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diff --git a/old/68940-h/68940-h.htm b/old/68940-h/68940-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 79b1f67..0000000 --- a/old/68940-h/68940-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2622 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> -<head> - <meta charset="UTF-8" /> - <title> - The Review (Vol. I, No. 5), by Various—A Project Gutenberg eBook - </title> - <link rel="icon" href="images/cover.jpg" type="image/x-cover" /> - <style> /* <![CDATA[ */ - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - - h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { - text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ - clear: both; -} - -p { - margin-top: .51em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .49em; -} - -hr { - width: 33%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - margin-left: 33.5%; - margin-right: 33.5%; - clear: both; -} - - -h1.t { - display: block; - font-size: 4em; - font-weight: bold; - margin-top: 0em; - margin-bottom: 0em; - letter-spacing: 0.1em; - word-spacing: 0.3em; -} - -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;} -@media print { hr.chap {display: none; visibility: hidden;} } - -hr.r5 {width: 5%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 47.5%; margin-right: 47.5%;} - -div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} -h2.nobreak {page-break-before: avoid;} - -table { - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; -} -table.titletable { border-collapse: collapse; width: 78%;} -table.titletable td, -table.titletable th { padding: 4px; } - .trd {font-size: 1%;} - - - -.borderbottom {border-bottom: solid black 1px; border-collapse: collapse;} - -.tdl {text-align: left;} -.tdr {text-align: right;} -.tdc {text-align: center;} -.td26 {width: 26%;} -.doubleborder {border-bottom: double black;} - -.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ - /* visibility: hidden; */ - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; - font-weight: normal; - font-variant: normal; - text-indent: 0; -} /* page numbers */ - -.blockquot { - margin-left: 5%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - - .titlepadding { - padding-left: 1em; - padding-right: 1em; - } - -.center {text-align: center;} - -.right {text-align: right;} - -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - - .big {font-size: 1.25em;} - .small {font-size: 0.85em;} - -/* Images */ - -img { - max-width: 100%; - height: auto; -} - -/* comment out next line and uncomment the following one for floating figleft on ebookmaker output */ -.x-ebookmaker .figleft {float: none; text-align: center; margin-right: 0;} -/* .x-ebookmaker .figleft {float: left;} */ - -/* comment out next line and uncomment the following one for floating figright on ebookmaker output */ -.x-ebookmaker .figright {float: none; text-align: center; margin-left: 0;} -/* .x-ebookmaker .figright {float: right;} */ - -/* Poetry */ -.poetry-container {text-align: center;} -.poetry {text-align: left; margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%;} -/* uncomment the next line for centered poetry in browsers */ -/* .poetry {display: inline-block;} */ -.poetry .stanza {margin: 1em auto;} -.poetry .verse {text-indent: -3em; padding-left: 3em;} -/* large inline blocks don't split well on paged devices */ -@media print { .poetry {display: block;} } -.x-ebookmaker .poetry {display: block;} - -/* Transcriber's notes */ -.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - font-size:smaller; - padding:0.5em; - margin-bottom:5em; - font-family:sans-serif, serif; } - -/* Poetry indents */ -.poetry .indent0 {text-indent: -3em;} -.poetry .indent2 {text-indent: -2em;} - - - /* ]]> */ </style> -</head> -<body> -<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Review, Vol. 1, No. 5, May 1911, by Various</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The Review, Vol. 1, No. 5, May 1911</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Various</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: September 8, 2022 [eBook #68940]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Franciszek Skawiński and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from images made available by the HathiTrust Digital Library.)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REVIEW, VOL. 1, NO. 5, MAY 1911 ***</div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</span></p> - -<table class="titletable"> - <tr> - <td class="tdl big" colspan="3">VOLUME I, No. 5.</td> - <td class="tdr big" colspan="3">MAY, 1911</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="titlepadding" colspan="6"><h1 class="t">THE REVIEW</h1></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc big" colspan="6">A MONTHLY PERIODICAL, PUBLISHED BY THE</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc big" colspan="6"><b>NATIONAL PRISONERS’ AID ASSOCIATION</b></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc small" colspan="6">AT 135 EAST 15th STREET, NEW YORK CITY.</td> - </tr> - <tr > - <td class="borderbottom" colspan="6"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl small" colspan="3">TEN CENTS A COPY.</td> - <td class="tdr small" colspan="3">SEVENTY-FIVE CENTS A YEAR</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="borderbottom" colspan="6"></td> - </tr> - <tr class="small"> - <td class="tdc td26" colspan="2">E. F. Waite, President.</td> - <td class="tdc td26" colspan="2">E. A. Fredenhagen,</td> - <td class="tdc td26" colspan="2">G. E. Cornwall,</td> - </tr> - <tr class="small"> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">F. Emory Lyon, Vice President.</td> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Chairman Ex. Committee.</td> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"> Member Ex. Committee.</td> - </tr> - <tr class="small"> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">O. F. Lewis, Secretary</td> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">James Parsons,</td> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Albert Steelman,</td> - </tr> - <tr class="small"> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">and Editor Review.</td> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Member Ex. Committee.</td> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Member Ex. Committee.</td> - </tr> - <tr class="small"> - <td class="tdc" colspan="6">A H. Votaw, Member Ex. Committee.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="doubleborder" colspan="6"></td> - </tr> - <tr class="trd"> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="TOC">CONTENTS</h2> -</div> - -<table class="autotable"> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="smcap tdr">Page</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="smcap tdl">Prisoners Afield</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#PRISONERS_AFIELD">1</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="smcap tdl">Chicago House of Correction</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#CHICAGO_HOUSE_OF_CORRECTION">5</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="smcap tdl">The American Jail Problem</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_AMERICAN_JAIL_PROBLEM">8</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="smcap tdl">In the Prisoners’ Aid Field</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#IN_THE_PRISONERS_AID_FIELD">11</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="smcap tdl">Events in Brief</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#EVENTS_IN_BRIEF">13</a></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="PRISONERS_AFIELD">PRISONERS AFIELD</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Warden J. T. Gilmour, Central Prison, Ontario, Canada.</span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>[Stenographic report of Dr. Gilmour’s address at the annual meeting of the New Jersey State Charities Aid and -Prison Reform Association, April 1, 1911. Though The Review guards jealously its space, having but sixteen -pages monthly, we are sure our readers will agree with us that the space filled by this article is well filled.—Editor]</p> -</div> - - -<p>When we speak of criminals, we are -very apt to picture in our mind’s eye -the great criminals, those who commit -atrocious crimes. But that class forms -but a very small percentage of every -prison population, and the methods of -dealing with this class are much more -clear and definite than dealing with the -much larger class that are not quite so -dangerous to society. When we speak -of criminals we are apt to think of them -<i>en masse</i> as a congregation of a few -hundred or a few thousand men walled -within a prison. Carlyle dissipates this -view when he says: “Masses? Yea, -masses, every unit of whom has his own -heart and sorrows—stands there covered -with his own skin; and if you -prick him he will bleed.”</p> - -<p>In dealing with delinquency there -are two basic facts; that the great majority -of criminals are made in their -youth, and that the great majority of -youthful criminals are handicapped in -life’s race either by physical, mental, or -moral defects. That prince of sociologists, -Victor Hugo, evidently appreciated -these conditions when he gave us -that beautiful injunction to study evil -lovingly, and then, later on, he gave -the key when he said: “There are no -bad weeds. They are only bad cultivators.”