to die and bear children. And there are two mountains above the -grove, one called Titthion and the other Cynortion, and on the latter -a temple to Maleatian Apollo. The building is ancient, but everything -else in connection with the temple, as the reservoir _e.g._ in which -rainwater is stored up, was put there by Antonine for the benefit of -the Epidaurians. - - - - -CHAPTER XXVIII. - - -Now all kinds of dragons, and especially those which incline to tawny -in colour, are considered sacred to Æsculapius, and are tame, and the -Epidaurian country alone breeds them. I find similar phenomena in other -countries. Thus Libya alone breeds land crocodiles no smaller than two -cubits, and from India alone come parrots and other birds. For the -great snakes in size as big as 30 cubits, which are produced in India -and in Libya, the Epidaurians say are not dragons but another species -altogether. And as you ascend the mountain called Coryphon there is -an olive tree called Twisted, its having been so moulded by Hercules’ -hand is the origin of the name. I can hardly believe that he meant this -for a boundary for the Asinæi in Argolis, for as the country on both -sides lies waste one could find no clear boundary here. And on the top -of the mountain Coryphon is the temple of Artemis, which Telesilla has -mentioned in a poem. And as you go down to the city of the Epidaurians -is a place, called Hyrnethium, full of wild olives that grow there. I -shall record the Epidaurian tradition and the probable truth. Cisus and -the other sons of Temenus knew that they would greatly vex Deiphontes, -if they could by any means get Hyrnetho from him. Cerynes and Phalces -therefore went alone to Epidaurus: for Argæeus the youngest did not -approve of their plot. And they leaving their travelling carriage near -the walls sent a messenger to their sister, wishing they said to have -a conversation with her. And when she complied with their invitation, -the young men at once brought various charges against Deiphontes, and -begged her earnestly to return to Argos, making various promises, and -that they would give her in marriage to a man in every respect better -than Deiphontes, to the ruler of a larger population and a more fertile -country. And Hyrnetho vexed at their words gave them back as good as -they brought, and said that Deiphontes was acceptable to her as a -husband, and that to be Temenus’ son in law was not to be despised, -but they ought to be called rather Temenus’ murderers than his sons. -And they made no reply to her, but took hold of her, put her into the -travelling carriage, and drove off. And an Epidaurian took the news to -Deiphontes that Cerynes and Phalces had gone off with Hyrnetho against -her will. And he came to the rescue with all speed, and the Epidaurians -when they heard what the matter was came to the rescue with him. And -Deiphontes when he came up with Cerynes shot at him and killed him -with an arrow, but as Phalces was close to Hyrnetho he did not dare -to shoot at him, lest he should miss him and kill her, but he closed -with him and endeavoured to get her away. But Phalces resisting and -pulling Hyrnetho too violently killed her, for she was pregnant. And -he perceiving what he had done to his sister, drove the travelling -carriage at full speed, hastening to be off before the Epidaurians -could come up: and Deiphontes with his sons (for he had had by Hyrnetho -Antimenes and Xanthippus and Argeus, and one daughter Orsobia, who -afterwards married Pamphylus the son of Ægimius), took the dead body of -Hyrnetho and conveyed it to the place which is now called Hyrnethium. -And they built a chapel to her memory and paid her other honours, and -with regard to the olive trees that grow in her grove, or any other -trees there, it is an established custom that no one should break -pieces of them off and carry them away, nor use them for any purpose, -but leave them intact as sacred to Hyrnetho. And not far from the city -is the sepulchre of Melissa, who was the wife of Periander the son of -Cypselus, and the sepulchre of Proclees the father of Melissa. And he -was king at Epidaurus, as his son in law Periander was at Corinth. - - - - -CHAPTER XXIX. - - -Epidaurus has the following things most worthy of record. There is -a temple of Æsculapius, and statues of Æsculapius and Epione, who -they say was his wife. These are in the open air, and are of Parian -marble. And there are temples of Dionysus and Artemis, the latter as -a Huntress. There is a temple also built to Aphrodite: and near the -harbour on the cliff jutting out into the sea is they say one of Hera. -And the Athene in the citadel, a wooden statue well worth seeing, they -call Cissæan Athene. - - The Æginetans inhabit the island opposite Epidauria. And they say -there were no inhabitants there originally, but Zeus having taken Ægina -the daughter of Asopus there to that desert island, it was called Ægina -after her instead of its old name Œnone, and when Æacus was grown up -he asked of Zeus for settlers, and then they say that Zeus produced -men from the soil. And they can tell of no king reigning there but -Æacus, for we know of none of the sons of Æacus continuing there, for -Peleus and Telamon had to flee for the murder of Phocus, and the sons -of Phocus again dwelt near Parnassus in what is now called Phocis. And -the name Phocis was given to the district when Phocus of the family of -Ornytion first came to it. In the days of this Phocus the country near -Tithorea and Parnassus was called Phocis: but in the days of Æacus the -name Phocis included everybody from Minyæ near Orchomenus to Scarphea -in Locris. And Peleus’ sons were kings in Epirus, and of Telamon’s -sons the family of Ajax was rather obscure (as he lived in a retired -way privately), except Miltiades, who led the Athenians at Marathon, -and his son Cimon, both of whom were exceedingly illustrious. And -the descendants of Teucer were kings of Cyprus down to Evagoras. And -according to the poet Asius Phocus’ sons were Panopeus and Crisus: and -the son of Panopeus was Epeus, who according to Homer was the contriver -of the wooden horse, and the grandson of Crisus was Pylades, the son -of Strophius, the son of Crisus by Anaxibia the daughter of Agamemnon. -Such is the pedigree of the so-called Æacidæ, but they branched off -from the beginning into other directions. And in after time a part of -the Argives that had occupied Epidaurus with Deiphontes crossed over to -Ægina, and, mixing among the old settlers at Ægina, introduced into the -island the Doric language and manners. And the Æginetans became a great -power, so that they were even a greater naval power than the Athenians, -and in the Persian War furnished the greatest number of vessels next -to the Athenians, but their prosperity did not last, for they were -turned out of Ægina by the Athenians, and went and dwelt at Thyrea -in Argolis, which the Lacedæmonians gave them. They recovered Ægina -indeed, when the Athenian triremes were captured at the Hellespont, but -never regained their former wealth and power. Of all the Greek islands -Ægina is the most difficult of access. For there are rocks under the -sea all round it, and sunken reefs. And they say that Æacus contrived -this on purpose from fear of pirates, and that he might not be exposed -to enemies. And near the chief harbour is a temple of Aphrodite, and -in the most conspicuous part of the city what is called the Hall of -Æacus, a square court of white stone: at the entrance of which are -statues of the envoys who were sent by the Greeks to Æacus. All give -the same account of this as the Æginetans. A drought for some time -afflicted Greece, and there was no rain either beyond the Isthmus or in -the Peloponnese, until they sent messengers to Delphi, to enquire the -cause, and at the same time to beg to be rid of the evil. The Pythian -Priestess told them to propitiate Zeus, and that, if he was to listen -to them, Æacus must be the suppliant. Accordingly they sent envoys -from every city to beg Æacus to do so. And he offered sacrifices and -prayers to Pan-Hellenian Zeus and caused rain to come on the earth: -and the Æginetans made these effigies of all the envoys that had come -to him. And within the precincts are some olive trees planted a long -time ago, and an altar not much higher than the ground, which it is -secretly whispered is a memorial of Æacus. And near the Hall of Æacus -is the tomb of Phocus, a mound of earth with a base in the shape of a -circle, and on it is a rough stone: and when Telamon and Peleus invited -Phocus to the contest of the pentathlum, and it was Peleus’ turn to -throw the stone, which served them for a quoit, he purposely threw it -at Phocus and hit him. And in this they gratified their mother, for -they were the sons of Endeis the daughter of Sciron, and Phocus was the -son of her sister Thetis, if the Greeks speak the truth. And Pylades -appears to me for this reason, and not merely in friendship to Orestes, -to have contrived the death of Neoptolemus. But when Phocus was struck -by the quoit and fell down dead, then the sons of Endeis got on board -ship and fled. And Telamon later on sent a messenger, and endeavoured -to clear himself of having contrived the death of Phocus. But Æacus -would not let him land on the island, but bade him if he liked pile up -a mole in the sea and make his defence there. Accordingly he sailed to -the harbour called Secret, and by night produced a mole, which remains -to this day. And being pronounced guilty of the death of Phocus he -sailed back again to Salamis. And not far from this harbour Secret is -a theatre well worth seeing, in size and workmanship very similar to -the one at Epidaurus. And behind it is built one side of a stadium, -upholding the theatre and serving as a prop for it. - - - - -CHAPTER XXX. - - -And near one another are temples of Apollo, and Artemis, and Dionysus. -The wooden statue of Apollo is naked and of native art, but Artemis -and Dionysus are draped, and Dionysus is represented with a beard. But -the temple of Æsculapius is on the other side and not here, and the -statue of stone, seated. And of all the gods the people of Ægina honour -Hecate most, and celebrate her rites annually, saying that Orpheus the -Thracian introduced those rites. And within the precincts is a temple, -containing a wooden statue of Hecate by Myron, with only one head and -one body. Alcamenes as it seems to me was the first who made the statue -of Hecate with three heads and three bodies which the Athenians call -Hecate Epipurgidia: it stands near the temple of Wingless Victory. -And in Ægina as you go to the mountain of Pan-Hellenian Zeus is the -temple of Aphæa, about whom Pindar wrote an ode for the Æginetans. And -the Cretans say, (for her worship is indigenous among them too), that -Eubulus was the son of that Carmanor who purged Apollo of the murder -of Python, and that Britomartis was the daughter of Zeus by Carme the -daughter of Eubulus: and that she rejoiced in races and hunting, and -was a very great friend of Artemis. And fleeing from Minos, who was -enamoured of her, she threw herself into some nets set for catching -fish. Artemis made her a goddess, and she is worshipped not only by -the Cretans but also by the Æginetans, who say that Britomartis was -seen in their island. And she is called Aphæa in Ægina, but Dictynna -in Crete. And the mountain Pan-Hellenium has nothing of note but the -temple of Zeus, which they say Æacus erected. As to what concerns -Auxesia and Lamia, how there was no rain at Epidaurus, and how after -receiving olive trees from Athens they made wooden statues according to -the bidding of the oracle, and how the Epidaurians did not pay to the -Athenians their charge for the Æginetans having these statues, and how -the Athenians who crossed over to Ægina to exact payment perished, all -this has been told accurately and circumstantially by Herodotus. I do -not therefore care to write again what has been so well told before, -but this much I may say that I have seen the statues and sacrificed to -them as they are accustomed to sacrifice at Eleusis. - - Let so much suffice for Ægina, and Æacus and his exploits. And -next to Epidauria come the people of Trœzen, who are proud of their -country if any people are. And they say that Orus was a native of -their country. To me however the name Orus seems decidedly Egyptian -and not at all Greek. However they say he was their king, and that the -country was called Oræa after him, and Althepus the son of Poseidon -by Leis the daughter of Orus, succeeding to Orus, called the country -Althepia. When he was king they say that Athene and Poseidon had a -dispute about the country, and resolved to hold it in common, for so -Zeus ordered them to do. And so they worship Athene under the names -Polias and Sthenias, and Poseidon under the name of king. And so their -ancient coins have on them a trident and the head of Athene. And next -to Althepus Saron was king, who they say built the temple to Saronian -Artemis near the sea where it was muddy on the surface, insomuch that -it was called the Phœbæan marsh. And it chanced that Saron, who was -very fond of hunting, was pursuing a stag and followed it to the sea -as it fled. And it swam further and further from the land, and Saron -continued to follow it up, till in his impetuosity he got out to open -sea, and, as he was by now tired, and the waves were too much for him, -he was drowned. And his dead body was cast on shore on the Phœbæan -marsh, and they buried him in the grove of Artemis, and they call the -sea here after him the Saronian marsh instead of the Phœbæan. The -names of the kings that followed him they do not know till Hyperes and -Anthas, who they say were the sons of Poseidon by Alcyone the daughter -of Atlas, and built the cities in that country called Hyperea and -Anthea. And Aetius the son of Anthas, succeeding his father and uncle -in the kingdom, called one of these two cities Poseidonias. And when -Trœzen and Pittheus joined Aetius, there were three kings instead of -one, and the sons of Pelops were the stronger. And this proves it. -After the death of Trœzen Pittheus joined together Hyperea and Anthea, -and combined the inhabitants into one city, which he called Trœzen from -the name of his brother. And many years afterwards the descendants -of Aetius, the son of Anthas, were sent on a colony from Trœzen, and -colonized Halicarnassus in Caria, and Myndus. And the sons of Trœzen, -Anaphlystus and Sphettus, migrated to Attica, and gave their names to -two townships. And as regards Theseus the son of Pittheus’ daughter I -do not write to people who know all the history. But I must narrate -thus much. When the Heraclidæ returned to the Peloponnese the people -of Trœzen received as colonists the Dorians from Argos, having been -formerly subject to the Argives. And Homer in his catalogue says that -they were under the rule of Diomede. Diomede at least and Euryalus the -son of Mecisteus, who were Regents for Cyanippus the son of Ægialeus, -led the Argives to Troy. But Sthenelus, as I have shown before, was of -more illustrious birth, being of the family of the Anaxagoridæ, and -the kingdom of the Argives was more his by right. Such are all the -historical details about Trœzen, except a list of the cities which -are said to have been colonized from Trœzen. I will now describe the -contents of the temples and other notable things in Trœzen. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXI. - - -In the market-place is a temple, and statues, of Artemis the Saviour. -And it is said that Theseus built it and called her Saviour, when he -returned from Crete after having killed Asterion the son of Minos. This -seems to me to have been the most notable of all his exploits, not -so much because Asterion excelled in bravery all who were killed by -Theseus, but because he escaped the hidden snares of the labyrinth, and -all this makes it clear that Theseus and his companions were saved by -providence. In this temple are altars of the gods said to rule in the -lower world: and they say that Semele was brought here from Hades by -Dionysus, and that Hercules brought Cerberus here from Hades. But I do -not think that Semele died at all, as she was the wife of Zeus: and as -to Cerberus I shall elsewhere tell what I think. - - And behind the temple there is a monument of Pittheus, and three -seats are on it of white stone: and Pittheus and two others with -him are said to be giving sentence on these seats. And at no great -distance is a temple of the Muses, built they say by Ardalus, the son -of Hephæstus: who they think discovered the use of the flute, and so -they call the Muses Ardalian after him. Here they say Pittheus taught -the art of language, and I have myself read a book written by Pittheus, -that was given me by an Epidaurian. And not far from, the temple of -the Muses is an ancient altar, erected as they say also by Ardalus. And -they sacrifice on it to the Muses and Sleep, saying that Sleep is the -god most friendly to the Muses. And near the theatre is a temple of -Lycean Artemis, which Hippolytus built. Why the goddess was so called I -could not find from the antiquarians, but it seems to me it was either -because Hippolytus drove out the wolves that ravaged Trœzen and the -neighbourhood, or that it was a title of Artemis among the Amazons, of -whom his mother was one. Or there may be some other explanation which I -do not know. And the stone in front of the temple called the holy stone -was they say the stone on which formerly the 9 men of Trœzen cleared -Orestes of the murder of his mother. And not far from the temple of -Lycean Artemis are altars at no great distance from one another. - - The first of them is one of Dionysus, called Saviour in accordance -with some oracle, and the second is called Themidon, Pittheus dedicated -it they say. And they very likely built an altar to the Sun the -Liberator when they escaped the slavery of Xerxes and the Persians. And -they say Pittheus built the temple of Thearian Apollo, which is the -oldest of all I know. There is indeed an old temple of Athene among -the Phocians in Ionia, which Harpagus the Persian burnt, old also is -the temple of Pythian Apollo among the Samians, but far later are both -than this one at Trœzen. And the statue of the god is still to be seen, -the votive offering of Auliscus, and the design of Hermon of Trœzen, -who also made wooden statues of the Dioscuri. And there are also in -the porch in the market-place stone statues of the women and children -whom the Athenians committed to the charge of the people of Trœzen, -when they resolved to leave Athens, and not to encounter the attack of -the Mede with a land force. And they are said to have put here statues -not of all those women, for they are not many here, but only of those -who were especially remarkable for merit. And there is a building in -front of the temple of Apollo, called the tent of Orestes. For before -he was cleared of his mother’s blood, none of the people of Trœzen -would receive him in their houses: but they put him here and gradually -cleared him and fed him here, till the expiatory rites were completed. -And to this day the descendants of those that cleared him feast here on -appointed days. And the expiations having been buried not far from this -tent, they say a laurel sprang up from them, which is still to be seen -in front of the tent. And they say that Orestes among other purgations -used water from Hippocrene. For the people of Trœzen have a well called -Hippocrene, and the tradition about it is the same as the Bœotian -tradition. For they too say that water sprang up from the ground when -Pegasus touched the ground with his hoof, and that Bellerophon came to -Trœzen to ask for Æthra as his wife from Pittheus, but it so chanced -that before the marriage came off he fled from Corinth. - - And there is here a statue of Hermes called Polygius, and they say -Hercules offered his club to it, and the club was of wild olive, and, -(believe it who will,) sprouted in the earth and grew, and is now a -tree, for Hercules they say discovered the wild olive in the Saronian -marsh and cut a club of it. There is also a temple of Zeus Soter, built -they say by King Aetius the son of Anthas. And they call their river -Chrysorrhoe (_golden stream_), for when there was a drought in the land -and no rain for nine years, and all other water they say dried up, this -Chrysorrhoe continued to flow as usual. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXII. - - -And Hippolytus the son of Theseus has precincts and a temple in them -and ancient statue. Diomede they say erected all these, and was the -first to sacrifice to Hippolytus: and the people of Trœzen have -a priest of Hippolytus who serves for life, and they have yearly -sacrifices, and the following custom. Every maiden cuts off a lock of -her hair before marriage, and takes it and offers it at this temple. -And they don’t represent Hippolytus as having died through being torn -in pieces by his horses, nor do they point out his tomb if they know -it: but they try to make out that Hippolytus is called in heaven -the Charioteer, and has this honour from the gods. And within his -precincts is the temple of Apollo Epibaterius, the votive offering of -Diomede when he escaped the storm which fell on the Greeks as they were -returning from Ilium: they say also that Diomede first established -the Pythian games in honour of Apollo. And as to Lamia and Auxesia -(for they also have their share of honour) the people of Trœzen do -not give the same account as the Epidaurians and Æginetans, but say -that they were virgins who came from Crete, and in a general commotion -in the city were stoned by one of the rival factions, and they have -a festival to them called Stonethrowing. And in another part of the -precincts is what is called Hippolytus’ race-course, and overlooking -it a temple of Peeping Aphrodite: where, when Hippolytus was training, -Phædra would gaze at him in her love. Here too grows the myrtle with -the leaves pricked, as I described before: for when Phædra was in -despair and found no relief for her love-pains, she wreaked her agony -on the leaves of the myrtle. And Phædra’s tomb is here, not very far -from the monument of Hippolytus, or that myrtle tree. And there is a -statue of Æsculapius by Timotheus, but the people of Trœzen say it is -not Æsculapius but Hippolytus. I saw also the house of Hippolytus, and -in front of it is what is called the Well of Hercules, the water (as -the people of Trœzen say) which Hercules discovered. And in the citadel -there is a temple of Athene Sthenias, the wooden statue of the goddess -is by Callon of Ægina; who was the pupil of Tectæus and Angelion, who -designed the statue of Apollo at Delos; and they were pupils of Dipœnus -and Scyllis. And as you go down from thence you come to the temple of -Pan the Deliverer, for he shewed dreams to the chief people of the -Trœzenians which brought about deliverance from the plague, which -pressed so hard on the Athenians. And in the environs of Trœzen you -will see a temple of Isis, and above it one of Aphrodite of the Height: -the temple the Halicarnassians built for Trœzen their mother city; but -the statue of Isis was a votive offering of the people of Trœzen. - - As you go along the mountains to Hermione you see the source of -the river Hyllicus, which was originally called Taurius, and a rock -called Theseus’ rock, which used in former times to be called the altar -of Sthenian Zeus, but had its name changed to Theseus’ rock because -Theseus found under it the shoes and sword of Ægeus. And near this rock -is the temple of Bridal Aphrodite, which was built by Theseus when -he married Helen. And outside the walls is a temple of Fruit-giving -Poseidon: for they say that Poseidon in wrath threatened to make their -land fruitless, by casting brine on the seeds and roots of their -plants, till mollified by their sacrifices and prayers he sent brine on -their land no longer. And above the temple of Poseidon is Law-giving -Demeter, which was built they say by Althepus. And as you descend to -the harbour near what is called Celenderis, is the place which they -call Natal-place, because they say Theseus was born there. And in front -of this place is a temple of Ares on the spot where Theseus conquered -the Amazons in battle: they must have been some of that band who fought -in Attica with Theseus and the Athenians. And as you go towards the -Psiphæan sea there is a wild olive tree called twisted _Rhachus_. The -people of Trœzen give that name to every kind of olive that bears no -fruit, whether its general name is κοτινός, or φυλίας, or ἔλαιος. And -they call it twisted because, the reins catching in it, the chariot -of Hippolytus got overturned. And at no great distance from this is -the temple of Saronian Artemis, about which I have already given an -account. But this much more shall be stated, that they keep an annual -feast called Saronia to Artemis. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXIII. - - -Of the islands near Trœzen one is so close to the mainland, that you -can wade over to it at low water. It was called Sphæria in former days, -and _Sacred_ for the following reason. It contains the tomb of Sphærus, -who they say was the charioteer of Pelops. He had a dream from Athene, -that Æthra crossed over into the island with offerings for the dead, -and when she crossed over there ’tis said that Poseidon had an intrigue -with her. Accordingly Æthra built a temple here to _Injurious Athene_, -and called the island _Sacred_ instead of Sphæria: she also imposed -the custom on the maidens of Trœzen that they should before marriage -dedicate their maiden-girdle to _Injurious Athene_. And they say the -island Calaurea was in ancient days sacred to Apollo, when Delphi -belonged to Poseidon, it is also said that they exchanged these places -with one another. And they produce in support of their statement the -following oracle, - - “It is all one whether you dwell at Delos or Calaurea - At sacred Pytho or the wind-swept Tænarus.” - - There is also at Calaurea a sacred temple to Poseidon, and the -priestess is a maiden till the period for marriage. And within the -precincts is the tomb of Demosthenes. Fortune seems to have shown -especial malignity to Demosthenes as earlier to Homer, since Homer was -not only blind but overwhelmed by such poverty that he was a strolling -beggar on every soil, and Demosthenes in his old age had to taste the -bitterness of exile, and came to a violent end. Much has been said -about Demosthenes by others and by himself, by which it is clear that -he had no share in the money which Harpalus brought from Asia, but -what was said afterwards I will relate. Harpalus, after having fled -from Athens and crossed over with the fleet to Crete, was murdered -not long afterwards by some of his attendant slaves: but some say -he was treacherously murdered by the Macedonian Pausanias. And the -dispenser of the money fled to Rhodes, and was arrested by Philoxenus -the Macedonian, who had also demanded the extradition of Harpalus -from the Athenians. And getting this lad he cross-questioned him, -until he obtained full intelligence of those who had had any money -from Harpalus: and when he ascertained their names he sent letters to -Athens. Although in those letters he enumerated the names of those who -had had any money from Harpalus, and the precise sum which each of -them had, he made no mention whatever of Demosthenes, though he was -most bitterly hated by Alexander, and although Philoxenus himself was -privately his enemy. Demosthenes had honours paid to him in other parts -of Greece also as well as by the inhabitants of Calaurea. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXIV. - - -In the Trœzenian district there is an isthmus jutting out some way into -the sea, and on it has been built a small town near the sea called -Methana. And there is a temple of Isis there, and a statue in the -market-place of Hermes, and another of Hercules. And at the distance of -about 30 stades from this small town are some warm baths. And they say -that water first appeared there when Antigonus, the son of Demetrius, -was King of the Macedonians, and water did not first appear, but fire -bubbled up from the ground, and when this burnt itself out then water -began to flow, which bubbles up even to this day warm and very salt. -And if one bathes here the water is not cold near the shore, but if -you go well out to sea swimming is dangerous, for there are many kinds -of sea-monsters and especially sea dogs. But the most wonderful thing -at Methana I will now record. The South West Wind when the vines are -growing blows upon them from the Saronic Gulf, and scorches them up. -And when the wind is still sweeping down on them, two men take a cock -with white feathers only, and tear it in half, and run round the vines -in different directions, each with half the cock, and when they come -back to the place where they started, they bury it there. This is their -invention and contrivance against the South West Wind. The little -islands, which lie just off the coast, 9 in number, they call the -islands of Pelops, and they say when it rains rain never comes on one -of them. Whether this is so I do not know, but the people about Methana -say so, and I have heard of people trying to avert hail by sacrifices -and incantations. Methana then is an Isthmus in the Peloponnese: and -inside the Trœzenian Isthmus is the neighbouring town of Hermione. And -the people of Hermione say that the founder of the old city was one -Hermion the son of Europs. And this Europs, who was certainly the son -of Phoroneus, was said by Herophanes of Trœzen to be illegitimate, on -the ground that the kingdom of Argos would not have come to Argus the -daughter’s son of Phoroneus, had Phoroneus had a legitimate son. But, -even if Europs was legitimate and died before Phoroneus, I know very -well that a son of his would not have been considered equal to Niobe’s -son, who was reckoned to be the son of Zeus. And afterwards Dorians -from Argos colonized Hermione, but amicably I think, for had there been -a war it would have been mentioned by the Argives. - - And there is a road to Hermione from Trœzen along the rock which was -formerly called the altar of Zeus Sthenius, but after Theseus removed -the shoes and sword of Ægeus, it was called Theseus’ rock. As you go -by this rock on the mountain side, you come to the temple of Apollo -called _The God of the Plane-Trees_, and the hamlet is called Ilei, -and in it are temples of Demeter and her daughter Proserpine. And near -the sea, on the border of the territory of Hermione, is a temple of -Demeter under the title Thermasia. And at the distance of about eighty -stades is the promontory called Scyllæum from Scylla, the daughter -of Nisus. For after Minos took Nisæa and Megara through her treason, -he refused to marry her though he had promised, and even ordered the -Cretans to throw her overboard, and the tide washed her dead body on -to this promontory. And they exhibit no tomb of her, for they say that -her body was neglected, and carried away by sea birds bit by bit. And -as you sail from Scyllæum in the direction of the city is another -promontory called Bucephala, and next to it 3 islands, of which the -first is Haliusa, which affords a convenient harbour for ships to ride -at anchor, and next is Pityusa, and the third they call Aristeræ. And -as you coast along by these islands, there is another promontory called -Colyergia jutting out from the mainland, and next it an island called -Tricrana, and a mountain Buporthmus jutting out into the sea from the -Peloponnese. And at Buporthmus is a temple of Demeter and Proserpine, -and also one of Athene under the title Promachorma. And in front of -Buporthmus lies an island called Aperopia. And at no great distance -from Aperopia is another island called Hydrea. And the shore on the -mainland opposite these islands extends in a crescent shape, and is -rocky from the easterly direction close to the sea as far as the temple -of Poseidon, but slopes at the westerly end of the bay, where it has -its harbours. The length of this rocky headland is about seven stades, -and the breadth in the broadest part about three stades or a little -more. Here was the old town of Hermione. And even now there are several -temples there, one of Poseidon at the commencement of the headland, -and as you go from the sea to the heights a temple of Athene, and near -it some remains of a race-course, where they say the sons of Tyndareus -used to practise. There is also another small temple of Athene, but -the roof has fallen in. And there is a temple to the Sun, and another -to the Graces, and another to Serapis and Isis. And there is a circle -of huge unhewn stones, and inside this circle they perform the sacred -rites of Demeter. Such are the objects to be seen at the old town of -Hermione. But the new town is at about four stades’ distance from the -promontory on which there is the temple of Poseidon, and it lies on a -gentle slope as you ascend the hill called Pron, for that is its name. -There is a wall all round Hermione. And it has various objects of -interest, but what I select as most worthy of record are the temple of -Marine Aphrodite and Aphrodite of the Harbour, and a statue of white -stone of huge size, and a work of art. And there is another temple of -Aphrodite, which has other honours from the people of Hermione and -this special one, that maidens or widows intending to marry must all -sacrifice here before their marriage. And Thermasian Demeter has two -temples, one on the borders of Trœzen as I have before said, and one in -new Hermione. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXV. - - -And next is a temple of Dionysus Melanægis, in whose honour they have a -musical contest every year, and give prizes for diving and rowing. And -there is a temple of Artemis under the name of Iphigenia, and a statue -of Poseidon in bronze with one foot on a dolphin. And as you proceed -to the temple of Vesta, you find no statue, but an altar on which they -sacrifice to Vesta. And there are three temples and three statues of -Apollo: one has no title, the second is called Pythæan Apollo, and -the third Apollo of the Borders. The name Pythæan they borrowed from -the Argives: for Telesilla says that to their country first of all -the Greeks came Pythæus the son of Apollo. But why they call the god -Apollo of the Borders I cannot precisely tell, but I conjecture that -having obtained victory either by war or litigation in reference to the -borders, they honoured for this Apollo of the Borders. And the temple -of Fortune is they say the latest one that the people of Hermione have, -the statue is colossal in Parian marble. And they have two wells, one -an old one into which the water flows by a hidden channel, but it would -never grow dry, not even if all the population were to come and drink -of it: and another dug in our day, and the name of the place from which -the water flows into it is Meadow. But the temple most worthy of notice -is that of Demeter on the Pron. This temple the people of Hermione say -was built by Clymenus, the son of Phoroneus, and by Chthonia the sister -of Clymenus. And the Argives say, when Demeter came to Argolis, that -Atheras and Mysius offered the goddess hospitality, but Colontas would -neither receive her into his house, nor pay her any other attention: -and in this he acted very much against the wish of his daughter -Chthonia. And Colontas they say for this conduct was burnt house and -all, but Chthonia was conveyed to Hermione by Demeter, and built the -temple there to Demeter. And Demeter is called Chthonia there, and the -annual festival held in her honour in the season of summer is called -Chthonia too. And they keep the festival in this wise. The priests of -the gods and all the town authorities for the year lead the procession, -and the women and men follow. It is customary for boys too to honour -the goddess by a procession, in which they take part clothed in white, -and with garlands on their heads plaited of the flower which they call -here _cosmosandalum_, but which seems to me from size and colour to -resemble the hyacinth, it has also on its petals the same mournful -letters. And the procession is followed by some people who lead a full -grown heifer from the herd, tightly bound with ropes and curvetting -wildly. Some drag this heifer to the temple and unfasten the ropes so -as to let it inside, while others keep the doors open till they see -the heifer inside, and then shut them. And four old women are waiting -inside, and they finish the heifer. For whoever can get the chance -cuts its throat with a sickle. And afterwards the doors are opened, -and those who have this duty drive up a second, third, and even fourth -heifer. The women finish them all off in the same way, and then this -fresh wonder is added to the sacrifice: on whichever side the first -heifer falls all must fall. This is the way in which the sacrifice is -performed by the people of Hermione. And in front of the temple there -are a few statues of women who have been priestesses of Demeter, and as -you enter in there are seats on which the old women sit, waiting for -each heifer to be driven in, and there are some statues not very old -of Athene and Demeter. But the special object of their worship neither -have I seen nor any man, whether stranger or native of Hermione. These -old women only know what it is. - - There is also another temple: and there are statues all round it. -This temple is opposite the temple of Chthonia, and is called the -temple of Clymenus, to whom they sacrifice here. I don’t think Clymenus -is the name of an Argive that came to Hermione, but the title of a god -who according to the tradition was a king in the infernal regions. Hard -by is another temple and statue of Ares. On the right of the temple of -Chthonia is a porch, called by the natives Echo, as a man’s slightest -whisper is repeated thrice. And behind the temple of Chthonia are -some places which the people of Hermione call, one Clymenus’ place, -and another Pluto’s place, and a third the Acherusian marsh. They -are all fenced in with a wall of stone: and in Clymenus’ place there -is a hole in the ground, through which Hercules brought up Cerberus -according to the tradition of the people of Hermione. And near the gate -from which the road leads straight to Mases, is a temple of Ilithyia -within the walls. They propitiate the goddess Ilithyia in various ways -every day with sacrifices and incense, and to her are most of the -votive offerings given, but her statue no one may look at except her -priestesses. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXVI. - - -About seven stades on the high road to Mases, as you turn to the left, -is the road to Halice. Halice in our days is deserted, but it was -formerly inhabited, and is mentioned on the pillars of the Epidaurians, -which record the cures wrought by Æsculapius. I know of nothing else -worthy of record, either of the place or its population. And the -road that leads to it passes between Pron and another mountain that -in old times was called Thornax. But because of the legendary change -of Zeus into the cuckoo they say its name was changed to Coccygium -(_Cuckoo-mountain_). And there are temples on the tops of both these -mountains, one of Zeus on the top of Coccygium, and one of Hera on the -top of Pron. That at Coccygium is at the end of the mountain, and it -has neither doors nor roof, nor any statue in it, and it was said to be -Apollo’s temple. And near it is a road to Mases as you take the turn to -the right. And Mases was a town in old times, as Homer has mentioned -it in his catalogue of the Argives, and the people of Hermione use -it as their port now. And from Mases there is a road on the right to -the promontory called Struthus, and it is about 250 stades from this -promontory along the mountain passes to what is called Philanorium and -to Bolei. Bolei consists of layers of unhewn stones. And another place -which they call Didymi is 20 stades from Bolei. At Didymi there is a -temple of Apollo, and another of Poseidon, and another of Demeter: and -their statues are erect, in white stone. - - As you go from thence you come to the district of the Argives -formerly called Asinæa from its chief town Asine, the ruins of which -are near the sea. And when the Lacedæmonians under their king Nicander, -the son of Charillus, the son of Polydectes, the son of Eunomus, the -son of Prytanis, the son of Eurypon, invaded Argolis with an army, the -people of Asine joined them, and ravaged with them the territory of -the Argives. But when the Lacedæmonian force went home again, then the -Argives and their king Eratus marched against Asine. And for some time -the people of Asine defended their walls, and slew several of the most -valiant of the Argives and among them Lysistratus, but when their walls -were carried, then they put their wives and children on shipboard and -left the town, and the Argives razed it to the ground, and added it to -their territory, but they left the temple of Apollo standing, and it is -now to be seen, and they buried Lysistratus near it. - - Now the sea at Lerna[29] is about 40 stades from Argos. And as you -go down to Lerna you first come to the river Erasinus, which flows -into the Phrixus, and the Phrixus into the sea between Temenium and -Lerna. And as you turn from the Erasinus about 8 stades to the left -there is a temple of the Dioscuri called the Kings: and their statues -are of wood just like those in the city. And as you turn to the right -you cross the Erasinus, and come to the river Chimarrus. And near it -is a circle of stones, and here (so the story goes) Pluto, after the -Rape of Proserpine the daughter of Demeter, descended to his supposed -underground realms. Now Lerna is, as I have previously said, by the -sea, and they have rites here to Demeter of Lerna. And there is a -sacred grove beginning at the mountain which they call Pontinus. And -this mountain Pontinus does not let the rain flow off, but absorbs it. -Though the river Pontinus does indeed flow from it. And on the top of -the mountain is the temple of Saitian Athene, only ruins now, and the -foundations of the house of Hippomedon, who accompanied Polynices the -son of Œdipus in his attempt against Thebes. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXVII. - - -And the grove of plane-trees beginning at this mountain extends most of -the way to the sea, bounded on one side by the river Pontinus, and on -the other by the river Amymone, which gets its name from the daughter -of Danaus. And inside the grove are statues of Demeter Prosymne and -Dionysus, and the statue of Demeter is seated and not a large one. -These are of stone: but in another temple there is a wooden one of -Dionysus the Saviour seated; and a stone statue of Aphrodite near the -sea, which they say was a votive offering of the daughters of Danaus, -and Danaus himself erected the temple of Athene near the Pontinus. -And they say that Philhammon was the founder of the rites at Lerna. -The traditions about these mysteries are manifestly not very ancient. -And what I have heard was written on a heart made of orichalcum; this -Arriphon could not have got from Philhammon, for Arriphon was a native -of Triconium in Ætolia, and held in most repute of all the Lycians in -our time, and a clever fellow at finding out what nobody before knew, -and who no doubt found this out for himself. The verses and all the -prose mixed up with the verses were in Doric: but before the return of -the Heraclidæ to the Peloponnese the Argives used the same dialect as -the Athenians. And in the days of Philhammon I do not believe that even -the name of Dorians was known throughout all Greece. This proves my -case. - - And near the source of the Amymone grows a plane-tree, under which -they say the hydra was reared. I believe that this beast was larger in -size than other water-snakes, and that its poison was so venomous that -Hercules dipped the points of his arrows in its gall, but I cannot help -thinking it had only one head and not more. But Pisander of Camirus, -that the beast might appear more formidable and so add lustre to his -poem, described it as having many heads. I have seen also the well of -Amphiaraus and the Alcyonian marsh, by which the Argives say Dionysus -descended to Hades to fetch up Semele, for Polymnus shewed him the -descent. There is indeed no end to the depth of the Alcyonian marsh, -nor do I know of any man who by any device ever got to the bottom of -it, since even Nero, though he got and fastened together ropes many -stades long, and put a piece of lead and other apparatus for sounding -at the end, never could arrive at an accurate knowledge of its depth. I -have also heard that though the water of the marsh, as you would infer -from looking at it, is calm and quiet, if anyone ventures to swim in -it, it is sure to drag him down and suck him underneath to the bottom. -The circuit of the lake is not large, only about a third of a stade, -and on its banks are grass and reeds. But the nightly rites which take -place near it annually I am not permitted to write for public reading. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXVIII. - - -And as you go from Lerna to Temenium--now Temenium belongs to the -Argives, and gets its name from Temenus the son of Aristomachus: for -he occupied and fortified the place, when he fought with the Dorians -against Tisamenus and the Achæans from this base--the river Phrixus -has its outlet into the sea, and there is a temple of Poseidon at -Temenium and another of Aphrodite, and there is a monument of Temenus -which is honoured by the Dorians at Argos. And about 50 stades I should -say from Temenium is Nauplia, deserted in our day, it was founded by -Nauplius who is reputed to have been the son of Poseidon and Amymone. -And there are still some remains of walls at Nauplia, and a temple -of Poseidon and a harbour, and a well called Canathus: in which the -Argives say Hera bathes every year and becomes a virgin again. This is -a tradition in connection with the secret rites which they perform to -Hera. And the traditions of the people of Nauplia about the ass, that -by gnawing twigs off the vine it makes the produce more abundant, (and -consequently they have an ass carved on the rock as having taught the -art of pruning vines), I pass over deeming them unworthy of mention. -There is also another road going from Lerna by the seaside to a place -which they call Genesium: and near the sea close to Genesium there is -a small temple of Poseidon. And close to this is another place called -Landing-place: for according to tradition this was the first place in -Argolis where Danaus and his sons landed. And as you go on from thence -is a place called Anigræa, on a road narrow and difficult of access. -It is on the left hand and extends to the sea, and is a good soil for -trees especially olive trees. And as you go up to the mainland there -is a place called Thyrea, where 300 picked men of the Argives fought -with 300 picked men of the Lacedæmonians for the possession of the -land. And as they were all killed except one Spartan and two Argives, -the tombs of those that fell in the action were piled up here, but -the Lacedæmonians afterwards got a firm footing at the place, as they -fought in full force with the Argives, and enjoyed it themselves for -a time, and afterwards gave it to the Æginetans who had been driven -out of Ægina by the Athenians. And in my day the Argives inhabited -the district of Thyrea, and they say that they recovered it justly by -conquest. Next to that burial-ground you come to Athene, where those -Æginetans dwelt, and another village Neris, and a third Eua, the -largest of the three villages, and Polemocrates has a temple in it. -He was the son of Machaon, and brother of Alexanor, and he heals the -people here, and has divine honours from the inhabitants. And beyond -these villages extends Mount Parnon, which is the boundary between the -Lacedæmonians and Argives and people of Tegea. And some stone Hermæ -stand as border stones to mark the boundaries, and the place gets its -name from them. And there is a river called Tanaus, the only river -which flows from Mount Parnon. It flows through Argive territory into -the Thyreatic gulf. - - - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[13] Iliad xvi. 490, 491, cf. also Hes. Th. 444. - -[14] Odyss., xi. 261-65. - -[15] Iliad, ii. 117. - -[16] Hesiod. _Works and Days._ 265. Cf. also Ovid, A.A. i. 655, 656. - -[17] “Inventus forsan eodem modo est quo Eurotas, iii. i.” _Siebelis_. - -[18] Iliad, ii. 571. - -[19] Hymn to Demeter, 474-476. - -[20] ii. 120. - -[21] See the story told by Addison, _Spectator_, No. 483. - -[22] Hdt. vi. 77. - -[23] The word _Gorgon_ means _grim_, terrible. - -[24] Il. xxiv. 609. - -[25] See Il. v. 127, 128. - -[26] Il. ix. 457. - -[27] Iliad, ii. 571. - -[28] Iliad, iv. 193, 194. Is Pausanias nodding here? - -[29] _Qu._ “Now Lerna by the sea” (ἡ κατὰ Θάλασσαν Λέρνα). Cf. a little -below. - - - - -BOOK III.--LACONIA. - - - - -CHAPTER I. - - -Next to the Hermæ comes Laconia on the West. And according to the -Lacedæmonian tradition Lelex the _autochthon_ first reigned in this -land, and the people over whom he ruled were called after him Leleges. -And Lelex’ sons were Myles and a younger son Polycaon. Where Polycaon -went to and why I shall relate elsewhere. But on the death of Myles his -son Eurotas succeeded him in the kingdom. He diverted to the sea by a -canal all the stagnant water that filled the plain, and as it flowed -to the sea in mighty volume and became a noble river, he called it the -Eurotas. As he had no male children he left the kingdom to Lacedæmon, -whose mother was Taygete, (who gave her name to the mountain Taygetus), -and reputed father Zeus. And Lacedæmon married Sparta the daughter of -Eurotas, and when he succeeded to the kingdom he first gave the country -and inhabitants his own name, and then built and gave his wife’s name -to the city Sparta, which is so called even to our day. And Amyclas -his son, wishing also himself to leave a memorial behind him, built -the little town Amyclæ in Laconia. And of his sons Hyacinthus, the -youngest and most handsome, died in his father’s lifetime, and there -is a monument of him at Amyclæ close to the statue of Apollo. And on -the death of Amyclas the succession devolved upon Argalus his eldest -son, and after the death of Argalus upon Cynortas. And Cynortas had -a son called Œbalus. He married Gorgophone the daughter of Perseus -from Argos, and had a son Tyndareus, with whom Hippocoon contended for -the kingdom, claiming it on the ground of seniority. And Icarius and -his party espousing Hippocoon’s cause, he far exceeded Tyndareus in -power, and compelled him to retire from fear to Pellene, according to -the Lacedæmonian account. But the account of the Messenians is that -Tyndareus fled to Aphareus in Messenia, and that Aphareus was the son -of Perieres and the uterine brother of Tyndareus: and they say he dwelt -at Thalamæ in Messenia, and had sons born to him there. And some time -afterwards he was restored by Hercules and recovered his kingdom. And -his sons reigned after him, as well as his son-in-law Menelaus the -son of Atreus, and Orestes the husband of Hermione the daughter of -Menelaus. But when the Heraclidæ returned in the reign of Tisamenus -the son of Orestes, one party in Messene and Argos made Temenus king, -and another section Cresphontes. And in Lacedæmon as Aristodemus had -twins there were two royal houses, and they say this was in accordance -with the oracle at Delphi. And they say that Aristodemus died at -Delphi before the Dorians returned to the Peloponnese. Some indeed, -magnifying their own history, say that Aristodemus was shot with -arrows by Apollo, because he had not gone to the oracle, but consulted -Hercules whom he chanced to meet first, as to how the Dorians should -return to the Peloponnese. But the truer account is that the sons of -Pylades and Electra, who were cousins of Tisamenus the son of Orestes, -murdered Aristodemus. The names of his two sons were Procles and -Eurysthenes, who though they were twins were in most respects very -unlike one another. But though they hated one another very cordially, -yet they jointly combined with Theras, the son of Autesion, their -Argive mother’s brother, and their Regent, in establishing a colony -at the island which was then called Calliste, Theras hoping that the -descendants of Membliarus would abandon the kingdom of their own free -will, as in fact they did, reckoning that Theras’ pedigree went up to -Cadmus, whereas they were only descendants of Membliarus, a private -individual whom Cadmus left in the island as leader of the colonists. -And Theras gave his own name to the island instead of Calliste, and the -people of Thera even now yearly offer victims to him as their founder. -And Procles and Eurysthenes vied with one another in their zeal for -carrying out the wishes of Theras, but in all other respects were at -variance together. Not that, even if they had been one in heart and -mind, I could have put all their descendants into one common pedigree, -as cousin with cousin, and cousins’ children, with cousins’ children, -and so on, that to the latest posterity they should arithmetically -dovetail in with one another. I shall therefore pursue the history of -each family separately, and not mix up the two together in one account. - - - - -CHAPTER II. - - -Eurysthenes, the eldest of the sons of Aristodemus, had a son Agis they -say: (and from him they call the descendants of Eurysthenes Agidæ). -During his reign, when Patreus the son of Preugenes founded the city in -Achaia called to this day Patræ after him, the Lacedæmonians took part -in that colony. They cooperated also with Grais, the son of Echelas, -the son of Penthilus, the son of Orestes, who was sailing with a fleet -to make a colony somewhere or other. And he indeed was destined to -occupy the country between Ionia and Mysia, which is in our day called -Æolis: his grandfather Penthilus had already occupied Lesbos, the -island opposite this mainland. And during the reign of Echestratus the -son of Agis at Sparta the Lacedæmonians expelled all the Cynurians that -were in their prime, alleging as their excuse that robbers from Cynuria -ravaged Argolis, and the Argives were their kinsmen, and that the -Cynurians themselves made open incursions into Argolis. If tradition -speaks true the Cynurians were originally Argives, and they say their -founder was Cynurus the son of Perseus. And not many years afterwards -Labotas the son of Echestratus was king at Sparta. This Labotas, as we -are told by Herodotus in his account of Crœsus, had during his minority -the famous legislator Lycurgus as his Regent, only Herodotus calls him -Leobotes instead of Labotas. In his days first did the Lacedæmonians -make war against the Argives, and they alleged as their reasons for -declaring war that the Argives when they invaded Cynuria took a slice -of Lacedæmonian territory, and tried to stir up their neighbouring -subjects to revolt. In this war they say nothing very notable was done -on either side: and those of this family who succeeded one another as -kings, _viz._ Doryssus the son of Labotas and Agesilaus the son of -Doryssus, both died at no great interval after one another. And it was -when Agesilaus was king that Lycurgus legislated for the Lacedæmonians, -and some say that he derived his laws from Crete, others that he was -instructed by the Oracle at Delphi. And the Cretans say that their laws -come from Minos, who received divine assistance in codifying them. And -it seems to me that Homer has hinted as much in the following lines -about the legislation of Minos, “There too is Gnossus, the great city -where Minos reigned nine years, the bosom-friend of great Zeus.”[30] -But of Lycurgus I shall have more to say hereafter. And the son of -Agesilaus was Archelaus. In his reign the Lacedæmonians conquered in -war and enslaved one of the neighbouring cities called Ægys, suspecting -that the people of it had an understanding with the Arcadians. And -Charillus, the king of the other family, assisted Archelaus against -Ægys, and his own separate doings as leader of the Lacedæmonians I -shall relate later on when I come to the so-called Eurypontidæ. And -the son of Archelaus was Teleclus. In his reign the Lacedæmonians took -in war the neighbouring cities of Amyclæ and Pharis and Geranthræ, -which were then in the possession of the Achæans, and razed them to -the ground. The inhabitants however of Pharis and Geranthræ, being -terrified at the approach of the Dorians, agreed to evacuate the -Peloponnese upon conditions: but the people of Amyclæ they could -not drive out at first assault, but only after a long siege and the -greatest exhibition of valour. And the Dorians themselves shewed this -by erecting a trophy after the conquest of Amyclæ, as thinking that -conquest no small feather in their cap. And not long after all this -Teleclus was killed by the Messenians in the temple of Artemis in the -town of Limnæ, on the borders between Laconia and Messenia. And after -the death of Teleclus Alcamenes his son succeeded him, and during his -reign the Lacedæmonians sent to Crete Charmidas the son of Euthys, -one of the most famous men in Sparta, who put down the insurrection -at Crete, and persuaded the Cretans to abandon the cities which were -inland and in other respects weak, and to inhabit instead those which -were conveniently situated on the coast. The Lacedæmonians also -depopulated Helos, a city by the sea in the possession of the Achæans, -and defeated the Argives who came to the help of the people of Helos. - - - - -CHAPTER III. - - -And after the death of Alcamenes Polydorus his son succeeded to the -kingdom, and the Lacedæmonians sent a colony into Italy to Croton, -and to the Locrians at the promontory Zephyrium: and the war that -was called the war with Messene was at its height when Polydorus was -king. The Lacedæmonians and Messenians give different reasons for -this war. Their different accounts, and the progress of the war, will -be set forth by me in their turn: but thus much will I record at -present that Theopompus the son of Nicander had the greatest hand in -the first war with the Messenians, being the king of the other house. -And after the end of the war, when Messenia was already conquered by -the Lacedæmonians, and Polydorus was in good repute at Sparta, and -popular with the Lacedæmonians and especially with the populace, for he -exhibited no violence either in word or deed to anyone, and in legal -cases tempered justice with mercy, when in short he had a brilliant -fame throughout all Greece, he was murdered by Polemarchus a man of no -mean family in Lacedæmon, but hotheaded, as indeed he shewed by this -murder. And after his death Polydorus received many notable honours -from the Lacedæmonians. Polemarchus also had a monument at Sparta, -whether being judged to have been a good man previously, or that his -relatives buried him privately. During the reign of Eurycrates the son -of Polydorus the Messenians patiently endured the Lacedæmonian yoke, -nor was any revolution attempted by the Argive people, but in the days -of Anaxander the son of Eurycrates--for fate was already driving the -Messenians out of all the Peloponnese--the Messenians revolted from -the Lacedæmonians, and fought against them for some time, but were -eventually conquered, and evacuated the Peloponnese upon conditions of -war. And the remnant of them became slaves on Lacedæmonian soil, except -those who inhabited the maritime towns. All the circumstances of this -war and revolt of the Messenians I have no need to recount in detail in -the present part of my history. And Anaxander had a son Eurycrates, and -this second Eurycrates a son Leo. During their reigns the Lacedæmonians -met with the greatest reverses in fighting against the people of -Tegea. And in the reign of Anaxandrides the son of Leo they overcame -the people of Tegea, and in the following way. A Lacedæmonian by name -Lichas came to Tegea at a time when Lacedæmon and Tegea were at peace -together. And on Lichas’ arrival they made a search for the bones of -Orestes, and the Spartans sought for them in accordance with an oracle. -And Lichas discovered that they were lying in the shop of a blacksmith, -and he discovered it in this way: all that he saw in the blacksmith’s -shop he compared with the oracle at Delphi, thus he compared the -blacksmith’s bellows to the winds, because they produce a strong wind, -the hammer was the blow, that which resists the blow was the anvil, and -that which was a source of woe to man he naturally referred to iron, -for people already began to use iron in battle, for the god would have -spoken of brass as a source of woe to man in the days of the heroes. -And just as this oracle was given to the Lacedæmonians about the bones -of Orestes, so afterwards the Athenians were similarly instructed by -the oracle to bring Theseus’ bones to Athens from Scyrus, for otherwise -Scyrus could not be taken. And Cimon the son of Miltiades discovered -the bones of Theseus, he too by ingenuity, and not long after he took -Scyrus. That in the days of the heroes all arms alike were brass is -borne witness to by Homer in the lines which refer to the axe of -Pisander and the arrow of Meriones. And I have further confirmation -of what I assert in the spear of Achilles which is stored up in the -temple of Athene at Phaselis, and the sword of Memnon in the temple of -Æsculapius at Nicomedia, the former has its tip and handle of brass, -and, the latter is of brass throughout. This we know to be the case. -And Anaxandrides the son of Leo was the only Lacedæmonian that had two -wives together and two households. For his first wife, excellent in -other respects, had no children, and when the ephors bade him divorce -her, he would not consent to this altogether, but only so far as to -take a second wife as well. And the second wife bare a son Cleomenes, -and the first wife, though so long barren, after the birth of Cleomenes -bare Dorieus, and Leonidas, and Cleombrotus. And after the death of -Anaxandrides, the Lacedæmonians though they thought Dorieus the better -man both in council and war, reluctantly rejected him, and gave the -kingdom to Cleomenes according to their law of primogeniture. - - - - -CHAPTER IV. - - -And Dorieus, as he would not remain at Lacedæmon subject to Cleomenes, -was sent to form a colony. And Cleomenes commenced his reign by an -inroad into Argolis, gathering together an army of Lacedæmonians and -allies. And when the Argives came out to meet him armed for battle, he -conquered them, and when they were routed about 5,000 of them fled into -a neighbouring grove, which was sacred to Argus the son of Niobe. And -Cleomenes, who often had a touch of the mad, ordered the Helots to set -this grove on fire, and the grove was entirely consumed, and all these -fugitives in it. He also marched his army against Athens, and at first, -by freeing the Athenians from the yoke of the sons of Pisistratus, -got for himself good fame among the Lacedæmonians and all the Greeks, -but afterwards in his favour to an Athenian called Isagoras, tried -to get for him the dominion over the Athenians. But failing in this -expectation, and the Athenians fighting stoutly for their freedom, -he ravaged various parts of their territory, and they say laid waste -a place called Orgas, sacred to the gods at Eleusis. He also went to -Ægina, and arrested the leading men there for their support to the -Medes, as they had persuaded the citizens to supply King Darius the -son of Hystaspes with earth and water. And while Cleomenes was staying -at Ægina, Demaratus the king of the other family was calumniating him -to the multitude at Lacedæmon. And Cleomenes on his return from Ægina -contrived to get Demaratus ejected from the kingdom, and bribed the -priestess at Delphi to utter as oracular responses to the Lacedæmonians -about Demaratus whatever he told her, and also instigated Leotychides, -one of the royal house and same family as Demaratus, to be a rival -claimant for the kingdom. And Leotychides caught at some words, which -Aristo formerly had foolishly thrown out against Demaratus at his -birth, saying that he was not his son. And when the Lacedæmonians took -this question about Demaratus, as they took all their questions, to the -oracle at Delphi, the priestess gave them as replies whatever Cleomenes -had told her. Demaratus therefore was deposed from his kingdom by the -hatred of Cleomenes and not on just grounds. And Cleomenes after this -died in a fit of madness, for he seized his sword, and stabbed himself, -and hacked his body about all over. The Argives say he came to this bad -end as a judgment for his conduct to the 5,000 fugitives in the grove, -the Athenians say it was because he ravaged Orgas, and the Delphians -because he bribed the priestess at Delphi to tell falsehoods about -Demaratus. Now there are other cases of vengeance coming from heroes -and gods as on Cleomenes, for Protesilaus who is honoured at Eleus, a -hero not a whit more illustrious than Argus, privately punished the -Persian Artayctes, and the Megarians who had dared to till the holy -land could never get pardon from the gods of Eleusis. Nor do I know -of anyone that ever dared to tamper with the oracle but Cleomenes -alone. And as Cleomenes had no male children the kingdom devolved -upon Leonidas the son of Anaxandrides, the brother of Dorieus on both -sides. It was in his reign that Xerxes led his army into Greece, and -Leonidas with his 300 Lacedæmonians met him at Thermopylæ. There have -been many wars between the Greeks and barbarians, but those can easily -be counted wherein the valour of one man mainly contributed to glorious -victory, as the valour of Achilles in the war against Ilium, and that -of Miltiades in the action at Marathon. But indeed in my opinion the -heroism of Leonidas excelled all the great deeds of former times. For -Xerxes, the most sagacious and renowned of all the kings that ruled -over the Medes and Persians, would have been prevented, at the narrow -pass of Thermopylæ, by the handful of men that Leonidas had with him, -from seeing Greece at all, and from afterwards burning Athens, had it -not been for a certain Trachinian who led round by a pass on Mount -Œta the army of Hydarnes so as to fall on the Greek flank, and, when -Leonidas was conquered in this way, the barbarians passed into Greece -over his dead body. And Pausanias the son of Cleombrotus was not king -after Leonidas, but was Regent for Plistarchus Leonidas’ son during his -minority, and he led the Lacedæmonians to Platæa and afterwards passed -over to the Hellespont with a fleet. I especially admire the conduct -of Pausanias to the Coan lady, who was the daughter of a man of no -mean note among the Coans, _viz._ of Hegetorides the son of Antagoras, -and against her will the concubine of Pharandates the son of Teaspis, -a Persian: and when Mardonius fell in the battle at Platæa, and the -barbarians were annihilated, Pausanias sent this lady home to Cos, with -the ornaments and all other apparel that the Persian had given her. -Moreover he would not suffer the dead body of Mardonius to be outraged, -though the Æginetan Lampon urged it. - - - - -CHAPTER V. - - -Plistarchus the son of Leonidas died soon after succeeding to the -kingdom, and Plistoanax the son of Pausanias, the hero of Platæa, -succeeded him. And Plistoanax was succeeded by his son Pausanias. This -is that Pausanias who led an army into Attica, ostensibly against -Thrasybulus and the Athenians, but really to establish the dominion -of the Thirty Tyrants who had been set over Athens by Lysander. And -he conquered in an engagement the Athenians who guarded the Piræus, -but directly after the battle he took his army off home again, not to -bring upon Sparta the most shameful disgrace of establishing the power -of unholy men. And when he returned from Athens with nothing to show -for his battle, his enemies brought him to trial. Now a king of the -Lacedæmonians is tried by a court composed of twenty-eight Seniors, -and the Ephors, and the King of the other family. Fourteen of the -Seniors and Agis, the King of the other family, condemned Pausanias, -the rest of the Court acquitted him. And no long time after the -Lacedæmonians gathering together an army against Thebes, the reason -for which war we shall relate in our account about Agesilaus, Lysander -marched into Phocis, and, having mustered the Phocians in full force, -lost no time in advancing into Bœotia, and making an attack upon the -fortified town Haliartus, which would not revolt from Thebes. Some -Thebans however and Athenians had secretly entered the town, and they -making a sally and drawing up in battle array, Lysander and several -of the Lacedæmonians fell. And Pausanias, who had been collecting -forces from Tegea and the rest of Arcadia, came too late to take part -in the fight, and when he got to Bœotia and heard of the death of -Lysander and the defeat of his army, he nevertheless marched his army -to Thebes, intending to renew the fight there. But when he got there -he found the Thebans drawn up in battle array against him, and it was -also reported that Thrasybulus was coming up with an Athenian force; -accordingly, fearing to be taken between two fires, he made a treaty -with the Thebans, and buried those who had fallen in the sally from -Haliartus. This conduct of his did not please the Lacedæmonians, but -I praise his determination for the following reason. Well knowing -that reverses always found the Lacedæmonians surrounded by a swarm of -enemies, what happened after Thermopylæ and in the island of Sphacteria -made him afraid of causing a third disaster. But as the citizens -accused him of slowness in getting to Bœotia he did not care to stand -a second trial, but the people of Tegea received him as a suppliant -at the temple of Alean Athene. This temple was from time immemorial -venerated throughout the Peloponnese, and afforded safety to all -suppliants, as was shewn by the Lacedæmonians to Pausanias, and earlier -still to Leotychides, and by the Argives to Chrysis, who all took -sanctuary here, and were not demanded up. And after the voluntary exile -of Pausanias, his sons Agesipolis and Cleombrotus being quite young, -Aristodemus the next of kin was appointed Regent: and the success of -the Lacedæmonians at Corinth was owing to his generalship. And when -Agesipolis came of age and took over the kingdom, his first war was -against the Argives. And as he was leading his army from Tegea into -Argolis, the Argives sent an envoy to negotiate peace with him on the -old conditions established among all Dorians. But he not only declined -these proposals, but advanced with his army and ravaged Argolis. And -there was an earthquake, but not even then would Agesipolis draw off -his forces, though these tokens of Poseidon’s displeasure frightened -the Lacedæmonians especially, [and also the Athenians.] And Agesipolis -was now encamped under the walls of Argos, and the earthquakes ceased -not, and some of the soldiers died struck by lightning, and others were -dismayed by the thunder. So at last he returned from Argolis sorely -against his will, and led an expedition against the Olynthians, and -having been successful in battle, and taken most of the other cities in -Chalcidice, and hoping to take Olynthus also, he was carried off by a -sudden disease and died. - - - - -CHAPTER VI. - - -And Agesipolis having died childless, the succession devolved upon -Cleombrotus, under whom the Lacedæmonians fought against the Bœotians -at Leuctra, and Cleombrotus, exposing himself too freely, fell at the -commencement of the action. Somehow or other the Deity seems to like to -remove the General first in great reverses, as from the Athenians he -removed Hippocrates (the son of Ariphron) their General at Delium, and -later on Leosthenes their General in Thessaly. - - The elder son of Cleombrotus, Agesipolis, did nothing worthy of -record, and Cleomenes the younger succeeded after his brother’s death. -And he had two sons, of whom the eldest Acrotatus died before his -father, and when later on the younger Cleomenes died, there was a -dispute who should be king between Cleonymus the son of Cleomenes and -Areus the son of Acrotatus. The Senate decided that to Areus the son -of Acrotatus and not to Cleonymus belonged the hereditary office. -And Cleonymus got mightily enraged at being ejected from the kingdom, -though the Ephors endeavoured to induce him by various honours, and -by making him commander-in-chief of the army, not to be an enemy to -his country. But in spite of this he eventually injured his country in -various ways, and even went so far as to invite in Pyrrhus the grandson -of Æacus. - - And during the reign of Areus the son of Acrotatus, Antigonus the -son of Demetrius made an expedition against Athens both by land and -sea. And an Egyptian fleet under Patroclus came to the aid of the -Athenians, and the Lacedæmonians came out in full force with Areus the -king at their head. And Antigonus having closely invested Athens, and -barring the Athenian allies from every approach to the city, Patroclus -sent messengers and begged the Lacedæmonians and Areus to begin the -battle against Antigonus, and when they began he said he would fall on -the rear of the Macedonians, for it was not reasonable that his force -should attack the Macedonians first, being Egyptians and sailors. Then -the Lacedæmonians were eager to bear the brunt of the battle, being -animated by their friendship to the Athenians, and the desire to do -something that posterity would not willingly forget. But Areus, as -their provisions had been consumed, led his army home again. For he -thought it sheer madness not to husband their resources, but lavish -them all on strangers. And Athens holding out for a very long time, -Antigonus made peace on conditions that he might have a garrison at the -Museum. And some time after Antigonus himself withdrew the garrison -there. And Areus had a son Acrotatus, and he had a son Areus, who -was only 8 when he fell sick and died. And as now Leonidas was the -only male left of the family of Eurysthenes, though quite an old man, -the Lacedæmonians made him king. And it so chanced that Lysander, a -descendant of Lysander the son of Aristocritus, especially disliked -Leonidas. He associated with himself Cleombrotus, the son in law of -Leonidas, and having won him over brought against Leonidas various -charges, and the oath he had sworn to Cleonymus his father while quite -a boy that he would destroy Sparta. So Leonidas was deposed from the -kingdom, and Cleombrotus reigned in his room. And if Leonidas had given -way to temper, and (like Demaratus the son of Aristo) had gone and -joined the king of Macedonia or the king of Egypt, he would have got -no advantage from the subsequent repentance of the Spartans. But as it -was when the citizens exiled him he went to Arcadia, and from thence -not many years afterwards the Lacedæmonians recalled him, and made him -king the second time. And all that Cleomenes the son of Leonidas did, -and all his boldness and bravery, and how the Spartan kings came to an -end with him, I have previously recorded in connection with Aratus of -Sicyon. Nor did I omit the details of Cleomenes’ death in Egypt. - - - - -CHAPTER VII. - - -Of the family of Eurysthenes then, called the Agiadæ, Cleomenes the son -of Leonidas was the last king at Sparta: but as to the other branch -this is what I have heard. Procles the son of Aristodemus had a son -called Sous, whose son Eurypon attained such glory that the family were -called Eurypontidæ from him, though till his time they were called -Proclidæ. And Eurypon had a son Prytanis, and it was in his days that -animosity broke out between the Lacedæmonians and Argives, and even -earlier than this quarrel they fought with the Cynurians, but during -the succeeding generations, when Eunomus the son of Prytanis and -Polydectes the son of Eunomus were kings, Sparta continued at peace. -But Charillus the son of Polydectes ravaged the Argive territory, and -made a raid into Argolis, and under his leadership the Spartans went -out to Tegea, when the Lacedæmonians hoped to take Tegea and slice the -district off from Arcadia, following a beguiling oracle. And after the -death of Charillus Nicander his son succeeded to the kingdom, and it -was in his reign that the Messenians killed Teleclus the king of the -other family in the temple of Artemis Limnas. And Nicander invaded -Argolis with an army, and ravaged most of the country. And the Asinæans -having taken part with the Lacedæmonians in this expedition, not -long afterwards paid the penalty to the Argives in the destruction of -their country and their own exile. And Theopompus the son of Nicander, -who was king after his father, I shall make mention of when I come -to the history of Messenia. During his reign came on the contest for -Thyrea between the Lacedæmonians and Argives. Theopompus himself took -no part in this, partly from old age, but still more from sorrow at -the death of his son Archidamus. Not that Archidamus died childless, -for he left a son Zeuxidamus, who was succeeded in the kingdom by his -son Anaxidamus. It was in his reign that the Messenians evacuated -the Peloponnese, having been a second time conquered in war by the -Spartans. And Anaxidamus had a son Archidamus, and he had a son -Agesicles: and both of them had the good fortune to spend all their -life in peace and without wars. And Aristo the son of Agesicles having -married a girl who they say was the most shameless of all the girls in -Lacedæmon, but in appearance the most beautiful girl next to Helen, -had by her a son Demaratus seven months after marriage. And as he was -sitting with the ephors in council a servant came and told him of the -birth of his son. And Aristo, forgetting the lines in the Iliad[31] -about the birth of Eurystheus, or perhaps not knowing them, said it -couldn’t be his child from the time. He was sorry afterwards for these -words which he had spoken. And when Demaratus was king and in other -respects in good repute at Sparta, and had cooperated with Cleomenes in -freeing the Athenians from the Pisistratidæ, this thoughtless word of -Aristo, and the hatred of Cleomenes deprived him of the kingdom. And he -went to Persia to king Darius, and they say his descendants continued -for a long time in Asia. And Leotychides, who became king in his -place, shared with the Athenians and their General Xanthippus, the son -of Ariphron, in the action at Mycale, and also marched into Thessaly -against the Aleuadæ. And though he might have reduced all Thessaly, -as he was victorious in every battle, he allowed the Aleuadæ to buy -him off. And being impeached at Lacedæmon he went voluntarily