diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'old/68940-0.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/68940-0.txt | 1528 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 1528 deletions
diff --git a/old/68940-0.txt b/old/68940-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 86d9c21..0000000 --- a/old/68940-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1528 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Review, Vol. 1, No. 5, May 1911, -by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The Review, Vol. 1, No. 5, May 1911 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: September 8, 2022 [eBook #68940] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Franciszek Skawiński and the Online Distributed - Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was - produced from images made available by the HathiTrust - Digital Library.) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REVIEW, VOL. 1, NO. 5, -MAY 1911 *** - - - - - -TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE - -Obvious errors and omissions in punctuation have been fixed. - -Any inconsistencies in spelling have been retained. - - - - - - VOLUME I, No. 5. MAY, 1911 - - THE REVIEW - - A MONTHLY PERIODICAL, PUBLISHED BY THE - =NATIONAL PRISONERS’ AID ASSOCIATION= - AT 135 EAST 15th STREET, NEW YORK CITY. - - TEN CENTS A COPY. SEVENTY-FIVE CENTS A YEAR - - E. F. Waite, President. - F. Emory Lyon, Vice President. - O. F. Lewis, Secretary and Editor Review. - E. A. Fredenhagen, Chairman Ex. Committee. - James Parsons, Member Ex. Committee. - G. E. Cornwall, Member Ex. Committee. - Albert Steelman, Member Ex. Committee. - A H. Votaw, Member Ex. Committee. - - - - -PRISONERS AFIELD - -WARDEN J. T. GILMOUR, CENTRAL PRISON, ONTARIO, CANADA. - - [Stenographic report of Dr. Gilmour’s address at the annual meeting - of the New Jersey State Charities Aid and Prison Reform Association, - April 1, 1911. Though The Review guards jealously its space, having - but sixteen pages monthly, we are sure our readers will agree with us - that the space filled by this article is well filled.--Editor] - - -When we speak of criminals, we are very apt to picture in our mind’s -eye the great criminals, those who commit atrocious crimes. But that -class forms but a very small percentage of every prison population, and -the methods of dealing with this class are much more clear and definite -than dealing with the much larger class that are not quite so dangerous -to society. When we speak of criminals we are apt to think of them _en -masse_ as a congregation of a few hundred or a few thousand men walled -within a prison. Carlyle dissipates this view when he says: “Masses? -Yea, masses, every unit of whom has his own heart and sorrows--stands -there covered with his own skin; and if you prick him he will bleed.” - -In dealing with delinquency there are two basic facts; that the great -majority of criminals are made in their youth, and that the great -majority of youthful criminals are handicapped in life’s race either -by physical, mental, or moral defects. That prince of sociologists, -Victor Hugo, evidently appreciated these conditions when he gave us -that beautiful injunction to study evil lovingly, and then, later on, -he gave the key when he said: “There are no bad weeds. They are only -bad cultivators.” - -Two or three weeks ago a young man came into the corridor of our -prison one day and asked, “Warden, will you take me out to the farm?” -(A prison farm, of which I hope to speak a little later). I said, -“No, Smith, I cannot take you out.” Over in our country when we wish -to conceal a man’s identity we always call him Smith; and if we are -particularly careful, we call him John Smith. This man was a repeater; -he was doing his fifth term; the four previous terms he had been a very -difficult man to get along with; but this time he had done very well. -We could take no exception to either his conduct or his industry. He -said to me, “Have I not done well this time?” I said, “You certainly -have.” “Well, then,” he said, “Won’t you give me a chance?” Of course, -he had me there; I couldn’t refuse him. I said, “Yes, I’ll give you -a chance.” I took him up to the farm on a Monday; he worked well on -Tuesday and on Wednesday; and on Wednesday night he skipped. The -following Friday we got him again, in a town one hundred and fifty -miles from home; and I pitied the poor fellow when he came back, he -looked so dejected and so crestfallen; but I blamed myself entirely. -I had imposed a burden of self-denial and a responsibility of conduct -upon that man that he was not able to bear. He was one of that class, -typical of a considerable percentage of our prison populations, that -is on the borderland between sanity and insanity; and all the prison -officials who are here to-night will recall scores of that class who -form a part of their prison population. - -As I say, I had made a mistake with this boy; but it only goes to show -that penologists are not infallible, not even the youngest of them. If -we were to stop to speculate upon the place that this element occupies -in the divine scheme, we might tread upon very dangerous ground. It -is enough for us to know that the God that made them is the God that -will judge them; and herein lies our consolation. I had a man come into -prison a few weeks ago to do two years; and yesterday afternoon, just -an hour before I left home for coming down here, his wife came into my -office leading a beautiful child five years of age by the hand. She -came, as so many poor women come, to see if it were not possible to get -some relief from her almost intolerable position. As the cruel truth -dawned upon her that it was impossible for me to exercise clemency in -regard to her husband, the women turned to me and she said, with much -emphasis, “If they would only send me and my child to prison, how much -better it would have been.” - -And the woman expressed a great verity. This little episode I relate -to show you that society has two obligations: one to the man shut up -within the prison, and perhaps an even greater obligation to the poor -woman and children dependent upon the man shut up within the prison. -It is necessary to lock up a certain class of men that society may be -protected, and that these men may be improved; but when we do that, -are we going to put their families in a position in which they will be -impelled into either vice or crime? I think it is Milton who asks the -pertinent question: - - “What boots it, by one gate to make defence - And at another to let in the foe?” - -In dealing with the wives and children, as well as with the prison -inmates, over in our place, we find an immense help from the Salvation -Army. We have a prisoner’s aid association and they work harmoniously -together; but the Army has one or two advantages in this work that -no other organization possesses. In the first place, they are not -sentimentalists. They detail one man to give his time to it. He is -as free to go into our prison as I am; and I think he spends as much -time there as I do. He is there at night, on Sundays, on holidays, at -noon hours; and he is going from cell to cell--he becomes thoroughly -acquainted with every inmate. That gives that man an immense advantage -in dealing with those men when their terms expire. The prison worker -that expects to meet the discharged prisoner at the prison gate the -morning he comes out, is much more apt to be worked by the prisoner -than he is to work the prisoner. In three cases out of five he is clay -in the hands of a designing man. One of our governors some years ago -said that Canada was a land of magnificent distances. The same remark -applies to your republic; but we get prisoners 1,300 miles from our -prison. The Army, learning the condition of the families dependent on -the man within the prison, writes to the corps, the Salvation Army -corps in the town or the city where the man came from, and they are -able, by their very extensive and highly perfected organization, to -make a study of each family, in addition to having arrangements made -there for the employment of that man when his term has expired. We try, -just as far as possible, to get all of our ex-prisoners out of the -city. We do not wish them to colonize; we try to get them back to their -homes where they came from; for unless