</p> - -<p>Two or three weeks ago a young man -came into the corridor of our prison -one day and asked, “Warden, will you -take me out to the farm?” (A prison -farm, of which I hope to speak a little -later). I said, “No, Smith, I cannot -take you out.” Over in our country -when we wish to conceal a man’s identity -we always call him Smith; and if -we are particularly careful, we call him -John Smith. This man was a repeater; -he was doing his fifth term; the four -previous terms he had been a very difficult -man to get along with; but this -time he had done very well. We could -take no exception to either his conduct -or his industry. He said to me, “Have -I not done well this time?” I said, “You -certainly have.” “Well, then,” he said, -“Won’t you give me a chance?” Of -course, he had me there; I couldn’t refuse -him. I said, “Yes, I’ll give you a -chance.” I took him up to the farm on -a Monday; he worked well on Tuesday -and on Wednesday; and on Wednesday -night he skipped. The following -Friday we got him again, in a town one -hundred and fifty miles from home; -and I pitied the poor fellow when he -came back, he looked so dejected and -so crestfallen; but I blamed myself entirely. -I had imposed a burden of self-denial -and a responsibility of conduct -upon that man that he was not able to -bear. He was one of that class, typical<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</span> -of a considerable percentage of our -prison populations, that is on the borderland -between sanity and insanity; -and all the prison officials who are here -to-night will recall scores of that class -who form a part of their prison population.</p> - -<p>As I say, I had made a mistake with -this boy; but it only goes to show that -penologists are not infallible, not even -the youngest of them. If we were to -stop to speculate upon the place that -this element occupies in the divine -scheme, we might tread upon very dangerous -ground. It is enough for us to -know that the God that made them is -the God that will judge them; and herein -lies our consolation. I had a man come -into prison a few weeks ago to do two -years; and yesterday afternoon, just an -hour before I left home for coming -down here, his wife came into my office -leading a beautiful child five years -of age by the hand. She came, as so -many poor women come, to see if it -were not possible to get some relief -from her almost intolerable position. -As the cruel truth dawned upon her -that it was impossible for me to exercise -clemency in regard to her husband, -the women turned to me and she said, -with much emphasis, “If they would -only send me and my child to prison, -how much better it would have been.”</p> - -<p>And the woman expressed a great -verity. This little episode I relate to -show you that society has two obligations: -one to the man shut up within -the prison, and perhaps an even greater -obligation to the poor woman and -children dependent upon the man shut -up within the prison. It is necessary -to lock up a certain class of men that -society may be protected, and that -these men may be improved; but when -we do that, are we going to put their -families in a position in which they will -be impelled into either vice or crime? -I think it is Milton who asks the pertinent -question:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">“What boots it, by one gate to make defence</div> - <div class="verse indent0">And at another to let in the foe?”</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>In dealing with the wives and children, -as well as with the prison inmates, -over in our place, we find an -immense help from the Salvation -Army. We have a prisoner’s aid association -and they work harmoniously -together; but the Army has one or two -advantages in this work that no other -organization possesses. In the first -place, they are not sentimentalists. -They detail one man to give his time to -it. He is as free to go into our prison -as I am; and I think he spends as much -time there as I do. He is there at -night, on Sundays, on holidays, at noon -hours; and he is going from cell to cell—he -becomes thoroughly acquainted -with every inmate. That gives that -man an immense advantage in dealing -with those men when their terms expire. -The prison worker that expects -to meet the discharged prisoner at the -prison gate the morning he comes out, -is much more apt to be worked by the -prisoner than he is to work the prisoner. -In three cases out of five he is clay -in the hands of a designing man. One -of our governors some years ago said -that Canada was a land of magnificent -distances. The same remark applies -to your republic; but we get prisoners -1,300 miles from our prison. The -Army, learning the condition of the families -dependent on the man within -the prison, writes to the corps, the Salvation -Army corps in the town or the -city where the man came from, and -they are able, by their very extensive -and highly perfected organization, to -make a study of each family, in addition -to having arrangements made -there for the employment of that man -when his term has expired. We try, -just as far as possible, to get all of our -ex-prisoners out of the city. We do -not wish them to colonize; we try to -get them back to their homes where -they came from; for unless a man is -willing to go back and face society, and -live it down, the chances are that he -will be driven into what is wrong -sometimes through fear.</p> - -<p>A year ago now, we started our farm. -It is fifty miles out of the city; it contains -530 acres. I commenced by taking -up a little detachment of 14 men; -and I rapidly increased that until I -had 180 men, housed in temporary -quarters on this farm. The average<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</span> -term of the man on the farm was about -five or six months, though I had several -men there who had to do from one -to two years. So far we have taken -out to this farm 500 men, and out of -that 500, four have escaped successfully, -and three or four have attempted -to escape—unsuccessfully. The other -day a minister in our city was calling, -and I gave him these statistics, and he -looked very sad; he said it was a pity. -I said it was; “but,” I said, “can you -take 500 of your church membership -and have 495 of them make good?” -And he changed the subject.</p> - -<p>I had a grand jury visit me the other -day; it is a custom, over in our country, -for the grand juries to come over a few -times a year and tell us how to run the -place (they sometimes stay an hour); -and the foreman, before he went away, -said to me, “Warden, I suppose you -select the men whom you take out to -the farm.” I said, “No, sir. I don’t.” -He said, “How do you manage?” I -said, “I select a very few whom I <i>don’t</i> -take;” for I can take 90 per cent. About -three weeks ago I was going into the -farm one day; it was a cold, snowy, -blowing, blustering day; the thermometer -was about zero. When I came -near to our building it was quarter to -twelve o’clock; and I saw men coming -from this direction, and that direction, -and from every direction pass alone; -no officers with them at all; and it impressed -me, perhaps, much more than -it would another one not engaged in -this work; for I asked myself the question—“How -is it? These are the very -men that I have had in Toronto behind -bolts and bars, watched over by guns -and guards; and here they are out here, -as free as this air that blows, and they -are all coming in to sit down with each -other at dinner.” I have asked our men -on the farm—many of them, different -types, at different places, at different -times, and I have asked them all the -same question:—“What do you find -the greatest difference as between the -prison in the city and the prison out -here on the farm?” And without a single -exception, in one form or another those -men have invariably given me the same -reply. We give good board at the -prison, but it was not that; it was not -this liberty, comparative liberty. They -have said to me: “Warden, to get away -from that cell! To get away from that -cell!”</p> - -<p>I asked a boy two weeks ago, a -young man, and he said, “Warden, to -get away from that cell; for,” he said, -“to sit there on Sunday, every evening -and on holidays and have that cell gate -staring you in the face, it is hell;” and -he didn’t say it to be irreverent or disrespectful, -but it was his pent up emotions. -I believe there is something debasing—debasing -to a man’s personal -manhood—about life in a cell that no -one can describe. Our men plow, they -harrow, they sow the grain, they reap -it; there is no guard with them at all. -Of course, these are men who are near -the end of their terms, perhaps men -who have three months or less to do; -but every prison contains enough of -that class to enable them to carry on -this class of work, agricultural work, -to a financial advantage. If we had to -pay guards to be with these various -men, we couldn’t do it; but we don’t. -There is an indefinable something in -God’s out-of-doors that has a beneficial -effect upon humanity. I can not tell -you what it is. “The wind bloweth -where it listeth, and thou hearest the -sound thereof, but thou canst not tell -whence it cometh nor whither it goeth. -So is every man that is born of -the spirit.”