into -exile to escape trial, and became a suppliant at Tegea at the temple of -Alean Athene there, and as his son Zeuxidamus had previously died of -some illness, his grandson Archidamus succeeded him, on his departure -to Tegea. This Archidamus injured the Athenian territory excessively, -invading Attica every year, and whenever he invaded it he went through -all the country ravaging it, and also captured after a siege the town -of Platæa which was friendly to the Athenians. Not that Platæa had -ever stirred up strife between the Peloponnesians and Athenians, but -as far as in its power lay had made them both keep the peace. But -Sthenelaidas, one of the Ephors, a man of great power at Lacedæmon, was -mainly the cause of the war at that time. And this war shook Greece, -which was previously in a flourishing condition, to its foundation, and -afterwards Philip the son of Amyntas reduced it completely, when it was -already rotten and altogether unsound. - - - - -CHAPTER VIII. - - -And on the death of Archidamus, Agis the elder of his sons being of -age succeeded, and not Agesilaus. And Archidamus had also a daughter -called Cynisca, who was most ambitious in regard to the races at -Olympia, and was the first woman who trained horses, and the first -woman who won the prize at Olympia, though after her several women, -especially Lacedæmonian ones, won the prize at Olympia, though none -came up to her fame in these contests. But the Spartans seem to me -to admire least of all men the glory that proceeds from poetry, for -except an epigram on Cynisca composed by some one or other, and -still earlier one on Pausanias, composed by Simonides, inscribed on -the tripod erected at Delphi, there is no record made by any poet -on any of the Lacedæmonian kings. And in the reign of Agis, the son -of Archidamus, the Lacedæmonians brought other charges against the -people of Elis, but were especially annoyed at their being shut out -of the contest at Olympia, and the privileges of the temple there. -They therefore sent an envoy with an ultimatum to the people of Elis, -bidding them allow the people of Lepreum, and all other resident -aliens who were subject to them, to live according to their own laws. -And the people of Elis making reply that, when they saw the subject -cities of Sparta free, they would immediately set their own free, the -Lacedæmonians under King Agis at once invaded Elis. On that occasion -the army retired in consequence of an earthquake, when they had -advanced as far as Olympia and the River Alpheus, but next year Agis -wasted the country and carried off much booty. And Xenias a man of -Elis, who was privately friendly to Agis and publicly a champion of the -Lacedæmonians, conspired against the populace with the men who were -wealthy, but before Agis and the army could come up and cooperate with -them Thrasydæus, who was at this time the leader of the populace at -Elis, conquered Xenias and his faction in battle and drove them from -the city. And when Agis led his army home again, he left Lysistratus -the Spartan with a portion of his force, and the refugees from Elis, -to cooperate with the men of Lepreum in ravaging the district. And in -the third year of the war the Lacedæmonians and Agis made preparations -to invade Elis: but the people of Elis and Thrasydæus, who had been -reduced by the war to the greatest extremity, made a convention to give -liberty to their subject cities, and to raze the fortifications of -their town, and to allow the Lacedæmonians to sacrifice to the god at -Olympia and to contend in the games. After this Agis kept continually -attacking Attica, and fortified Decelea as a constant menace to the -Athenians: and after the Athenian fleet was destroyed at Ægos-potamoi, -Lysander the son of Aristocritus and Agis violated the solemn oaths -which the Lacedæmonians and Athenians had mutually sworn to observe, -and at their own responsibility, and not at the bidding of the Spartan -community, made an agreement with their allies to cut off Athens root -and branch. These were the most notable exploits of Agis in war. And -the hastiness of speech of Aristo about the legitimacy of his son -Demaratus Agis also imitated in regard to his son Leotychides, for -some evil genius put it into his head in the hearing of the Ephors to -say that he did not think he was his son. He repented however of his -speech afterwards, for when he was carried home sick from Arcadia and -had got to Heræa, he solemnly declared before a multitude of witnesses -that he did verily believe that Leotychides was his son, and conjured -them with entreaties and tears to report what he had said to the -Lacedæmonians. But after his death Agesilaus drove Leotychides from the -kingdom, reminding the Lacedæmonians of Agis’ former speech, though -the Arcadians came from Heræa, and bare witness what they had heard -about Leotychides from Agis on his death-bed. And the variance between -Agesilaus and Leotychides was heightened by the oracle at Delphi, which -ran as follows:-- - - “Sparta, beware, although thou art so great, - Of having king o’er thee lame of one leg. - For unexpected woes shall then prevail, - And mortal-slaying wave of troublous war.” - -Leotychides said that this oracle referred to Agesilaus, for he -limped on one leg, but Agesilaus said it referred to Leotychides’ not -being the legitimate son of Agis. And the Lacedæmonians did not avail -themselves of their privilege to refer the question to Delphi: but -Lysander, the son of Aristocritus, seems to have prevailed upon the -people to unanimously choose Agesilaus. - - - - -CHAPTER IX. - - -So Agesilaus the son of Archidamus was king, and the Lacedæmonians -resolved to cross over into Asia with their fleet to capture Artaxerxes -the son of Darius: for they had learnt from several people in -authority, and especially from Lysander, that it was not Artaxerxes -that had helped them in the war against the Athenians, but Cyrus who -had supplied them with money for their ships. And Agesilaus, after -being instructed to convey the expedition to Asia as commander of the -land forces, sent round the Peloponnese to all the Greeks except at -Argos and outside the Isthmus urging them to join him as allies. The -Corinthians for their part, although they had been most eager to take -part in the expedition to Asia, yet, when their temple of Olympian Zeus -was suddenly consumed by fire, took it as an evil omen, and remained -at home sorely against their will. And the Athenians urged, as pretext -for refusing their aid, the strain of the Peloponnesian war and the -city’s need of recovery from the plague: but their having learnt from -envoys that Conon the son of Timotheus had gone to the great king, -was their main motive. And Aristomenidas was sent as ambassador to -Thebes, the father of Agesilaus’ mother, who was intimate with the -Thebans, and had been one of the judges who, at the capture of Platæa, -had condemned the garrison to be put to the sword. The Thebans however -cried off like the Athenians, declining their aid. And Agesilaus, -when his own army and that of the allied forces was mustered and his -fleet ready to sail, went to Aulis to sacrifice to Artemis, because it -was there that Agamemnon had propitiated the goddess when he led the -expedition to Troy. And Agesilaus considered himself king of a more -flourishing state than Agamemnon, and that like him he was leading all -Greece, but the success would be more glorious, the happiness greater, -to conquer the great King Artaxerxes, and to be master of Persia, -than to overthrow the kingdom of Priam. But as he was sacrificing -some Thebans attacked him, and threw the thigh-bones of the victims -that were burning off the altar, and drove him out of the temple. And -Agesilaus was grieved at the non-completion of the sacrifice, but none -the less he crossed over to Asia Minor and marched for Sardis. Now -Lydia was at this period the greatest province in Lower Asia Minor, -and Sardis was the principal city for wealth and luxury, and it was -the chief residence of the satrap by the sea, as Susa was the chief -residence of the great king. And fighting a battle with Tissaphernes, -the satrap of Ionia, in the plain near the river Hermus, Agesilaus -defeated the Persian cavalry and infantry, though Tissaphernes’ army -was the largest since the expedition of Xerxes against Athens, and -earlier still the expedition of Darius against the Scythians. And the -Lacedæmonians, delighted at the success of Agesilaus by land, readily -made him leader of the fleet also. And he put Pisander his wife’s -brother, a very stout soldier by land, in command of the triremes. But -some god must have grudged his bringing things to a happy conclusion. -For when Artaxerxes heard of the victorious progress of Agesilaus, -and how he kept pushing on with his army, not content with what he -had already gained, he condemned Tissaphernes to death, although he -had in former times done him signal service, and gave his satrapy -to Tithraustes, a longheaded fellow and very able man, who greatly -disliked the Lacedæmonians. Directly he arrived at Sardis, he forthwith -devised means to compel the Lacedæmonians to recall their army from -Asia Minor. So he sent Timocrates a native of Rhodes into Greece with -money, bidding him stir up war against the Lacedæmonians in Greece. -And those who received Timocrates’ money were it is said Cylon and -Sodamas among the Argives, and at Thebes Androclides and Ismenias and -Amphithemis: and the Athenians Cephalus and Epicrates had a share, and -the Corinthians with Argive proclivities as Polyanthes and Timolaus. -But the war was openly commenced by the Locrians of Amphissa. For the -Locrians had some land which was debated between them and the Phocians, -from this land the Phocians, at the instigation of the Thebans and -Ismenias, cut the ripe corn and drove off cattle. The Phocians also -invaded Locris in full force, and ravaged the territory. Then the -Locrians invited in the Thebans as their allies, and laid Phocis -waste. And the Phocians went to Lacedæmon and inveighed against the -Thebans, and recounted all that they had suffered at their hands. And -the Lacedæmonians determined to declare war against the Thebans, and -among other charges which they brought against them was their insult at -Aulis to the sacrifice of Agesilaus. And the Athenians, having heard of -the intention of the Lacedæmonians, sent to Sparta, begging them not -to war against Thebes, but to submit their differences to arbitration. -And the Lacedæmonians angrily dismissed the embassy. And what happened -subsequently, _viz._ the expedition of the Lacedæmonians and the death -of Lysander, has been told by me in reference to Pausanias. And what -is known to history as the Corinthian war began with this march into -Bœotia of the Lacedæmonians, and grew into a big war, and compelled -Agesilaus to bring his army home from Asia Minor. And when he had -crossed over in his ships from Abydos to Sestos, and marched into -Thessaly through Thrace, the Thessalians attempted to bar his way to -ingratiate themselves with the Thebans, partly also in consequence -of their long standing friendship with Athens. And Agesilaus having -routed their cavalry marched through Thessaly, and then through Bœotia, -having conquered the Thebans and their allies at Coronea. And when the -Bœotians were routed, some of them fled to the temple of Athene Itonia: -and though Agesilaus was wounded in the battle, he did not for all that -violate their sanctuary. - - - - -CHAPTER X. - - -And not long afterwards those Corinthians who had been exiled for their -Lacedæmonian proclivities established the Isthmian games. But those who -were at this time in Corinth remained there from fear of Agesilaus, -but when he broke up his camp and returned to Sparta, then they also -joined the Argives at the Isthmian games. And Agesilaus came again to -Corinth with an army: and, as the festival of Hyacinthus was coming on, -he sent home the natives of Amyclæ, to go and perform the customary -rites to Apollo and Hyacinthus. This detachment were attacked on the -road and cut to pieces by the Athenians under Iphicrates. Agesilaus -also marched into Ætolia to help the Ætolians who were hard pressed by -the Acarnanians, and compelled the Acarnanians to bring the war to an -end, when they had all but taken Calydon and the other fortified towns -in Ætolia. And some time afterwards he sailed to Egypt, to the aid of -the Egyptians who had revolted from the great king: and many memorable -exploits did he in Egypt. And he died on the passage home, for he was -now quite an old man. And the Lacedæmonians, when they got his dead -body, buried it with greater honours than they had shewn to any of -their kings. - - And during the reign of Archidamus, the son of Agesilaus, the -Phocians seized the temple of Apollo at Delphi. Offers of mercenary -aid came privately to the Thebans to fight against the Phocians, and -publicly from the Lacedæmonians and Athenians, the latter remembering -the old kindnesses they had received from the Phocians, and the -Lacedæmonians under pretext of friendship, but really as I think in -hostility to the Thebans. And Theopompus, the son of Damasistratus, -said that Archidamus also had a share of the money at Delphi, and that -also Dinichas, his wife, had received a bribe from the authorities of -the Phocians, and that all this made Archidamus more willing to bring -the Phocians aid. I do not praise receiving sacred money, and assisting -men who made havoc of the most famous of oracles. But this much I can -praise. The Phocians intended to kill all the young men at Delphi, and -to sell the women and children into slavery, and to raze the city to -its foundations: all this Archidamus successfully deprecated. And he -afterwards crossed over into Italy, to assist the people of Tarentum in -a war with their barbarian neighbours: and he was slain there by the -barbarians, and his dead body failed to find a tomb through the wrath -of Apollo. And Agis, the elder son of this Archidamus, met his death -fighting against the Macedonians and Antipater. During the reign of -Eudamidas the younger one the Lacedæmonians enjoyed peace. All about -his son Agis, and his grandson Eurydamidas, I have already related in -my account of Sicyonia. - - Next to the Hermæ[32] is a place full of oak trees, and the name of -it Scotitas (_dark place_) was not derived from the thickness of the -foliage, but from Zeus surnamed Scotitas, whose temple is about 10 -stades as you turn off the road to the left. And when you have returned -to the road, and gone forward a little, and turned again to the left, -there is a statue and trophy of Hercules: Hercules erected the trophy -it is said after killing Hippocoon and his sons. And a third turn from -the high road to the right leads to Caryæ and the temple of Artemis. -For Caryæ is sacred to Artemis and the Nymphs, and there is a statue of -Artemis of Caryæ in the open air, and here the Lacedæmonian maidens -have a festival every year, and hold their national dances. And as you -return to the high road and go straight on you come to the ruins of -Sellasia, which place (as I have mentioned before) the Achæans reduced -to slavery, when they had conquered in battle the Lacedæmonians and -their king Cleomenes the son of Leonidas. And at Thornax, which you -next come to, is a statue of Pythæan Apollo, very similar to the one -at Amyclæ, which I shall describe when I come to Amyclæ. But the one -at Amyclæ is more famous than the Lacedæmonian one, for the gold which -Crœsus the Lydian sent to Pythæan Apollo was used to adorn it. - - - - -CHAPTER XI. - - -On going forward from Thornax, you come to the city which was -originally called Sparta, but afterwards Lacedæmon, which was once -the name of the whole district. And according to my rule which I laid -down in my account about Attica, not to give everything in detail -but to select what was most worthy of account, so I shall deal in my -account of Sparta: for I determined from the outset to pick out the -most remarkable of the particulars which tradition hands down. From -this determination I shall on no occasion deviate. At Sparta there is -a handsome market-place, and a council chamber for the Senate, and -public buildings in the market-place for the Ephors and guardians of -the laws, and for those who are called the Bidiæi. The Senate is the -most powerful governing body in Sparta, but all these others take -part in the government: and the ephors and the Bidiæi are each five -in number, and are appointed to preside over the games of the young -men in the Platanistas and elsewhere, and the Ephors manage all other -important matters, and furnish one of their number as the Eponymus, -who like the magistrates of the same name at Athens presides over the -rest. But the most notable thing in the market-place is what they call -the Persian Portico, built of the spoils taken from the Medes: and in -time they have brought it to its present size and magnificence. And -there are on the pillars statues in white stone of Mardonius, the son -of Gobryas, and other Persians. There is also a statue of Artemisia, -the daughter of Lygdamis, who was Queen of Halicarnassus: and who they -say of her own accord joined Xerxes in the expedition against Greece, -and displayed great valour in the sea fight at Salamis. And there are -two temples in the market-place, one to Cæsar, who was the first of the -Romans that aimed at Autocracy, and established the present régime, and -the other to Augustus his _adopted_ son, who confirmed the Autocratic -rule, and advanced further in consideration and power even than Cæsar -had done. His name Augustus has the same signification as the Greek -Sebastus. At the altar of Augustus they exhibit a brazen statue of -Agias, who they say foretold Lysander that he would capture all the -Athenian fleet at Ægos-potamoi but ten triremes: they got off safe to -Cyprus, but the Lacedæmonians took all the rest and their crews. This -Agias was the son of Agelochus, the son of Tisamenus. This last was a -native of Elis of the family of the Iamidæ, who was told by the oracle -that he should win the prize in 5 most notable contests. So he trained -for the pentathlum at Olympia, and came off the ground unvictorious -in that, though he won the prize in two out of the five, for he beat -Hieronymus of Andros in running and leaping. But having been beaten by -him in wrestling, and losing the victory, he interpreted the oracle to -mean that he would win five victories in war. And the Lacedæmonians, -who were not ignorant of what the Pythian priestess had foretold -Tisamenus, persuaded him to leave Elis, and carry out the oracle for -the benefit of the Spartans. And Tisamenus had his five victories, -first at Platæa against the Persians, and secondly at Tegea in a battle -between the Lacedæmonians and the people of Tegea and the Argives. And -next at Dipæa against all the Arcadians but the Mantinæans: (Dipæa is a -small town of the Arcadians near Mænalia.) And the fourth victory was -at Ithome against the Helots that had revolted in the Isthmus. However -all the Helots did not revolt, but only the Messenian portion who had -separated themselves from the original Helots. But I shall enter into -all this more fully hereafter. After this victory the Lacedæmonians, -listening to Tisamenus and the oracle at Delphi, allowed the rebels -to go away on conditions. And the fifth victory was at Tanagra in a -battle against the Argives and Athenians. Such is the account I heard -about Tisamenus. And the Spartans have in their market-place statues -of Pythæan Apollo, and Artemis, and Leto. And this place is called -Dance-ground because during the Festival of Gymnopædia,[33] (and there -is no feast more popular among the Lacedæmonians,) the boys have dances -here in honour of Apollo. And at no great distance are temples of -Earth, and Market Zeus, and Market Athene, and Poseidon whom they call -Asphalius, and Apollo again, and Hera. There is also a huge statue -of a man to represent the People of Sparta. And the Destinies have -a temple at Sparta, near to which is the tomb of Orestes the son of -Agamemnon: for they say his bones were brought from Tegea and buried -here in accordance with the oracle. And near the tomb of Orestes is -an effigy of Polydorus the son of Alcamenes, whom of all their kings -they so extolled that the government seal all their public documents -with Polydorus’ image. There is also a Market Hermes carrying a little -Dionysus, and some antiquities called Ephorea, and among them memorials -of Epimenides the Cretan, and of Aphareus the son of Perieres. And I -think the Lacedæmonian account of Epimenides truer than the Argive one. -Here also are statues of the Destinies, and some other statues. There -is also a Hospitable Zeus and a Hospitable Athene. - - - - -CHAPTER XII. - - -As you go from the market-place on the road which they call -Apheta (_starting-place_), you come to what is called Booneta, -(_Ox-purchased_). I must first explain the name of the road. They say -that Icarius proposed a race for the suitors of Penelope, and that -Odysseus won the prize is clear, and they started they say at the road -called Apheta. And I think Icarius imitated Danaus in proposing this -contest. For this was Danaus’ plan in regard to his daughters; as no -one would marry any of them because of their atrocious crime, Danaus -made it known that he would marry his daughters to any one who should -select them for their beauty without requiring wedding-presents, but -when only a few came to apply he established a race, and the winner -might take his pick of the girls, and the second the next, and so on to -the last in the race: and the girls still remaining had to wait for a -second batch of suitors and a second race. And what the Lacedæmonians -call Booneta on this road, was formerly the house of king Polydorus: -and after Polydorus’ death they bought it of his widow for some oxen. -For as yet there was no coinage either in silver or gold, but in -primitive fashion they gave in barter oxen and slaves, and silver or -gold in the lump. And mariners to India tell us the Indians give in -exchange for Greek commodities various wares, but do not understand -the use of money, and that though they have plenty of gold and silver. -And opposite the public Hall of the Bidiæi is the temple of Athene, -and Odysseus is said to have put there the statue of the goddess, and -called it Celeuthea, when he outran the suitors of Penelope. And he -built three temples of Celeuthea at some distance from one another. -And along the road called Apheta there are hero-chapels of Iops, who -is supposed to have been a contemporary of Lelex or Myles, and of -Amphiaraus the son of Œcles, (and this last they think the sons of -Tyndareus erected as Amphiaraus was their uncle), and also one of Lelex -himself. And not far from these is the shrine of Tænarian Apollo, -for that is his title, and at no great distance a statue of Athene, -which they say was a votive offering of those who migrated to Italy -and Tarentum. And the place which is called Hellenium is so called -because those of the Hellenes (_Greeks_), who strove to prevent Xerxes’ -passing into Europe, deliberated in this place how they should resist -him. But another tradition says that it was here that those who went -to Ilium to oblige Menelaus deliberated on the best plan for sailing -to Troy, and exacting punishment of Paris for the rape of Helen. And -near Hellenium they exhibit the tomb of Talthybius: as do also the -people of Ægæ in Achaia in their market-place, who also claim the tomb -of Talthybius as being with them. And the wrath of this Talthybius for -the murder of the envoys, who were sent by King Darius to Greece to ask -for earth and water, was publicly manifested to the Lacedæmonians, but -on the Athenians was visited privately, and mainly on the house of one -man, Miltiades the son of Cimon, for he was the person responsible for -getting the envoys that came to Attica put to death by the Athenians. -And the Lacedæmonians have an altar of Apollo Acritas, and a temple -of Earth called Gaseptum, and above it is Apollo Maleates. And at the -end of the road Apheta, and very near the walls, is the temple of -Dictynna, and the royal tombs of the Eurypontidæ. And near Hellenium -is the temple of Arsinoe, the daughter of Leucippus, and the sister -of the wives of Polydeuces and Castor. And at what is called Garrison -there is a temple of Artemis, and as you go on a little further there -is a monument erected to the prophets from Elis who are called Iamidæ. -And there is a temple of Maro and Alpheus, who, of the Lacedæmonians -that fought at Thermopylæ, seem to have been reckoned most valiant -next to Leonidas. And the temple of Victory-giving Zeus was erected by -the Dorians, after a victory over the people of Amyclæ and the other -Achæans, who at this time occupied Laconia. And the temple of the great -Mother is honoured especially. And next to it are hero-chapels of -Theseus, and the Arcadian Aulon, and the son of Tlesimenes: some say -that Tlesimenes was the brother, others the son, of Parthenopæus the -son of Melanion. - - And there is another outlet from the market-place, where is built the -place called Scias, where even now they hold meetings. This Scias was -they say built by the Samian Theodorus, who was the first discoverer -of fusing, and making statues, in iron. Here the Lacedæmonians hung -up the harp of Milesian Timotheus, censuring him for adding four -chords in harpistry to the old Seven. And near Scias there is a round -building (in which are statues of Olympian Zeus and Olympian Aphrodite) -constructed they say by Epimenides, of whom they give a different -account to that of the Argives, since they say that the Argives never -fought with the Gnossians. - - - - -CHAPTER XIII. - - -Not far from Scias is the tomb of Cynortas the son of Amyclas, and the -monument of Castor, and a temple to him over it. Castor and Pollux were -not they say reckoned gods till the fortieth year after the battle -between Idas and Lynceus, whose tombs are exhibited at Scias, though a -more probable tradition states that they were buried in Messenia. But -the misfortunes of the Messenians, and the long time they were away -from the Peloponnese, have made many of their old traditions unknown -to posterity, and since they do not themselves know them for certain, -any one who chooses can doubt. Right opposite the temple of Olympian -Aphrodite the Lacedæmonians have a temple of Saviour Proserpine, -erected some say by the Thracian Orpheus, others say by Abaris who -came from the Hyperboreans. And Carneus, whom they surname Œcetes, had -honours in Sparta even before the return of the Heraclidæ, and a statue -was erected to him in the house of Crius, the son of Theocles the -prophet. As the daughter of this Crius was drawing water, some Dorian -spies met her and had a conversation with her, and went to Crius, and -learnt of him the way to capture Sparta. And the worship of Carnean -Apollo was established among all the Dorians by Carnus, an Acarnanian -by race and the prophet of Apollo: and when he was slain by Hippotes -the son of Phylas the heavy wrath of Apollo fell upon the camp of the -Dorians, and Hippotes had to flee for this murder, and the Dorians -determined to propitiate the Acarnanian prophet by sacred rites. But -indeed it is not this Carnean Œcetes, but the son of the prophet Crius -that was honoured while the Achæans still held Sparta. It has indeed -been written by Praxilla in her verses that Carneus was the son of -Europa, and that Apollo and Leto brought him up. But there is another -tradition recorded of him, that the Greeks cut down on Trojan Ida some -cornel trees that grew in the grove of Apollo to make the Wooden Horse: -and when they learnt of the anger of the god against them for this -sacrilege, they propitiated him with sacrifices and called him Carnean -Apollo from these cornel trees, transposing the letter ρ according to -ancient custom.[34] - - And not far from Carnean Apollo is the statue of Aphetæus: where -they say the suitors of Penelope started for their race. And there is -a place which has porticoes forming a square, where nicknacks in old -times used to be sold: at this place is an altar of Ambulian Zeus and -Ambulian Athene, and also of Ambulian Castor and Pollux. And right -opposite is what is called Colona (_Hill_), and a temple of Zeus of -Colona, and near it the grove of the hero, who they say showed Dionysus -the way to Sparta. And the women called Dionysiades and Leucippides -sacrifice to this hero before they sacrifice to the god himself. But -the other eleven women, whom they also call Dionysiades, have a race -specially appointed for them: this custom came from Delphi. And not far -from the temple of Dionysus is that of Zeus Euanemus, and on the right -of this is the hero chapel of Pleuron. On the mother’s side the sons -of Tyndareus were descended from Pleuron, for Areus says in his poems -that Thestius, the father of Leda, was the son of Agenor and grandson -of Pleuron. And not far from this hero chapel is a hill, and on the -hill is a temple of Argive Hera, erected they say by Eurydice the -daughter of Lacedæmon, and the wife of Acrisius the son of Abas. And -the temple of Hyperchirian Hera was built according to the oracle, when -the Eurotas overflowed a considerable part of the country. And the old -wooden statue they call that of Aphrodite Hera, and when a daughter is -married it is customary for mothers to sacrifice to that goddess. And -on the road to the right of this hill is an effigy of Etœmocles. He and -his father Hipposthenes won prizes for wrestling at Olympia, the father -on eleven occasions, the son on twelve. - - - - -CHAPTER XIV. - - -As you go westwards from the market-place is the cenotaph of Brasidas -the son of Tellis, and at no great distance a theatre in white stone -well worth seeing. And opposite the theatre are the tombs of Pausanias -the General at Platæa, and of Leonidas: and every year they have -speeches over them, and a contest in which none but Spartans may -compete. The remains of Leonidas were 40 years after his death removed -from Thermopylæ by Pausanias, and there is a pillar with the names and -pedigree of those who fought against the Medes at Thermopylæ. And there -is in Sparta a place called Theomelida, where are the tombs of the -kings descended from Agis, and at no great distance is what is called -the Lounge of the Crotani; who belong to the Pitanatæ. And not far from -this Lounge is the temple of Æsculapius, called the temple among the -tombs of the descendants of Agis. And as you go on you come to the tomb -of Tænarus, from whom they say the promontory Tænarum gets its name. -And there are temples of Hippocurian Poseidon and Æginetan Artemis. -And as you retrace your steps to the Lounge is the temple of Artemis -Issora, they also call her Limnæa, though she is not called Artemis -but Britomartis by the Cretans, but about her I shall speak when I -come to Ægina. And very near the tombs of the descendants of Agis you -will see a pillar, and inscribed on it are the victories which Chionis -a Lacedæmonian carried off in the course, and others which he won at -Olympia. For there he had seven victories, four in the course, and -three in the double course. The shield race at the end of the sports -was not then instituted. Chionis also took part they say with Theræan -Battus in founding Cyrene, and in ejecting the neighbouring Libyans. -And they allege the following as the reason why the temple of Thetis -was built. When they were fighting against the Messenians who had -revolted, and their king Anaxander invaded Messenia and took captive -some women, and among them Cleo the priestess of Thetis, Anaxander’s -wife Leandris begged Cleo of her husband, and she found Cleo in -possession of a wooden statue of Thetis, and joined her in building a -temple to the goddess: and Leandris built this according to the pattern -which she saw in a dream: and the old wooden statue of Thetis they -keep in a private place. And the Lacedæmonians say they were taught -to worship Demeter Chthonia by Orpheus, but I am of opinion that the -temple at Hermion taught them this worship of Demeter Chthonia. The -Spartans have also a very recent temple of Serapis, and another of -Olympian Zeus. - - And the Lacedæmonians give the name Dromus to the place where it is -customary still for the young men to practise in running. As you go to -this Dromus from the tomb of the descendants of Agis you see on the -left hand the sepulchre of Eumedes, who was the son of Hippocoon, and -an old statue of Hercules, to whom the Spartan youths called _Sphærei_ -sacrifice. This name is given to the lads who are just growing to -manhood.[35] There are also gymnasiums in Dromus, one the offering of -the Spartan Eurycles. And outside Dromus, and opposite the statue of -Hercules, is a house which now belongs to a private person, but was of -old the house of Menelaus. And as you go on from Dromus you come to the -temples of Castor and Pollux, and the Graces, and Ilithyia, and Carnean -Apollo, and Sovereign Artemis. And on the right of Dromus is a temple -of Æsculapius surnamed Agnitas (_Willowy_), because the god’s statue -is made of willow, of the same kind as that called rhamnus: and at no -great distance is a trophy, which they say Polydeuces put up after his -victory over Lynceus. And this confirms in my opinion the probability -that the sons of Aphareus were not buried at Sparta. Near the beginning -of Dromus are Castor and Pollux of the _Startingpoint_, and as you go -a little way further is the hero-chapel of Alco, who they say was the -son of Hippocoon. And next to the hero-chapel of Alco is the temple -of Poseidon whom they surname Domatites. And there is a place called -Platanistas from the plane-trees which grow high and continuous round -it. And this place, where it is customary for the young men to have -their fights, is surrounded by water as an island is by the sea, and -you enter it by bridges. On one side of these bridges is a statue of -Hercules, and on the other one of Lycurgus, who not only legislated -for the state generally but even for the fights of the youths. And the -youths have the following customs also. They sacrifice before their -fights in the temple of Phœbus, which is outside the city and not very -far from Therapne. Here each division of the young men sacrifice a -puppy dog to Enyalius,[36] deeming the most valiant of domesticated -animals a suitable victim to the most valiant of the gods. And I know -no other Greeks who are accustomed to sacrifice puppy dogs except the -Colophonians, who sacrifice a black puppy to Enodius. The sacrifices -both of the Colophonians and also of these young men at Lacedæmon take -place by night. And after their sacrifice the young men pit together -tame boars to fight, whichever boar gets the victory, the party to -which it belongs are generally victorious at Platanistas. This is what -they do in the temple of Phœbus: and on the next day a little before -noon they cross the bridges to Platanistas. And the approach for each -division is appointed by lot the night before. And they fight with -hands and feet, and bite and tear one another’s eyes out. So they -fight, and violently attack one another full tilt, and push one another -into the water. - - - - -CHAPTER XV. - - -Near Platanistas there is a hero-chapel of Cynisca, the daughter of -Archidamus king of Sparta: she was the first woman who trained horses, -and the first woman who won the chariot-race at Olympia. And behind -the portico near Platanistas are several other hero-chapels, one of -Alcimus, and another of Enaræphorus, and at no great distance one of -Dorceus, and above this one of Sebrus. These they say were sons of -Hippocoon. And from Dorceus they call the fountain near the hero-chapel -Dorcea, and from Sebrus they call the place Sebrium. And on the right -of Sebrium is the sepulchre of Alcman, the sweetness of whose poems -was not injured by the Lacedæmonian dialect, though it is the least -euphonious. And there are temples of Helen and Hercules, hers near -the tomb of Alcman, and his very near the walls with a statue in it -of Hercules armed: Hercules was so represented in the statue they say -because of his fight against Hippocoon and his sons. The animosity of -Hercules against the family of Hippocoon originated they say in that, -after killing Iphitus, when he came to Sparta to clear himself, they -refused to clear him. The following matter also contributed to the -beginning of strife. Œonus a lad, and nephew of Hercules, for he was -the son of Alcmena’s brother, accompanied Hercules to Sparta, and as -he was going round and looking at the city, when he was opposite the -house of Hippocoon, a watch dog jumped out on him, and Œonus chanced -to throw a stone and hit the dog. Then the sons of Hippocoon ran out, -and struck Œonus with clubs till they had killed him. At this Hercules -was furious against Hippocoon and his sons, and immediately (so angry -was he) attacked them. For the moment he retired as he was wounded, but -afterwards he brought others with him to Sparta to avenge himself on -Hippocoon and his sons for the murder of Œonus. And the sepulchre of -Œonus was erected near the temple of Hercules. And as you go eastwards -from Dromus there is a path on the right hand to the temple of Athene -under the title of Exactor of due punishment. For when Hercules took -on Hippocoon and his sons adequate vengeance for what they had done, -he built this temple to Athene under the title of Exactor of due -punishment, for the old race of men called revenge punishment.[37] -And there is another temple of Athene as you go on another road from -Dromus, erected they say by Theras the son of Autesion, the son of -Tisamenus, the son of Thersander, when he sent a colony to the island -which is now called Thera after him, but was of old called Calliste. -And hard by is the temple of Hipposthenes who carried off most of the -wrestling prizes, and whom they worship according to the oracle, as -if they were awarding honours to Poseidon. And right opposite this -temple is Enyalius in fetters, an old statue. And the opinion of the -Lacedæmonians about this statue and about that of the Athenians called -Wingless Victory is the same, _viz._ that Enyalius will never depart -from the Lacedæmonians as being fettered, just as Victory will always -remain with the Athenians because she has no wings to fly away. Athens -and Lacedæmon have erected these statues on similar principles and with -a similar belief. And at Sparta there is a Lounge called _the Painted -Lounge_, and various hero-chapels near it, as of Cadmus the son of -Agenor, and his descendants, Œolycus the son of Theras, and Ægeus the -son of Œolycus. And they say these hero-chapels were built by Mæsis, -Læas, and Europas, who are said to have been the sons of Hyræsus and -grandsons of Ægeus. And they built also a hero-chapel to Amphilochus, -because their ancestor Tisamenus was the son of Demonassa, the sister -of Amphilochus. And the Lacedæmonians are the only Greeks with whom it -is customary to call Hera Goateater and to sacrifice goats to her. And -Hercules they say built a temple and sacrificed goats to her first, -because when he was fighting against Hippocoon and his sons he met -with no obstacle from Hera, though he thought the goddess opposed him -on all other occasions. And they say he sacrificed goats to her as -being in difficulty about getting any other victims. And not far from -the theatre is the temple of Tutelary Poseidon and hero-chapels of -Cleodæus the son of Hyllus, and of Œbalus. And the most notable of the -Spartan temples of Æsculapius is at Booneta, on the left of which is -the hero-chapel of Teleclus, of whom I shall give an account when I -come to Messenia. And when you have gone forward a little further there -is a hill not very high, and on it an old temple and wooden statue of -Aphrodite in full armour. This is the only temple I know which has -an upper story built above it, and in this upper story is a shrine -of Aphrodite under the title of The Shapely, the goddess is seated -with a veil on and fetters on her feet. They say Tyndareus added the -fetters, symbolising by those bonds the bonds of love, that unite men -so powerfully to women. For as to the other tradition, that Tyndareus -punished the goddess by fetters, because he thought his daughters’ -disgrace had come from the goddess, this I don’t at all accept: for -it would have been altogether childish to make a small figure of -cedar-wood and call it Aphrodite, and then think in punishing it one -was punishing the goddess! - - - - -CHAPTER XVI. - - -And hard by is the temple of Hilaira and Phœbe, who the writer of the -Cyprian poems says were the daughters of Apollo. And their priestesses -are maidens, called also Leucippides as well as the goddesses. One of -their statues was touched up by a priestess of the goddesses, who with -an art not unknown in our days put a new face on the old statue, but -a dream prevented her treating the other statue in the same way. Here -is hung up an egg, fastened to the roof by fillets; they say it is the -egg which Leda is said to have laid. And every year the women weave a -coat for Apollo at Amyclæ, and they call the place where they weave it -_Coat_. Near the temple is a house which they say the sons of Tyndareus -originally lived in, but afterwards Phormio a Spartan got possession -of it. To him Castor and Pollux came as strangers, they said they had -come from Cyrene and desired to lodge at his house, and asked for a -chamber, (with which they were greatly pleased), as long as they should -remain at Sparta. But he bade them go to some other house where they -might like to dwell, he could not give them that chamber, for it was -the apartment of his daughter a maiden. And the next day maiden and -her attendants had all vanished, but statues of Castor and Pollux were -found in the chamber, and a table with some assa-fœtida on it. Such at -least is the tradition. - - And as you go to the gates from the place called _Coat_ there is a -hero-chapel of Chilo, who was accounted one of the seven wise men, and -of an Athenian hero who accompanied Dorieus, the son of Anaxandrides, -on the expedition to colonize Sicily. And they put in at Eryx thinking -that district belonged to the descendants of Hercules, and not to -barbarians who really held it. For there is a tradition that Eryx -and Hercules wrestled on the following conditions, that if Hercules -conquered the land of Eryx should be his, but if Eryx conquered the -oxen of Geryon, (which Hercules was then driving,) should be his, for -these oxen had swum across to Sicily from the promontory at Scylla,[38] -and Hercules had crossed over after them to find them, and Eryx should -have them if he came off victor. But the good will of the gods did not -speed Dorieus the son of Anaxandrides as it had done Hercules, for -Hercules killed Eryx, but the people of Segeste nearly annihilated -Dorieus and his army. And the Lacedæmonians have built a temple to -their legislator Lycurgus as to a god. And behind this temple is the -tomb of Eucosmus, the son of Lycurgus, near the altar of Lathria and -Anaxandra, who were twins, (and the sons of Aristodemus who married -them were also twins), and the daughters of Thersander the son of -Agamedidas, the king of the Cleestonæans, and the great grandson of -Ctesippus the son of Hercules. And right opposite the temple are the -tombs of Theopompus the son of Nicander, and Eurybiades, who fought -against the Medes in the Lacedæmonian gallies at Artemisium and -Salamis. And hard-by is what is called the hero-chapel of Astrabacus. - - And the place called Limnæum is the temple of Orthian Artemis. The -wooden statue of the goddess is they say the very one which Orestes -and Iphigenia formerly stole from the Tauric Chersonese. And the -Lacedæmonians say it was brought to their country when Orestes was -king there. And their account seems to me more probable than the -account of the Athenians. For why should Iphigenia have left the -statue at Brauron? And when the Athenians were preparing to leave the -place, would they not have put it on board ship? And so great still is -the fame of Tauric Artemis, that the Cappadocians who live near the -Euxine claim that the statue was theirs, and the Lydians who have a -temple of Anaitian Artemis make the same claim. But it appears it was -neglected by the Athenians and became a prey to the Medes: for it was -carried from Brauron to Susa, and afterwards the Syrians of Laodicea -received it from Seleucus and still have it. And the following facts -plainly prove to me that the Orthian Artemis at Lacedæmon is the same -wooden statue which was taken from the barbarians: that Astrabacus -and Alopecus, (the sons of Irbus, the son of Amphisthenes, the son of -Amphicles, the son of Agis), when they found the statue immediately -went mad; and also that the Limnatæ among the Spartans, and the people -of Cynosura, Mesoa, and Pitane, who were sacrificing to Artemis, had -a quarrel and even went so far as to kill one another, and after many -were killed at the altar a pestilence destroyed the rest. And after -that an oracle bade them sprinkle human blood over the altar. And -instead of a person drawn by lot being sacrificed, Lycurgus changed it -to flogging the young men there, and so the altar got sprinkled with -human blood. And the priestess stands by during the operation, holding -the wooden statue, which is generally light from its smallness, but -if the scourgers spare any young man at all in his flogging either -on account of his beauty or rank, then this wooden statue in the -priestess’ hand becomes heavy and no longer easy to hold, and she makes -complaint of the scourgers and says it is so heavy owing to them. So -innate is it with this statue, in consequence of the sacrifices at -the Tauric Chersonese, to delight in human blood. And they not only -call the goddess Orthia, but also _Bound-with-willow-twigs_, because -the statue was found in a willow bush, and the willows so tenaciously -twined round it that they kept it in an upright posture. - - - - -CHAPTER XVII. - - -And not far from that of Orthian Artemis is the temple of Ilithyia: -this temple they say was built, and Ilithyia accounted a goddess, -in obedience to the oracle at Delphi. And the Lacedæmonians have no -citadel rising to a notable height, as the Cadmea at Thebes, or Larissa -among the Argives: but as there are several hills in the city the -highest of these is called the citadel. Here is erected a temple of -Athene called Poliuchus and Chalciœcus. And this temple began to be -built they say by Tyndareus: and after his death his sons wished to -finish the building, and they had an opportunity in the spoils from -Aphidna. But as they too died before the conclusion of the work, the -Lacedæmonians many years afterwards completed the temple, and made a -statue of Athene in brass. And the artificer was Gitiadas a native -of Sparta, who also composed Doric poems and a hymn to the goddess. -Many too of the Labours of Hercules are delineated in brass, and many -of his successes on his own account, and several of the actions of -Castor and Pollux, and their carrying off the daughters of Leucippus, -and Hephæstus freeing his mother from her bonds. I have given an -explanation of all these before, and the legends about them, in my -account of Attica. There too are the Nymphs giving Perseus, as he is -starting for Libya and Medusa, the invisible cap, and the sandals with -which he could fly through the air. There too are representations of -the birth of Athene, and of Amphitrite, and Poseidon, which are the -largest and as it seems to me finest works of art. - - There is also another temple there of Athene the Worker. At the South -Porch there is also a temple of Zeus called the Arranger, and the tomb -of Tyndareus in front of it. And the West Porch has two Eagles and two -Victories to correspond, the votive offering of Lysander, and a record -of his two famous exploits, the one near Ephesus when he defeated -Antiochus, the pilot of Alcibiades, and the Athenian gallies, and -the other at Ægos-potamoi where he crushed the Athenian navy. And at -the left of Athene Chalciœcus they have built a temple of the Muses, -because the Lacedæmonians do not go out to battle to the sound of the -trumpet, but to the music of flutes and lyre and harp. And behind -Athene Chalciœcus is the temple of Martial Aphrodite. Her wooden -statues are as old as any among the Greeks. - - And on the right of Athene Chalciœcus is a statue of Supreme Zeus, -the most ancient of all brass statues, for it is not carved in one -piece, but forged piece by piece and deftly welded together, and studs -keep it together from falling to pieces. The artificer was they say -Clearchus a man of Rhegium, who some say was the pupil of Dipœnus and -Scyllis, others say of Dædalus. And at what is called the _Scenoma_ -there is a figure of a woman, the Lacedæmonians say it is Euryleonis, -who won the prize at Olympia with a pair of horses. - - And near the altar of Athene Chalciœcus are erected two figures of -Pausanias the General at Platæa. His fate I shall not relate to people -who know it, for what I have written before is quite sufficient. I -shall merely therefore state what I heard from a man of Byzantium, that -Pausanias was detected plotting, and was the only one of those that -took sanctuary with Athene Chalciœcus that did not get indemnity, and -that for no other reason than that he could not clear himself of the -guilt of murder. For when he was at the Hellespont in command of the -allied fleet, he got enamoured of a Byzantian maiden called Cleonice, -and at nightfall a detachment of his men brought her to him. And -Pausanias had fallen asleep, and when this maiden came into the room -she knocked down inadvertently the light that was burning, and the -noise woke him. And Pausanias, whose conscience smote him for having -betrayed Greece, and who was therefore always in a state of nervous -alarm and panic, was beside himself and stabbed the maiden with a -scimetar. This guilt Pausanias could not clear himself from, though -he endeavoured in every way to propitiate Zeus the Acquitter, and -even went to Phigalia in Arcadia to the necromancers, but he paid to -Cleonice and the deity the fit penalty. And the Lacedæmonians at the -bidding of the oracle made brazen statues for the god Epidotes, and -otherwise honoured him, because he it was who in the case of Pausanias -turned aside the wrath of Zeus the god of Suppliants. - - - - -CHAPTER XVIII. - - -Near the two figures of Pausanias is a statue of Youth-prolonging -Aphrodite, made at the bidding of an oracle, and statues of Sleep and -Death. People have reckoned them to be brothers according to Homer’s -lines in the Iliad.[39] And on the way to Alpium as it is called you -come to the temple of Athene the Eye-preserver, erected they say by -Lycurgus who had one of his eyes knocked out by Alcander, because he -did not find Lycurgus’ legislation agreeable. And he took refuge at -this place, and the Lacedæmonians prevented his losing his remaining -eye, so he built a temple to Athene the Eye-preserver. And as you go -on from thence you come to the temple of Ammon. The Lacedæmonians seem -from time immemorial to have used his oracle in Libya most of all -the Greeks. And it is said that, when Lysander was besieging Aphytis -in Pallene, Ammon appeared to him by night, and told him it would be -better for him and Lacedæmon to raise the siege. And accordingly he -did so, and induced the Lacedæmonians to honour the god even more -than before. And the people of Aphytis honour Ammon as much as the -Ammonians themselves in Libya. And the following is the tradition about -Cnagian Artemis. Cnageus they say was a native of Sparta, and went on -the expedition against Aphidna with Castor and Pollux, and was taken -prisoner in the battle and sold into slavery in Crete, and was slave at -the temple of Artemis in Crete, and in course of time ran off with the -priestess who also took with her the image of the goddess. This is why -they call her Cnagian Artemis. But I cannot help thinking this Cnageus -must have gone to Crete in some other way, and not as the Lacedæmonians -say, for I do not think a battle was fought at Aphidna, as Theseus -was detained in Thesprotia, and the Athenians were not unanimous for -him, but inclined rather to Menestheus. Not but that, if a contest -took place, one might readily believe that prisoners were taken by the -conquerors, especially as it was a decisive victory, for Aphidna was -captured. Let this suffice for the subject. - - On the road from Sparta to Amyclæ you come to the river Tiasa. Tiasa -was they think the daughter of Eurotas, and near the river is a temple -of the Graces Phaenna and Clete, whom Alcman has celebrated. And they -think that Lacedæmon erected this temple to the Graces and gave them -these names. The things worth seeing at Amyclæ are the statue of -Ænetus on a pillar (he won all the prizes in the pentathlum, and died -they say directly after being crowned for his victory at Olympia,) and -some brazen tripods, three[40] of which are older they say than the -Messenian War. Under the first of these is a statue of Aphrodite, under -the second one of Artemis, both the design and work of Gitiadas. And -the third is by Callon of Ægina, and under it is a statue of Proserpine -the daughter of Demeter. And the Parian Aristander has represented a -woman with a lyre to signify Sparta no doubt, and Polycletus the Argive -has represented Aphrodite called the Aphrodite near Amyclæan Apollo. -These 3 tripods are bigger than any of the rest, and were dedicated in -consequence of the victory at Ægos-potamoi. And Bathycles the Magnesian, -who made the throne of Amyclæan Apollo, also carved some of the Graces -on the throne and a statue of Artemis Leucophryene. Who he learnt his -art from, or in whose reign he made this throne I pass by, but I have -seen it and will describe it. Before and behind it are two Graces and -two Seasons, on the left is the Hydra and Typhos, and on the right the -Tritons. But to narrate every detail of this work of art would tire my -readers, to make therefore a short summary, since most are well known, -Poseidon and Zeus are carrying off Taygetes, the daughter of Atlas, -and her sister Alcyone. There also is Atlas delineated, and the combat -between Hercules and Cycnus, and the fight of the Centaurs with Pholus. -There too is the Minotaur represented by Bathycles (I know not why) as -fettered and led alive by Theseus. And there is a dance of Phæacians -on the throne, and Demodocus is singing. There too is Perseus’ victory -over Medusa. And not to mention the contest of Hercules with the giant -Thurius, and of Tyndareus with Eurytus, there is the rape of the -daughters of Leucippus. And there is Hermes carrying to heaven Dionysus -as a boy, and Athene taking Hercules to dwell among the gods. And -there is Peleus handing over Achilles for his education to Chiron, who -is said to have been his tutor. And there is Cephalus carried off by -Aurora for his beauty. And there are the gods bringing their gifts at -the wedding of Harmony. There too is the single combat between Achilles -and Memnon, and Hercules slaying Diomede, King of Thrace, and Nessus -by the river Evenus, and Hermes bringing up the goddesses to Paris -for the trial of beauty, and Adrastus and Tydeus stopping the fight -between Amphiarus and Lycurgus the son of Pronax. And Hera is gazing at -Io already changed into a heifer, and Athene is running away from the -pursuit of Hephæstus. There too is Hercules fighting with the hydra, -and bringing up Cerberus from Hades. There too are Anaxis and Mnasinous -each of them on horseback, and Megapenthes, the son of Menelaus, and -Nicostratus both on one horse. And there is Bellerophon killing the -Chimæra in Lycia, and Hercules driving off the cattle of Geryon. And on -each side of the upper portions of the throne are Castor and Pollux on -horseback: under their horses are some Sphinxes and some wild beasts -running above, on Castor’s side a leopard, but near Pollux a lioness. -And at the very top of the throne is a company of the Magnesians who -assisted Bathycles in this work of art. And if you go under the throne -to see its interior parts where the Tritons are, there is the boar -of Calydon, and Hercules slaying the sons of Actor, and Calais and -Zetes driving away the Harpies from Phineus, and Pirithous and Theseus -carrying off Helen, and Hercules throttling the Nemean lion. And there -are Apollo and Artemis transfixing Tityus. And there is the contest of -Hercules with the Centaur Oreus, and of Theseus with the Minotaur, and -the wrestling of Hercules with Achelous, and Hera bound by Hephæstus as -the story goes, and the games established by Acastus in memory of his -father, and what we read in the Odyssey about Menelaus and the Egyptian -Proteus. Lastly there is Admetus yoking to his chariot a boar and a -lion, and the Trojans making their offerings at the grave of Hector. - - - - -CHAPTER XIX. - - -As to the seat for the god on this throne, it is not one continuous -surface but has several partitions with intervals between them. The -largest partition is in the middle, where there is a statue about 30 -cubits high I conjecture, for no one has taken its measure. And this is -not by Bathycles but an ancient and inartistic production, for except -the face toes and hands it resembles a brazen pillar. There is a helmet -on its head, and a lance and bow in its hands. And the base of the -statue is like an altar, and they say Hyacinthus is buried there, and -at the festival of Hyacinthus, before they sacrifice to Apollo, they -make offerings to Hyacinthus on this altar through a brazen door which -is on the left of the altar. And carved upon this altar are effigies -of Biris and Amphitrite and Poseidon, and Zeus and Hermes talking -together, and near them Dionysus and Semele, and near Semele Ino. On -this altar too are effigies of Demeter and Proserpine and Pluto, the -Destinies and the Seasons, Aphrodite and Athene and Artemis; and they -are carrying to heaven Hyacinthus and his sister Polybœa who they say -died a virgin. Hyacinthus has a small beard, and Nicias the son of -Nicomedes has represented him as very handsome, hinting at the love -of Apollo for him. There is also a representation of Hercules being -taken to heaven by Athene and the other gods; as also effigies of the -daughters of Thestius and the Muses and the Seasons. As to the Zephyr, -and the story of Hyacinth having been accidentally slain by Apollo, and -the legends about the flower Hyacinth, the traditions may possibly be -baseless, but let them stand. - - Amyclæ was destroyed by the Dorians, and is now only a village, -which contains a temple and statue of Alexandra well worth seeing, (by -Alexandra the people of Amyclæ mean Cassandra the daughter of Priam). - - There is here also an effigy of Clytæmnestra, and a statue of -Agamemnon, and his supposed tomb. And Amyclæan Apollo and Dionysus are -the chief gods worshipped here, the latter they call very properly in -my opinion Psilax (_Winged_). Psila is the Dorian word for wings, and -wine elevates men and lightens their judgment just as wings elevate -birds. And such is all that is memorable about Amyclæ. - - Another road from Sparta leads to Therapne. And on the way is a -wooden statue of Athene Alea. And before you cross the Eurotas a little -above the bank stands the temple of Wealthy Zeus. And when you have -crossed the Eurotas, you come to the temple of Cotylean Æsculapius -built by Hercules, who called Æsculapius Cotylean because in the -first conflict with Hippocoon and his sons he received a wound on his -_cotyle_ or hip. And of all the temples built on this road, the most -ancient is one of Ares, on the left of the road, and the statue of the -god was they say brought by Castor and Pollux from Colchi. And Theritas -gets its name they say from Thero, who was the nurse of Ares. And -perhaps they got the name Theritas from the Colchians, for the Greeks -know nothing of a nurse of Ares called Thero. But I cannot but think -that the name Theritas was given to Ares not on account of his nurse, -but because in an engagement with the enemy one must be mild no longer, -but be like the description of Achilles in Homer, “as a lion he knows -savageness.”[41] - - Therapne got its name from Therapne, the daughter of Lelex, and it -has a temple of Menelaus, and they say that Menelaus and Helen were -buried here. But the Rhodians have a different account to that of the -Lacedæmonians, and say that Helen after the death of Menelaus, while -Orestes was still on his travels, was driven away by Nicostratus and -Megapenthes and went to Rhodes, as she was a connection of Polyxo the -wife of Tlepolemus, for Polyxo was of Argive descent, and being the -wife of Tlepolemus fled with him to Rhodes, and there became Queen, -being left with one fatherless child. This Polyxo they say desired -to avenge on Helen the death of Tlepolemus, and when she got her in -her power sent to her as she was bathing some attendants dressed like -the Furies, and they laid hold of Helen and hung her on a tree, and -for this reason the Rhodians have a temple to Helen Hung on the Tree. -And I will record the tradition of the people of Croton about Helen, -which is the same as that of the people of Himera. There is in the -Euxine sea, near the mouth of the Ister, an island sacred to Achilles -called Leuce. It is 20 stades in extent, entirely thick forest and full -of beasts domesticated and wild, and contains a temple and statue of -Achilles. They say Leonymus of Croton was the first that ever sailed -to it. For when there was a war between the people of Croton and the -Locrians in Italy, and the Locrians invited in Ajax the son of Oileus -to aid them because of their kinsmanship to the Opuntians, Leonymus the -general of the Crotonians attacked that part of the enemy’s army where -he was told that Ajax was stationed, and got wounded in the breast, -and, as he suffered very much from his wound, went to Delphi. And the -Pythian Priestess sent him to the island Leuce, and told him that Ajax -would appear there and heal his wound. And in process of time getting -well he returned from Leuce, and said that he had seen Achilles, and -Ajax the son of Oileus, and Ajax the son of Telamon, and that Patroclus -and Antilochus were in the company, and that Helen was married to -Achilles and had told him to sail to Himera, and tell Stesichorus -that the loss of his eyesight was a punishment to him from her. In -consequence of this Stesichorus composed his palinode. - - - - -CHAPTER XX. - - -At Therapne too I saw the fountain Messeis. Some of the Lacedæmonians -say that the fountain called in our day Polydeucea, and not this one -at Therapne, was called by the ancients Messeis. But the fountain -Polydeucea, and the temple of Polydeuces, are on the right of the road -to Therapne. And not far from Therapne is a temple of Phœbus, and in -it a shrine of Castor and Polydeuces, and the youths sacrifice here -to Enyalius. And at no great distance is a temple of Poseidon under -the name of the Earth-holder. And as you go on thence on the road to -Taygetus you come to a place they call Alesiæ (_i.e._ _Mill-town_), -for they say that Myles the son of Lelex was the first that discovered -the use of mills, and first ground here. At Alesiæ there is a -hero-chapel to Lacedæmon the son of Taygete. And as you go on from -thence and cross the river Phellias, on the road from Amyclæ to the sea -you come to Pharis, formerly a populous town in Laconia, and leaving -the river Phellias on the right is the way to Mount Taygetus. And there -is in the plain a shrine of Messapian Zeus. He got this title they say -from one of his priests. As you go thence towards Mount Taygetus there -is a place called Bryseæ, where was formerly a town, and there is still -a temple of Dionysus and his statue in the open air. But the statue in -the temple only women may look upon: and women only conduct the ritual -in connection with the sacrifices. The highest point of Mount Taygetus -is Taletum above Bryseæ. This they say is sacred to the Sun, and they -sacrifice there to the Sun horses and other victims, as do also the -Persians. And not far from Taletum is the forest called Evoras, which -supports several wild beasts and especially wild goats. In fact Mount -Taygetus throughout affords excellent goat-hunting and boar-hunting, -and superfine deer-hunting and bear-hunting. And between Taletum and -Evoras is a place they call Theras, where they say Leto came from -the heights of Taygetus. And there is a temple to Demeter under the -name Eleusinia. Here the Lacedæmonians say Hercules was hidden by -Æsculapius, while he was being cured of his wound. And there is in -it a wooden statue of Orpheus, the work as they say of the Pelasgi. -And I know that Orphic rites take place here also. Near the sea is a -town called Helus, which Homer has mentioned in his catalogue of the -Lacedæmonians, - - ‘Those who dwelt at Amyclæ and Helus the city by the sea.’[42] - -It was founded by Heleus the youngest son of Perseus, and the Dorians -in after days reduced it by siege. Its inhabitants were the first -slaves of the Lacedæmonian commonalty, and were the first called Helots -from the place of their birth. Afterwards Helot was the general name -the Dorians gave their slaves, even when they were Messenians, just -as all the Greeks are called Hellenes from Hellas in Thessaly. From -Helus they bring on stated days the wooden statue of Proserpine, the -daughter of Demeter, to Eleusinium. And 15 stades from Eleusinium is -the place called Lapithæum from a native called Lapithus. It is on -Mount Taygetus, and not far from it is Dereum, where is a statue of -Derean Artemis in the open air, and near it a fountain which they call -Anonus. And next to Dereum, about 20 stades further on is Harplea, -which extends as far as the plain. - - On the road from Sparta to Arcadia there is a statue of Athene called -Parea in the open air, and near it a temple of Achilles, which it is -customary to keep shut. But those of the youths who intend to contend -at Platanistas are wont to sacrifice there to Achilles before the -contest. And the Spartans say this temple was built for them by Prax, -who was the great grandson of Pergamus, the son of Neoptolemus. And -as you go on you come to the tomb called _The Horse_, for Tyndareus -sacrificed a horse here and put an oath to all the suitors of Helen, -making them stand by the horse’s entrails. And the oath was to aid -Helen, and whoever should be chosen for her husband, if they were -wronged. And after putting this oath to them he buried the remains of -the horse here. And at no great distance there are seven pillars set -there after some ancient custom, I suppose, to represent the seven -planets. And on the road there is a grove of Carnean Apollo called -Stemmatius, and a temple of Mysian Artemis. And the statue of Modesty, -about 30 stades’ distance from Sparta, is the votive offering of -Icarius, said to have been made on the following occasion. When Icarius -gave Penelope in marriage to Odysseus, he endeavoured to persuade -Odysseus to live at Lacedæmon, but failing in that he begged his -daughter to remain with him, and when she set out for Ithaca followed -the chariot, and besought her earnestly to return. And Odysseus for a -time refused his consent to this, but at last gave Penelope permission -either to accompany him of her own volition, or to go back to Lacedæmon -with her father. And she they say made no answer, but, as she veiled -her face at this proposal, Icarius perceived that she wished to go off -with Odysseus, and let her go, and dedicated a statue of Modesty in -the very place in the road where they say Penelope had got to when she -veiled herself. - - - - -CHAPTER XXI. - - -And 20 stades further you will come to the Eurotas which flows very -near the road, and to the tomb of Ladas, who surpassed all his -contemporaries in swiftness of foot. At Olympia he received the prize -for the long race, but I think he was tired out after his victory, for -he died on this spot and was buried above the public road. Another -Ladas, who also was a victor at Olympia but not in the long race, was -they say an Achæan from Ægium, according to the archives of Elis about -the victors at Olympia. And if you go on you come to the village called -Characoma, and next to it is Pellana, formerly a town, where they -say Tyndareus lived, when he fled from Sparta from Hippocoon and his -sons. And the notable things I have myself seen there are the temple -of Æsculapius and the fountain Pellanis, into which they say a maiden -fell when she was drawing water, and after she had disappeared her veil -was found in another fountain called Lancea. And about 100 stades from -Pellana is a place called Belemina: best off for water of all Laconia, -for not only does the river Eurotas flow through it, but it has also -fountains in abundance. - - As you go down to the sea in the direction of Gythium, you come to -the Lacedæmonian village called Croceæ. The stonequarries here are not -one continuous piece of rock, but stones are dug out of them like river -stones, rather difficult to carve, but when they are carved admirably -adapted to adorn the temples of the gods, and add very greatly to the -beauty of fishponds and ornamental waters. And in front of the village -are statues of the gods, as Zeus of Croceæ in stone, and at the quarry -Castor and Pollux in brass. And next to Croceæ, as you turn to the -right from the high road to Gythium, you will come to the small town -called Ægiæ. They say Homer mentions it under the name Augeæ. Here is a -marsh which is called Poseidon’s marsh, and the god has a temple and -statue near it. The natives are afraid however to catch the fish, for -they say that whoever fishes there becomes a fish and ceases to be a -man. - - Gythium is about 30 stades from Ægiæ, and is near the sea, and is -inhabited by the Eleutherolacones, whom the Emperor Augustus liberated -from the yoke of slavery imposed on them by the Lacedæmonians of -Sparta. All the Peloponnese except the Isthmus of Corinth is surrounded -by water: and the maritime parts of Laconia furnish shell fish from -which purple dye is obtained, next in excellence to the Tyrian purple. -And the Eleutherolacones have 18 cities, first Gythium as you descend -from Ægiæ to the sea, and next Teuthrone, and Las, and Pyrrhichus, -and near Tænarum Cænepolis, and Œtylus, and Leuctra, and Thalamæ, and -Alagonia, and Gerenia: and opposite Gythium Asopus near the sea, and -Acriæ, and Bœæ, and Zarax, and Epidaurus called Limera, and Brasiæ, -and Geronthræ, and Marius. These are all that remain of what were once -24 cities of the Eleutherolacones. And the other six, which I shall -also give an account of, are tributary to Sparta and not independent -as those we have just spoken of. And the people of Gythium assign no -mortal as their founder, but say that Hercules and Apollo, when their -contest for the tripod was over, jointly built their town. In the -market-place they have statues of Apollo and Hercules, and near them -Dionysus. And in a different part of the town is Carnean Apollo, and a -temple of Ammon, and a brazen statue of Æsculapius; his shrine has no -roof to it, and there is a fountain of the god, and a temple sacred to -Demeter, and a statue of Poseidon the Earth-holder. And the person that -the people of Gythium call the old man, who they say lives in the sea, -is I discovered Nereus, and this name Homer gave him in the Iliad in -the speech of Thetis, ‘Ye now enter Ocean’s spacious bosom, to visit -the old man of the sea and the homes of our sire.’