a man is willing to go back and -face society, and live it down, the chances are that he will be driven -into what is wrong sometimes through fear. - -A year ago now, we started our farm. It is fifty miles out of the city; -it contains 530 acres. I commenced by taking up a little detachment -of 14 men; and I rapidly increased that until I had 180 men, housed -in temporary quarters on this farm. The average term of the man on -the farm was about five or six months, though I had several men there -who had to do from one to two years. So far we have taken out to this -farm 500 men, and out of that 500, four have escaped successfully, and -three or four have attempted to escape--unsuccessfully. The other day -a minister in our city was calling, and I gave him these statistics, -and he looked very sad; he said it was a pity. I said it was; “but,” I -said, “can you take 500 of your church membership and have 495 of them -make good?” And he changed the subject. - -I had a grand jury visit me the other day; it is a custom, over in -our country, for the grand juries to come over a few times a year and -tell us how to run the place (they sometimes stay an hour); and the -foreman, before he went away, said to me, “Warden, I suppose you select -the men whom you take out to the farm.” I said, “No, sir. I don’t.” He -said, “How do you manage?” I said, “I select a very few whom I _don’t_ -take;” for I can take 90 per cent. About three weeks ago I was going -into the farm one day; it was a cold, snowy, blowing, blustering day; -the thermometer was about zero. When I came near to our building it was -quarter to twelve o’clock; and I saw men coming from this direction, -and that direction, and from every direction pass alone; no officers -with them at all; and it impressed me, perhaps, much more than it -would another one not engaged in this work; for I asked myself the -question--“How is it? These are the very men that I have had in Toronto -behind bolts and bars, watched over by guns and guards; and here they -are out here, as free as this air that blows, and they are all coming -in to sit down with each other at dinner.” I have asked our men on the -farm--many of them, different types, at different places, at different -times, and I have asked them all the same question:--“What do you find -the greatest difference as between the prison in the city and the -prison out here on the farm?” And without a single exception, in one -form or another those men have invariably given me the same reply. We -give good board at the prison, but it was not that; it was not this -liberty, comparative liberty. They have said to me: “Warden, to get -away from that cell! To get away from that cell!” - -I asked a boy two weeks ago, a young man, and he said, “Warden, to -get away from that cell; for,” he said, “to sit there on Sunday, -every evening and on holidays and have that cell gate staring you -in the face, it is hell;” and he didn’t say it to be irreverent or -disrespectful, but it was his pent up emotions. I believe there is -something debasing--debasing to a man’s personal manhood--about life in -a cell that no one can describe. Our men plow, they harrow, they sow -the grain, they reap it; there is no guard with them at all. Of course, -these are men who are near the end of their terms, perhaps men who have -three months or less to do; but every prison contains enough of that -class to enable them to carry on this class of work, agricultural work, -to a financial advantage. If we had to pay guards to be with these -various men, we couldn’t do it; but we don’t. There is an indefinable -something in God’s out-of-doors that has a beneficial effect upon -humanity. I can not tell you what it is. “The wind bloweth where it -listeth, and thou hearest the sound thereof, but thou canst not tell -whence it cometh nor whither it goeth. So is every man that is born of -the spirit.” - -A few months ago a professor from the University of Kansas wrote a -little poem of two or three verses; and one of the verses reads like -this: - - “A breeze on the far horizon, - The infinite tender sky-- - The ripe, rich tint of the corn fields - And the wild geese sailing high; - And all over upland and lowland - The charm of the golden-rod: - Some of us call it autumn - And others call it God.” - -Do you catch the spirit of those beautiful lines? They tell (what -I should like to tell were I able) of the way God speaks to our -delinquents out on the farm through the hazy atmosphere and the golden -sunsets; they tell of the way God speaks to those poor fellows through -the growing and the ripening grains, and of the message that God sends -to them through the birds that sing and soar over their heads. It -suggests that beautiful thought of Browning’s: - - “This world, as God has made it, - Always glitters. And knowing this is love, - And love is duty.” - -We are aiming at something definite in the construction of our new -prison. We are going to try to give that large class of boys and -young men that come to prison for the first time one more opportunity -of going through life without being immured in a prison cell. In -the construction of our buildings, our domicile accommodation will -be largely of the dormitory type;--small dormitories, accommodating -14 beds, with a large, semi-circular bay window on one side which -will serve as a sitting room; attached to which dormitory will be a -completely equipped bedroom and dressing room. The corridor which -runs along the side where the officers will patrol is divided from -these rooms that I speak of by a glass partition, so that our men are -thoroughly under observation every hour of the day and night, and -there will be no opportunities whatever for some of those things that -penologists so much dread. In addition to that, we have a number of -single rooms and a number of cells; but in a prison which is destined -to accommodate 600, we are only putting in 40 cells. The men who behave -and who demonstrate that they can appreciate that dormitory life and -maintain the condition of it, we hope to give ultimately a single room; -and the men who fail to appreciate this dormitory life and don’t behave -as we wish them to will then be demoted into a cell; but we are going -to try, as I say, to get those boys through life, if possible, without -the cell. Will we succeed? I don’t know. I don’t know. We have our -critics; but this world will never be saved by the critics; it will -be saved by the dreamers. The history of humanity is the history of -indomitable hope. Emerson says that “Every thing is free to the man -that can grasp it;” that “He who despairs is wrong.” - -In dealing with delinquents, it is the personal touch that tells. Human -nature craves for sympathy. Kingsley was once asked what the secret -of his joyous, buoyant life was; and his ready reply was: “I had a -friend.” Our Saviour was no exception to this rule; for as our Saviour -approached Gethsemane, he yearned for a friend whom he could rely upon -to wait and watch while he endured; and expressed it in that pathetic -request to the drowsy Peter and his sleepy comrades. When we see a very -simple duty staring us in the face in dealing with this class, we are -too prone to say, “Lord, here am I. Send him.” It is an easy matter -for a man of means to write his check, or give his cash; but it is an -entirely different thing to carry that gift to some poor fellow who is -down and out and sweeten it with the fragrance of personal kindness. - - “Not what we give, but what we share; - The gift without the giver is bare.” - -We have church service at our place every Sunday afternoon and -Wednesday afternoon; one day our preacher failed to materialize. The -men were in the chapel; and I did not wish to have them return to the -cells without saying something to them; as I could not preach I thought -I would do the next best thing, and I would read another fellow’s -sermon; only, I gave the other fellow credit for it. I was reading a -book just then that interested me very much; and I went down to the -office and got it, and I read the first chapter; and when I finished, -I asked if I should read more, and they said, “Yes, Warden.” I read -a second and a third chapter; I read as long as my voice would hold -out; and as I had finished, a man down in the audience said, “Won’t -you be kind enough to tell me the name of that book, and