</p> - -<p>A few months ago a professor from -the University of Kansas wrote a little -poem of two or three verses; and one -of the verses reads like this:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">“A breeze on the far horizon,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">The infinite tender sky—</div> - <div class="verse indent0">The ripe, rich tint of the corn fields</div> - <div class="verse indent2">And the wild geese sailing high;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">And all over upland and lowland</div> - <div class="verse indent2">The charm of the golden-rod:</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Some of us call it autumn</div> - <div class="verse indent2">And others call it God.”</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>Do you catch the spirit of those -beautiful lines? They tell (what I -should like to tell were I able) of the -way God speaks to our delinquents out -on the farm through the hazy atmosphere<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</span> -and the golden sunsets; they -tell of the way God speaks to those -poor fellows through the growing and -the ripening grains, and of the message -that God sends to them through the -birds that sing and soar over their -heads. It suggests that beautiful -thought of Browning’s:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">“This world, as God has made it,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Always glitters. And knowing this is love,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">And love is duty.”</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>We are aiming at something definite -in the construction of our new prison. -We are going to try to give that large -class of boys and young men that come -to prison for the first time one more -opportunity of going through life without -being immured in a prison cell. In -the construction of our buildings, our -domicile accommodation will be largely -of the dormitory type;—small dormitories, -accommodating 14 beds, with -a large, semi-circular bay window on -one side which will serve as a sitting -room; attached to which dormitory -will be a completely equipped bedroom -and dressing room. The corridor -which runs along the side where -the officers will patrol is divided from -these rooms that I speak of by a glass -partition, so that our men are thoroughly -under observation every hour -of the day and night, and there will be -no opportunities whatever for some of -those things that penologists so much -dread. In addition to that, we have a -number of single rooms and a number -of cells; but in a prison which is destined -to accommodate 600, we are only -putting in 40 cells. The men who behave -and who demonstrate that they -can appreciate that dormitory life and -maintain the condition of it, we hope -to give ultimately a single room; and -the men who fail to appreciate this dormitory -life and don’t behave as we wish -them to will then be demoted into a -cell; but we are going to try, as I say, -to get those boys through life, if possible, -without the cell. Will we succeed? -I don’t know. I don’t know. We have -our critics; but this world will never -be saved by the critics; it will be saved -by the dreamers. The history of humanity -is the history of indomitable -hope. Emerson says that “Every thing -is free to the man that can grasp it;” -that “He who despairs is wrong.”</p> - -<p>In dealing with delinquents, it is the -personal touch that tells. Human nature -craves for sympathy. Kingsley -was once asked what the secret of his -joyous, buoyant life was; and his ready -reply was: “I had a friend.” Our -Saviour was no exception to this rule; -for as our Saviour approached Gethsemane, -he yearned for a friend whom -he could rely upon to wait and watch -while he endured; and expressed it in -that pathetic request to the drowsy -Peter and his sleepy comrades. When -we see a very simple duty staring us -in the face in dealing with this class, -we are too prone to say, “Lord, here -am I. Send him.” It is an easy matter -for a man of means to write his check, -or give his cash; but it is an entirely -different thing to carry that gift to -some poor fellow who is down and out -and sweeten it with the fragrance of -personal kindness.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">“Not what we give, but what we share;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">The gift without the giver is bare.”</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>We have church service at our place -every Sunday afternoon and Wednesday -afternoon; one day our preacher -failed to materialize. The men were in -the chapel; and I did not wish to have -them return to the cells without saying -something to them; as I could not -preach I thought I would do the next -best thing, and I would read another -fellow’s sermon; only, I gave the other -fellow credit for it. I was reading a -book just then that interested me very -much; and I went down to the office -and got it, and I read the first chapter; -and when I finished, I asked if I should -read more, and they said, “Yes, Warden.” -I read a second and a third -chapter; I read as long as my voice -would hold out; and as I had finished, -a man down in the audience said, -“Won’t you be kind enough to tell me -the name of that book, and the author?” -I was very glad to have them -ask the question; I told him. The next -morning when I was going through the -prison industries, the officers kept asking<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</span> -me what book I read, the previous -day. I said, “Why do you ask?” They -said, “The men are all talking about -it.” I sent down town and got fifteen -copies and sent it around among the -cells, with instructions that no one man -could keep it for more than a week. -When we collected the books at the end -of the first week, I found that a great -many men had taken paper and copied -out portions of it. This was practically -a non-reading population. They had -refused a lot of good books we had put -in our library which I had thought -were fine, much to my disappointment. -Perhaps you would like to know the -kind of book they so much enjoyed; -and, with your permission, I will just -read you the first page of the first -chapter.</p> - -<p>“Man has two Creators: his God, and -himself. The first creator furnishes -him the raw material of his life and -the laws of conformity with which he -can make that life what he will. His -second creator, himself, has marvelous -powers he rarely realizes. It is what a -man makes of himself that counts. If -a man fails in life he usually says, I -am as God made me. When he succeeds -in life, he proudly proclaims himself -a self-made man. Man is placed -into this world not as a finality, but as -a possibility. Man’s greatest enemy is -himself. Man in his weakness is the -creature of circumstances; man in his -strength is the creator of circumstances. -Whether he be victim or victor -depends largely on himself. Man is -never truly great, merely for what he -is, but ever for what he may become.”</p> - -<p>Now, that is pretty good meat. And -that afternoon I was the one who learned -the great lesson; for I learned that -if we approach this subject in the right -way we can waken, even in dormant -minds, a desire for good literature. -And my little experience of the afternoon -revolutionized my method of -dealing with the boys in this respect.</p> - -<p>My time is up.</p> - - -<p>(A Voice: “Go on!”)</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">A Member</span>: Who is the author of -that book?</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Gilmour</span>: Dr. Jordan, of Boston, -is the author of that book, and it -is called “Self-Control.” If you hadn’t -asked me that question I would have -thought I had missed my mission here -to-night. Briefly and hurriedly I have -just tried to sketch some of the phases -in dealing with delinquency. Who -are they for whom we should do -these things? What claim have they -upon us? What is our relationship to -them? Did you ever hear the story of -the Scotch girl, the one who was carrying -a crippled boy over a street-crossing -in Edinburgh? A gentleman, seeing -her burden, hastened up to assist -and sympathize with her; and the girl -looked up smiling and replied: “Ah, -sir. I dinna mind it. He is my -brither!”</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHICAGO_HOUSE_OF_CORRECTION">CHICAGO HOUSE OF CORRECTION</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">John S. Whitman, Warden.</span></p> - - -<p>The Chicago House of Correction -was established and is maintained by -the City of Chicago in accordance -with the provisions of an Act of the -State Legislature, in 1871. It covers -sixty (60) acres of ground, the total -valuation of real estate, buildings and -equipment being $1,618,688.00. During -the year ending December 31st, 1910, -there were 13,083 commitments to the -institution. This total includes 1,383 -women, 355 boys under 18 years of age -and 11,345 men. The daily average -population was 1,631 (a decrease from -1,766 in 1909, and this latter figure was -a decrease from 1,852, which was the -daily average during 1908). Persons -are committed for violation of state -statutes in cases of misdemeanor, and -for violation of city ordinances. In the -latter case the fine imposed is worked -out at the rate of fifty cents per day; -however, the maximum term of imprisonment -for failure to pay fine is -fixed at six months, and an allowance -of three days per month is made for -good conduct if the limit of imprisonment -is served. For violation of the -state statutes a fixed sentence is imposed -by the Court, the maximum being<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</span> -one year. For violation of certain -sections of the statutes an additional -fine may be imposed, which, if not paid, -may be worked out at the rate of $1.50 -per day after sentence has been served. -The law providing for the allowance -of three days per month for good conduct -also covers these cases if confinement -is for six months or more.