[43] And the gates -here are called Castorides, and in the citadel there is a temple and -statue of Athene. - - - - -CHAPTER XXII. - - -And about 3 stades from Gythium is the White Stone, where they say -Orestes sat to cure himself of his madness. In the Doric tongue the -stone was called Zeus Cappotas. And opposite Gythium lies the island -Cranae, where according to Homer Paris first carried off Helen. Facing -this island on the mainland is the temple of Aphrodite Migonitis, and -the whole place is called Migonium. The temple they say was built by -Paris. And Menelaus, returning home safe 8 years after the capture -of Ilium, placed near the temple of Aphrodite Migonitis statues of -Thetis and Praxidice. There is a mountain too above Migonium sacred to -Dionysus, which they call Larysium: and here at the commencement of -spring they have a feast to Dionysus, alleging among other reasons for -the festival that they found here a ripe cluster of grapes. - - On the left of Gythium about 30 stades’ distance you will see on -the mainland the walls of Trinasus, which seems to me to have been -a fort and not a town. And I think it got its name from the three -small islands which lie here near the mainland. And about 80 stades -from Trinasus you come to the ruins of Helus, and 30 stades further -to Acriæ a city on the sea, where is a handsome temple of the Mother -of the Gods, and her statue in stone. And the inhabitants of Acriæ -say that this is the oldest of all the temples of this goddess in the -Peloponnese: though the Magnesians who live north of Sipylus have on a -rock called Coddinus the most ancient statue of the Mother of the Gods; -and the Magnesians say it was made by Broteas the son of Tantalus. -Acriæ once produced a victor at Olympia in Nicocles, who carried off at -two Olympiads five victories in the chariot race. His tomb is between -the gymnasium and the walls near the harbour. It is about 120 stades -from Acriæ to Geronthræ. Geronthræ was inhabited before the Heraclidæ -came to the Peloponnese, and the inhabitants were driven out by the -Dorians of Lacedæmon, who, when they had driven out the Achæans from -Geronthræ, put in colonists of their own. But Geronthræ now belongs -to the Eleutherolacones. On the road from Acriæ to Geronthræ there -is a village called Palæa, and at Geronthræ there is a temple and -grove of Ares, whose festival they celebrate annually, when women are -forbidden to enter the grove. And near the market-place are fountains -of drinkable water. And in the citadel there is a temple of Apollo, -and the head of his image in ivory: all the rest of the image was -destroyed by fire when the old temple was burnt. Another town belonging -to the Eleutherolacones is Marius, 100 stades from Geronthræ. There is -an old temple there common to all the gods, and round it a grove with -fountains, there are also fountains in the temple of Artemis. Marius -indeed has plenty of water if any place. And above Marius is a village -called Glyptia in the interior of the country. And there is another -village called Selinus about 20 stades from Geronthræ. - - So much for the interior of Laconia from Acriæ. And the town Asopus -on the sea is about 60 stades from Acriæ. In it is a temple of the -Roman Emperors, and inland from Asopus about 12 stades is a temple of -Æsculapius, they call the god Philolaus there. And the bones that are -honoured in the gymnasium are exceedingly large, but not too big for -a mortal. And there is a temple of Athene called Cyparissia in the -citadel: and at the foot of the citadel there some ruins of a town -called the town of the Paracyparissian Achæans. There is also in this -district a temple of Æsculapius about 50 stades from Asopus, and they -call the place in which this temple is Hyperteleatum. And there is a -promontory jutting out into the sea about 200 stades from Asopus, which -they call _Ass’ jawbone_. This promontory has a temple of Athene, -without either statue or roof, said to have been built by Agamemnon. -There is also a monument of Cinadus, who was the pilot of Menelaus’ -ship. And next to this promontory is what is called the Bay of Bœæ, -and the city Bœæ is at the head of the bay. It was built by Bœus, one -of the sons of Hercules who is said to have peopled it from the three -towns Etis, Aphrodisias, and Sida. Two of these ancient towns are -reputed to have been built by Æneas, when he was fleeing to Italy and -driven into this bay by storms, his daughter Etias gave her name to -Etis, and the third town was they say called after Sida the daughter -of Danaus. Those who were driven out of these towns enquired where -they should dwell: and the oracle told them that Artemis would shew -them where to dwell. On their starting their journey a hare sprung in -view, this hare they made their guide: and as it hid in a myrtle tree -they built their city on the site of the myrtle tree, and they still -venerate the myrtle tree, and call Artemis their Saviour. There is also -a temple of Apollo in the market-place of Bœæ, and in another part of -the city temples of Æsculapius and Serapis and Isis. The ruins of the -three towns are not more than 7 stades from Bœæ, and on the road you -see a stone statue of Hermes on the left, and among the ruins can trace -temples of Æsculapius and Hygiea. - - - - -CHAPTER XXIII. - - -And Cythera lies opposite Bœæ, and to the promontory of -Platanistus--the point where the island is nearest to the -mainland--from the promontory on the mainland called _Ass’ jaw-bone_ -is about 4 stades’ sail. And at Cythera there is a station for ships -called Scandea, and Scandea is about 10 stades from the town of Cythera -as you go along the cliffs. And the temple of Celestial Aphrodite is -the most holy and most ancient of all the temples the Greeks have of -Aphrodite, and the statue is an old wooden one, the goddess is in -complete armour. - - As you sail from Bœæ to the promontory of Malea there is a harbour -called Nymphæum, and a statue of Poseidon erect, and a cave very near -the sea, and in it a spring of fresh water, and many people live in -the neighbourhood. And as you double the promontory of Malea, and sail -about 100 stades, you come to a place called Epidelium on the borders -of Bœæ, where is a temple of Apollo. It is called Epidelium because -the wooden statue of Apollo there now was formerly at Delos. For -Delos being formerly an emporium for the Greeks, and being thought -likely to give security to commerce because of the god, Menophanes a -General of Mithridates, either of his own insolence or obeying the -orders of Mithridates, (for to a man looking only to lucre divine -things come after gain), seeing that Delos had no fortifications and -that the inhabitants were unarmed, sailed to it and slew all the -resident aliens, and the Delians also, and robbed the merchants of much -money, and carried off all the votive offerings, and also enslaved -the women and children, and razed Delos to the ground. And during -the sack and plunder one of the barbarians in very wantonness threw -this wooden statue into the sea, and the waves landed it here at the -place called Epidelium in the district of Bœæ. But the fierce wrath -of the god failed not to pursue Menophanes and Mithridates himself, -for Menophanes, when he put to sea again after laying Delos waste, was -lain in wait for by the merchants who had escaped, and his vessel sunk, -and Mithridates subsequently was compelled by the god to be his own -executioner when his power was entirely destroyed, and he driven hither -and thither by the Romans. And some say that he found a violent death -as a favour at the hands of one of his mercenaries. Such was the end of -these men for their impiety. - - And adjacent to the district of Bœæ is Epidaurus Limera, about -200 stades from Epidelium. And they say that it was colonized and -inhabited not by the Lacedæmonians but by some Epidaurians that lived -in Argolis, who, sailing to Cos to see Æsculapius on public business -put in at Laconia here, and according to visions they had continued -here. And they say that the dragon which they had brought with them -from Epidaurus escaped from the ship and dived into a hole not far from -the sea, and according to their visions and the wonderful behaviour of -their dragon they determined to dwell there. And at the point where the -dragon dived into a hole they erected altars to Æsculapius, and some -olive trees grow in the vicinity. About two stades further there is -on the right hand some water called the water of Ino, in size only a -small lake, but it goes very deep into the ground. Into this water on -the festival of Ino they throw barley cakes. If the water absorbs them -it is thought a lucky sign for the person who throws them in, but if -they float on the surface it is judged a bad sign. The craters at Ætna -have the same prophetic power. For they throw into them gold and silver -vessels, and offerings of all kinds. And if the fire absorbs them they -rejoice at it as a good sign, but if it rejects them they regard it as -a sure sign of misfortune for the person who has thrown them in. And -on the road from Bœæ to Epidaurus Limera there is a temple of Artemis -called by the Epidaurians Limnas. The town is at no great distance from -the sea, and is built on an eminence: and the sights worth seeing here -are the temple of Aphrodite, and a statue of Æsculapius in stone erect, -and a temple of Athene in the citadel, and in front of the harbour -a temple of Zeus Soter. And into the sea near the town juts out the -promontory Minoa. And the bay is very similar to all the others in -Laconia made by the encroaches of the sea. And the seashore has pebbles -beautiful in shape and of all kinds of colours. - - - - -CHAPTER XXIV. - - -About 100 stades from Epidaurus Limera is Zarax, in other respects -convenient as a harbour, but especially ravaged of all the towns of -the Eleutherolacones, for Cleonymus, the son of Cleomenes, the son of -Agesipolis, razed to the ground this alone of the Laconian towns. But -I have elsewhere spoken of Cleonymus. And at Zarax there is nothing -remarkable but a temple of Apollo at the end of the harbour, and a -statue of the god with a lyre. - - And as you go along the coast from Zarax about 6 stades, and then -turn and strike into the interior of the country for about 10 stades, -you come to the ruins of Cyphanta, where is a temple of Æsculapius -called Stethæum, and the statue of the god is of stone. And there is -a spring of cold water bubbling out from the rock. They say Atalanta -was parched with thirst hunting here, and struck the rock with her -lance and the water gushed forth. And Brasiæ near the sea is the last -place which belongs to the Eleutherolacones here, and it is about -200 stades’ sail from Cyphanta. And the natives here have traditions -different to all the other Greeks, for they say that Semele bare a son -to Zeus, and that she and her son Dionysus were spirited away by Cadmus -and put into a chest, and this chest was they say carried by the waves -to Brasiæ, and they say they buried magnificently Semele who was no -longer alive, and reared Dionysus. And in consequence of this the name -of their city, which had been hitherto called Oreatæ was changed to -_Brasiæ_, because of this landing from the chest. To this day in fact -most people speak of things cast ashore by the waves as _brashed_[44] -ashore. The people of Brasiæ say further that Ino came to their land -on her travels, and when she came there wished to be the nurse of -Dionysus. And they show the cave where she reared Dionysus, and they -call the plain Dionysus’ garden. And there are temples of Æsculapius -and Achilles there, and they have an annual feast to Achilles. And -there is a small promontory at Brasiæ, which slopes gently to the sea, -and there are some brazen statues on it not more than a foot high with -hats on their heads, I know not whether they are meant for Castor and -Pollux or the Corybantes, however there are three figures, and there -is also a statue of Athene. And on the right of Gythium is Las, ten -stades from the sea, and forty from Gythium. And the town is now built -on the ground between the three mountains called respectively Ilium and -Asia and Cnacadium, but it was originally on the crest of Asia: and -there are still ruins of the old town, and before the walls a statue -of Hercules, and a trophy over the Macedonians, who were a portion of -Philip’s army when he invaded Laconia, but wandered from the rest of -the army, and ravaged the maritime parts of the country. And there is -among the ruins a temple of Athene under the title of Asia, erected -they say by Castor and Pollux on their safe return from Colchi, where -they had seen a temple of Athene Asia. I know that they took part in -the expedition with Jason, and that the Colchians honour Athene Asia -I have heard from the people of Las. And there is a fountain near the -new town called from the colour of its water Galaco (_milky_), and -near the fountain is a gymnasium, and an ancient statue of Hermes. And -on Mount Ilium there is a temple of Dionysus, and on the top of the -hill one of Æsculapius, and on Cnacadium Carnean Apollo. And if you -go forward about 30 stades from Carnean Apollo there are at a place -called Hypsi, on the borders of Sparta, temples of Æsculapius and of -Daphnean Artemis. And on a promontory near the sea is the temple of -Artemis Dictynna, whose feast they keep annually. And on the left of -this promontory the river Smenus discharges itself into the sea. The -water is fresh to drink, and rises on Mount Taygetus, and is not more -than five stades distant from Hypsi. And in the place called Araïnum is -the tomb of Las, and over his tomb a statue. This Las they say was the -founder of the town, and was killed by Achilles, who they say came to -their town to ask Helen in marriage of Tyndareus. But to speak truth it -was Patroclus that killed Las: for it was he that wooed Helen. For that -Achilles is not represented as one of Helen’s suitors in the Catalogue -of Women, would indeed be no proof that he did not ask for Helen’s -hand: but Homer has stated very early in the Iliad[45] that Achilles -went to Troy to gratify the sons of Atreus, and not bound by any oath -to Tyndareus, and has represented Antilochus in the Games saying -that he was younger than Odysseus,[46] and has described Odysseus as -discoursing about what he had seen in Hades and other things, and -how he wished to see Theseus and Pirithous, who were older men than -himself, and we know that Theseus ran away with Helen. So it is hardly -permissible at all to think that Achilles could have been a suitor of -Helen. - - - - -CHAPTER XXV. - - -Not far from the tomb of Las the river called Scyras falls into the -sea; it had no name for a long time and was called Scyras because -Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles, put in there with his fleet, when he -sailed from Scyrus to marry Hermione. And when you have crossed the -river there is an ancient temple at some distance from an altar of -Zeus. And at forty stades’ distance from the river is Pyrrhichus in -the heart of the country. Some say the town was so called from Pyrrhus -the son of Achilles, others say Pyrrhichus was the god of the Curetes. -There are some even that say Silenus came from Malea and dwelt here. -That Silenus was brought up at Malea is plain from these lines of -Pindar,[47] - - ‘The mighty, the dance-loving Silenus, - Reared by the Malea-born husband of Nais.’ - -That Pyrrhichus was his name has not been told us by Pindar, -but is a tradition of those that live at Malea. And there is at -Pyrrhichus a conduit in the market-place, which they think they owe -to Silenus: and if the conduit were to fail them they would be short -of water. And the temples at Pyrrhichus are two, one of Artemis the -Putter-of-an-end-to-War, because here the Amazons were stopped from any -further warfare, and one of Apollo Amazonius. Both have wooden statues, -and tradition says they were votive offerings of the women that came -from Thermodon. - - As you go towards the sea from Pyrrhichus you come to Teuthrone, -which they say was built by Teuthras an Athenian. And of all the gods -they pay most honour to Issorian Artemis, and they have a fountain -called Naia. And a hundred and fifty stades from Teuthrone is the -promontory of Tænarum jutting out into the sea, and the harbours -Achilleus and Psamathus. And on the promontory there is a temple like a -cave, and before it a statue of Poseidon. And some of the Greeks have -represented that it was here that Hercules brought up Cerberus from -the lower world, though there is no underground road leading up to the -cave, nor could one easily believe that the gods have any underground -dwelling, where departed souls congregate. But Hecatæus the Milesian -has a probable legend, that a dreadful serpent called Cerberus was -reared at Tænarum, and that whoever was bitten by it was sure to die, -so venomous was its bite, and this serpent was dragged by Hercules to -Eurystheus. Homer, who first spoke of the dog being dragged from Hades -by Hercules, gave him no name, nor complete description as he did of -the Chimæra.[48] But others afterwards called the dog Cerberus, and -said he was like a dog in all respects except that he had 3 heads, -though Homer said no more that he was the domestic animal called the -dog than if he had called a real serpent the dog of Hades. There are -several works of art at Tænarum, and among others the harper Arion -in brass riding on the dolphin’s back. As to Arion and the dolphin -Herodotus[49] has given the tradition as he heard it in his history -about Lydia. I have myself seen at Poroselene a dolphin so full of -gratitude to a boy, by whom he had been healed of wounds received from -some fishermen, that he was obedient to his call, and carried him on -his back over the sea whenever he wished. There is also a fountain at -Tænarum, which now presents nothing marvellous, but in former times -they say gave to those who looked into it the sight of harbours and -ships. This peculiarity of the water was stopped for all time by a -woman’s washing her dirty linen in it. - - About 40 stades’ sail from the promontory of Tænarum is a place -called Cænepolis, which was also formerly called Tænarum. And in it -is a chapel of Demeter, and a temple of Aphrodite near the sea, and a -stone statue of the goddess erect. And 30 stades thence is Thyrides -the topmost peak of Tænarum, and the ruins of the town of Hippola, and -among them the temple of Athene of Hippola, and at a little distance -the town and harbour of Messa. It is about 150 stades from this harbour -to Œtylus. And the hero from whom Œtylus got its name was originally -from Argos, being the son of Amphianax, the son of Antimachus. The most -notable things to see in Œtylus are the temple of Serapis, and a wooden -statue in the market-place of Carnean Apollo. - - - - -CHAPTER XXVI. - - -From Œtylus to Thalamæ the distance by road is about 80 stades, and by -the roadside is a temple and oracle of Ino. They get their oracular -responses asleep, for whatever they want to know the goddess shews them -in dreams. And there are two brazen statues in the open air part of the -temple, one of Pasiphae, and one of the Sun. What the statue in the -temple is made of is not easy to see from the quantity of the garlands, -but they say that it too is of brass. And fresh water flows from a -sacred fount, called the water of the Moon. Pasiphae indeed is not the -indigenous goddess of the people of Thalamæ. - - And about twenty stades from Thalamæ is a place called Pephnos, by -the sea. There is a little island in front of it not greater than a big -rock, which is also called Pephnos, and the people of Thalamæ say that -it was the birthplace of Castor and Pollux. Alcman also gives us the -same account I know in one of his poems. But they do not say that they -were brought up at Pephnos, for Hermes took them to Pellana. And in -this island there are brazen statues of Castor and Pollux about a foot -high in the open air. These the sea cannot move from their position, -though in winter time it dashes violently over the rock. This is indeed -wonderful, and the ants there are whiter in colour than ants generally. -The Messenians say that the island originally belonged to them, so that -they claim Castor and Pollux as theirs rather than as deities of the -Lacedæmonians. - - About twenty stades from Pephnos is Leuctra. Why it was so called I -do not know: but if it was from Leucippus the son of Perieres, as the -Messenians say, this will be why they honour Æsculapius here most of -all the gods, as the son of Arsinoe the daughter of Leucippus. And -there is a statue of Æsculapius in stone, and one of Ino in another -part of the town. There is also a temple and statue of Cassandra the -daughter of Priam, who is called Alexandra by the people of Leuctra: -and there are some wooden statues of Carnean Apollo, who is worshipped -in the same way as by the Lacedæmonians at Sparta. And in the citadel -there is a temple and statue of Athene. And there is a temple and grove -of Eros, and in winter-time water flows through the grove: but the -leaves that fall from the trees in autumn could never be carried away -by the water even if it were very plentiful. But what I know happened -in my time at a part of Leuctra near the sea, I will now relate. The -wind fanned a fire in the wood so that it burnt down most of the trees: -and when the spot became bare, there was a statue of Ithomatan Zeus -discovered which had been erected there. The Messenians say that this -is a proof that Leuctra was originally part of Messenia. But Ithomatan -Zeus might have received honours from the Lacedæmonians as well, if -they originally lived at Leuctra. - - And Cardamyle, which Homer[50] has mentioned in the promises of -gifts made by Agamemnon, is subject to Sparta, as the Emperor Augustus -detached it from Messenia. It is eight stades from the sea, and sixty -from Leuctra. And not far from the seashore is a grove sacred to the -daughters of Nereus, for the story goes that they climbed up to this -place from the sea to see Pyrrhus the son of Achilles, when he went off -to Sparta to marry Hermione. In this small town there is a temple of -Athene and Carnean Apollo, whom they worship according to the Dorian -fashion. - - And the city called, by Homer[51] Enope, the inhabitants of which -are Messenians though they join the Council of the Eleutherolacones, -is called in our time Gerenia. Some say Nestor was brought up in this -city, others that he fled here when Pylos was taken by Hercules. -Gerenia contains the tomb and temple of Machaon the son of Æsculapius: -from whom men may have possibly learnt the healing of diseases. The -sacred place they call Rhodon, and the statue of Machaon is erect -in brass. And on its head is a garland, which the Messenians call -_ciphos_[52] in their country’s tongue. The writer of the epic poem -called the Little Iliad says that Machaon was killed by Eurypylus -the son of Telephus. That is why (as I myself know) in the rites in -the temple of Æsculapius at Pergamum, they begin with the Hymns of -Telephus, but make no reference in their singing to Eurypylus, nor -will they name him at all in the temple, because they know he was the -murderer of Machaon. And the tradition is that Nestor recovered the -bones of Machaon. And Podalirius, when the Greeks were returning after -the sack of Ilium, was carried they say out of his way to Syrnum a -place in the Continent of Caria, and getting there safe built a town -there. - - In the Gerenian district is the mountain Calathium, and on it is a -temple of Clæa and a grotto near the temple, with a narrow entrance: -within there are several objects worth seeing. And from Gerenia to -Alagonia in the interior is about 30 stades, but that town I have -already mentioned amongst the Eleutherolacones. And the sights best -worth seeing there are the temples of Dionysus and Artemis. - - - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[30] _Odyssey_, xix. 178, 179. - -[31] Iliad, xix. 117. - -[32] Mentioned ii, 38; iii, i. Pausanias now returns to topography. - -[33] _Gymnopædia_, as its name denotes, was a yearly festival at which -boys danced naked and went through gymnastic exercises. - -[34] The cornel tree is in Greek κράνεια. Transposition of the ρ will -give κάρνειος as the title of the god. This will explain text. - -[35] It means boxers, or football players. - -[36] A name for Ares the god of war, the Latin Mars. - -[37] So Bacon calls revenge ‘a kind of wild justice.’ _Essay_ iv. - -[38] Reading the emendation of _Sylburgius_ κατὰ τὸ Σκύλλαιον τὴν ἄκραν. - -[39] Iliad, xiv. 231. - -[40] Reading τρεῖς with Facius. - -[41] Iliad, xxiv. 41. Pausanias derives from Θήρ or Θηρίον. - -[42] Iliad, ii. 584. - -[43] Iliad, xviii. 140, 141. - -[44] We coin a word to keep the Paronomasia. - -[45] Iliad, i. 158-160. - -[46] Is this a slip of Pausanias for _Menelaus_? See Iliad, xxiii. 587, -588. - -[47] Only found as a fragment now. - -[48] In Odyssey, xi. 623, he is simply called κύνα, in Iliad, viii. -368, κύνα στυγερoῦ Ἀΐδαο. And κύων has various senses. - -[49] Herodotus, i. 23, 24. - -[50] Iliad, ix. 292. - -[51] Iliad, ix. 292. - -[52] Our _coif_. - - - - -BOOK IV.--MESSENIA. - - - - -CHAPTER I. - - -The border of Messenia towards Laconia, as fixed by Augustus, is at -Gerenia, and in our time is called the Chœrian dell. This country, -originally without inhabitants, is described to have been inhabited -by the first colonists in the following manner. After the death of -Lelex, who reigned in what is now called Laconia, but was then called -Lelegia after him, Myles who was the elder of his sons succeeded him, -and Polycaon the younger was only a private person till he married -the Argive Messene, the daughter of Triopas, the son of Phorbas. But -Messene, being full of pride owing to her father, who was foremost of -all the Greeks in merit and power, did not think it tolerable that -her husband should be a private person. So they gathered together -an army from Argos and Lacedæmon and invaded this country, and the -whole district was called Messene from her. And several other cities -were built, as well as the place where the royal headquarters were -established, _viz._ Andania. Before the battle which the Thebans fought -with the Lacedæmonians at Leuctra, and the building of Messene in our -day close to Ithome, I know of no city that was previously called -Messene. My inference is very much confirmed by Homer. For in the -catalogue of those who went to Ilium, when enumerating Pylos and Arene -and other cities, he mentions no Messene. And in the Odyssey he shews -that by this time the Messenians were a race and not a city, - - ‘For the Messenians took cattle from Ithaca,’[53] - -and clearer still in speaking of the bow of Iphitus, - - ‘They two in Messene met one another, - In the house of Ortilochus.’[54] - -By the house of Ortilochus in Messene he meant the town of Pheræ, as he -has shewn in the visit of Pisistratus to Menelaus, - - ‘They went to Pheræ to the house of Diocles, - The son of Ortilochus.’[55] - - However the first rulers of this country were Polycaon (the son -of Lelex) and his wife Messene. Caucon, the son of Celænus, the son -of Phlyus, introduced here from Eleusis the mysteries of the Great -Goddesses. Phlyus was according to the Athenian tradition the son of -Mother Earth. And this tradition of theirs is confirmed by the Hymn of -Musæus made for the Lycomidæ in honour of Demeter. And the rites of -the Great Goddesses were held in greater honour many years afterwards, -owing to Lycus the son of Pandion, than in Caucon’s days. And they -still call the place where he purged the initiated the oak coppice of -Lycus. That there is an oak-coppice in this land called Lycus’ is also -borne out by Rhianus the Cretan, - - ‘By rocky Elæum and beyond the oak-coppice of Lycus.’ - -And that this Lycus was the son of Pandion is plain by the inscription -on the statue of Methapus. This Methapus reformed some of the rites. He -was an Athenian by race, an organizer of all sorts of mystic rites. He -it was who established also among the Thebans the rites of the Cabiri. -And he erected near the enclosure of the Lycomidæ a statue with an -inscription which confirms my account. “I have purified the home and -paths of Hermes and the firstborn daughter of Demeter, where they say -Messene established games to the Great Goddesses, owing to the son -of Caucon, the illustrious descendant of Phlyus. But I wonder that -Lycus the son of Pandion should establish the sacred rites of Atthis -in venerable Andania.” This inscription shews that Caucon who came to -Messene was the descendant of Phlyus, and confirms all the other facts -about Lycus, and that the mysteries in ancient times were celebrated -at Andania. And it seems also common sense that Messene would not -establish the mysteries in any other place than where she and Polycaon -lived. - - - - -CHAPTER II. - - -And being very anxious to know accurately who the sons of Polycaon -were by Messene, I perused the poem called _the Great Eœæ_ and the -Naupactian poems, and also all the genealogical information of Cinæthon -and Asius. And yet I did not discover anything in them except that -_the Great Eœæ_ say that Polycaon the son of Butes married Euæchme, -the daughter of Hyllus the son of Hercules, but they make no mention -of either Messene or her husband. But in after time, when none of the -descendants of Polycaon survived, they continued five generations and -no more, they introduced as King Perieres the son of Æolus. To his -court came as the Messenians say Melaneus, a skilful archer and for -that reason thought to be the son of Apollo, and Perieres assigned -to him Carnasium to dwell in, which was formerly called Œchalia from -the wife of Melaneus. But the Thessalians and Eubœans--for there are -almost always disputed accounts of most Grecian events--give different -accounts. The former say that Eurytium a place deserted in our days -was a city in old times and called Œchalia: but Creophylus in his -Heraclea has written what corresponds with the account of the Eubœans. -And Hecatæus the Milesian writes that Œchalia is in Scium a part of -Eretria. But the Messenians seem to me to give the most probable -account, especially about the bones of Eurytus, which I shall touch -upon later. And Perieres had by Gorgophone the daughter of Perseus -Aphareus and Leucippus who, on his death, succeeded their father as -kings of the Messenians, but Aphareus had most power. During his reign -he built the city Arene which got its name from the daughter of Œbalus, -his wife and uterine sister. For Gorgophone was married to Œbalus, as -I have already mentioned, in my account of Argolis, and also in my -account of Laconia. Aphareus then built the city Arene in Messenia, and -received into his house his cousin Neleus, the son of Cretheus, the -son of Æolus (who was surnamed Poseidon), when he fled from Pelias at -Iolcus, and gave him the maritime parts of the land, among which were -several other cities besides Pylos, where Neleus dwelt, and made it his -seat of government. And Lycus the son of Pandion came also to Arene, -when he also fled from Athens from his brother Ægeus. And he taught the -mysteries of the Great Goddesses to Aphareus and his sons and his wife -Arene. And he introduced them into Andania, for Caucon there initiated -Messene. And the elder and more manly of Aphareus’ children was Idas, -and the younger was Lynceus, of whom Pindar said, believe it who will, -that he had such keen eyesight that he could see through the trunk of -a tree. We do not know of Lynceus having had a son, but Ides had by -Marpessa a daughter Cleopatra, who married Meleager. And the writer -of the Cyprian Poems says that the wife of Protesilaus, (who when the -Greeks got to the Troad was the first who ventured to land), was by -name Polydora, and he also says that she was the daughter of Meleager -the son of Œneus. If this be correct then all these three women, -beginning with Marpessa, committed suicide after the death of their -husbands. - - - - -CHAPTER III. - - -But when between the sons of Aphareus and Castor and Pollux (their -uncles) a quarrel arose about cattle, and Lynceus was slain by Pollux, -while Idas died smitten with lightning, the house of Aphareus was -entirely deprived of male offspring, and upon Nestor the son of Neleus -devolved the kingdom of the Messenians, over all whom Idas reigned over -and others besides, except those who followed the sons of Æsculapius. -For they say that the sons of Æsculapius that went on the expedition -to Ilium were Messenians: for Æsculapius was the son of Arsinoe the -daughter of Leucippus, and not the son of Coronis. And they call a -deserted place in Messenia Tricca, it is mentioned by Homer in the -passage where Nestor is consoling Machaon, who was wounded with an -arrow. He would not have exhibited such kindness except to a neighbour -and king of the same tribe. They confirm also greatly this account -about the children of Æsculapius by showing at Gerenia the monument of -Machaon, and at Pharæ the temple of the sons of Machaon. - - And after the end of the war against Ilium, and the death of Nestor -after his return home, the expedition of the Dorians and return of -the Heraclidæ two generations afterwards drove out the descendants of -Neleus from Messenia. And this was as it were the climax of the doings -of Temenus which I have already described. But I will narrate this much -more. When the Dorians assigned Argos to Temenus, Cresphontes asked -of them Messenia, on the ground that he was older than Aristodemus, -who had just died. But Theras the son of Autesion vehemently opposed -Cresphontes; he was of Theban ancestry and fifth descendant of -Polynices the son of Œdipus, and at this time Guardian of Aristodemus’ -sons, as he was their uncle on the mother’s side, for Aristodemus -had married the daughter of Autesion, whose name was Argia. But -Cresphontes, for he was determined to have Messenia, begged of Temenus -to decide the question by lots. And Temenus put into a water-pot which -had water in it the lots of Cresphontes and the sons of Aristodemus -separately, so that he whose lot came up first should have Messenia. -Temenus prepared both the lots, the lot of the sons of Aristodemus -he made of clay dried in the sun, and Cresphontes’ lot of clay that -had been baked in the furnace: and the lot of the sons of Aristodemus -melted, and stuck to the bottom of the water-pot, so that Cresphontes -(for his lot came out) got possession in this way of Messenia. And -the old Messenians were not turned out by the Dorians, but agreed to -Cresphontes being their king, and to the partition of the land among -the Dorians. And they were brought over to this compliance by suspicion -of their former kings, because they were Minyæ who had originally -sprung from Iolcus. And the wife of Cresphontes was Merope the daughter -of Cypselus (who was at that time king of the Arcadians), by whom -he had several children and the name of the youngest was Æpytus. And -his palace, where he himself and his sons meant to live, he built at -Stenyclerus: for in ancient times Perieres and the other kings lived -at Andania, and after Aphareus had built Arene he and his sons lived -there, and in the reign of Nestor and his descendants the Court lived -at Pylos, but Cresphontes changed the royal residence to Stenyclerus. -And, as he chiefly ingratiated himself with the people, the wealthy -classes rose up in insurrection against him and killed him and all his -sons except Æpytus, who being quite a boy was brought up by Cypselus, -and alone survived of all the house, and when he grew to man’s estate -the Arcadians restored him to Messene. And the other kings of the -Dorians, the sons of Aristodemus, and Isthmius the son of Temenus, -joined in bringing him back. And when Æpytus became king he punished -his father’s murderers, and all those who had instigated the crime: -and bringing over to his side by his attentions those who were in high -position among the Messenians, and the populace by gifts, he arrived at -such a pitch of honour that his descendants were called Æpytidæ instead -of Heraclidæ. - - And Glaucus the son of Æpytus, who succeeded his father, in all -other respects imitated his father both in public and private, but far -exceeded him in piety. For when the sacred enclosure of Zeus on the -summit of Ithome did not receive honours among the Dorians, through the -neglect of Polycaon and Messene, Glaucus restored his worship: and was -the first to sacrifice to Machaon the son of Æsculapius at Gerenia, and -awarded such gifts to Messene the daughter of Triopas as are usually -bestowed on heroes. And Isthmius Glaucus’ son also built a temple to -Gorgasus and Nicomachus at Pharæ. And the son of Isthmius was Dotadas, -who, though Messenia had several other havens, constructed one at -Mothone. And Sybotas the son of Dotadas decreed that annually the king -should sacrifice by the river Pamisus, and offer victims to Eurytus the -son of Melaneus in Œchalia, before the rites of the Great Goddesses -that are still celebrated in Andania. - - - - -CHAPTER IV. - - -And in the reign of Phintas, the son of Sybotas, the Messenians first -sent to Apollo at Delos sacrifices and a choir of men. And their -processional Hymn to the god was composed by Eumelus, and these are -considered the only genuine lines of Eumelus. It was during the reign -of this Phintas that a disagreement for the first time came about -between the Lacedæmonians and the Messenians. The cause is doubtful, -but is traditionally as follows. On the borders of Messenia is a -temple of Artemis Limnas, in which the Messenians and Lacedæmonians -were the only Dorians that had a share. The Lacedæmonians say that -some maidens of theirs who were present at the feast were violated by -some Messenians, and that their king Teleclus, (the son of Archelaus, -the son of Agesilaus, the son of Doryssus, the son of Labotas, the -son of Echestratus, the son of Agis,) was slain in endeavouring to -prevent this outrage. They also say that the maidens who were violated -put themselves to death from shame. But the Messenian account is that -Teleclus plotted against their persons of quality that came to the -temple, on account of the excellence of the Messenian soil, and picked -out some beardless Spartans, and, dressing them in female attire and -ornaments like maidens, introduced them armed with daggers among some -of the Messenians who were resting: but the other Messenians came -up to the rescue, and killed the beardless young men and Teleclus -himself. And the Lacedæmonians--for their king had not contrived all -this without the common consent--knowing that they had begun the wrong, -did not demand vengeance for the murder of Teleclus. These are the -different accounts the two nations give, let everyone accept the view -he prefers. - - And a generation afterwards, when Alcamenes the son of Teleclus was -king at Lacedæmon, and the king of the other family was Theopompus, the -son of Nicander, the son of Charillus, the son of Polydectes, the son -of Eunomus, the son of Prytanis, the son of Eurypon, and Antiochus and -Androcles the sons of Phintas were kings of the Messenians, strife -arose between the Lacedæmonians and Messenians, and the Lacedæmonians -began hostilities, availing themselves, as they were full of animosity -and very warlike, of an adequate and even specious pretext. But had -their disposition been more peaceable it would have been settled by -arbitration. This is what happened. Polychares a Messenian in other -respects not obscure was a victor at Olympia in the games, when the -people of Elis were celebrating their 4th Olympiad and competed only -in the race in which Polychares was victor. This man had much cattle -and, because he had not sufficient land to pasture them upon, he handed -them over to Euæphnus a Spartan to feed on his land, on condition that -he should have a share in the produce of the cattle. Now Euæphnus was -a person who preferred unrighteous gains to acting with integrity, -and was generally speaking a wheedling fellow, so he sold the oxen -of Polychares to merchants who sailed to Laconia, and went himself -to Polychares and reported to him that some pirates had landed on -the spot, and violently robbed him both of cattle and herdsmen. And -while he was deceiving Polychares one of the herdsmen fled from the -merchants, and coming back to Polychares found Euæphnus with him, and -accused him to his master. And being detected and having no defence, -he earnestly begged for pardon from Polychares and his son: on the -score that, among the elements in human nature whereby we become -unjust almost by compulsion, the love of gain is the most powerful. -And he stated the sum which he had received for the cattle, and asked -Polychares’ son to go with him and carry it back to his father. And -when they went on their journey and got to Laconia, Euæphnus dared a -deed more unholy than the former, he slew the son of Polychares. And -when Polychares knew of this last misfortune, he went to Lacedæmon to -the kings and Ephors, and went wailing through the multitude, reckoning -up what he had suffered at the hands of Euæphnus, whom he had treated -as a friend, and trusted more than all the Lacedæmonians. And when he -got no redress, though he went continually to the authorities, then he -went off his head, and giving way to his anger, and being perfectly -reckless of the consequences, endeavoured to kill every Lacedæmonian he -met. - - - - -CHAPTER V. - - -The Lacedæmonian account is that they went to war because Polychares -was not given up to them, and because of the murder of Teleclus, and -because they were suspected earlier still of having had a hand in the -villany of Cresphontes about the lots. But the Messenians contradict -what I have already said about Teleclus, and point to the fact that -Æpytus the son of Cresphontes was restored by the sons of Aristodemus, -which they would never have done had they been at variance with -Cresphontes. And they say that they did not give up Polychares to -the Lacedæmonians for punishment, because neither would they give up -Euæphnus, but they were willing that sentence should be given by the -Argives (who were the kinsmen of both) at Amphictyonia, or that the -case should be submitted to the Court at Athens called the Areopagus, -because that court seemed from ancient times appointed for murder -cases. They also say that the Lacedæmonians did not go to war on this -account, but in consequence of their ambition plotted against their -land and did various things, alleging at one time the condition of -Arcadia, at another the state of Argos, for they were never satisfied -with slicing off from time to time the territory of both of those -people. And they were the first to become friends of the barbarian -Crœsus who sent them gifts, at the time when he reduced to slavery -all the Greeks in Asia Minor, and all the Dorians that dwelt in the -mainland of Caria. And they declare that, when the Phocian leaders -plundered the temple at Delphi, the kings at Sparta and other noblemen -privately, and the Ephors and senators publicly, had a hand in it. -And above all, to shew that the Lacedæmonians would stick at nothing -for lucre, they twitted them with their alliance with Apollodorus the -tyrant of Cassandrea. Why indeed the Messenians consider this such a -bitter taunt, I cannot now discuss: for except that the courage of -the Messenians and the length of time they fought differed from the -tyranny of Apollodorus, they suffered nearly as much as the people of -Cassandrea. These are the causes which each nation assign for the war. - - And now an embassy of Lacedæmonians came to demand the extradition of -Polychares. The kings of the Messenians however answered the embassy -that after deliberation with the people they would send an answer -to Sparta, and accordingly after the departure of the embassy they -convened the citizens to a general assembly. And different opinions -were bandied about; Androcles thought they ought to give up Polychares -as having acted impiously and most savagely, Antiochus took the -opposite view, and maintained that it would be most distressing if -Polychares should suffer before the eyes of Euæphnus, and enumerated -the harrowing details of what his punishment would be. And eventually -the rival parties of Androcles and Antiochus proceeded to such lengths -that they took up arms. However their strife was not long continued, -for the party of Antiochus, being far superior in numbers, slew -Androcles and the most illustrious of his partizans. And Antiochus -being now the only king sent letters to Sparta, to say that he would -submit the matter to the arbitration of the courts I have mentioned. -But the Lacedæmonians are said to have given no answer to the bearers -of these letters. And not many months afterwards Antiochus died, and -Euphaes his son succeeded him. And the Lacedæmonians not only sent -no herald to proclaim war with the Messenians, nor openly renounced -friendship with them, but made their preparations as secretly as -possible, and previously bound themselves by oath that neither for -length of war (if it should not be decided speedily), nor for reverses -(if they should meet with even great ones), would they leave off till -they had won Messenia by the fortune of war. After taking this oath -they made a night-attack on Amphea, having appointed Alcamenes the son -of Teleclus as their General. Amphea is a small town in Messenia but -near Laconia, situated on a high hill, and well supplied with water. -And in other respects Amphea seemed a very convenient base for their -war. So they captured the town, the gates being open and no garrison -there, and killed all the Messenians that they took in the town, some -even in their beds, and others as they found them sitting as suppliants -at the temples and altars of the gods, and only a few escaped. This was -the first attack the Lacedæmonians made upon Messenia, in the second -year of the ninth Olympiad, in which Xenodocus the Messenian was victor -in the race. And at Athens there were not as yet yearly magistrates -appointed by lot: for the descendants of Melanthus, who were called -Medontidæ, had at first much of their power taken away by the people, -and instead of a kingdom their power became limited, and afterwards -their authority was definitely restricted to ten years. At the time of -the capture of Amphea Æsimides, the son of Æschylus, was in the fifth -year of his government over the Athenians. - - - - -CHAPTER VI. - - -But before I write the history of this war, and the actions and -sufferings entailed by it upon both parties by Providence, I wish -to relate in their order the exploits of Aristomenes the Messenian -hero. For this war between the Lacedæmonians and their allies and -the Messenians and their mercenaries did not get its name from the -attacking force, as the Persian and Peloponnesian wars, but was called -the Messenian war from the disasters which befell the Messenians, just -as the war at Ilium got called Trojan and not Grecian, so it was in -this war, which Rhianus of Bene and Myron of Priene have celebrated, -the former in poetry, the latter in prose. Neither of them however -have narrated fully the events of the war from beginning to end, but -Myron has described the capture of Amphea and its consequences up -to the death of Aristodemus, and Rhianus has not touched at all the -commencement of the war, but only what eventually happened to the -Messenians in consequence of their quarrel with the Lacedæmonians, -and he has not described even the whole of this, but only what took -place after the battle which they fought at what was called _the great -trench_; and the hero Aristomenes on whose account only I mentioned -Rhianus and Myron, and who was the first and foremost in bringing -the name of Messene to honour, this hero (I say) has been introduced -by Myron into his history, and by Rhianus into his poem, in which -Aristomenes is as much lauded as Achilles by Homer in the Iliad. As -these two have given such different accounts, I am obliged to accept -one of them and not both together. Rhianus appears to me to speak more -probably about the age of Aristomenes. But Myron, as one can learn -in other particulars and not least in the history of this Messenian -war, does not with sufficient accuracy test the truth or at least -probability of what he relates. For he states that Aristomenes slew -Theopompus, the king of the Lacedæmonians, a little before the death -of Aristodemus, whereas we know that Theopompus did not die in battle -or in any other way before the end of the war. And in fact Theopompus -concluded the war, as the elegiac lines of Tyrtæus bear me out, - - ‘To our king Theopompus god-beloved, - Through whom we took Messene spacious town.’ - -Aristomenes therefore in my opinion was in the second Messenian war, -and I shall relate in detail all about him when I come to that part of -my subject. - - Now the Messenians, when they heard all that had happened at Amphea -from those who escaped from its capture, convened delegates from all -their towns at Stenyclerus. And when the people were gathered together -in the assembly, several of those in authority, and last of all the -king, exhorted them not to be dejected at the fall of Amphea as if all -the war were decided thereby, and not to fear the preparations of the -Lacedæmonians as more formidable than their own, for although they had -had longer experience in war, yet the Messenians would find necessity -a great spur to brave men, and would meet with greater favour from the -gods as defending their country, and not commencing hostilities. - - - - -CHAPTER VII. - - -With these words Euphaes dismissed the assembly, and from that time -forward kept all the Messenians under arms, compelling those that did -not know to learn the art of war, and making those that did practise -more frequently than before. And the Lacedæmonians made incursions into -Messenia, but did not injure the country inasmuch as they considered -it their own, neither did they cut down trees nor pull down houses; -but they drove off whatever cattle they found, and carried off the -corn and all fruit. They likewise made attacks on some of the towns -but took none, inasmuch as they were strongly fortified and carefully -guarded, and after much loss they desisted from the attempt, and ceased -attacking them. And the Messenians plundered the maritime parts of -Laconia, and all the farms in the neighbourhood of Mount Taygetus. And -in the 4th year after the capture of Amphea Euphaes, full of zeal from -the ardour of the Messenians who were boiling over with rage at the -Lacedæmonians, and at the same time thinking their training complete, -ordered a march, and bade the slaves follow with wood and all other -things necessary for entrenching a camp. And the Lacedæmonians heard -from the garrison at Amphea that the Messenians were on the march, -and they too marched out to battle. And at a place in Messenia very -convenient for a battle, with a deep ravine in front of it, Euphaes -drew up the Messenians in battle array, having appointed Cleonnis to -the chief command: the cavalry and light-armed troops, which were -both less than 500, were under Pytharatus and Antander. And when the -two armies engaged the ravine prevented the heavy-armed troops from -encountering, though they advanced against one another eagerly and -impetuously in their mutual hatred, but the cavalry and the light-armed -troops engaged above the ravine, and they were equally matched in -numbers and skill, and consequently the battle was evenly poised. But -while these were engaged, Euphaes ordered the slaves first to fortify -the rear of the army and then the flanks with stockades. And when night -overtook them and the battle was stayed, then they fortified also the -front of the camp opposite the ravine, so that next day the tactical -skill and foresight of Euphaes dawned upon the Lacedæmonians, and they -found that they could not fight against the Messenians if they would -not come out of their entrenchments, and they despaired of besieging -them as they had no siege train. - - And so they returned home: and a year afterwards, when the old man -reviled them and taunted them with cowardice and disregard of their -oath, they openly made preparations for a second campaign against -the Messenians. And they were led by both their kings, Theopompus the -son of Nicander, and Polydorus the son of Alcamenes, for Alcamenes -was now dead. And the Messenians made counter-preparations, and -when the Spartans marched to battle moved out to meet them. And the -Lacedæmonians were led by Polydorus on the left wing, and Theopompus on -the right, and in the centre by Euryleon, a Lacedæmonian for the nonce -but originally a Theban descended from Cadmus, the fifth descendant -from Ægeus, the son of Œolycus, the son of Theras, the son of Autesion. -And opposite the right wing of the Lacedæmonians were the Messenians -under Antander and Euphaes, and on the wing opposite Polydorus under -Pytharatus, and in the centre under Cleonnis. And as they were just -going to engage, the kings came up and exhorted their men. To the -Lacedæmonians Theopompus made a short harangue according to the custom -of his country, reminding them of their oath against the Messenians, -and how noble an ambition it was to shew themselves more capable of -brilliant exploits than their fathers who subjugated their neighbours, -and to acquire a richer territory. Euphaes spoke at greater length than -the Lacedæmonian king, but not more so than the occasion warranted. -For he shewed that the contest was not only for land or possessions, -but they knew clearly he said what misery would come upon them if -they were conquered: their wives and children would be led off into -captivity, the lightest punishment for their young men would be death, -perhaps not unaccompanied by outrage, their temples would be plundered, -their country destroyed by fire. He was not he said merely making -suppositions, what those who were taken at Amphea had suffered was -proof positive of all that he said. Rather than bear such ills it would -be preferable to die nobly, and it would be much easier (when they were -yet unconquered and as bold as the enemy) to vanquish their adversaries -by their courage, than to retrieve their ruined fortunes if they were -faint-hearted now. Such was the speech of Euphaes. - - - - -CHAPTER VIII. - - -And directly the leaders on either side gave the signal for battle, -the Messenians came on at the double, and exposed themselves freely -as men dealing death in their rage at every blow, and everyone was -anxious to begin the fight. And the Lacedæmonians rushed out to meet -them with equal ardour, but took care not to break their line. And when -they got to close quarters, they threatened one another, rattling their -arms, and looking fiercely at one another, and proceeded to abuse, the -Lacedæmonians saying that the Messenians were already their slaves, and -that they were not a whit freer than the Helots, and the Messenians -replying that they were impious in what they were attempting, _viz._ -in attacking kinsmen for the sake of gain, and were profane to the -national gods of the Dorians and especially to Hercules. And by this -time they followed up words with blows, and rushed on one another pell -mell (with greatest vigour the Lacedæmonians), man attacking man. From -their long experience and practice in war the Lacedæmonians had the -advantage, and also from their numbers, (for the neighbouring nations -who were subject to them they had with them in their army, and the -Asinæi and Dryopes, who a generation earlier had been driven by the -Argives from their own land and had come to Lacedæmon as suppliants, -were now compelled to swell their army), and against the light-armed -troops of the Messenians they had Cretan archers, mercenaries. And the -Messenians were animated equally by despair and contempt of death, and -all their sufferings they looked on as necessary rather than dreadful -to those who loved their country’s honour, and the more vigorously they -fought the harder they thought would things go for the Lacedæmonians. -And some of them advancing in front of their lines exhibited brilliant -bravery, and others badly wounded and scarce alive were animated by -desperation. And they cheered one another on, those who were alive -and yet unwounded encouraging the wounded to receive with joy their -fate, and sell their lives as dearly as possible: and the wounded, -(when they perceived their strength failing, and that they would -soon yield up their breath), urging on the unwounded to shew as much -courage as themselves had shewn, and not to let their death be useless -to their country. But the Lacedæmonians at first made no harangues to -their men, and were not as ready as the Messenians to display heroic -courage: but being accustomed to war from boys their formation in line -was deeper, and they expected that the Messenians could not hold out -as long as they could, nor stand the strain of their heavy armour, -nor their wounds. Such were the peculiar features of each army in -respect to both the behaviour and feelings of the combatants: what -was common to both was that no quarter was asked for, perhaps this -was despaired of from their fierce hatred, and they felt the greatest -self-indignation that they had not sold their lives dearer: and those -that killed their man abstained both from boasting and reproaches, -being uncertain which party would win. And most unexpectedly fell -those who were endeavouring to plunder some of the dead bodies, for -either by disclosing some naked part of their body they got pierced -with darts, not on their guard in their thirst for plunder, or they -were killed by some of those whom they were attempting to rob who were -still alive. The kings also fought right valiantly, and Theopompus -rushed with ungovernable rage against Euphaes, intending to kill him. -And Euphaes seeing him rushing on said to Antander that Theopompus was -displaying as much bravery as his ancestor Polynices: for Polynices -led an army from Argos against his own country, and he and his brother -mutually slew one another: and Theopompus (he added) wished to load -the family of the Heraclidæ with the same guilt as that of the family -of Laius and Œdipus: he would not however go with joy from the battle. -With these words he himself went forward to meet Theopompus. Hereupon -the battle, which had rather flagged, took up fresh vigour again, and -their bodies were renewed as it were, and the fearlessness of death on -both sides was increased, so that one might have thought the battle had -only just commenced. And eventually Euphaes’ division, nearly mad with -desperate valour and stoutheartedness, for the King’s bodyguard were -all picked men, broke the enemy’s line, routed Theopompus, and put the -Lacedæmonians in that part of the field to flight. But the other wing -of the Messenians was hard pressed, for Pytharatus their General was -dead, and without a leader they became disordered and dejected. But -neither did Polydorus pursue the fleeing Messenians, nor Euphaes the -fleeing Lacedæmonians. For Euphaes and his staff thought it better to -come to the aid of their vanquished friends: nor did they engage with -Polydorus and his troops: for by this time it was already dark, and the -Lacedæmonians were prevented from following the fugitives not least by -their ignorance of the country. It was also their country’s custom not -to pursue an enemy too hotly, being more anxious not to break their -line than to annihilate the enemy. And in the centre on both sides, the -Lacedæmonians under Euryleon, and the Messenians under Cleonnis, the -fight was pretty equal, till the approach of night put an end to the -contest. - - This battle was fought on both sides mainly by the heavy armed -infantry. Some cavalry there was indeed, but they had no great -influence on the fortunes of the day, for the Peloponnesians of -that day were not good horsemen. And the light armed troops of the -Messenians and the Cretans on the Lacedæmonian side did not come to -the encounter at all: for they were posted in ancient fashion among -the infantry. And on the following day neither party were minded to -renew the battle nor to erect a trophy of victory, but as the day wore -on they sent out heralds to treat of the burying of their dead, and -as this was agreed to on both sides, they began to bury their dead -immediately. - - - - -CHAPTER IX. - - -But the Messenians after the battle began to find their affairs in a -deplorable condition: for they were nearly ruined by their outlay in -money expended in keeping garrisons in the towns, and their slaves -deserted to the Lacedæmonians. Also a pestilence fell upon them, which -troubled them greatly being like the plague, though it did not prevail -universally throughout their country. And after deliberation about -their present condition they determined to abandon their towns in the -interior of the country, and dwell in the mountain district of Ithome. -And there was a small town at Ithome which Homer has mentioned in his -catalogue, - - ‘And rocky Ithome.’[56] - -To this town they repaired, extending its ancient limits so as to -make it a sufficient defence for all of them. And the place was in -other respects a strong position: for Ithome is as high as any of the -mountains within the Isthmus, and in this respect most difficult of -access. They thought they would also send an envoy to Delphi, and they -selected for this mission Tisis the son of Alcis, who in general merit -and in divination was considered inferior to nobody. This Tisis on his -return from Delphi was laid in wait for by the Lacedæmonians who were -in garrison at Amphea: but he would not be taken alive, so valiantly -did he defend himself against those that had lain in ambush, in spite -of the wounds he received from them, till a voice was heard without -any appearance of the speaker, “Let the bearer of the oracle go.” And -Tisis, directly he got safe to Ithome, and had delivered his oracle -to the king, fell down dead of his wounds. And Euphaes collected the -Messenians together and recited the oracle. “Sacrifice a pure virgin -(selected by lot out of the family of the Æpytidæ) by night to the gods -below. But if you cannot find one of the Æpytidæ, then sacrifice anyone -else who offers himself as a willing victim.” This being the utterance -of the god, forthwith all the maidens of the family of the Æpytidæ drew -lots. And when the lot fell upon the daughter of Lyciscus, Epebolus -the seer said it would not do to sacrifice her; for she was not really -the daughter of Lyciscus, but a girl that the wife of Lyciscus being -barren had palmed off as hers. While he was making this revelation, -Lyciscus took off the girl and fled to Sparta. And the Messenians being -very dejected at finding out the flight of Lyciscus, Aristodemus, a -man of the family of the Æpytidæ, and in other respects and in war -more illustrious than Lyciscus, offered to sacrifice his own daughter. -But the affairs of mankind, and not least their desires, are secretly -directed by Fate, just as the bottom of a river has pebbles, so that -Aristodemus on this occasion, endeavouring to save Messene, was -prevented by the following circumstance. A Messenian, whose name is not -known, happened to be deeply in love with the daughter of Aristodemus, -and was on the eve of marrying her. He at first disputed the right of -Aristodemus to the maiden as he had betrothed her to him, and argued -that he being her betrothed alone had right to her. And afterwards, -when he found this argument unavailing, he invented a shameful story, -that he had had an amour with her and that she was pregnant by him. -And at last he wrought up Aristodemus to such a pitch, that driven -to madness in his anger he killed his daughter, and afterwards cut -her up and found she was not pregnant. And Epebolus who was present -bade somebody else give his daughter as a victim, for the daughter of -Aristodemus (he said) could be no more use to them now she was dead: -for her father had indeed killed her, but not sacrificed her to the -gods as the Pythian oracle ordered. When the seer had said this the -mass of the Messenians rushed forward to kill the girl’s lover, as he -had caused Aristodemus to commit a useless crime, and had rendered -doubtful the safety of the community. But this man was a very great -friend of Euphaes. Euphaes accordingly persuaded the Messenians that -the oracle was fulfilled by the death of the girl, and that what -Aristodemus had done was sufficient. And when he had said this all the -Æpytidæ agreed with him: for each was anxious to have his fears removed -about having to sacrifice his own daughter. So they hearkened to the -advice of the king and broke up the assembly, and afterwards turned -their attention to the sacrifices and festival of the gods. - - - - -CHAPTER X. - - -But the Lacedæmonians on hearing the oracle of the Messenians were -very dejected, both they and their kings, and henceforth shrank from -resuming the war. But in the sixth year after the flight of Lyciscus -from Ithome the Lacedæmonians (as their sacrifices were auspicious) -led an army to Ithome. But the Cretans chanced to be absent, and the -allies of the Messenians were also behindhand. For the Spartans were -an object of suspicion to other Peloponnesians and especially to the -Arcadians and Argives. The Argives indeed were going to come to help -the Messenians secretly without the knowledge of the Lacedæmonians, -privately rather than from public decree. But the Arcadian expedition -was publicly announced, though they were behindhand too. But the -Messenians were induced by confidence in the oracle to hazard war even -without allies. In most respects the battle was no different from the -former one, for daylight on this occasion too failed the combatants: -it is not however mentioned that either wing or division were broken, -for they say the troops did not remain in the order in which they were -placed at first, but the bravest men came from the wings in both armies -into the centre, and there was the strain of battle. For Euphaes was -more ardent in fight than one would have expected from a king, and -recklessly rushing upon Theopompus and his staff, received many mortal -wounds. As he fainted away and fell to the ground, and could scarce -breathe, the Lacedæmonians strove with might and main to drag him to -their army. But their previous goodwill to Euphaes, and their future -disgrace if they abandoned him, roused the Messenians, and it appeared -better to them to give up their lives for their king rather than -purchase safety by abandoning him. Accordingly the peril of Euphaes -prolonged the battle, and added to the bravery exhibited on both -sides, and afterwards he revived, and saw that his men were fighting -as valiantly as the foe, and not many days afterwards he died, having -been king of the Messenians for 13 years, and having been at war with -the Lacedæmonians during all his reign. And as he had no children he -left the choice of his successor to the people, and Cleonnis and Damis -were rival competitors with Aristodemus, being considered superior to -him both in other respects and in war. And Antander had been killed in -the battle jeoparding his life for Euphaes. And the opinions of the -seers, Epebolus and Ophioneus, were both similar, that the kingdom of -Æpytus and his descendants should not be conferred upon a man polluted -with the murder of a daughter. Nevertheless Aristodemus was elected -and became king. And Ophioneus the Messenian seer was blind from his -birth, and had the following mode of divination. By enquiring into a -person’s private and public fortune in the past he informed them what -it would be in the future. This was his divination, and Aristodemus -having become king through the people was desirous to gratify them in -all that was reasonable, and of those in authority he held Cleonnis and -Damis in special honour. He also paid great attention to the allies, -and sent gifts to the most influential Arcadians both at Argos and -Sicyon. And in the war which was carried on in the reign of Aristodemus -they pillaged from time to time, and in the summertime made incursions -into one another’s country. There were counter-incursions into Laconia -on the part of the Arcadians with the Messenians. But the Argives -did not think it well openly to proclaim their hostility against the -Lacedæmonians, but made their preparations so as to strike in when the -fray begun. - - - - -CHAPTER XI. - - -In the fifth year of the reign of Aristodemus, when both nations -were about to take the field again after open proclamation of war, -both very much weakened by the length and expenses of the war, then -allies came to both, to the Lacedæmonians the Corinthians alone of -all the Peloponnesians, and to the Messenians the Arcadians in full -force, and picked men from Argos and Sicyon. The Lacedæmonians placed -the Corinthians and Helots and the provincials in the centre, and -themselves with their kings took up their position on the wings, in -deeper and fuller formation than was ever before adopted. And the -dispositions of Aristodemus and his staff for the battle were as -follows. For all the Arcadians or Messenians that were strong in body -and stout of heart, but had not good weapons, he picked out the best -arms, and when the action became hot, posted them among the Argives -and Sicyonians: and extended his line so as not to be taken in flank -by the enemy. And he took care that his men were so placed that they -had the mountain Ithome in their rear. And he appointed Cleonnis to -the command here, and himself and Damis stayed with the light-armed -troops, and a few slingers and archers: most in this part of the army -were well adapted physically for attack and retreat, and lightly armed. -Each had a breastplate or shield, but such as were deficient in this -respect had goatskins and sheepskins, or the skins of wild beasts, the -Arcadian mountaineers in particular had the skins of wolves and bears. -And each had several javelins, and some had lances. And these lay in -ambush in Ithome where they could be best concealed from sight. And the -heavy armed troops of the Messenians and the allies stood the first -onset of the Lacedæmonians, and afterwards were in all respects full of -bravery. They were outnumbered by the enemy, but being picked men they -fought against an armed mob and not against men of equal discipline -to themselves, consequently they held out much longer through their -bravery and skill. Moreover the light-armed troops of the Messenians, -when the signal was given, rushed against the Lacedæmonians and hemmed -them in, and hurled their javelins at their flanks, and the bolder of -them rushed in and fought hand to hand. And the Lacedæmonians, though -they saw before them a second danger and so hopeless a one in the same -place, yet were not in despair, but turned upon the light-armed troops -and tried to repel them, but as because of the lightness of their -armour they easily ran away, the Lacedæmonians were both perplexed -and irritated. Somehow or other men are apt to be especially vexed -at what happens contrary to their expectation. And so here those of -the Spartans who were already wounded, and those who were nearest to -the light-armed troops, as their comrades lay dead, rushed out of -their ranks wherever they saw the light-armed troops pressing on, -and in their heat pursued rather too far as the enemy retired. Then -the light-armed troops of the Messenians, as they had done at first, -struck them, and hurled their javelins at them as they stood their -ground, and when they pursued made a feint to flee, and attacked them -as they tried to rejoin their men. And this they did in various parts -of the field, and at different points in the enemy’s lines. And the -heavy-armed of the Messenians and the allies at this juncture pressed -more boldly right at the foe. And eventually the Lacedæmonians, spent -with the length of the battle and their wounds, and at the same time -harassed beyond measure by the light-armed troops, broke their ranks. -And in the rout the light-armed troops harassed them all the more. -Of the Lacedæmonians who were cut to pieces in the battle, I could -not ascertain the number, but I believe it was very large. And the -return home to some was easy, but to the Corinthians it was sure to be -dangerous, for, whether they returned through Argolis or by Sicyon, -they had equally to pass through hostile country. - - - - -CHAPTER XII. - - -The Lacedæmonians were troubled at this reverse that had befallen them, -and at the many excellent warriors they had lost in the battle. And -they despaired of success in the war, so they sent envoys to Delphi. -And this was the oracle the Pythian Priestess gave. ‘Phœbus bids you -not only apply yourselves to warlike deeds, but as it was by cunning -that the people got the Messenian land, by the selfsame cunning as it -was got shall it be taken.’ The kings and Ephors, though they were very -anxious to do so, could not find out a good plan till they imitated -the wiliness of Odysseus at Ilium. They sent 100 men to Ithome to -spy out the enemies’ designs, who were to pretend to be deserters. -And to keep up the cheat these men were publicly condemned at Sparta -as deserters. But on their arrival Aristodemus sent them home again -at once, saying, “The injuries done to the Lacedæmonians are recent, -their craft ancient.” The Lacedæmonians having failed in this manœuvre -next attempted to tamper with the allies of the Messenians. But as the -Arcadians rejected their overtures, for to them the envoys went first, -they did not proceed to Argos. And Aristodemus hearing of all these -intrigues on the part of the Lacedæmonians sent himself messengers to -consult the oracle at Delphi. And this was the answer of the Pythian -priestess. “The glory in the war the god gives you, but take care that -the treacherous hostile ambush be not too much for you through Spartan -wiles; for if Ares is to have their well-wrought armour, and the -garlands of their dances are to belong to sorrowing owners, then must -they avoid the appearance of two hidden things. Nor shall the sacred -light of day behold the end of all this till fate shall come to the -things that change their nature.” Aristodemus however and the seers -could not understand what was meant: but a few years afterwards the -god threw light on it and fulfilled it. Remarkable things too happened -at this time to the Messenians. As Lyciscus lived as a resident alien -at Sparta his daughter, whom he had taken with him in his flight from -Messene, chanced to die. And as he often went to visit his daughter’s -grave, some Arcadian cavalry lay in wait for him and carried him off. -And he was taken to Ithome, and being brought before the assembly -he made his defence; he had not left his country he said intending -treason, but in consequence of believing the assertion of the seer that -she was not his genuine daughter. In this line of defence he was not -believed to be speaking the truth till a woman, who was at that time -the priestess of Hera, came into the theatre. And she confessed that -the child was hers, and that she had given it to the wife of Lyciscus -to palm off as her own. And now (she continued) by revealing my secret -I shall depose myself from my priesthood. This she said because it -was a custom in Messene that, if any of the children of a priest or -priestess died, the priesthood should pass to somebody else. Thinking -therefore that the woman was speaking the truth, they chose for the -goddess a priestess in her place, and said that Lyciscus had acted in a -pardonable way. - - And after that they resolved, for it was the 20th year of the war, -to send again to Delphi to enquire about their chance of victory. -And to their enquiry the Pythian Priestess returned this answer. “To -those who shall first set up 100 tripods at the altar of Zeus of Ithome -the god will give the Messenian land with fame in war. This is the -will of Zeus. But guile moves you on, and behind is vengeance, and -you cannot deceive the god. Act as fate shall determine. Ruin takes -people by turns.” When they heard this they thought the oracle was -in their favour, and promised them victory in the war; for as they -were in possession of the temple of Zeus within the walls of Ithome, -they thought the Lacedæmonians could not be beforehand with them in -erecting tripods. And so they intended making wooden tripods, for -they had not means enough to make tripods of brass. But somebody from -Delphi reported the oracle at Sparta. And the Spartans had a public -consultation about it, but could hit upon no plan, but Œbalus, a man -of no great repute but evidently possessed of good judgment, made 100 -tripods of clay roughly, and took them with him and nets as if he were -a hunter. And being unknown even to most of the Lacedæmonians he easily -escaped the detection of the Messenians. For joining himself with some -countrymen he went with them into Ithome, and directly night came on -he offered these clay tripods to the god, and returned to Sparta and -told the Lacedæmonians what he had done. And the Messenians when they -saw what had happened were terribly upset, and guessed (as indeed was -the case) that it was a trick of the Lacedæmonians: however Aristodemus -consoled them with arguments suited to the present conjuncture, and -placed their wooden tripods which were already made at the altar at -Ithome. It happened also that Ophioneus, the seer who was blind from -birth, greatly to the surprise of all men recovered his sight: for he -had a sharp headache and recovered his sight after it. - - - - -CHAPTER XIII. - - -And thenceforward--for fate already turned the scales towards the -capture of Ithome--the god gave them various predictions of their -coming destiny. For the statue of Artemis, which was of brass as well -as the armour, dropped its shield; and as Aristodemus was about to -sacrifice the victims to Zeus at Ithome, the rams of their own accord -violently dashed their heads against the altar, and were killed by -the blow. And a third phenomenon happened. Some dogs assembled in the -same place and howled all night, and eventually went off in a body to -the camp of the Lacedæmonians. This troubled Aristodemus, as also the -following vision of the night. He dreamed that he was going out to -battle fully armed, and saw lying on a table the victims’ entrails, -and his daughter appeared to him in a black dress with her breast and -belly ripped up, and he thought she threw away what was on the table, -and took away his armour, and instead of it put upon him a golden crown -and white robe. And as Aristodemus was dispirited, for he thought -the dream announced to him the end of his life, (for the Messenians -buried their notable men in white raiment with crowns on their heads), -somebody brought him word that Ophioneus had suddenly become blind -again as before. Then he understood the hidden sense of the oracle, -that by the pair who appeared after being hidden, and returned again as -fate necessitated, the Pythian Priestess meant the eyes of Ophioneus. -Thereupon Aristodemus laying to heart his domestic misfortunes, that -he had been the murderer of his daughter to no purpose, and seeing -no future hope of safety for his country, cut his throat at his -daughter’s grave, being such an one as would in all human calculation -have saved his country had not fortune brought to nothing his plans -and actions. And he died after a reign of six years and a few months. -And to the Messenians their affairs now seemed desperate, so that they -were very near sending a supplicatory embassy to the Lacedæmonians, -though pride restrained them from actually doing so, so much did they -feel the blow of Aristodemus’ death. And when they gathered together -in their assembly they did not choose another king, but appointed -Damis dictator. And he, having selected Cleonnis and Phyleus as his -coadjutors, made preparations for the campaign according to his best -ability under the circumstances: for he was pressed hard by the siege, -and not least by famine and the fear that famine inspired that they -could not hold out from want of supplies. There was no deficiency of -bravery or venturesomeness on the part of the Messenians: all their -generals and notables were killed. For about five months they held out, -and towards the close of the year evacuated Ithome, having been at war -for full twenty years, as the lines of Tyrtæus testify: “They in the -twentieth year left the rich pastures, and fled from the high hills of -Ithome.” This war came to an end in the first year of the fourteenth -Olympiad, in which Dasmon the Corinthian was victor in the stadium, the -Medontidæ at Athens being still in possession of their ten year office, -and at the completion of the fourth year of office of Hippomenes. - - - - -CHAPTER XIV. - - -And the Messenians who had friends at Sicyon and at Argos and amongst -the Arcadians retired to those places, and those of the family of the -priests who performed the mysteries to the Great Goddesses went to -Eleusis. And the multitude dispersed to their several nationalities. -And the Lacedæmonians first razed Ithome to the ground, and afterwards -attacked and captured the other cities. And out of the spoils they set -up to Apollo of Amyclæ some brazen tripods: under the first tripod is -a statue of Aphrodite, and under the second one of Artemis, and under -the third one of Proserpine the daughter of Demeter. These they erected -there. And of the Messenian land they gave to the Asinæi, who had been -ejected by the Argives, the territory by the sea that they still have: -and to the descendants of Androcles, (for Androcles had a daughter and -she had sons, and after the death of Androcles they fled to Sparta), -they gave what is called Hyamea. And the following conditions were -imposed on the Messenians by the Lacedæmonians. First of all they bound -them by oath not to revolt or to attempt any revolutionary movement. -And next they appointed no stated tribute, but they were to bring to -Sparta from the land half its produce. With respect too to the burials -of kings and other people in authority, provision was made that the men -and women in Messenia should wear black raiment, and a punishment was -ordained for those who violated this rule. And as to their exactions -from the Messenians they have been described by Tyrtæus: “As asses -worn out by long continued toil, carrying to their masters from -bitter necessity half of all the fruit the country yields.” And that -necessity was laid on them of mourning for their masters’ deaths he -has manifested in the following lines, “They and their wives together -wailing for their masters, when baneful death seized on any one.” - - The Messenians in these circumstances, and with no hope of any kinder -treatment from the Lacedæmonians, and thinking death in battle or a -wholesale migration from the Peloponnese preferable to their present -condition, resolved upon a general rising. And they were mainly -induced to this by the young men, who had had no experience of war, -and were ambitious, and preferred death in a free country to happiness -in all other conditions with slavery. These youths were reared in -various parts of Messenia, but the bravest and most numerous were -in the neighbourhood of Andania, and among them Aristomenes, who is -still honoured among the Messenians as a hero: and the circumstances -attending his birth they think rather remarkable. For they say that a -demon or god in the form of a dragon had an intrigue with Nicotelea his -mother. I have heard the Macedonians say similar things about Olympias, -and the Sicyonians about Aristodama. But the difference is that the -Messenians do not claim that Aristomenes was the son of Hercules or -Zeus, as the Macedonians say that Alexander was the son of Ammon, and -as the people of Sicyon say that Aratus was the son of Æsculapius, but -most of the Greeks say that Pyrrhus was the father of Aristomenes, -though I know that the Messenians call Aristomenes the son of Nicomedes -at the libations. He then, being in fall vigour of age and boldness, -and other influential persons tried to bring about a general rising. -And this was not at first done openly, but they sent secretly to Argos -and the Arcadians, to see if they would assist them as energetically as -they had done in the former war, _bonâ fide_ and not half-heartedly. - - - - -CHAPTER XV. - - -And when they had made all their preparations for war, and their allies -were even more zealous than they had expected, for the hostility -between the Arcadians and Argives and the Lacedæmonians had blazed out -fiercely, then in the thirty-ninth year after the capture of Ithome -they rose in insurrection, in the fourth year of the 23rd Olympiad, in -which the Hyperesian Icarus was victor in the stadium. And at Athens -there were now annual archons, and the archon this year was Tlesias. -Who were kings at Lacedæmon at this time has not been recorded by -Tyrtæus, but Rhianus in his poem has said that Leotychides was king -during this war. I cannot agree with him in this: as to Tyrtæus, though -he has not mentioned expressly the time, yet one may suppose he has -hinted it in the following passage,--in the elegiac lines he wrote -about the former war. “Nineteen years unceasingly they fought for -their country, ever with stout heart, those warriors the fathers of -our fathers.” Manifestly then it was in the third generation after the -former war that the Messenians commenced this war, and the period is -marked by the fact that the kings then at Sparta were Anaxander the son -of Eurycrates the son of Polydorus, and of the other family Anaxidamus -the son of Zeuxidamus, the son of Archidamus, the son of Theopompus. I -go as far as the fourth descendant of Theopompus, because Archidamus -the son of Theopompus died in his father’s lifetime, and the kingdom -devolved upon Zeuxidamus his grandson. And Leotychides clearly was king -after Demaratus the