the author?” -I was very glad to have them ask the question; I told him. The next -morning when I was going through the prison industries, the officers -kept asking me what book I read, the previous day. I said, “Why do -you ask?” They said, “The men are all talking about it.” I sent down -town and got fifteen copies and sent it around among the cells, with -instructions that no one man could keep it for more than a week. When -we collected the books at the end of the first week, I found that a -great many men had taken paper and copied out portions of it. This was -practically a non-reading population. They had refused a lot of good -books we had put in our library which I had thought were fine, much to -my disappointment. Perhaps you would like to know the kind of book they -so much enjoyed; and, with your permission, I will just read you the -first page of the first chapter. - -“Man has two Creators: his God, and himself. The first creator -furnishes him the raw material of his life and the laws of conformity -with which he can make that life what he will. His second creator, -himself, has marvelous powers he rarely realizes. It is what a man -makes of himself that counts. If a man fails in life he usually says, -I am as God made me. When he succeeds in life, he proudly proclaims -himself a self-made man. Man is placed into this world not as a -finality, but as a possibility. Man’s greatest enemy is himself. Man in -his weakness is the creature of circumstances; man in his strength is -the creator of circumstances. Whether he be victim or victor depends -largely on himself. Man is never truly great, merely for what he is, -but ever for what he may become.” - -Now, that is pretty good meat. And that afternoon I was the one who -learned the great lesson; for I learned that if we approach this -subject in the right way we can waken, even in dormant minds, a -desire for good literature. And my little experience of the afternoon -revolutionized my method of dealing with the boys in this respect. - -My time is up. - - -(A Voice: “Go on!”) - -A MEMBER: Who is the author of that book? - -DR. GILMOUR: Dr. Jordan, of Boston, is the author of that book, and -it is called “Self-Control.” If you hadn’t asked me that question I -would have thought I had missed my mission here to-night. Briefly and -hurriedly I have just tried to sketch some of the phases in dealing -with delinquency. Who are they for whom we should do these things? -What claim have they upon us? What is our relationship to them? Did -you ever hear the story of the Scotch girl, the one who was carrying a -crippled boy over a street-crossing in Edinburgh? A gentleman, seeing -her burden, hastened up to assist and sympathize with her; and the girl -looked up smiling and replied: “Ah, sir. I dinna mind it. He is my -brither!” - - - - -CHICAGO HOUSE OF CORRECTION - -JOHN S. WHITMAN, WARDEN. - - -The Chicago House of Correction was established and is maintained by -the City of Chicago in accordance with the provisions of an Act of -the State Legislature, in 1871. It covers sixty (60) acres of ground, -the total valuation of real estate, buildings and equipment being -$1,618,688.00. During the year ending December 31st, 1910, there were -13,083 commitments to the institution. This total includes 1,383 women, -355 boys under 18 years of age and 11,345 men. The daily average -population was 1,631 (a decrease from 1,766 in 1909, and this latter -figure was a decrease from 1,852, which was the daily average during -1908). Persons are committed for violation of state statutes in cases -of misdemeanor, and for violation of city ordinances. In the latter -case the fine imposed is worked out at the rate of fifty cents per day; -however, the maximum term of imprisonment for failure to pay fine is -fixed at six months, and an allowance of three days per month is made -for good conduct if the limit of imprisonment is served. For violation -of the state statutes a fixed sentence is imposed by the Court, the -maximum being one year. For violation of certain sections of the -statutes an additional fine may be imposed, which, if not paid, may be -worked out at the rate of $1.50 per day after sentence has been served. -The law providing for the allowance of three days per month for good -conduct also covers these cases if confinement is for six months or -more. - -All inmates over 18 years of age who are not incapacitated from work -by sickness or old age, are furnished with healthful employment; the -principal industries being those that furnish products needed and to -be used by the City. A limited and comparatively small percent of -the inmates are employed in the manufacture of articles placed on -the market in competition with those manufactured by paid labor. For -instance, the city uses a great amount of crushed stone in the repair -and building of streets. This is quarried, crushed and loaded in the -cars on our grounds by inmates at a great saving to the city. They are -also engaged in the manufacture of sewer brick used by the city, the -clay used in this industry being excavated within the walls of the -institution. We also conduct a printing shop where most of the city’s -printing is done. - -The laundry work for the Police and Health Departments is done -here at a great advantage to those departments. We manufacture -all clothing, shoes, etc., that the prisoners wear. We make all -permanent improvements to buildings and grounds as well as do the new -construction work. About one-fifth of our inmates are engaged in the -manufacture of chairs, broom and leather goods and these are the only -articles placed on the market. - -The actual receipts of the institution during the year 1909 were -$210,591.48; this amount, however, includes $38,287.00 collected as -payment on fines. In addition to the above, it is conservatively -estimated that the earnings of the institution in making permanent -improvements and in new construction work are not less than -$148,873.00. The total expenditures including the purchase of materials -for new construction and of amounts appropriated by the city to -be used at the House of Correction in its management amounted to -$291,053.03. - -The per capita cost per diem for feeding inmates during the year -1909 was twelve cents; the cost per diem including all expenditures -was forty-six cents. The cost as stated above is somewhat increased -because of the fact that we maintain as one of the departments of the -institution what is known as the John Worthy School. This is not a -school in name only, but has all the facilities for giving the class -of boys that are sent to us from the Juvenile Court the education and -training they need; and their needs are greater than those ordinarily -sent to the public schools, for most of them have not had the chance -in life to develop physically or morally as boys have who come from -well regulated homes where proper influence prevails, and where they -are encouraged to profit by the educational advantages furnished by -our public schools. You will find there not only the ordinary class -rooms with a competent teacher in charge of each, but manual training -facilities and a well-equipped trade school, an indoor gymnasium, as -well as outdoor play grounds and a swimming pool. We also teach them to -do gardening and in a limited way give them an opportunity to develop -any inclinations they may have to follow an agricultural life. - -I desire to call particular attention to a cell house recently built -here for men, in which there are 334 cells, each having an outside -window which can be operated by the occupant of the cell. Each cell -is also equipped with high class plumbing, including wash basin; in -fact, sanitary conditions are as perfect as it seemed possible to make -them. You will find no dark corners in the building or places where -the ventilation is not perfect. The valuation has been conservatively -fixed at $225,000. The actual cost is less than $65,000.00. The -difference between these amounts represents the value of the inmates’ -labor and the product of the institution used in its construction. No -mechanical superintendents were employed, our officers acting in the -dual capacity of guards and instructors, the inmates performing all -the labor, even the plumbing, electrical work, and, in fact, all of -the labor required to finish the well-constructed