</p> - -<p>All inmates over 18 years of age who -are not incapacitated from work by -sickness or old age, are furnished with -healthful employment; the principal -industries being those that furnish products -needed and to be used by the -City. A limited and comparatively -small percent of the inmates are employed -in the manufacture of articles -placed on the market in competition -with those manufactured by paid labor. -For instance, the city uses a great -amount of crushed stone in the repair -and building of streets. This is quarried, -crushed and loaded in the cars on -our grounds by inmates at a great saving -to the city. They are also engaged -in the manufacture of sewer brick used -by the city, the clay used in this industry -being excavated within the -walls of the institution. We also conduct -a printing shop where most of the -city’s printing is done.</p> - -<p>The laundry work for the Police and -Health Departments is done here at a -great advantage to those departments. -We manufacture all clothing, shoes, -etc., that the prisoners wear. We make -all permanent improvements to buildings -and grounds as well as do the new -construction work. About one-fifth of -our inmates are engaged in the manufacture -of chairs, broom and leather -goods and these are the only articles -placed on the market.</p> - -<p>The actual receipts of the institution -during the year 1909 were $210,591.48; -this amount, however, includes $38,287.00 -collected as payment on fines. -In addition to the above, it is conservatively -estimated that the earnings of -the institution in making permanent -improvements and in new construction -work are not less than $148,873.00. -The total expenditures including the -purchase of materials for new construction -and of amounts appropriated -by the city to be used at the House of -Correction in its management amounted -to $291,053.03.</p> - -<p>The per capita cost per diem for -feeding inmates during the year 1909 -was twelve cents; the cost per diem -including all expenditures was forty-six -cents. The cost as stated above is -somewhat increased because of the fact -that we maintain as one of the departments -of the institution what is known -as the John Worthy School. This is -not a school in name only, but has all -the facilities for giving the class of -boys that are sent to us from the Juvenile -Court the education and training -they need; and their needs are -greater than those ordinarily sent to -the public schools, for most of them -have not had the chance in life to develop -physically or morally as boys -have who come from well regulated -homes where proper influence prevails, -and where they are encouraged to -profit by the educational advantages -furnished by our public schools. You -will find there not only the ordinary -class rooms with a competent teacher -in charge of each, but manual training -facilities and a well-equipped trade -school, an indoor gymnasium, as well -as outdoor play grounds and a swimming -pool. We also teach them to do -gardening and in a limited way give -them an opportunity to develop any inclinations -they may have to follow an -agricultural life.</p> - -<p>I desire to call particular attention -to a cell house recently built here for -men, in which there are 334 cells, each -having an outside window which can -be operated by the occupant of the cell. -Each cell is also equipped with high -class plumbing, including wash basin; -in fact, sanitary conditions are as perfect -as it seemed possible to make -them. You will find no dark corners in -the building or places where the ventilation -is not perfect. The valuation -has been conservatively fixed at $225,000. -The actual cost is less than -$65,000.00. The difference between -these amounts represents the value of -the inmates’ labor and the product of -the institution used in its construction. -No mechanical superintendents were<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</span> -employed, our officers acting in the -dual capacity of guards and instructors, -the inmates performing all the -labor, even the plumbing, electrical -work, and, in fact, all of the labor required -to finish the well-constructed -up-to-date building. The center corridor -is 260 feet long by 30 feet in -width, which we converted into a dining -hall. All the prisoners occupying -cells in the building have their meals -served in this space and the tables and -benches used for this purpose are also -used for carrying on religious and educational -work among the inmates during -the evening or on Sundays. This -is an entirely new innovation in prison -management, but is being carried on -with success.</p> - -<p>The many advantages of a cell house -like this one, built on the plan of the -center corridor, are becoming more and -more apparent as they are put into -practical use. The outside window in -each cell goes a long way toward preventing -the spread of that dreaded disease, -tuberculosis. Light and airy cells -not only mean sanitary conditions, but -afford an opportunity for the inmates -to look out through windows and over -walls and witness natural, if not pleasant -scenes, which have a tendency to -inspire them with more wholesome -thoughts than if their gaze rested continually -upon stone walls and iron bars. -The entertainment of wholesome -thoughts is much more apt to be an -inspiration to better citizenship than -can be suggested by dismal surroundings.</p> - -<p>The experience we have had in this -cell house has shown that the objections -raised by some to a style of construction -that would permit the prisoners -sitting in cells facing each other -across a center corridor is not justified. -We have had no difficulty whatever -because of this. The discipline maintained -has been of a higher order than -in the old-style cell houses and has -been obtained with comparative ease. -It is the intention of the management -of this institution to prevail upon the -city authorities to grant an appropriation -for a series of cell houses built on -the center corridor plan to take the -place of the old-style ones.</p> - -<p>Society nowadays expects more of -the management of penal institutions -than merely to keep its inmates safely. -Some inmates may be lacking only -in moral or religious training; with -others it may be of the utmost importance -that they receive medical or surgical -attention; and again, educational -advantages often prove to be just the -needed inspiration to the unfortunate. -Proper physical or mental development -is nowadays acknowledged to be -the panacea for the delinquent youth, -and to some extent the adult. The consideration -of these facts will tend to -inspire the inmates with at least a -wholesome respect for the law, and I -believe that a more helpful discipline -can be maintained among the inmates -when they can be satisfied that something -is being done for their benefit and -enlightenment. This has been proved -to be true in the handling of the delinquent -youth in our modern institutions -who are no longer looked upon -as or called criminals, but young men -who can be developed into good citizenship, -by first determining their -needs and then finding ways and means -of supplying them.</p> - -<p>In my opinion what has been done -for the youth can also be accomplished -in a large measure with the adult, especially -in a corrective institution such -as this. The discipline in a corrective -institution must necessarily be exacting -but at the same time it should be -permeated with that degree of kindness -that would inspire the prisoner to his -best efforts with the feeling that not -only the right but the beneficial thing -is being done for him. The law commits -to our keeping the undisciplined, -the unsocialized and the lawless, who -have perhaps never realized the importance -of self-control. The discipline -maintained among this class by -creating only a fear of punishment will -in most cases fail to bring about results -that are beneficial; such discipline -does not prove to be correctional, but -on the contrary has the tendency to -encourage the practice of deception, -for often they have no other incentive -when violating the rules than to show -that they can avoid detection. It -seems to me that discipline to be corrective<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</span> -should be instructive and educational; -instructive to a degree that -would satisfy the prisoner that the law is -not revengeful, but that in restraining -him from his liberty it wants to point -out to him his weaknesses and to assist -him in overcoming them; and educational -to a degree that would teach -him to formulate rules to govern himself -so that he might become a useful -member of society. Then he will be -more apt to consider the rules made to -govern his conduct while in prison as -really for his good, and he will co-operate -with them to such an extent, at -least, that he does not resort to deception. -If a prisoner can be taught the -lesson of self-control he is better prepared -to adapt himself to the outside -world and to good citizenship. If all -inmates are not susceptible to this form -of discipline, a sufficiently large percent -respond, and when the great number -of first offenders in an institution -of this kind is considered, it is well -worth an extra effort to maintain a -discipline that will appeal to them with -beneficial results to the community.