son of Aristo, and Aristo was seventh descendant -from Theopompus. - - And now in the first year after their insurrection the Messenians -engaged with the Lacedæmonians at a place in their country called -Deræ, and neither side had allies. And the battle was an undecided -one, but they say Aristomenes exhibited in it preterhuman bravery, so -that they elected him king after the battle, for he was of the family -of the Æpytidæ, and though he was for refusing they also appointed -him commander in chief. He was inclined to let them disown no one who -had done valiantly in war: and for himself thought it right first -and foremost (as the war with the Lacedæmonians was only just begun) -to thoroughly frighten them by some bold stroke, and so to awe them -more for the future. Accordingly he went by night to Lacedæmon and -hung up a shield at the temple of Athene Chalciœcus, and on it was -the inscription, “Aristomenes offers this to the goddess from Spartan -spoils.” - - The Lacedæmonians also had an oracular answer from Delphi, that an -Athenian would give them good advice. They sent therefore envoys to -the Athenians to report the oracle, and to ask for the man who was to -give them this good advice. And the Athenians neither wishing that -the Lacedæmonians should get the best part of the Peloponnese without -great danger, nor to disobey the god, took counsel accordingly, and -sent to Sparta one Tyrtæus a schoolmaster, who was thought to have very -little intelligence and was lame in one foot. And he on his arrival -there recited his elegiac verses and his anapæsts privately to the -authorities, and publicly to all whom he could collect together. And -a year after the battle of Deræ, when both nations had now allies, -they prepared for battle in a village called _Boar’s Memorial_. The -Messenians had the men of Elis and Arcadia as their allies in the -action, and had moreover help from Argos and Sicyon. There were also -present all the Messenians that had fled voluntarily, both those from -Eleusis who were the hereditary priests of the mysteries of the Great -Goddesses, and the descendants of Androcles: for these too hastened -to their assistance. And to the help of the Lacedæmonians came the -Corinthians, and some of the people of Lepreum from hatred to the men -of Elis. The Asinæi were neutral. _Boar’s Memorial_ is near Stenyclerus -in Messenia, and was so called because they say Hercules had a mutual -covenant there with the sons of Neleus over a boar’s entrails. - - - - -CHAPTER XVI. - - -And when the seers in both armies had commenced by sacrifice, the -Lacedæmonian seer being Hecas, the descendant and namesake of that -Hecas who had come to Sparta with the sons of Aristodemus, and the -Messenian seer being Theoclus, a descendant of Eumantis (a native -of Elis and one of the Iamidæ whom Cresphontes had introduced into -Messene), both armies were with more confidence stirred up to battle. -And there was ardour exhibited by several according to their age and -prowess, but notably by Anaxander, the king of the Lacedæmonians, and -the Spartans in his division: and in the Messenian army Phintas and -Androcles, the descendants of Androcles, and the men who were posted -with them, strove to show their valour. And Tyrtæus and the priests of -the Great Goddesses took no part in the action but that of cheering -on the rears of their respective armies. And this was the disposition -of Aristomenes. Eighty picked men of the Messenians about the same -age as himself were in close attendance upon him, and each of them -thought himself highly flattered to be posted near Aristomenes: and -they were very keen at detecting in a glance one another’s ideas and -especially their leader’s plans in the very germ. They and Aristomenes -had the brunt of the battle, being posted opposite to Anaxander and -the bravest of the Lacedæmonians. And receiving wounds fearlessly, and -rushing on with the greatest recklessness, in time they routed by their -boldness Anaxander’s division. As these fled Aristomenes commanded -another Messenian regiment to pursue them: and himself rushed into the -thick of the fight, and routed the men there, and then again turned to -some other part of the field. And having driven these also from their -positions he hurried on, charging those that were left, until he had -thoroughly beaten all the Lacedæmonian force, allies and all. And as -they felt some shame in fleeing, and yet could not stand these frequent -charges, he dashed in amongst them with more formidable fury than one -could have expected from one man. But near a wild pear tree that grew -in the plain Theoclus tried to prevent his passing: for he said Castor -and Pollux were seated on the pear tree. And Aristomenes giving way to -passion, and not hearing all the words of the seer, when he got to the -pear tree dropped his shield, and this loss of Aristomenes gave the -Lacedæmonians breathing time to stop from their flight: for he lost -some time trying to find his shield. - - And when the Lacedæmonians were dispirited at this blow, and were -minded to finish the war, Tyrtæus put heart into them by reciting his -verses, and got some Helots enrolled into the regiments in place of the -dead men. And when Aristomenes returned to Andania, the women welcomed -him with ribands and pelted him with flowers, and sang for him a song -not forgotten even in our days, “To the mid plain and high mountain -at Stenyclerus did Aristomenes pursue the Lacedæmonians.” And he -afterwards recovered his shield by going to Delphi, and, as the Pythian -Priestess ordered him, by descending to the sacred shrine of Trophonius -at Lebadea. And afterwards he took the shield, and hung it up as a -votive offering at Lebadea, and I have myself seen it hanging up there. -Its design is an eagle with its wings extended at the upper part of the -shield. And now Aristomenes on his return from Bœotia, having recovered -his shield at the shrine of Trophonius, immediately went in for further -action. And, having gathered together a levy of Messenians besides -his own bodyguard of picked men, he marched at nightfall to a city of -Laconia, whose old name was Pharis as in Homer’s catalogue, but it was -called Pharæ by the Spartans and other neighbouring people. Marching -there he cut to pieces those who attempted to defend themselves, and -after carrying off much booty returned to Messene. And the Lacedæmonian -hoplites under Anaxander their king attacking him on the road, he -routed them also, and was fain to pursue Anaxander. But being wounded -in his hinder quarters with a javelin he stayed the pursuit, without -losing the plunder he had got. And after waiting sufficient time for -his wound to be healed, he intended to enter Sparta by night, when he -was prevented by the apparition of Helen and Castor and Pollux, and lay -in ambush at nightfall for some maidens who were dancing to Artemis at -Caryæ, and arrested all who were remarkable for the wealth and position -of their fathers, and brought them by night to a village in Messenia -and went to rest, having committed the custody of them to some men of -his regiment. Thereupon the young men in drink I suppose, and otherwise -unable to control their passions by reason, endeavoured to violate -the maidens, and when Aristomenes forbade them to act in a manner -not customary for Greeks, they took no notice of him, so that he was -obliged to kill the most unruly of them. And the maidens he had taken -captive he let go for a good ransom with their honour safe. - - - - -CHAPTER XVII. - - -And there is a place in Laconia called Ægila, where is a temple of -Demeter. There Aristomenes and his soldiers, knowing that the women -were keeping festival to Demeter, wished to seize them: but as these -women inspired by the goddess made a bold defence, most of the -Messenians received wounds with the swords which they used to sacrifice -the victims with, and the sharp pointed spits on which they stuck their -meat to roast it. And Aristomenes they struck with their torches and -took him alive. However he escaped the same night to Messenia. They say -that Archidamea the priestess of Demeter had the guilt of letting him -escape. But she did not let him go for money, but was an old sweetheart -of his, and made out that Aristomenes had escaped by burning[57] his -bonds. - - And in the third year of the war, when an engagement was about -to take place at what was called _The Great Trench_, and when the -Arcadians had come from all their cities to help the Messenians, -the Lacedæmonians bribed Aristocrates, the son of Icetas, a native -of Trapezus, king and general of the Arcadians at this period. The -Lacedæmonians are the first we know of that bribed an enemy, and -the first that made renown in arms a thing to be purchased by money. -For before the Lacedæmonians violated honour in their war with the -Messenians, in regard to this treason of Aristocrates the Arcadian, -their fighting men were distinguished for bravery, and good fortune -from the deity. Afterwards too at Ægos-potamoi, when they opposed the -fleet of the Athenians, they certainly bribed Adimantus and other -Athenian Admirals. But in process of time upon the Lacedæmonians came -what is called the Retribution of Neoptolemus. For Neoptolemus the -son of Achilles, having slain Priam at the altar of _Household Zeus_, -was himself also slain at Delphi at the temple of Apollo, and--in -consequence of that--suffering what one had inflicted on another got -called the Retribution of Neoptolemus. For when the Lacedæmonians -were at the zenith of their power, and had destroyed the fleet of the -Athenians, and Agesilaus had reduced most of Asia Minor, then it was -not possible to strip the Mede of all his power, because the barbarian -circumvented them by sending money to Corinth and Argos and Athens -and Thebes, and what was called the Corinthian war was brought about -by this money, so that Agesilaus was compelled to leave Asia Minor. -And so the deity made to recoil upon themselves the wiliness that -the Lacedæmonians had displayed to the Messenians. And Aristocrates -when he had received money from Lacedæmon, at first hid his plans -from the Arcadians, but when they were on the eve of an engagement, -then he threw them into consternation, by telling them they were in -difficulty and straits and had no means of retreat if they should be -beaten. He also said the sacrifices were not auspicious. He ordered -everyone therefore to run away when he gave the signal. And when the -Lacedæmonians began the engagement and the Messenians were opposite -to them, thereupon at the commencement of the battle Aristocrates -led off the Arcadians, and thus the Messenian centre and left wing -was left exposed. For the Arcadians had occupied both these parts of -the field, as the people of Elis were not present at the battle, nor -the people of Argos and Sicyon. And Aristocrates put the finishing -touch to his treason by fleeing through the Messenian lines. And they -were quite bewildered at the unexpected state of affairs, and were -disturbed by the passage of the Arcadians through their lines, so that -most of them nearly forgot what they were about: for instead of the -Lacedæmonians pressing on against the Arcadians they saw them fleeing, -and some begged them to stand their ground, others reviled them as -traitors and covenant-breakers. And for the Lacedæmonians to surround -the Messenians who were now left alone was easy enough, and with the -greatest ease they won a victory that was a foregone conclusion. And -though Aristomenes and his division bravely stood their ground against -the multitude of the Lacedæmonians that pressed against them, and -endeavoured to keep them in check, yet they were too few to avail -much. And such a quantity of Messenians were cut to pieces, that they, -who had expected to be masters of the Lacedæmonians, now instead of -having slaves had hardly any hope of safety. And of their leaders fell -Androcles and Phintas and others, and Phanas, (who fought especially -bravely, and had been victor at Olympia in the double course). And -Aristomenes after the battle collected the Messenian fugitives, and -persuaded them to leave Andania and any other towns in the heart of the -country, and to take up their residence on the mountain Eira. And when -they assembled there they were besieged by the Lacedæmonians who wished -to take them. However they resisted and held out for eleven years after -the disaster at _The Great Trench_. That that was the time the blockade -lasted is plain from the verses of Rhianus about the Lacedæmonians. - - “Along the ridges of the mountain white - Twenty-two summers and winters did they fight.” - -The word used for _summers_ in the line just above is a word properly -meaning the grass when it is ripe, or a little before hay harvest. - - - - -CHAPTER XVIII. - - -And the Messenians when they were hemmed in at Eira, and debarred the -rest of their country, except what was occupied by the people of Pylos -near the sea, and the people of Mothone, plundered Laconia and their -own country, which they now regarded as enemy’s country. And several -joined them in these raids, as chance brought it about, and Aristomenes -got together some picked men in number about 300. They harried and -carried off from the Lacedæmonians whatever they could, corn and flocks -and wine, but furniture and human beings they ransomed for money. So -that the Lacedæmonians made a decree, inasmuch as they were farming -for the benefit of the people of Eira rather than their own, not to -cultivate Messenia and the neighbouring parts of Laconia till after -the war. And from that time there was scarcity in Sparta, and with the -scarcity came riots, for those who got their money by farming could -not bear to see their lands lie fallow, but their vexation was checked -by the verses of Tyrtæus. And Aristomenes with his picked men made a -sally when the night was considerably advanced, and stole a march upon -the enemy by getting to Amyclæ before daybreak, and seized the fort and -plundered Amyclæ, and was off again before help could come from Sparta. -And he afterwards overran the whole country, till making an attack -on more than half the Lacedæmonian army under both their kings, he -received several wounds as he defended himself valiantly, and as he was -struck on the head by a stone his eyes got dizzy, and the Lacedæmonians -rushing at him all together took him alive. Fifty of his men also -were captured. These were all condemned by the Lacedæmonians to be -thrown into their underground cavern called Ceadas; where they throw -in their greatest malefactors. The other Messenians who were thrown in -were killed instantaneously: but Aristomenes had some good genius who -both now and on all occasions looked after him. Those who exaggerate -everything about him say that, when he was thrown into Ceadas, an eagle -flew under him and supported him with its wings, so that he reached -the bottom safely without a wound or scratch. The god on this occasion -must have also shown him some outlet. For when he got to the bottom of -the cavern, he sat down and muffling his head in his cloak expected -death which he felt certain. But on the third day after he heard a -noise, and unveiled his face, and when his eyes got accustomed to the -darkness, saw a fox preying on the dead carcases. And reflecting that -it must have an outlet somewhere, he waited till the fox came near and -when it came near seized hold of it, and in one of his hands, when the -fox turned on him, held his cloak that it might bite that and not him. -As it ran he ran with it, and was dragged by it along a very difficult -path. At last he saw a little hole, just big enough for a fox to pass -through, and light glimmered through it. And the fox, directly it was -liberated by Aristomenes, betook itself to its hole. And Aristomenes, -as the hole was too small to let him through, enlarged it with his -hands and got home safe to Eira, having had most remarkable good -fortune in respect to his capture, (for his spirit and bravery were -such that no one could have expected to take him alive), and stranger -still and most plainly not without divine assistance was this getting -out safe from Ceadas. - - - - -CHAPTER XIX. - - -And it was almost immediately reported to the Lacedæmonians by -deserters that Aristomenes had got home safe: but being considered as -incredible as if anyone were to say that a dead man had come to life -again, it was only believed in consequence of the following transaction -on the part of Aristomenes. The Corinthians sent a force to help the -Lacedæmonians to take Eira. Aristomenes, learning from his scouts -that they were marching rather carelessly, and that their camps were -negligently made up, attacked them by night, and as they were asleep -slew most of them, and among others their leaders Hypermenides, and -Achladæus, and Lysistratus, and Sidectus. He plundered also the tent of -the generals, and the Lacedæmonians soon saw that it was Aristomenes -and no other Messenian that had done all this. He sacrificed also to -Zeus of Ithome the sacrifice which they call Hecatomphonia. It was of -very remote antiquity, and any Messenian who had killed 100 enemies -had a right to offer it. And Aristomenes first offered this sacrifice -when he fought the battle at _Boar’s Memorial_, and the slaughter of -these Corinthians by night gave him the right to offer this sacrifice -a second time. They say also that he offered the sacrifice a third -time as the result of various raids. But the Lacedæmonians, as the -festival of Hyacinthus was now coming on, made a truce of 40 days with -the inhabitants of Eira, and returned home and kept the festival, and -some Cretan bowmen, who had been sent for as mercenaries from Lyctus -and other towns, made incursions into various parts of Messenia. And as -Aristomenes was at some distance from Eira, feeling perfect security -as it was truce time, seven of these bowmen lay in wait for him, and -took him prisoner, and bound him with the bands of their quivers. And -it was evening. And two of them went to Sparta, and announced the -capture of Aristomenes to the Lacedæmonians: and the remaining five -retired to a farm in Messenia, where a fatherless maiden lived with -her mother. The night before this maiden had had a dream. Some wolves -(she dreamed) brought a lion to the farm bound and without claws, -and she freed the lion from its bonds and got it claws, and then the -wolves were torn in pieces by it. And now when the Cretans brought in -Aristomenes, the maiden remembered her dream of the previous night, -and asked her mother who he was: and when she learnt who he was she -took courage, and looked earnestly at him, and understood the meaning -of the dream. She therefore poured out wine freely for the Cretans, -till drink overpowered them, and then withdrew the sword of the one who -was fastest asleep. Then she cut the bonds of Aristomenes, and he took -the sword and killed all 5. And Gorgus the son of Aristomenes took the -maiden to wife. And thus Aristomenes requited to the damsel her saving -of his life, and Gorgus was only 18 when he married her. - - - - -CHAPTER XX. - - -But in the 11th year of the siege it was fated that Eira should fall, -and that the Messenians should be dispersed, and the god accomplished -what had been oracularly foretold to Aristomenes and Theoclus. For -when they went to Delphi after the disaster at _the Great Trench_, and -enquired as to their safety, the Pythian Priestess replied as follows, - - “When he-goat drinks of Neda’s winding stream, - I cease to guard Messene. Her end is near.” - -Now the Neda rises in Mount Lycæus: and the river flows through Arcadia -and into Messenia again, and divides the maritime parts of Messenia -and Elis. And now they were afraid of their he-goats drinking of the -Neda: but the god had quite a different meaning which I will unfold. -The wild fig tree, which some of the Greeks call Olynthe, is called -by the Messenians Tragus (that is _He-Goat_). At this time there was -a wild fig tree on the banks of the river Neda which did not grow -upright, but bent into the stream and touched the water with its -topmost boughs. And the seer Theoclus having noticed it conjectured -that by the he-goat drinking of the Neda the Pythian Priestess meant -this wild fig, and that therefore the fate of Messene was imminent. -And he preserved silence on the matter to everyone else, but he took -Aristomenes to this fig tree, and pointed out to him that their period -of safety had passed. And Aristomenes was convinced by him that it was -as he said, and that that there was no room for delay, and he adopted -the following contrivance under the present conjuncture. The Messenians -had some sacred records, which if lost would ruin Messene and keep -her under for ever, but which if preserved would, according to the -oracular utterances of Lycus the son of Pandion, give the Messenians -a chance one day to recover their country, and Aristomenes knowing -these oracular utterances conveyed away by night these _arcana_: -and going to the most unfrequented part of Mount Ithome buried them -there, and prayed to Zeus of Ithome and to the gods who had hitherto -befriended the Messenians to be witnesses of this deposit, and not to -allow the Lacedæmonians to rob them of their only hope of returning -home again one day. And after this trouble came to the Messenians, as -earlier still it did to the Trojans, from adultery. They occupied the -mountainous district all round Eira as far as the Neda, and some lived -outside the gates. And no other deserter came to them from Laconia, but -a herdsman, a slave of Emperamus who was a man of some note at Sparta. -This herdsman lived not far from the Neda. There he saw the wife of one -of the Messenians who lived outside the walls coming to draw water: and -he got enamoured of her, and ventured to talk with her, and overcame -her chastity by gifts. And from that time forward this herdsman watched -when her husband went upon garrison duty. Now the Messenians had to go -on guard by turns in the citadel: it was here that they were chiefly -afraid of the enemy getting into the place. And whenever the husband -mounted guard, this herdsman used to go and visit his wife. And on one -occasion he and others had to mount guard at night, and it chanced -to be a very wet night. And the Messenians left their guard. For the -quantity of rain pouring down almost forced them in, as they had no -battlements or turrets in their improvised fortifications, and at the -same time they did not expect that the Lacedæmonians would attack them -in a night so wild and dark. And Aristomenes had been wounded a few -days previously in rescuing a Cephallenian merchant and his goods, -(he was a friend of his and used to introduce into Eira all necessary -supplies, but had been captured by the Lacedæmonians and some Apteræan -bowmen under Euryalus a Spartan), and therefore could not as usual -go his nightly rounds. This was the chief reason why the citadel was -abandoned by the guard. And as each of them went off from his post so -did the husband of the woman who had this intrigue with the herdsman. -And she at this time had the herdsman at her house, but perceiving the -return of her husband quickly concealed him, and welcomed her husband -rather more than usual, and asked him the reason of his return. And he, -ignorant that she was unfaithful to him and had her paramour there, -told her the truth, and said that, on account of the violence of -the rain, and other circumstances which he mentioned, they had left -their posts. And the herdsman overheard, and immediately, when he -understood the condition of affairs, deserted the Messenians for the -Lacedæmonians. The Lacedæmonian kings were at this time absent from -the camp: but Emperamus the master of the herdsman was commander in -chief of the forces that were besieging Eira. The herdsman then went -to his master, and first begged pardon for his absence from home, -and next showed him how they could capture Eira, mentioning all the -circumstances which he had heard from the Messenian. - - - - -CHAPTER XXI. - - -What the herdsman said seemed trustworthy, and he led Emperamus and -the Spartan force. Their march was difficult owing to the darkness and -steady downpour. Still they advanced with alacrity, and, as soon as -they got to the citadel of Eira, fixed scaling ladders and got over the -walls with all dispatch. And the Messenians had several indications -of their coming trouble, especially the unusual barking of the dogs, -who barked fiercely and continuously. Perceiving then that the final -struggle had come upon them, they had no time for arming themselves -properly, but each seized what weapon he could find to defend their -last possession out of all Messenia, their last inch of fatherland! -The first who noticed that the enemy had got inside the walls, and -who rushed up to the fray, were Gorgus the son of Aristomenes, and -Aristomenes himself, and Theoclus the seer and Manticlus his son, -and with them Euergetidas a man held in especial honour at Messene, -who had improved his fortunes by his marriage with Agnagora, the -sister of Aristomenes. And all the others at this time, though they -perceived that they were in a trap, yet had a little hope in spite of -the outlook: but Aristomenes and the seer knew that it was all up with -the Messenians, remembering the Pythian Priestess’ oracle about the -he-goat, but they concealed none the less the true state of affairs, -and were silent about it to everybody. And they went all round the -town energetically and exhorted every Messenian they met to play the -man, and called from their houses those that yet remained in them. -During the night nothing very notable was done on either side, for the -attacking party were hindered by their ignorance of the ground and -the boldness of Aristomenes, and the Messenians were rather backward -in taking the word from their generals, and if anyone lit a torch or -struck a light, the rain immediately put it out. And when day broke -and they could see one another clearly, then Aristomenes and Theoclus -endeavoured to nerve the Messenians to desperate courage, by giving -them the necessary directions, and reminding them of the heroism of the -people of Smyrna, who, though they were only Ionians, by their boldness -and vigour drove out of their city Gyges, the son of Dascylus, and the -Lydians who were in possession of it. And the Messenians hearing this -were animated with the courage of despair, and forming what ranks they -could rushed against the Lacedæmonians. And even the women eagerly -hurled tiles, and whatever each could lay hold of, at the enemy: but -they were partly prevented doing this from the slipperiness of the -roofs through the frequent rain: but they seized arms and thus kindled -still more the courage of the men, when they saw that even the women -preferred perishing with their country to being led off as slaves to -Lacedæmon, insomuch that had it been possible they would have given -destiny the go-by. And the downpour of rain continued all day, and -there was thunder and lightning, and they could hardly see for the -lightning that flashed in their faces. And all this inspired courage in -the Lacedæmonians, who thought that the god was visibly helping them, -and as the lightning was on their right the seer Hecas announced that -the omen was auspicious. He also devised the following stratagem. The -Lacedæmonians were far the most numerous, but inasmuch as the battle -was on a limited area and not fought tactically, but various bodies -of men fought haphazard in various parts of the city, it happened -that the rearmen of each division were useless. He therefore ordered -them to retire to the camp and get some food and sleep, and come back -again before evening to relieve their companions, who had borne the -burthen and heat of the day. And thus by fighting and resting by turns -they held out the longer, but the Messenians were getting entirely -worn out, for it was now the third night that they had been fighting -day and night continuously. And when the next morning came, and they -were suffering from sleeplessness and constant rain and cold all -combined, hunger and thirst assailed them too. Their women especially -were ready to faint by reason of being unused to war, and by the long -continuance of their efforts. Then the seer Theoclus came up and spoke -to Aristomenes. “Why do you continue in vain this struggle? It is -decreed that Messene must perish, long ago did the Pythian Priestess -foretell this imminent ruin, and lately did the wild fig tree teach the -same lesson. To me the god assigns an end with my country: but you may -save the Messenians and yourself.” When he had spoken thus to him, he -rushed against the foe, and said to the Lacedæmonians in a loud voice, -“You shall not for long joy in your conquest of Messene.” After that -he fiercely attacked those who were opposite to him and slew them, and -was himself wounded, and breathed out his last having first glutted -his soul with slaughter. And Aristomenes called all the Messenians -back from the fight, except those who were fighting with remarkable -bravery, whom he allowed to remain fighting. And the rest he ordered -to follow where he should lead, with the women and children in their -lines. To the command of this portion of the army he appointed Gorgus -and Manticlus: and himself took up a position in the front rank, and by -the motion of his head and the waving of his spear plainly showed that -he was asking for a passage through, and already meditated retreat. -Emperamus and the Spartans on the spot were right glad to let the -Messenians through their lines, and not to irritate too much men who -were mad in rage and desperate to the last degree. And Hecas the seer -also bade them act so. - - - - -CHAPTER XXII. - - -Directly the Arcadians heard of the capture of Eira, they at once -begged Aristocrates to lead them to save the Messenians or perish with -them. But he having been bribed by the Lacedæmonians refused to lead -them, and said that he knew none of the Messenians were alive for them -to assist. But when the Arcadians received more certain intelligence -that some survived who had been compelled to leave Eira, they set out -to meet them at Mount Lycæus, having got ready both food and raiment, -and sent certain influential persons to comfort the Messenians and -guide them on their march. And when they got safe to Mount Lycæus the -Arcadians welcomed them, and treated them kindly in other respects, -and invited them to dwell in their cities, and said they would give -them a share of the land. But Aristomenes in his grief for the capture -of Eira and his hatred to the Lacedæmonians contrived the following -plan. He selected from the whole body 500 Messenians, who he knew were -prodigal of their lives, and selected them in the hearing of the other -Arcadians and Aristocrates, not knowing that he was a traitor--for he -thought Aristocrates had fled through cowardice and want of manliness -rather than in treason--and he asked the 500 in his presence, whether -they would die with him to avenge their country. And when they said -they would he revealed his whole plan, that the following evening -he intended to lead them to Sparta. For at this time most of the -Lacedæmonians were at Eira, and others were busy in plundering the -property of the Messenians. “And if we should capture Sparta and keep -it,” continued Aristomenes, “we shall be able to exchange it for -Messene: and if we fail we shall die together, having done deeds that -posterity will not forget.” After he had made this speech, about 300 -of the Arcadians wished to join him in his desperate undertaking. -And for the moment they delayed their departure, as the victims were -not auspicious. On the following day however they knew that their -secret had been revealed to the Lacedæmonians, and that they had been -betrayed by Aristocrates for the second time. For Aristocrates had -at once disclosed by letter the design of Aristomenes, and given the -letter to his most trusty slave, and sent it to Anaxander at Sparta. -And on his return this slave was intercepted by some Arcadians who had -previously been hostile to Aristocrates, and were now rather suspicious -about him. And having intercepted this slave they brought him before -the Arcadians, and showed the people the answer of Anaxander from -Lacedæmon. It was to the effect that, just as Aristocrates’ flight at -an opportune moment from _the Great Trench_ had not been unrewarded -by the Lacedæmonians, so he should not be without further reward for -his present information. And when this was reported to them all, the -Arcadians began to stone Aristocrates, and urged the Messenians to do -the same. But they looked at Aristomenes. And he looked on the ground -and wept. So the Arcadians stoned Aristocrates to death, and cast him -unburied out of their borders, and put up a pillar in the temple of -Lycæan Zeus with the following inscription. “Time is sure to bring -justice at last to an unjust king, and time with Zeus’ cooperation has -easily found out Messene’s traitor. It is difficult for a perjured man -to escape the god. Hail, royal Zeus, and save Arcadia.” - - - - -CHAPTER XXIII. - - -And all the Messenians that were captured at Eira, or in any other -part of Messenia, were incorporated by the Lacedæmonians among the -Helots: and the people of Pylos and Mothone and all the maritime towns -removed in ships, after the capture of Eira, to Cyllene the arsenal -of Elis. And from there they sent to the Messenians in Arcadia, -wishing them to join them in an expedition to seek some city to dwell -in, and bade them make Aristomenes the founder of the colony. But he -said that for his part as long as he lived he would fight against the -Lacedæmonians, and that he knew very well that Sparta would always have -trouble through him: but he gave them Gorgus and Manticlus as their -leaders. Euergetidas also retired to Mount Lycæus with the rest of -the Messenians: and from thence, when he saw that Aristomenes’ plan -about the capture of Sparta had fallen through, having got together -about 50 of the Messenians he made a raid against the Lacedæmonians at -Eira, and falling in with them still plundering he turned their chant -of victory into a dirge. And fate seized him there, and Aristomenes -ordered the leaders of the Messenians, and whoever wished, to take part -in the colony to go to Cyllene. And all took part in it, except those -that were prevented by old age, or were destitute of means for dwelling -abroad. And these remained where they were among the Arcadians. - - Eira was taken, and the second war between the Lacedæmonians and -the Messenians finished, in the Archonship over the Athenians of -Autosthenes, in the first year of the 28th Olympiad, in which Chionis -the Laconian was victor. - - And when the Messenians had got together at Cyllene, they resolved -to winter there for that winter, and the people of Elis provided them -with supplies and money: but directly Spring came they deliberated -where they should go. And the view of Gorgus was that they should -occupy Zacynthus beyond Cephallenia, and become islanders instead -of dwelling on the mainland, and should sail in their ships to the -maritime parts of Laconia and ravage their territory. Manticlus on -the other hand exhorted them to forget Messene and their animosity -to the Lacedæmonians, and sail to Sardinia and occupy that large and -fertile island. Meantime Anaxilas sent a message to the Messenians -inviting them to Italy. He was King at Rhegium, and fourth in descent -from Alcidamidas, who had migrated from Messene to Rhegium, after the -death of King Aristodemus and the capture of Ithome. This Anaxilas then -invited the Messenians, and when they went to Rhegium he told them -that the people of Zancle were at variance with him, and that they had -a fertile country and a city in the rich part of Sicily, all which he -said he would give them, and help them in conquering the country. And -as they eagerly accepted his offer, Anaxilas conveyed them over into -Sicily. Now Zancle was a place which had originally been occupied by -pirates, and, as the land there was then unoccupied, they built a fort -near the harbour, and made Zancle their headquarters for expeditions -both by land and sea: and their leaders were Cratæmenes the Samian -and Perieres from Chalcis. And eventually Perieres and Cratæmenes -resolved to invite in other colonists from Greece. But now Anaxilas -conquered the people of Zancle who put out to sea in their fleet, and -the Messenians conquered them on land. And being blockaded by land by -the Messenians and simultaneously by sea by the people of Rhegium, when -their fort was taken, they fled for refuge to the altars of the gods -and to the temples. Anaxilas however urged on the Messenians to slay -the suppliants, though they prayed hard for quarter, and to enslave the -rest together with their women and children. But Gorgus and Manticlus -begged that Anaxilas would not compel them, who had been shamefully -treated by their fellow-countrymen, to act with equal cruelty to -Greeks. And after that they took the people of Zancle from the altars, -and having mutually given and received pledges dwelt together as one -people. But the name of the town they changed from Zancle to Messene. -All this took place in the 29th Olympiad, in which Chionis the Laconian -was victor the second time, and Miltiades was Archon at Athens. And -Manticlus built a temple of Hercules for the new colony, and a statue -of the god was placed outside the fort called Hercules Manticlus, just -as Belus at Babylon got its name from an Egyptian called Belus, and -Ammon in Libya from the name of the shepherd who built the temple. This -was the end of the wandering of the Messenian exiles. - - - - -CHAPTER XXIV. - - -Meantime Aristomenes, when he refused the leadership of those who -were going on the new colony, married his sister Agnagora to Tharyx -of Phigalia, and his two eldest daughters to Damothoidas of Lepreum -and Theopompus of Heræum. And he himself went to Delphi and consulted -the oracle. What answer was returned is not recorded. But Damagetus a -native of Rhodes, the King of Ialysus, had also at this time come to -consult the oracle as to where he should marry a wife from, and the -Pythian Priestess replied that he was to marry the daughter of the -noblest of the Greeks. And Aristomenes had a third daughter, and he -married her, thinking her father far the noblest Greek of his time. -And Aristomenes went to Rhodes with his daughter, and from thence he -intended to go to Sardis to Ardys the son of Gyges, and to Ecbatana the -royal residence of the Medes to the Court of King Phraortes, but before -he could carry out this intention he chanced to die of some illness, -so that the fates did not permit him to wreak his vengeance on the -Lacedæmonians. And Damagetus and the people of Rhodes built a splendid -monument to him, and paid honours to his memory. The traditions about -those who are called the Diagoridæ in Rhodes, (who were descended -from Diagoras, the son of Damagetus, the son of Dorieus, the son of -Damagetus by the daughter of Aristomenes), I have omitted, that I might -not appear to have introduced irrelevant matter. - - And the Lacedæmonians, when they had made themselves masters of -Messenia, shared it out among themselves all but the territory of the -Asinæi, and Mothone they gave to the people of Nauplia who had recently -been ejected by the Argives. - - And the Messenians who were captured at Eira, and compulsorily -incorporated among the Helots, revolted again from the Lacedæmonians -in the 79th Olympiad, in which the Corinthian Xenophon was victor, and -Archimedes Archon at Athens. And they seized the following opportunity. -Some of the Lacedæmonians, on a charge for which they were condemned to -death, fled to Tænarum as suppliants; and there the Ephors took them -from the altar and slew them. And the wrath of Poseidon came upon those -Spartans who had violated his rights of sanctuary, and he adjudged the -town to be utterly razed to the ground. And it was after this calamity -that the Helots who were Messenians revolted and went to Mount Ithome. -And the Lacedæmonians sent for several allies to help to subdue them, -and among others for Cimon (the son of Miltiades) their friend, of whom -they also begged some Athenian troops. But when these Athenian troops -came they suspected them as likely to introduce revolutionary ideas -among their own men, so in their suspicion they soon sent them home -again from Ithome. But when the Athenians observed that suspicion on -the part of the Lacedæmonians they were indignant and became friendly -to the Argives, and, when those of the Messenians who were besieged at -Ithome were allowed to surrender upon conditions, gave Naupactus to -them, (having taken it from the Locrians in Ætolia called Ozolæ). And -the Messenians were allowed to surrender partly because of the strength -of the place, partly because the Pythian Priestess prophesied to the -Lacedæmonians that there would be vengeance from Zeus of Ithome if they -violated his right of sanctuary. So they were allowed to evacuate the -Peloponnese upon conditions for these reasons. - - - - -CHAPTER XXV. - - -And when they got Naupactus, they were not content with the town and -region that they had got through the Athenians, but a strong desire -came upon them to get a place for themselves by their own valour. And -as they knew that the Œniadæ, who had a rich soil in Acarnania, had -been for all time at variance with the Athenians, they marched against -them. And being not superior in point of numbers, but far superior in -respect to bravery, they won a victory over them, and shut them up -in their fort and blockaded them. And the Messenians employed every -human invention for taking cities, they tried to get over the walls by -scaling ladders, and undermined the fort, and bringing up such engines -as they could get at short notice kept battering away at the walls. And -those in the town, fearing that if the town was taken they would be -undone, and their wives and children sold into slavery, preferred to -surrender upon conditions. And for about a year the Messenians occupied -the town and enjoyed the produce of the country, but the year after the -Acarnanians gathering a force together from all their towns planned a -march upon Naupactus. But they changed their minds about this when they -saw that their march would be through the country of the Ætolians, who -were always hostile to them, and at the same time they expected the -Naupactians had a navy, as indeed they had, and as they were masters -of the sea it would not be possible to subdue them with a land army. -So they changed their plan with alacrity, and marched against the -Messenians at Œniadæ. And they began to lay siege to the town: for -they did not suppose that so few men would come to such a pitch of -recklessness as to sally out and fight against them. And the Messenians -had got together a store of corn and other provisions, expecting a -long siege: but they thought before the blockade commenced they would -have one good fight in the open, and as they were Messenians, who had -only been inferior to the Lacedæmonians in luck not in courage, they -would not be frightened at this mob that had come from Acarnania. -And the Athenians remembered the action at Marathon, how thirty -myriads of Medes were slain by less than 10,000. So they determined -to fight the Acarnanians, and the battle was fought as follows. The -Acarnanians inasmuch as they were far more numerous easily surrounded -the Messenians, except where the gates at the back of the Messenians -checked them, and the men on the walls stoutly defended their comrades. -Here they could not be surrounded. But both their flanks were sore -pressed by the Acarnanians, and they shot at them from all sides. And -the Messenians being a compact body, wherever they made a general -attack on the Acarnanians, threw the enemy’s ranks into confusion, and -killed and wounded many, yet could not bring about a complete rout. -For wherever the Acarnanians observed that their lines were pierced by -the Messenians, there they brought up large detachments of men, and -beat the Messenians back by sheer force of numbers. And whenever the -Messenians were unsuccessful in an attack, and tried in some other -place to break the Acarnanian line, the same result would follow. At -whatever point they attacked they produced confusion and something like -a rout, but the Acarnanians came swarming up, and so the Messenians had -very unwillingly to retire. And the struggle being very evenly poised -till night came on, and the attacking force of the Acarnanians being -augmented the following evening from several towns, a regular blockade -of the Messenians commenced. And they had no fear that the town would -be taken by storm, either by the Acarnanians getting over the walls, -or by their being compelled to desert their garrison duty. But by the -8th month all their supplies were consumed. To the Acarnanians they -jeeringly cried out that their provisions would last even a ten years’ -siege: but about the time of first sleep they quietly slipped out of -Œniadæ, and being compelled to fight their way through directly the -Acarnanians got to know of this flitting, lost about 300 but killed -a still greater number of the enemy, and most of them succeeded in -cutting their way through, and by the assistance of the Ætolians who -were friendly to them got safe to Naupactus. - - - - -CHAPTER XXVI. - - -And from this time forward their hostility to the Lacedæmonians -increased, as they notably shewed in the war between the Peloponnesians -and Athenians. For they made Naupactus a base against the Peloponnese, -and when the Spartans were cut off at Sphacteria some Messenian bowmen -from Naupactus assisted the Athenians. But after the reverse of the -Athenians at Ægos-potamoi, the Lacedæmonians being masters of the sea -drove the Messenians from Naupactus, and some went into Sicily to their -kinsmen at Zancle and Rhegium, but most to Libya to the Euesperitæ, -who being hard pressed in war by some of the neighbouring barbarians -invited in the Greeks as colonists. To them went most of the Messenians -under Comon, who had been their General at Sphacteria. - - And a year before the Theban victory at Leuctra, the god foretold -to the Messenians their return to the Peloponnese. For the priest of -Hercules (they say) in Messene at the Sicilian Strait saw in a dream -Hercules Manticlus invited in a friendly way by Zeus to Ithome. And -among the Euesperitæ Comon dreamt that he had dealings with his dead -mother, and that subsequently his mother came to life again. And he -hoped as the Athenians were now powerful at sea that they would be -restored to Naupactus: and the dream seemed to indicate that Messene -would revive. And no long time after came to the Lacedæmonians at -Leuctra the disaster that had long been fated: for the concluding words -of the oracle given to Aristodemus the king of the Messenians were, - - “Do as fate bids: woe comes to all in turn.” - - As at that time it was fated for him and the Messenians to be -unfortunate, so in after time was it fated for Lacedæmon when her -day had come. And now the Thebans after the victory of Leuctra sent -messengers to Italy and Sicily and to the Euesperitæ, to recall the -Messenians from their wanderings to the Peloponnese. And they gathered -together quicker than anyone would have thought, from yearning -affection to their fatherland, and from their abiding hate to the -Lacedæmonians. And Epaminondas was in doubt what city he should build -as a base against the Lacedæmonians, or where he should find a site, -for the Messenians would not dwell again at Andania and Œchalia, -because they had been so unlucky when they lived there before. As -he was in this doubt they say an old man, very like a priest of -the mysteries, appeared to him in a vision of the night, and said -to him, “My gift to you is universal conquest in war: and when you -shall leave this earth I will make your name, O Theban, immortal and -ever glorious. But do you in return restore to the Messenians their -country and cities, for the wrath of Castor and Pollux towards them -is now appeased.” These were his words to Epaminondas, who revealed -the dream to Epiteles the son of Æschines, whom the Argives chose as -their General and the restorer of Messene. This man was bidden in a -dream, in the place where he should find at Ithome an ivy and myrtle -tree growing, to dig between them and recover an old woman who was -ill and confined there in a brass coffin and already near to death’s -door. And Epiteles when day broke went to the appointed place, and dug -up a cinerary urn of brass, and took it at once to Epaminondas and -narrated his dream, and he told him to remove the lid and see what was -in it. And he after sacrifice and prayer to the person who had sent him -this dream opened the urn, and found some tin beaten very thin, and -rolled up like a book. On it were written the mysteries of the Great -Goddesses, and it was in fact what Aristomenes had buried. And they say -the person who appeared to Epiteles and Epaminondas in their dreams -was Caucon, who formerly came from Athens to Andania to Messene the -daughter of Triopas. - - - - -CHAPTER XXVII. - - -The wrath of Castor and Pollux against the Messenians began before -the battle at Stenyclerus, and I conjecture it to have originated in -the following way. Panormus and Gonippus, two lads of Andania in the -bloom of youth, were great friends, and used jointly to make incursions -and raids into Laconia. And as the Lacedæmonians in camp were keeping -the festival of Castor and Pollux, and after the banquet were full of -wine and merrymaking, Gonippus and Panormus, clad in white tunics and -purple cloaks, well mounted, with hats on their heads and spears in -their hands, presented themselves to the Lacedæmonians. And when they -saw them they bowed down before them and worshipped them, thinking they -were Castor and Pollux who had come to the sacrifice. But these young -men mixed up with them and rode through them and stabbed many with -their lances, and, after many of them had fallen, rode back to Andania, -having thus outraged the festival of Castor and Pollux. This is what -I think made the Twin Brethren hate the Messenians. But now, as was -hinted to Epaminondas in his dream, the Twin Brethren had no objection -to the return of the Messenians. And Epaminondas was very greatly -encouraged also to the restoration of Messene by the oracles of Bacis, -who had been driven mad by the Nymphs and had given various prophetic -utterances to several of the Greeks, and amongst others this one about -the return of the Messenians: - - “And then shall Sparta lose her glorious flower, - Messene built again be for all time.” - -I find also that Bacis foretold the manner in which Eira would be -taken: this is one of his prophetic lines, - - “Those from conquered Messene with its splashing fountains.” - -And as the records of the Mysteries had been recovered, the priests -entered them in books. And Epaminondas, as the place where the -Messenians now have their capital seemed most convenient to settle -in, bade the seers examine if the gods were favourable to the spot. -And on their replying that the omens were favourable, he at once made -preparations for building the town, ordering a large supply of stone, -and sending for builders who should artistically lay out streets and -build houses and temples and lines of walls. And when all was in -readiness the Arcadians furnished victims, and Epaminondas and the -Thebans sacrificed to Dionysus and Apollo Ismenius in the accustomed -manner, and the Argives to Argive Hera and Nemean Zeus, and the -Messenians to Zeus of Ithome and Castor and Pollux, and the priests of -the Mysteries to the Great Goddesses and Caucon. And with one consent -they invoked the heroes to come and dwell with them, especially Messene -the daughter of Triopas, and Eurytus and Aphareus and his sons, and -of the Heraclidæ Cresphontes and Æpytus. But most unanimous of all -was the cry for Aristomenes. And that day they devoted to sacrifices -and prayers, and on the following days they raised the circuit of -the walls, and began to build their houses and temples inside the -walls. And they carried on this work only to the music of Bœotian -and Argive flutes, and the tunes of Sacadas and Pronomus now first -came into competition. And they called the capital Messene, and they -restored others of their towns. But the people of Nauplia were not -turned out of Mothone, the Asinæi also were allowed to remain where -they were, the latter out of gratitude because they had refused to -join the Lacedæmonians against them. And the people of Nauplia, when -the Messenians returned to the Peloponnese, had brought them as gifts -whatever they had, and had continually prayed to the deity for their -return, and had also made many requests to the Messenians for their own -safety. - - Thus the Messenians returned to the Peloponnese, and were restored -to their country, 287 years after the capture of Eira, when Dyscinetus -was Archon at Athens, and in the third year of the 102nd Olympiad, in -which Damon of Thurii won the second prize. It was indeed no short -time that the Platæans were exiles from their country, or the Delians -when (expelled from Delos by the Athenians) they dwelt at Adramyttium. -The Minyæ from Orchomenus also, having been driven out by the Thebans -from Orchomenus after the battle of Leuctra, were restored to Bœotia by -Philip the son of Amyntas, as the Platæans also. And although Alexander -stript Thebes of Thebans, yet not many years afterwards Cassander -the son of Antipater rebuilt it. The exile from Platæa seems to have -been the longest of those which I have recorded, however it was not -longer than two generations. But the Messenians were wanderers from -the Peloponnese for nearly 300 years, during which time it is evident -that they abandoned none of their national customs, nor did they change -their Doric dialect, but even to our day they preserve it purer than -any other of the Peloponnesians. - - - - -CHAPTER XXVIII. - - -On their return no apprehension was felt by them at first about the -Lacedæmonians: for they, being afraid of the Thebans, did not interfere -with the rebuilding of Messene, nor the gathering of the Arcadians -into one town. But when the Phocian War, otherwise called the Holy -War, withdrew the Thebans from the Peloponnese, then the Lacedæmonians -pricked up their courage, and could no longer keep their hands off the -Messenians. And the Messenians bore the brunt of the war alone, except -the assistance they got from the Argives and Arcadians; they also -begged for help from the Athenians,--but they replied that they could -not join them in an incursion into Laconia, but if the Lacedæmonians -were the aggressors and carried the war into Messenia, then they -promised that they would not fail them. And eventually the Messenians -got the help of Philip, the son of Amyntas, and the Macedonians, and -this they say prevented them from participation in the struggle of the -Greeks at Chæronea. Not that they would ever have been inclined to take -up arms against the Greeks. But after the death of Alexander, when the -Greeks commenced a second war against the Macedonians, the Messenians -took their part in this, as I have before shewn in my account of -Attica. But they did not join the Greeks in fighting against the -Galati, as Cleonymus and the Lacedæmonians would not make a treaty with -them. - - And not long afterwards the Messenians occupied Elis, partly by -cunning partly by audacity. The people of Elis in ancient times were -the most orderly of all the Peloponnesians, but when Philip the son -of Amyntas did all that harm to Greece that we have mentioned, and -corrupted by bribes the most influential of the people of Elis, then -for the first time in their history the people of Elis took up arms and -became factious. And after they had taken the first plunge, they were -likely with less reluctance to go into future civil strife, inasmuch as -through the Lacedæmonians their policy had been shifted, and they had -drifted into civil war. And the Lacedæmonians hearing of the factions -at Elis made preparations to assist those who were for their party. And -while they were drilling and mobilizing their forces, about 1000 picked -men of the Messenians secretly approached Elis, with Lacedæmonian -colours on their shields. And when the men in Elis who were friendly -to the Spartans saw their shields, they concluded they had come to -help them and admitted them within the walls. But when the Messenians -got in, in the way I have described, they expelled from the town the -Lacedæmonian party, and entrusted the town to their own friends. Their -stratagem was Homeric, and the Messenians seem to have imitated Homer -for the nonce, for Homer has represented in the Iliad Patroclus wearing -the armour of Achilles, and how the Trojans, thinking that Achilles -was leading the attack, were thrown into confusion in their van. Other -stratagems of war are found in Homer, as when he describes two Greek -spies coming to the Trojans by night instead of one, and afterwards a -supposed deserter coming to Troy really to spy out the weak points. -Moreover he represents those Trojans who were either too young or -too old to fight as manning the walls, while those of a suitable age -took the field against the Greeks. And those of the Greeks that were -wounded gave their armour to other fighting men, that their services -too might not be altogether lost. Thus Homer’s ideas have been -generally useful to mankind. - - - - -CHAPTER XXIX. - - -And no long time after this action at Elis the Macedonians under -Demetrius, the son of Philip the son of Demetrius, attacked Messene. -Most of the audacity displayed by Perseus against Philip and his son -Demetrius I have already described in my account about Sicyon: and the -capture of Messene took place as follows. Philip was in need of money, -and, as he must have it by hook or by crook, sent Demetrius with a -fleet to the Peloponnese. And Demetrius chanced to put in at one of -the least frequented harbours of Argolis: and without losing time he -led his army by the shortest cuts through the country to Messene. And -having posted in the van all his light-armed troops, as he was well -acquainted with the road to Ithome, he got stealthily into the town -a little before dawn, and took up his position between the town and -the citadel. And when day broke and those in the town perceived their -imminent peril, their first thought was that the Lacedæmonians had got -into the town, so they rushed against them with the greatest alacrity -owing to their ancient animosity. But when both from their arms and -language they discovered that they were Macedonians under Demetrius -the son of Philip, a panic came over them, when they considered the -military renown of the Macedonians, and the good fortune which they had -invariably had. However the magnitude of the impending danger suggested -to them an almost supernatural bravery, and at the same time the hope -to see better days supported them: for they could not but think their -return to the Peloponnese after so long an exile was not against the -will of the Deity. The Messenians therefore in the town rushed against -the Macedonians with impetuosity, and the garrison in the citadel -galled them from their higher position. The Macedonians from their -courage and tactical skill fought at first like lions: but at last -spent with their long march, and not only pressed hard by men, but -pelted with tiles and stones by the women, fled in disorder. And most -of them perished miserably, being pushed down the rocks, for Ithome was -very precipitous here, but a few threw away their arms and got off safe. - - What prevented the Messenians from joining at first the Achæan League -was as follows. They had of their own accord gone to the aid of the -Lacedæmonians when they were attacked by Pyrrhus the son of Æacus, and -for this good service there were already friendlier relations between -themselves and Sparta. They did not therefore wish to revive the old -feud by going to the Achæan League, as the Achæans were most openly -hostile to the Lacedæmonians. And what has not escaped my notice, and -cannot have escaped the notice of the Messenians is that, even had -there been no Achæan League, the Achæans would have been hostile to -the Lacedæmonians, for among the Achæans the Argives and Arcadians -were no small element. In process of time however the Messenians -joined the Achæan League. And not long afterwards Cleomenes, the son -of Leonidas and grandson of Cleonymus, took Megalopolis the chief -town of the Arcadians in truce time. In the capture of the town about -a third of the inhabitants were captured or slain, but Philopœmen -the son of Craugis and those who escaped with him (and they say that -rather more than two thirds of the people of Megalopolis got away) were -kindly received by the Messenians, partly on account of the ancient -friendliness which the Arcadians had first exhibited in the days of -Aristomenes, and partly in consequence of the part they had taken -in the rebuilding of Messene. The Messenians even went so far as to -assign to the Arcadians equal rights to themselves. Such vicissitudes -and changes are there in all human affairs, that the deity put it into -the power of the Messenians to preserve in turn the Arcadians, and -(what was still less to be expected) one day to capture Sparta. For -when they fought against Cleomenes at Sellasia they joined Aratus and -the Achæans in taking Sparta. And when the Lacedæmonians had got rid -of Cleomenes, there rose up against them the tyrant Machanidas: and -after his death Nabis sprang up as tyrant over them. And, as he not -only plundered men but also sacrilegiously robbed the holy places, in -no long time he amassed considerable sums of money, and got together -with this money an army. And when he occupied Messene Philopœmen and -the people of Megalopolis made a sally by night, and the Spartan tyrant -departed on conditions. And the Achæans after this, in consequence of -some difference with the Messenians, marched out against them in full -force, and ravaged their territory. And again about harvest time they -collected a force for the purpose of attacking Messenia, but Dinocrates -a prominent man among the people, who had been recently elected ruler -of the Messenians, forced Lycortas and the army with him to retire -without effecting their object, and having occupied the byroads between -Messenia and Arcadia he protected[58] the Messenians in their town -and in all the neighbouring districts. And when Philopœmen with a few -cavalry came a little later than the army of Lycortas, not having -been able to gather any tidings about them, the Messenians having the -advantage of ground beat them in battle, and took Philopœmen alive. And -the manner of his capture and his death I shall relate hereafter in my -account of Arcadia. Suffice it here to state that those Messenians who -were guilty of the death of Philopœmen were punished, and Messene again -joined the Achæan League. - - Hitherto I have had to deal with the many sufferings of the -Messenians, and to describe how the Deity, having scattered them to -the ends of the earth, and to places most remote from the Peloponnese, -restored them to their own country a long time afterwards. And now let -us turn to a description of the country and its towns. - - - - -CHAPTER XXX. - - -There is in our days in Messenia, about 20 stades from the Chœrian -dell, a town by the sea called Abia. They say in old times it was -called Ire, and that it was one of the seven towns, which Homer -represents Agamemnon as promising to Achilles. And when Hyllus and -the Dorians were conquered in battle by the Achæans, then they say -Abia, the nurse of Glenus the son of Hercules, went to Ire, and there -lived, and built a temple of Hercules, and for that reason Cresphontes -afterwards assigned her several honours, and changed the name of -the town to her name Abia. There were notable temples there both to -Hercules and Æsculapius. - - And Pharæ is distant from Abia about 80 stades, and the water by the -road is salt. The Emperor Augustus ordered the Messenians at Pharæ to -be ranked under Laconia. The founder of the city was they say Pharis, -the son of Hermes by Phylodamea the daughter of Danaus. And Pharis they -say had no male children, but only a daughter Telegone. The direct -line of genealogy has been given by Homer in the Iliad, who says that -the twins Crethon and Ortilochus were the sons of Diocles, and that -Diocles himself was the son of Ortilochus, the son of Alpheus. But -he has said nothing about Telegone, who according to the Messenian -tradition was the wife of Alpheus and mother of Ortilochus. I have -also heard at Pharæ that Diocles had a daughter Anticlea as well as -his twin sons, and that she bare Nicomachus and Gorgasus to Machaon -the son of Æsculapius: they lived at Pharæ, and after the death of -Diocles succeeded to the kingdom. And a constant tradition about them -has prevailed even to this day, that they have the power of healing -illnesses and people maimed in body. And because of this the people -sacrifice to them and offer votive offerings. At Pharæ there is also a -temple and ancient statue of Fortune. The first person that I know of -that has mentioned Fortune is Homer. He has mentioned her in his Hymn -to Demeter, when enumerating the other daughters of Oceanus, how they -played with Demeter’s daughter Proserpine, and among them Fortune, also -a daughter of Oceanus. These are the lines.[59] “We all were in the -pleasant meadow, Leucippe, Phæno, Electra, and Ianthe, Melobosis, and -Fortune, and Ocyroe of the beautiful eyes.” But he has said nothing -further about her, how she is the greatest goddess in human affairs -and has the greatest influence, as in the Iliad he represented Athene -and Enyo as supreme in war, and Artemis as dreaded in childbirth, and -Aphrodite as the goddess of marriages. He has not symbolized Fortune in -this way. But Bupalus, a man of wonderful ability in building temples -and making models of animals, is the first person we know of that made -a statue of Fortune. His was for the people of Smyrna. Fortune has a -globe on her head, and in one of her hands what is called by the Greeks -the horn of Amalthea. Thus did he typify the actions of this goddess. -Pindar also subsequently wrote various lines about Fortune, and named -her City-Preserver. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXI. - - -Not far from Pharæ is the grove of Carnean Apollo, and a fountain of -water in it, and Pharæ is about six stades from the sea. As you go -from thence into the interior of Messenia about 80 stades you come to -the town of Thuria,--which they say Homer called Anthea in his verses. -And Augustus gave Thuria to the Spartans. For when the future Emperor -of Rome was at war with Mark Antony, several Greeks and especially -Messenians fought for Antony because the Lacedæmonians espoused the -side of Augustus. Accordingly Augustus punished the Messenians and -others who had opposed him, some more some less. And the people of -Thuria left their ancient city which was built on a height, and went -and dwelt in the plain. Not that they altogether abandoned the upper -city, for there are ruins of their walls and a temple there called the -temple of the Syrian goddess. And a river called Aris flows by their -town in the plain. - - And there is in the interior a village called Calamæ and a place -called Limnæ: in the latter place is a temple of Artemis of Limnæ, -where they say Teleclus the king of Sparta was killed. And as you go -from Thuria in the direction of Arcadia are the sources of the river -Pamisus, in which small boys by being dipped are cured of diseases. And -as you go to the left from these sources of the river and go forward -about 40 stades, you come to the city of the Messenians under Mount -Ithome: which is encircled not only by Mount Ithome but also in the -direction of the Pamisus by Mount Eva. The mountain they say was called -Eva from the Bacchic cry Evœ, which Dionysus and his attendant women -first uttered here. And round Messene is a circular wall entirely -constructed of stone, and towers and battlements are built on it. As to -the walls of the Babylonians, or those called Memnon’s in Susa amongst -the Persians, I have neither seen them nor heard anything of them -from eye witnesses: but I can confidently affirm that the wall round -Messene is stronger than those at Ambrosus in Phocis or at Byzantium -or at Rhodes. And in the market-place at Messene there is a statue of -Zeus Soter, and a conduit called Arsinoe, which got its name from the -daughter of Leucippus, and water flows underground to feed it from a -well called Clepsydra. And the gods who have temples are Poseidon and -Aphrodite. And the most notable thing is a statue of the Mother of the -Gods in Parian marble by Damophon, who most artistically rivetted the -Zeus at Olympia when the ivory got loose. And honours were bestowed -upon him by the people of Elis. He too designed the statue that the -people of Messene call Laphria: whom they are accustomed to worship for -the following reason. Among the Calydonians, who worship Artemis most -of all the gods, her title is Laphria. And the Messenians who received -Naupactus from the Athenians, and lived consequently very near to -Ætolia, borrowed the worship of Artemis Laphria from the Calydonians. -The statue I shall describe elsewhere. The title Laphria is only -given to Artemis by the Messenians and the people of Patræ in Achaia. -Ephesian Artemis is the title which all cities recognize, and by which -men privately worship her as greatest of the gods; partly from the fame -of the Amazons, who are said to have established the worship of her -image, partly because she had a temple at Ephesus from time immemorial. -And three other things contributed to her glory also, the size of the -temple which exceeds all other human structures, the celebrity of the -city of Ephesus, and the splendour of the goddess’ shrine. - - At Messene there is also a temple and stone statue of Ilithyia. And -hard by is a hall of the Curetes, where they sacrifice all kinds of -living things alike. Beginning with bulls and goats, they even go as -far as to cast birds into the flames. There is also a temple sacred -to Demeter, and statues of Castor and Pollux represented as carrying -off the daughters of Leucippus. I have already shown in a previous -part of my work that the Messenians assert that Castor and Pollux are -indigenous with them and not with the Lacedæmonians. And they have many -statues well worth seeing in the temple of Æsculapius. For besides the -statues of the god and his sons, and besides those of Apollo and the -Muses and Hercules, there are statues of Thebes and Epaminondas the -son of Cleommis, and of Fortune and of Lightbringing Artemis. Those in -stone are the work of Damophon, the only Messenian statuary that I know -of that has produced any remarkable statues. The effigy of Epaminondas -in iron is by another hand. There is also at Messene a temple of -Triopas and her statue in gold and Parian marble: and the paintings at -the back of the temple are Aphareus and his sons, the kings of Messene -before the expedition of the Dorians to the Peloponnese, and after the -return of the Heraclidæ Cresphontes, the leader of the Dorians, and of -those that dwelt at Pylos Nestor and Thrasymedes and Antilochus, who -were preferred to the sons of Nestor partly because they were older, -partly because they had taken part in the Trojan expedition. There are -paintings also of Leucippus the brother of Aphareus, and of Hilaira, -Phœbe, and Arsinoe. There are paintings also of Æsculapius, (the son -of Arsinoe according to the tradition of the Messenians,) and Machaon -and Podalirius, for they also had a share in the expedition to Ilium. -These paintings were executed by Omphalion, the pupil of Nicias the son -of Nicomedes: some say that he was also the slave of Nicias and his -favourite. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXII. - - -The temple at Messene called the Sacrificial Chamber has statues of -the gods generally worshipped among the Greeks, and also an effigy of -Epaminondas in brass. There are also some ancient tripods, such as -Homer describes as not having experienced fire.[60] And the statues in -the gymnasium are the work of Egyptians, and are Hermes Hercules and -Theseus, who are wont to be held in honour at gymnasiums and palæstras -by all Greeks and by many barbarians. I also noticed a statue of -Æthidas who was a contemporary of mine but older, and as he was very -wealthy the Messenians paid him honours as a hero. None of the people -of Messene deny that Æthidas was wealthy, but some say it is not that -Æthidas who has a statue on the pillar, but a namesake and ancestor. -And this earlier Æthidas was they say the General of the Messenians, -when Demetrius the son of Philip and his army stole into the town by -night when they little expected it. - - There is here also the tomb of Aristomenes, and not a mere cenotaph, -if their account is correct. But when I inquired how and from what -place they brought home Aristomenes’ remains, they replied that they -sent for them from Rhodes, obeying the direction of the God at Delphi. -They also informed me of the sacrifices at this tomb. The bull they -intend to sacrifice they bring to the tomb, and fasten it to a pillar -near the tomb. And it being wild and unused to bonds is reluctant to -remain there. And if by its struggles and mad bounds the pillar is -moved, it is an auspicious omen to the people of Messene, but if it -is not moved it is an omen of misfortune. And they amuse themselves -with the fancy that Aristomenes though no longer alive was present at -the fight at Leuctra, and they say he fought for the Thebans, and was -the main cause of the Lacedæmonian defeat. I know that the Chaldæan -and Indian astrologers were the first who taught that the soul of man -is immortal, and several Greeks credited their assertion, and notably -Plato the son of Aristo. And whoever are willing to believe this cannot -deny the fact that the hatred of Aristomenes to the Lacedæmonians was -eternal. And what I heard in Thebes lent probability to the tradition -at Messene, though it does not altogether agree with their account. -The Thebans say that on the eve of the battle at Leuctra they sent to -several oracles, and among others to that of Trophonius at Lebadea. The -answers are extant which were received from Ismenian and Ptoan Apollo, -as also from Abæ and Delphi. But the response of Trophonius was in -4 hexameter verses. “Before contending with the foe erect a trophy, -decking out the shield, which the ardent Aristomenes of Messene placed -in my temple. I will assuredly destroy the host of hostile warriors.” -And on the arrival of this oracular response they say that Epaminondas -prevailed with Xenocrates to send for the shield of Aristomenes, and he -decked it out as a trophy in a place where it would be visible to the -Lacedæmonians. And some of them recognized the shield as they had seen -it in time of peace at Lebadea, and all knew of it by report. And after -the Thebans won their victory, they offered Aristomenes’ shield again -to Trophonius as a votive offering. There is also a brazen statue of -Aristomenes in the race-course at Messene. And not far from the theatre -is the temple of Serapis and Isis. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXIII. - - -And as you go towards the hill of Ithome, where the Messenians have -their citadel, is the spring called Clepsydra. However willing one -may be it is a matter of no small difficulty to enumerate all the -people who put in the claim that Zeus was born and bred among them. -The people of Messene have this tradition among others. They say that -Zeus was reared among them, and that Ithome and Neda were his nurses, -and that Neda gave her name to the river, and Ithome hers to the -mountain. And these Nymphs they say, when Zeus was stolen away by the -Curetes from fear of Cronos, washed him here at Clepsydra, and the -spring got its name from the theft of the Curetes: and every day they -take water from this spring to the temple of Zeus of Ithome. And the -statue of Zeus is the work of Ageladas, and was made originally for -the Messenians that dwelt at Naupactus. And a priest chosen annually -keeps the statue in his house. And they have an annual feast at Ithome, -and originally they had a musical contest, as one may infer from other -sources, but especially from the lines of Eumelus, which are part of -his Processional Hymn at Delos, “Welcome to Zeus of Ithome was the pure -muse with free sandals.” I think from these verses that Eumelus knew -that they had a musical contest at the Feast of Zeus of Ithome. - - At the gates in the direction of Megalopolis in Arcadia there is a -statue of Hermes of Athenian design: the busts of Hermes among the -Athenians are square, and others have borrowed this design from them. -And if you go about 30 stades down from these gates you come to the -river Balyra. It was so called they say because Thamyris threw his lyre -away there in his blindness, Thamyris the son of Philammon and the -nymph Argiope. Argiope they say lived at Parnassus for a while, but -when she became pregnant removed to Odrysæ, because Philammon would not -marry her. And this is the reason why they call Thamyris Odrysian and -Thracian. And the rivers Leucasia and Amphitus are tributaries of the -Balyra. - - After you have crossed these you come to the plain called the plain -of Stenyclerus; this Stenyclerus was a hero. And right opposite the -plain is what was called of old Œchalia, but in our day the Carnasian -grove, mostly of cypress trees. And the gods who have statues are -Carnean Apollo and Hermes carrying a ram. And the daughter of -Demeter is here called the Virgin, and near her statue water wells -from a spring. But the rites of the Great Goddesses, who have their -Mysteries at the Carnasian grove, I must not reveal: but they are in -my opinion second only in sanctity to the Eleusinian Mysteries. I -am also prevented by a dream from revealing to the public all about -the cinerary urn of brass found by the Argive General, in which -the remains of Eurytus the son of Melaneus are kept. And the river -Charadrus flows along the Carnasian grove, and as you go on about 8 -stades to the left you come to the ruins of Andania. That the town was -so named from a woman called Andania is admitted by the antiquarians: I -know however nothing about her parents, or who she married. And on the -road from Andania to Cyparissiæ you come to a place called Polichne, -where the rivers Electra and Cœus flow. Perhaps the names of these -rivers refer to Electra the daughter of Atlas and to Cœus the father of -Leto, or Electra and Cœus are possibly some local heroes. - - And after crossing the Electra you come to the well called Achaia, -and the ruins of the city Dorium. And it is here at Dorium that Homer -has described Thamyris as having been stricken blind, because he said -he could excel the Muses in singing.