up-to-date building. -The center corridor is 260 feet long by 30 feet in width, which we -converted into a dining hall. All the prisoners occupying cells in -the building have their meals served in this space and the tables and -benches used for this purpose are also used for carrying on religious -and educational work among the inmates during the evening or on -Sundays. This is an entirely new innovation in prison management, but -is being carried on with success. - -The many advantages of a cell house like this one, built on the plan of -the center corridor, are becoming more and more apparent as they are -put into practical use. The outside window in each cell goes a long way -toward preventing the spread of that dreaded disease, tuberculosis. -Light and airy cells not only mean sanitary conditions, but afford an -opportunity for the inmates to look out through windows and over walls -and witness natural, if not pleasant scenes, which have a tendency to -inspire them with more wholesome thoughts than if their gaze rested -continually upon stone walls and iron bars. The entertainment of -wholesome thoughts is much more apt to be an inspiration to better -citizenship than can be suggested by dismal surroundings. - -The experience we have had in this cell house has shown that the -objections raised by some to a style of construction that would permit -the prisoners sitting in cells facing each other across a center -corridor is not justified. We have had no difficulty whatever because -of this. The discipline maintained has been of a higher order than in -the old-style cell houses and has been obtained with comparative ease. -It is the intention of the management of this institution to prevail -upon the city authorities to grant an appropriation for a series of -cell houses built on the center corridor plan to take the place of the -old-style ones. - -Society nowadays expects more of the management of penal institutions -than merely to keep its inmates safely. Some inmates may be lacking -only in moral or religious training; with others it may be of the -utmost importance that they receive medical or surgical attention; -and again, educational advantages often prove to be just the needed -inspiration to the unfortunate. Proper physical or mental development -is nowadays acknowledged to be the panacea for the delinquent youth, -and to some extent the adult. The consideration of these facts will -tend to inspire the inmates with at least a wholesome respect for the -law, and I believe that a more helpful discipline can be maintained -among the inmates when they can be satisfied that something is being -done for their benefit and enlightenment. This has been proved to be -true in the handling of the delinquent youth in our modern institutions -who are no longer looked upon as or called criminals, but young men -who can be developed into good citizenship, by first determining their -needs and then finding ways and means of supplying them. - -In my opinion what has been done for the youth can also be accomplished -in a large measure with the adult, especially in a corrective -institution such as this. The discipline in a corrective institution -must necessarily be exacting but at the same time it should be -permeated with that degree of kindness that would inspire the prisoner -to his best efforts with the feeling that not only the right but -the beneficial thing is being done for him. The law commits to our -keeping the undisciplined, the unsocialized and the lawless, who have -perhaps never realized the importance of self-control. The discipline -maintained among this class by creating only a fear of punishment will -in most cases fail to bring about results that are beneficial; such -discipline does not prove to be correctional, but on the contrary has -the tendency to encourage the practice of deception, for often they -have no other incentive when violating the rules than to show that they -can avoid detection. It seems to me that discipline to be corrective -should be instructive and educational; instructive to a degree that -would satisfy the prisoner that the law is not revengeful, but that -in restraining him from his liberty it wants to point out to him his -weaknesses and to assist him in overcoming them; and educational to a -degree that would teach him to formulate rules to govern himself so -that he might become a useful member of society. Then he will be more -apt to consider the rules made to govern his conduct while in prison -as really for his good, and he will co-operate with them to such an -extent, at least, that he does not resort to deception. If a prisoner -can be taught the lesson of self-control he is better prepared to -adapt himself to the outside world and to good citizenship. If all -inmates are not susceptible to this form of discipline, a sufficiently -large percent respond, and when the great number of first offenders -in an institution of this kind is considered, it is well worth an -extra effort to maintain a discipline that will appeal to them with -beneficial results to the community. - -In my estimation, it is highly important in an institution of this -kind to be prepared to give the best of medical or surgical treatment -to those of the inmates who need it. We have a medical department -well equipped with all the facilities of a first-class hospital. The -regular staff of that department consists of four physicians and two -trained nurses who live on the grounds, besides specialists who visit -the institution at regular intervals. In addition to this we have a -staff of consulting surgeons and physicians, each of whom visit the -department at least once a week. No better attention is given patients -in any hospital than our inmates receive. From fifty to seventy-five -major operations are performed each month by as competent surgeons as -there are in the city. The results obtained in this department have -been most gratifying, and tend to prove that if permanent progress -is to be made in the matter of the management of penal institutions, -much assistance must come from a well regulated medical department, -where the mental condition of the inmates is considered as well as the -physical. - - - - -THE AMERICAN JAIL PROBLEM - -FREDERICK H. WINES, SECRETARY ILLINOIS STATE BOARD OF ADMINISTRATION. - -[If the discussion which has followed the meeting of the International -Prison Congress in Washington last October has brought anything clearly -to the surface, it is that the county jail system of this country has -succeeded in turning upon itself the spot-light of Europe. Why should -we not take advantage of this borrowed illumination to become familiar -with our own problem?--Editor.] - - -The following extracts give the gist of an interesting study of our -jail system which was read before the last Maryland State conference of -charities, and recently published in _The Institution Quarterly_ of the -Board of Administration of Illinois. - -“So much has been said, and so well said, regarding the folly and -iniquity of the county jail system in the United States, that it seems -like a waste of breath to discuss it further.... No fault can be found -with any one jail, that may not be found with scores or hundreds of -others. There are jails that are too large, and jails that are too -small; insecure jails, unsanitary jails, jails without light, jails -without heat, jails without ventilation, filthy jails, jails that are -not properly governed, palatial jails, and jails that are not fit for -occupation as stables or pigstyes. I suppose that I have personally -inspected nearly or quite one-fourth of all the jails in this country, -and my attention has been drawn to every form of defect and disgrace by -which a county prison can he disfigured.... But in what forum is the -case to be tried? Who is to exercise the necessary jurisdiction? Where -is the jury charged with the duty of rendering a verdict? Who will -select the jurors? and when? and where?... - -“It is not difficult, where the conditions in some county jail are -shown to be shameful and intolerable, to arouse local sentiment in -favor of some measure of improvement. If it is overcrowded, build an -addition. If it is filthy, inaugurate a general house-cleaning. If it -is unsafe, make it stronger. If it is unsanitary, it is easy to supply -artificial light and heat, or to put in sewerage, water