</p> - -<p>In my estimation, it is highly important -in an institution of this kind -to be prepared to give the best of medical -or surgical treatment to those of -the inmates who need it. We have a -medical department well equipped with -all the facilities of a first-class hospital. -The regular staff of that department -consists of four physicians and two -trained nurses who live on the grounds, -besides specialists who visit the institution -at regular intervals. In addition -to this we have a staff of consulting -surgeons and physicians, each of whom -visit the department at least once a -week. No better attention is given -patients in any hospital than our inmates -receive. From fifty to seventy-five -major operations are performed -each month by as competent surgeons -as there are in the city. The results -obtained in this department have been -most gratifying, and tend to prove that -if permanent progress is to be made in -the matter of the management of penal -institutions, much assistance must -come from a well regulated medical department, -where the mental condition -of the inmates is considered as well as -the physical.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_AMERICAN_JAIL_PROBLEM">THE AMERICAN JAIL PROBLEM</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Frederick H. Wines, Secretary Illinois State Board of Administration.</span></p> - -<p>[If the discussion which has followed the meeting of the International Prison Congress in Washington last October -has brought anything clearly to the surface, it is that the county jail system of this country has succeeded in turning -upon itself the spot-light of Europe. Why should we not take advantage of this borrowed illumination to become -familiar with our own problem?—Editor.]</p> - - -<p>The following extracts give the gist -of an interesting study of our jail system -which was read before the last -Maryland State conference of charities, -and recently published in <i>The Institution -Quarterly</i> of the Board of Administration -of Illinois.</p> - -<p>“So much has been said, and so well -said, regarding the folly and iniquity -of the county jail system in the United -States, that it seems like a waste of -breath to discuss it further.... -No fault can be found with any one -jail, that may not be found with scores -or hundreds of others. There are jails -that are too large, and jails that are too -small; insecure jails, unsanitary jails, -jails without light, jails without heat, -jails without ventilation, filthy jails, -jails that are not properly governed, -palatial jails, and jails that are not fit -for occupation as stables or pigstyes. I -suppose that I have personally inspected -nearly or quite one-fourth of all the -jails in this country, and my attention -has been drawn to every form of defect -and disgrace by which a county prison -can he disfigured.... But in -what forum is the case to be tried? -Who is to exercise the necessary jurisdiction? -Where is the jury charged -with the duty of rendering a verdict? -Who will select the jurors? and when? -and where?...</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</span></p> - -<p>“It is not difficult, where the conditions -in some county jail are shown to -be shameful and intolerable, to arouse -local sentiment in favor of some measure -of improvement. If it is overcrowded, -build an addition. If it is filthy, -inaugurate a general house-cleaning. -If it is unsafe, make it stronger. If it is -unsanitary, it is easy to supply artificial -light and heat, or to put in sewerage, -water and modern plumbing. With -these and other changes, it will do. If -not, or if the sheriff needs a fine official -residence, and the town wants a handsome -public building and profitable -contracts for its erection, then it may -be possible to bring about the construction -of a new prison.</p> - -<p>“But what does all this really -amount to? In all the essentials of -good prison organization and management, -the new jail is no better than the -old one; and the money spent upon it is -simply an addition to the immense investment -in a wretched and indefensible -system. Instead of being an aid -to reform, it is an obstacle to reform. -It increases the weight of the already -too heavy burden resting on the -shoulders of the friends and advocates -of the thorough and effectual reconstruction -of our existing prison system, -from the top to the bottom.</p> - -<p>“It would therefore seem to be high -time for a radical change in our method -of attack. We must adopt a new plan -of campaign, which will aim not at -the capture here and there of an outwork, -so much as at the occupation and -destruction of the innermost citadel.</p> - -<p>“... Does any one imagine that -the abuses at which I have barely hinted -could long survive, if all convicted -offenders, major and minor, misdemeanants -as well as felons, were in the -custody of state instead of county officials? -The initial result would be a -diminution in the number of prisons. -There are many times too many local -prisons. Some of them stand empty -from year to year; some are overcrowded, -at least during the weeks -immediately preceding a term of the -criminal court. The needless multiplication -of jails entails a heavy pecuniary -burden upon the people.</p> - -<p>“The massing of sentenced prisoners -would admit of their classification, -and of the introduction of reformatory -methods of dealing with them—useful, -healthy occupation both for body and -mind, and some measure of education -and religious influence.</p> - -<p>“The officers in immediate charge -would naturally be men of higher -grade, their tenure of office would be -more secure, and they would have no -other duties to distract their attention -from their proper work. They would -have little time or opportunity for pernicious -political activity. They could -be better paid.</p> - -<p>“The corrupt fee system, under -which it is to the pecuniary interest of -some official that arrests should be multiplied, -would go by the board.</p> - -<p>“We might hope to see the last of -iron cages, and foreigners could no -longer satirize our prisons under the -generic term of menageries. The state -would avail itself of the services of -competent architects, and traveling -salesmen would not be able to sell to -unsuspecting and simple-minded commissioners -and supervisors their illusory -spectacles in shagreen cases.</p> - -<p>“In a word, we should have an opportunity -to replace irresponsible by -responsible prison management, and -competency would in time take the -place of incompetency.</p> - -<p>“This proposal implies, of course, the -complete and final disseverance of the -prison for men convicted of crime from -the house of detention for those awaiting -trial, whose guilt is yet unproven, -and who may be innocent. From the -days of Plato to the present moment, -that has been a cardinal maxim of -prison reform. The jail system has -prevented the realization of this ideal.</p> - -<p>“It is not the house of correction, -but the house of detention, which constitutes -the most refractory element in -this complex problem. Let us lay that -portion of it aside, for the moment, and -consider the other, which is easier. -There is no practical obstacle to the -establishment of one or more state -houses of correction in any state, except -the indifference of the legislature; -and that can be overcome by a campaign -of education....</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</span></p> - -<p>“The point is to insist that the condemned -misdemeanant, like the condemned -felon, shall be committed to -the custody of the state, which alone -shall have the power to execute upon -him, the sentence of the court. This -simple measure may be relied upon to -do away with one-half of our present -grounds of complaint.</p> - -<p>“I have no fear that, this first step -taken, the state will not, sooner or -later, see its way clear to take a second, -and a third, and as many other steps -as may from time to time appear to be -expedient and practicable. ‘I do not -ask to see the distant scene; one step -enough for me.’</p> - -<p>“I confess that I do not see how, at -present, it is possible to dispense with -the county jail as a house of detention. -Ill-adapted as it is to that use, if we -gain nothing, we at least lose nothing -by conservatism as to this point. Consider -the absolute necessity for having -a place of confinement for prisoners -awaiting trial. Consider the enormous -cost of providing a new and improved -house of detention in each county. If -it should be said that so many houses -of detention are not requisite, that the -state might be redistricted for judicial -purposes, or that prisoners might be -carried back and forth between counties, -remember that the witnesses -would also have to be transported, at -great expense. Neither of these suggestions -is likely favorably to impress -a practical mind. Possibly there are -jails which might be remodelled, so as -to serve reasonably well as houses of -detention only; and there may be counties -in which the present jails should be -condemned as nuisances, and houses of -detention, properly planned for that -exclusive use, might there be built. -These are details which may be left to -take care of themselves. Why put off -doing what we can do, because there -are other things that we can not do? -The time may come when we can do -more. Why advocate reforms which -are sure to provoke such a united opposition -as to insure their defeat in -advance?