[61] But Prodicus the Phocæan, -(if the poem called the Minyad is indeed his), says that punishments -were reserved for Thamyris in Hades because of his boastful language -to the Muses. But I am of opinion that Thamyris lost his eyesight -through disease: as indeed happened to Homer subsequently. But Homer -went on composing all his life, for he did not yield to his misfortune, -whereas Thamyris wooed the Muse no longer, completely overcome by his -ever-present trouble. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXIV. - - -From Messene to the mouth of the Pamisus is about 80 stades, and the -Pamisus flows clear and limpid through arable land, and is navigable -some 10 stades inland. And some sea fish swim up it especially at the -season of spring, as they do also up the rivers Rhenus and Mæander: but -mostly do they swim up the river Achelous, which has its outlet near -the islands called the Echinades. And the fish that swim up the Pamisus -are finer in appearance, because the water is clear, and not full of -mud like the other rivers I have mentioned. And mullets, being fishes -that love mud, are fond of muddy rivers. Now the Greek rivers do not -seem to produce beasts dangerous to man’s life, like the Indus, and -the Nile in Egypt, and the Rhenus, the Ister, the Euphrates, and the -Phasis. For they produce beasts that devour man, in appearance like the -Glanides at Hermus and Mæander, except that they have a darker skin and -more strength. In these respects the Glanides are deficient. And the -Indus and Nile both furnish crocodiles, and the Nile hippopotamuses -also, which are as destructive to man as the crocodile. But the Greek -rivers are not formidable for wild beasts, for even in the river Aous, -that flows through the Thesprotian mainland, the dogs are not river -dogs but sea dogs that swim up from the sea. - - On the right of the Pamisus is Corone, a town near the sea, and under -the mountain Mathia. And on the road to it is a place near the sea, -which they think is the temple of Ino: for they say that the goddess -landed here from the sea, and was worshipped by the name of Leucothea -instead of Ino. And at no great distance the river Bias discharges -itself into the sea, which river took its name they say from Bias the -son of Amythaon. About 20 stades from the road is the well Plataniston, -the water flows from a plane-tree, broad and hollow inside, and like a -small cave, and fresh water flows from thence to Corone. The name of -the town was of old Æpea, but after the Messenians were restored to the -Peloponnese by the Thebans, they say that Epimelides, who was sent to -rebuild it, called it Coronea, after Coronea in Bœotia where he came -from, but the Messenians mispronounced the name Corone from the first, -and in process of time their mistake became prevalent. There is also -another tradition that when they were digging the foundations of their -walls they found a brass crow.[62] The gods here who have temples are -Artemis called the Rearer of children, and Dionysus, and Æsculapius. -The statues of Æsculapius and Dionysus are of stone, and there is a -brazen statue of Zeus Soter in the market-place. There is also a brazen -statue of Athene in the citadel in the open air, with a crow in her -hand. I also saw the tomb of Epimelides. Why they call the harbour the -harbour of the Achæans I do not know. - - As you go on about 80 stades from Corone you come to a temple of -Apollo, near the sea, which is held in high honour: according to the -Messenian tradition it is the most ancient of all Apollo’s temples, -and the god heals diseases. They call the god Corydus.[63] His statue -here is of wood, but there is a brazen statue the work of Argeotas, a -votive offering they say of the Argonauts. And near the town of Corone -is Colonides. Its inhabitants say they were not Messenians but were -brought by Colænus from Attica, who according to an oracle followed the -crested lark there. And in process of time they picked up the Dorian -dialect and customs. And the town of Colonides is on a height not far -from the sea. - - And the people of Asine were originally neighbours of the Lycoritæ, -and dwelt near Mount Parnassus. They were then called Dryopes from -their founder, which name they retained when they came to the -Peloponnese. But in the third generation afterwards, when Phylas -was king, the Dryopes were beaten in battle by Hercules, and were -taken to Delphi and offered to Apollo. And being brought back to the -Peloponnese by the oracle which the god gave Hercules, they first -occupied Asine near Hermion, and, having been expelled thence by the -Argives, they dwelt in Messenia by permission of the Lacedæmonians, -and when in process of time the Messenians were restored they were not -turned out by them from Asine. And the account the people of Asine -themselves give is as follows. They admit they were conquered in battle -by Hercules, and that their town on Mount Parnassus was captured, -but they deny that they were led captive to Apollo, but when their -walls were taken by Hercules, they left their town they say and fled -for refuge to the heights of Parnassus; and afterwards crossing over -in ships to the Peloponnese became suppliants of Eurystheus, and he -being a bitter enemy of Hercules gave them Asine in Argolis to dwell -in. And the Asinæi are the only descendants of the Dryopes that still -plume themselves on that name, very unlike the Eubœans that live at -Styra. For they too are Dryopes by origin, who did not participate in -the contest with Hercules but dwelt at some distance from the town. -But they despise the name Dryopes, just as the inhabitants of Delphi -object to be called Phocians. Whereas the Asinæi rejoice in the name -of Dryopes, and have evidently made the holiest of their temples an -imitation of those they formerly erected at Mount Parnassus. They have -not only a temple of Apollo, but a temple and ancient statue of Dryops, -whose mysteries they celebrate annually, and say that he was the son of -Apollo. And Asine lies by the sea just as the old Asine in Argolis did, -and the distance from Colonides is about 40 stades, and at about the -same distance in the other direction is the Promontory of Acritas, just -in front of which is the deserted island of Theganussa. And not far -from Acritas is the harbour of Phœnicus and some islands called Œnussæ -opposite the harbour. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXV. - - -And Mothone, which before the expedition against Troy and even -subsequently to that war was called Pedasus, afterwards changed its -name to Mothone from the daughter of Œneus as the inhabitants say: for -Œneus the son of Porthaon after the capture of Ilium retired they say -with Diomede to the Peloponnese, and had by a concubine a daughter -Mothone. But in my opinion the Rock called Mothon gave its name to -Mothone, a rock which constitutes a natural harbour, for being much -of it sunken under the water it narrows the entrance for ships, and -at the same time is a kind of breakwater against the violence of the -waves. I have already described how the Lacedæmonians, in the days when -Damocratidas was king at Argos, gave Mothone to the people of Nauplia, -who had been expelled from their city for their Laconian proclivities; -and how even after the restoration of the Messenians they were not -interfered with. The people of Nauplia were I imagine in ancient times -Egyptians, and, having come to Argolis in their ships with Danaus, -they formed three generations afterwards a colony at Nauplia under -Nauplius the son of Amymone. And the Emperor Trajan granted the people -of Mothone a free constitution. But in older days they alone of all the -Messenians had the following serious misfortune. Thesprotia in Epirus -was in a ruinous condition from anarchy. For Deidamia the daughter of -Pyrrhus had no children, and on her death handed over the government -to the people. She was the daughter of Pyrrhus, the son of Ptolemy, -the son of Alexander, the son of Pyrrhus: of this last Pyrrhus the -son of Æacides I have given an account earlier in my description of -Attica. Procles the Carthaginian has given Alexander the son of Philip -more praise for his good fortune and the lustre of his exploits, but -for the disposition of an army and strategical tactics in the face of -an enemy he says Pyrrhus was the better man. And when the people of -Epirus became a democracy, they shewed a want of ballast in several -respects, and entirely disregarded their rulers: and the Illyrians -that dwelt north of Epirus by the Ionian sea became their masters by -sudden attack. For we know of no democracy but Athens that ever rose -to greatness. The Athenians indeed rose to their zenith by democracy: -but in native intelligence they were superior to the other Greeks, and -obeyed the laws more than democracies generally do. - - And the Illyrians, when they had once tasted the sweets of conquest, -longed for more and still more, and equipped a fleet, and made piratic -excursions everywhere, and sailed to Mothone and anchored there as -with friendly intent, and sent a messenger into the town and asked -for some wine for their ships. And when a few men brought this wine, -they paid for it the price the people of Mothone asked for it, and -sold them in turn some of their cargoes. And on the following day more -came from the city and a brisker traffic ensued. And at last women and -men came down to the ships, and sold wine and received goods in turn -from the barbarians. Then the Illyrians in the height of their daring -captured many men and still more women, and clapped them on board, and -sailed away for the Ionian sea, having half stripped the town of its -population. - - At Mothone is a temple of Athene _the Goddess of Winds_, Diomede they -say dedicated the statue of the goddess and gave her that title, for -violent winds and unseasonable used to blow over the place and do much -harm, but after Diomede prayed to Athene, no trouble from winds ever -came to them thenceforward. There is also a temple of Artemis here, -and some water mixed with pitch in a well, in appearance very like -Cyzicenian ointment. Water indeed can assume every colour and smell. -The bluest I have ever seen is at Thermopylæ, not all the water but -that which flows into the swimming-bath which the people of the place -call the women’s Pots. And reddish water very like blood is seen in -the land of the Hebrews near Joppa: the water is very near the sea, -and the tradition about the spring is that Perseus, after killing the -sea monster to whom the daughter of Cepheus was exposed, washed away -the blood there. And black water welling up from springs I have seen -at Astyra which is opposite Lesbos, the warm baths are in a village -called Atarneus, which was given to the Chians by the Medes as a reward -for giving up to them the suppliant Pactyas the Lydian. This water is -black: and not far from a town across the river Anio the Romans have -some white water: and when one bathes in it it is at first cold and -makes one shudder, but if one stays in it a little time it is hot as -fire. All these wonderful springs I have myself seen, and those of -lesser wonder I purposely pass over, for to find water salt and rough -to the palate is no great wonder. But there are two very remarkable -kinds of water: one at Caria in the plain called White, near a village -called Dascylus, warm and sweeter to drink than milk: and the other -Herodotus describes as a spring of bitter water discharging itself into -the river Hypanis. How then shall we refuse to credit that warm water -is found at Dicæarchia[64] among the Tyrrhenians, so hot that in a few -years it melts the lead through which it flows? - - - - -CHAPTER XXXVI. - - -From Mothone to the promontory of Coryphasium is about 100 stades, and -near it is Pylos, which was founded by Pylos, the son of Cleson, who -brought from Megaris the Leleges who then occupied Megaris. But he did -not enjoy it long, being turned out by Neleus and the Pelasgians of -Iolcus. And he went away to the neighbouring country and occupied Pylos -in Elis. And king Neleus advanced Pylos to such renown that Homer in -his Iliad calls it the city of Neleus.[65] There is a temple there of -Athene called Coryphasia, and a house called Nestor’s house, in which -is a painting of Nestor, and there is his tomb inside the city, and at -a little distance from Pylos is (they say) the tomb of Thrasymedes. -And there is a cave inside the city, which they say was the stall of -the oxen of Nestor and still earlier of Neleus. The breed of these -oxen would be Thessalian, of the herd of Iphiclus the father of -Protesilaus, for Neleus asked them as wedding presents from the wooers -of his daughter, and it was on their account that Melampus to gratify -his brother Bias went to Thessalia, and was bound by the herdsmen of -Iphiclus, but eventually by answering the questions which Iphiclus put -obtained these oxen as a reward. The men of that day were anxious to -amass wealth in the shape of herds of horses and oxen, for not only did -Neleus desire for his own the oxen of Iphiclus, but Eurystheus ordered -Hercules, in consequence of the fame of those oxen in Spain, to drive -off the herd that belonged to Geryon. And Eryx, who was at that time -king in Sicily, was manifestly so keenly in love with the oxen from -Erythea, that when he wrestled with Hercules he staked his kingdom -against them. And Homer in the Iliad has represented Iphidimas, the son -of Antenor, giving 100 oxen as the first wedding present to his father -in law.[66] All this confirms my theory that the men of those days -were especially fond of oxen. And the oxen of Neleus grazed I imagine -mostly over the borders, for the district of Pylos is mostly sandy, -and unable to afford sufficient pasture. My authority is Homer who, -whenever he mentions Nestor, always calls him the king of sandy Pylos. - - Before the harbour is the island Sphacteria, situated very much as -Rhenea is in reference to the harbour of Delos. It seems the destiny -of both men and places to be for a while unknown and then to come to -renown. Such was the case with Caphareus, a promontory in Eubœa, by a -storm which came there upon the Greeks returning with Agamemnon from -Ilium. So too with Psyttalea off Salamis, where we know the Medes -perished in great numbers. So too the reverses of the Lacedæmonians -at Sphacteria made the place world-famed. And the Athenians erected -a brazen statue of Victory in their Acropolis as a record of their -success at Sphacteria. - - And as you go in the direction of Cyparissiæ from Pylos there is a -spring under the city close to the sea. They say the water welled up -in consequence of Dionysus striking the ground with his thyrsus, and -so they call the spring Dionysus’ spring. There are also at Cyparissiæ -temples of Apollo and Cyparissian Athene. And at the place called Aulon -there is a temple of Æsculapius, and a statue of Aulonian Æsculapius. -From this place the river Neda, till it falls into the sea, is the -boundary between Messenia and Elis. - - - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[53] Odyssey, xxi. 18. - -[54] Odyssey, xxi. 15, 16. - -[55] _Ibid._ iii. 488, 489. - -[56] Iliad, ii. 729. - -[57] This seems strange. Ingeniosissime διακόψας Corayus. Siebelis -defends the text. “Sacerdos, quo majus esset miraculum, videtur -dixisse, eum se advolvisse igni, eique admovisse vincula, usque dum -solverentur.” - -[58] Reading ἤμυνεν. - -[59] Hymn to Demeter, lines 417, 418, 420. - -[60] See Hom. Il. ix. 122; xxiii. 267. - -[61] Iliad, ii. 594-600. - -[62] Crow in Greek is _Corone_. Hence the Paronomasia. - -[63] That is, _crested lark_. The explanation of this title is given -somewhat lower down. - -[64] _Puteoli_ is the Latin name. - -[65] Iliad, xi. 682. - -[66] Iliad, xi. 244. - - - - -BOOK V.--ELIS. - - - - -CHAPTER I. - - -Those Greeks, who say that the Peloponnese is divided into five -parts and no more, are obliged to admit that the people of Elis as -well as the Arcadians dwell in the division of the Arcadians, and -that the second division is Achaia, and that the Dorians have the -remaining three. The indigenous races that inhabit the Peloponnese are -Arcadians and Achæans. And the Achæans were driven out of their own -land by the Dorians, but did not however evacuate the Peloponnese, but -dispossessed the Ionians that lived in what was then called Ægialus, -but is now called after them Achaia. The Arcadians on the other hand -have always up to this day remained in Arcadia. But the other parts -of the Peloponnese are peopled by strangers. The latest importation -were the present Corinthians, who were introduced into the Peloponnese -some 217 years ago by the Roman Emperor. And the Dryopes came into the -Peloponnese from Mount Parnassus, the Dorians from Mount Œta. - - We know that the people of Elis originally came from Calydon and -other parts of Ætolia. And the oldest information I have found about -them is as follows. The first king in this land was they say Aethlius, -the son of Zeus by Protogenea the daughter of Deucalion, and the father -of Endymion. The Moon was they say enamoured of this Endymion, and -had by him 50 daughters. But a more probable account is that Endymion -married Asterodia, others say Chromia the daughter of Itonus the son of -Amphictyon, others say Hyperippe the daughter of Arcas, and had three -sons, Pæon and Epeus and Ætolus, and one daughter Eurycyde. Endymion -also made his sons contend in running at Olympia for the kingdom, and -Epeus won, so the people over whom he ruled were first called Epeans. -And of his brothers Ætolus they say remained at home, but Pæon vexed -at his loss went as far away as possible, and the region beyond the -river Axius was called Pæonia after him. As to the death of Endymion -different accounts are given by the Heracleotæ at Miletus and by the -people of Elis, but the latter show the sepulchre of Endymion, while -the former say that he retired to Mount Latmus, where is his shrine. -And Epeus married Anaxiroe, the daughter of Coronus, by whom he had a -daughter Hyrmina, but no male offspring. And these were the events of -his reign. Œnomaus the son of Alxion, (or the son of Ares, as poets -have sung, which is the prevalent tradition), being ruler of the -country called Pisæa, was deposed from his rule by Pelops the Lydian, -who had crossed over from Asia Minor. And after his death Pelops -occupied Pisæa and Olympia, slicing off from the territory of Epeus -what bordered upon Pisæa. And Pelops (so the people of Elis say) was -the first in the Peloponnese to build a temple to Hermes and sacrifice -to him, thus turning away the wrath of the god for the murder of -Myrtilus. - - And Ætolus, the king after Epeus, had to flee from the Peloponnese, -because the sons of Apis indicted him for the involuntary murder of -their father. For Apis the son of Jason, a native of Pallantium in -Arcadia, was killed by Ætolus’ driving over him in his chariot at the -funeral games in memory of Azan. So Ætolus the son of Endymion fled to -the mainland, to the neighbourhood of the river Achelous, which was -called Ætolia after him. And the kingdom of the Epeans was reigned over -by Eleus, the son of Eurycyde, the daughter of Endymion and (if we may -believe the tradition) Poseidon. And the people in his dominions now -changed their names from Epeans to Eleans. - - And Eleus had a son called Augeas. And those who want to exalt him -change his father’s name, and say that he was the son of Helius (_the -Sun-god_). The oxen and goats of this Augeas were so numerous that -most of the country could not be cultivated for their dung. Hercules -therefore, whether for a part of Elis or some other reward, was -persuaded by him to clear the country of this dung. And he effected -this by turning the river Menius on to it. But Augeas, because the -work had been effected by ingenuity rather than toil, refused to give -Hercules his reward, and turned out of doors the eldest of his sons -Phyleus, because he told him he was not acting with justice to a -benefactor. He also made several preparations to defend himself against -Hercules, should he come into Elis with an army, and entered into an -alliance with Amarynceus and the sons of Actor. Now Amarynceus had an -especial acquaintance with military matters, and his father Pyttius -was a Thessalian by extraction, and had come from thence to Elis. And -to Amarynceus Augeas gave a share of his power at Elis; and Actor and -his sons also, who were natives of Elis, shared in the administration -of the kingdom. The father of Actor was Phorbas the son of Lapithus, -and his mother was Hyrmina, the daughter of Epeus, and Actor built and -called after her the town of Hyrmina in Elis. - - - - -CHAPTER II. - - -Now in the campaign against Augeas Hercules had no opportunity to win -laurels, for as the sons of Actor were in their prime for daring and -vigour of youth, the allied forces of Hercules were constantly routed -by them, until the Corinthians announced a truce during the Isthmian -games, and the sons of Actor went to see the games, and Hercules lay -in ambush for them and slew them at Cleonæ. And the perpetrator of the -deed being unknown, Moline the mother of the lads took the greatest -pains to discover their murderer. And when she discovered who it was, -then the people of Elis claimed compensation for the murder from the -Argives, for Hercules dwelt in Argolis at Tiryns. And as the Argives -refused to give up Hercules, they next begged hard of the Corinthians, -that all Argolis should be scratched from the Isthmian games. But -being unsuccessful in this also, they say Moline put a curse upon -the citizens if they went to the Isthmian games. And these curses of -Moline are observed up to this day, and all the athletes at Elis make -a practice of never going to the Isthmian contest. And there are two -different traditions about this. One of them states that Cypselus the -tyrant at Corinth offered a golden statue to Zeus at Olympia, but, -Cypselus dying before his name was inscribed on the votive offering, -the Corinthians asked the people of Elis to allow them to inscribe -publicly the name of Corinth on the votive offering, and the people of -Elis refusing they were angry with them, and forbade them to contend at -the Isthmian games. But how would the Corinthians have been admitted at -the contests at Olympia, if they had excluded the people of Elis from -the Isthmian games? But the other tradition states that Prolaus, a man -of much repute among the people of Elis, and Lysippe his wife had two -sons Philanthus and Lampus, and they went to the Isthmian games, the -one intending to compete in the pancratium among the boys, the other -in wrestling, and before the games came on they were strangled or -killed in some way by their rivals: and that was why Lysippe imposed -her curses on the people of Elis, if they would not of their own accord -cease to attend the Isthmian games. This tradition too is easily shewn -to be a silly one. For Timon a native of Elis had victories in the -pentathlum in all the other Greek contests, and there is an effigy of -him at Olympia, and some elegiac verses which enumerate the various -crowns that he carried off as victor, and the reason why he did not -participate in the Isthmian contest. This is one couplet. “Our hero was -prevented coming to the land of Sisyphus by the strife that arose in -consequence of the sad fate of the sons of Molione.” - - - - -CHAPTER III. - - -Let this suffice on the matter. To resume, Hercules afterwards captured -and sacked Elis, having got together an army of Argives Thebans and -Arcadians: and the people of Elis were assisted by the men of Pylos -in Elis and by the men of Pisa. And the men of Pylos were punished by -Hercules, and he intended marching against Pisa, but was stopped by the -following oracle from Delphi, - - “Dear to the Father is Pisa, Pytho has entrusted it to me.” - -This oracle was the salvation of Pisa. And to Phyleus Hercules gave -up Elis and other places, not so much willingly as standing in awe of -Phyleus, to whom he also granted the captives and forgave Augeas. And -the women of Elis, as their land was stripped of young men through -the war, are said to have prayed to Athene that they might conceive -directly they married, and their prayer was granted, and they erected -a temple to Athene under the title of Mother. And both the women and -men being excessively delighted with their union called the place where -they first met Bady (_sweet_), and also gave the same name in their -national dialect to the river flowing there. - - And when Phyleus, after setting things in order in Elis, returned to -Dulichium, Augeas died being already advanced in age, and was succeeded -in the kingdom of Elis by his son Agasthenes, and by Amphimachus, and -Thalpius. For the sons of Actor married two sisters, the daughters -of Dexamenus who was king at Olenus, and the one had by Theronice -Amphimachus, and the other Eurytus had by Theræphone Thalpius. Not that -Amarynceus or Diores his son remained all their lives in a private -capacity. As we know from Homer in his catalogue of the men of Elis, -all their fleet was 40 sail, and half of them were under Amphimachus -and Thalpius, and of the remaining half ten were under Diores the son -of Amarynceus, and ten under Polyxenus the son of Agasthenes. And -Polyxenus coming back safe from Troy had a son Amphimachus, (he gave -his son this name I fancy from his friendship to Amphimachus the son -of Cteatus who perished at Ilium), and he had a son Eleus, and it was -when Eleus was king at Elis that the Dorian host mustered under the -sons of Aristomachus with a view to return to the Peloponnese. This -oracle came to the kings, that they must make a man with three eyes -leader of the return. And as they were in great doubt what the oracle -could mean, a muleteer chanced to pass by, whose mule was blind of one -eye. And Cresphontes conjecturing that the oracle referred to this -man, the Dorians invited him to be their leader. And he urged them to -return to the Peloponnese in ships, and not force their way through the -isthmus with a land force. This was his advice, and at the same time he -piloted the fleet from Naupactus to Molycrium, and they in return for -his services agreed to give him at his request the kingdom of Elis. And -the man’s name was Oxylus, he was the son of Hæmon, the son of Thoas, -who in conjunction with the sons of Atreus had overturned the kingdom -of Priam; and between Thoas and Ætolus the son of Endymion there are -six generations. And the Heraclidæ were in other respects kinsmen to -the kings in Ætolia, besides the fact that the sisters of Thoas were -mothers by Hercules of Andræmon and Hyllus. And Oxylus had to flee from -Ætolia in consequence of an accident, in throwing a quoit (they say) -he missed his aim and unintentionally killed his brother Thermius, or -according to some accounts Alcidocus the son of Scopius. - - - - -CHAPTER IV. - - -There is also another tradition about Oxylus, that he suspected the -sons of Aristomachus of an unwillingness to give him the kingdom of -Elis, as it was fertile and well cultivated everywhere, and this was -why he led the Dorians through Arcadia and not through Elis. And when -Oxylus hastened to take the kingdom of Elis without contention Dius -would not permit him, but challenged him not to a contention with all -their forces, but to a single combat between two soldiers one from each -side. And both agreed to this. And the men selected for this single -combat were Degmenus a bowman of Elis, and Pyræchmes on the Ætolian -side a famous slinger. And as Pyræchmes was victorious Oxylus got -the kingdom, and he allowed the ancient Epeans to remain there, but -introduced Ætolians as colonists with them, and gave them also a share -in the land. And to Dius he gave various honours, and observed the -rights of all the heroes according to old precedents, and introduced -sacrificial offerings to Augeas which have continued to our day. It -is said that he also persuaded the men in the villages, who were at -no great distance from the walls, to come into the city, and thus -increased the population of Elis and made it more powerful in other -respects. And an oracle came to him from Delphi to associate with him -as colonist a descendant of Pelops, and he made diligent search, and -discovered Agorius the son of Damasius, the son of Penthilus, the son -of Orestes, and invited him from Helice in Achaia and with him a few -Achæans. And they say Oxylus had a wife called Pieria, but they record -nothing further about her. And the sons of Oxylus were they say Ætolus -and Laias. And Ætolus dying in his father’s lifetime, his parents -buried him and erected a sepulchre to him by the gate, which leads to -Olympia and the temple of Zeus. And they buried him there in accordance -with the oracle, which said that his dead body was to be neither in nor -out of the city. And annually still the master of the gymnasium offers -victims to Ætolus. - - Oxylus was succeeded in the kingdom by his son Laias. I could not -find that his sons reigned, so I purposely pass them over, for it has -not been my desire in this narrative to descend to private personages. -But some time afterwards Iphitus, who was of the same family as Oxylus, -and a contemporary of Lycurgus the Lacedæmonian legislator, revived -the contest at Olympia, and renewed the public gathering there, and -established a truce as long as the games lasted. Why the meetings at -Olympia had been discontinued I shall narrate when I come to Olympia. -And as Greece at this time was nearly ruined by civil wars and by -the pestilence, Iphitus bethought him to ask of the god at Delphi a -remission from these ills. And they say he was ordered by the Pythian -Priestess to join the people of Elis in restoring the Olympian games. -Iphitus also persuaded the people of Elis to sacrifice to Hercules, for -before this they had an idea that Hercules was hostile to them. And the -inscription at Olympia says that Iphitus was the son of Hæmon, but most -of the Greeks say he was the son of Praxonides and not of Hæmon. But -the ancient records of the people of Elis trace him up to a father of -the same name as himself _viz._ Iphitus. - - The people of Elis took part in the Trojan war, and also in the -battles against the Persians when they invaded Greece. And to pass over -their frequent disputes with the people of Pisa and the Arcadians in -respect to the re-establishment of the games at Olympia, they joined -the Lacedæmonians not without reluctance in invading Attica, and not -long after they fought against the Lacedæmonians, having formed an -alliance with the Mantineans the Argives and the Athenians. And on the -occasion of Agis making an incursion into Elis, when Xenias played the -traitor, the people of Elis were victorious at Olympia, and routed -the Lacedæmonians, and drove them from the precincts of the temple: -and some time afterwards the war came to an end on the conditions -which I have mentioned before in my account of the Lacedæmonians. -And when Philip, the son of Amyntas, could not keep his hands off -Greece, the people of Elis, worn out with intestine factions, joined -the Macedonians, but not to the point of fighting against the Greeks -at Chæronea. But they participated in the attack of Philip upon the -Lacedæmonians by reason of their ancient hatred to them. But after the -death of Alexander they joined the Greeks in fighting against Antipater -and the Macedonians. - - - - -CHAPTER V. - - -And in process of time Aristotimus, the son of Damaretus, the son of -Etymon, obtained the sovereignty at Elis, partly through the assistance -of Antigonus the son of Demetrius, who was king of the Macedonians. But -when he had reigned only six months, Chilon and Hellanicus and Lampis -and Cylon rose up against him and deposed him; and Cylon slew him with -his own hand when he had fled as suppliant to the altar of Zeus Soter. -These are the chief wars the people of Elis took part in, just to -glance at them briefly in the present portion of my work. - - Among the wonders of Elis are the flax, which grows here alone and -in no other part of Greece, and also the fact that, though over the -borders mares bear foals to he-asses, it is never so in Elis. And this -phenomenon is they say the result of a curse. The flax in Elis in -respect of thinness is not inferior to the flax of the Hebrews, but is -not as yellow. - - And as you go from the district of Elis there is a place by the sea -called Samicum, and beyond it on the right is the district called -Triphylia, and the city Lepreus in it. The people of Lepreus think they -belong properly to Arcadia, but it is manifest they were from time -immemorial subject to Elis. For the victors at Olympia that came from -Lepreus were pronounced by the herald men of Elis. And Aristophanes has -described Lepreus as a city in Elis. One way to Lepreus from Samicum is -by leaving the river Aniger on the left, and a second is from Olympia, -and a third from Elis, and the longest of them is only a day’s journey. -The city got its name they say from Lepreus the son of Pyrgeus its -founder. There is a tradition that Lepreus had an eating contest with -Hercules, each killed an ox at the same time and cooked it for dinner, -and (as he had betted) he was quite a match for Hercules in eating. -But he had the hardihood afterwards to challenge Hercules to a contest -in arms. And they say he was killed in that contest and buried at -Phigalia, however his sepulchre there is not shewn. And I have heard -some who claim that their city was founded by Leprea the daughter -of Pyrgeus. Others say that the inhabitants of this region were the -first lepers, and that the city got its name from this misfortune of -its inhabitants. And the people of Lepreus say that in their city -they once had a temple of Leucæan Zeus, and the tomb of Lycurgus the -son of Aleus, and also the tomb of Caucon. The last had they say as a -design over it a man with a lyre. But in my time there is no remarkable -tomb there, nor any temple of the gods except one of Demeter: built -of unbaked brick, and containing no statue. And not far from the -city Lepreus is a spring called Arene: it got this name according to -tradition from the wife of Aphareus. - - And as you return to Samicum, and go through it, the river Aniger -has its outlet to the sea. The flow of this river is often impeded by -violent winds: for they blow the sand from the shore into it and dam -up the flow of the river. Whenever then this sand becomes soaked with -water, (outside by the sea inside by the river), it becomes a very -dangerous place for carts and carriages and even for an active man to -ford. This river Aniger rises in the Arcadian mountain Lapithus, and -the water has an unpleasant smell from its source. Before receiving -its tributary the Acidas it is too fetid to have any fish whatever, -and after its confluence with the Acidas, though it has fish that -come into its waters from that tributary, they are no longer eatable, -which they are when caught in the Acidas. That the ancient name of the -river Acidas was Iardanus I should not myself have conjectured, but -I was so informed by an Ephesian. The unpleasant smell of the Aniger -comes I believe from the soil through which the river flows, as is -certainly the case with those rivers beyond Ionia, whose exhalations -are deadly to man. Some of the Greeks say that Chiron, others that -Pylenor the Centaur, was wounded by Hercules, and fled and washed his -sore in this river, and that it was from the Hydra’s poison (_in which -Hercules’ arrow had been dipped_) that the Aniger got its unpleasant -smell. Others refer this condition of the river to Melampus the son of -Amythaon, and to the fact that the purifications of the daughters of -Prœtus were thrown into it. - - There is at Samicum a cave, not far from the river, called the cave -of the Nymphs of the Aniger. Whoever goes into it suffering from either -black or white leprosy, must first of all pray to these Nymphs and -promise sacrifice to them, and afterwards wipe clean the diseased parts -of his body. If he next swims across the river he leaves in the water -his foul disease, and comes out of the river sound and with his skin -uniformly clear. - - - - -CHAPTER VI. - - -On the high road, after crossing the Aniger in the direction of -Olympia, there is at no great distance on the right an eminence, -and on it a town called Samia above Samicum. This town[67] they say -was made into a sort of offensive fortress against the Arcadians by -Polysperchon, an Ætolian. - - As to the ruins of Arene, none either of the Messenians or people of -Elis could give me a clear account. As their explanations are different -those who like to conjecture are at liberty to do so. The most -credible account seems to me that of those who think that the ancient -name of Samicum earlier than the time of the heroes was Arene. And -these quote the lines in the Iliad. - - “There is a river Minyeïus, - That flows into the sea near to Arene.” - Iliad, xi 722, 723. - -And these ruins of Arene are very near the Aniger. One might have -doubted about Samicum having been called Arene, only the Arcadians -admit that the ancient name of the river Aniger was Minyeïus. And one -would feel sure that the river Neda near the sea was the boundary -between Elis and Messenia at the time of the return of the Heraclidæ to -the Peloponnese. - - And leaving the Aniger, and passing through a district generally -sandy and full of wild pine-trees, somewhat back to the left you will -see the ruins of Scillus. Scillus was one of the towns of Triphylia: -and in the war between the people of Elis and Pisa the people of -Scillus openly allied themselves to the people of Pisa, and in return -the men of Elis dispossessed them from Scillus. But the Lacedæmonians -afterwards sliced Scillus from Elis, and gave it to Xenophon (the son -of Gryllus), who was at that time exiled from Athens. He was banished -by the Athenians for joining Cyrus (who hated their democracy) against -the king of the Persians (who was their friend): for when Cyrus was at -Sardis he gave Lysander, the son of Aristocritus, and the Lacedæmonians -some money for their fleet. This is why Xenophon was banished, and he -lived at Scillus and built a temple and grove to Ephesian Artemis. And -Scillus affords good hunting of wild animals, as wild boars and deer. -And the river Selinus flows through the district. And the antiquarians -of Elis say that the people of Elis recovered Scillus, and that -Xenophon was tried in the Olympian council for receiving Scillus from -the Lacedæmonians, but was acquitted and allowed to continue there scot -free. And at some little distance from the temple they show a tomb, and -there is an effigy on the tomb in Pentelican marble, which the people -of the place say is Xenophon. - - On the road to Olympia from Scillus, before crossing the Alpheus, -is a mountain lofty and precipitous which is called Typæum. From this -mountain it is the custom to hurl all women of Elis who are detected as -competitors in the Olympian contests, or who merely cross the Alpheus -on forbidden days. Not that any one ever yet was so detected except -Callipatira, whose name according to some traditions was Pherenice. She -after the death of her husband dressed herself up like an athlete, and -brought her son as a combatant to Olympia. And Pisirodus her son having -been victorious, Callipatira in leaping over the fence which parted -the athletes from the spectators, exposed her person, and though her -sex was detected they let her go without punishment out of respect to -her father and brothers and son, who had all been victors at Olympia, -but they passed a law that henceforth all athletes should come to the -contests naked. - - - - -CHAPTER VII. - - -And when you have got to Olympia immediately you see the river Alpheus, -a full and very pleasant river, and no less than seven notable rivers -are tributaries to it. For through Megalopolis the Helisson flows -into it, and the Brentheates from the district of Megalopolis, and -the Gortynius near Gortyna where is a temple of Æsculapius, and from -Melæneæ between the districts of Megalopolis and Heræa the Buphagus, -and the Ladon from the district of the Clitorians, and the river -Erymanthus from the mountain of the same name. All these flow into the -Alpheus from Arcadia, and the Cladeus from Elis also contributes its -stream. And the source of the Alpheus is in Arcadia and not in Elis. -And there are several traditions about the Alpheus, as that he was a -hunter and enamoured of Arethusa, and that she hunted with him. And as -Arethusa was unwilling to marry him, she crossed over they say to an -island near Syracuse, called Ortygia, and there became a spring: just -as Alpheus in consequence of his love was changed into a river. This -is the tradition about the Alpheus and the Ortygia. As to the river -going under the sea and coming up in another place, there is no reason -why I should discredit that, as I know that the god at Delphi admitted -it, seeing that when he sent Archias the Corinthian to establish a -colony at Syracuse, these were some of the words he used, “Ortygia -lies in the cloudy sea above Trinacria, where the mouth of the Alpheus -mixes and flows with the springs of the broad Arethusa.” From this -circumstance of their union, and not any love passages, I imagine the -traditions about the two rivers originated. And all the Greeks or -Egyptians, that have penetrated into Ethiopia beyond Syene, and as far -as the Ethiopian city of Meroe, say that the Nile enters into a marsh, -and flows through it as if it were earth, and eventually through lower -Ethiopia into Egypt to Pharos, where it has its outlet at the sea. And -in the land of the Hebrews I know that the river Jordan flows through -the lake of Tiberias, and into what is called the Dead Sea, by which -it is absorbed. The Dead Sea has properties unlike any other water: -living bodies can float in it without swimming, whereas dead bodies go -to the bottom. And it has no fish, for from their evident danger they -take refuge in water more congenial to them. And there is a river in -Ionia similar to the Alpheus, its source is in the mountain Mycale, and -it flows under the sea, and comes up again at Branchidæ at the harbour -called Panormus. All this is correctly stated. - - In regard to the Olympian Games those who are in possession of the -most ancient archives of the people of Elis say that Cronos was the -first king of Heaven, and that he had a temple built to him at Olympia -by the mortals who then lived, who were called the golden age: and -that, when Zeus was born, Rhea entrusted the charge of the boy to the -Idæan Dactyli, who were otherwise called the Curetes: who afterwards -came to Elis from Ida in Crete, and their names were Hercules, and -Epimedes, and Pæonæus, and Iasius, and Idas. And Hercules the eldest -of them challenged his brothers in play to run a race together, and -they would crown the victor with a branch of the wild olive: and there -was such abundance of wild olive trees that they strewed under them -the leaves while they were still green as beds to sleep on. And they -say that the wild olive was introduced to the Greeks by Hercules from -the country of the Hyperboreans, who dwelt north of the wind Boreas. -Olen the Lycian first mentioned in a hymn to Achæia, that she came to -Delos from these Hyperboreans, and when Melanopus of Cumæ composed an -ode to Opis and Hecaerges, he mentioned that they too came from the -Hyperboreans to Delos before Achæia. And Aristæus of Proconnesus, who -has also mentioned the Hyperboreans, may perhaps have heard more of -them from the Issedones, to whom in his poems he says they went. At -any rate to Idæan Hercules belongs the glory that he first instituted -and gave their name to the Olympian contests. He appointed them to be -held every fifth year because he and his brothers were five in number. -And some say that it was there that Zeus contended with Cronos about -the sovereignty of Heaven, others say he appointed these games after -his success over Cronos. Other gods are said to have been victorious, -as Apollo who outran Hermes, who challenged him to the contest, -and outboxed Ares. And this is the reason they say why the Pythian -flute-playing was introduced in the leaping contest at the pentathlum, -because the flute was sacred to Apollo, and Apollo was on several -occasions the victor at Olympia. - - - - -CHAPTER VIII. - - -And after this they say Clymenus the son of Cardys, (in the 50th year -after Deucalion’s flood), a descendant of Idæan Hercules, came from -Crete and established games at Olympia, and erected an altar to his -ancestor Hercules and to the other Curetes, giving Hercules the title -of Assistant. But Endymion the son of Aethlius deposed Clymenus from -the kingdom, and gave it to his sons as a prize for the best runner -of them at Olympia. And a generation after Endymion, Pelops made the -contest to Olympian Zeus more famous than any of his predecessors. -And when the sons of Pelops were scattered from Elis all over the -Peloponnese, Amythaon the son of Cretheus, uncle of Endymion on the -father’s side, (for they say Aethlius was the son of Æolus surnamed -Zeus), appointed games at Olympia, and after him Pelias and Neleus in -common. So also did Augeas and Hercules, the son of Amphitryon, after -the capture of Elis. And all that he crowned as victors were Iolaus, -who had borrowed the mares of Hercules for the race. It was an old -custom to be a competitor with borrowed horses. Homer at least in the -funeral games in honour of Patroclus has represented Menelaus as yoking -together Agamemnon’s horse Æthe with one of his own.[68] Iolaus was -also Hercules’ charioteer. He was the victor in the chariot race, and -Iasius an Arcadian in the riding race, and Castor was successful in -running, Pollux in boxing. It is also recorded of Hercules that he was -victorious in wrestling and in the pancratium. - - And after the reign of Oxylus, who also established games, the -Olympian games were suspended till Iphitus. And when he renewed the -games as I have before stated, there was a general forgetfulness about -the ancient games, but in a short while they got remembered again, -and whenever they remembered any little feature of the games, they -added it to the programme. And this proves my statement. From the -time that the Olympian games were revived continuously, prizes were -first instituted for running, and Corœbus of Elis was the victor. His -statue is at Olympia, and his grave is on the borders of Elis. And -in the 14th Olympiad afterwards the double course was introduced: -when Hypenus a native of Pisa won the wild olive crown, and Acanthus -was second. And in the 18th Olympiad they remembered the pentathlum -and the wrestling, in the former Lampis was victor, in the latter -Eurybatus, both Lacedæmonians. And in the 23rd Olympiad they ordained -prizes for boxing, and Onomastus was victor from Smyrna (which was at -that day reckoned as Ionia). And in the 25th Olympiad they had a race -of full-grown horses, and the Theban Pagondas was proclaimed victor -in this race. And in the eighth Olympiad later they introduced the -pancratium and the riding race. The horse of Crannonian Crauxidas -got in first, and the competitors for the pancratium were beaten by -the Syracusan Lygdamis, who has his sepulchre at the stonequarries -of Syracuse. And I don’t know whether Lygdamis was really as big -as the Theban Hercules, but that is the tradition at Syracuse. And -the contest of the boys was not a revival of ancient usage, but the -people of Elis instituted it because the idea pleased them. So prizes -were instituted for running and wrestling among boys in the 307th -Olympiad, and Hipposthenes the Lacedæmonian won the wrestling prize, -and Polynices from Elis the running prize. And in the 41st Olympiad -afterwards they invited boxing boys, and the one who won the prize -from all the competitors was Philetas from Sybaris. And the race in -heavy armour was tried in the 65th Olympiad, as an exercise for war I -think: and of those who ran with their shields Damaretus of Heræum was -the victor. And the race of two full-grown horses called a pair was -established in the 93rd Olympiad, and Evagoras of Elis was the victor. -And in the 99th Olympiad they had a fancy to contend with chariots -drawn by colts, and the Lacedæmonian Sybariades had the prize for this -contest. And they afterwards established races of a pair of colts and -for riding a colt, and the victor in the former was Belistiche, a woman -who lived in Macedonia near the sea, and in the latter Tlepolemus the -Lycian in the 131st Olympiad, Belistiche’s victory was in the 3rd -Olympiad before. And in the 145th Olympiad prizes were instituted for a -pancratium-contest for boys, and Phædimus an Æolian from the Troad was -victor. - - - - -CHAPTER IX. - - -And some of the contests at Olympia were put an end to, the people -of Elis having resolved to discontinue them. For the pentathlum for -boys was established in the 38th Olympiad, but when the Lacedæmonian -Eutelidas had won the crown of wild olive, the people of Elis did not -care that their lads should train for the pentathlum. So it dropped. -And the chariot race and the trotting race, the former established -in the 70th Olympiad and the latter in the 71st Olympiad, were both -stopped by proclamation in the 84th Olympiad. When they were first -instituted Thersius the Thessalian won the prize in the former, and -Patæcus an Achæan from Dyme in the latter. In the trotting race the -riders used to jump off towards the end of the course and run with -the horses still holding the reins, as what are called professional -riders do to this day, only the latter employ stallions and have their -own colours. But the chariot race is not an ancient invention nor a -graceful exhibition, and the people of Elis (who have always disliked -the horse) yoke two mules together instead of horses. - - The order of the games in our day is to sacrifice victims to the god, -and then to contend in the pentathlum and horse-race, according to the -programme established in the 77th Olympiad, for before this horses and -men contended on the same day. And at that period the pancratiasts did -not appear till night for they could not compete sooner, so much time -being taken up by the horse-races and pentathlum. And the Athenian -Callias was the victor of the pancratiasts. But for the future they -took care that neither the pentathlum nor horse-races should stand in -the way of the pancratium. And as regards the umpires of the games, the -original rules and those in vogue in our day are quite different, for -Iphitus was the only umpire, and after Iphitus the posterity of Oxylus, -but in the 50th Olympiad two men picked by lot out of all Elis were -entrusted with the stewardship of the contests, and this practice of -two umpires continued for a very long time. But in the 25th Olympiad -afterwards 9 general Umpires were appointed: three for the horse-race, -three to watch the pentathlum, and three to preside over the remaining -games. And in the 2nd Olympiad after this a tenth Umpire was appointed. -And in the 103rd Olympiad, as the people of Elis had 12 tribes, a -general Umpire was appointed by each. And when they were hard pressed -by the Arcadians in war, they lost a portion of their territory and all -the villages in this portion, and so they were only 8 tribes in number -in the 104th Olympiad, and had only 8 general Umpires accordingly. -And in the 108th Olympiad they returned to the number of 10 general -Umpires, and that has continued the number to our day. - - - - -CHAPTER X. - - -Many various wonders may one see, or hear of, in Greece: but the -Eleusinian mysteries and Olympian games seem to exhibit more than -anything else the divine purpose. And the sacred grove of Zeus they -have from old time called Altis, slightly changing the Greek word for -grove[69]: it is indeed called Altis also by Pindar, in the Ode he -composed for a victor at Olympia. And the temple and statue of Zeus -were built out of the spoils of Pisa, which the people of Elis razed -to the ground, after quelling the revolt of Pisa and some of the -neighbouring towns that revolted with Pisa. And that the statue of Zeus -was the work of Phidias is shown by the inscription written at the base -of it, - - “Phidias the Athenian, the son of Charmides, made me.” - - The temple is a Doric building, and outside it is a colonnade. And -the temple is built of stone of the district. Its height up to the -gable is 68 feet, its breadth 95 feet, and its length 230 feet. And its -architect was Libon a native of Elis. And the tiles on the roof are -not of baked earth, but Pentelican marble to imitate tiles. They say -such roofs are the invention of a man of Naxos called Byzes, who made -statues at Naxos with the inscription, - - “Euergus of Naxos made me, the son of Byzes, and descended from Leto, -the first who made tiles of stone.” - - This Byzes was a contemporary of Alyattes the Lydian and Astyages -(the son of Cyaxaras) the king of Persia. And there is a golden vase at -each end of the roof, and a golden Victory in the middle of the gable. -And underneath the Victory is a golden shield hung up as a votive -offering, with the Gorgon Medusa worked on it. The inscription on the -shield states who hung it up, and the reason why they did so. For this -is what it says. - - “This temple’s golden shield is a votive offering from the -Lacedæmonians at Tanagra and their allies, a gift from the Argives the -Athenians and the Ionians, a tithe offering for success in war.” - - The battle I mentioned in my account of Attica, when I described the -tombs at Athens. And in the same temple at Olympia, above the zone -that runs round the pillars on the outside, are 21 golden shields, the -offering of Mummius the Roman General, after he had beaten the Achæans -and taken Corinth, and expelled the Dorians from Corinth. And on the -gables in bas relief is the chariot race between Pelops and Œnomaus, -and both chariots in motion. And in the middle of the gable is a statue -of Zeus, and on the right hand of Zeus is Œnomaus with a helmet on his -head, and beside him his wife Sterope, one of the daughters of Atlas. -And Myrtilus, who was the charioteer of Œnomaus, is seated behind the -four horses. And next to him are two men whose names are not recorded, -but they are doubtless Œnomaus’ grooms, whose duty was to take care of -the horses. And at the end of the gable is a delineation of the river -Cladeus, next to the Alpheus held most in honour of all the rivers of -Elis. And on the left of the statue of Zeus are Pelops and Hippodamia -and the charioteer of Pelops and the horses, and two men who were -Pelops’ grooms. And where the gable tapers fine there is the Alpheus -delineated. And Pelop’s charioteer was according to the tradition of -the Trœzenians Sphærus, but the custodian at Olympia said that his name -was Cilla. The carvings on the gables in front are by Pæonius of Mende -in Thracia, those behind by Alcamenes, a contemporary of Phidias and -second only to him as statuary. And on the gables is a representation -of the fight between the Lapithæ and the Centaurs at the marriage -of Pirithous. Pirithous is in the centre, and on one side of him is -Eurytion trying to carry off Pirithous’ wife and Cæneus coming to the -rescue, and on the other side Theseus laying about among the Centaurs -with his battle-axe: and one Centaur is carrying off a maiden, another -a blooming boy. Alcamenes has engraved this story, I imagine, because -he learnt from the lines of Homer that Pirithous was the son of Zeus, -and knew that Theseus was fourth in descent from Pelops. There are -also in bas relief at Olympia most of the Labours of Hercules. Above -the doors of the temple is the hunting of the Erymanthian boar, and -Hercules taking the mares of Diomede the Thracian, and robbing the oxen -of Geryon in the island of Erythea, and supporting the load of Atlas, -and clearing the land of Elis of its dung. And above the chamber behind -the doors he is robbing the Amazon of her belt, and there is the stag, -and the Cretan Minotaur, and the Stymphalian birds, and the hydra, and -the Nemean lion. And as you enter the brazen doors on the right in -front of the pillar is Iphitus being crowned by his wife Ecechiria, -as the inscription in verse states. And there are pillars inside the -temple, and porticoes above, and an approach by them to the image of -Zeus. There is also a winding staircase to the roof. - - - - -CHAPTER XI. - - -The image of the god is in gold and ivory, seated on a throne. And a -crown is on his head imitating the foliage of the olive tree. In his -right hand he holds a Victory in ivory and gold, with a tiara and crown -on his head: and in his left hand a sceptre adorned with all manner of -precious stones, and the bird seated on the sceptre is an eagle. The -robes and sandals of the god are also of gold: and on his robes are -imitations of flowers, especially of lilies. And the throne is richly -adorned with gold and precious stones, and with ebony and ivory. And -there are imitations of animals painted on it, and models worked on it. -There are four Victories like dancers one at each foot of the throne, -and two also at the instep of each foot: and at each of the front feet -are Theban boys carried off by Sphinxes, and below the Sphinxes Apollo -and Artemis shooting down the children of Niobe. And between the feet -of the throne are four divisions formed by straight lines drawn from -each of the four feet. In the division nearest the entrance there are -seven models, the eighth has vanished no one knows where or how. And -they are imitations of ancient contests, for in the days of Phidias the -contests for boys were not yet established. And the figure with its -head muffled up in a scarf is they say Pantarces, who was a native -of Elis and the darling of Phidias. This Pantarces won the wrestling -prize for boys in the 86th Olympiad. And in the remaining divisions is -the band of Hercules fighting against the Amazons. The number on each -side is 29, and Theseus is on the side of Hercules. And the throne is -supported not only by the four feet, but also by 4 pillars between -the feet. But one cannot get under the throne, as one can at Amyclæ, -and pass inside, for at Olympia there are panels like walls that keep -one off. Of these panels the one opposite the doors of the temple is -painted sky blue only, but the others contain paintings by Panænus. -Among them is Atlas bearing up Earth and Heaven, and Hercules standing -by willing to relieve him of his load, and Theseus and Pirithous, and -Greece, and Salamis with the figurehead of a ship in her hand, and -the contest of Hercules with the Nemean lion, and Ajax’s unknightly -violation of Cassandra, and Hippodamia the daughter of Œnomaus with her -mother, and Prometheus still chained to the rock and Hercules gazing -at him. For the tradition is that Hercules slew the eagle that was -ever tormenting Prometheus on Mount Caucasus, and released Prometheus -from his chains. The last paintings are Penthesilea dying and Achilles -supporting her, and two Hesperides carrying the apples of which they -are fabled to have been the keepers. This Panænus was the brother of -Phidias, and at Athens in the Painted Stoa he has painted the action -at Marathon. At the top of the throne Phidias has represented above -the head of Zeus the three Graces and three Seasons. For these too, as -we learn from the poets, were daughters of Zeus. Homer in the Iliad -has represented the Seasons as having the care of Heaven, as a kind -of guards of a royal palace.[70] And the base under the feet of Zeus, -(what is called in Attic θρανίον), has golden lions engraved on it, and -the battle between Theseus and the Amazons, the first famous exploit -of the Athenians beyond their own borders. And on the platform that -supports the throne there are various ornaments round Zeus and gilt -carving, the Sun seated in his chariot, and Zeus and Hera, and near -is Grace. Hermes is close to her, and Vesta close to Hermes. And -next to Vesta is Eros receiving Aphrodite just rising from the sea, -who is being crowned by Persuasion. And Apollo and Artemis Athene and -Hercules are standing by, and at the end of the platform Amphitrite and -Poseidon, and Selene apparently urging on her horse. And some say it is -a mule and not a horse that the goddess is riding upon, and there is a -silly tale about this mule. - - I know that the size of the Olympian Zeus both in height and breadth -has been stated, but I cannot bestow praise on the measurers, for their -recorded measurement comes far short of what anyone would infer looking -at the statue. They make the god also to have testified to the art of -Phidias. For they say when the statue was finished, Phidias prayed him -to signify if the work was to his mind, and immediately Zeus struck -with lightning that part of the pavement, where in our day there is a -brazen urn with a lid. - - And all the pavement in front of the statue is not of white but -of black stone. And a border of Parian marble runs round this black -stone, as a preservative against spilled oil. For oil is good for -the statue at Olympia, as it prevents the ivory being harmed by the -dampness of the grove. But in the Acropolis at Athens, in regard to -the statue of Athene called the Maiden, it is not oil but water that -is advantageously employed to the ivory: for as the citadel is dry by -reason of its great height, the statue being made of ivory needs to be -sprinkled with water freely. And when I was at Epidaurus, and enquired -why they use neither water nor oil to the statue of Æsculapius, the -sacristans of the temple informed me that the statue of the god and its -throne are over a well. - - - - -CHAPTER XII. - - -Those who think that the parts of the elephant that project from the -mouth are teeth and not horns, should consider the case of Celtic elks -and Ethiopian bulls. For male elks have horns on their foreheads, -but the female elk has none whatever. And Ethiopian bulls have horns -growing in their nostrils. Who would therefore think it very wonderful -after these examples that a beast should have horns growing out of its -mouth? One may also get further light from the following particulars. -Horns in animals take a certain definite period to grow and grow more -than once: and this is the case with stags and antelopes as well as -elephants. But no animal after full growth has second sets of teeth. -If they are teeth therefore and not horns that project from elephants’ -mouths, how could they grow a second time? Moreover teeth are not acted -upon by fire, but horns both of oxen and elephants can by the action of -fire be made straight from round, and can in fact be turned into any -shape. [But in hippopotamuses and boars the lower jaw has projecting -teeth: and we do not see horns growing out of their jaws.] Let anybody -be certain therefore that they are horns in the elephant that project -and grow out from the temples. I don’t make this assertion as mere -hearsay, for I have seen the skull of an elephant in the temple of -Artemis in Campania. The temple I refer to is about 30 stades from -Capua, which is the chief town of Campania. And the elephant is not -only different from other animals in the growth of its horns, but also -in its size and appearance. And the Greeks seem to me to have shewn -great munificence and an absence of parsimoniousness in respect to -their worship of the gods, seeing that they procured ivory both from -India and Ethiopia for their statues. - - At Olympia also in the temple of Zeus is a woollen veil, adorned -with Assyrian tapestry and dyed with the Phœnician purple, the votive -offering of Antiochus, who also gave to the theatre at Athens a golden -ægis with the Gorgon’s head on it. This veil is not drawn up to the -roof as in the temple of Ephesian Artemis, but let down to the -pavement by ropes. And among the votive offerings in the temple or -ante-chapel is the throne of Arimnestus king of the Tyrrhenians, (who -was the first foreigner that offered a votive offering to Olympian -Zeus,) and the horses of Cynisca in brass, the memorials of her victory -at Olympia. These horses are rather smaller than life, and are on the -right as you enter the ante-chapel. And there is a tripod covered with -brass, on which before the table was made the crowns for the victors -were laid. And of the statues of the Emperors, Adrian’s in Parian -marble was a gift of all the cities that joined the Achæan league, and -Trajan’s a gift of all the Greeks. This last Emperor added the Getæ -beyond Thrace to the Roman Empire, and waged war against Osroes (the -descendant of Arsaces) and the Parthians. The most famous of all his -works are the Baths which are known as Trajan’s Baths, and a large -theatre perfectly round, and a building for horse-races two stades in -length, and the forum at Rome well worth seeing for various beauties -and especially its brazen roof. And there are two statues in the round -parts of the building, one of the Emperor Augustus in amber, the other -in ivory is said to be Nicomedes, the king of Bithynia: from whom the -largest town in Bithynia, that had been previously called Astacus, got -called Nicomedia. It was originally founded by Zypœtes, a Thracian -as one would infer from his name. And the amber of which they made -Augustus’ statue, the native amber which is found in the sands of the -Eridanus, is most rare and precious to man for many purposes. But the -other kind of amber is gold mixed with silver. And in the temple at -Olympia there are several of Nero’s votive offerings, 3 are crowns to -imitate the wild olive, the fourth is an imitation of oak. And there -are 25 brazen shields to be worn by the competitors in the race in -armour. And there are several pillars, and among them one which has the -covenant of the people of Elis and the Athenians Argives and Mantineans -for an alliance for 100 years. - - - - -CHAPTER XIII. - - -And within Altis there is a separate grove to Pelops: who of the heroes -at Olympia is as much held in the highest honour as Zeus is among the -gods. This grove is on the right of the temple of Zeus towards the -North, just at such a distance from the temple as to admit of statues -and votive offerings between, and it extends from the middle of the -temple to the back, and is surrounded by a stone wall, and has trees -planted in it, and statues. And the entrance to it is from the west. -And it is said to have been dedicated to Pelops by Hercules the son of -Amphitryon, who was fourth in descent from Pelops. And he is said to -have sacrificed in the trench to Pelops. And the magistrates for the -year sacrifice to him even now a black ram. The seer has no portion -of this sacrifice, the neck of the ram only is usually given to the -person called the wood-cutter. He is one of the temple servants, and -his function is to furnish wood for the sacrifices at a fixed price, -both to cities and to any private individual. And the wood is always -of the white poplar tree. And whatever stranger or native of Elis eats -the flesh of the victim sacrificed to Pelops may not enter the temple -of Zeus. Those who sacrifice to Telephus at Pergamum north of the river -Caicus are in a similar predicament: they may not enter the temple of -Æsculapius till they have had a bath. And the following tradition is -still told about Pelops. During the protracted siege of Ilium the seers -are said to have prophesied that they would never capture the town -till they procured the bows of Hercules and a bone of Pelops. So they -sent it is said for Philoctetes to the camp, and the shoulder-blade of -Pelops was brought from Pisa. And on the return home of the Greeks, -the ship that had the shoulder-blade of Pelops was wrecked near Eubœa. -And many years after the capture of Ilium Damarmenus, a fisherman -of Eretria, cast his net into the sea and fished up this bone, and -marvelling at the size of it hid it in the sand. And eventually he went -to Delphi, desiring to know who the bone belonged to, and what he -should do with it. And it chanced providentially that some persons of -Elis, seeking a cure for the pestilence, were at Delphi at this period. -And the Pythian Priestess told them to preserve the bones of Pelops, -and told Damarmenus to give what he had found to the people of Elis. -And when he had done so the people of Elis gave him several presents, -and made Damarmenus and his descendants custodians of this bone. But -this shoulder-blade of Pelops has not survived to our day, because in -my opinion it was buried too deep, partly also from time and the action -of the sea. And there are still traces even to our day of Pelops and -Tantalus having brought colonies to Greece, as the marsh called after -Tantalus, and his well-known grave. And the throne of Pelops is at -Sipylus on the top of the mountain above the temple of the Placianian -mother, and after you have crossed the river Hermus there is a statue -of Aphrodite at Temnus still in existence made of myrtle: and the -tradition is that it was a votive offering of Pelops to propitiate the -goddess, before begging her help towards marrying Hippodamia. - - And the altar of Olympian Zeus is about equidistant from the grove -of Pelops and the temple of Hera, and is situated in front of both. -Some say it was erected by Idæan Hercules, others say by some heroes -of the district two generations after him. It was they say made of -the _débris_ of the thigh bones of the victims sacrificed to Zeus, -as the altar at Pergamum. The Samian Hera has also an altar made of -similar material, an altar not a whit more handsome than those which -in Attica they call extemporary altars. And the first base of the -altar of Olympia, called the pro-altar, has a circumference of 125 -feet, and above the pro-altar is a circumference of 32 feet. And the -whole height of the altar is 22 feet. It is customary to sacrifice the -victims at the lower part, at the pro-altar: but the thigh-bones they -bring to the highest part of the altar and burn them there. And stone -steps lead up to the pro-altar on both sides, but up to the high altar -there are merely steps of _débris_. Maidens may ascend as far as the -pro-altar, and likewise women at the seasons when they are allowed to -be at Olympia, but men alone may ascend to the high altar. And private -individuals, and the people of Elis daily, offer sacrifices to Zeus -besides at the general Festival. And annually the seers observe the -19th day of the month Elaphius by carrying the _débris_ from the Town -Hall, and kneading it with the water of the River Alpheus, and thus -construct their altar. No other water is ever used for this purpose, -and that is why the Alpheus is considered more friendly to Olympian -Zeus than any other river. There is also at Didymi (a town of the -Milesians) an altar made by Hercules the Theban of victims’ blood. So -at least the Milesians say. But the blood of the victims has never -raised it to any great height even in these latter days. - - - - -CHAPTER XIV. - - -But the altar at Olympia has another wonder. Kites, which are by nature -especially birds of prey, never harm the sacrifices at Olympia. And if -on any chance occasion a kite touch the entrails or flesh of a victim, -it is not considered a good omen for the sacrificer. And they say when -Hercules, the son of Alcmena, was sacrificing at Olympia there was a -great plague of flies: when, either of his own idea or at another’s -suggestion, he sacrificed to Zeus the Averter of flies, and so they -were driven to the other side of the Alpheus. On similar grounds the -natives of Elis are said to sacrifice to Zeus the Averter of flies, -because he drove them from Olympia. - - The wood of the white poplar tree is the only wood that the people of -Elis employ in the sacrifices of Zeus, giving that tree this especial -honour, I imagine, because Hercules introduced it from Thesprotia into -Greece. And I think there can be little doubt that Hercules himself, -when he sacrificed to Zeus at Olympia, burnt the thighs of the victims -on white poplar wood. Hercules found this tree growing near the Acheron -a river in Thesprotia, and that is why they say it is called Acherois -by Homer.[71] In all ages rivers have been celebrated for the growth -of various grasses and trees on their banks. Thus the Mæander is most -famous for tamarisks, and the Asopus in Bœotia for immense reeds, and -the Persea is found only on the banks of the Nile. Thus there is no -wonder that by the Acheron first grew the white poplar, and that the -wild olive grows near the Alpheus, and that the black poplar grows on -Celtic soil by the river Eridanus. - - Let us now, as we have made mention of the greatest altar, enumerate -all the altars at Olympia. I will take them in the order the people -of Elis are accustomed to sacrifice at them. They first sacrifice -to Vesta, and next to Olympian Zeus in the altar inside the temple, -thirdly to Hermes, fourthly to Artemis, fifthly to Athene the Goddess -of Booty, sixthly to Athene Ergane. To this Athene the descendants of -Phidias, (called the cleansers because they received from the people of -Elis the honour of cleansing the statue of Zeus from anything clinging -to it), sacrifice before they commence polishing up the statue. And -there is also another altar of Athene near the temple, and near it a -square altar of Artemis tapering up gradually at the top. And next to -those we have mentioned they sacrifice to Alpheus and Artemis at one -altar: the reason for this I learnt from one of Pindar’s Odes, and I -have recorded it in my account of the Letrinæans.