and modern -plumbing. With these and other changes, it will do. If not, or if the -sheriff needs a fine official residence, and the town wants a handsome -public building and profitable contracts for its erection, then it may -be possible to bring about the construction of a new prison. - -“But what does all this really amount to? In all the essentials of good -prison organization and management, the new jail is no better than -the old one; and the money spent upon it is simply an addition to the -immense investment in a wretched and indefensible system. Instead of -being an aid to reform, it is an obstacle to reform. It increases the -weight of the already too heavy burden resting on the shoulders of the -friends and advocates of the thorough and effectual reconstruction of -our existing prison system, from the top to the bottom. - -“It would therefore seem to be high time for a radical change in our -method of attack. We must adopt a new plan of campaign, which will aim -not at the capture here and there of an outwork, so much as at the -occupation and destruction of the innermost citadel. - -“... Does any one imagine that the abuses at which I have barely hinted -could long survive, if all convicted offenders, major and minor, -misdemeanants as well as felons, were in the custody of state instead -of county officials? The initial result would be a diminution in the -number of prisons. There are many times too many local prisons. Some -of them stand empty from year to year; some are overcrowded, at least -during the weeks immediately preceding a term of the criminal court. -The needless multiplication of jails entails a heavy pecuniary burden -upon the people. - -“The massing of sentenced prisoners would admit of their -classification, and of the introduction of reformatory methods of -dealing with them--useful, healthy occupation both for body and mind, -and some measure of education and religious influence. - -“The officers in immediate charge would naturally be men of higher -grade, their tenure of office would be more secure, and they would have -no other duties to distract their attention from their proper work. -They would have little time or opportunity for pernicious political -activity. They could be better paid. - -“The corrupt fee system, under which it is to the pecuniary interest of -some official that arrests should be multiplied, would go by the board. - -“We might hope to see the last of iron cages, and foreigners could -no longer satirize our prisons under the generic term of menageries. -The state would avail itself of the services of competent architects, -and traveling salesmen would not be able to sell to unsuspecting and -simple-minded commissioners and supervisors their illusory spectacles -in shagreen cases. - -“In a word, we should have an opportunity to replace irresponsible by -responsible prison management, and competency would in time take the -place of incompetency. - -“This proposal implies, of course, the complete and final disseverance -of the prison for men convicted of crime from the house of detention -for those awaiting trial, whose guilt is yet unproven, and who may be -innocent. From the days of Plato to the present moment, that has been -a cardinal maxim of prison reform. The jail system has prevented the -realization of this ideal. - -“It is not the house of correction, but the house of detention, which -constitutes the most refractory element in this complex problem. Let us -lay that portion of it aside, for the moment, and consider the other, -which is easier. There is no practical obstacle to the establishment -of one or more state houses of correction in any state, except the -indifference of the legislature; and that can be overcome by a campaign -of education.... - -“The point is to insist that the condemned misdemeanant, like the -condemned felon, shall be committed to the custody of the state, which -alone shall have the power to execute upon him, the sentence of the -court. This simple measure may be relied upon to do away with one-half -of our present grounds of complaint. - -“I have no fear that, this first step taken, the state will not, sooner -or later, see its way clear to take a second, and a third, and as -many other steps as may from time to time appear to be expedient and -practicable. ‘I do not ask to see the distant scene; one step enough -for me.’ - -“I confess that I do not see how, at present, it is possible to -dispense with the county jail as a house of detention. Ill-adapted -as it is to that use, if we gain nothing, we at least lose nothing -by conservatism as to this point. Consider the absolute necessity -for having a place of confinement for prisoners awaiting trial. -Consider the enormous cost of providing a new and improved house of -detention in each county. If it should be said that so many houses -of detention are not requisite, that the state might be redistricted -for judicial purposes, or that prisoners might be carried back and -forth between counties, remember that the witnesses would also have -to be transported, at great expense. Neither of these suggestions is -likely favorably to impress a practical mind. Possibly there are jails -which might be remodelled, so as to serve reasonably well as houses of -detention only; and there may be counties in which the present jails -should be condemned as nuisances, and houses of detention, properly -planned for that exclusive use, might there be built. These are details -which may be left to take care of themselves. Why put off doing what -we can do, because there are other things that we can not do? The time -may come when we can do more. Why advocate reforms which are sure to -provoke such a united opposition as to insure their defeat in advance? - -“On this subject, however, there is one suggestion that may well -be made. The population of our minor prisons might be materially -reduced, if a more liberal use were made of the constitutional right -of bail. The purpose of temporary release under bond is twofold; to -relieve the public and to relieve the prisoner. It is expected that -the courts will exercise this power in a liberal spirit, and they -do. Some of them are authorized to release prisoners on their own -recognizance, at the discretion of the court. Every court should -possess this right, and greater use might well be made of it. In our -large cities, there are many persons guilty of disorderly conduct, or -charged with the violation of some police regulation, or some trivial -or purely technical offence, who would face trial, without being held -in custody, but are unable to procure bondsmen. In both civic and rural -communities, there are also many whose family and business relations -are such, that there is no reason to apprehend that they will seek to -avoid trial by running away. The fact that such persons can not furnish -bail is no sufficient reason for their imprisonment. In all such cases, -the committing magistrate must of course use wise discrimination in the -exercise of his right to waive the usual bail-bond. - -“It is further desirable that the criminal code should provide for the -probation of the accused, in advance of trial. - -“By the adoption of these and other similar methods, fewer men and -women would be exposed to the peril of moral contagion in prison, -which, under our present system, affects even those who may be, and in -fact often are, innocent. Moreover, it is an error to imagine that all -who are guilty of the charges for which, under the statutes, if unable -to pay a reasonable fine, they must endure a term of incarceration, are -depraved. The boy who throws a ball through a plate glass window and is -caught, is no worse than the boy who does the same thing and makes his -escape without being arrested; nor the boy who can pay a fine, than the -boy who can not.” - - - - -IN THE PRISONERS’ AID FIELD - - -NEW HAMPSHIRE SOCIETY AFTER STATE REFORMATORY - -At the session of the New Hampshire Legislature which adjourned on -April 15, the New Hampshire Prisoners’ Aid Association co-operated -with the State Conference of Charities and Corrections and the State -Federation of Women’s Clubs in the advancing of two measures which were -deemed of immediate importance to the State. - -The first of these was a resolution calling upon the Governor to -appoint special commission of three members to investigate and report -to the legislature, at its next session, in 1913, on the desirability -of a State Workhouse or Reformatory. The resolution, which carries a -sufficient appropriation to pay the expenses of the investigation, -passed the legislature and received the signature of the Governor. A -similar measure presented at three previous sessions met with defeat, -owing to the false impression that a central state reformatory would -mean additional cost to the taxpayers. This impression was weakened -by the arguments before committees that the assembling of all minor -offenders in one institution would make it possible to put them -at some profitable industry and in the end save money. At present -minor offenders are confined in about 20 county jails and houses of -correction, in only one of which is there a population sufficient to -operate an industry. In nine of the jails idleness is the rule. In the -remaining institutions the prisoners are dependent upon work about the -buildings and upon the farm, and when this work is slackest the prisons -are fullest. It is hoped that the study of the commission will result -in recommendations whose execution by the next legislature will in New -Hampshire do away with the evils of the locally administered jail and -house of correction. - -The second item on the program was a bill providing for medical -inspection by the state board of health of all penal institutions, and -for thorough examination of all prisoners, at the times of committal -and discharge, not only with reference to their present physical and -mental condition, but also with reference to their personal and family -history as to mental capacity and delinquency. This measure was felt -to be important, aside from its immediate advantage in institutional -administration, in two respects: (1) It would undoubtedly bring about -some changes in classifying and treating offenders; and (2) the careful -recording of the results of the examinations would probably in the -course of years build up a mass of data from which it would be possible -to draw inferences as to methods of preventing delinquency. This bill -was not put into presentable shape until so late in the session that -it failed of favorable consideration. The chief opposition came from -those who believed that the cost of careful medical examinations in -county institutions would be such as materially to raise the budget -for the hospital departments. On the contrary, the warden of the state -prison testified that the result of such examinations as have been -voluntarily adopted by him has been a lessening in the expenses of the -hospital department. The centralization of minor offenders in a state -reformatory will facilitate the adoption of this needed reform. - -Similarly it will probably be easier to get a system of probation -for adult offenders if there is a state reformatory. The Prisoners’ -Aid Association pressed a probation bill two years ago and failed. -This year the measure was held in abeyance so as to give the more -fundamental bill the right of way. A state penal board has for many -years been desired by many. This too, would logically follow state -control of minor offenders. So the Association feels that the first -battle has been won in the wider campaign. The next battle, and -the decisive one, if we win it, will be that concerning the actual -establishment of the state reformatory. - - E. L. P. - - -A GREAT BRITAIN PLAN - -Mr. Winston Churchill’s attempt to lighten the load which every -discharged convict has as a handicap in his efforts to retrieve -his position will be watched with much interest in all Anglo-Saxon -countries. A new commission is to be organized, with the financial -and moral backing of the government, for the purpose of uniting and -directing the efforts of all societies which have as their common -purpose the opening of opportunities for legitimate activity to men who -have made a mistake and paid the penalty for it. The Home Secretary is -to be at its head and, while its scope has not yet been and possibly -never will be definitely delimited, it will make possible the abolition -of police supervision which has been one of the almost insuperable -obstacles in the path of every ex-prisoner who tried to live down his -past in Great Britain. Police officers, as a rule, are too actively -engaged in the militant work of fighting crime to be able to share in -the task of rehabilitating the vanquished. We have not, in Canada, -the problems in this connection which Great Britain has to solve but -we have enough reasons for fearing that they will come with our rapid -development to make our interest in the new movement more than an -impersonal one.--Montreal (Que.) Star. - - -THE PAROLE SYSTEM AS IT WORKS - -Joseph T. Byers, now the Secretary of the New Jersey State Charities -Aid and Prison Reform Association, developed, while he was -superintendent of the New York House of Refuge, the parole system of -that institution to a high degree. In his final report to the board of -managers of the House of Refuge he said: - -“The most important work of the institution is that of our parole -department. It has been a source of great gratification to me, as I am -sure it has been also to the board, to note the development and success -of this work. Convinced that short parole periods of supervision were -unwise, our work was organized on a basis of supervision that should -last as long as the law permitted, namely, during minority. To those -who would criticise this period as being excessive and likely to work -hardship to the boys, to make them restive and intolerant, I can only -say that close observation during the past five years does not warrant -any such statement. The monthly reports of the boys have been made, -as a rule, very promptly and satisfactorily. They have not shown any -great desire to be released from parole supervision; and I present -as further evidence of the fact that our parole supervision has been -properly adjusted, the more than fifteen hundred visits made to me -during the past twelve months by paroled boys. Three-quarters of these -visits were purely voluntary on the part of the boys. The credit for -this condition of affairs is largely due to the parole officers. They -have been tactful, sympathetic, resourceful and in every way deserving -of the full confidence I have had in their integrity and efficiency. - -Two thousand five hundred and five boys have been actually under -supervision. Of these, 914 are still reporting and doing well, and 237 -were doing well when supervision expired; 1073 have for one reason or -another been unsatisfactory on parole. Of these 791 have been returned -to the institution (including 56 voluntary returns); 154 have been -committed to other institutions or are now on trial, and in 128 cases -supervision expired with the boys not doing well. In 281 cases out -of 2505 nothing is at present known. This means that 11.21 per cent. -of our boys are out of touch with the institution, having left home, -family moved, or for some other cause. Five hundred and six boys -have attained their majority and have therefore passed from under -supervision. At the time of expiration 237 of the 506 were doing well; -128 were doing badly, or were at the time in other institutions; while -in 141 cases no information was at hand. It is only fair to state -that of this latter number (141), 80 are boys who were paroled before -October, 1905, which was before adequate parole supervision had been -established. Taking only the cases of these 506 boys who have graduated -from our supervision, present records enable us to account for only -46.84 per cent. who were known to be doing well. In making this -statement we are not crediting ourselves with probable satisfactory -cases; any boy concerning whom definite information is not at hand is -placed in the unsatisfactory class. - -Short parole periods are a fallacy. Of the 202 boys returned for -violation of parole, 49 were out of the institution more than a year -and 18 of them more than two years. - -Thirty-six per cent. of 202 delinquents were returned for crime -(burglary, larceny, forgery, robbery, picking pockets, and receiving -stolen property). Of the total number of Protestant boys on parole -09.26 per cent. were returned for violation; of the whole number of -Catholic boys, 14.04 per cent.; of the Jewish boys 14.66 