</p> - -<p>“On this subject, however, there is -one suggestion that may well be made. -The population of our minor prisons -might be materially reduced, if a more -liberal use were made of the constitutional -right of bail. The purpose of -temporary release under bond is twofold; -to relieve the public and to relieve -the prisoner. It is expected that the -courts will exercise this power in a -liberal spirit, and they do. Some of -them are authorized to release prisoners -on their own recognizance, at the -discretion of the court. Every court -should possess this right, and greater -use might well be made of it. In our -large cities, there are many persons -guilty of disorderly conduct, or charged -with the violation of some police regulation, -or some trivial or purely technical -offence, who would face trial, -without being held in custody, but are -unable to procure bondsmen. In both -civic and rural communities, there -are also many whose family and business -relations are such, that there is -no reason to apprehend that they will -seek to avoid trial by running away. -The fact that such persons can not furnish -bail is no sufficient reason for their -imprisonment. In all such cases, the -committing magistrate must of course -use wise discrimination in the exercise -of his right to waive the usual bail-bond.</p> - -<p>“It is further desirable that the criminal -code should provide for the probation -of the accused, in advance of trial.</p> - -<p>“By the adoption of these and other -similar methods, fewer men and women -would be exposed to the peril of moral -contagion in prison, which, under our -present system, affects even those who -may be, and in fact often are, innocent. -Moreover, it is an error to imagine that -all who are guilty of the charges for -which, under the statutes, if unable to -pay a reasonable fine, they must endure -a term of incarceration, are depraved. -The boy who throws a ball through a -plate glass window and is caught, is no -worse than the boy who does the same -thing and makes his escape without -being arrested; nor the boy who can -pay a fine, than the boy who can not.”</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="IN_THE_PRISONERS_AID_FIELD">IN THE PRISONERS’ AID FIELD</h2> -</div> - - -<h3>NEW HAMPSHIRE SOCIETY - AFTER STATE REFORMATORY</h3> - -<p>At the session of the New Hampshire -Legislature which adjourned on -April 15, the New Hampshire Prisoners’ -Aid Association co-operated with -the State Conference of Charities and -Corrections and the State Federation -of Women’s Clubs in the advancing of -two measures which were deemed of -immediate importance to the State.</p> - -<p>The first of these was a resolution -calling upon the Governor to appoint -special commission of three members -to investigate and report to the legislature, -at its next session, in 1913, on -the desirability of a State Workhouse -or Reformatory. The resolution, which -carries a sufficient appropriation to pay -the expenses of the investigation, passed -the legislature and received the signature -of the Governor. A similar -measure presented at three previous -sessions met with defeat, owing to the -false impression that a central state -reformatory would mean additional -cost to the taxpayers. This impression -was weakened by the arguments -before committees that the assembling -of all minor offenders in one institution -would make it possible to put them -at some profitable industry and in the -end save money. At present minor offenders -are confined in about 20 county -jails and houses of correction, in only -one of which is there a population sufficient -to operate an industry. In nine -of the jails idleness is the rule. In the -remaining institutions the prisoners -are dependent upon work about the -buildings and upon the farm, and when -this work is slackest the prisons are -fullest. It is hoped that the study of -the commission will result in recommendations -whose execution by the -next legislature will in New Hampshire -do away with the evils of the locally -administered jail and house of -correction.</p> - -<p>The second item on the program was -a bill providing for medical inspection -by the state board of health of all penal -institutions, and for thorough examination -of all prisoners, at the times of -committal and discharge, not only with -reference to their present physical and -mental condition, but also with reference -to their personal and family history -as to mental capacity and delinquency. -This measure was felt to be -important, aside from its immediate advantage -in institutional administration, -in two respects: (1) It would undoubtedly -bring about some changes in -classifying and treating offenders; and -(2) the careful recording of the results -of the examinations would probably in -the course of years build up a mass of -data from which it would be possible -to draw inferences as to methods of preventing -delinquency. This bill was not -put into presentable shape until so late -in the session that it failed of favorable -consideration. The chief opposition -came from those who believed that the -cost of careful medical examinations -in county institutions would be such as -materially to raise the budget for the -hospital departments. On the contrary, -the warden of the state prison -testified that the result of such examinations -as have been voluntarily adopted -by him has been a lessening in the -expenses of the hospital department. -The centralization of minor offenders -in a state reformatory will facilitate the -adoption of this needed reform.</p> - -<p>Similarly it will probably be easier -to get a system of probation for adult -offenders if there is a state reformatory. -The Prisoners’ Aid Association -pressed a probation bill two years ago -and failed. This year the measure was -held in abeyance so as to give the more -fundamental bill the right of way. A -state penal board has for many years -been desired by many. This too, would -logically follow state control of minor -offenders. So the Association feels that -the first battle has been won in the -wider campaign. The next battle, and -the decisive one, if we win it, will be -that concerning the actual establishment -of the state reformatory.</p> - -<p class="right"> -E. L. P.<br /> -</p> - - <hr class="r5" /> - -<h3>A GREAT BRITAIN PLAN</h3> - -<p>Mr. Winston Churchill’s attempt -to lighten the load which every discharged -convict has as a handicap -in his efforts to retrieve his position -will be watched with much interest -in all Anglo-Saxon countries. A new -commission is to be organized, with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</span> -the financial and moral backing of -the government, for the purpose of -uniting and directing the efforts of all -societies which have as their common -purpose the opening of opportunities -for legitimate activity to men who have -made a mistake and paid the penalty -for it. The Home Secretary is to be at -its head and, while its scope has not yet -been and possibly never will be definitely -delimited, it will make possible -the abolition of police supervision -which has been one of the almost insuperable -obstacles in the path of every -ex-prisoner who tried to live down his -past in Great Britain. Police officers, -as a rule, are too actively engaged in -the militant work of fighting crime to -be able to share in the task of rehabilitating -the vanquished. We have not, -in Canada, the problems in this connection -which Great Britain has to -solve but we have enough reasons for -fearing that they will come with our -rapid development to make our interest -in the new movement more than an impersonal -one.—Montreal (Que.) Star.</p> - - <hr class="r5" /> - -<h3>THE PAROLE -SYSTEM AS IT WORKS</h3> - -<p>Joseph T. Byers, now the Secretary -of the New Jersey State Charities Aid -and Prison Reform Association, developed, -while he was superintendent of -the New York House of Refuge, the -parole system of that institution to a -high degree. In his final report to the -board of managers of the House of Refuge -he said:</p> - -<p>“The most important work of the institution -is that of our parole department. -It has been a source of great -gratification to me, as I am sure it has -been also to the board, to note the development -and success of this work. -Convinced that short parole periods of -supervision were unwise, our work was -organized on a basis of supervision that -should last as long as the law permitted, -namely, during minority. To those -who would criticise this period as being -excessive and likely to work hardship -to the boys, to make them restive and -intolerant, I can only say that close observation -during the past five years -does not warrant any such statement. -The monthly reports of the boys have -been made, as a rule, very promptly -and satisfactorily. They have not -shown any great desire to be released -from parole supervision; and I present -as further evidence of the fact that our -parole supervision has been properly -adjusted, the more than fifteen hundred -visits made to me during the past -twelve months by paroled boys. Three-quarters -of these visits were purely voluntary -on the part of the boys. The -credit for this condition of affairs is -largely due to the parole officers. They -have been tactful, sympathetic, resourceful -and in every way deserving of -the full confidence I have had in their -integrity and efficiency.