[72] And at no great -distance from this is another altar to Alpheus, and near it an altar to -Hephæstus, which some of the people of Elis say is the altar of Martial -Zeus, at which Œnomaus sacrificed when he proposed the horse-race for -the suitors of his daughter Hippodamia. Next is an altar of Hercules -under the title of Aider, and altars to Hercules’ brothers, Epimedes -and Idas and Pæonæus and Iasus. I know that the altar of Idas is called -the altar of Acesidas by some. And at the ruins of the house of Œnomaus -are two altars, one of Household Zeus, built apparently by Œnomaus, the -other built afterwards I think to Zeus of the Lightning, when lightning -had struck the house. With reference to the great altar, called the -altar of Olympian Zeus, I have already spoken a little above. And near -it is the altar to Unknown Gods, and next that of Zeus the Cleanser, -and Victory, and next that of Zeus Chthonius. There are also altars -of all the gods, and one of Olympian Hera also made of _débris_, the -votive offering they say of Clymenus. And next to it is a joint altar -to Apollo and Hermes, because the tradition in Elis is that Hermes was -the inventor of the lyre, and Apollo the inventor of the lute. And next -are altars of Harmony, and Athene, and the Mother of the Gods. And -there are two altars very near the entrance to the race-course, one -they say of Hermes the Athlete, and the other of Opportunity. Ion the -Chian has I know written an Hymn to Opportunity, in which he traces -his genealogy, and makes him the youngest son of Zeus. And near the -treasure of the Sicyonians is an altar of Hercules, either one of the -Curetes, or the son of Alcmena, for both traditions are current. And -at what is called Gæum there is an altar to Earth, this too made of -_débris_: and they say there was an oracle of Earth earlier still. And -at the place called Stomium there is an altar to Themis. And before -the altar of Zeus, the god of thunder and lightning, is a fence on -all sides, and this altar too is not far from the great altar formed -of _débris_. Let my reader remember that I have not enumerated these -altars according to the position of their site, but taken them in a -rambling order, according to the order in which the people of Elis -sacrifice at them. And in the grove of Pelops there is a joint altar -to Dionysus and the Graces, and next one to the Muses, and one to the -Nymphs. - - - - -CHAPTER XV. - - -Outside Altis there is a building called the workshop of Phidias, who -used to work here at his statues, and there is an altar here to all the -gods in common. As you turn back again to Altis you see straight before -you the Hall of Leonidas. It is outside the temple precincts, and of -the various approaches to Altis is the only one used for processions. -It was built by Leonidas, a native of Elis, and now the Roman governors -of Elis make it their headquarters. It is separated by an alley from -the approach used for processions: the people of Elis call alleys what -the Athenians call bylanes. And there is in Altis to the left of the -Hall of Leonidas, an altar of Aphrodite, and an altar of the Seasons -next to it. And in the rear of the temple there is a wild olive tree -growing on the right: it is called the olive beautiful for its crowns, -and the victors at Olympia receive crowns of it. Near this wild olive -tree is a temple of the Nymphs, these too they call beautiful for -their crowns. And inside Altis there is an altar of Artemis of the -Market-Place, and on the right of the Hall of Leonidas is an altar to -the goddesses called Mistresses. Of the goddess whom they call Mistress -the portion of my work about Arcadia will give complete information. -And next is an altar of Zeus of the Market-Place, and, in front of what -is called the Seat of Honour, altars of Pythian Apollo, and Dionysus. -This last they say was erected by private people not so long ago. And -as you go to where the horses start is an altar, with the inscription -The Decider of Fate. This is plainly a title of Zeus who fore-knows -all human events, both what the Fates send, and others. And near this -is an oblong altar of the Fates, and next one of Hermes, and next -two of Zeus Supreme. And at the middle of the place where the horses -start are altars in the open air to Poseidon the Patron of Horses, and -Hera the Patroness of Horses, and near the pillar an altar of Castor -and Pollux. And at the entrance, near what is called the Rostrum, is -an altar of Ares the Patron of Horses, and an altar of Athene the -Patroness of Horses. And as you enter the Rostrum there are altars of -Good Fortune, and of Pan, and of Aphrodite. And in the interior of the -Rostrum the Nymphs called Acmenæ have an altar. And as you return from -the Portico which the people of Elis call Agnaptus’ from the name of -the Architect, there is on the right an altar of Artemis. And as you -enter Altis again by the road used for processions there are altars -behind the chapel of Hera of the river Cladeus and of Artemis, and next -to them one of Apollo, and a fourth of Artemis Coccoca, and a fifth -of Apollo Thermius. Thermius I conjecture at Elis will be the same -word as Thesmius (_Law-loving_) in Attic. But why Artemis was called -Coccoca I could not ascertain. There is a building in front of what -they call the Priest’s dwelling, and in the corner of it is an altar -of Pan. And the Town Hall of the people of Elis is within Altis, near -the outlet beyond the gymnasium, where the athletes have their races -and wrestling-matches. And in front of the doors of the Town Hall is -an altar of Artemis of the Market-Place. And in the Town Hall itself -as you pass into a room where there is a hearth, there is an altar of -Pan on the right of the entrance. And the hearth itself is made of -_débris_, and there is a fire on it burning continually day and night. -From this hearth as I have already stated they remove the _débris_ to -the altar of Olympian Zeus, and the height of that altar is largely due -to contributions from this hearth. - - And once in every month the people of Elis sacrifice at the altars -which I have mentioned. And they sacrifice in a certain primitive -fashion; for they burn frankincense on the altars and cakes kneaded -with honey. And they decorate the altars with olive branches, and pour -out libations of wine. But they do not offer libations of wine to the -Nymphs, or the Mistresses, or at the joint altar of all the gods. -And the sacrifices are conducted by the priest, who has office for -one month, and by the seers, the libation-offerers, the Interpreter -of Antiquities, the flute-player, and the wood-cutter. But the words -that they use in the Town Hall, and the Hymns which they sing, I am -not allowed to introduce into my account. And they pour libations not -only to Greek gods, but to the god of Libya, and to Hera of Ammon, -and to Parammon (a title of Hermes). It is manifest also that from -time immemorial they have consulted the oracle at Libya, and there are -altars in the temple of Ammon, votive offerings of the people of Elis: -and there are inscribed on them the questions of the people of Elis, -and the answers returned by the god, and the names of those who went -to Ammon from Elis. All this is in the temple of Ammon. The people of -Elis also pour libations to heroes, and the wives of heroes, who are -honoured in Elis or Ætolia. And the Hymns sung in the Town Hall are in -the Doric dialect, but by whom composed they do not tell us. The people -of Elis also have a banqueting-hall, (inside the Town-Hall, opposite -the room where the hearth is,) where they entertain the victors at -Olympia. - - - - -CHAPTER XVI. - - -Next ought I to describe the temple of Hera, and all that is worth -narrating in it. The people of Elis have a tradition that the people -of Scillus in Triphylia built it about 8 years after Oxylus became -king at Elis. Its architecture is Doric, there are pillars all round -it, one pillar in a chamber at the back of the temple is of oak. And -the length of the temple is 63 feet. The architect’s name is not -recorded. And every fifth year 16 matrons weave a shawl for Hera, and -the same number preside over her games. And the contest is a race for -maidens of various ages: in the first race are the youngest, and next -those slightly older, and last of all the eldest. And they all run -with their hair down their back, a short tunic below the knee, and -their right shoulder bare to the breast. They use in this contest the -regular race-course at Olympia, but make it a sixth part of a stade -shorter. And the victors receive crowns of olive, and part of the -heifer sacrificed to Hera: and paintings of them are made for Hera. And -the 16 matrons who preside over the games have as many handmaids. They -trace this contest of the maidens back to ancient times, saying that -Hippodamia in gratitude to Hera for her marriage with Pelops selected -16 matrons, and in concert with them inaugurated these games to Hera. -And they record that Chloris (with the exception of one brother the -only surviving child of Amphion) was the victor. And what I learnt -about the children of Niobe I have narrated in my account about Argos. -About these 16 matrons they have also the following tradition. They -say that Damophon, the tyrant at Pisa, did many grievous injuries to -the people of Elis, and on his death, as the people of Pisa had not -publicly sanctioned his ill deeds, the people of Elis were willing to -annul their charges against them, so 16 of the principal cities in Elis -at that day selected each one matron of age and merit and good name -to arbitrate on any claims. And the cities from which they selected -matrons were Elis and 15 others, and thus their differences with the -people of Pisa were arranged. And afterwards the same 16 were told off -to make all the arrangements about the Hera Festival, and to weave the -shawl for Hera. These 16 matrons also have two dances, one they call -Physcoa’s dance, and the other’s Hippodamia’s. Physcoa the tradition -goes was from hollow Elis, and lived in the parish they call Orthia, -and was mother by Dionysus of a boy called Narcæus, who, when he grew -up, warred with the neighbouring tribes and came to great power, and -built a temple of Athene Narcæa: and Dionysus was they say first -worshipped by Narcæus and Physcoa. Physcoa had other honours besides -the dance called after her name. The number of matrons is still kept up -by the people of Elis, but they are somewhat differently chosen. For -as they are divided into 8 tribes they select two matrons from each. -And the functions of these 16 matrons and the Umpires of Elis are never -commenced till after the sacrifice of a pig and lustration with water. -And the lustration takes place at the fountain Piera, which is situated -in the plain between Olympia and Elis. All these things are as I have -described them. - - - - -CHAPTER XVII. - - -And in Hera’s temple there is a statue of Zeus, and also one of Hera -seated on a throne, and standing by is a person with a beard and helmet -on his head. And the workmanship is very simple. And next them the -Æginetan Smilis has delineated the Seasons sitting on thrones. And near -them is a statue of Themis as the mother of the Seasons, the design -of Doryclidas, a Lacedæmonian by race, and the pupil of Dipœnus and -Scyllis. And there are five Hesperides by Theocles, a Lacedæmonian -also, the son of Hegylus, who is also said to have been a pupil of -Scyllis and Dipœnus. And Athene with a helmet and spear and shield is -they say by the Lacedæmonian Medon, who was the brother of Doryclidas, -and learnt his art also from Scyllis and Dipœnus. And Proserpine and -Demeter sit, Apollo and Artemis stand, opposite one another. And -there are statues also of Leto and Fortune and Dionysus, and a winged -Victory, who designed them I cannot tell, but they appear to me very -antique. What I have enumerated are in ivory and gold: but in later -times there were other statues placed in the temple of Hera, as a stone -Hermes carrying Dionysus as a babe, by Praxiteles; and Aphrodite in -brass, by Cleon of Sicyon, whose master was Antiphanes, of the school -of Periclytus the pupil of the Argive Polycletus. And before Aphrodite -there is a little golden boy seated, by the Carthaginian Boethus, which -was brought here from what is called Philip’s house, as well as some -statues in gold and ivory, as Eurydice the wife of Philip, and Olympias. - - * * The chest is of cedar and has figures on it, some in ivory, some -in gold, some carved on the cedar. In this chest Cypselus, the tyrant -of Corinth, was hid by his mother at his birth, as the Bacchidæ were -eager to find him. On account of his safety his descendants, called -the Cypselidæ, made the chest a votive offering at Olympia, and the -Corinthians of that day called chests _cypselæ_: that is the origin of -the name Cypselus given to the boy, so they say. And on the chest there -are inscriptions in large letters in an old handwriting: some of this -writing is straight, other parts are written in what the Greeks call -ox-fashion. That is, when one line is finished the next begins where -that left off and runs backward, and so on like the double course on -the race ground. There are also inscriptions on the chest that are very -puzzling and difficult to make out. And if you begin to examine the -chest all over, beginning at the lower part, you will see first Œnomaus -pursuing Pelops and Hippodamia. Each of them have a pair of horses -but those of Pelops have wings. And next is the house of Amphiaraus, -and some old woman is carrying Amphilochus the baby, and in front of -the house is Eriphyle with a necklace, and near her her daughters -Eurydice and Demonassa, and the little boy Alcmæon naked. Asius in his -poems has also represented Alcmena as the daughter of Amphiaraus and -Eriphyle. And Baton, the charioteer of Amphiaraus, has the reins in one -hand and a lance in the other. And one of Amphiarus’ feet is in the -chariot, and his sword is drawn, and he is turned towards Eriphyle, -and in his rage can scarce refrain from rushing at her. And next to -Amphiaraus’ house are the games in memory of Pelias, and the spectators -are looking on the contests. There is Hercules sitting on a seat, and -his wife behind him, but her name is not given, she is piping with -Phrygian and not Greek pipes. And there are Pisus the son of Perieres -and Asterion the son of Cometes driving a pair of horses, the latter is -said to have sailed in the Argo, and Pollux and Admetus, and Euphemus -the son of Poseidon (according to the tale of the poets), and the -companion of Jason on his voyage to Colchi, he also was victorious -in the pair-horse-race. And there are Admetus and Mopsus, the son of -Ampyx, both famous boxers. And in the midst is a man playing on the -flute, as in our day they are still wont to do in the leaping contest -in the pentathlum. And Jason and Peleus are wrestling, they are very -evenly matched. And there is Eurybotas throwing his quoit, a man famous -as a quoit-player whoever he was. And there are Melanion and Neotheus -and Phalareus and Argeus and Iphiclus ready for the race: and Acastus -is holding out the crown to the victor, who was Iphiclus, the father -of Protesilaus who fought at Ilium. There are also some tripods as -prizes for the winners, and there are the daughters of Pelias, of whom -the name of Alcestis only is inscribed. Iolaus too, who voluntarily -shared in Hercules’ Labours, is there, just having come in first in the -chariot-race. And this is the last of the games in memory of Pelias. -And there is Athene standing by Hercules who is shooting the hydra, -the monster that infested the river Amymone. And because Hercules was -well-known, from his great size as well as the nature of the contest, -his name is not written underneath. And there is Phineus the Thracian, -and the sons of Boreas driving away the Harpies from him. - - - - -CHAPTER XVIII. - - -On the second side of the chest, on the left, to take them in their -order, is a woman supporting with her right hand a white child -sleeping, and with her left a black child like the sleeping child, -but with both its feet twisted. The inscriptions shew, what one would -have inferred without any inscriptions, that they are Death and Sleep -with their nurse Night. And there is a comely woman dragging along an -ugly one, with one hand holding her fast, and with the other beating -her with a rod, this is Justice punishing Injustice. And there are two -women pounding with pestles into mortars, apparently compounding drugs, -but there is no inscription in reference to them. But about the man and -woman following him there are two hexameter lines as follows, “Idas is -leading away from the temple by no means against her will Marpessa of -the beautiful ancles, whom Apollo snatched away for himself.” - - And there is a man clad in a tunic, with a cup in his right hand and -in his left a necklace, and Alcmena is seizing them. According to the -Greek tradition, Zeus assumed the appearance of Amphitryon, and so -made Alcmena welcome him as her husband. And there is Menelaus with -a breastplate and sword pursuing Helen to kill her, plainly during -the sack of Ilium. And there is Jason on the right hand of Medea, who -is sitting on a throne, and Aphrodite is standing by her. And the -inscription relative to them is, - - “Jason is wooing Medea, Aphrodite is encouraging them.” - - The Muses are also represented singing and Apollo leading off, and -the inscription is as follows, - - “Here is the king, the son of Leto, far-darting Apollo, - And round him the Muses, a graceful band, whom he leads in - the songs.” - -And Atlas is bearing up Heaven and Earth (according to the legend) on -his shoulders, and in his hands are the apples of the Hesperides. And -who the man is with a sword advancing to Atlas is nowhere written, but -it is evident to all that it is Hercules. This is all the inscription, - - “Atlas here is bearing up Heaven, he will neglect the apples.” - - There is also Ares in full armour leading off Aphrodite. The -inscription under him is Enyalius. There too is the maiden Thetis, -and Peleus is laying hold of her, and from Thetis’ hand a serpent is -about to dart at Peleus. And there are the sisters of Medusa with wings -pursuing the fleeing Perseus. His name only is given. - - The third side of the chest is devoted to military views. Most of -the soldiers to be seen are infantry, but there are also some cavalry -in two-horse war-chariots. And some of the soldiers are you can see -engaging, while others are recognizing and greeting one another. The -antiquarians have two explanations of this, the one party say that it -is the Ætolians with Oxylus and the ancient people of Elis, and that -they are fraternizing and exhibiting friendliness to one another in -remembrance of their ancient consanguinity, the other party say that -it is the people of Pylos and the Arcadians fighting near the town of -Pheia and the river Iardanus. No one would have _prima facie_ expected -that the ancestor of Cypselus, being a Corinthian and in possession -of the chest, would have purposely passed over Corinthian history, -and artistically portrayed on the chest foreign and even immaterial -events. So the following is the view I am inclined to form. Cypselus -and his ancestors came originally from Gonussa beyond Sicyon, and were -descended from Melas the son of Antasus. And Aletes would not receive -Melas and his army into the city, as I have stated before in my account -of Corinth, thus disobeying the oracle at Delphi, until at last, -as Melas paid every attention to him, and whenever he was rejected -returned again with entreaty, Aletes admitted him but not with a good -grace. One would conjecture therefore that the forces of Melas are here -portrayed. - - - - -CHAPTER XIX. - - -And on the 4th side of the chest on the left Boreas is carrying off -Orithyia, and he has serpents’ tails instead of feet. And there is -the fight between Hercules and Geryon, who was three men in one. And -there is Theseus with a lyre, and near him Ariadne with a garland. And -Achilles and Memnon are fighting and their mothers are standing by. -And there is Melanion, and Atalanta by him with a fawn. And Strife, -looking most hateful, stands by the duel (after challenge) between Ajax -and Hector. A very similar Strife has been depicted in the temple of -Ephesian Artemis by the Samian Calliphon, who painted the battle at the -ships of the Greeks. There are also on the chest figures of Castor and -Pollux, one of them without a beard, and Helen between them. And Æthra, -the daughter of Pittheus, in a dark dress is prostrate on the ground -at the feet of Helen. And the inscription is an Hexameter line and one -word more. - - “Castor and Pollux ran off with Helen, and dragged Æthra from Athens.” - - These are the very words. And Iphidamas the son of Agenor is lying on -the ground, and Coon is fighting with Agamemnon over his dead body. And -Fear with the head of a lion is on Agamemnon’s shield. And this is the -inscription over the corpse of Iphidamas, - - “This is Iphidamas, Coon bestrides him in the fight.” - - And on Agamemnon’s shield, - - “Here is what mortals call Fear, Agamemnon has got him.” - - And Hermes is bringing to Paris, the son of Priam, the goddesses to -the choice of beauty, and the inscription here is, - - “Here is Hermes showing to Paris the dainty sight of Hera and Athene -and Aphrodite in all their beauty.” - - And Artemis--I know not why--has wings on her shoulders, and in her -right hand she has a leopard, in her left a lion. And there is Ajax -dragging Cassandra from the statue of Athene, and the inscription is, - - “Locrian Ajax is dragging Cassandra from Athene.” - - And there are the sons of Œdipus, Polynices has fallen on his knees, -and Eteocles is pressing him hard. And behind Polynices stands a -monster with teeth as sharp as a wild beast’s, and with crooked claws. -And the inscription says that it is Doom, and that Polynices was -carried off by Fate, and that Eteocles’ end was just. And there too is -bearded Dionysus lying down in a cave, clad in a long garment, with a -golden bowl in his hand: and there are clusters of vine round him, and -apples, and pomegranates. - - The topmost side of the chest, for there are five in all, has no -inscription, but one can easily conjecture what the representations -are. In a cave there is a woman sleeping with a man upon a bed, and we -infer that they are Odysseus and Circe from the number of handmaids -in front of the cave, and from their tasks. For the women are four in -number, and they are engaged just as Homer has represented. And there -is a Centaur, not with all his feet horses’ feet, for his forefeet are -those of a man. And there are pair-horse chariots and women seated -on the chariots: and the horses have gold wings, and a man is giving -arms to one of the women. This is conjectured to refer to the death of -Patroclus. For it is the Nereids on the chariots, and Thetis who is -receiving arms from Hephæstus. For he who is giving the arms is lame, -and behind is a servant with smith’s tongs. And the tradition about -Chiron the Centaur is that, though he had left this world and been -received into heaven, he returned to earth to comfort Achilles. And -there are two maidens in a carriage drawn by mules, one is driving and -the other has a veil on her head, they are thought to be Nausicaa, the -daughter of Alcinous, and her attendant driving to the wash. And the -man shooting at the Centaurs and killing some of them is manifestly -Hercules, for this was one of his great feats. - - Who it was that constructed this chest it is quite impossible to -conjecture: the inscriptions on it might have been composed by anybody, -but suspicion points to Eumelus the Corinthian, both on other grounds, -and because of the Processional Hymn which he composed in reference to -Delos. - - - - -CHAPTER XX. - - -There are also here besides the chest several votive offerings, as a -bed of no great size adorned with much ivory, and the quoit of Iphitus, -and the table on which the crowns for the victors are deposited. The -bed was they say a plaything of Hippodamia: and the quoit of Iphitus -has written on it the armistice between the people of Elis and the -Olympians not straight down it, but all round the quoit: and the table -is of ivory and gold, the design of Colotes, who was they say a native -of Heraclea. And those who take interest in artificers say that he -was a Parian and the pupil of Pasiteles, who was himself the pupil -of....[73] There too are statues of Hera, and Zeus, and the Mother -of the Gods, and Hermes, and Apollo, and Artemis. And behind is a -representation of the games. On one side is Æsculapius and Hygiea, one -of the daughters of Æsculapius, and Ares and Contest by him, and on -another is Pluto and Dionysus and Proserpine and some Nymphs, one of -them with a ball. And Pluto has his key, with which (they say) what is -called Hades is locked, and then no one can return from it. - - An account which I received from Aristarchus, the Interpreter of -Antiquities at Olympia, I must not omit. He said that in his youth, -when the people of Elis restored the roof of the temple of Hera, the -body of a dead man in heavy armour, who had been badly wounded, was -found between the sham roof and the roof on which the tiles lay. This -man was a combatant in the battle fought inside Altis between the -Lacedæmonians and the people of Elis. For the people of Elis climbed -up to the temples of the gods, and all high buildings alike, for the -purpose of defence. This man therefore probably got up into that place, -in a fainting condition from his wounds, and, on his death, neither the -heat of summer nor the chills of winter would be likely to injure his -dead body, as he lay stowed away and covered up. And Aristarchus added, -that they carried the corpse outside Altis and buried it armour and -all. - - And the pillar, which the people of Elis call the pillar of Œnomaus, -is as you go from the great altar to the temple of Zeus, and there are -4 pillars on the left and a roof over them. These pillars support a -wooden one worn out by age, and only held together by iron clamps. This -pillar was once according to tradition in the house of Œnomaus: and -when the god struck the house with lightning, the fire consumed all the -house but this one pillar. And a brazen tablet contains some Elegiac -lines referring to this. - - “I am the only vestige, stranger, of a famous house, I once was a -pillar in Œnomaus’ house, but now near Zeus I am in iron clamps in -honour: the destructive fire has not consumed me.” - - Another curious thing happened on the spot in my time. A senator of -Rome won the prize at Olympia, and wishing some record of his victory -to survive in the shape of a brazen statue with an inscription, dug for -a foundation, close to this pillar of Œnomaus, and the diggers found -fragments of arms and bridles and bits. These I myself saw dug up. - - The temple, which is large in size and of Doric architecture, they -call to this day the Temple of the Mother, preserving its ancient name, -though there is no statue in it of the Mother of the Gods, but only -some statues of Roman Emperors. It is inside Altis, and there is a -round building called Philip’s House, on the top of which is a brazen -poppy as a clamp for the beams. This building is on the left hand as -you go to the Town Hall, and is built of baked brick, and there are -some pillars round it. It was built for Philip after the fatal defeat -of the Greeks at Chæronea. And there are statues there of Philip, and -Alexander, and Amyntas the father of Philip. They are by Leochares in -ivory and gold, like the statues of Olympias and Eurydice. - - - - -CHAPTER XXI. - - -And now I shall proceed to the account of the statues and votive -offerings, which I do not care to mix up together. In the Acropolis -at Athens all the statues and everything else equally are votive -offerings: but at Altis the votive offerings are in honour of the -deity, but the statues of the prizemen are merely a memorial of the -contests. Of them I shall speak hereafter: I shall now take the most -remarkable votive offerings in order. - - As you go to the race-course from the Temple of the Mother there is -on the left at the end of the mountain Cronius a basement of stone, -near the mountain, and some steps to it. On this basement there are -some brazen statues of Zeus, made with the money from a fine imposed on -some athletes who had behaved shamefully at the games. These statues -are called in the national dialect _Zanes_. They were six in number at -first and were put up in the 98th Olympiad. For Eupolus the Thessalian -bribed his rivals in boxing to let him win the prize, Agenor from -Arcadia, and Prytanis from Cyzicus, and Phormio from Halicarnassus, who -was the champion in the preceding Olympiad. This was the first foul -play they say at the boxing matches, and Eupolus and those who had been -bribed by him were fined by the people of Elis. Two of the statues -are by Cleon of Sicyon, the modeller of the remaining four we do not -know. And all these statues, but the third and fourth, have elegiac -lines on them. The first says that not with money, but swiftness of -foot and bodily vigour, ought one to win prizes at Olympia. And the -second says that that statue is raised in honour to the deity, and from -piety on the part of the people of Elis, and to inspire fear in such -athletes as do not play fair. As to the fifth and sixth, the gist of -the inscription on one is a panegyric of the people of Elis, and not -least for their punishment of the cheating boxers, and on the other a -didactic precept to all the Greeks that nobody is to bribe to win the -prize at Olympia. - - And subsequently to Eupolus they say that the Athenian Callippus, -when contending for the pentathlum, bribed his antagonists in the 112th -Olympiad. And when he and his antagonists were fined by the people -of Elis, the Athenians sent Hyperides to beg the people of Elis to -remit the fine. And when the people of Elis refused this favour, the -Athenians treated them with much hauteur, not paying the money and -keeping away from Olympia, till the god at Delphi told them he would -no longer give them any oracular responses, till they paid the fine -to the people of Elis. And when they paid, six more statues were made -for Zeus, with elegiac verses on them no less severe than those about -the fine of Eupolus. And the purport of these verses on the first -statue is that the statues are erected in accordance with the oracular -direction of the god, who honoured the decision the people of Elis had -come to about the competitors for the pentathlum. And the second and -third likewise praise the people of Elis for their conduct in the same -matter. And the fourth desires to point out that the contest at Olympia -is one of merit and not of money. And the inscriptions on the fifth -and sixth shew, one why the statues were made, and the other that the -oracle came to the Athenians from Delphi. - - And next to those I have enumerated are two statues, made from a -fine imposed on some wrestlers, whose names are unknown both to me and -the Antiquarians of Elis. There are some inscriptions also on these -statues, the first is that the Rhodians paid a fine to Olympian Zeus -for the cheating of their wrestler. And the second is that the statue -was made out of fines imposed on those who wrestled for bribes. And -the Antiquarians of Elis say that the other statues in connection with -athletes were erected in the 178th Olympiad, when Eudelus was bribed -by the Rhodian Philostratus. I find a discrepancy between this account -and the public records of the people of Elis as respects the victors -at Olympia. For in these records they say that Straton of Alexandria -in the 178th Olympiad won on the same day the prize both in the -pancratium and in the wrestling. Alexandria, at the mouth of the Nile -near Canopus, was built by Alexander, the son of Philip, on the site -of a former town of no great size called Rhacotis. In the generation -before Straton 3, and 3 after his day, are famous for having received -the crown of wild olive both for the pancratium and the wrestling. The -first was Caprus a native of Elis, and next of the Greeks beyond the -Ægean the Rhodian Aristomenes, and next Protophanes of the Magnetes at -Lethæus. And after Straton Marion, also from Alexandria, and Aristeas -from Stratonice (both the region and city were anciently called -Chrysaoris), and last Nicostratus from the Cilicians by the sea, though -he had little in common with the Cilicians but nominally. For, when he -was quite a child, he was kidnapped from Prymnessus a town in Phrygia -by robbers, who took him to Ægeæ and sold him to the highest bidder. -He was of no obscure family, and some time afterwards his purchaser -dreamed that a lion’s whelp lay under the truckle bed on which he used -to sleep. When Nicostratus grew to man’s estate he had several other -victories at Olympia in the pancratium and in wrestling. - - And among others that were fined by the people of Elis afterwards was -a boxer from Alexandria in the 218th Olympiad. His name was Apollonius, -his surname Rhantes, for it is customary among the people of Alexandria -to have surnames. He was the first Egyptian condemned by the people of -Elis for neither giving nor receiving money, but for the impropriety -of coming too late, for which he was not allowed to take part in the -games. As to his excuse that he was detained by contrary winds in the -Cyclades, Heraclides, also an Alexandrian, proved it to be a falsehood: -and said he was really too late because he had been collecting money -from the games in Ionia. Accordingly Apollonius and all others not -present at the appointed time for the boxing matches were not allowed -by the people of Elis to take part in the games, but to Heraclides they -gave a crown without a contest. Thereupon Apollonius, who had on his -boxer’s cæstus, rushed at Heraclides, and attacked him fiercely, just -as he had received his crown of wild olive, and he fled for refuge -to the Umpires. This hotheadedness was severely punished. There are -also two statues made in our own times. For in the 226th Olympiad they -detected some boxers bribing to get the prize. The money of their fine -went to make two statues of Zeus, one on the left of the entrance to -the course, and the other on the right. Didas was the name of one of -these boxers, and the other, who gave the bribe, was Sarapammon, both -were from the same district, the latest one formed in Egypt, called -Arsinoites. It is wonderful indeed that from any quarter people should -have been found to despise the god at Olympia, and to receive or give -bribes in connection with the games, but still more wonderful that any -of the people of Elis should have ventured to act in that manner. But -it is said that Damonicus, a native of Elis, acted so in the 192nd -Olympiad. For when Polyctor (the son of Damonicus) and Sosander (the -son of Sosander) a native of Smyrna had descended to the arena for the -wrestling match, Damonicus, being very anxious that his son should have -the victory, bribed the younger Sosander. And when the circumstances -got known, the Umpires fined the parents, turning their vengeance on -them because they were really the guilty parties. Statues were made -with this money too: one in the gymnasium at Elis, the other in Altis, -in front of what is called the Painted Portico, because there were -in ancient times paintings on the walls. This Portico is called by -some the Portico of Echo, because in it a word is re-echoed 7 times, -sometimes even more frequently. - - And they record that the pancratiast Serapion, a native of -Alexandria, in the 201st Olympiad was so afraid of those who were to -compete with him, that the day before the contest he absconded. He is -the only Egyptian, or indeed member of any nationality, that was ever -fined for cowardice in the games. - - - - -CHAPTER XXII. - - -Such are the statues made out of fines as far as I could ascertain. -There are also other statues of Zeus, some erected publicly, some -privately. There is also an altar in Altis near the entrance to the -course. On this altar the people of Elis do not sacrifice to any of the -gods, but the trumpeters and heralds stand here when they proclaim the -games. On the brazen base of this altar is a statue to Zeus, six cubits -in height, with a thunderbolt in each hand, the votive offering of the -people of Cynætha. And the young Zeus with a necklace round his neck is -the votive offering of Cleolas of Phlius. - - And near what is called the Hippodamium there is a semicircular -basement of stone, and statues on it of Zeus and Thetis and Aurora -supplicating Zeus for their children. These are in the midst of the -basement. And at each extremity of the basement stand Achilles and -Memnon in the attitude of antagonists. Similarly opposite to one -another stand a Greek and barbarian, Odysseus opposite Helenus, for -these are selected as most remarkable for wisdom in either army, and -Paris is opposite Menelaus from their old hostility, and Æneas opposite -Diomede, and Deiphobus opposite Ajax the son of Telamon. These are all -by Lycius the son of Myron, and are votive offerings of the people of -Apollonia near the Ionian sea. And there are some elegiac lines in -ancient characters under the feet of Zeus. - - “We are votive offerings from Apollonia, which long-haired Phœbus -built near the Ionian sea. Those who seized the borders of Abantis -offered this spoil from Thronium.” - - Now the region called Abantis and the town in it called Thronium were -in Thesprotia near the mountains Ceraunia. For when the Greek ships -were dispersed on their return from Ilium, the Locrians from Thronium -near the river Boagrius and the Abantes from Eubœa in 8 ships put in to -shore near the mountains Ceraunia. And there they dwelt and built the -town of Thronium, and by common consent called all the district they -lived in Abantis, and were afterwards beaten in war and expelled by -their neighbours of Apollonia. And Apollonia was a colony from Corcyra, -and the Corinthians had a share in the spoil. - - And as you go on a little further there is a Zeus looking east, with -an eagle in one hand and a thunderbolt in the other. And he has a crown -on his head composed of lilies. This statue is the votive offering of -the people of Metapontum, and the design of the Æginetan Aristonous. -But who Aristonous learnt his craft from we do not know, nor the -period in which he flourished. The Phliasians also erected as votive -offerings statues of Zeus and Asopus’ daughters and Asopus himself. -And this is the arrangement of the statues. Nemea comes first of the -sisters, and next her is Zeus laying hold of Ægina. And next Ægina -is Harpina, who according to the tradition of the Phliasians and the -people of Elis had an amour with Ares, and bare to him Œnomaus, the -king of the district of Pisa. And next to her are Corcyra and Thebe, -and Asopus comes last. The tradition about Corcyra is that she had an -amour with Poseidon, and a similar legend about Thebe and Zeus is sung -by Pindar. - - The men of Leontini erected a statue to Zeus privately and not -publicly. The height of it is 7 cubits, and Zeus has in his hands an -eagle and javelin according to the descriptions of the poets. And it -was erected by Hippagoras and Phrynon and Ænesidemus, not I think the -Ænesidemus who was tyrant at Leontini. - - - - -CHAPTER XXIII. - - -And as you pass on to the entrance to the council chamber there is a -statue of Zeus without an inscription, (and another as you turn to the -North). This is towards the East, and was erected by the Greeks who -fought at Platæa against Mardonius and the Medes. On the right of the -basement are inscribed the states that took part in the action, the -Lacedæmonians first, and next the Athenians, third the Corinthians, -fourth the Sicyonians, fifth the Æginetans, then the Megarians and -Epidaurians, of the Arcadians the men of Tegea and Orchomenus, and in -addition to these the inhabitants of Phlius Trœzen and Hermion, and -in Argolis the men of Tiryns, and of the Bœotians only the people of -Platæa, and of the Argives the inhabitants of Mycenæ, and the islanders -from Ceos and Melos, and the Ambraciotes from Thesprotia, and the -Tenii and people of Lepreum, the latter only from Triphylia, but the -Tenii not only from the Ægean and the Cyclades but also from Naxos and -Cythnus, and the men of Styra from Eubœa, and next to them the people -of Elis and Potidæa and Anactorium, and lastly the people of Chalcis -near the Euripus. Of these cities the following were unpeopled in my -day. Mycenæ and Tiryns were razed to the ground by the Argives after -the Persian war. And the Ambraciotes and men of Anactorium, who were -colonists from Corinth, were induced by the Roman Emperor Augustus to -form the colony of Nicopolis near Actium. And the people of Potidæa -were twice ejected from their country, by Philip, the son of Amyntas, -and earlier still by the Athenians, and though subsequently they were -restored by Cassander, yet the name of their city was changed to -Cassandrea in honour of their new founder. And the statue at Olympia, -that was a votive offering of the Greeks, was by Anaxagoras the -Æginetan, though those who have compiled a history of sculptors have -omitted to mention him. - - There is also in front of this statue of Zeus a brazen pillar, on -which are inscribed the conditions of peace for 30 years between the -Lacedæmonians and the Athenians, which was made by the Athenians after -their second reduction of Eubœa, in the 3rd year of that Olympiad -in which Crison of Himera won the prize. And this was one of the -conditions specified, that the city of the Argives should have no -share in this peace between the Athenians and Lacedæmonians, but that -privately the Athenians and Argives if they chose might be friendly to -one another. This is plainly stated in the conditions. And there is -another statue of Zeus near the chariot of Cleosthenes, (about which -I shall speak later), the votive offering of the Megarians, and the -design of the brothers Phylacus and Onæthus and their sons: I cannot -tell their period or country, or from whom they learned their craft. -And near the chariot of Gelon there is an old statue of Zeus with a -sceptre, the votive offering they say of the people of Hybla. There -are two Hyblas in Sicily, one called Gereatis, and the other to this -day called Hybla Major. Both are in the neighbourhood of Catana, -Hybla Major is quite deserted, but Gereatis is still inhabited, and -has a temple to the Hyblæan goddess who is worshipped in Sicily. And -I think it was from there that the statue of Zeus came to Olympia. -For Philistus the son of Archomenides records that they were the best -interpreters of portents and dreams, and the most noted for piety of -all the barbarians in Sicily. And near the votive offering of the -people of Hybla is a brazen pedestal and a Zeus upon it, eighteen feet -high I conjecture. And who offered it to the god, and whose design it -is, is stated in the following elegiac lines: - - “The people of Cleitor erected this votive offering to the god, with -the tithe collected from many cities taken by storm by them. And the -artificers were the Laconian brothers Aristo and Telestas.” - - I do not think these Laconians could have been men well known in -Greece, for else the people of Elis would have had something to say -about them, and still more the Lacedæmonians as they were their -citizens. - - - - -CHAPTER XXIV. - - -And near the altar of Zeus Laœtas and Poseidon Laœtas there is a Zeus -on a brazen basement, the gift of the Corinthian people, and the design -of Musus, whoever Musus was. And as you go from the council chamber -to the great temple there is on the left a statue of Zeus, crowned -with flowers, and in his right hand a thunderbolt. This was the design -of Ascarus a Theban, who was the pupil of the Sicyonian, * * and it -was a votive offering of the people of Thessaly. But if the people of -Thessaly offered it as a votive offering from spoil taken in a war with -the Phocians, it could not be what is called the Sacred War, for that -was fought before the Medes and the great king came to Greece. And not -far from this is a Zeus, which (as the inscription on it shews) was a -votive offering of Psophidius after success in war. And on the right of -the temple of great Zeus towards the east is a statue of Zeus 12 feet -high, the votive offering it is said of the Lacedæmonians, after they -had fought the second time with the Messenians who had revolted. And -there is an elegiac couplet inscribed on it. - - “Receive Olympian Zeus, Cronus’ great son, this noble statue from the -Lacedæmonians with propitious mind.” - - Of the Romans we know of none, either plebeian or patrician, earlier -than Mummius who put up a votive offering in any Greek temple, but he -out of the spoils of Achaia erected a brazen Zeus at Olympia. It stands -on the left of the votive offering of the Lacedæmonians, on the first -pillar of the temple. But the largest of the brazen statues of Zeus is -in Altis, and was a votive offering of the people of Elis after the war -with the Arcadians, it is 27 feet high. And near the temple of Pelops -there is a small statue of Zeus upon a not very lofty pillar, with -one of his hands extended. And opposite it are some votive offerings -in a row, statues of Zeus and Ganymede. The account of Homer is that -Ganymede was carried off by the gods to be cupbearer to Zeus, and that -Tros his father had some horses given him for his son. And this was a -votive offering of Gnathis the Thessalian, and the work of Aristocles -the pupil and son of Cleœtas. And there is another Zeus without a -beard, among the votive offerings of Micythus. Who this Micythus was, -whence he came, and why he offered these votive offerings at Olympia, -will be described by me hereafter. And if you go on a little from the -statue I have mentioned, there is straight before you another statue of -Zeus without a beard, the votive offering of the Elaitæ, who came down -from the plain of Caicus to the sea, and were the first settlers in -Æolis. Near this is another statue of Zeus, and the inscription on it -is that the people of the Chersonese in Cnidus erected it as a votive -offering after a triumph over their enemies. They erected also on one -side of Zeus Pelops, and on the other the river Alpheus. And most of -the city of the Cnidians is built on the continent of Caria, where -they performed most of their most memorable deeds, and the Chersonese -is an island lying near the continent, and connected with it by a -bridge: and the votive offerings to Olympian Zeus were dedicated by -the dwellers there, just as the Ephesians dwelling at Coressus could -say that their votive offering was a gift of the Ephesians generally. -There is also near the wall of Altis a statue of Zeus facing west -without an inscription: but tradition says it was erected by Mummius -from the spoils of his war with Achaia. But the statue of Zeus in -the Council Chamber is of all the statues of Zeus most calculated -to frighten wicked men, his Title is Zeus the God of Oaths, and he -has a thunderbolt in each hand. At this statue it is customary for -the athletes, their fathers and brothers, and also their trainers, -to swear over the entrails of a boar that they will not cheat at the -Olympian games. And the athletes make this further oath that they have -carefully trained for the space of 10 months. And the umpires also, -either of boys or the colts that compete in the races, swear to give -their decisions honestly and without bribes, and not to reveal the -reasons for their selection of the winners. What they do with the boar -afterwards I forgot to ask, but it was the custom among all the more -ancient sacrificers, that the victim over whom oaths were taken should -not be eaten by anybody: as Homer’s evidence very plainly shews, for -the boar on whose entrails Agamemnon swore solemnly that Briseis was a -maid as far as he was concerned, was thrown into the sea by the herald. -Witness the following lines: - - “He spoke, and cut the crackling off the boar - With ruthless knife. And quick Talthybius - Whirled it away into the surging sea, - As food for fishes.”[74] - -Such was the ancient use. And before the feet of Zeus the God of Oaths -there is a brazen tablet, on which some elegiac lines are inscribed, -that are meant to inspire fear in perjurers. - - - - -CHAPTER XXV. - - -Such are the statues of Zeus inside Altis, all of which I have -enumerated. For the statue near the great temple offered by a -Corinthian, is not an offering of the old Corinthians but of those who -rebuilt the city in Cæsar’s time, and is Alexander the son of Philip to -imitate Zeus. I shall also enumerate all the other statues which are -not representations of Zeus. And the effigies not erected in honour of -the deity, but in honour of men, I shall describe in my account of the -athletes. - - The Messenians at the Sicilian Strait, who used to send to Rhegium, -according to old custom, a chorus of 35 boys and a choir-master and a -piper to the national feast, had on one occasion a terrible disaster, -none of those that were sent were saved, but the vessel that had the -boys on board perished boys and all in the depths of the sea. For the -sea at this strait is a most stormy one: for winds lash it to fury, and -two seas meet, the Sicilian and the Tyrrhenian: and even when the winds -are calm, there is a tremendous swell in the Strait from the strong ebb -and flow. And so many sea-monsters are there, that the air is tainted -with their scent, so that the shipwrecked mariner has no chance of -getting safe to shore. And if Odysseus had chanced to be wrecked here, -one can never believe that he could have swum off safe to Italy. But -a kind Providence in every conjuncture brings about some alleviation. -And the Messenians sorrowing at the loss of the boys, besides other -things to honour their memory, placed at Olympia brazen effigies of -them and their choir-master and piper. The old inscription shewed that -these effigies were votive offerings of the Messenians at the Sicilian -Strait: and subsequently Hippias, who was called by the Greeks the -Wise, wrote some elegiac lines on them. The effigies were by Callon of -Elis. - - And there is near the Promontory Pachynus, that faces towards Libya -and the South, the town of Motye, peopled by Libyans and Phœnicians. -And the people of Agrigentum were at war with the people of Motye, -and out of the spoil and booty they took from them erected as votive -offerings at Olympia some boys in brass, extending their right hands -like people praying to the deity. They are on the wall at Altis. I -conjectured they were by Calamis, and tradition states the same. -The races that inhabit Sicily are the Sicani and the Siceli and -the Phrygians, some of whom crossed over from Italy, and others -came from the river Scamander and the Troad. And the Phœnicians and -Libyans sailed to the island with a joint fleet, as a colony of the -Carthaginians. Such are the barbarous races in Sicily. And of Greeks -the Dorians and Ionians dwell in it, and a few Phocians and Athenians. - - And on the same wall are votive offerings from Agrigentum, two -statues of boyish Hercules naked. The Hercules shooting at the Nemean -lion is the votive offering of the Tarentine Hippotion, and the design -of the Mænalian Nicodamus. The other is the votive offering of the -Mendæan Anaxippus, and was brought here by the people of Elis: it used -to be at the end of the road leading from Elis to Olympia, called the -Sacred Road. There are also statues, from the Achæan race in common, of -those who, when Hector challenged a single Greek to single combat, drew -lots who it should be. They are near the great temple armed with spears -and shields. And right opposite on another basement is Nestor throwing -the lots into his helmet. And the number of those that drew lots for -the single combat with Hector are 8, for the 9th, which was Odysseus, -they say Nero carried to Rome, and of the 8 Agamemnon only has his name -inscribed, and it is written from right to left. And the one with the -device of a cock on the shield is Idomeneus, the descendant of Minos -and Pasiphae the daughter of the Sun. And the cock they say is sacred -to the Sun and heralds his approach. The inscription on the basement is, - - “To Zeus the Achæans, descendants of the divine Pelops the son of -Tantalus, erected these votive offerings.” - - And the name of the artificer is inscribed on the shield of Idomeneus, - - “This and many besides are the work of the skilful Onatas, the son of -Micon of Ægina.” - - And not far from the votive offering of the Achæans is Hercules -fighting with an Amazon on horseback for her belt. This is the votive -offering of Evagoras of Zancle, and the design of Aristocles of -Cydonia. Aristocles may be reckoned amongst the very ancient sculptors, -for though one cannot state his period exactly, it is manifest that he -lived before the change from the old name Zancle to its present one of -Messene. - - The Thasians also (who were Phœnicians originally, and sailed from -Tyre and other parts of Phœnice to Europe with Thasus the son of -Agenor), made a votive offering of Hercules at Olympia, the base as -well as the statue of brass. The height of the statue is 10 cubits, -in the right hand he holds his club, and in the left his bow. And I -heard in Thasos that they worshipped the same Hercules as the Tyrians -worship, but afterwards, when they became naturalized as Greeks, they -worshipped Hercules the son of Amphitryon. And the votive offering of -the Thasians at Olympia has the following elegiac couplet attached to -it, - - “Onatas the son of Micon made me, a dweller at Ægina.” - -This Æginetan Onatas we should regard in the statuary art as second to -none since Dædalus and the Attic school. - - - - -CHAPTER XXVI. - - -The Dorian Messenians also, who received Naupactus from the Athenians, -erected at Olympia a Victory on a pillar, the design of the Mendæan -Pæonius, and made from spoils taken from the enemy, I imagine, when -they fought with the Acarnanians and Œniadæ. But the Messenians -themselves say that this Victory was erected for their share with the -Athenians in the action at Sphacteria, and that they did not insert the -name of the enemy from fear of the Lacedæmonians, and they could have -had no fear of the Œniadæ and Acarnanians. - - I found also many votive offerings of Micythus scattered about, and -three of them together, next to the statue of Iphitus of Elis and -Truce crowning him, _viz._ Amphitrite and Poseidon and Vesta, by the -Argive Glaucus. And near the left side of the great temple he placed -Proserpine the daughter of Demeter, and Aphrodite, and Ganymede, and -Artemis, and of the poets Homer and Hesiod, and of the gods again -Æsculapius and Hygiea. And among the votive offerings of Micythus is -Agon with the dumb bells. These dumb bells are fashioned as follows. -They are semicircular in shape though not a perfect semi-circle, -and are so constructed that the fingers can pass through, as they -do through the handles of a shield. And next the statue of Agon is -Dionysus, and the Thracian Orpheus, and the statue of Zeus which -I mentioned a little above. These are works of art of the Argive -Dionysius. Others besides they say were given by Micythus, but were -removed by Nero. And the Argives Dionysius and Glaucus had no master -in their craft that we know of, but the period when they flourished -is shewn by the fact that Micythus placed their works of art at -Olympia. For Herodotus informs us in his history that this Micythus -was the slave of Anaxilas the king at Rhegium, and was afterwards his -treasurer, and after his death went to Tegea. And the inscriptions -on these votive offerings make Micythus the son of Chœrus, and the -Greek colony of Rhegium, or Messene near the Strait, his native place. -But they do not mention his ever living at Tegea, and these votive -offerings at Olympia were the fulfilment of a vow for the recovery of -his son, who was wasting away in a consumption. - - And near the larger votive offerings of Micythus, the work of the -Argive Glaucus, is a statue of Athene with a helmet on her head and her -Ægis. This was made by Nicodamus the Mænalian, and is a votive offering -of the people of Elis. And next to Athene is a statue of Victory, -an offering of the Mantineans, for what war is not specified in the -inscription. And it is said to be an imitation by Calamis of the wooden -statue at Athens of Wingless Victory. And near the smaller votive -offerings of Micythus made by Dionysius are the Labours of Hercules -with the Nemean lion, and the hydra, and Cerberus, and the Erymanthian -boar. They were brought to Olympia by the men of Heraclea, who overran -the territory of the neighbouring barbarians the Mariandyni. Heraclea -is a town near the Euxine, and was colonized by the Megarians. The -Bœotians of Tanagra also had a share in the colony. - - - - -CHAPTER XXVII. - - -And opposite those I have mentioned are other votive offerings in a -row, facing the South, and very near the enclosure sacred to Pelops. -Among them are the votive offerings of Mænalian Phormis, who crossed -over from Mænalus to Sicily to Gelon the son of Dinomenes, and in the -army of Gelon, and afterwards in the army of Gelon’s brother Hiero, -displayed great valour, and advanced to such a pitch of fortune that -he offered these votive offerings at Olympia, and also some others -to Apollo at Delphi. His offerings at Olympia are two horses and two -charioteers, a charioteer by each horse. The first horse and groom is -by Dionysius the Argive, the second by the Æginetan Simo. And the first -has the following inscription on the side, the first line not in metre, - - “Phormis the Arcadian from Mænalus, now a Syracusan, offered me.” - - This is the horse about which the people of Elis have a tradition -on the power of lust in horses. It is evident that several remarkable -properties of this horse come from the cunning of a magician. In size -and beauty it is inferior to many to be seen in Altis: it has also the -tail knocked off, which makes it more unsightly still. Nevertheless -stallions not only in spring but all the year round are madly in lust -after it. For they rush into Altis, breaking their reins or escaping -from their drivers, and endeavour to mount this horse, with far greater -impetuosity than they exhibit to the handsomest mare alive whom they -had been accustomed to mount. And though their hoofs slip on the -polished basement they do not cease to neigh fiercely, and try to mount -this horse with frantic energy, till by whips or sheer strength they -get pulled off. There is no other way of getting them away from this -brazen horse.[75] I have seen in Lydia a different kind of marvel to -this horse of Phormis, but equally the cunning work of a magician. -Among the Lydians called Persici there are temples at Hierocæsarea and -Hypæpa, and in each of these temples there is a chamber in which are -ashes on an altar, not like other ashes in appearance. And a magician -enters into this chamber, and, after placing dry wood upon the altar, -first of all places a tiara on his head, and then calls on the gods in -a foreign tongue not understood by the Greeks. And this he chants from -a book, and the wood gets lighted evidently without fire and a bright -blaze shines forth from it. Let this digression suffice. - - And among these votive offerings is Phormis himself contending with -an enemy, and fighting with a second and even a third. And there is an -inscription stating that the soldier fighting is Mænalian Phormis, and -that it is a votive offering of the Syracusan Lycortas, who plainly -offered it out of affection to Phormis. The Greeks however call these -votive offerings of Lycortas the votive offerings of Phormis. And the -Hermes with a ram under his arm, and a helmet on his head, and a tunic -and cloak on, is not one of the votive offerings of Phormis, but was -offered to the god by the Arcadians of Pheneos. And the inscription -states that Onatas the Æginetan jointly designed it with Calliteles, -who must I think have been the pupil or son of Onatas. And not far -from the votive offering of the people of Pheneos is another statue of -Hermes with his herald’s wand, and the inscription on it states that it -was the votive offering of Glaucias of Rhegium, and the work of Callon -of Elis. And there are two brazen bulls, one the votive offering of -the people of Corcyra, the other of the Eretrienses, both by Philesius -of Eretria. Why the Corcyræans offered one bull at Olympia and another -at Delphi, I shall relate in my account of the Phocians. And about the -votive offering at Olympia I have heard the following circumstance. -A little boy sitting down under this bull had stooped down and was -playing, and suddenly lifting up his head dashed it against the brass, -and not many days afterwards died from the blow. The people of Elis -wanted to remove the bull from Altis as being blood guilty, but the god -at Delphi ordered the same expiatory sacrifices for the bull as the -Greeks ordain for involuntary homicide. - - There is under the plane-trees at Altis in the middle of the grove a -brazen trophy, and an inscription on the shield of the trophy, stating -that the people of Elis offered it out of spoils of the Lacedæmonians. -This was the battle in which the man lost his life who was found in -his armour in my day, when the roof of the temple of Hera was being -repaired. The votive offering of the Mendæans in Thrace very nearly -deceived me to think that it was the effigy of a competitor for the -pentathlum. It is near Anauchidas of Elis, and has ancient dumb-bells. -And the following elegiac couplet is written on the thigh, - - “To Zeus, the king of the Gods, the Mendæans put me here as -firstfruits, after taking Sipte by storm.” - - It seems that Sipte is a Thracian fort and city, and the Mendæans are -a Greek race from Ionia, and live a little inland from the sea, at the -town of Ænus. - - - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[67] Reading ταύτῃ τῇ Σαμία, (altered into Σαμικῷ ductu literarum). - -[68] Il. xxiii. 295. - -[69] ἄλσος. - -[70] Iliad, viii. 393-395. - -[71] Iliad, xiii. 389. xvi. 482. - -[72] See Book vi. ch. 22. - -[73] Hiatus hic deflendus. - -[74] Iliad, xix. 266-268. - -[75] On this curious story see Bayle on _Hippomanes_. - - - - -BOOK VI.--ELIS. PART II. - - - - -CHAPTER I. - - -Next to my account of the votive offerings comes naturally mention of -the horses that contended, and of the athletes, and of amateurs also. -There are not statues of all the conquerors at Olympia, for even some -who displayed great prowess in the contests, or elsewhere, have yet -not obtained statues. These my subject bids me to pass over, for it is -not a catalogue of all the athletes that were victors at Olympia, but -an account of the statues and other votive offerings. Neither shall I -mention all the statues, as I well know some who won the crown of wild -olive from unexpected good fortune rather than their own exertions. -I shall therefore merely mention those who had more renown or finer -statues than others. - - On the right of the temple of Hera is a statue of the wrestler -Symmachus, the son of Æschylus, a native of Elis. And near him, from -Pheneos in Arcadia, is Neolaidas the son of Proxenus, who carried off -the prize for boxing among the boys, and next Archedamus the son of -Xenius, also a native of Elis, who beat all the boys in wrestling. -These statues were made by Alypus the Sicyonian, the pupil of Naucydes -the Argive. And the inscription on the statue of Cleogenes, the son -of Silenus, says that he was of the district, he won the prize with -a fast horse from his own stud. And next Cleogenes are Dinolochus, -the son of Pyrrhus, and Troilus, the son of Alcinous. They too were -natives of Elis, but their victories were not won in the same manner, -for Troilus owed his victory to his perfect pair of horses and team -of colts: partly also to his being umpire: and he was victor in the -102nd Olympiad. And from thenceforth there was a law among the people -of Elis that the umpires’ horses should not be admitted to the races. -His statue was by Lysippus. But the mother of Dinolochus dreamed that -she embraced her son after being crowned, and moved by this dream he -trained, and outran the other lads: and his statue is by Cleon of -Sicyon. As to Cynisca the wife of Archidamus, I have spoken previously -of her family and victories at Olympia, in my account of the kings of -the Lacedæmonians. And near the statue of Troilus is a basement of -stone, and a chariot and charioteer, and the effigy of Cynisca herself, -by Apelles. There are inscriptions also in reference to her. And next -her are some Lacedæmonians, who were victors in the horse-races. -Anaxander was the first victor proclaimed in the chariot-race. And the -inscription over him states that his grandfather was crowned earlier in -the pentathlum. He is represented as praying to the god. And Polycles, -surnamed Polychalcus, was victor in the chariot-race with 4 horses -abreast, and his effigy has in its right hand a riband. And by him -are two boys, one holding the wheel, the other asking for the riband. -And Polycles was victor with his horses, as the inscription over him -states, in the Pythian Isthmian and Nemean games. - - - - -CHAPTER II. - - -And the statue of the pancratiast next is by Lysippus. He carried off -the victory as pancratiast from the rest of the Acarnanians, and was -the first of his own countrymen. Xenarches was his name and he was the -son of Philandridas. And the Lacedæmonians, after the invasion of the -Medes, turned their attention more than any other Greeks to breeding -horses. For besides those that I have already mentioned, there are -statues of several other Spartan horse-breeders, next to the effigy -of the Acarnanian athlete, as Xenarches, and Lycinus, and Arcesilaus, -and Lichas his son. Xenarches also had further victories at Delphi and -Argos and Corinth. And Lycinus brought colts to Olympia, and as one -of them was rejected, he used his colts in the race of full-grown -horses and won the prize. And he set up two statues at Olympia, by the -Athenian Myro. And Arcesilaus and his son Lichas had two victories at -Olympia, and Lichas, as the Lacedæmonians were at that time excluded -from the games, entered himself for the chariot-race as a Theban, -and bound the victorious charioteer with a riband. For this the -Umpires scourged him. And it was on account of this Lichas that the -Lacedæmonians under Agis invaded Elis, when the fight took place at -Altis. And at the end of the war Lichas erected his statue here, but -the records of the people of Elis about the victors at Olympia say that -the Theban people, not Lichas, won the victory. - - And near Lichas is the seer of Elis, Thrasybulus, the son of Æneas of -the family of the Iamidæ, who practised divination for the Mantineans -against the Lacedæmonians under Agis the son of King Eudamidas, I -shall enter into the circumstances more fully in my account about the -Arcadians. And on the effigy of Thrasybulus there is a spotted lizard -creeping on his right shoulder, and a dog lies near him cut in half -as a victim and shewing its liver. Divination by kids and lambs and -calves is clearly an old practice among mankind, the Cyprians seem also -to have added divination by swine. But no nations are accustomed to -practise divination by dogs. Therefore it was apparently a peculiarity -of Thrasybulus to introduce this kind of divination. And the seers -called the Iamidæ were descendants of Iamus, who, as Pindar tells us in -one of his Odes, was the son of Apollo, and learnt his divination from -him. - - And close to the effigy of Thrasybulus is one of Timosthenes, a -native of Elis, who won the prize for boys in the course, and one of -the Milesian Antipater, the son of Clinopater, who beat all the boys -in boxing. And some Syracusans, who offered sacrifices at Olympia on -behalf of Dionysius, bribed the father of Antipater to let his son be -declared a Syracusan. But Antipater, despising the tyrant’s bribe, -declared himself a Milesian, and inscribed on his effigy that he was -a Milesian, and the first Ionian that had had his effigy at Olympia. -It was by Polycletus, and Timosthenes’ was by Eutychides of Sicyon, a -pupil of Lysippus. This Eutychides made a statue of Fortune for the -Syrians by the Orontes, which is greatly honoured by the people of that -district. - - And in Altis near the effigy of Timosthenes are statues of Timon -and his son Æsypus, the lad on horseback. For he won the prize on his -racer, while Timon was proclaimed victor in the chariot race. These -statues were made by Dædalus of Sicyon, who also erected a trophy -for the people of Elis, after their victory over the Laconians at -Altis. And the inscription over the Samian boxer states that Myco -was his trainer, and that the Samians are the best of the Ionians -both as athletes and naval heroes, but gives no information about the -particular boxer. - - And next is the statue of the Messenian Damiscus, who was victor -at Olympia when he was only 12. It is a very remarkable coincidence, -that, when the Messenians were exiles from the Peloponnese, their luck -at Olympia also failed. For except Leontiscus and Symmachus, who were -Sicilian Messenians from the Strait, no Messenian either from Sicily or -Naupactus was victor at Olympia, and the Sicilians say they were not -Messenians but old inhabitants of Zancle. However when the Messenians -returned to the Peloponnese, their luck also at Olympia returned. For -in the year after the restoration to Messene, when the people of Elis -celebrated the Olympian games, this Damiscus won the prize from all the -boys in the course, and afterwards won victories both at Nemea and at -the Isthmus in the pentathlum. - - - - -CHAPTER III. - - -Next to Damiscus is the statue of a man whose name is not recorded, -the votive offering of Ptolemy the son of Lagus. Ptolemy calls himself -a Macedonian in the inscription, though he was king of Egypt. There -is an inscription also over Chæreas of Sicyon a boy-boxer, stating -that his father was Chæremon, and that though young he was victor. The -inscription also states that the statue was by Asterion, the son of -Æschylus. And next to Chæreas there are statues of the Messenian boy -Sophius, and of Stomius a man of Elis, Sophius outran all the boys, -and Stomius won one victory in the pentathlum at Olympia, and three at -Nemea. And the inscription on Stomius records further that as leader -of the cavalry of the people of Elis he won a victory, and killed the -commander of the enemy, who had challenged him to single combat. And -the people of Elis say that he came from Sicyon and was ruler of the -Sicyonians, and that they themselves went on an expedition against -Sicyon in friendship to the Thebans together with a force from Bœotia. -It would appear therefore that an expedition against Sicyon must have -set out from Elis and Thebes after the reverse of the Lacedæmonians at -Leuctra. - - Next is the statue of the boxer Labax, the son of Euphron, who was -a native of Lepreus in Elis, and also one of the wrestlers from Elis, -Aristodemus the son of Thrasis, who had two victories in the Pythian -games. And the effigy of Aristodemus is by Dædalus the Sicyonian, -who was the pupil and son of Patrocles. And the statue of Hippos of -Elis, who beat all the boys in boxing, was by Democritus of Sicyon, -who learnt his art from the Athenian Critias through 4 intermediate -teachers. For Critias was the tutor of the Corcyræan Ptolichus, and -Amphion was the pupil of Ptolichus, and Piso of Calauria was the pupil -of Amphion, and Democritus was the pupil of Piso. And Cratinus from -Ægira in Achaia was the most handsome of all his contemporaries, and -the greatest wrestler. And as none of the boys could stand before him -in wrestling he was appointed by the people of Elis as teacher of the -boys. And his statue was by the Sicyonian Cantharus, whose father was -Alexis, and teacher Eutychides. - - And the effigy of Eupolemus of Elis was by the Sicyonian Dædalus, and -the inscription informs us about him that he was victor at Olympia over -men in the course, he also won two crowns at the Pythian games in the -pentathlum, and one crown at the Nemean games. It is further recorded -about Eupolemus that of the three umpires in the race two adjudged the -prize to him, and the third to the Ambraciote Leo, and that Leo at the -Council of Olympia subsequently got indemnity from both the umpires -who had adjudged the prize to Eupolemus. - - And the statue of Œbotas was set up by the Achæans in the 80th -Olympiad in accordance with the oracle at Delphi. He had been victor -in the course in the sixth Olympiad. How then could he have fought -with the Greeks at Platæa? For it was not till the 75th Olympiad that -Mardonius and the Medes met with the reverse at Platæa. I am bound to -record the traditions of the Greeks, but I need not believe all of -them. All else that happened to Œbotas shall be told in my account of -Achaia. - - And the statue of Antiochus was made by Nicodemus. Antiochus was a -native of Lepreus, and won the prize at Olympia for the pentathlum -for men once, and twice in the Pythian games, twice also at Nemea. -For the Isthmians were not frightened by the people of Lepreus as -they were by the people of Elis, for Hysmon of Elis, whose statue is -next to Antiochus, being an athlete, and having won the prize for the -pentathlum once at Olympia and once at Nemea, was plainly prevented, -like all other people of Elis, from trying his fortune at the Isthmian -games. It is also recorded of Hysmon that when he was a boy he had a -discharge, and that was why he trained for the pentathlum, that he -might become stronger in constitution, and free from disease. And -this training was destined to get for him many notable victories. His -statue is by Cleon, and he has in his hands some old-fashioned dumb -bells. And next to Hysmon is the statue of a wrestling boy from Heræa -in Arcadia, Nicostratus the son of Xenoclidas. It is by Pantias, who by -six intermediate links was a pupil of Aristocles the Sicyonian. - - And Dicon the son of Callibrotus won five races in the Pythian games, -and three in the Isthmian, and four at Nemea, and at Olympia one for -boys, two for men. And he has as many statues as he won victories at -Olympia. He was a native of Caulonia, and so proclaimed as a boy, -though afterwards for money he proclaimed himself a Syracusan. Now -Caulonia is a colony of Achæans in Italy, its founder was Typhon of -Ægium. And when Pyrrhus the son of Æacus and the Tarentines were at -war with the Romans, and several cities in Italy were destroyed, some -by the Romans, some by the people of Epirus, Caulonia was laid waste, -after being captured by the Campanians, who were the chief allies of -the Romans. - - Next to Dicon is a statue of Xenophon, the son of Menephylus, the -pancratiast from Ægium in Achaia, also one of Pyrilampes the Ephesian, -who obtained the victory in the long course. Xenophon’s statue is by -Olympus, Pyrilampes’ by a sculptor of the same name, not a Sicyonian, -but from Messene near Ithome. - - The Samians also erected a statue at Olympia to the Spartan Lysander -the son of Aristocritus. And the first of the inscriptions is, - - “In the conspicuous precincts of almighty Zeus I stand, the votive -offering of all the Samians.” - - This informs us who erected the statue. And the second inscription is -a panegyric on Lysander, - - “Immortal fame, Lysander, on your country and Aristocritus did you -confer by your splendid merit.” - - Manifest is it therefore that the Samians and other Ionians, -according to the Ionian proverb, whitewashed two walls.[76] For when -Alcibiades had a strong Athenian fleet in the neighbourhood of Ionia, -most of the Ionians paid their court to him, and there is a brazen bust -of Alcibiades in the temple of Hera among the Samians. But when the -Athenian fleet was taken at Ægos-potamoi, then the Samians erected this -statue of Lysander at Olympia, and the Ephesians placed in the temple -of Artemis statues of Lysander himself, and Eteonicus, and Pharax, and -other Spartans of no great renown in Greece. And when fortune veered -round again, and Conon won the sea-fight off Cnidus and Mount Dorium, -then the Ionians changed sides again, and you may see a brazen statue -of Conon and Timotheus at Samos in the temple of Hera, and likewise at -Ephesus in the temple of Artemis. This has been the case in all ages, -for all men, like these Ionians, pay court to the strongest. - -CHAPTER IV. - - -And next to Lysander is the effigy of an Ephesian boxer, whose name -was Athenæus, and who beat all the boys that contended with him, and -next him is the Sicyonian pancratiast Sostratus, whose surname was -_Acrochersites_, because he laid hold of his adversary’s fingers and -tried to break them, and would not let go till he saw that he was going -to give in. And he had 12 victories at Nemea and Isthmus both together, -and in the Pythian games two, at Olympia three. The 104th Olympiad, in -which this Sostratus was victor for the first time, the people of Elis -do not record, because the games in that Olympiad were not instituted -by them but by the Pisæans and Arcadians. And next to Sostratus is -the wrestler Leontiscus, a Sicilian from Messene by the Strait. And -he is said to have been crowned by the Amphictyonians, and twice by -the people of Elis, and his wrestling is said to have been somewhat -similar to that of Sostratus of Sicyon in the pancratium, for he was -not an adept at wrestling his antagonists down, but he used to beat -them by trying to break their fingers. And his statue was by Pythagoras -of Rhegium, an excellent sculptor if ever there was one. And he learnt -his art they say from Clearchus who was also a native of Rhegium, and a -pupil of Euchirus. This Euchirus was a Corinthian, and pupil of Syadra -and Charta, who were both Spartans. - - And the boy with a fillet on his head must not be omitted by me, on -Phidias’ account and his fame as a statuary, for otherwise we don’t -know who it is a statue of. And there is a statue of Satyrus of Elis, -the son of Lysianax, of the family of the Iamidæ, who five times won -the prize for boxing at Nemea, and twice at Olympia, and twice at the -Pythian games. This statue is by the Athenian Silanion. And another -Athenian statuary Polycles, the pupil of the Athenian Stadieus, -has made a statue of the Ephesian pancratiast, Amyntas the son of -Hellanicus. - - And Chilon the Achæan of Patræ had two victories at Olympia in -wrestling among men, and one at Delphi, and 4 at Isthmus, and 3 at -Nemea. And he had a public funeral from the Achæans, as he was killed -in war. The inscription at Olympia bears me out. - - “I won the prize from men in wrestling twice in the Pythian and -Olympian games, three times at Nemea, four times at the Isthmus near -the sea, I Chilon of Patræ the son of Chilon, whom the Achæans gave a -public funeral to for his valour as he was killed in war.” - - Such is what the inscription records. And if one conjectures from the -age of Lysippus, who made the effigy, one must infer that the war in -which Chilon fell was either at Chæronea when he fought in company with -all the Achæans, or that he alone boldly volunteered to fight at Lamia -in Thessaly against Antipater and the Macedonians. - - And next to that of Chilon are two statues: one of Molpion, who -the inscription states was crowned by the people of Elis, and the -other, which has no inscription, is they say Aristotle of Stagira in -Thrace, and it was erected to him by some pupil or soldier, as he was -greatly honoured by Antipater and earlier still by Alexander. And -Sodamas from Assus in the Troas, near Mount Ida, was the first Æolian -that won the prize for boys in the course at Olympia. And next to -Sodamas is a statue of Archidamus, the son of Agesilaus, king of the -Lacedæmonians. Before the reign of this Archidamus I cannot find that -the Lacedæmonians erected a statue of anyone beyond their own borders. -But they sent I think a statue of Archidamus to Olympia, not only on -other accounts but also because of his death, for he died fighting -against the barbarians, and was the only one of the Spartan kings that -lacked sepulture. I have narrated the particulars at full length in my -account of Sparta. And Euanthes of Cyzicus had prizes for boxing, one -at Olympia as a man, and at Nemea and the Isthmian games as a boy. And -next to Euanthes is a horse-trainer and a chariot, and a girl mounting -the chariot. The man’s name is Lampus, and his native town was the -most recent of the Macedonian towns, and got its name from its founder -Philip the son of Amyntas. And the effigy of Cyniscus, the boy boxer -from Mantinea, was by Polycletus. And Ergoteles the son of Philanor, -who carried off two victories at Olympia in the long course, and as -many at the Pythian Isthmian and Nemean games, was not originally a -native of Himera, as the inscription states, but is said to have been a -Cretan from Gnossus: and being banished from thence in some faction he -went to Himera, and obtained citizenship there, and had other honours. -This is the probable explanation of his being proclaimed in the games -as a native of Himera. - - - - -CHAPTER V. - - -The statue which stands on a lofty pedestal is by Lysippus. It is the -statue of Polydamas, the son of Nicias, the largest man of our times. -There may have been larger men, but only the heroes or some mortal race -of giants earlier than the heroes. Scotusa, which was the native place -of Polydamas, is not inhabited in our day, for Alexander the king of -the Pheræans took it in time of peace, for when the people of Scotusa -were all gathered together in the theatre, for they held their meetings -there at that period, he surrounded it with targeteers and archers and -shot them all, and slew all besides that were in their prime, and sold -the women and children, and with the proceeds kept up a mercenary army. -This disaster happened to the people of Scotusa when Phrasiclides was -Archon at Athens, in the 102nd Olympiad, in the second year of which -Damon of Thuria was victor for the second time. And those that escaped -of the people of Scotusa were few, and even they were reduced still -further and left the town, when Providence brought a second reverse -upon all the Greeks in the war with the Macedonians. In the pancratium -several had notable victories, but Polydamas beside his crowns for the -pancratium had further renown for the following remarkable exploits. -The mountainous part of Thrace, inside the river Nestus that flows -through the territory of the people of Abdera, rears several wild -beasts and among them lions, who on one occasion attacked the army of -Xerxes, and made havoc of the camels that carried the corn. These lions -also frequently prowled about the country in the neighbourhood of Mount -Olympus, one side of which mountain faces Macedonia, another Thessaly -and the river Peneus. Polydamas unarmed slew a large and stout lion -on Mount Olympus: moved to this exploit from a desire to emulate the -actions of Hercules, who as the tradition goes vanquished the Nemean -lion. Another memorable feat of Polydamas is on record. He approached -a herd of cattle, and seized the strongest and wildest bull by one of -its hind feet, and held on fast by its hoofs, and would not let it go -though it kicked and struggled, till at last the bull exerting all its -strength got away from him, and left its hoofs in his hands. It is -also recorded of him that he stopped a chariot which the driver was -urging on at full speed, by laying hold of it behind with one hand, and -thus stopped both horses and charioteer. And Darius, the illegitimate -son of Artaxerxes, (who with the help of the Persian commonalty had -deposed Sogdius, Artaxerxes’ legitimate son, and usurped his kingdom), -when he became king sent messengers, for he had heard of the exploits -of Polydamas, and by promising rewards attracted him to his court at -Susa. And there he slew in single combat three of the Persians called -Immortals who had challenged him. And some of the exploits which I have -mentioned are recorded on the base of his statue at Olympia, others -in the inscription. But eventually the prophetic utterance of Homer -about trusting too much in one’s strength proved true of Polydamas, -for he too was destined to perish through too great confidence in his -strength.[77] On one occasion with several boon companions he entered -a cave in summer time, and somehow or other by some malign fortune the -top of the cave cracked, and was evidently going to fall in in no long -time. And when they perceived the impending disaster all his companions -fled, but Polydamas determined to remain, and stretched out his hands -in the intention of holding up this mass of rock and not being buried -under it, but he was crushed to death. - - - - -CHAPTER VI. - - -And next to the statue of Polydamas are two Arcadian athletes, and one -Athenian one. The first is the Mantinean Protolaus, the son of Dialces, -who beat all the boys in boxing, by Pythagoras of Rhegium, the second -is Narycidas, the son of Damaretus, a wrestler from Phigalia, by the -Sicyonian Dædalus, and the third is Callias, the Athenian pancratiast, -by the Athenian painter Micon. And there is a statue, by Nicodamus -of Mænalus, of the pancratiast from Mænalus, Androsthenes the son of -Lochæus, who carried off two victories from men. And next to these -is the statue of Eucles the son of Callianax, a Rhodian by birth -and of the family of the Diagoridæ, (for Diagoras was his maternal -grandfather), who won the prize for boxing among men at Olympia. His -statue is by Naucydes. And Polycletus the Argive, a pupil of Naucydes, -(not the Polycletus who made the statue of Hera), has made the statue -of a boy-wrestler, the Theban Agenor. It was made at the expense of the -Phocians, to whom Theopompus the father of Agenor had been friendly. -And Nicodamus, the statuary from Mænalus, made a statue of Damoxenidas, -the man-boxer from Mænalus. There is also an effigy of Lastratidas -the boy of Elis, who won the crown for wrestling, and also a victory -at Nemea among boys and beardless youths. And Paraballon the father -of Lastratidas won the prize in the double course, and excited the -emulation of posterity, by writing up the names of the victors at -Olympia in the gymnasium at Olympia. - - So far for these last mentioned: but I must not omit Euthymus the -boxer, or his victories and other feats. He was an Italian from Locri -near the promontory of Zephyrium, and his father’s name was Astycles. -But the natives of that country say that he was not the son of Astycles -but of the River Cæcinus, which is the boundary between the districts -of Locri and Rhegium, and has a peculiarity in respect to grasshoppers. -For the grasshoppers in Locri up to the river Cæcinus sing just as -other grasshoppers, but after you cross the Cæcinus they cease to sing -in the district of Rhegium. Euthymus then is said to be the son of this -River, and he won a boxing prize at Olympia in the 74th Olympiad, but -was not equally successful in the following Olympiad. For Theagenes -from Thasos, wishing to win in the same Olympiad prizes both for boxing -and the pancratium, outboxed Euthymus. Theagenes however could not -receive the wild olive crown for the pancratium, as in the contest -with Euthymus he was exhausted first. Moreover the umpires fined -Theagenes a talent as a fine to the god, and a talent for the injury -done to Euthymus, for they thought he insulted him in the boxing-match, -therefore they ordered him also to pay privately money to Euthymus. And -in the 76th Olympiad Theagenes paid his fine to the god, and in his -vexation would not again contend as a boxer: but Euthymus received the -crown for boxing both in that and the next Olympiad. And his statue is -by Pythagoras and is especially fine. And on his return to Italy he -fought against a Hero. The particulars are as follows. When Odysseus -was on his travels after the capture of Ilium they say he was driven -by the winds to several towns in Italy and Sicily, and among others to -Temesa; there they say one of his sailors in drink violated a maiden, -and for this outrage was stoned to death by the inhabitants. Thereupon -Odysseus not troubling himself about his death sailed off, but the -ghost of the man that had been stoned relentlessly continued to slay -indiscriminately the people of Temesa, pursuing all ages alike, till -the Pythian Priestess, when they intended to make a wholesale flitting -from Italy, forbade them to leave Temesa, and bade them propitiate the -Hero, by building him a temple in a grove set apart for that purpose, -and annually giving him as wife the handsomest girl in Temesa. As they -obeyed the orders of the oracle they had no further trouble with the -ghost. But Euthymus happened to arrive at Temesa at the time when this -annual offering to the ghost was being made, and inquired into the -matter, and had a strong desire to enter the temple and behold the -maiden. And when he saw her, he was first moved with pity and then -with love. And she swore that she would marry him if he saved her, and -Euthymus armed himself and awaited the approach of the ghost. In the -fight that ensued he was victor, and the Hero left the country, dived -into the sea and was never seen again, and the men of that region had -henceforth no more trouble from him, and the marriage of Euthymus was -celebrated with much pomp. I have also heard that Euthymus lived to -advanced old age, and did not die, but left mankind some other way. -I have also heard that Temesa is inhabited still, my informant was a -merchant that sails in those parts. I also have seen a painting, which -is an imitation of an older painting. In it is the young man Sybaris, -and the river Calabrus, and the well Lyca, and a hero-chapel, and -the town of Temesa. There too is the ghost whom Euthymus expelled, -dreadfully swarthy and most formidable in all his appearance, and -dressed in a wolfskin. And the letters in the painting give his name, -Lycas. So much for this legend. - - - - -CHAPTER VII. - - -And next to the statue of Euthymus is that of Pytharchus of Mantinea, -a runner in the course, and Charmides a boxer of Elis, both of whom -received prizes as boys. And when you have seen these you will come -to the statues of the Rhodian athletes, Diagoras and his family. They -are all together in the following order, Acusilaus with the prize for -boxing among men, and Dorieus, the youngest, who won three prizes in -succession at Olympia in the pancratium. Before Dorieus Damagetus, who -comes next, had won the prize against all comers in the pancratium. -Next to his 3 sons comes the statue of Diagoras, who won a victory -among men in boxing. And the statue of Diagoras is by the Megarian -Callicles, the son of that Theocosmus who made the statue of Zeus at -Megara. The sons also of Diagoras’ daughters practised as boxers and -won prizes at Olympia, among the men Eucles the son of Callianax and -Callipatira (the daughter of Diagoras), and among the boys Pisirodus, -whose mother dressed him up like a man and brought him to the Olympian -games, herself disguised as a trainer. This Pisirodus also has a -statue in Altis near his maternal grandfather. Diagoras they say -also came to Olympia with his sons Acusilaus and Damagetus. And the -young men being victorious at the festival bore their father on their -shoulders, who was pelted by the Greeks with flowers and congratulated -on his sons. On the female side Diagoras was a Messenian by extraction, -as he was descended from the daughter of Aristomenes. And Dorieus the -son of Diagoras, besides his victories at Olympia, had 8 victories -in the Isthmian games, and seven in the Nemean. It is said that he -also won in the Pythian games without a contest. And he and Pisirodus -were entered in the games as Thurians, because they were driven from -Rhodes by faction and migrated to Thurii. But Dorieus returned to -Rhodes subsequently. And of all men he manifestly was most devoted to -the Lacedæmonian interests, for he fought against the Athenians with -a fleet he had himself equipped, till he was captured by the Athenian -triremes and taken prisoner to Athens. And the Athenians before Dorieus -was brought before them were very angry against him and used threats, -but when they came to the popular Assembly and saw there so great and -renowned a man a captive, their intention about him changed and they -let him go, and did no harm to him, while they might have done so -with justice. The circumstances of the death of Dorieus are told by -Androtion in his history of Attica, _viz._ that the fleet of the great -king was at Caunus and Conon was the Admiral, and the people of Rhodes -were persuaded by Conon to revolt from the Lacedæmonians, and join the -alliance of the Athenians and the great king, and that Dorieus was at -the time absent from Rhodes in the interior of the Peloponnese, and was -arrested by the Lacedæmonians and taken to Sparta, and condemned by the -Lacedæmonians for treason and put to death. And if Androtion’s account -be correct, he seems to be desirous of proving the Lacedæmonians as -rash as the Athenians, for the Athenians are charged with acting rashly -with respect to Thrasyllus and those who fought under him at Arginusæ. -To such a pitch of glory then did Diagoras and his posterity attain. - - Alcænetus, the son of Theantus of Lepreus, and his sons also had -victories at Olympia. Alcænetus himself won prizes for boxing among -the men as previously among the boys. And Hellanicus and Theantus, the -sons of Alcænetus, were proclaimed winners in the boxing match for -boys, Hellanicus in the 89th Olympiad, and Theantus in the following -Olympiad. All three have statues at Olympia. And next to the sons of -Alcænetus are statues of Gnatho, the Dipæan from the country about -Mænalus, and Lycinus of Elis: who also had prizes for boxing among the -boys at Olympia. That Gnatho, when he conquered, was exceptionally -young is stated in the inscription, his statue is by Callicles the -Megarian. And Dromeus from Stymphelus was as his name indicates a -runner in the long course, and had two victories at Olympia, two at -the Pythian games, three at the Isthmus, and five at Nemea. It is said -also that he introduced eating flesh during training: for athletes in -training before him used to eat only a particular kind of cheese. His -statue is by Pythagoras, and the next to it is that of Pythocles of -Elis, who won in the pentathlum, by Polycletus. - - - - -CHAPTER VIII. - - -Who made the statue of Socrates of Pellene, who won the race for boys, -is not recorded, but the statue of Amertus of Elis, who defeated in -wrestling all the men that came to the Pythian games, was by Phradmon -the Argive. And Euanoridas of Elis won victories in wrestling among the -boys both at Olympia and at Nemea: and he became an Umpire and made a -list of the victors at Olympia. - - As to the boxer Damarchus, a Parrhasian from Arcadia, I cannot -credit, except the victory at Olympia, all the fictions about him -made by boastful people, such as that he changed from a man into a -wolf at the sacrifice of Zeus Lycæus, and that 10 years afterwards he -changed into a man again. Not that this is the tradition apparently -of the Arcadians about him. Else it would have been inserted in their -inscription at Olympia, which runs as follows. - - “Damarchus the son of Dinnytas erected this statue, a Parrhasian from -Arcadia.” - - This is all the inscription. But Eubotas of Cyrene, as he had learnt -beforehand from the oracle at Libya that he would gain the prize in -the race at Olympia, had his statue made first, and on the same day -was proclaimed victor and set up his statue. It is said also that he -won the chariot race in that Olympiad which the people of Elis do not -reckon because the Arcadians instituted the games. - - And the statue of Timanthes of Cleonæ, who won the prize for men in -the pancratium, is by the Athenian Myro, and that of Baucis of Trœzen, -who beat all the men in wrestling, is by Naucydes. The following -was they say the end of Timanthes. When he ceased to be an athlete -he continued none the less to make trial of his strength, every day -bending a huge bow: and he went away from home for a time, and during -that period the use of the bow was suspended: and when on his return -he found himself no longer strong enough to bend his bow, he lighted -his funeral pyre and put himself alive on it. All actions of this kind -whether in the past or in the future seem to me rather madness than -bravery. - - And next to Baucis are some statues of Arcadian athletes, as -Euthymenes of Mænalus, who won prizes among men for wrestling and still -earlier among boys, and Philip the son of Azan from Pellene, who beat -all the boys in boxing, and Critodamus from Clitor, who was himself -also proclaimed victor in the boys’ boxing match. That of Euthymenes -was by Alypus, that of Critodamus by Cleon, and that of Philip the son -of Azan by Myro. As to Promachus the pancratiast, the son of Dryon of -Pellene, I shall state more about him in my account of Achaia. And not -far from Promachus is the statue of Timasitheus of Delphi, (by Ageladas -the Argive), who won two victories in the pancratium at Olympia, and -three in the Pythian games. He also exhibited brilliant bravery in -war, and had constant good fortune till then. For his valour on that -occasion cost him his life. For when Isagoras the Athenian occupied the -Acropolis with the view of making himself master of Athens, Timasitheus -joined him, and was one of those who were captured, and put to death by -the Athenians for his share in the matter. - - - - -CHAPTER IX. - - -And the statue of Theognetus of Ægina, who was crowned for wrestling -among the boys, is by Ptolichus of Ægina, the pupil of his father -Synnoon, who was himself the pupil of Aristocles of Sicyon, the brother -of Canachus and as famous as a statuary. But why Theognetus carries -in his hand the fruit of the cultivated pine and pomegranate I cannot -conjecture, perhaps among some of the Æginetans there is some national -legend about him. And next to the statue of the man who the people of -Elis say was not registered with the rest, because he was proclaimed -victor in the trotting-race,[78] is the statue of Xenocles of Mænalus, -who beat all the boys in wrestling, and Alcetus the son of Alcinous, -who beat all the boys in boxing, an Arcadian from Clitor. His statue -is by Cleon, and Xenocles’ by Polycletus. And the statue of the Argive -Aristeus, who won the prize in the long course, is by the Chian -Pantias, a pupil of his father Sostratus: and next to him is the statue -of Chimon, the father of Aristeus, who won the prize for wrestling. -His statues are in my opinion the finest works of art of Naucydes, -one is at Olympia, and the other was carried from Argos to the temple -of Peace in Rome. It is also said that Chimon beat Taurosthenes of -Ægina in wrestling, and that in the following Olympiad Taurosthenes -beat all comers in wrestling, and the same day an apparition very like -Taurosthenes appeared at Ægina and announced his victory. And the -statue of Philles of Elis, who beat all the boys in wrestling, is by -the Spartan Cratinus. As to the chariot of Gelon, I cannot agree with -the opinion of those who have written before me, who say that it was a -votive offering of Gelon the tyrant of Syracuse. The inscription says -that it was a votive offering of Gelon of Gela, the son of Dinomenes, -who was a victor in the 73rd Olympiad. But Gelon the tyrant of Sicily -was master of Syracuse when Hybilides was Archon at Athens, in the -second year of the 72nd Olympiad, in which Tisicrates of Croton won -the race in the stadium. Manifestly therefore he would have been -entered for the race as a Syracusan, and not as a native of Gela. So -this Gelon would be some private person, having merely the same name as -the Tyrant. And Glaucias the Æginetan made both the chariot and statue -of Gelon. - - In the Olympiad previous to this they say that Cleomedes of -Astypalæa, boxing with Iccus from Epidaurus, killed him, and was -condemned by the Umpires to be deprived of his prize, and went out -of his mind for grief, and returned to Astypalæa, and standing in a -school when there were about 60 scholars pulled away the pillar which -supported the roof, and when the roof fell in on the boys he was -pelted with stones by the citizens, and fled for refuge to the temple -of Athene: and getting into a chest which was lying in the temple, -and clapping down the lid, the people of Astypalæa had immense labour -to open the chest. At last they broke open the woodwork, and found -no Cleomedes either alive or dead, and sent messengers to Delphi to -inquire what had become of him. The Pythian Priestess they say returned -this answer, - - “Last of the heroes is Cleomedes of Astypalæa, honour him with -sacrifices as no longer a mortal.” - - From that time forward the people of Astypalæa pay honours to him as -a hero. - - And next to the chariot of Gelon is the statue of Philo by the -Æginetan Glaucias. On this Philo Simonides, the son of Leoprepes, wrote -the very apt elegiac couplet: - - “My country is Corcyra, my name Philo. I am the son of Glaucus, and -have won prizes for boxing in two Olympiads.” - - There is also a statue of the Mantinean Agametor, who beat all the -boys in boxing. - - - - -CHAPTER X. - - -And next to those I have mentioned is Glaucus of Carystus, who they say -was originally from Anthedon in Bœotia, and traced his descent from -Glaucus the god of the sea. He was the son of Demylus, and they say -originally was a husbandman. And once when the ploughshare came off -his plough, he put it on again using his hand instead of a hammer. And -Demylus marvelled at his son’s strength, and in consequence sent him to -Olympia as a boxer. And there Glaucus, being unpractised in that kind -of contest, was badly handled by his antagonists, and, while boxing -with the last remaining of them, seemed likely to faint away from his -punishment. And they say his father cried out, _My boy, remember the -ploughshare_. Then he put in a terrible blow at his antagonist, and won -the prize. He is said also to have been twice crowned at the Pythian -games, and eight times in the Nemean and Isthmian games. The statue of -Glaucus was erected by his son, but was made by Glaucias the Æginetan. -And the statue is in the attitude of one boxing, for Glaucus was the -most clever of all his contemporaries in the noble Science. And after -his death the people of Carystus say that he was buried in the island -still called Glaucus’ island. - - And Damaretus of Heræa, and the son and grandson of Damaretus, had -two victories each at Olympia, Damaretus in the 65th Olympiad, when -first the race in heavy armour was instituted, and also in the next -Olympiad. His statue has a shield like those in use in our day, and a -helmet on the head, and greaves on the feet. This race in heavy armour -was abandoned eventually by the people of Elis and all the Greeks. And -Theopompus, the son of Damaretus, and afterwards his grandson of the -same name won the prize in the pentathlum, and the grandson Theopompus -won prizes also for wrestling; who made his statue we do not know, -but the statues of his father and grandfather were according to the -inscription by the Argives Eutelidas and Chrysothemis. It does not -however state from whom they learnt their art. This is the inscription. - - “The Argives Eutelidas and Chrysothemis made these statues, having -learnt their art from former generations.” - - And Iccus the son of Nicolaidas the Tarentine won the prize at -Olympia in the pentathlum, and afterwards became the best trainer of -his day. And next to Iccus is the statue of Pantarces of Elis, who -beat all the boys in wrestling, and was beloved by Phidias. And next -to Pantarces is the chariot of Cleosthenes, a man of Epidamnus, by -Ageladas, behind the Zeus erected by the Greeks after the battle of -Platæa. He conquered in the 66th Olympiad, and he erected not only his -own statue but also that of his charioteer and horses. And the names -inscribed on the horses are Phœnix and Corax, and of those in the -traces, on the right Cnacias, and on the left Samos. And there is this -elegiac couplet on the chariot: - - “Cleosthenes the Pontian from Epidamnus erected me, after winning the -prize with his horses in the noble contest of Zeus.” - - And of all that reared horses among the Greeks this Cleosthenes was -the first that erected his statue at Olympia. For the votive offering -of Euagoras the Lacedæmonian is only his chariot, and not Euagoras in -it: and as to Miltiades the Athenian, what he erected at Olympia I -shall narrate elsewhere. And the Epidamnians have the same territory -as formerly, but the town in our days is not the old one, but one at a -little distance: and its name is now Dyrrhachium from its founder. - - And there is a statue of Lycinus, the native of Heræa who won in the -race for boys, by Cleon, and of three who won victories among the boys -for boxing, Epicradius of Mantinea by Ptolichus of Ægina, and Tellon -the Oresthasian by what statuary is not on record, and Agiadas of Elis -by Serambus of Ægina. - - - - -CHAPTER XI. - - -Next to these are votive offerings of the people of Elis, as Philip -the son of Amyntas, and Alexander the son of Philip, and Seleucus, and -Antigonus; the statues of all but Antigonus are on horseback, he alone -is on foot. - - And not far from these kings is a statue of Theagenes of Thasos, the -son of Timosthenes. But the Thasians say that he was not the son of -Timosthenes, who was a priest of Hercules at Thasos, but that Hercules -disguised as Timosthenes had an intrigue with the mother of Theagenes. -And when the lad was nine years of age, and was going home from school, -he fancied they say the brazen statue of one of the gods in the -market-place, and seized it and put it upon one of his shoulders and -took it home. And the citizens being angry with him for what he had -done, a man of repute and advanced age would not let them kill the lad, -but bade him restore the statue back to its place, and he did so. And -immediately the fame of the lad for strength spread abroad, and his -exploit was talked of all over Greece. The most notable of his exploits -at Olympia I have already recorded, and how he beat Euthymus in boxing, -and how he was fined by the people of Elis. At that time Dromeus of -Mantinea won the victory in the pancratium, for the first time on -record without a contest. But he was beaten by Theagenes the Olympiad -afterwards in the pancratium. And Theagenes had three victories in the -Pythian games for boxing, and 9 at Nemea and 10 at the Isthmus for the -pancratium and boxing together. And at Phthia in Thessaly he neglected -boxing and the pancratium, and endeavoured to become illustrious among -the Greeks in racing, and beat all comers in the long course. I cannot -but think he was desirous of emulating Achilles, and to win in the -race in the country of the swiftest of heroes. All the crowns he won -were as many as 1400. And when he died, one of his enemies went up to -his statue every night, and scourged the brass as if it were Theagenes -alive he was maltreating. But at last the statue fell on him and killed -him and so stopped his outrage, but after his death his sons indicted -the statue for murder: and the Thasians threw the statue into the -sea, obeying the code of Draco, who in legislating for the Athenians -banished even inanimate things if they killed anyone by falling upon -him. But in process of time, as the earth yielded no fruit to the -Thasians, they sent envoys to Delphi, and the god bade them restore -from exile those that had been banished. Some were accordingly recalled -from exile, but the dearth was not removed. They went therefore a -second time to Delphi, saying that, though they had done what the -oracle ordered, yet the wrath of the gods remained. Then the Pythian -Priestess answered. - - “Your great Theagenes you have forgotten.” - -And when they were quite in despair how to recover the statue of -Theagenes, some fishermen (they say) putting out to sea for the purpose -of catching fish caught the statue in their net and brought it to land. -And the Thasians restoring it to its original site sacrificed to it as -to a god. And I know that there are statues of Theagenes in various -parts of Greece and among the barbarians also, and that he is reckoned -to cure diseases, and has various honours from the people of Thasos. -His statue in Altis is by the Æginetan Glaucias. - - - - -CHAPTER XII. - - -And at no great distance is a brazen chariot and a man in it, and some -race-horses are on each side of it, and boys on the horses. They are -memorials of the victories in the Olympian contests of Hiero the son of -Dinomenes, the tyrant of Syracuse after his brother Gelon. They were -not however sent by Hiero, but Dinomenes the son of Hiero offered them -to the god. The chariot is by Onatas the Æginetan, and the horses on -both sides and the boys on them are by Calamis. - - And next to the chariot of Hiero is Hiero the son of Hierocles, of -the same name as the son of Dinomenes, and also himself tyrant of -Syracuse. This Hiero after the death of Agathocles, the former tyrant -of Syracuse, rose to the same power in the second year of the 126th -Olympiad, in which Idæus of Cyrene won in the stadium. This Hiero had -friendly relations with Pyrrhus the son of Æacides and became his -kinsman by marriage, Gelon his son marrying Nereis Pyrrhus’ daughter. -And when the Romans fought with the Carthaginians for the possession -of Sicily the Carthaginians had more than half the island, and on the -commencement of the war Hiero resolved to throw in his lot with the -Carthaginians, but in no long time thinking the Roman power stronger -and likely to be more lasting he joined them. He was assassinated by -Dinomenes, a Syracusan who had an especial hatred to tyranny, and who -afterwards endeavoured to kill Hippocrates the brother of Epicydes, who -had just come to Syracuse from Erbessus and was endeavouring to talk -over the people. But he defended himself, and some of his guards came -up and cut Dinomenes to pieces. And the statues of Hiero in Olympia, -one on horseback and the other on foot, were erected by his sons, and -made by the Syracusan Mico the son of Niceratus. - - And next to the statues of Hiero are Areus, the son of Acrotatus, -king of the Lacedæmonians, and Aratus the son of Clinias, and a second -one of Areus on horseback: that of Aratus is the votive offering of -the Corinthians, that of Areus of the men of Elis. Of both Aratus and -Areus I have given an account earlier in this work. Aratus was also -proclaimed victor at Olympia in the chariot-race. And Timon, the son of -Ægyptus, who entered horses at Olympia, a native of Elis, has a brazen -chariot, and on it a maiden who I think is Victory. And Callon the son -of Harmodius and Hippomachus the son of Moschion, both of Elis and -victors among boys in the boxing, have statues, Callon’s is by Daippus, -we do not know who designed Hippomachus’, but they say he wrestled down -three antagonists and received no blow or hurt. And the inscription on -the chariot states that Theochrestus of Cyrene, (who trained horses -according to the national custom of the Libyans), and his grandfather -also of the same name, had victories with their horses at Olympia, and -that the father of Theochrestus was victorious at the Isthmian games. -And that Agesarchus of Tritæa the son of Hæmostratus beat men in boxing -at the Olympian, Nemean, Pythian and Isthmian games is stated in an -elegiac couplet, which also states untruly, as I have discovered, that -the people of Tritæa are Arcadians. For of the towns that have attained -celebrity in Arcadia all about their founders is well known, and those -that were obscure from their origin, and lost their population through -their weakness, were absorbed into Megalopolis by a decree from the -commonalty of the Arcadians. Nor can we find any other Tritæa in Greece -but the one in Achaia. One would infer therefore that the people of -Tritæa were reckoned among the Arcadians, as now some of the Arcadians -are reckoned in Argolis. And the statue of Agesarchus is by the sons of -Polycles, of whom we shall make mention later on. - - - - -CHAPTER XIII. - - -And the statue of Astylus of Croton is by Pythagoras, he was victorious -at three Olympiads in succession in the stade and in the double course. -But because in the two latter Olympiads he entered himself as a -Syracusan, to ingratiate himself with Hiero the son of Dinomenes, the -people of Croton voted that his house should be turned into a public -prison, and removed his statue from the temple of Lacinian Hera. - - There is also at Olympia a pillar which recounts the victories of the -Lacedæmonian Chionis. They are simple who think that Chionis erected -this statue himself, and not the Lacedæmonian public. For granted that -there is on the pillar no mention of a race in heavy armour, how could -Chionis know that the people of Elis would not one day institute one? -They are still more simple who think that the statue on the pillar is -by Chionis, seeing it is by the Athenian Myro. - - Very similar fame to that of Chionis was won by the Lycian Hermogenes -Xanthius, who won the wild olive crown eight times in three Olympiads, -and was nicknamed _Horse_ by the Greeks. Polites too you would hold -in great admiration. He was from Ceramus in Caria, and manifested -great swiftness of foot at Olympia. For he won the longest race in the -shortest time on record, and on the same day he won the long race, and -the race in the stadium, and the double race. And on the second day, -when they only allow four chosen by lot to compete in the race and not -all comers, and the victors in each department only contend for these -prizes, Polites was victor again: for the person who is crowned for the -race in the stadium will go off with two victories. However the most -remarkable victories in the race were won by Leonidas of Rhodes, for in -four Olympiads he was in his prime, and 12 times conqueror through his -swiftness of foot. And not far from the pillar of Chionis at Olympia is -the statue of Scæus the Samian, the son of Duris, who beat all the boys -in boxing, his statue is by Hippias, and the inscription on it states, -that Scæus was victor when the Samian populace fled from their island, -and the statue was put up when they were restored. And next to the -tyrant is a statue of Diallus the son of Pollis, a native of Smyrna, -and the inscription states that he was the first Ionian that won the -prize in the pancratium for boys. And the statues of Thersilochus -of Corcyra, and Aristion of Epidaurus, the son of Theophiles, the -latter victor in boxing among men, the former among boys, are by the -Argive Polycletus. And the statue of Bycelus, who was the first of -the Sicyonians to conquer among boys in boxing, is by the Sicyonian -Canachus, who was a pupil of the Argive Polycletus. And next to Bycelus -is the hoplite Mnaseas of Cyrene, surnamed Libyan, by Pythagoras of -Rhegium. And the inscription on Agemachus of Cyzicus states that he -came to Argos from the mainland of Asia Minor. As to Naxos in Sicily, -which was colonized by some of the Chalcidians near the Euripus, there -are no ruins even of the town in our day, and that its name has come -down to posterity is mainly due to Tisander the son of Cleocritus. -For 4 times he beat all the men in boxing at Olympia, and had as many -victories in the Pythian games. There was not at that time any record -of the victors in the Corinthian games, nor did the Argives keep any -record of the victors in the Nemean games. - - And the mare of the Corinthian Phidolas, which was called as the -Corinthians inform us _Aura_, though its rider fell off at the -beginning of the race, yet ran straight and turned at the goal, and -when it heard the sound of the trumpet ran on all the faster, and beat -all the other horses by the decision of the Umpires, and knew that -it had come in first, and stopped running. And the people of Elis -proclaimed Phidolas victor, and allowed him to set up a statue of this -mare. The sons of Phidolas also won victories on a race-horse, and a -statue of the horse was put on a pillar with the following inscription. - - “Once in the Isthmian games, twice at Olympia, did Lycus the swift -courser win the race, and honour for the sons of Phidolas.” - - However this inscription and the records in Elis of the victors at -Olympia do not tally, for in the 68th Olympiad only do those records -record any victory of the sons of Phidolas. Let anyone inquire into -this further who likes. And there are statues of Agathinus the son of -Thrasybulus, and Telemachus who was victorious with his horses, the -former was an offering of the Achæans of Pellene. The Athenian people -also set up a statue to Aristophon the son of Lycinus who beat all the -men in the pancratium at Olympia. - - - - -CHAPTER XIV. - - -And Pherias the Æginetan, whose statue is next the Athenian Aristophon, -was not allowed in the 78th Olympiad to enter the contest because -he appeared very young, and was not thought fit to compete in the -wrestling, but the following year he was allowed to wrestle among the -boys and won the prize. A different fortune to this of Pherias was that -of Nicasylus the Rhodian at Olympia. For being 18 he was not allowed -to contend with the boys by the people of Elis, but was entered as a -man and won the prize. He was proclaimed victor also at the Nemean and -Isthmian games. But he died in his 20th year, before he could return -home to Rhodes. But the feat of this Rhodian wrestler at Olympia was -outdone in my opinion by Artemidorus of Tralles. He was unsuccessful -at Olympia in his endeavour to win the pancratium among the boys, but -the reason of his failure was his excessive youth. For when the season -came for the contest which the Ionians have at Smyrna his strength had -become so great that he beat on the same day all his antagonists from -Olympia in the pancratium, and all the boys that they call unbearded, -and thirdly all the best of the men. And they say that he was cheered -on by the trainer in the contest with the boys, but that in the contest -with the men he was reviled by the pancratiast. And Artemidorus won -at Olympia the victory among men in the 212th Olympiad. And near the -statue of Nicasylus is a small brazen horse, the votive offering of -Crocon of Eretria when he won the victory with a race-horse, and near -this horse is an effigy of Telestas the Messenian, who beat all the -boys in boxing, by Silanion. - - And the statue of Milo the son of Diotimus is by Dameas, both natives -of Croton. This Milo had six prizes for wrestling at Olympia, one of -them among boys, and at Pythia six among men and one among boys. And -he came to Olympia to wrestle for the 7th time. But he could not beat -in wrestling Timasitheus, a citizen and quite young, as Timasitheus -would not contend with him at close quarters in the arena at all. And -Milo is said to have carried his own statue to Altis. There are also -traditions about Milo in reference to a pomegranate and a quoit. He -held a pomegranate so fast that nobody could get it from him, and yet -he did not hurt it. And on one occasion standing on an oiled quoit he -excited laughter among those who jostled him and tried to push him off -it. And several other things he did in display. He tied a cord round -his forehead as if it were a fillet or a crown, and holding his breath -and filling the veins of his head with blood he would snap the cord -by the strength of his veins. It is recorded also that he would place -against his side his right arm from the elbow to the shoulder, and -stretch out the hand, and turn his thumb up while the fingers remained -together, and no one could with any exertion move the little finger -from its place. And they say he was killed by wild beasts. For he -chanced in the country near Croton on a withered tree, in which some -wedges were driven to separate the wood, and he took it into his head -to keep the wood apart with his hands. And the wedges slipt out and -he was imprisoned in the tree, and became a prey to the wolves, which -prowl about in great numbers in that neighbourhood. Such was the end of -Milo. - - And Pyrrhus the son of Æacides having been king in Thesprotia in -Epirus, and having done many remarkable deeds, which I have described -in my account of Attica, Thrasybulus of Elis erected his statue in -Altis. And next to Pyrrhus is the statue of a little man with pipes in -his hand on a pillar. This man had a prize for his piping, the first -time such prizes were bestowed since the Argive Sacadas. Sacadas first -conquered in the games established by the Amphictyonians (when no prize -was given), and after that he won two prizes. And Pythocritus of Sicyon -won in six of the Pythian contests successively, being the only piper. -It is plain also at the contest at Olympia that he was piper six times -in the pentathlum. For all this he had a pillar at Olympia with the -inscription on it, - - “This is the memorial of Pythocritus, (the son of Callinicus), the -piper.” - - The Ætolians also erected a public statue to Cylon, who freed -the people of Elis from the tyranny of Aristotimus. And Gorgus the -Messenian, the son of Eucletus, who won the victory in the pentathlum -has a statue by the Bœotian Theron, and Damaretus, also a Messenian, -who beat all the boys in boxing has a statue by the Athenian Silanion. -And Anauchidas of Elis, the son of Philys, won a wrestling prize among -the boys and afterwards among the men. Who his statue is by we do not -know. And the statue of Anochus the Tarentine, the son of Adamatas, -who won the victory both in the stadium and in the double course, is -by Ageladas the Argive. And the boy seated on a horse and the man -standing by the horse are as the inscription says Xenombrotus of Cos -in Meropis, who was proclaimed victor in the horse-race, and Xenodicus -who was proclaimed victor in the boxing matches for boys, the latter is -by Pantias, and the former by Philotimus of Ægina. And the two statues -of Pythes, the son of Andromachus, an Abderite, were made by Lysippus, -but his soldiers had them made. Pythes seems to have been a leader of -mercenaries, or in some other way to have shewn himself a good soldier. - - Here are also statues of those who won prizes in the course for boys, -as Meneptolemus from Apollonia on the Ionian gulf, and Philo from -Corcyra, and Hieronymus from Andros, who beat Tisamenus of Elis in the -pentathlum at Olympia, that Tisamenus who was afterwards a prophet for -the Greeks against Mardonius and the Medes at Platæa. And next to the -statue of Hieronymus is the statue of a boy-wrestler also from Andros, -Procles the son of Lycastidas. Stomius made the statue of Hieronymus, -and Somis that of Procles. And Æschines of Elis had two victories in -the pentathlum, and has two statues. - - - - -CHAPTER XV. - - -And Archippus of Mitylene, who beat all comers at boxing, had according -to the Mitylenæans this further fame, that he was crowned at the -Olympian Pythian Nemean and Isthmian games when he was only 20. And -the statue of Xenon, the son of Calliteles, of Lepreus in Triphylia, -who beat all the boys in the stadium, was made by the Messenian -Pyrilampes; we do not know who made the statue of Clinomachus of Elis, -who was proclaimed victor in the pentathlum. And the inscription of -the Achæans on Pantarches’ statue states that he was a native of Elis; -he made peace between the Achæans and people of Elis, and all the -prisoners who were captured on both sides were let go mainly through -him. He won his victory on a race-horse, and there is a record of his -victory at Olympia. And the statue of Olidas of Elis was set up by the -Ætolians. And Charinus of Elis has a statue for the double course and -for a victory in heavy armour, and near him is Ageles the Chian, who -beat all the boys in boxing, by Theomnestus of Sardis. - - And the statue of Clitomachus the Theban was erected by Hermocrates -his father. His exploits were as follows. In the Isthmian games he beat -all comers in wrestling, and on one day won prizes from all competitors -in boxing and in the pancratium. And all his 3 victories in the -Pythian games were in the pancratium. And at Olympia he was proclaimed -second to Theagenes of Thasos in the pancratium and in boxing. And in -the 141st Olympiad he won the prize in the pancratium. And the next -Olympiad found him a competitor in the pancratium and in boxing, and -Caprus of Elis was on the same day anxious to compete in the pancratium -and in wrestling. And when Caprus had won the wrestling-prize, -Clitomachus hinted to the umpires that it was only fair to call for the -pancratium before he was battered about by boxing. What he said seemed -reasonable, and when the pancratium was called on he was beaten by -Caprus, though he exhibited afterwards in the boxing a stout heart and -untired body. - - And the Ionians of Erythræ erected a statue to Epitherses the son of -Metrodorus, who won two victories in boxing at Olympia, and two at each -of the Pythian Nemean and Isthmian games, and the Syracusan public -erected two statues to Hiero, and his sons erected a third. As I stated -a little above this Hiero had the same name as the son of Dinomenes, -and was like him Tyrant of Syracuse. And the inhabitants of Pale, one -of the four tribes in Cephallenia, set up a statue to Timoptolis of -Elis the son of Lampis. These people of Pale were originally called -Dulichii. There is also a statue of Archidamus the son of Agesilaus, -and a man like a hunter. And the statues of Demetrius, who led an army -against Seleucus and was taken prisoner in the battle, and of Antigonus -the son of Demetrius, were let any one know votive offerings of the -Byzantians. And the Spartan Eutelidas had two victories for wrestling -among the boys in the 308th Olympiad, and a third in the pentathlum: at -that time the boys were called on first, and last in the pentathlum. -And there is an ancient statue of Eutelidas, the writing on the base is -obscure through lapse of time. And next to Eutelidas is another one of -Areus, the king of the Lacedæmonians, and next him Gorgus of Elis, who -is the only man up to my day who had four victories at Olympia in the -pentathlum, and one victory for the double course, and one for the race -in heavy armour. - - And the person by whom some boys are standing is they say Ptolemy the -son of Lagus, and next him are two statues of Caprus of Elis, the son -of Pythagoras, who won on the same day for the first time on record -prizes for wrestling and the pancratium. I have already shown how -successful he was against Clitomachus in the pancratium, and he beat in -wrestling Pæanius of Elis, who had carried off the prize for wrestling -in former Olympiads, and had been crowned in the Pythian games on the -same day for boxing among boys, and for wrestling and boxing among men. - - - - -CHAPTER XVI. - - -Caprus won his victories not without great effort and mighty energy: -and Anauchidas and Pherenicus, who were natives of Elis, had statues at -Olympia, and won prizes for wrestling among the boys. And the Thespians -erected the statue of Plistænus, the son of Eurydamus, who was the -general of the Ætolians against the Galati. And Tydeus of Elis erected -statues to Antigonus, the father of Demetrius, and to Seleucus. And -the name of Seleucus was noised abroad among all men on other accounts -but chiefly for his capture of Demetrius. And Timon won victories in -the pentathlum in all the Greek games but the Isthmian (for like all -the other men of Elis he was shut out of competition in them), and -the inscription on his statue mentions this further particular about -him, that he took part in the expedition of the Ætolians against the -Thessalians, and out of friendship to the Ætolians was leader of the -garrison at Naupactus. And not far from the statue of Timon are statues -of Greece and Elis in juxtaposition: Greece with one hand crowning -Antigonus, the Regent for Philip the son of Demetrius, and with the -other Philip himself; and Elis crowning Demetrius, who marched against -Seleucus, and Ptolemy the son of Lagus. - - And the inscription on his statue states that Aristides of Elis won -a victory in heavy armour at Olympia, and in the double course in the -Pythian games, and as a boy in the horse-race at Nemea. The length of -the horse-race is twice the double course. This race, which had fallen -into desuetude at the Nemean and Isthmian games, was restored by the -Emperor Adrian to the Argives at the winter games at Nemea. - - And next to the statue of Aristides is Menalcas of Elis, who was -proclaimed victor at Olympia in the pentathlum, and Philonides the -son of Zotus, who was from the Cretan Chersonese, and the courier of -Alexander the son of Philip. And next is Brimias of Elis, who beat -all the men in boxing, and the statue of Leonidas from Naxos in the -Ægæan, the votive offering of the Psophidian Arcadians, and the statue -of Asamon who beat all the men in boxing, and that of Nicander, who -had two victories at Olympia in the double course, and six at Nemea -for racing generally. Asamon and Nicander were both natives of Elis, -and the statue of the latter was by Daippus, that of the former by -the Messenian Pyrilampes. There are statues also to Eualcidas of Elis -and Seleadas the Lacedæmonian, the former was victor among the boys -in boxing, the latter in wrestling among the men. Here too is the -small chariot of the Lacedæmonian Polypithes, and on the same pillar -Calliteles (the father of Polypithes) the wrestler, who won victories -by his wrestling, as Polypithes by his horses. And the statues of some -private individuals of Elis, as Lampus the son of Arniscus, and the -son of Aristarchus, were erected by the Psophidian Arcadians, either -because they were their Consuls, or were otherwise friendly to them. -And between them is Lysippus of Elis, who beat all boys who contended -with him in wrestling, his statue is by Andreas the Argive. - - And the Lacedæmonian Dinosthenes won a victory over men at Olympia -in the course, and set up a pillar in Altis next to his statue: the -distance from this pillar by road to another pillar at Lacedæmon is 660 -stades. And Theodorus, who was victor in the pentathlum, and Pyttalus, -the son of Lampis, who beat all the boys in boxing, and Nicolaidas, who -carried off the victory in the course and in the race in heavy armour, -were let any one know natives of Elis. As to Pyttalus they record -still further that, when there was a dispute between the Arcadians and -the men of Elis about their borders, he was made the arbitrator. His -statue is by the Olynthian Sthennis. And next is a statue of Ptolemy on -horseback, and by him the athlete of Elis Pæanius the son of Demetrius, -who won one prize for wrestling at Olympia, and two in the Pythian -games. There too is Clearetus of Elis, who won in the pentathlum, and -the chariot of the Athenian Glaucon (the son of Eteocles), who was -proclaimed victor in the chariot race with a full-grown horse. - - - - -CHAPTER XVII. - - -What I have just mentioned are the most notable things as you approach -Altis, but, if you go on the right from the monument of Leonidas to -the great altar, you will behold the following memorable objects. -There are statues of Democrates of Tenedos and Criannius of Elis, the -latter victor in the contest in heavy armour, the former in wrestling -among men. The statue of Democrates is by the Milesian Dionysicles, -that of Criannius by the Macedonian Lysus. And the Clazomenian -Herodotus, and the Coan Philinus, the son of Hegepolis, have statues -erected to them by their native cities, to Herodotus because he was -the first Clazomenian pronounced victor (his victory was among boys in -the course), and to Philinus because of his renown, for he had five -victories in running at Olympia, and four in the Pythian games, four -in the Nemean, and eleven in the Isthmian. And the statue of Ptolemy, -the son of Ptolemy, the son of Lagus, was the offering of Aristolaus a -Macedonian. There is also a statue of a boxer who was victorious over -boys, Butas the Milesian, the son of Polynices, and Callicrates from -Magnesia near the river Lethæus, who won two victories in the race -in heavy armour. His statue is by Lysippus. And there are statues of -Emaution and Alexibius, the former victor in the course for boys, the -latter in the pentathlum. Heræa in Arcadia was the native place of -Alexibius and his statue is by Acestor, where Emaution came from the -inscription does not state, it only declares he was an Arcadian. And -the Colophonians Hermesianax the son of Agoneus, and Icasius the son of -Lycinus by the daughter of Hermesianax, beat all the boys in wrestling, -and Hermesianax had his statue erected by the Colophonian community. - - Next to these are natives of Elis that beat all the boys in boxing, -Chœrilus by the Olynthian Sthennis, and Theotimus by the Sicyonian -Dætondas. Theotimus was the son of Moschion, who joined Alexander -the son of Philip in his expedition against Darius and the Persians. -And next are two from Elis again, Archidamus who conquered in the -four-horse-race, and Eperastus (the son of Theogonus) who was victor -in the race in heavy armour. And Eperastus states that he was a seer, -and descended from the family of the Clytidæ, at the close of the -inscription on his statue. - - “I boast to be a seer of the family of the holy-mouthed Clytidæ, of -the blood of the godlike descendants of Melampus.” - - Mantius was the father of Œcles, and the son of Melampus the son of -Amythaon. And Clytius was the son of Alcmæon, the son of Amphiaraus -the son of Œcles. And Alcmæon was father of Clytius by the daughter of -Phegeus, and he changed his residence to Elis, objecting to live with -his mother’s brothers, because he knew that they had contrived the -murder of Alcmæon. - - And there are some statues interspersed among some not very -remarkable votive offerings, as Alexinicus of Elis (by the Sicyonian -Cantharus), who won a wrestling prize among the boys, and Gorgias -of Leontini, whose statue was placed at Olympia by Eumolpus, -great-grandson of Deicrates who had married Gorgias’ sister. So -Eumolpus himself tells us. This Gorgias was the son of Carmantides, and -is said to have been the first to have practised Rhetoric, which had -been altogether neglected and nearly come into desuetude among men. And -they say Gorgias was famous for his eloquence at the public festival at -Olympia, and went with Tisias on an embassy to the Athenians. Tisias -too contributed something to oratory, and most plausibly did he plead -in the case of a Syracusan woman touching some money, but Gorgias -had still greater fame among the Athenians, and Jason the tyrant in -Thessaly put him above Polycrates, who had the highest renown in the -schools at Athens. And they say Gorgias lived 105 years. And the town -of Leontini, which was dispeopled by the Syracusans, was in my day -colonized again. - - - - -CHAPTER XVIII. - - -And there is the brazen chariot of Cratisthenes of Cyrene, and Victory -and Cratisthenes on the chariot. Plainly then he won his victory in the -chariot race. There is a tradition also that he was the son of Mnaseas -the runner, who was surnamed by the Greeks Libyan. And these votive -offerings to him at Olympia are by Pythagoras of Rhegium. - - Here too I found the statue of Anaximenes, who wrote a History of -all Antiquities in Greece, and of the exploits of Philip the son of -Amyntas, and afterwards of Alexander. This honour in Olympia he owed to -the people of Lampsacus: for the following is recorded about him. He -got round Alexander, who was by no means a mild king but excessively -passionate, by the following contrivance. The people of Lampsacus -having espoused the cause of the king of the Persians, or being thought -to have done so by Alexander, he boiled over in anger against them and -threatened them with the most condign chastisement. And they in all -haste sent Anaximenes to supplicate for their wives and children and -country, as he had been well known to Alexander and earlier still to -Philip. And Anaximenes went to Alexander, who had learnt the motive -of his errand, and had sworn they say by all the gods that he would -do exactly contrary to what he entreated. Then Anaximenes said, “O -King oblige me with this favour, enslave the women and children at -Lampsacus, and raze the whole town to its foundations, and burn the -temples of the gods.” This is what he said, and Alexander having no -contrivance to meet his cunning, and being compelled by his oath, very -unwillingly pardoned the people of Lampsacus. Anaximenes seems also -to have known how to punish an enemy very cleverly and exemplarily. -He was naturally a sophist and a very good imitator of the arguments -of the sophists. And having a quarrel with Theopompus, the son of -Damasistratus, he wrote a book full of abuse against the Athenians -and Lacedæmonians and Thebans. And as he had imitated his style very -accurately, and put the name of Theopompus on the title page, and -distributed the book about in various towns, though he himself was -really the writer, general odium was stirred up throughout Greece -against Theopompus. Nor did any one earlier than Anaximenes practise -extempore oratory. But I cannot think that he was author of the verses -about Alexander that run in his name. - - And Sotades, (who was proclaimed a Cretan, as indeed he was), won -the prize in the long course in the 99th Olympiad, but in the next -Olympiad, being bribed by the Ephesian people, he registered himself as -an Ephesian, and the Cretans exiled him for it. - - And the first athletes who had effigies at Olympia were Praxidamas -the Æginetan, who won the prize for boxing in the 59th Olympiad, and -the Opuntian Rhexibius, who won the prize in the pancratium in the 61st -Olympiad. And their effigies are made of wood, Rhexibius’ of figwood, -and the Æginetan’s of cypress. This last has suffered less than the -other. - - - - -CHAPTER XIX. - - -And there is in Altis a base of tufa stone to the North of the temple -of Hera, at its back is the mountain of Cronos. On this base are -treasuries such as some of the Greeks have made for Apollo at Delphi. -There is a treasury at Olympia called the treasury of the Sicyonians, -the votive offering of Myron the King of the Sicyonians. It was -constructed by Myron after his chariot victory in the 33rd Olympiad. -In this treasury he constructed two chambers, one of Doric the other -of Ionic architecture. I myself have seen them: they are of brass: but -whether the brass comes from Tartessus, according to the tradition of -the people of Elis, I do not know. The river Tartessus is they say in -the country of the Iberes, and has two outlets to the sea, and there -is a town of the same name that lies between the outlets of the river. -And it is the largest river in Iberia, and in later times was called -Bætis from its ebb and flow. And the Iberes who inhabit the town of -Carpia believe that their town was originally called Tartessus. And -on the smaller of the two chambers at Olympia there are inscriptions, -one on the lintel stating that there are 500 talents there, another -as to the givers of the votive offering, stating that they were Myron -and the people of the Sicyonians. In this treasury there are three -quoits, which they use in the contest for the pentathlum. And there -is a brazen shield curiously painted inside, and helmet and greaves -to match. And there is an inscription on this armour that they are an -offering to Zeus from the Myanes. As to who these Myanes were different -people have different ideas. I remember that Thucydides in his account -of the Locrians near Phocis mentions several towns, among others the -Myones.[79] These Myanes on the shield are in my opinion the same as -the Myones in the Locrian mainland: and the letters on the shield are -a little worn away, in consequence of its great antiquity. There are -also here several other curious articles, as the sword of Pelops with -golden hilt, and the horn of Amalthea in ivory, the votive offering -of Miltiades the son of Cimon, who was the first of his family that -reigned in the Thracian Chersonese: and this is the inscription on the -horn in old Athenian letters, - - “I was offered to Zeus by the warriors that took the fort of Aratus -on the Chersonese: their leader was Miltiades.” - - There is also a statue of Apollo made of boxwood with the head gilt: -the inscription states that it was a votive offering of the Locrians -at the promontory of Zephyrium, and by Patrocles of Croton, the son of -Catillus. - - And next to the treasury of the Sicyonians is that of the -Carthaginians, constructed by Pothæus and Antiphilus and Megacles. -And the votive offerings in it are a huge Zeus and three linen -breastplates, presented by Gelon and the Syracusans who beat the -Phœnicians either on land or sea. - - And the third and fourth treasuries are the votive offering of the -people of Epidamnus. They contain the world upheld by Atlas, and -Hercules and the apple tree in the garden of the Hesperides with the -dragon coiled round it, carved in cedar-wood, the carving of Theocles -(the son of Hegylus) who says his son joined him in the carving of -the world. And the Hesperides, which were removed by the people of -Elis, were in my time in the temple of Hera. And Pyrrhus and his sons -Lacrates and Hermon made this treasury for the people of Epidamnus. - - The people of Sybaris also built a treasury next to that of the -people of Byzantium. Those who have inquired most carefully into the -history of Italy and its towns say that Lupiæ, which lies between -Brundisium and Hydrus, has changed its name, and was originally called -Sybaris. And the haven for ships was made by navvies in the reign of -the Emperor Adrian. - - And next to the treasury of the people of Sybaris is the treasury -of the Libyans at Cyrene, containing statues of the Roman kings. The -Carthaginians expelled the Selinuntian Siceliotes in war, but before -that disaster happened to them, they had got together the treasury for -Zeus at Olympia. Dionysus is there with his face toes and hands of -ivory. - - And in the treasury of the people of Metapontum, which is next to -that of the Selinuntians, is a statue of Endymion, all ivory but the -dress. The cause of the ruin of Metapontum I do not know, but in my -time nothing but the theatre and walls round the town was left. The -Megarians also near Attica have a treasury and votive offerings in -it, figures in cedar overlaid with gold, to represent the battle of -Hercules and Achelous. There are Zeus and Deianira and Achelous and -Hercules, and Ares is helping Achelous. And Athene stands as if in -alliance with Hercules, near the Hesperides that are now in the temple -of Hera. And on a gable of this treasury is the war between the gods -and the giants: and over the gable is a shield, which states that the -Megarians offered the treasury, after triumphing over the Corinthians. -I think they won this victory when Phorbas was Archon at Athens, who -was Archon all his life, for the Archonship was not yet a yearly -office at Athens, nor were the Olympiads registered at this period -by the people of Elis. The Argives are also said to have assisted -the Megarians against the Corinthians. This treasury at Olympia was -constructed by the Megarians some years after the battle. But the -votive offerings they probably had from old time, since they were made -by the Lacedæmonian Dontas, the pupil of Dipœnus and Scyllis. And the -last of the treasuries is near the course, and the inscription on it -states that it and its statues are the votive offerings of the people -of Gela. The statues however are no longer there. - - - - -CHAPTER XX. - - -Cronos’ mountain is, as I have already said, behind the base, and -extends the length of these treasuries. And on the summit of the -mountain those that are called _Basilæ_ sacrifice to Cronos at the -vernal equinox in the month of Elaphius. And at the North end of Mount -Cronos there is between the treasuries and the mountain a temple of -Ilithyia, and in it is honoured Sosipolis the tutelary deity of the -people of Elis. Ilithyia they surname the Olympian, and select annually -a priestess for her: the old priestess of Sosipolis also performs holy -rites according to the custom of the people of Elis, brings lustral -water to the goddess, and sets before her cakes kneaded with honey. -In the vestibule of the temple is the altar of Ilithyia, as also -the approach to the temple for people generally: inside Sosipolis -is honoured, and no one but the priestess of the god must enter his -sanctuary, with a white veil drawn over her head and face. And the -maidens that reside in the temple of Ilithyia and the women sing -hymns to Sosipolis, and burn incense to him, but are not accustomed -to pour libations of wine to his honour. And their most binding oath -is by Sosipolis. And it is said that, when the Arcadians invaded Elis -with an army, and the people of Elis were drawn up in battle array -against them, a woman came to the generals of Elis, with a baby boy -at her breast, saying that she was mother of the boy, and offered him -according to a dream she had had to help the people of Elis. And the -authorities, crediting the woman’s tale, put the child in the front -of the army all naked as it was. And the Arcadians commenced the -attack, and the child was changed into a dragon, and the Arcadians -were troubled at the sight and began to flee, and the people of Elis -pursued them hotly, and won a notable victory and called the god -Sosipolis. And where the dragon appeared to glide off after the battle, -they built a temple, and resolved to worship it and Ilithyia jointly, -for they thought it was she who had introduced the child into the -world. And the Arcadians who were slain in the battle have a monument -on the hill towards the west after you have crossed the Cladeus. And -near Ilithyia there are ruins of a temple of celestial Aphrodite, to -whom they sacrifice on the altars which still remain. - - And inside Altis, at the processional entrance, is what is called -the Hippodamium, surrounded by a wall, occupying about an acre. This -is the entrance every year for the women, who sacrifice to Hippodamia -and perform other rites in her honour. They say Hippodamia fled to -Midea in Argolis, when Pelops was especially angry with her owing to -the death of Chrysippus: and they say that according to the oracle they -afterwards placed her remains at Olympia. And at the end of the statues -which they erected out of fines imposed on the athletes is the entrance -which they call Private. For by it the Umpires and combatants enter -the course. There is also an embankment, and seats for the managers of -the games. And opposite the Umpires is an altar of white stone, seated -on which the priestess of Demeter Chamyne watches the Olympian games, -an honour which different priestesses at different times have received -from the people of Elis, for they do not prevent maidens from seeing -the games. And at the starting-place is the tomb of Endymion, according -to the tradition of the people of Elis. - - And near the place where the Umpires sit is the ground appointed -for the horse-races and the starting-place, which is in shape like -the prow of a ship with its beak turned to the course. And the prow -is broad where it joins the Portico called Agnaptus. And there is a -brazen dolphin upon a bar at the extremity of the beak. Each side of -the starting-place is more than 400 feet in length, and there are some -buildings there, which those who enter for the horse-races get by lots. -And in front of the chariots and race-horses is extended a rope as a -sort of barrier. And there is an altar of unbaked brick erected near -the middle of the beak every Olympiad, whitewashed outside. And there -is a brazen eagle on this altar with its wings stretched out wide. When -the clerk of the course touches a piece of mechanism on this altar, the -eagle is so constructed as to mount aloft so as to be visible to the -spectators, while the dolphin falls to the ground. First the ropes on -each side of the Portico called Agnaptus are slackened, and the horses -in position there start first, and run on till they come to the horses -in the second position, and then the ropes there are slackened, and -so on along the whole course where the horses are in position, till -they can all start fair at the beak. Then commences the exhibition of -the skill of the charioteers and the swiftness of the horses. Cleœtas -originally contrived this method of starting, and plumed himself upon -his invention, as we find by the inscription on his statue at Athens, - - “I was made by Cleœtas the son of Aristocles, who invented at Olympia -the start for horses.” - - They say too that Aristides subsequently somewhat improved the -invention. - - But the other side of the Hippodrome is more extended, being also of -raised earth, and at its outlet is Taraxippus the terror of horses, -which is in the shape of a circular altar, and as the horses run past -it they are immediately seized with strong fear without any apparent -cause, and this fear generates terror, insomuch that chariots are often -smashed up, and the charioteers badly injured. And the charioteers -sacrifice to avoid this, and pray that Taraxippus will be propitious -to them. About Taraxippus the Greeks have various views; some say it -is the tomb of an Autochthon, famous for his skill with horses, whose -name was Olenius, and say that the rock Olenia in Elis was named after -him. Others say that Dameon the son of Phlius, an associate with -Hercules in the expedition against Augeas and the people of Elis, was -killed together with the horse on which he rode by Cteatus the son of -Actor, and that this is the joint tomb of Dameon and his horse. Others -say that Pelops erected here a cenotaph to Myrtilus, and sacrificed -to him to avert his anger for his murder, and named him Taraxippus, -because the horses of Œnomaus were disturbed by his contrivance. But -some say that Œnomaus himself hindered the horses in the course. And -I have heard the blame put upon Alcathous the son of Porthaon, who -was buried here after having been slain by Œnomaus as one of the -unsuccessful suitors of Hippodamia, and who, in consequence of his bad -success in the Hippodrome, has an evil eye and is a malevolent demon -to race-horses. But an Egyptian told me that Pelops received something -from Amphion and buried it on the spot called Taraxippus, and that in -consequence of what was buried there the horses of Œnomaus formerly, -and everybody’s horses since, have been terrified. This Egyptian also -thought that Amphion and the Thracian Orpheus were wonderful magicians, -and that by their charms wild beasts followed Orpheus, and stones -formed themselves into houses for Amphion. The most plausible account -however of Taraxippus seems to me that which makes it a surname of -Poseidon Hippius. There is also at the Isthmus a Taraxippus, Glaucus -the son of Sisyphus, who they say was killed by horses, when Acastus -was holding the funeral games to his father. And at Nemea in Argolis -there is no hero that terrifies horses, but there is a gleam like fire -from a red stone where the horses turn which frightens the horses. But -Taraxippus at Olympia is far the most formidable panic-inspirer in -horses. And at one of the goals there is a brazen statue of Hippodamia -with a fillet, about to bind Pelops with it for his victory. - - - - -CHAPTER XXI. - - -And the other part of the hippodrome is not an embankment, but a hill -of no great size, on the top of which is a temple built to Demeter -under the name of Chamyne. And some think that title of hers an ancient -one, and that the earth opened there and took in the chariot of Pluto, -and closed again. Others say that Chamynus of Pisa, (who opposed the -dominion in Pisa of Pantaleon, the son of Omphalion, and stirred the -people up to revolt from Elis), was slain by Pantaleon, and that it -was out of his property that the temple to Demeter was built. And in -lieu of the old ones new statues of Proserpine and Demeter were erected -in Pentelican marble by the Athenian Herodes. And in the gymnasium -at Olympia they practise for the pentathlum and the races. And in the -open air there is a basement of stone, and originally on the basement -there was a trophy for a victory over the Arcadians. On the left of -the entrance to the gymnasium there is a smaller enclosure where the -athletes practise wrestling. And at the Portico of the gymnasium -facing East are some buildings for the Athletes facing South and West. -And after you have crossed the river Cladeus you come to the tomb of -Œnomaus, a mound piled up with stones, and above the tomb are some -remains of buildings where they say the horses of Œnomaus were stabled. -And here are the boundaries towards Arcadia, which now belong to the -people of Elis, but formerly belonged to the people of Pisa. - - After you have crossed the river Erymanthus, near the ridge called -after Saurus, is the tomb of Saurus, and a temple of Hercules, ruins -of which are to be seen in our day. Saurus they say used to molest -wayfarers and the people of the country, till he was killed by -Hercules. From the south side of the ridge called after this robber a -river falls into the Alpheus nearly opposite Erymanthus. Its name is -Diagon, and it divides the district of Pisa from Arcadia. And 40 stades -onwards from the ridge of Saurus is the temple of Æsculapius, surnamed -Demænetus from the name of the builder. It is in ruins too, and is -built on the high ground along the Alpheus. And not far from it is the -temple of Dionysus Lucyanites, hard by the river Lucyanias, which rises -in Mount Pholoe, and flows into the Alpheus. When you have crossed the -Alpheus you are in the district of Pisa. - - Here you will see a hill with a steep acclivity, and on it are ruins -of the town of Phrixa, and a temple of Athene Cydonia, not in my time -in complete preservation, there is only an altar. They say Clymenus, -a descendant of Idæan Hercules, erected the temple to the goddess. He -came from Cydonia in Crete and from the river Iardanus. The people -of Elis say also that Pelops sacrificed to Athene Cydonia before his -race with Œnomaus. And as you advance a little further you come to the -river Parthenia, on whose banks the horses of Marmax are buried. The -story is that Marmax was the first suitor of Hippodamia, and that he -was slain before the rest by Œnomaus, and the names of his horses were -Parthenia and Eripha, and Œnomaus cut their throats and buried them -with their master, and the river Parthenia got its name from one of -them. There is also another river called Harpinates, and at no great -distance from it some remains of a town Harpina especially altars: they -say that Œnomaus built the town and gave it its name after his mother -Harpina. - - A little further is a lofty mound of earth, the tomb of the suitors -of Hippodamia, Œnomaus did not (they say) bury them in the ground near -one another as a mark of honour, but it was Pelops subsequently who -gave them a common sepulchre, in honour to them and out of affection to -Hippodamia, and I think also as a record to posterity how many worthy -gentlemen Œnomaus had slain before he Pelops vanquished him. Indeed -according to the poem called the Great Eœæ the following were killed -by Œnomaus, Alcathous the son of Porthaon next to Marmax, and next -to Alcathous Euryalus and Eurymachus and Crotalus. Their parents and -native lands I could not ascertain. But Acrias, who was killed next, -one would infer to have been a Lacedæmonian and the founder of Acriæ. -And next to Acrias Œnomaus slew Capetus and Lycurgus and Lasius and -Chalcodon and Tricolonus, who the Arcadians say was a descendant as -well as namesake of Tricolonus the son of Lycaon. And after Tricolonus -fate overtook in this fatal race Aristomachus and Prias and Pelagon and -Æolius and Cronius. Some also add to the list I have given Erythras, -the son of Leucon and grandson of Athamas, who gave his name to the -town in Bœotia called Erythræ, and Eioneus, the son of Magnes and -grandson of Æolus. Here then is the tomb of all these, and they say -Pelops offered them funeral rites every year when he was king of Pisa. - - - - -CHAPTER XXII. - - -And if you go about a stade forward from this tomb there are traces of -a temple of Artemis surnamed Cordace, because the attendants of Pelops -used to offer their sacrifices to the goddess there, and dance the -national dance of Sipylus called the _cordax_. And not far from the -temple is a building not very large, and in it is a brazen coffer, in -which are deposited the remains of Pelops. And there is no vestige of a -wall or any other building, but vines are planted all over the site on -which Pisa was built. The founder of the town was they say Pisus, the -son of Perieres and grandson of Æolus. And the people of Pisa brought -on their own misfortunes by making themselves objectionable to the -people of Elis, and by their desire to start the Olympian games instead -of the people of Elis, and in the 8th Olympiad they invited Phido the -Argive, the most haughty of all the Greek tyrants, and made him the -patron of the games. And in the 34th Olympiad the people of Pisa and -their king Pantaleon, the son of Omphalion, assembled together the -neighbouring people, and instituted the Olympian games instead of the -people of Elis. During these Olympiads, and also in the 104th Olympiad -which was set on foot by the Arcadians, the people of Elis kept no -register, nor do they include them in the Olympiads. And in the 48th -Olympiad Damophon the son of Pantaleon gave the people of Elis reason -to suspect that he intended to act treacherously against them, so they -invaded Pisæa, but did not at this time do any damage, because they -returned home again being persuaded by entreaties and promises. But -when Pyrrhus the son of Pantaleon succeeded his brother Damophon on the -throne, then the people of Pisa of their own accord commenced war with -the people of Elis. And the people of Macistus and Scillus in Triphylia -joined them in their revolt from the people of Elis, and of the other -neighbouring people the Dyspontii, whose relations had always been very -friendly with the people of Pisa, and whose founder Dysponteus was they -state the son of Œnomaus. And the people of Elis eventually razed Pisa -to the ground and all the towns that had assisted her in the war. - - The ruins of Pylos in Elis are visible as you go over the mountains -from Olympia to Elis. And from Pylos to Elis is 80 stades’ distance. -This Pylos was built, as I have already mentioned, by the Megarian -Pylon the son of Cleson. And being destroyed by Hercules, and once -again peopled by the people of Elis, it was destined once more to -lack inhabitants. Near it the river Ladon flows into the Peneus. And -the people of Elis say that it is about this Pylos that the lines of -Homer[80] are. - - “He derived his origin from the river Alpheus, which flows in broad -volume through the territory of Pylos.” - - And they persuaded me by what they said, for the Alpheus flows -through this district, and the lines cannot refer to the other Pylos. -For by the Pylos near the island Sphacteria the Alpheus does not flow -at all, nor do we know of any town in Arcadia formerly called Pylos. -And about 50 stades from Olympia is the village belonging to Elis -called Heraclea, and near it is the river Cytherus. There is a well -that flows into the river, and there is a temple to the Nymphs by the -well. And the proper names of these Nymphs individually are Calliphæa -and Synallaxis and Pegæa and Iasis, and collectively Ionides. And -people bathing in this well get cured from pains and aches of all -kinds. And they say the Nymphs got their name Ionides from Ion, the son -of Gargettus, who migrated to this place from Athens. - - But if you wish to go to Elis through the plain, it is 120 stades -to Letrini, and 180 from Letrini to Elis. Letrini was a small town -originally founded by Letreus the son of Pelops, but now there are -only a few buildings, and a temple and statue of Alphean Artemis. They -give the following legend to account for the goddess being called -Alphean. Alpheus they say was deeply in love with her, and when he -found he could not marry her for all his wooing and vows, he had the -boldness to try and force her, and went to a nightly revel at Letrini, -which was to be held by her and the Nymphs with whom she associated -in sport: and she, suspecting his plot, smeared with mud her own face -and the faces of all the Nymphs present, and so Alpheus when he got -there could not distinguish her from the Nymphs, and accordingly had to -depart without effecting his object. So the people of Letrini called -the goddess Alphean from Alpheus’ passion for her. And the people of -Elis, for they had an ancient friendship for the people of Letrini, say -that they borrowed their worship of the Elaphiæan Artemis from them, -and used to perform rites to her as Alphea, but in process of time the -name Elaphiæa prevailed. But in my opinion the people of Elis called -Artemis Elaphiæa from her love of hunting deer: but their own tradition -is that Elaphius was the name of a woman who was Artemis’ nurse. And -about six stades beyond Letrini is a perennial lake about three stades -in diameter. - - - - -CHAPTER XXIII. - - -And the notable things in Elis are an old gymnasium, in which before -they go to Olympia the athletes go through all the customary training. -There are some lofty plane-trees inside a wall growing all along the -course, and the whole enclosure is called Colonnade, because Hercules -the son of Amphitryon used to exercise there, and all the thorns and -weeds that grew there were plucked up every day. There is a course -called by the people of the place sacred, set apart for the races, -and there is another course where they practise for the races and the -pentathlum. There is also in the gymnasium a place called Plethrium, -where the Umpires pit the athletes together according to their ages or -difference in their training, and put them to wrestling to test their -capacities. And there are in the gymnasium altars to some of the gods, -as Idæan Hercules under the title of Champion, and Eros, and the god -whom the Athenians and people of Elis alike call Anteros, and Demeter -and Proserpine. There is no altar to Achilles, but he has a cenotaph -in accordance with an oracle. And at the commencement of the general -festival on a given day, when the sun begins to set, the women of Elis -among other rites in honour of Achilles are wont to wail and strike the -breast. - - And there is another enclosure, smaller than the gymnasium but -adjacent to it, which they call from its shape the Square. And here -the athletes practise their wrestling, and here they test the athletes -who are past wrestling, sometimes even applying blows with mild whips. -And one of the statues is erected here, which were made of Zeus out -of the fine-money of Sosander of Smyrna and Polyctor of Elis. There -is also a third enclosure used as a gymnasium, which is called Maltho -from the softness of its floor, and this is given up to the lads all -the time the general festival lasts. And in a corner of Maltho there -is a statue of Hercules, merely the head and shoulders, and in one -of the wrestling-places is a figure of Eros and Anteros, Eros has a -branch of palm which Anteros is trying to take away. And on each side -of the entrance to Maltho is the statue of a boy-boxer, and the Custos -Rotulorum at Elis says that it is a native of Alexandria above the -island Pharos, called Serapion, who came to Elis and gave the people -food when they were short of corn. That was why he received these -honours: and the date when he received the crown at Olympia, and did -this kindness to the people at Elis, was the 217th Olympiad. In this -gymnasium the people of Elis also have a council chamber, where they -practise extempore rhetoric, and submit all kinds of writings to public -criticism: it is called Lalichmium from the name of its originator. -And round it are some shields hung up, well worth seeing, not made for -purposes of war, but simply for ornament. - - You go from the gymnasium to the baths by the street called Silence -near the temple of Artemis the Lover of Youths. The goddess was so -called from her proximity to the gymnasium. And the street was called -Silence from the following circumstance. Some men in the army of Oxylus -being sent forward to reconnoitre Elis, and having cheered one another -on the road, when they got near the walls, passed round the word for -silence, and to listen if they could hear any sound within the town, -and so stole into the town without being observed by this street, and -returned again to Ætolia after having got the wished for intelligence. -And the street received its name from the silence of these spies. - - - - -CHAPTER XXIV. - - -Another way out of the gymnasium leads to the market-place, and to what -is called the Umpires’ Hall beyond the tomb of Achilles, and it is by -this way that the Umpires are accustomed to enter the gymnasium. And -they enter the gymnasium to pit together the runners before the sun -gets too powerful, and at noon they call the competitors together for -the pentathlum and the arduous contests. - - And the market-place at Elis is not like that of the Ionians, or of -the Greek cities in Ionia, but is built after a more antique type, -with porticoes and streets at regular intervals. And the name of the -market-place in our day is Hippodrome, and there the people of the -place exercise their horses. The architecture of the portico facing -South is Doric, and it is divided into 3 portions by pillars: it is -there that the Umpires mostly spend the day. And there are altars -erected to Zeus, and several other altars in the open air in the -market-place, and they are easily removed as they are only improvised -altars. And at the end of this portico, on the left as you go to the -market-place, is the Umpires’ Hall, and a street separates it from the -market-place. In this Umpires’ Hall those who are chosen as Umpires -live ten months together, and are instructed by the Custodes Rotulorum -in all things that appertain to the games. And near the portico where -the Umpires spend the day is another portico, called the Corcyræan, -and a street runs between the two porticoes. It was so called because -when the Corcyræans invaded Elis in their ships, the people of Elis -they say drove them off and took much booty from them, and built their -portico with a tenth of the spoil. And the architecture of the portico -is Doric: it has a double row of pillars, one towards the market-place, -the other in the opposite direction. In the middle are no pillars, -but a wall supports the roof, and there are statues on either side -of this wall. And at the end of the portico near the market-place is -a statue of Pyrrho the son of the Sophist Pistocrates, who had great -persuasiveness on any topic. Pyrrho’s tomb is at no great distance from -Elis, at a place called Petra, an old hamlet according to tradition. -And the people of Elis have in the open air near the market-place a -most noble temple and statue of Apollo the Healer. This would probably -be much the same title as his Athenian title of Averter of Evil.[81] -And on another side are stone statues to the Sun and Moon, she has -horns on her head, he has his beams. There is also a temple to the -Graces, and their wooden statues, their dresses gilt, and their heads -hands and feet of white marble, and one of them holds a rose, the -second dice, and the third a small branch of myrtle. The meaning of -which things we may conjecture thus. The rose and myrtle are sacred to -Aphrodite, and have a place in the legend of Adonis, and the Graces -have most intimate connection with Aphrodite: and dice are playthings -of striplings and maidens, who have not yet lost all grace through -old age. And on the right of the Graces is a statue of Eros on the -same pedestal. There is also there a temple of Silenus, dedicated to -Silenus alone, and not in common to him and Dionysus, and Drunkenness -is filling his cup. That the Sileni are mortal we should infer from -their tombs, for there is the tomb of one Silenus in the country of -the Hebrews, and of another at Pergamum.[82] And in the market-place -the people of Elis have the following remarkable thing, which I have -myself seen, in the shape of a temple. It is no great height, and has -no walls, and the roof is supported by pillars made of oak. The people -of the country say that it is a monument, but whose they do not record, -but if the account of the old man whom I asked be correct, it would be -the monument of Oxylus. There is also in the market-place a room for -the 16 matrons, where they weave the shawl for Hera.[83] - - - - -CHAPTER XXV. - - -And next the market-place is an ancient temple, a colonnade with -pillars all round. The roof is fallen in with age, and there is no -statue remaining. It was dedicated to the Roman Emperors. - - And behind the Corcyræan Portico is a temple of Aphrodite, and a -grove in the open air sacred to her, not far from the temple. The -statue of the goddess in the temple is called Celestial Aphrodite, and -is by Phidias in ivory and gold, she has one foot on a tortoise. Her -grove is surrounded by a wall, and inside the grove is a basement on -which is a brazen statue by Scopas of the Pandemian Aphrodite sitting -on a brazen he-goat. The meaning of the tortoise and he-goat I leave my -readers to guess. - - And the sacred precincts and temple of Pluto (for the people of Elis -have both) are opened once every year, but no one may enter them even -then but the sacrificing priest. And as far as we know the men of Elis -are the only ones that honour Pluto, for the following reason. When -Hercules led an army against Pylos in Elis they say Athene cooperated -with him. Then it was that Pluto came and helped the people of Pylos -out of hostility to Hercules, and was accordingly honoured at Pylos. -And they cite as their witness Homer’s lines in the Iliad.[84] - - “Mighty Pluto also endured the swift arrow, when this man, the son of -Ægis-bearing Zeus, wounded him at Pylos, and gave him pain among the -dead.” - - Nor if in the expedition of Agamemnon and Menelaus against Ilium -Poseidon, according to the tradition of Homer, helped the Greeks, -was it against probability that Pluto should have helped the people -of Pylos in the opinion of the same poet. Anyway the people of Elis -erected this temple to Pluto as being friendly to them and hostile to -Hercules. And once every year they are accustomed to open the temple to -indicate, I think, that men once descend to Pluto’s gloomy realm. The -people of Elis have also a temple to Fortune, and in the portico of -this temple is a huge statue of wood, gilt all over except the head the -hands and the toes, which are of white marble. Here too Sosipolis is -honoured on the left of Fortune, in a rather small shrine: represented, -according to the appearance of him seen in a dream, as a boy with a -particoloured cloak on covered with stars, and in one of his hands the -horn of Amalthea. - - And in that part of the town where the people of Elis have most of -their population, there is a statue not larger than life of a beardless -man, who has his feet crossed, and leans against his spear with both -his hands, his dress is of wool and linen and flax. This statue is said -to be of Poseidon, and was worshipped of old at Samicum in Triphylia. -And it was honoured even still more when removed to Elis, and they give -it the name of Satrapes and not Poseidon, having learnt this name from -their neighbours at Patræ. And Satrapes is the surname of Corybas. - - - - -CHAPTER XXVI. - - -And the old theatre between the market-place and the temple of the -goddess Mene is the theatre and temple of Dionysus, the statue of the -god is by Praxiteles. And of all the gods the people of Elis honour -Dionysus most, and say that he frequents their festival in his honour -called the Thyia, a festival which they celebrate about 8 stades from -the city. The priests deposit 3 empty flagons in the chapel, in the -presence of the citizens and strangers who may chance to be at the -feast, and the priests themselves or any others who like seal the doors -of the chapel. And the next day they come to the chapel to observe the -miracle, and on entering find the flagons full of wine. Those held in -the highest repute at Elis, and strangers as well, have sworn that this -is as I have said, I was not myself there at the time of the festival. -The people of Andros also say that annually at the feast of Dionysus -wine flows spontaneously from the temple. If one can believe the -Greeks in this matter, one might equally credit the tradition of the -Ethiopians beyond Syene as to the Table of the Sun. - - And in the citadel at Elis is a temple of Athene, her statue is of -ivory and gold, and said to be by Phidias, and on her helmet is a cock, -because that bird is said to be most pugnacious, or perhaps because it -is sacred to Athene the Worker. - - And about 120 stades from Elis is Cyllene, which faces Sicily, and is -a fine harbour for ships. The dockyard belongs to the people of Elis -but got its name from an Arcadian. Homer has not mentioned Cyllene in -his Catalogue of the people of Elis, but subsequently in the Iliad -shews that he knew that there was such a town as Cyllene. - - “And Polydamas killed Otus of Cyllene, the companion of Phyleides, -the leader of the brave Epeans.”[85] - - The gods who have temples in Cyllene are Æsculapius and Aphrodite. -Hermes also has an Ithyphallic statue, which the natives pay -extravagant honour to. - - The country of Elis is fertile in fruits of all kinds but especially -in flax. As to hemp and flax all sow them whose land is favourable to -their growth. But the threads which the Seres make their garments of -are not from any plant, but are produced in the following manner. There -is an insect on the earth which the Greeks called Ser, but the Seres -give it another name. Its size is about double that of the largest -beetle, and in other respects it is like the spiders that weave their -webs under trees, and has also 8 feet like spiders. These insects the -Seres breed, and put summer and winter into little domiciles specially -constructed for them. And what these insects produce is a slender -thread, which rolls round their feet. For 4 years they feed them on -grain, and in the fifth year (for they know they will not live longer) -they give them green reed to eat. This food is the most agreeable of -all to this insect, and when it has taken its fill of this it bursts -from repletion. And when it is dead they find the thread in its inside. -It is well-known that the island Seria is in the Red Sea. But I have -heard that it is not the Red Sea, but a river called the Ser that makes -this island, just as in Egypt the Delta is formed by the Nile and not -by sea. Such a kind of island is Seria. The Seres are of Ethiopian -race, and so are those that inhabit the neighbouring islands Abasa and -Sacæa. Some however say that they are not Ethiopians but a cross-breed -of Scythians and Indians. Such are the various traditions. - - As you go from Elis to Achaia it is about 127 stades to the river -Larisus, which is in our day the boundary between Elis and Achaia, but -in ancient times the boundary was the promontory Araxus near the sea. - - - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[76] This proverb means _to play fast and loose_, _to be a turn-coat_, -_a Vicar of Bray_. The best illustration is Cicero _ad Fam._ vii. 29. -“Noli hanc epistolam Attico ostendere: sine eum errare et putare me -virum bonum esse nec solere duo parietes de eadem fidelia dealbare.” -See also Erasmus’ _Adagia_. - -[77] The passage referred to is Iliad, vi. 407. - -[78] See Book v., ch. 9. - -[79] Thucyd. iii. 101. - -[80] Iliad, v. 544, 545. - -[81] See Book i. ch. 3. - -[82] One might also infer the same from the fate of Marsyas. - -[83] See Book v. ch. 16. - -[84] v. 395-397. - -[85] Iliad, xv. 518, 519. - - - - -INDEX - -(_The number in Roman Notation is the number of the Book, the number in -Arabic Notation the number of the Chapter._) - - Achelous, a river in Ætolia, iv. 34; viii. 24. Its contest with - Hercules, iii. 18; vi. 19. Father of Callirhoe, viii. 24, of the - Sirens, ix. 34, of Castalia, x. 8. - - Acheron, a river in Thesprotia, i. 17; v. 14; x. 28. - - Achilles, i. 22; iii. 18, 19, 24. - - Acichorius, a general of the Galati, x. 19, 22, 23. - - Acrisius, son of Abas, ii. 16. Husband of Eurydice, iii. 13. - Constructs a brazen chamber for his daughter Danae, ii. 23; x. 5. - Killed unintentionally by his grandson Perseus, ii. 16. - - Actæa, the ancient name of Attica, i. 2. - - Actæon, son of Aristæus, ix. 2; x. 17, 30. - - Addison, ii. 20, Note. - - Adonis, ii. 20; ix. 29. - - Adrian, the Roman Emperor, i. 3, 18, 44; ii. 3, 17; vi. 16, 19; viii. - 8, 10, 11, 22. His love for, and deification of, Antinous, viii. 9. - - Adriatic sea, viii. 54. - - Adultery, iv. 20; ix. 36. - - Ægialus, afterwards Achaia, v. 1; vii. 1, where see Note. - - Ægina, the daughter of Asopus, ii. 5, 29; v. 22; x. 13. - - Ægina, the island, ii. 29, 30. - - Ægisthus, i. 22; ii. 16, 18. - - Ægos-potamoi, iii. 8, 11, 17, 18; iv. 17; ix. 32; x. 9. - - Æneas, the son of Anchises, ii. 21, 23; iii. 22; v. 22; viii. 12; x. - 17, 26. - - Æschylus, the son of Euphorion, i. 2, 14, 21, 28; ii. 13, 20, 24; - viii. 6, 37; ix. 22; x. 4. - - Æsculapius, the son of Apollo, ii. 10, 26, 27, 29; iii. 23; vii. 23; - viii. 25. His temples, i. 21; ii. 10, 13, 23; iii. 22, 26; iv. 30, - 31; vii. 21, 23, 27; viii. 25. - - Æsymnetes, vii. 19, 20. - - Æthra, wife of Phalanthus, her love for her husband, x. 10. - - Ætna, its craters, how prophetic, iii. 23. Eruption of Ætna, x. 28. - - Agamemnon, i. 43; ii. 6, 18; iii. 9; vii. 24; ix. 40. His tomb, ii. - 16; iii. 19. - - Ageladas, an Argive statuary, iv. 33; vi. 8, 10, 14; vii. 24; viii. - 42; x. 10. - - Aglaus of Psophis, happy all his life, viii. 24. - - Ajax, the son of Oileus, his violation of Cassandra, i. 15; x. 26, 31. - - Ajax, the son of Telamon, i. 5, 35; v. 19. - - Alcæus, vii. 20; x. 8. - - Alcamenes, a statuary, a contemporary of Phidias, i. 8, 19, 20, 24; - ii. 30; v. 10; viii. 9; ix. 11. - - Alcmæon, son of Amphiaraus, the murderer of his mother Eriphyle, i. - 34; v. 17; viii. 24. - - Alcman, the poet, i. 41; iii. 18, 26. - - Alcmena, the daughter of Amphiaraus and Eriphyle, and wife of - Amphitryon, deceived by Zeus, v. 18. Hated by Hera, ix. 11. Mother - of Hercules, v. 14. - - Alcyone, the daughter of Atlas, ii. 30; iii. 18; ix. 22. - - Alexander, son of Alexander the Great by Roxana, i. 6; ix. 7. - - Alexander the Great, i. 9; v. 21; vii. 5; ix. 23, 25. Said by the - Macedonians to be the son of Ammon, iv. 14. Very passionate, vi. - 18. Tradition about his death, viii. 18. Buried at Memphis, i. 6. - His corpse removed thence by Ptolemy, i. 7. Statues of him, i. 9; - v. 25; vi. 11. Cassander’s hatred of him, ix. 7. - - Alexandria, v. 21; viii. 33. - - Alpheus, a river in Pisa, iii. 8; v. 7; vi. 22. Enamoured of Artemis, - vi. 22; of Arethusa, v. 7. Women may not cross the Alpheus on - certain days, v. 6. Leucippus lets his hair grow to the Alpheus, - viii. 20. - - Altars, v. 13, 14; vi. 20, 24; ix. 3, 11. - - Althæa, daughter of Thestius and mother of Meleager, viii. 45; x. 31. - - Altis (a corruption of ἄλσος, grove), v. 10, 11, 14, 15, 27. - - Amaltheæ cornu, iv. 30; vi. 19, 25; vii. 26. (Cornu copiæ.) - - Amazons, i. 15, 41; iii. 25; iv. 31; vi. 2. - - Amber, native and otherwise, v. 12. - - Ambraciotes, v. 23; x. 18. - - Ammon, iii. 18, 21; iv. 14, 23; v. 15; vi. 8; viii. 11, 32; ix. 16; - x. 13. - - Amphiaraus, i. 34; ii. 13, 23; ix. 8, 19. - - Amphictyones, vii. 24; x. 2, 8, 15, 19. - - Amphion and Zethus, sons of Antiope, ii. 6; ix. 5, 17; x. 32. - - Amphion, ii. 21; vi. 20; ix. 5, 8, 16, 17. - - Anacharsis, i. 22. - - Anacreon of Teos, a friend of Polycrates, i. 2. The first erotic poet - after Sappho, i. 25. - - Anaximenes, his ruse with Alexander the Great, &c., vi. 18. - - Ancæus, the son of Lycurgus, viii. 4, 45. - - Androgeos, i. 1, 27. - - Andromache, the wife of Hector, x. 25. - - Androtion, vi. 7; x. 8. - - Angelion and Tectæus, statuaries and pupils of Dipœnus and Scyllis, - ii. 32; ix. 35. - - Antæus, ix. 11. - - Antalcidas, Peace of, ix. 1, 13. - - Antenor, x. 26, 27. - - Anteros, i. 30; vi. 23. - - Anticlea, the mother of Odysseus, x. 29. - - Anticyra, famous for hellebore, originally called Cyparissus, x. 36. - - Antigone, ix. 25. - - Antimachus, the poet, viii. 25; ix. 35. - - Antinous, viii. 9. See also Adrian. - - Antioch, the capital of Syria, viii. 29. - - Antiochus, the pilot of Alcibiades, iii. 17; ix. 32. - - Antiope, the Amazon, i. 2, 41. - - Antiope, the mother of Zethus and Amphion, i. 38; ii. 6; ix. 17, 25; - x. 32. - - Antiphanes, an Argive statuary, v. 17; x. 9. - - Antipœnus, heroism of his daughters Androclea and Alcis, ix. 17. - - Antonine, the Emperor, called by the Romans Pius, viii. 43. His son - and successor Antonine, viii. 43. - - Anytus, one of the Titans, viii. 37. - - Aphidna, i. 17, 41; ii. 22; iii. 17, 18. - - Aphrodite, Anadyomene, ii. 1; v. 11. Mother of Priapus, according to - the people of Lampsacus, ix. 31. The tutelary saint of the men of - Cnidus, i. 1. Ancient temple of her and Adonis in common in Cyprus, - ix. 41. Her clients, ii. 34; ix. 38. Her statue by Dædalus, ix. - 40. The myrtle in connection with her, vi. 24. The Celestial and - Pandemian Aphrodite, vi. 25; ix. 16. (The Latin _Venus_.) - - Apis, the Egyptian god, i. 18; vii. 22. - - Apollo, helps Alcathous, i. 42. Herds the cattle of Laomedon, vii. - 20. Inventor of the lute, iii. 24; v. 14; viii. 31. Jealous of - Leucippus, viii. 20. Jealous of Linus, ix. 29. His altar in common - with Hermes, v. 14. See also Delphi. - - Aratus of Soli, i. 2. - - Aratus of Sicyon, ii. 8, 9; viii. 10, 52. - - Ardalus, the son of Hephaæstus, inventor of the flute, ii. 31. - - Ares, the Latin _Mars_, charged with murder, i. 21, 28. - - Areopagus, i. 28; iv. 5. - - Arethusa, v. 7; vii. 24; viii. 53. - - Argiope, a Nymph, mother of Thamyris by Philammon, iv. 33. - - Argo, the famous ship, vii. 26; ix. 32. - - Argonauts, vii. 4. - - Argos, ii. 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24; vii. 17. - - Ariadne, i. 20, 22; x. 29. - - Aricia, the people of, their tradition about Hippolytus, ii. 27. - - Arimaspians, i. 24, 31. - - Arion, the horse, viii. 25. - - Arion and the dolphin, iii. 25. - - Aristocrates, viii. 5, 13. Heredity in vice and punishment. - - Aristodemus, king of the Messenians, iv. 8, 10, 13, 26. - - Aristogiton, i. 8, 29. - - Aristomache, the daughter of Priam, x. 26. - - Aristomenes, the hero of Messenia, iv. 6, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, - 23, 24, 27, 32; vi. 7; viii. 14, 51. - - Aristo, the father of the famous Plato, iv. 32. - - Aristophanes on Lepreus, v. 5. - - Aristotle, the mighty Stagirite, his statue, vi. 4. - - Arsinoe, daughter of Ptolemy, and wife of her own brother, i. 7, 8; - ix. 31. - - Arsinoites, name of a district in Egypt, v. 21. - - Art, the noble art of self-defence, vi. 10; viii. 40. - - Artemis, (the Latin _Diana_,) iii. 22; iv. 30; viii. 3, 27. - Especially worshipped at Hyampolis, x. 35. Temple of the goddess at - Aulis, ix. 19. Events there, _do._ - - Artemisia, her valour at Salamis, iii. 11. - - Artemisium, a mountain, ii. 25; viii. 5. - - Ascra, in Bœotia, the birthplace of Hesiod, ix. 29, 38. - - Asopus, a river in Bœotia, ii. 6. Reedy, v. 14. - - Asopus, a river in Sicyonia, ii. 5, 15. - - Asphodel, its unpleasant smell, x. 38. - - Atalanta, iii. 24; viii. 35, 45. - - Athamas, son of Æolus, vii. 3. Brother of Sisyphus, ix. 34. Desirous - to kill his children Phrixus and Helle, ix. 34. - - Athene, (the Latin _Minerva_,) why grey-eyed, i. 14. Her birth, i. - 24. Disputes as to territory between her and Poseidon, i. 24; - ii. 30. Gives Erichthonius to the daughters of Cecrops, i. 18. A - colossal statue of the goddess at Thebes, ix. 11. - - Athens, sacred to Athene, i. 26. Captured by Sulla, i. 20. - - Athenians, very pious, i. 17, 24; x. 28. (Cf. Acts xvii. 22.) Helped - in war by the gods, viii. 10. Their forces at Marathon and against - the Galati, iv. 25; x. 20. Their expedition to Sicily, viii. 11; - x. 11, 15. The only democracy that ever rose to greatness, iv. 35. - Their magistrates, iii. 11; iv. 5, 15. Their townships, i. 3, 32, - 33. Their law-courts, i. 28. Their Eponymi, i. 5. Their expeditions - beyond Greece, i. 29. Their heroes, x. 10. - - Athletes, their diet in training, vi. 7. - - Atlas, v. 11, 18; vi. 19; ix. 20. - - Atlas, a mountain in Libya, i. 33; viii. 43. - - Atreus, ii. 16, 18; ix. 40. - - Attalus, an ally of the Romans, vii. 8, 16. His greatest feat, i. 8. - The oracle about him, x. 15. - - Attica, whence it got its name, i. 2. Sacred to Athene, i. 26. - - Augeas, v. 1, 3, 4, 8. - - Augustus, iii. 11, 21, 26; iv. 31; vii. 17, 18, 22; viii. 46. Statues - of Augustus, ii. 17; v. 12. - - Aulis, iii. 9; viii. 28; ix. 19. - - Aurora, i. 3; iii. 18; v. 22. - - Axe tried in Court, i. 24, 28. - - - Babylon, its walls, iv. 31. - - Bacchantes, ii. 2, 7. - - Bacchus, see Dionysus. - - Bacis, his oracles, iv. 27; ix. 17; x. 14, 32. A Bœotian, x. 12. - - Bacon, Francis, Viscount St. Albans, on revenge, iii. 15, Note. - - Bady, place and river, v. 3. - - Balsam tree, ix. 28. - - Banqueting-hall at Elis, v. 15. - - Barley cakes, mysterious property of, iii. 23. - - Baths, how taken in ancient times, x. 34. Women’s swimming-bath, iv. - 35. Warm baths, ii. 34; iv. 35; vii. 3. - - Bato, the charioteer of Amphiaraus, ii. 23. - - Bayle on _Hippomanes_, v. 27, Note. - - Beans, i. 37; viii. 15. - - Bear, the Great, viii. 3. - - Bears, i. 32; iii. 20; vii. 18. - - Bees of Hymettus, i. 32. Bees and Pindar, ix. 23. In connection with - Trophonius, ix. 40. Temple fabled to have been built by them, x. 5. - - Bel, i. 16; viii. 33. - - Bellerophon, ii. 2, 4, 31; iii. 18; ix. 31. - - Bias of Priene, x. 24. - - Biblis, love-passages of, vii. 5. - - Bison, x. 13. - - Bito, see Cleobis. - - Blackbirds of Mt. Cyllene, viii. 17. - - Boar’s Memorial, iv. 15, 19. - - Bœotarchs, ix. 13, 14; x. 20. - - Bones, ii. 10; iii. 22. - - Booneta, iii. 12, 15. - - Bootes, viii. 3. - - Brasiæ, iii. 24, see Note. - - Brass, first brass-founders, viii. 14; x. 38. - - Brennus, x. 8, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23. - - Briareus, ii. 1, 4. - - Brigantes in Britain, viii. 43. - - Briseis, v. 24; x. 25. - - Britomartis, iii. 14; viii. 2. - - Bupalus, iv. 30; ix. 35. - - Buphagus, viii. 14, 27. - - Burial, ii. 7; ix. 32. - - Bustards, x. 34. - - Byzantium, walls of, iv. 31. - - - Cabiri, i. 4; iv. 1; ix. 22, 25; x. 38. - - Cadmean victory, ix. 9. - - Cadmus, the son of Agenor, iii. 15; ix. 5, 12, 19. - - C. Julius Cæsar, ii. 1; iii. 11. His gardens, viii. 46. - - Calais and Zetes, iii. 18. - - Calamis, a famous statuary, master of Praxias, i 3, 23; ii. 10; v. - 25, 26; vi. 12; ix. 16, 20, 22; x. 16. - - Calchas, i. 43; vii. 3; ix. 19. - - Callicrates, vii. 10, 12. - - Callimachus, i. 26; ix. 2. - - Callion, barbarity of the Galati at, x. 22. - - Calliphon of Samos, v. 19; x. 26. - - Callirhoe and Coresus, tragic love story about, vii. 21. - - Callisto, the daughter of Lycaon, changed into a she-bear, i. 25; - viii. 3. - - Callon, a statuary of Ægina, ii. 32; iii. 18; vii. 18. - - Calus, murder of by Dædalus, i. 21, 26. - - Calydonian boar, i. 27; iii. 18; viii. 45, 46, 47. - - Canachus, a statuary, ii. 10; vi. 9, 13; vii. 18; ix. 10; x. 9. - - Cantharus, a statuary, vi. 3, 17. - - Capaneus, the son of Hipponous, struck with lightning, ix. 8, see - Note. - - Capua, the chief town in Campania, v. 12. - - Carcinus, a native of Naupactus, x. 38. - - Carpo, a Season, ix. 35. - - Carthage, rebuilt by Julius Cæsar, ii. 1. - - Carthaginians, i. 12; v. 25; vi. 19; x. 8, 17, 18. - - Cassandra, the daughter of Priam, violated by Ajax, i. 15; v. 19; x. - 26. Called _Alexandra_, iii. 19, 26. - - Castalia, x. 8. - - Castor and Pollux, see Dioscuri. - - Catana, filial piety at, x. 28. - - Caverns, notable ones, x. 32. - - Ceadas, iv. 18. - - Cecrops, son of Erechtheus, king of Athens, i. 5; vii. 1; viii. 2. - - Celeus, father of Triptolemus, i. 14, 38, 39; ii. 14. - - Centaur, v. 19. Fight between the Centaurs and the Lapithæ, i. 17; v. - 10. - - Cephalus and Aurora, i. 3; iii. 18. - - Cepheus, father of Andromeda, iv. 35. - - Cephisus, a river in Argolis, ii. 15, 20. - - Cephisus, a river in Attica, i. 37. - - Cephisus, a river in Eleusis, i. 38. - - Cephisus, a river in Bœotia, ix. 24, 38; x. 8, 33, 34. - - Ceramicus, i. 3; viii. 9. - - Cerberus, ii. 31, 35; iii. 25. - - Ceres, see Demeter. - - Cestus, viii. 40. - - Chæronea, fatal battle of, i. 18, 25; v. 20; ix. 6, 29, 40. (Milton’s - “dishonest victory, fatal to liberty.”) - - Chaldæans, the first who taught the immortality of the soul, iv. 32. - - Champagny on Pausanias, see Title-page. - - Chaos first, ix. 27. - - Charon, x. 28. (Cf. Virgil’s “Jam senior, sed cruda deo viridisque - senectus.”—_Æn._ vi. 304.) - - Chimæra, iii. 25. - - Chios, vii. 4. - - Chiron, a Centaur and tutor of Achilles, iii. 18; v. 5, 19. - - Chrysanthis, i. 14. - - Cicero, see Note to x. 35. - - Cimon, the son of Miltiades, ii. 29; viii. 52. - - Cinadus, the pilot of Menelaus, iii. 22. - - Cinæthon, the Lacedæmonian genealogist, ii. 3, 18; iv. 2; viii. 53. - - _Ciphos_, our _coif_, iii. 26. - - Cirrha, x. 1, 8, 37. - - Cists, used in the worship of Demeter and Proserpine, viii. 25, 37; - x. 28. - - Cithæron, a mountain in Bœotia, i. 38; ix. 2. - - Clearchus, iii. 17; vi. 4. - - Cleobis and Bito, ii. 20, see Note. - - Cleombrotus, the son of Pausanias, king of Sparta, i. 13; iii. 5, 6; - ix. 13. - - Cleomedes, vi. 9. - - Cleomenes, ii. 9. - - Cleon, statuary, v. 17, 21; vi. 1, 8, 9, 10. - - Clymene, reputed by some mother of Homer, x. 24. - - Clytæmnestra, ii. 16, 18, 22. - - Coats of mail, i. 21; vi. 19; x. 26. - - Coccus, x. 36. - - Cocytus, i. 17. (Cf. Virgil, _Æneid_, vi. 132, “Cocytusque sinu - labens circumvenit atro,” and Horace, _Odes_, ii. 14-17, 18.) - - Colophon, vii. 3, 5; ix. 32. - - Colossuses, i. 18, 42. (If gentle reader objects to this plural let - me cite Sir T. Herbert, “In that isle he also defaced an hundred - other colossuses.”—_Travels_, p. 267.) - - Comætho, her love-passages with Melanippus, vii. 19. - - Commentaries of events, i. 12. - - Conon, son of Timotheus, i. 1, 2, 3, 24, 29; iii. 9; vi. 3, 7; viii. - 52. - - Cordax, a dance, vi. 22. - - Coresus, see Callirhoe. - - Corinna, ix. 20, 22. - - Corinth, taken by Mummius, ii. 1; vii. 16. Rebuilt by Julius Cæsar, - ii. 1, 3; v. 1. - - Corœbus, the Argive, i. 43. - - Corpses, remarkable, v. 20, 27; viii. 29. - - Corsica, x. 17. - - Corybantes, iii. 24; viii. 37. - - Cos, island, iii. 23; vi. 14, 17; viii. 43. - - Cosmosandalum, ii. 35. - - Costoboci, x. 34. - - Creon, i. 3; ix. 5, 10. - - Cresphontes, son of Aristomachus, ii. 18; iv. 3, 5, 31; v. 3. Marries - the daughter of Cypselus, iv. 3; viii. 5, 29. - - Crete, island of, iii. 2; vii. 2; viii. 38, 53. Cretan bowmen, i. 23; - iv. 8; vii. 16. - - Crocodiles, i. 33; ii. 28; iv. 34. - - Crœsus, iii. 10; iv. 5; viii. 24. - - Cronos, (the Latin _Saturnus_,) i. 18; viii. 8, 36; ix. 2, 41; x. 24. - - Crotonians, their tradition about Helen, iii. 19. Milo a native of - Croton, vi. 14. Wolves numerous in the neighbourhood of Croton, vi. - 14. - - Crowns in the games, viii. 48. - - Cuckoo and Hera, ii. 17. - - Curetes, iv. 31, 33; v. 7; viii. 2, 37; x. 38. - - Cybele, see the Dindymene Mother. - - Cyclades, islands, i. 1; v. 21, 23. - - Cyclopes, their buildings, ii. 16, 20, 25; vii. 25. - - Cycnus, a Celtic king, tradition about, i. 30. - - Cydias, his prowess against the Galati, x. 21. - - Cydnus, a river that flows through the district of Tarsus, a cold - river, viii. 28. - - Cynoscephalæ, battle of, vii. 8. - - Cyprus, claims to be birth-place of Homer, x. 24. - - Cypselus, his chest, v. 17, 18, 19. - - - Dædalus, the famous Athenian, son of Palamaon, why called Dædalus, - ix. 3. A contemporary of Œdipus, x. 17. Fled to Crete, why, i. 21; - vii. 4; viii. 53. His pupils, ii. 15; iii. 17; v. 25. His works of - art, i. 27; ii. 4; viii. 16, 35, 46; ix. 11, 39. - - Dædalus of Sicyon, statuary also, vi. 2, 3, 6; x. 9. - - Damophon, the best Messenian statuary, iv. 31; vii. 23; viii. 31, 37. - - Danae, daughter of Acrisius and mother of Perseus, her brazen - chamber, ii. 23; x. 5. (Horace’s “turris aenea.”) - - Danaus, how he became king of Argos, ii. 19. His daughters’ - savageness, ii. 16, 24; x. 10. How he got them second husbands, - iii. 12. - - Daphne, and the crown of laurel in the Pythian games, x. 7. - - Darius, the son of Hystaspes, iii. 4, 9, 12; vii. 10. - - Decelea, iii. 8. - - Delium, i. 29; ix. 6, 20; x. 28. - - Delphi, x. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. - - Delta, ii. 21; vi. 26. - - Demaratus, a seven-month child, iii. 4, 7. - - Demeter, (the Latin _Ceres_,) i. 14, 37, 39, 43; ii. 35; viii. 15, - 25, 42. See also Triptolemus. - - Demetrius, the son of Antigonus, i. 6, 10, 25, 36; ix. 7. - - Demo, the Sibyl of Cumæ, x. 12. - - Democracies, none in Greece in old times, ix. 1. No democracy that we - know of but Athens ever rose to greatness, iv. 35. Remark on, i. 8. - - Demosthenes, the son of Alcisthenes, i. 13, 29. - - Demosthenes, the son of Demosthenes, i. 8; ii. 33. - - Despœna, viii. 37. See also Proserpine. - - Deucalion, his flood, i. 18, 40; v. 8; x. 6. - - Dicæarchia, iv. 35; viii. 7. (_Puteoli._) - - Dice, vi. 24; vii. 25; x. 30. - - Dindymene Mother, vii. 17, 20; viii. 46; ix. 25. (That is Cybele.) - - Diocles, ii. 14. - - Diomede, king of Thrace, iii. 18; v. 10. - - Diomede, who led the Argives to Troy, i. 11, 28; ii. 30, 32; x. 31. - Runs off with the Palladium, i. 22. - - Dionysius, the tyrant, i. 2; vi. 2. - - Dionysus, (the Latin _Bacchus_,) father of Priapus, ix. 31. Son of - Zeus by Semele, iii. 24. Fetches up Semele from Hades, ii. 31, 37. - Punishes Antiope, ix. 17. Takes Ariadne from Theseus, x. 29. Many - legends about him, x. 29. His orgies, x. 33; ii. 2, 7. - - DIOSCURI (_Castor and Pollux_), iii. 13, 26; iv. 31. Visit the house - of Phormio, iii. 16. Their anger against the Messenians, iv. 16, - 26. Origin of their anger, iv. 27. Their particular kind of hats, - iii. 24; iv. 27. Called Anactes, ii. 36; x. 38. - - Diotimus, the father of Milo, of Croton, vi. 14. - - Dipœnus and Scyllis, pupils of Dædalus, statuaries, ii. 15, 22, 32; - iii. 17; v. 17; vi. 19; ix. 35. - - Dirce, the legend about her, ix. 17, 25. - - Divination, various modes of, iii. 23, 26; iv. 32; vi. 2; vii. 21, - 25; ix. 11. - - Dodona, i. 17; vii. 21, 25; viii. 11, 23, 28; ix. 25; x. 12. - - Dog, cure for bite of, viii. 19. - - Dolphin, i. 44; ii. 1; iii. 25; x. 13. - - Dontas, pupil of Dipœnus and Scyllis, vi. 19. - - Doric Architecture, v. 10, 16; vi. 24. Dorian measure, ix. 12. - - Doriclydas, pupil of Dipœnus and Scyllis, v. 17. - - Draco, the Athenian legislator, vi. 11; ix. 36. - - Dragon, viii. 8. Guards the apples of the Hesperides, vi. 19. One - wonderfully killed, ix. 26. Seed of the dragon’s teeth, ix. 10. - Dragons sacred to Æsculapius, ii. 11, 28. Also to Trophonius, ix. - 39. Yoked to the chariot of Triptolemus, vii. 18. - - Dreams, x. 2, 38. Interpreters of, i. 34; v. 23. - - Drunkenness personified, ii. 27; vi. 24. - - Dryads, viii. 4; x. 32. - - Dumb bells, v. 26; vi. 3. - - Dyrrhachium, formerly Epidamnus, vi. 10. - - Dysaules, brother of Celeus, and father of Triptolemus, i. 14; ii. - 12, 14. - - - Earth, viii. 29; x. 12. The Great Goddess, i. 31. - - Earthquakes, ii. 7; vii. 24. - - Eating-contest between Lepreus and Hercules, v. 5. - - Ebony, i. 42; ii. 22; viii. 17, 53. - - Ecbatana, iv. 24. - - Echetlæus, his prowess at Marathon, i. 32. - - Echinades, islands, viii. 1, 24. - - Echoes, wonderful ones, ii. 35; v. 21. - - Edoni, i. 29; x. 33. - - Eels of Lake Copais, ix. 24. - - Eira, iv. 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23. - - Elaphius, the month of, at Elis, v. 13; vi. 20. - - Electra, married to Pylades, ii. 16; iii. 1; ix. 40. - - Elephants, i. 12; v. 12. - - Eleusinian mysteries, viii. 15; x. 31. - - Eleutherolacones, iii. 21. - - Elk, v. 12; ix. 21. - - Elysium, viii. 53. - - Emperors, Roman, statues of, i. 40; v. 20; vi. 19. See also under - _Adrian_, _Augustus_, _C. Julius Cæsar_, _Gaius_, &c. Flattery - to, ii. 8, Note. - - Endœus, an Athenian statuary, and pupil of Dædalus, i. 26; vii. 5; - viii. 46. - - Enyalius, a name for Ares, (the Latin _Mars_,) iii. 14, 15; v. 18. - - Enyo, i. 8; iv. 30. - - Epaminondas, iv. 26, 31; viii. 11, 27, 49, 52; ix. 13, 14, 15. - - Epeus, the constructor of the famous Wooden Horse, i. 23; ii. 29; x. - 26. - - Ephesus, temple of Artemis at, vii. 5. (Cf. Acts; xix. 27, 28. Farrar - very aptly quotes Appul. _Metam._ ii. “Diana Ephesia, cujus nomen - unicum, multiformi specie, ritu vario, nomine multijugo, _totus - veneratur orbis_.”) - - Ephors at Sparta, iii. 11. - - Epicaste, mother of Œdipus, ix. 5, 26. Better known as _Jocasta_. - - Epidaurus, a town in Argolis, ii. 26, 27, 28, 29. - - Epigoni, ix. 9, 19, 25; x. 10, 25. - - Epimenides, the Rip Van Winkle of Antiquity, i. 14. - - Eponymi, the heroes so called at Athens, i. 5. - - Erato, the Nymph, wife of Arcas, an interpreter of the oracles of - Pan, viii. 4, 37; x. 9. - - Erechtheus, i. 5, 26, 28, 38. - - Eridanus, a Celtic river, i. 4; v. 12, 14; viii. 25. - - Eriphyle, wife of Amphiaraus, slain by Alcmæon her son, i. 34; viii. - 24. The famous necklace, v. 17; viii. 24; ix. 41; x. 29. - - Erymanthian boar, viii. 24. - - Eryx, conquered in wrestling by Hercules, iii. 16; iv. 36; viii. 24. - - Essenes of Ephesian Artemis, viii. 13. - - Eteocles, the son of Œdipus, v. 19; ix. 5. - - Eubœa, v. 23; viii. 14. - - Euclides, an Athenian statuary, vii. 25, 26. - - Euclus, x. 12, 14, 24. - - Evœ, the Bacchic cry, iv. 31. (See Horace’s _Odes_, ii. 19-5-7.) - - Euphorion, ii. 22; x. 26. - - Euphrates, the river, iv. 34; x. 29. - - Eupolis, where buried, ii. 7. - - Euripides, i. 2, 21. - - Euripus, near Chalcis, i. 23, 38. - - Eurotas, river in Laconia, iii. 1, 21; viii. 44, 54. - - Euryclides, an Athenian orator, poisoned by Philip, ii. 9. - - Eurydice, the wife of Orpheus, ix. 30. - - Eurypontidæ, ii. 36; iii. 7, 12; iv. 4. - - Eurypylus, vii. 19. - - Eurystheus, his tomb, i. 44. His hostility to Hercules, iv. 34. - - Eurytion, a Centaur, v. 10; vii. 18. - - - Fables of the Greeks, how to be understood, viii. 8. - - Filial piety, instances of, ii. 20; x. 28. - - Fire, its inventor, ii. 19. Ever-burning, v. 15; viii. 9, 37. - Magically lighted, v. 27. - - Fish, vocal in the river Aroanius, viii. 21. - - Flax, v. 5; vi. 26; vii. 21. - - Flute-playing, iv. 27; ix. 12. - - Food, primitive, viii. 1. - - Foolish desires a source of ruin, viii. 24. - - Fortune, iv. 30. - - Friendship of Phocus and Iaseus, x. 30. - - Furies of Clytæmnestra, viii. 34. Furies euphemistically called _The - Venerable Ones_, i. 28. Compare vii. 25. - - - Gaius, the Roman Emperor, end of, ix. 27. - - Galati, their cavalry-arrangements, x. 19. Their irruption into - Greece, x. 19, 20, 21, 22, 23. - - Ganymede, v. 24. - - Gelanor, ii. 19. - - Gerenia, called by Homer _Enope_, iii. 26. - - Germans, viii. 43. - - Geryon, i. 35; iii. 16; iv. 36; v. 19. - - Getæ, the, added to the Roman Empire by Trajan, v. 12. Brave in - battle, i. 9. - - Giants, the, viii. 29, 32, 36, 47. - - _Girding oneself_, ix. 17. - - Girdles worn round the loins in the races at Olympia, i. 44. - - Glaucus of Carystus, story about, vi. 10. - - Glaucus of Chios, x. 16. - - Glaucus, the god of the sea, vi. 10. - - Gobryas, i. 1; iii. 11; ix. 1. - - Gods, the twelve, i. 3, 40; viii. 25. Unknown gods, i. 1; v. 14. - - Gorgias of Leontini, vi. 17; x. 18. - - Gorgon, ii. 21. See also Medusa. - - Gorgus, the son of Aristomenes, iv. 19, 21, 23. - - Graces, ix. 35. - - Grasshoppers, idiosyncrasy of, vi. 6. - - Greeks, apt to admire things out of their own country, ix. 36. - Numbers that fought against Xerxes and the Galati, x. 20. - Munificence of in their worship of the gods, v. 12. - - Griffins, i. 24. - - Gryllus, the son of Xenophon, i. 3; viii. 9, 11; ix. 15. - - Gymnopædia, festival of, iii. 11. - - Gythium, Lacedæmonian arsenal, i. 27; iii. 21; viii. 50. - - - Hair, shorn to river-gods, i. 37; viii. 41. See also viii. 20. - - Halirrhothius, i. 21, 28. - - Hannibal, oracle about his death, viii. 11. - - Happiness only intermittent, viii. 24. - - Harmodius, i. 8, 29. - - Harmosts, officers among the Lacedæmonians, ix. 6, 32. - - Harpies, iii. 18; v. 17; x. 30. - - Hebe, i. 19; ii. 13, 17; viii. 9. - - Hecas, the seer, iv. 16, 21. - - Hecatæus, the Milesian, iii. 25; iv. 2; viii. 4, 47. - - Hecate, i. 43; ii. 22, 30. - - Hecatomphonia, iv. 19. - - Hector, son of Priam, iii. 18; v. 25; ix. 18; x. 31. - - Hecuba, x. 12, 27. - - He-goat, oracle about, iv. 20. - - Helen, the famous, a woe to Europe and Asia, x. 12. Tradition about, - iii. 19. Her maids, x. 25. Oath taken about, iii. 20. - - Helen, a Jewess, her tomb, viii. 16. - - Helenus, son of Priam, i. 11; ii. 23; v. 22. - - Helicon, a mountain in Bœotia, ix. 26, 27, 28, 29. - - Hellas in Thessaly, gave name to the Hellenes, iii. 20. - - Hellebore, x. 36, 37. - - Helots, iii. 11, 20; iv. 23, 24; viii. 51. - - Hephæstus, (the Latin _Vulcan_,) i. 20; ii. 31; iii. 17; viii. 53; - ix. 41. - - Hera, (the Latin _Juno_,) i. 18; ii. 15; v. 16; vi. 24. Story about - her quarrel and reconciliation with Zeus, ix. 3. Becomes a virgin - again annually, ii. 38. The cuckoo in connection with her, ii. 17. - The peacock sacred to her, ii. 17. - - Heraclidæ, Return of the, ii. 13, 18; iii. 1; iv. 3. - - Hercules, the Egyptian, x. 13. - - Hercules, the son of Amphitryon, his Colonnade, vi. 23. Hunts the - Erymanthian boar, viii. 24. Fights against the Amazons, v. 11, 25. - Relieves Atlas, v. 10, 11. Brings up Cerberus from Hades, ii. 31, - 35; iii. 25; ix. 34. Cleans Elis, v. 1, 10; ix. 11. Drives off the - oxen of Geryon, iii. 16, 18; iv. 36; v. 19. Overcomes the Nemean - lion, iii. 18; v. 11; vi. 5; viii. 13. Has an eating contest with - Lepreus, v. 5. First accounted a god by the people of Marathon, - i. 15, 32. Taken to heaven by Athene, iii. 18, 19. Kills Nessus, - iii. 18. Introduces into Greece the white poplar, v. 14. Liberates - Prometheus, v. 10. His club, ii. 31. His Labours, iii. 17; v. 10, - 26. - - Hercules, the Idæan, v. 7, 13; ix. 27. - - Heredity, i. 6; viii. 5, 13. - - Hermæ, i. 17, 24; iv. 33; viii. 39; x. 12. - - Hermes, (the Latin _Mercury_,) vii. 27; viii. 14. Steals Apollo’s - oxen, vii. 20. Takes the goddesses to Paris for the choice of - beauty, iii. 18; v. 19. Invents the lyre, ii. 19; v. 14; viii. 17. - - Herodes Atticus, i. 19; ii. 1; vi. 21; vii. 20; x. 32. - - Herodotus, quoted or alluded to, i. 5, 28, 43; ii. 16, 20, 30; iii. - 2, 25; v. 26; viii. 27; ix. 23, 36; x. 20, 32, 33. - - Herophile, a Sibyl, x. 12. - - Hesiod, i. 2; ix. 30, 31, 38; x. 7. Quoted or alluded to, i. 24; ii. - 9. - - Hesperides, v. 11; vi. 19. - - Hides, garments made of, viii. 1; x. 38. Used as shields in battle, - iv. 11. - - Hieronymus of Cardia, historian, i. 9, 13. - - Hilaira and Phœbe, ii. 22; iii. 16; iv. 31. - - Hipparchus, son of Pisistratus, i. 8, 23, 29. - - Hippocrene, ii. 31; ix. 31. - - Hippodamia, daughter of Œnomaus, v. 11, 14, 16, 17; vi. 20, 21; viii. - 14. - - Hippodrome at Olympia, vi. 20. - - Hippolyta, leader of the Amazons, i. 41. - - Hippolytus, son of Theseus, i. 22; ii. 27, 31, 32; iii. 22. - - Hippopotamus, iv. 34; v. 12; viii. 46. - - Homer, his age and birthplace, ix. 30; x. 24. His oracle, viii. 24; - x. 24. His poverty, ii. 33. On Homer generally, i. 2; iv. 28, 33; - vii. 5, 26; ix. 40; x. 7. Homer is quoted very frequently, viz., i. - 13, 28, 37; ii. 3, 6, 7, 12, 14, 16, 21, 24, 25, 26; iii. 2, 7, 18, - 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26; iv. 1, 9, 30, 32, 33, 36; v. 6, 8, 11, 14, - 24; vi. 5, 22, 26, 26; vii. 1, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26; viii. 1, 3, 8, - 16, 18, 24, 25, 29, 37, 38, 41, 48, 50; ix. 5, 17, 19, 20, 22, 24, - 26, 29, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41; x. 5, 6, 8, 14, 17, 22, - 25, 26, 29, 30, 32, 33, 36, 37. - - Hoopoe, i. 41; x. 4. - - Hoplodamus assists Rhea, viii. 32, 36. - - Horns of animals, v. 12. Horn of Amalthea, vi. 25. - - Horse, curious story in connection with, v. 27. The famous Wooden - Horse, i. 23; x. 9. Winged horses, v. 17, 19. - - Hyacinth, the flower, i. 35; ii. 35. - - Hyampolis, a town in Phocis, x. 1, 3, 35. - - Hyantes, ix. 5, 35. - - Hydarnes, a general of Xerxes, iii. 4; x. 22. - - Hydra, ii. 37; v. 5; v. 17. - - Hygiea, daughter of Æsculapius, i. 23; v. 20. Her temple, iii. 22. - - Hyllus, son of Hercules, i. 35, 41, 44; iv. 30; viii. 5, 45, 53. - - Hymettus, famous for its bees, i. 32. - - Hyperboreans, i. 31; v. 7; x. 5. - - Hypermnestra, ii. 19, 20, 21, 25; x. 10, 35. - - Hyrieus, his treasury, story about, ix. 37. - - Hyrnetho, daughter of Temenus, ii. 19, 23. Her tragic end, ii. 28. - - - Iamidæ, seers at Elis, descendants of Iamus, iii. 11, 12; iv. 16; vi. - 2; viii. 10. - - Ibycus, the poet, ii. 6. - - Icarus, the son of Dædalus, ix. 11. - - Ichnusa, the old name of Sardinia, x. 17. - - Idæan Dactyli, v. 7. - - Iliad, The Little, iii. 26; x. 26. - - Ilissus, a river in Attica, i. 19. - - Ilithyia, i. 18; viii. 32; ix. 27. - - Immortals, The, vi. 6; x. 19. - - Inachus, a river, ii. 15, 18, 25; viii. 6. - - Indian sages taught the immortality of the soul, iv. 32. India famous - for wild beasts, iv. 34; viii. 29. - - Ino, i. 42, 44; iii. 23, 24, 26; iv. 34; ix. 5. - - Inscriptions, ox-fashion, v. 17. - - Inventions, source of, viii. 31. - - Inundations, destruction caused by, vii. 24; viii. 14. - - Io, daughter of Inachus, i. 25; iii. 18. - - Iodama, ix. 34. - - Iolaus, nephew of Hercules, vii. 2; viii. 14. Shares in his uncle’s - Labours, i. 19; viii. 45. Kills Eurystheus, i. 44. Colonizes - Sardinia, vii. 2; x. 17. His hero-chapel, ix. 23. - - Ion, the son of Xuthus, i. 31; vii. 1. - - Iphiclus, the father of Protesilaus, iv. 36; v. 17; x. 31. - - Iphigenia, daughter of Agamemnon, i. 33, 43; iii. 16; ix. 19. - - Iphimedea, mother of Otus and Ephialtes, ix. 22; x. 28. - - Iphitus, king of Elis, v. 4, 8; viii. 26. - - Iphitus, the son of Eurytus, iii. 15; x. 13. - - Iris, the flower, ix. 41. - - Iron, first fused, iii. 12; x. 16. - - Ischepolis, son of Alcathous, killed by the Calydonian boar, i. 42, - 43. - - Isis, the Egyptian goddess, i. 41; ii. 4, 13, 32, 34; v. 25; x. 32. - - Ismenius, a river in Bœotia, ix. 9, 10. - - Isocrates, i. 18. - - Issedones, i. 24, 31; v. 7. - - Isthmian games, i. 44; ii. 1, 2. People of Elis excluded from them, - v. 2; vi. 16. - - Ister, river, viii. 28, 38. - - Ithome, iv. 9, 13, 14, 24, 31. - - Ivory, i. 12; v. 11, 12; vii. 27. - - _Ivy-cuttings_, feast so called, ii. 13. - - - Jason, husband of Medea, ii. 3; v. 17. - - Jay, anecdote about the, viii. 12. - - Jerusalem, viii. 16. - - Jocasta, ix. 5. (Called Epicaste, ix. 26.) - - Joppa, iv. 35. - - Jordan, the famous river, v. 7. - - - Keys, the three keys of Greece, vii. 7. - - Kites, idiosyncrasy of at Olympia, v. 14. - - - Labyrinth of the Minotaur in Crete, i. 27. (Cf. Virg. Æneid, v. - 588-591. Ovid, Metamorphoses, viii. 159-168.) - - Lacedæmonians go out on campaign only when the moon is at its full, - i. 28. Go out to battle not to the sound of the trumpet, but to - flutes lyres and harps, iii. 17. Care not for poetry, iii. 8. - Tactics in battle, iv. 8. Always conceal their losses in battle, - ix. 13. Their forces at Thermopylæ, x. 20. Their kings, how tried, - iii. 5. - - Lacedæmonian dialect, iii. 15. Brevity, iv. 7. - - Laconia originally called Lelegia, iv. 1. - - Ladder-pass, viii. 6. - - Læstrygones, viii. 29; x. 22. - - Lais, ii. 2. - - Laius, son of Labdacus, King of Thebes, ix. 5, 26; x. 5. - - Lamp of Athene, ever burning, i. 26. - - Lampsacus, people of, anecdote about, vi. 18. Great worshippers of - Priapus, ix. 31. - - Laomedon, father of Priam, vii. 20; viii. 36. - - Lapithæ, their fight with the Centaurs, i. 17; v. 10. - - La Rochefoucauld anticipated by Pindar. Note, x. 22. - - Laurium, its silver mines, i. 1. - - Law-courts at Athens, various names of, i. 28. - - Leæna, mistress of Aristogiton, i. 23. - - Lebadea in Bœotia, sacred to Trophonius, i. 34; ix. 39. - - Lechæum, ii. 1, 2; ix. 14, 15; x. 37. - - Leda, i. 33; iii. 13, 16. - - Leonidas, the hero of Thermopylæ, i. 13; iii. 3, 4, 14; viii. 52. - - Leontini, the birth-place of the famous Gorgias, vi. 17. - - Leprosy, cure for, v, 5. (Credat Judæus Apella!) - - Lesbos, iii. 2; iv. 35; x. 19, 24. - - Lescheos, author of the _Capture of Ilium_, x. 25, 26, 27. - - Leto, (the Latin _Latona_,) i. 18, 31; iii. 20; viii. 53. - - Leucippus, his love for Daphne, viii. 20. - - Leuctra, i. 13; iv. 26; viii. 27; ix. 6, 13, 14. - - Libya, famous for wild beasts, ii. 21. - - Libyssa, where Hannibal died, viii. 11. - - Linus, ix. 29. - - Lipara, x. 11, 16. - - Lophis, story about, ix. 33. (Cf. story of Jephthah.) - - Lounges, iii. 14, 15; x. 25. - - Lots, iv. 3; v. 25. - - Love, its power, vii. 19. Success in love, vii. 26. Cure of - melancholy caused by, vii. 5. Little sympathy with lovers from - older people, vii. 19. Tragedies through love, i. 30; vii 21; viii. - 20. - - Lycomidæ, i. 22; iv. 1; ix. 27, 30. - - Lycortas, iv. 29; vii. 9; viii. 50. - - Lycurgus, the famous legislator, iii. 2, 14, 16, 18; v. 4. - - Lygdamis, the father of Artemisia, iii. 11. - - Lygdamis, the Syracusan, as big as Hercules, v. 8. - - Lynceus, son of Aphareus, his keen eyesight, iv. 2. Slain by Pollux, - iv. 3. - - Lynceus, the husband of Hypermnestra, ii. 19, 21, 25. Succeeds - Danaus, ii. 16. - - Lyre, invented by Hermes, v. 14; viii. 17. First used by Amphion, ix. - 5. - - Lysander, iii. 5, 6, 8, 11, 17, 18; ix. 32; x. 9. - - Lysippus, a Sicyonian statuary, i. 43; ii. 9, 20; vi. 1, 2, 4, 5, 14, - 17; ix. 27, 30. - - Lysis, the early schoolmaster of Epaminondas, ix. 13. - - - Macaria, i. 32. - - Machærion, viii. 11. - - Machaon, son of Æsculapius, ii. 11, 23, 26, 38; iii. 26; iv. 3. - - Machinery, or mechanism, at Olympia, vi. 20. At Jerusalem, viii. 16. - - Mæander, river in Asia Minor, famous for its windings, v. 14; vii. 2; - viii. 7, 24, 31; x. 32. - - Magic, v. 27. - - Maneros, the Egyptian Linus, ix. 29. - - Mantinea, ii. 8; viii. 3, 8, 12. - - Manto, daughter of Tiresias, vii. 3; ix. 10, 33. - - Marathon, i. 15, 32; iv. 25; x. 20. - - Mardonius, son of Gobryas, i. 1, 27; iii. 4; vii. 25; ix. 1, 2, 23. - Panic of his men, i. 40; ix. 25. - - Marpessa, the Widow, viii. 47, 48. - - Marsyas, i. 24; ii. 7; viii. 9; x. 30. - - Martiora, ix. 21. - - Mausoleums, viii. 16. - - Mausolus, viii. 16. - - Medea, ii. 3, 12; viii. 11. - - Medusa, the Gorgon, i. 21; ii. 20, 21; v. 10, 12, 18; viii. 47; ix. - 34. - - Megalopolis, ii. 9, 27; iv. 29; vi. 12; viii. 27, 30, 33; ix. 14. Its - theatre, ii. 27. - - Megara, i. 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44; vii. 15. - - Megaris, i. 39, 44. - - Meleager, ii. 7; iv. 2; x. 31. - - Melicerta, i. 44; ii. 1; ix. 34. - - Memnon, his statue, i. 42. - - Memnonides, birds so called, x. 31. - - Memphis, i. 18. - - Menander, i. 2, 21. - - Menelaus, the son of Atreus and husband of Helen, iii. 1, 14, 19; v. - 18; x. 25, 26. - - Menestratus, ix. 26. - - Miletus, vii. 2, 24; viii. 24, 49; x. 33. - - Milo, of Croton, his wonderful strength, vi. 14. - - Miltiades, son of Cimon, i. 32; ii. 29; vi. 19; vii. 15; viii. 52. - - Minos, i. 17, 27; ii. 30, 34; iii. 2; vii. 2, 4; viii. 53. - - Minotaur, i. 27; iii. 18. - - Minyad, the poem so called, iv. 33; ix. 5; x. 28, 31. - - Mirrors, remarkable ones, vii. 21; viii. 37. - - Mithridates, king of Pontus, i. 20; iii. 23; ix. 7. - - Money, its substitute in old times, iii. 12. - - Moon enamoured of Endymion, v. 1. Full moon and the Lacedæmonians, i. - 28. - - Mullets, love mud, iv. 34. - - Mummius, ii. 1, 2; vii. 15, 16. His gifts at Olympia, v. 10, 24. - - Musæus, i. 14, 22, 25; iv. 1; x. 5, 7, 9, 12. - - Muses, the, ix. 29. - - Mycenæ, ii. 15, 16; v. 23; vii. 25; viii. 27, 33; ix. 34. - - Myrtilus, the son of Hermes, ii. 18; v. 1, 10; vi. 20; viii. 14. - - Myrtle, sacred to Aphrodite, vi. 24. - - Myrtoan sea, why so called, viii. 14. - - Myus, its mosquitoes, vii. 2. - - - Nabis, tyrant at Sparta, iv. 29; vii. 8; viii. 50. - - Naked, its meaning among the ancients. See Note, x. 27. - - Names, confusion in same names general, viii. 15. Different method of - giving names among Greeks and Romans, vii. 7. - - Narcissus, ix. 31, 41. - - Naupactian poems, ii. 3; iv. 2; x. 38. - - Naupactus, iv. 24, 26; vi. 16; ix. 25, 31; x. 38. - - Nausicaa, daughter of Alcinous, i. 22; v. 19. - - Neda, river, iv. 20, 36; v. 6; viii. 38, 41. - - Neleus, iv. 2, 36; v. 8; x. 29, 31. His posterity, ii. 18; iv. 3. - - Nemean games, ii. 15, 24; vi. 16; viii. 48; x. 25. - - Nemesis, i. 33; vii. 5, 20; ix. 35. - - Neoptolemus, son of Achilles, the Retribution of, iv. 17. (As to - Neoptolemus generally, see _Pyrrhus_.) - - Nereids, ii. 1; iii. 26; v. 19. - - Nereus, iii. 21. - - Nero, the Roman Emperor, ii. 17, 37; v. 12, 25, 26; vii. 17; ix. 27; - x. 7. - - Nessus, iii. 18; x. 38. - - Nestor, iii. 26; iv. 3, 31, 36. - - Nicias, the Athenian General, i. 29. - - Nicias, animal painter, i. 29; iii. 19; iv. 31; vii. 22. - - Nicopolis, founded by Augustus, v. 23; vii. 18; x. 8, 38. - - Nicostratus, v. 21. - - Night, v. 18; vii. 5. - - Night-attack, ingenious, x. 1. - - Nightingales at Orpheus’ tomb, ix. 30. - - Nile, famous river of Egypt, i. 33; ii. 5; iv. 34; v. 7, 14; viii. - 24; x. 32. - - Nineveh, viii. 33. - - Niobe, i. 21; ii. 21; v. 11, 16; viii. 2. - - Nisus, i. 19, 39; ii. 34. - - North wind, viii. 27. (_Boreas._) - - Nymphs, iii. 10; iv. 27; ix. 24; x. 31. - - Nymphon, ii. 11. - - - Oceanus, i. 33. - - Ocnus, x. 29. See Note. - - Octavia, her temple at Corinth, ii 3. - - Odeum at Athens, i. 8, 14; vii. 20. - - Odysseus, (the Latin _Ulysses_,) i. 22, 35; iii. 12, 20; iv. 12; v. - 25; vi. 6; viii. 3, 14, 44; x. 8, 26, 28, 29, 31. - - Œdipodia, ix. 5. - - Œdipus, i. 28, 30; ix. 2, 5, 26; x. 5. - - Œnobius, i. 23. - - Œnomaus, v. 1, 10, 14, 17, 20, 22; vi. 18, 20, 21; viii. 14, 20. - - Œnotria, viii. 3. - - Œta, Mount, iii. 4; vii. 15; x. 22. - - Olen, i. 18; ii. 13; v. 7; viii. 21; ix. 27; x. 5. - - Oligarchies, established by Mummius, vii. 16, Note. - - Olympias, daughter of Neoptolemus, mother of Alexander the Great, i. - 11, 25; iv. 14; viii 7; ix. 7. - - Olympus, Mount, in Thessaly, vi. 5. - - Olynthus, iii. 5. - - Onatas, Æginetan statuary, v. 25, 27; vi. 12; viii. 42; x. 13. - - Onga, ix. 12. - - Onomacritus, i 22; viii. 31, 37; ix. 35. - - Ophioneus, the seer, iv. 10, 12, 13. - - Ophitea, legend about, x. 33. - - Opportunity, the youngest son of Zeus, v. 14. - - Oracles, ambiguous, viii. 11. (Compare case of ‘Jerusalem’ in - Shakspere, 2 Henry IV., Act iv., Scene iv., 233-241.) - - Orestes, son of Agamemnon, i. 28; ii. 18, 31; iii. 1, 16, 22; vii. - 25; viii. 5, 34. - - Orithyia, i. 19; v. 19. - - Orontes, a river in Syria, vi. 2; viii. 20, 29, 33; x. 20. - - Orpheus, i. 14, 37; ii. 30; iii. 13, 14, 20; v. 26; vi. 20; ix. 17, - 27, 30. - - Osiris, x. 32. - - Osogo, viii. 10. - - Ostrich, ix. 31. - - Otilius, vii. 7; x. 36. - - Otus and Ephialtes, ix. 29. - - Ox-killer, i. 24, 28. - - Oxen given in barter, iii. 12. - - Oxyartes, father of Roxana, i. 6. - - Oxylus, curious tale about, v. 3. - - Ozolian, x. 38. - - - Palæmon, i. 44; ii. 2; viii. 48. - - Palamedes, ii. 20; x. 31. - - Palladium, i. 28; ii. 23. - - Pamphus, i. 38, 39; vii. 21; viii. 35, 37; ix. 27, 29, 31, 35. - - Pan, i. 28; viii. 26, 31, 36, 38, 54. - - Panic fear, x. 23. - - Parian stone, i. 14, 33, 43; v. 11, 12; viii. 25. - - Paris, iii. 22; v. 19; x. 31. - - Parnassus, Mount, x. 4, 5, 6, 8, 32, 33. - - Parrots come from India, ii. 28. (Did Pausanias remember Ovid’s - “Psittacus Eois imitatrix ales ab Indis.” Amor. ii. 6. 1.) - - Parthenon at Athens, i. 24; viii. 41. - - Patroclus, the friend of Achilles, iii. 24; iv. 28; x. 13, 26, 30. - - Patroclus, Egyptian Admiral, i. 1; iii. 6. - - Pausanias, son of Cleombrotus, i. 13; iii. 17; viii. 52. - - Pausanias, a Macedonian, murderer of Harpalus, ii. 33. - - Peacock sacred to Hera, ii. 17. - - Peace with Wealth, i. 8; ix. 16. - - Pegasus, ii. 4, 31; ix. 31. - - Pelagos, viii. 11. See Oracles, ambiguous. - - Peleus, father of Achilles, i. 37; ii. 29; iii. 18; v. 18; viii. 45; - x. 30. - - Pelias, iv. 2; v. 8, 17; viii. 11; x. 30. - - Pelion, Mount, x. 19. - - Peloponnesian War, iii. 7; iv. 6; viii. 41, 52. - - Pelops, ii. 18, 22, 26; v. 1, 8, 10, 13, 17; vi. 20, 21, 24; viii. - 14; ix. 40. - - Pencala, river in Phrygia, viii. 4; x. 32. - - Penelope, wife of Odysseus, iii. 12, 13, 20; viii. 12. - - Pentelicus, a mountain in Attica, famous for its stone quarries, i. - 19, 32. - - Penthesilea, v. 11; x. 31. - - Pentheus, i. 20; ii. 2; ix. 2, 5. - - Periander, son of Cypselus, one of the Seven Wise Men, i. 23; x. 24. - - Pericles, i. 25, 28, 29; viii. 41. - - Perjury punished, ii. 2, 18; iv. 22; v. 24. - - Pero, the matchless daughter of Neleus, x. 31. - - Perseus, son of Danae, and grandson of Acrisius, i. 22; ii. 15, 16, - 20, 21, 22, 27; iii. 17; iv. 35; v. 18. - - Persians, i. 18, 32, 33; iii. 9; ix. 32. Their shields called - _Gerrha_, viii. 50; x. 19. - - Petroma, viii. 15. - - Phæacians, iii. 18; viii. 29. - - Phædra, the wife of Theseus, enamoured of her stepson Hippolytus, i. - 22; ii. 32; ix. 16; x. 29. - - Phaennis, a prophetess, x. 15, 20. - - Phaethon, i. 3. - - Phalanthus, x. 10, 13. - - Phalerum, i. 1, 28. - - Phemonoe, first priestess of Apollo at Delphi, x. 5, 6, 12. - - Phidias, famous Athenian statuary, i. 3, 4, 24, 28, 33, 40; v. 10, - 11; vi. 4, 25, 26; vii. 27; ix. 4, 10; x. 10. His descendants, v. - 14. - - Philammon, father of Thamyris, iv. 33; x. 7. - - Philip, oracle about the two Philips, vii. 8. - - Philip, the son of Amyntas, i. 6, 25; ii. 20; iii. 7, 24; iv. 28; v. - 4; vii. 7, 10, 11; viii. 7, 27; ix. 1, 37; x. 2, 3, 36. - - Philip, the son of Demetrius, i. 36; ii. 9; vi. 16; vii. 7, 8; viii. - 8, 50; x. 33, 34. - - Philoctetes, v. 13; viii. 8, 33; x. 27. - - Philomela, i. 5, 14, 41; x. 4. - - Philomelus, x. 2, 8, 33. - - Philopœmen, son of Craugis, iv. 29; vii. 9; viii. 27, 49, 51, 52. - - Phocian Resolution, x. 1. - - Phocian War, iv. 28; ix. 6; x. 3. - - Phœbe, see Hilaira. - - Phœnix, x. 26. - - Phormio, son of Asopichus, i. 23, 29; x. 11. - - Phormio, the fisherman of Erythræ, vii. 5. - - Phormio inhospitable to Castor and Pollux, iii. 16. - - Phoroneus, ii. 15, 19, 20, 21. - - Phrixus, son of Athainas, i. 24; ix. 34, 38. - - Phrontis, the pilot of Menelaus, x. 25. - - Phryne, beloved by Praxiteles, i. 20; ix. 27; x. 15. - - Phrynichus, play of, x. 31. - - Phytalus, i. 37. - - Pillars, viii. 45. - - Pindar, i. 8; ix. 22, 23, 25; x. 24. Quoted or alluded to, i. 2, 41; - iii. 25; iv. 2, 30; v. 14, 22; vi. 2; vii. 2, 26; ix. 22; x. 5, 16, - 22. - - Piræus, i. 1. - - Pirithous, son of Zeus, and friend of Theseus, i. 17, 30; v. 10; - viii. 45; x. 29. - - Pisander of Camirus, ii. 37; viii. 22. - - Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens, i. 3, 23; ix. 6. Collects Homer’s - Poems, vii. 26. - - Pittacus of Mitylene, one of the Seven Wise Men, x. 24. - - Plane-trees, wonderful, vii. 22, with Note. - - Platanistas at Sparta, iii. 11, 14. - - Platæa, battle at, v. 23; vi. 3; ix. 2; x. 15. - - Plato, the famous, i. 30; iv. 32. Quoted, vii. 17. Cited, x. 24. - - Pluto, i. 38; ii. 36; ix. 23. - - Poets, at kings’ courts, i. 3. Statues of, ix. 30. - - Pollux, see Dioscuri. - - Polybius, viii. 9, 30, 37, 44, 48. - - Polycletus, Argive statuary, ii. 17, 20, 22, 24, 27; vi. 2, 4, 7, 9, - 13; viii. 31. - - Polycrates, i. 2; viii. 14. - - Polydamas, vi. 5. - - Polydectes, i. 22. - - Polygnotus, famous Thasian painter, i. 18, 22; ix. 4; x. 25, 26, 27, - 28, 29, 30, 31. - - Polynices, son of Œdipus, ii. 19, 20, 25; iv. 8; ix. 5; x. 10. - - Polyxena, i. 22; x. 25. - - Pomegranate, ii. 17; vi. 14; viii. 37; ix. 25. - - Poplar, ii. 10; v. 13, 14. - - Poseidon, (the Latin _Neptune_,) i. 24, 27, 30; ii. 1, 4, 22, 30; vi. - 25; viii. 10, 25, 42. - - Praxias, x. 19. - - Praxiteles, the famous, lover of Phryne, i. 2, 20, 23, 40, 43, 44; - ii. 21; v. 17; vi. 26; ix. 1, 2, 11, 27, 39; x. 15, 37. - - Priam, ii. 24; iv. 17; x. 25, 27. - - Priapus, ix. 31. - - Processions, i. 2, 29; ii. 35; vii. 18; x. 18. - - Procne, i. 24, 41. - - Procrustes, i. 38. - - Prœtus, ii. 7, 12, 16, 25; viii. 18; x. 10. - - Prometheus, ii. 14, 19; v. 10; x. 4. - - Promontory called _Ass’ jawbone_, iii. 22, 23. - - Prophetical men and women, x. 12, with Note. - - Proserpine, i. 38; ii. 36; iv. 30; viii. 31, 42, 53; ix. 23, 31. - - Proteus, iii. 18; viii. 53. - - Proverbs, see ii. 9; iv. 17; vi. 3, 10; vii. 12; ix. 9, 30, 37; x. 1, - 14, 17, 29. - - Providence, v. 25. - - Prusias, viii. 11. - - Psamathe, i. 43; ii. 19. - - Psyttalea, island of, i. 36; iv. 36. - - Ptolemies proud of calling themselves Macedonians, x. 7, cf. vi. 3. - Much about the various Ptolemies in, i. 6, 7, 8, 9. - - Purple, iii. 21; v. 12. - - Puteoli, iv. 35; viii. 7. - - Pylades, i. 22; ii. 16, 29; iii. 1. - - Pylæ, that is Thermopylæ, ix. 15. - - Pylos, iv. 2, 3, 31, 36. - - Pyramids, ix. 36. - - Pyrrhus (Neoptolemus), the son of Achilles, i. 4, 11, 13; ii. 23; - iii. 20, 25, 26; iv. 17; x. 7, 23, 24, 25, 26. - - Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, i. 6, 9, 10, 11; iv. 29, 35. - - Pythionice, i. 37. - - Pytho, v. 3; x. 6. - - - Quoits, ii. 16; v. 3; vi. 14. - - - Return from Ilium, Poem so called, x. 28, 29, 30. - - Rhea, viii. 8, 36; ix. 2, 41. - - Rhegium, iv. 23, 26; v. 25. - - Rhianus, iv. 1, 6, 15, 17. - - Rhinoceros, v. 12; ix. 21. Called also Ethiopian bull. - - Rhœcus of Samos, viii. 14; ix. 41; x. 38. - - Rose, sacred to Aphrodite, vi. 24. - - Roxana, wife of Alexander the Great, i. 6; ix. 7. - - - Sacadas, ii. 22; iv. 27; vi. 14; ix. 30; x. 7. - - Sacrifices, remarkable, vii. 18; viii. 29, 37. - - Sails, an invention of Dædalus, ix. 11. - - Salamis, i. 35, 36, 40. - - Samos, vii. 2, 4, 10. - - Sanctuaries, not to be approached by the profane, viii. 5; x. 32, - (Procul o, procul este, profani!) - - Sappho, the Lesbian Poetess, i. 25, 29; viii. 18; ix. 27, 29. - - Sardinia, x. 17. - - Sardis, iii. 9; iv. 24. - - Sardonic laughter, x. 17. - - Saturnus. See Cronos. - - Satyrs, i. 23. Satyr of Praxiteles, i. 20. - - Scamander, v. 25. - - Scedasus and his two daughters, ix. 13. - - Scimetar of Cambyses, i. 28. - - Scipio, viii. 30. - - Sciron, killed by Theseus, i. 3, 44. - - Scopas, i. 43; ii. 10, 22; vi. 25; viii. 28, 45, 47; ix. 10, 17. - - Scorpion with wings, ix. 21. - - Scylla, daughter of Nisus, legend about, ii. 34. - - Scyllis of Scione, famous diver, x. 19. - - Scythians, travel in waggons, viii. 43. (Compare Horace, Odes, Book - iii. Ode 24. 9-11. “Campestres melius Scythae, Quorum plaustra - vagas rite trahunt domos, Vivunt.”) - - Sea, Red, i. 33. Dead, v. 7. - - Seasons, v. 11, 17; ix. 35. - - Seleucia, on the Orontes, i. 16; viii. 33. - - Seleucus, son of Antiochus, i. 6, 16. - - Semele, daughter of Cadmus, mother of Dionysus by Zeus, ii. 31, 37; - iii. 24; ix. 5. - - Serapis, i. 18; ii. 4, 34; iii. 14, 22, 25; iv. 32; vii. 21; ix. 24. - - Ser, and the Seres, vi. 26. - - Seriphus, i. 22. - - Serpents, remarkable ones, viii. 4, 16. None in Sardinia, x. 17. - - Sheep, accompanying Spartan kings to war, ix. 13. - - Shields, Used by the Celts in fording rivers, x. 20. - - Ship at Delos, i. 29. - - Sibyl, ii. 7; vii. 8; x. 9. - - Sibyls, various, x. 12. - - Sicily, a small hill near Athens, viii. 11. - - Sight suddenly lost and recovered, iv. 10, 12; x. 38. - - Silenus, i. 4, 23; ii. 22; iii. 25. Sileni mortal, vi. 24. - - Simonides, i. 2; iii. 8; vi. 9; ix. 2; x. 27. - - Sinis, i. 37; ii. 1. (Pityocamptes.) - - Sirens, ix. 34; x. 6. - - Sisters, love of by brothers, i. 7; iv. 2; ix. 31. - - Sisyphus, son of Æolus, ii. 1, 3, 5; x. 31. - - Sleep the god most friendly to the Muses, ii. 31. - - Smyrna, v. 8; vii. 5. - - Snake, story about, x. 33. - - Socrates, i. 22, 30; ix. 35. - - Solon, i. 16, 18; x. 24. - - Sophocles, i. 21, 28. - - Sosigenes, viii. 31. - - Sosipolis, vi. 20, 25. - - Sparta, iii. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18. - - Sparti, viii. 11; ix. 5. Note. ix. 10. - - Speech, ill-advised, iii. 7, 8. - - Sperchius, river, x. 20, 21, 22, 23. - - Sphacteria, i. 13, 15; iii. 5; iv. 36; v. 26; vi. 22. - - Sphinx, the, ix. 26. - - Spiders, ix. 6. - - Stade. See Note, i. 1. - - Stesichorus, iii. 19. - - Stratagems of Homer, iv. 28. - - Strongyle, a volcanic island, x. 11. - - Stymphelides, birds so called, viii. 22. - - Styx, river, viii. 17, 18. - - Submission to an enemy, technical term for, Note on x. 20. See also - iii. 12. - - Sulla, i. 20; ix. 7, 33; x. 20. - - Sun-shade used by ladies, vii. 22. - - Sunium, i. 1, 28. - - Suppliants not to be injured with impunity, vii. 24, 25. See also - iii. 4; iv. 24. - - Sus, river, ix. 30. - - Susa, i. 42; iii. 9, 16; iv. 31; vi. 5. - - Swallows, idiosyncrasy of at Daulis, x. 4. - - Swan-eagles, viii. 17. - - - Tænarum, promontory of, iii. 14, 25; iv. 24. - - Tantalus, ii. 22; v. 13; x. 30, 31. - - Taraxippus, vi. 20. - - Tarentum, iii. 12; x. 10, 13. - - Tarsus, viii. 28. - - Telamon, son of Æacus, i. 35, 42; ii. 29; viii. 45. - - Telesilla, ii. 20, 28, 35. - - Tellias of Elis, x. 1, 13. - - Tenedos, x. 14. Tenedian axe, x. 14. - - Tereus, i. 5, 41; ix. 16; x. 4. - - Teucer, son of Telamon, i. 28; viii. 15. - - Thamyris, iv. 33; ix. 5, 30; x. 7, 30. - - Thebes, ii. 6; iv. 27; vii. 15, 17; viii. 33; ix. 3, 5, 6, 7, 8. - - Themis, v. 17; viii. 25; x. 5. - - Themisto, reputed by some mother of Homer, x. 24. - - Themistocles, i. 1, 36; viii. 50, 52; x. 14. - - Theoclus, Messenian seer, iv. 16, 20, 21. - - Theodorus of Samos, iii. 12; viii. 14; ix. 41; x. 38. His seal carved - out of an emerald for Polycrates, viii. 14. - - Thermopylæ, vii. 15; ix. 32; x. 20, 21. - - Thersites, x. 31. - - Theseus, i. 1, 2, 3, 17, 19, 22, 27, 37, 39, 41, 44; ii. 1, 22, 30, - 32; iii. 18, 24; v. 10, 11; vii. 17; viii. 45, 48; ix. 31, 40; x. - 29. - - Thetis, mother of Achilles, v. 18, 22. - - Thucydides, the famous Historian, i. 23; vi. 19. Possibly alluded to, - i. 8. - - Thyestes, ii. 18. - - Thyiades, x. 4, 19, 32. - - Thyrsus of Dionysus, iv. 36; viii. 31. - - Tiger, ix. 21. - - Timagoras, tragic story of, i. 30. - - Timon of Athens, the famous Misanthrope, i. 30. - - Timotheus, the Milesian harper and poet, iii. 12; viii. 50. - - Tiphys, the pilot of the Argo, ix. 32. - - Tiresias, vii. 3; ix. 18, 32, 33. - - Tiryns, ii. 16, 17, 25; v. 23; vii. 25; viii. 2, 33, 46; ix. 36. - - Tisias, vi. 17. - - Tissaphernes, iii. 9. - - Titans, the, vii. 18; viii. 37. - - Tityus, iii. 18; x. 4, 11, 29. - - Tomb of Helen, a Jewess, at Jerusalem, viii. 16. - - Tortoises, i. 44; viii. 23. Lyres made out of them, ii. 19; viii. 17, - 54. - - Townships of Attica, i. 31, 32, 33. - - Traitors, various ones that troubled Greece, vii. 10. - - Trajan, the Emperor, iv. 35; v. 12. - - Treasuries, ix. 36, 37, 38; x. 11. - - Trench, the Great, iv. 6, 17, 20, 22. - - Tripods, v. 17; vii. 4. - - Triptolemus, i. 14, 38; ii. 14; vii. 18; viii. 4. - - Tritons, viii. 2; ix. 20, 21. - - Trœzen, ii. 30, 31, 32, 33, 34. - - Trophies, unwisdom of erecting, ix. 40. - - Trophonius, iv. 16, 32; viii. 10; ix. 11, 37, 39, 40; x. 5. - - Tros, father of Ganymede, v. 24. - - Troy, why it fell, x. 33. (Compare Horace, Odes, iii. 3. 18-21. - “Ilion, Ilion Fatalis incestusque judex Et mulier peregrina vertit - In pulverem.”) - - Tyndareus, ii. 18; iii. 1, 15, 17, 18, 21. - - Tyrants, the Thirty, i. 29. - - Tyrtæus, iv. 6, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16. - - - Ulysses. See Odysseus. - - Umpires at Olympia, v. 9. - - Unknown gods, i. 1; v. 14. (Compare Acts: xvii. 23.) - - - Venus. See Aphrodite. - - Vermilion, viii. 39. - - Vespasian, the Roman Emperor, vii. 17. - - Vesta, i. 18; ii. 35; v. 14. - - Vinegar, its effect on Pearls, viii. 18. - - Voice, found through terror, x. 15. - - Volcanic islands, x. 11. - - Vulcan. See Hephæstus. - - - Water, various kinds of, iv. 35. - - To whitewash two walls, Proverb, vi. 3. See Note. - - Wine elevating, iii. 19. (“Vinum lætificat cor hominis.” Ps. ciii. - 15.) - - Wise Men, the Seven, i. 23; x. 24. Their famous sayings, especially - _Know thyself_, and _Not too much of anything_, x. 24. - - Wolves, men turned into, vi. 8; viii. 2. Many in the neighbourhood of - Croton, vi. 14. None in Sardinia, x. 17. - - Word for the day given to soldiers, ix. 27. - - Wordsworth on Daphne. See Note, x. 7. - - World, centre of, x. 16. - - Worshipping the deity with other people’s incense, Proverb, ix. 30. - - - Xanthippus, father of Pericles, i. 25; iii. 7; viii. 52. - - Xenocrates, iv. 32; ix. 13. - - Xenophon, i. 3; v. 6; ix. 15. - - Xerxes, i. 8; iii. 4; vi. 5; viii. 42, 46; x. 7, 35. - - - Young, Dr., On Commentators, Preface, p. vi. - - - Zancle, iv. 23. - - Zethus, ii. 6; ix. 5, 8, 17. - - Zeus, (the Latin _Jupiter_,) the chief of the gods, viii. 36. Assumed - the appearance of Amphitryon, v. 18. Traditions about his early - years, iv. 33; v. 7; viii. 8, 28, 36, 38. His two jars, viii. 24. - Represented with three eyes, why, ii. 24. - - - - - END OF VOL. I. - - - - - CHISWICK PRESS:--C. WHITTINGHAM AND CO., TOOKS COURT, - CHANCERY LANE. - - - - -Transcriber’s Notes - - -The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the -public domain. - -The index has been copied from Volume 2 for the convenience of the -reader. Some incorrect references have been removed. - -Minor spelling and punctuation errors have been corrected. In addition -many errors and inconsistent spellings have been corrected as follows: - - Changed =acordance= to =accordance= on page 365 in “in accordance - with the oracle at Delphi”. - - Changed =Æchylus= to =Æschylus= on page 116 in “next to that of - Æschylus”. - - Changed =Ægos-Potamoi= to =Ægos-potamoi= on page 207 in “the victory - at Ægos-potamoi”. - - Changed =Ægospotamoi= to =Ægos-potamoi= on page 204 in “the other at - Ægos-potamoi”, page 261 in “Afterwards too at Ægos-potamoi”, page - 278 in “the Athenians at Ægos-potamoi” and page 366 in “was taken - at Ægos-potamoi”. - - Changed =Aglauros= to =Aglaurus= on page 5 in “Erse, and Aglaurus, - and Pandrosus”. - - Changed =Amphiarus= to =Amphiaraus= on page 68 in “oracular responses - of Amphiaraus”. - - Changed =Amphisse= to =Amphissa= on page 186 in “the Locrians of - Amphissa”. - - Changed =Aphidne= to =Aphidna= on page 204 in “the spoils from - Aphidna”. - - Changed =Aristus= to =Aristæus= on page 46 in “says Aristæus the - Proconnesian”. - - Changed =arts= to =parts= on page 90 in “maritime parts of Attica”. - - Changed =Auxesias= to =Auxesia= on page 150 in “what concerns Auxesia - and Lamia”. - - Changed =Bææ= to =Bœæ= on page 52 in “Bœæ in the neighbouring - country”. - - Changed =bas-relief= to =bas relief= on page 92 in “in bas relief the - sons of Tyndareus”. - - Changed =bearhunting= to =bear-hunting= on page 212 in “superfine - deer-hunting and bear-hunting”. - - Changed =boarhunting= to =boar-hunting= on page 212 in “excellent - goat-hunting and boar-hunting”. - - Changed =Caphereus= to =Caphareus= on page 301 in “Such was the case - with Caphareus”. - - Changed =Cappodocians= to =Cappadocians= on page 202 in “the - Cappadocians who live near the Euxine”. - - Changed =Cephissus= to =Cephisus= on page 129 in “built to the river - Cephisus” and page 129 in “the temple of the Cephisus”. - - Changed =Chersonnese= to =Chersonese= on page 20 in “conveyed it to - the Chersonese” and page 68 in “as Eleus in the Chersonese”. - - Changed =child-birth= to =childbirth= on page 103 in “Xenodice, who - died in childbirth”. - - Changed =Cnidos= to =Cnidus= on page 351 in “the people of the - Chersonese in Cnidus”. - - Changed =co-operated= to =cooperated= on page 170 in “They cooperated - also with Grais”. - - Changed =Colossusses= to =Colossuses= on page 34 in “the Colossuses - at Rhodes and Rome”. - - Changed =council-chamber= to =council chamber= on page 6 in “next to - it a council chamber” and page 6 in “And in the council chamber”. - - Changed =Council-Chamber= to =Council Chamber= on page 352 in “statue - of Zeus in the Council Chamber”. - - Changed =deathbed= to =death-bed= on page 28 in “on his death-bed”. - - Changed =deerhunting= to =deer-hunting= on page 212 in “superfine - deer-hunting and bear-hunting”. - - Changed =Demarchus= to =Damarchus= on page 375 in “Damarchus the son - of Dinnytas”. - - Changed =doublecourse= to =double course= on page 113 in “and two in - the double course”. - - Changed =dropt= to =dropped= on page 253 in “dropped its shield” and - page 259 in “dropped his shield”. - - Changed =Eleusininian= to =Eleusinian= on page 293 in “sanctity to - the Eleusinian Mysteries”. - - Changed =Endæus= to =Endœus= on page 50 in “Endœus was an Athenian by - race” and page 50 in “and Endœus designed it”. - - Changed =Eœœ= to =Eœæ= on page 230 in “the Great Eœæ”. - - Changed =equi-distant= to =equidistant= on page 64 in “equidistant - from Athens and Carystus”. - - Changed =Eubæa= to =Eubœa= on page 9 in “who settled at Eubœa”. - - Changed =Eumolphus= to =Eumolpus= on page 117 in “Eumolpus remained - at Eleusis”. - - Changed =Eurypulus= to =Eurypylus= on page 227 in “in their singing - to Eurypylus”. - - Changed =figtree= to =fig tree= on page 73 in “gave him in return a - fig tree”, page 266 in “he took Aristomenes to this fig tree” and - page 270 in “lately did the wild fig tree teach the same lesson”. - - Changed =fluteplayer= to =flute-player= on page 88 in “the Samian - flute-player Telephanes”. - - Changed =fluteplayers= to =flute-players= on page 134 in “the anger - of Apollo against flute-players”. - - Changed =fluteplaying= to =flute-playing= on page 315 in “the Pythian - flute-playing was introduced”. - - Changed =Gelenor= to =Gelanor= on page 120 in “Gelanor the son of - Sthenelas”. - - Changed =Geraneia= to =Gerania= on page 78 in “the top of Mount - Gerania”. - - Changed =goathunting= to =goat-hunting= on page 212 in “excellent - goat-hunting and boar-hunting”. - - Changed =greatgrandson= to =great-grandson= on page 78 in “and a - great-grandson Sciron”. - - Changed =head-quarters= to =headquarters= on page 228 in “where the - royal headquarters were established”. - - Changed =hegoat= to =he-qoat= on page 266 in “When he-goat drinks of - Neda’s winding stream”. - - Changed =Herse= to =Erse= on page 33 in “to her sisters Erse and - Pandrosus”. - - Changed =jaw-bone= to =jawbone= on page 217 in “which they call Ass’ - jawbone”. - - Changed =Lacedamonians= to =Lacedæmonians= on page 6 in “the - slaughter of the Lacedæmonians at Leuctra”. - - Changed =Lacedemon= to =Lacedæmon= on page 28 in “the plague at - Lacedæmon”. - - Changed =Lacedemonian= to =Lacedæmonian= on page 2 in “the - Lacedæmonian fleet off Cnidus” and page 25 in “a Lacedæmonian led a - hostile force”. - - Changed =Lacedemonians= to =Lacedæmonians= on page 6 in “who - were sent to aid the Lacedæmonians”, page 6 in “the help that - came to the Lacedæmonians”, page 25 in “the territory of the - Lacedæmonians”, page 28 in “a poem on him for the Lacedæmonians”, - page 29 in “at Œnoe in Argive territory, against the Lacedæmonians” - and page 30 in “the Lacedæmonians who were captured”. - - Changed =Lamias= to =Lamia= on page 150 in “what concerns Auxesia and - Lamia”. - - Changed =Lawgiving= to =Law-giving= on page 62 in “a temple to - Law-giving Demeter”. - - Changed =lawgiving= to =Law-giving= on page 83 in “a temple of - Law-giving Demeter”. - - Changed =Lethæum= to =Lethæus= on page 70 in “Among the Magnesians at - Lethæus”. - - Changed =lightarmed= to =light-armed= on page 242 in “the light-armed - troops of the Messenians”. - - Changed =Market Place= to =Market-Place= on page 332 in “an altar of - Artemis of the Market-Place”. - - Changed =market place= to =market-place= on page 152 in “In - the market-place is a temple” and page 217 in “And near the - market-place are fountains”. - - Changed =Market-place= to =Market-Place= on page 331 in “an altar of - Artemis of the Market-Place” and page 331 in “an altar of Zeus of - the Market-Place”. - - Changed =marketplace= to =market-place= on page 104 in “from the - temple of Dionysus to the market-place”, page 105 in “in the middle - of the present market-place”, page 108 in “And in the part of - the market-place”, page 109 in “Not far from the market-place”, - page 131 in “And not far from the building in the market-place”, - page 158 in “a statue in the market-place”, page 189 in “there is - a handsome market-place”, page 189 in “public buildings in the - market-place”, page 189 in “But the most notable thing in the - market-place”, page 191 in “As you go from the market-place”, page - 193 in “people of Ægæ in Achaia in their market-place”, page 193 in - “And there is another outlet from the market-place”, page 196 in - “As you go westwards from the market-place”, page 215 in “In the - market-place they have statues”, page 218 in “in the market-place - of Bœæ”, page 223 in “a conduit in the market-place”, page 289 in - “And in the market-place at Messene” and page 295 in “a brazen - statue of Zeus Soter in the market-place”. - - Changed =Mnasinus= to =Mnasinous= on page 134 in “their sons, Anaxis - and Mnasinous”. - - Changed =Munichia= to =Munychia= on page 2 in “The Athenians have - also another harbour at Munychia”. - - Changed =Nausicae= to =Nausicaa= on page 42 in “Odysseus suddenly - making his appearance as Nausicaa”. - - Changed =Œclees= to =Œcles= on page 192 in “Amphiaraus the son of - Œcles”. - - Changed =Œniadœ= to =Œniadæ= on page 277 in “marched against the - Messenians at Œniadæ” and page 278 in “they quietly slipped out of - Œniadæ”. - - Changed =Olmpiad= to =Olympiad= on page 318 in “And in the 2nd - Olympiad after this”. - - Changed =Pandrosos= to =Pandrosus= on page 5 in “Erse, and Aglaurus, - and Pandrosus”. - - Changed =Pan-hellenium= to =Pan-Hellenium= on page 150 in “the - mountain Pan-Hellenium has nothing of note”. - - Changed =Panhellenian= to =Pan-Hellenian= on page 150 in “the - mountain of Pan-Hellenian Zeus”. - - Changed =pell-mell= to =pell mell= on page 65 in “thrown them in pell - mell”. - - Changed =Peloponnesse= to =Peloponnese= on page 26 in “pressed into - the Peloponnese”. - - Changed =Pergamum North= to =Pergamum north= on page 326 in “at - Pergamum north of the river Caicus”. - - Changed =pine trees= to =pine-trees= on page 312 in “full of wild - pine-trees”. - - Changed =pinetrees= to =pine-trees= on page 91 in “the robber Sinis - took two pine-trees”, page 91 in “he tied to these pine-trees” and - page 92 in “and on the other pine-trees planted in a row”. - - Changed =plane tree= to =plane-tree= on page 295 in “the water flows - from a plane-tree”. - - Changed =plane trees= to =plane-trees= on page 407 in “There are some - lofty plane-trees”. - - Changed =planetrees= to =plane-trees= on page 165 in “And the grove - of plane-trees”. - - Changed =Planetrees= to =Plane-Trees= on page 159 in “Apollo called - The God of the Plane-Trees”. - - Changed =Plotemy= to =Ptolemy= on page 1 in “Ptolemy, the son of - Lagus”. - - Changed =porticos= to =porticoes= on page 195 in “a place which has - porticoes forming a square”. - - Changed =Pyrrhicus= to =Pyrrhichus= on page 223 in “And the temples - at Pyrrhichus are two”. - - Changed =racecourse= to =race-course= on page 155 in “what is called - Hippolytus’ race-course”, page 160 in “and near it some remains of - a race-course” and page 292 in “in the race-course at Messene”. - - Changed =rase= to =raze= on page 395 in “raze the whole town to its - foundations”. - - Changed =rased= to =razed= on page 349 in “Mycenæ and Tiryns were - razed to the ground” and page 405 in “razed Pisa to the ground”. - - Changed =Sacades= to =Sacadas= on page 134 in “the sepulchre of - Sacadas”. - - Changed =seafight= to =sea-fight= on page 60 in “five Attic triremes - present at the sea-fight” and page 72 in “fought the great - sea-fight against Xerxes”. - - Changed =seafish= to =sea fish= on page 294 in “And some sea fish - swim up it”. - - Changed =stopt= to =stopped= on page 385 in “knew that it had come in - first, and stopped running”. - - Changed =Stromius= to =Stomius= on page 364 in “and Stomius won one - victory in the pentathlum”. - - Changed =Tamagra= to =Tanagra= on page 191 in “And the fifth victory - was at Tanagra”. - - Changed =thighbones= to =thigh-bones= on page 185 in “and threw the - thigh-bones of the victims”. - - Changed =vissitudes= to =vicissitudes= on page 31 in “the life of man - and its vicissitudes”. - - Changed =wes= to =was= on page 161 in “Chthonia was conveyed to - Hermione by Demeter”. - - Changed =who’s= to =whose= on page 232 in “he whose lot came up - first”. - - Changed =wildboars= to =wild boars= on page 110 in “And they offer in - sacrifice to her the thighs of any victims but wild boars”. - -On page 41 the word =white= was changed to =black= in “And Ægeus seeing -the ship with black sails” to make the text agree with the well-known -story of Theseus and Ægeus. - -On page 217 the sentence “Marius indeed has plenty of water if any -place” does not make much sense. 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