per cent. - - -PAROLE LAW ADOPTED IN TEXAS - -The new parole law in Texas embodies the following important features: -A board of prison commissioners acting as a board of parole; -eligibility for parole when the minimum sentence has expired; the -retaking by the employes of the board of delinquent paroled men; -meetings of parole board when necessary; opportunity for each prisoner -at expiration to appear in person or before board; merit system of -recording prisoner’s life and conduct during term; absolute release at -discretion of board; agent for employment and supervision; delinquent -paroled prisoner to be regarded in same light as escaped prisoner. - -“When a convict who has been paroled shall have complied with the rules -and conditions governing his parole until the end of the term to which -he was sentenced, he shall upon a written or printed discharge by the -board of prison commissioners, setting forth these facts, be entitled -to a restoration of his citizenship by the Governor of the State of -Texas.” - - - - -EVENTS IN BRIEF - -[Under this heading will appear each month numerous paragraphs of -general interest, relating to the prison field and the treatment of the -delinquent.] - - -_Convicts Put at Road Making._--With the coming of open weather the -question of the relation of convicts to road making is reviving in -different parts of the country. - -W. M. Gammon, Rome, Ga., chairman of the Board of Commissioners Roads -and Revenue, Floyd County, writes to the Manufacturers’ Record: - -“The road from Rome to Chattanooga will be a graded macadamized road, -with concrete-steel bridges over all streams and concrete culverts over -all drains. Through Floyd county it will be of the same class as that -of the government road through the Chickamauga Park to Lafayette in -Walker county, with which this road will connect. - -“The road will be built with convict labor. This county has two gangs -of 50 convicts each, 60 mules, seven road graders, two traction -engines, with teams of steel cars and road rollers. The bridges and -culverts will be built by a bridge gang of trained convicts. These -convicts have become really experts in this line and will construct -the bridges at about one-half the contract price. In fact, we find -the concrete culverts with this labor about the cheapest we can -build--about $3 per cubic yard. With this gang we have built over 30 -miles of this class of roads the past 18 months, 30 concrete-steel -bridges and 120 concrete culverts. - -“If all the States would adopt the Georgia convict system, we would -in a few years revolutionize road building in the South and have -first-class roads from the Potomac to Mexico. - -“Chattanooga county and Walker county will only have about 16 miles to -build of this road, and they propose to connect with our road and the -Government road at Lafayette. - -“This county has already built two roads of this character from Rome -to the Alabama line, and with the co-operation of the Alabama counties -expect to continue them to Birmingham. This county will also complete -this summer one road to Polk county and another to Barlow, and with the -co-operation of the other counties expects to continue the roads to -Atlanta. - -“We expect in the near future to have a through line from Chattanooga -to Birmingham and Atlanta, passing through Rome. We advocate putting -all convicts on the roads, and when the people understand the great -benefits to be derived from this work we will soon have a splendid -highway from Washington through Virginia, Tennessee and Georgia to the -Gulf Coast in Florida.” - -The new Kansas law allowing the prisoners of county jails to work on -roads will greatly relieve congestion in the Wyandotte county jail, -save that county thousands of dollars and improve the roads. - -The Commissioners of Wyandotte county are planning to have steel cages -built, each one to hold four “bunks,” to care for the prisoners while -they are working in the quarries and on the roads. In this way the men -can work eight or nine hours a day and no time will be consumed in -bringing them to and from the jail. The cages will be built on wheels, -so that they can be drawn from place to place. - - -_George Junior Republic During 1910_--The annual report for 1910 of the -George Junior Republic, Freeville, N. Y., looking, with its pictures -of open cottages and stretches of unwalled country, like a real estate -company’s advertisement of rural sites, or the prospectus of a summer -camp, is out. One imagines, as he reads, that he has in hand not the -annual statement of an institution for delinquents, but a breezy -report on the growth of a modern village, or a pamphlet boosting some -“Summerville--1915” movement. - -On October 1, 1910, there were 137 “citizens” in the George Junior -Republic. A “citizen” is simply an inmate. During the year there had -been discharged 89 boys and girls, and just the same number had been -received. With the exception of four, concerning whom it is not stated -how they were received, the report shows that these had been taken -in either for delinquency or for improper guardianship, from poor -officers, from parents or guardians, or by their own application. -Eleven are listed as having been received for delinquency, and 15 by -their own application. - -The Republic is a training school for all classes of boys and girls. -The only qualifications for membership are sound minds and bodies--no -mental defectives or cripples, deformed or sickly children are -retained--and an age of at least 14 years. The Republic is a big farm -of 350 acres, having upon it a modern village with its own system -of water, sewerage, steam heat, roadways, and cement walks. Perhaps -the two main reasons for its interest to most people are its form of -government, with legislative, judicial, and executive departments, and -the independent basis of self-support which every boy and girl within -its bounds is obliged to maintain. - -It has often been said that a successful school in the George Junior -Republic was an impossibility because of the heterogeneous character -and training of the pupils. From 1896 to 1905, a school for elementary -pupils was maintained. In the latter year was opened what is known -as the Hunt Memorial School. Later a high school was added. In June, -1910, regents’ diplomas were awarded to the first class of graduates -from this high school. Four of the students entered college without -conditions. The examinations in 1910 showed a decided academic -awakening among the students. In June, 1910, the first prizes in the -Owasco Valley prize speaking contest were awarded to a boy and girl -from the Hunt Memorial School of George Junior Republic. - -Existing without State aid, and with endowments which give an income of -only $1,151, the Republic faced, on September 30, 1910, a deficit of -$14,647.75. - -In January, 1911, was opened a large gymnasium, the gift of friends of -the Republic. - - -_Some Bad Conditions in North Carolina_--That all the county convict -camps of the state be placed under a state board of supervisors is a -recommendation embodied in the annual report for 1910, just issued, of -the Board of Public Charities of North Carolina. Thirty-nine counties -maintain these camps. Reports of the county commissioners show that in -17 of these counties the prisoners in the camps are chained together at -night. Sixteen counties report that whipping, administered usually by -the superintendent or foreman, is resorted to as a form of punishment -in the camps. - -The report urges also that the burden of executing the conditional -release, or parole law, be lifted from the Governor, on whom it now -rests, and placed upon the prison board of directors, who should be -made a parole board with power to release conditionally every prisoner -except those sentenced for life. - -Concerning the county jails in the state, the report says: - -“Generally speaking, the prisoners are not kept in as cleanly a -condition as they should be. The bedding and cells more particularly -should be especially cleansed whenever not occupied and ready for the -next comer. The great difficulty is the fact that prisoners wear their -own old clothing into the jail and thus introduce dirt and vermin which -require a continual fight from those in charge. A limited number of -suits could be provided by the county and the men