</p> - -<p>Two thousand five hundred and five -boys have been actually under supervision. -Of these, 914 are still reporting -and doing well, and 237 were doing -well when supervision expired; 1073 -have for one reason or another been unsatisfactory -on parole. Of these 791 -have been returned to the institution -(including 56 voluntary returns); 154 -have been committed to other institutions -or are now on trial, and in 128 -cases supervision expired with the boys -not doing well. In 281 cases out of -2505 nothing is at present known. This -means that 11.21 per cent. of our boys -are out of touch with the institution, -having left home, family moved, or for -some other cause. Five hundred and -six boys have attained their majority -and have therefore passed from under -supervision. At the time of expiration -237 of the 506 were doing well; 128 -were doing badly, or were at the time -in other institutions; while in 141 cases -no information was at hand. It is only -fair to state that of this latter number -(141), 80 are boys who were paroled -before October, 1905, which was before -adequate parole supervision had been -established. Taking only the cases of -these 506 boys who have graduated -from our supervision, present records -enable us to account for only 46.84 per -cent. who were known to be doing well. -In making this statement we are not -crediting ourselves with probable satisfactory -cases; any boy concerning -whom definite information is not at<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span> -hand is placed in the unsatisfactory -class.</p> - -<p>Short parole periods are a fallacy. -Of the 202 boys returned for violation -of parole, 49 were out of the institution -more than a year and 18 of them more -than two years.</p> - -<p>Thirty-six per cent. of 202 delinquents -were returned for crime (burglary, -larceny, forgery, robbery, picking -pockets, and receiving stolen -property). Of the total number of -Protestant boys on parole 09.26 per -cent. were returned for violation; of -the whole number of Catholic boys, -14.04 per cent.; of the Jewish boys -14.66 per cent.</p> - - <hr class="r5" /> - -<h3>PAROLE LAW -ADOPTED IN TEXAS</h3> - -<p>The new parole law in Texas embodies -the following important features: A -board of prison commissioners acting as -a board of parole; eligibility for parole -when the minimum sentence has expired; -the retaking by the employes of -the board of delinquent paroled men; -meetings of parole board when necessary; -opportunity for each prisoner at -expiration to appear in person or before -board; merit system of recording -prisoner’s life and conduct during -term; absolute release at discretion of -board; agent for employment and supervision; -delinquent paroled prisoner -to be regarded in same light as escaped -prisoner.</p> - -<p>“When a convict who has been paroled -shall have complied with the -rules and conditions governing his -parole until the end of the term to -which he was sentenced, he shall upon -a written or printed discharge by the -board of prison commissioners, setting -forth these facts, be entitled to a restoration -of his citizenship by the Governor -of the State of Texas.”</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="EVENTS_IN_BRIEF">EVENTS IN BRIEF</h2> -</div> - -<p>[Under this heading will appear each month numerous paragraphs of general interest, relating to the prison field -and the treatment of the delinquent.]</p> - - -<p><i>Convicts Put at Road Making.</i>—With -the coming of open weather the question -of the relation of convicts to road -making is reviving in different parts of -the country.</p> - -<p>W. M. Gammon, Rome, Ga., chairman -of the Board of Commissioners -Roads and Revenue, Floyd County, -writes to the Manufacturers’ Record:</p> - -<p>“The road from Rome to Chattanooga -will be a graded macadamized -road, with concrete-steel bridges over -all streams and concrete culverts over -all drains. Through Floyd county it -will be of the same class as that of the -government road through the Chickamauga -Park to Lafayette in Walker -county, with which this road will connect.</p> - -<p>“The road will be built with convict -labor. This county has two gangs of -50 convicts each, 60 mules, seven road -graders, two traction engines, with -teams of steel cars and road rollers. -The bridges and culverts will be built -by a bridge gang of trained convicts. -These convicts have become really experts -in this line and will construct the -bridges at about one-half the contract -price. In fact, we find the concrete culverts -with this labor about the cheapest -we can build—about $3 per cubic -yard. With this gang we have built -over 30 miles of this class of roads the -past 18 months, 30 concrete-steel -bridges and 120 concrete culverts.</p> - -<p>“If all the States would adopt the -Georgia convict system, we would in a -few years revolutionize road building -in the South and have first-class roads -from the Potomac to Mexico.</p> - -<p>“Chattanooga county and Walker -county will only have about 16 miles -to build of this road, and they propose -to connect with our road and the Government -road at Lafayette.</p> - -<p>“This county has already built two -roads of this character from Rome to -the Alabama line, and with the co-operation -of the Alabama counties expect -to continue them to Birmingham. This -county will also complete this summer -one road to Polk county and another -to Barlow, and with the co-operation<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</span> -of the other counties expects to continue -the roads to Atlanta.</p> - -<p>“We expect in the near future to -have a through line from Chattanooga -to Birmingham and Atlanta, passing -through Rome. We advocate putting -all convicts on the roads, and when the -people understand the great benefits -to be derived from this work we will -soon have a splendid highway from -Washington through Virginia, Tennessee -and Georgia to the Gulf Coast in -Florida.”</p> - -<p>The new Kansas law allowing the -prisoners of county jails to work on -roads will greatly relieve congestion in -the Wyandotte county jail, save that -county thousands of dollars and improve -the roads.</p> - -<p>The Commissioners of Wyandotte -county are planning to have steel cages -built, each one to hold four “bunks,” to -care for the prisoners while they are -working in the quarries and on the -roads. In this way the men can work -eight or nine hours a day and no time -will be consumed in bringing them to -and from the jail. The cages will be -built on wheels, so that they can be -drawn from place to place.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> - -<p><i>George Junior Republic During 1910</i>—The -annual report for 1910 of the -George Junior Republic, Freeville, N. -Y., looking, with its pictures of open -cottages and stretches of unwalled -country, like a real estate company’s -advertisement of rural sites, or the -prospectus of a summer camp, is out. -One imagines, as he reads, that he has -in hand not the annual statement of an -institution for delinquents, but a breezy -report on the growth of a modern village, -or a pamphlet boosting some -“Summerville—1915” movement.</p> - -<p>On October 1, 1910, there were 137 -“citizens” in the George Junior Republic. -A “citizen” is simply an inmate. -During the year there had been discharged -89 boys and girls, and just the -same number had been received. With -the exception of four, concerning whom -it is not stated how they were received, -the report shows that these had been -taken in either for delinquency or for -improper guardianship, from poor officers, -from parents or guardians, or by -their own application. Eleven are listed -as having been received for delinquency, -and 15 by their own application.</p> - -<p>The Republic is a training school for -all classes of boys and girls. The only -qualifications for membership are -sound minds and bodies—no mental defectives -or cripples, deformed or sickly -children are retained—and an age of -at least 14 years. The Republic is a -big farm of 350 acres, having upon it -a modern village with its own system of -water, sewerage, steam heat, roadways, -and cement walks. Perhaps the two -main reasons for its interest to most -people are its form of government, with -legislative, judicial, and executive departments, -and the independent basis -of self-support which every boy and -girl within its bounds is obliged to -maintain.</p> - -<p>It has often been said that a successful -school in the George Junior Republic -was an impossibility because of the -heterogeneous character and training of -the pupils. From 1896 to 1905, a school -for elementary pupils was maintained. -In the latter year was opened what is -known as the Hunt Memorial School. -Later a high school was added. In -June, 1910, regents’ diplomas were -awarded to the first class of graduates -from this high school. Four of the -students entered college without conditions. -The examinations in 1910 -showed a decided academic awakening -among the students. In June, 1910, the -first prizes in the Owasco Valley prize -speaking contest were awarded to a -boy and girl from the Hunt Memorial -School of George Junior Republic.</p> - -<p>Existing without State aid, and with -endowments which give an income of -only $1,151, the Republic faced, on September -30, 1910, a deficit of $14,647.75.</p> - -<p>In January, 1911, was opened a large -gymnasium, the gift of friends of the -Republic.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> - -<p><i>Some Bad Conditions in North Carolina</i>—That -all the county convict camps -of the state be placed under a state -board of supervisors is a recommendation -embodied in the annual report for<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</span> -1910, just issued, of the Board of Public -Charities of North Carolina. Thirty-nine -counties maintain these camps. -Reports of the county commissioners -show that in 17 of these counties the -prisoners in the camps are chained together -at night. Sixteen counties report -that whipping, administered usually -by the superintendent or foreman, -is resorted to as a form of punishment -in the camps.</p> - -<p>The report urges also that the burden -of executing the conditional release, -or parole law, be lifted from the -Governor, on whom it now rests, and -placed upon the prison board of directors, -who should be made a parole board -with power to release conditionally -every prisoner except those sentenced -for life.</p> - -<p>Concerning the county jails in the -state, the report says:</p> - -<p>“Generally speaking, the prisoners -are not kept in as cleanly a condition as -they should be. The bedding and cells -more particularly should be especially -cleansed whenever not occupied and -ready for the next comer. The great -difficulty is the fact that prisoners wear -their own old clothing into the jail and -thus introduce dirt and vermin which -require a continual fight from those in -charge. A limited number of suits -could be provided by the county and -the men required to bathe and put -these on while their own are fumigated. -There is no excuse for the filth in some -of our jails.”</p> - - <hr class="r5" /> - -<p><i>English Progress</i>—In the Providence -(R. I.) Sunday Journal, of April 9th, -the London correspondent of that -paper quotes Thomas Holmes, Secretary -of the Howard Association of London, -as follows:</p> - -<p>“If some of the American methods -were grafted on to the English prison -administration, the effect would work -remarkably for good. I found that their -probation system was worked much -more effectively and thoroughly than -it is in England. Their probation officers -are fitted absolutely for the work. -On this side there are no paid probation -officers as such; they are either -voluntary workers or servants of some -charitable society, not state officials. -At present we are only playing with -the probation idea in England. If we -could get men of character and capability, -occupying fairly well-paid posts, -we should have better results than you -have in America.”</p> - -<p>Secretary Holmes went on to say -that in his opinion the weakness in the -position of the American probation officers -resided in the fact that the judges -made the appointments. If the probation -officer was a strong man he influenced -the judge too much, and if a -weak man he was apt to become -creature of the judge.</p> - -<p>He feels strongly that England is -following the lead of America, slowly -but surely, in the development of the -parole system, though no legislation -has as yet been passed in this direction.</p> - -<p>“We are getting tired of judges inflicting -very long sentences—practically -life sentences,” he says. “There is -a constant agitation always going on -behind the scenes to get sentence commuted. -Again and again the Home -Secretary—whom I know and respect—has -to reconsider the sentences prisoners -are serving. This puts him in a -delicate position. He has to consult -the judges who passed the sentences. -If the Home Secretary commutes the -sentence it is a snub to the judge.</p> - -<p>“What we want in England at each -prison is a board, consisting of the -governor, chaplain, doctor, a representative -of the Home Office and one or -two visiting justices. They should -have the power of releasing on parole -any prisoner whose condition warranted -that concession. But the American -Board of Parole is not comprehensive -enough; it is too much in the -hands of one or two.”</p> - -<p>The mercantile element in some of -the American State prisons came in for -some adverse criticism, but in the matters -of greater space, better buildings, -better equipped workshops, greater -variety and volume of work and more -recreation and education for the prisoners, -the American State jails, said Secretary -Holmes, are superior to the -English. But in the construction and -appointment of the local county jails<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</span> -he thinks the advantage lies with the -English models.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> - -<p><i>“Twice Born Men;” A Brief Review</i>—Prisoner’s -aid workers will do well -to read Harold Begbie’s book, “Twice -Born Men.” It is a striking psychological -study of men who have sounded -the depths of human degredation and -misfortune. Its chief practical value -to those who are dealing daily with all -sorts and conditions of men, will be in -throwing light on a checkered past -which is often only partly revealed by -the applicants themselves.</p> - -<p>The reader may feel that the author -holds a brief for the Salvation Army -and its work. One might suppose that -he was unconscious of any other religious -work being done, except for the -fact that he specifically discredits the -efficacy of the ordinary prison chaplain’s -work. It is probably true that -the average chaplain might not have -sufficient patience with the particular -type of man with whom Mr. Begbie -deals in this book. We cannot forget, -however, that this is only one of many -varieties of human experience, and the -average prison chaplain might be far -more effective than any one else with -the larger number of men whom the -Army might regard as “Hopelessly -Good,” but who nevertheless need the -regenerating and sustaining power of -religion.</p> - -<p>Notwithstanding this seeming limitation -of the book, “Twice Born Men” is -a splendid portrayal of the one more or -less uniform type of the anti-social individual. -We are especially impressed -with the fact that the materials for this -book were secured almost within a -stone’s throw of the aristocratic West -End of London. It is almost inconceivable -that a cultured community would -permit the continuance of such a festering -sore at its very heels. Fortunately -few American cities have such dangerous -proximity of the more healthful -districts to its insanitary cesspools. -May we not take hope from the fact -that with a wider separation between -the Avenue and the congested district -the American cities are insisting upon -the extermination of the latter? Their -darkness is being expelled by the substitution -of social settlements for saloons, -and parks and playgrounds for -penny-ante and gambling dens.</p> - -<p>No reader of “Twice Born Men” can -fail to have his faith quickened in the -possibilities of human reclamation. -Wide experience may discover not only -one but many motives that will prompt -the transformation of different sorts of -men. Nevertheless it gives a renewed -courage to feel that when there has -been apparent failure all along the line, -and when all the resources of church -and state have been ineffective in preventing -men from reaching the lowest -dregs of humanity, there remains the -unusual and striking method of the Salvation -Army in its appeal to the deep-seated -and imperishable instinct of religion.</p> - -<p class="right"> -F. E. L.<br /> -</p> - - <hr class="r5" /> - -<p><i>Washington Strives for Inebriates -Hospital.</i>—The various citizens’ associations -of Washington, D. C., will be asked -to make a concerted effort to induce Congress -to establish a hospital for inebriates -and victims of the drug habit, to which -persons can be sent for treatment or be -lawfully committed, so that they can be -restrained from access to either intoxicating -liquors or injurious drugs. The -board of trade and chamber of commerce -also will be urged to take up the matter.</p> - -<p>The Washington Evening Star says -editorially: “The need of a local hospital -as a place of special treatment for inebriates -has long been known and admitted -in Washington. The present practice of -confining dipsomaniacs and drug victims -in a penal institution is suggestive of a -bygone age. These unfortunates need -treatment, judicious encouragement and -some measure of restraint. But what -they do not need is punishment. The -workhouse is not the best place for alcoholic -slaves, but the District is under the -necessity of sending them there.”</p> - - <hr class="r5" /> - -<p>The Iowa legislature is considering a -bill which provides that while the inmates -of the state prison and reformatory -are at hard labor and on good behavior, -their wives and children under -sixteen years of age shall be paid fifty -cents a day by the state.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<div class="chapter transnote"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Transcribers_Notes">Transcriber’s Notes</h2> - -<p class="center">Table of contents was created by the transcriber and is hereby placed in the public domain.</p> - -<p class="center">Obvious errors and omissions in punctuation have been fixed.</p> - -<p class="center">Any inconsistencies in spelling have been retained.</p> - -</div> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REVIEW, VOL. 1, NO. 5, MAY 1911 ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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