required to bathe and -put these on while their own are fumigated. There is no excuse for the -filth in some of our jails.” - - -_English Progress_--In the Providence (R. I.) Sunday Journal, of April -9th, the London correspondent of that paper quotes Thomas Holmes, -Secretary of the Howard Association of London, as follows: - -“If some of the American methods were grafted on to the English prison -administration, the effect would work remarkably for good. I found that -their probation system was worked much more effectively and thoroughly -than it is in England. Their probation officers are fitted absolutely -for the work. On this side there are no paid probation officers as -such; they are either voluntary workers or servants of some charitable -society, not state officials. At present we are only playing with -the probation idea in England. If we could get men of character and -capability, occupying fairly well-paid posts, we should have better -results than you have in America.” - -Secretary Holmes went on to say that in his opinion the weakness in the -position of the American probation officers resided in the fact that -the judges made the appointments. If the probation officer was a strong -man he influenced the judge too much, and if a weak man he was apt to -become creature of the judge. - -He feels strongly that England is following the lead of America, -slowly but surely, in the development of the parole system, though no -legislation has as yet been passed in this direction. - -“We are getting tired of judges inflicting very long -sentences--practically life sentences,” he says. “There is a constant -agitation always going on behind the scenes to get sentence commuted. -Again and again the Home Secretary--whom I know and respect--has to -reconsider the sentences prisoners are serving. This puts him in -a delicate position. He has to consult the judges who passed the -sentences. If the Home Secretary commutes the sentence it is a snub to -the judge. - -“What we want in England at each prison is a board, consisting of the -governor, chaplain, doctor, a representative of the Home Office and one -or two visiting justices. They should have the power of releasing on -parole any prisoner whose condition warranted that concession. But the -American Board of Parole is not comprehensive enough; it is too much in -the hands of one or two.” - -The mercantile element in some of the American State prisons came in -for some adverse criticism, but in the matters of greater space, better -buildings, better equipped workshops, greater variety and volume of -work and more recreation and education for the prisoners, the American -State jails, said Secretary Holmes, are superior to the English. But in -the construction and appointment of the local county jails he thinks -the advantage lies with the English models. - - -_“Twice Born Men;” A Brief Review_--Prisoner’s aid workers will do -well to read Harold Begbie’s book, “Twice Born Men.” It is a striking -psychological study of men who have sounded the depths of human -degredation and misfortune. Its chief practical value to those who are -dealing daily with all sorts and conditions of men, will be in throwing -light on a checkered past which is often only partly revealed by the -applicants themselves. - -The reader may feel that the author holds a brief for the Salvation -Army and its work. One might suppose that he was unconscious of -any other religious work being done, except for the fact that he -specifically discredits the efficacy of the ordinary prison chaplain’s -work. It is probably true that the average chaplain might not have -sufficient patience with the particular type of man with whom Mr. -Begbie deals in this book. We cannot forget, however, that this is -only one of many varieties of human experience, and the average prison -chaplain might be far more effective than any one else with the larger -number of men whom the Army might regard as “Hopelessly Good,” but who -nevertheless need the regenerating and sustaining power of religion. - -Notwithstanding this seeming limitation of the book, “Twice Born Men” -is a splendid portrayal of the one more or less uniform type of the -anti-social individual. We are especially impressed with the fact that -the materials for this book were secured almost within a stone’s throw -of the aristocratic West End of London. It is almost inconceivable that -a cultured community would permit the continuance of such a festering -sore at its very heels. Fortunately few American cities have such -dangerous proximity of the more healthful districts to its insanitary -cesspools. May we not take hope from the fact that with a wider -separation between the Avenue and the congested district the American -cities are insisting upon the extermination of the latter? Their -darkness is being expelled by the substitution of social settlements -for saloons, and parks and playgrounds for penny-ante and gambling dens. - -No reader of “Twice Born Men” can fail to have his faith quickened in -the possibilities of human reclamation. Wide experience may discover -not only one but many motives that will prompt the transformation of -different sorts of men. Nevertheless it gives a renewed courage to -feel that when there has been apparent failure all along the line, -and when all the resources of church and state have been ineffective -in preventing men from reaching the lowest dregs of humanity, there -remains the unusual and striking method of the Salvation Army in its -appeal to the deep-seated and imperishable instinct of religion. - - F. E. L. - - -_Washington Strives for Inebriates Hospital._--The various citizens’ -associations of Washington, D. C., will be asked to make a concerted -effort to induce Congress to establish a hospital for inebriates and -victims of the drug habit, to which persons can be sent for treatment -or be lawfully committed, so that they can be restrained from access to -either intoxicating liquors or injurious drugs. The board of trade and -chamber of commerce also will be urged to take up the matter. - -The Washington Evening Star says editorially: “The need of a local -hospital as a place of special treatment for inebriates has long been -known and admitted in Washington. The present practice of confining -dipsomaniacs and drug victims in a penal institution is suggestive of a -bygone age. These unfortunates need treatment, judicious encouragement -and some measure of restraint. But what they do not need is punishment. -The workhouse is not the best place for alcoholic slaves, but the -District is under the necessity of sending them there.” - - -The Iowa legislature is considering a bill which provides that while -the inmates of the state prison and reformatory are at hard labor and -on good behavior, their wives and children under sixteen years of age -shall be paid fifty cents a day by the state. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REVIEW, VOL. 1, NO. 5, MAY -1911 *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following -the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use -of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for -copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very -easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation -of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project -Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may -do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected -by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark -license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country other than the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where - you are located before using this eBook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm website -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that: - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of -the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set -forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, -Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up -to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's website -and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without -widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our website which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This website includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |