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diff --git a/6894.txt b/6894.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4249771 --- /dev/null +++ b/6894.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2857 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Chimes of Mission Bells, by Maria Antonia Field + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Chimes of Mission Bells + +Author: Maria Antonia Field + +Posting Date: March 19, 2009 [EBook #6894] +Release Date: November, 2004 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHIMES OF MISSION BELLS *** + + + + +Produced by David Schwan + + + + + + + +CHIMES OF MISSION BELLS + +An Historical Sketch of California and Her Missions + + +By Maria Antonia Field + + + + + To the Revered Memory of + Junipero Serra + + And of + My Great Grandparents + Esteban and Catalina Munras + + This Book Is + Affectionately Dedicated + + + +Acknowledgment of Gratitude + +In producing this book I wish to thank my Mother, who wrote for me in +modern notation the music of the hymns of the Mission Fathers which are +contained in this work, and gave me much welcome information; also Rev. +Raymond M. Mestres, my zealous parish Priest, successor and compatriot +of Junipero Serra and the Mission Padres, for valuable data, and for +allowing me access to the early archives of San Carlos Mission and of +the Mission Church of Monterey. + +Maria Antonia Field Monterey, California, June 1, 1914 + + + +Contents + + +Translation of the Names of the Missions + +Tribute to Junipero Serra and the Mission Padres + +Chapter I Junipero Serra, Leader of the Heroic Band of Spanish +Missionaries of California. His Coming to San Fernando, Mexico, Thence +to California + +Chapter II Brief Sketch of the Conquest of California and of the +Founding of the Missions. Hospitality of the Missions. Care and +Benevolence of the Missionaries Toward the Indians + +Chapter III More About San Carlos Mission and Monterey + +Chapter IV California Under Spanish Rule + +Chapter V California Passes from Spanish to Mexican Rule. Secularization +of the Missions + +Chapter VI California Passes from Mexican to American Rule + +Chapter VII Mission Anecdotes and Hymns + +Chapter VIII Retrospection of the Work of the Spanish Missionaries, +Explorers and Settlers and their place in California's Appreciation + +Chapter IX Rev. Raymond M. Mestres Writes Historical Drama "Fray +Junipero" + +Appendix A Letter of Junipero Serra. The Meaning of California Missions. +Dances of Early California Times + + + + +Preface + + +In presenting this modest volume to the public, I wish to call the +attention of my readers to the following facts. Firstly, my humble work +is a work of love--love simple and unalloyed for the venerable Spanish +Missionaries of California and for the noble sons and daughters of Spain +who gave such a glorious beginning and impetus to our state. Being a +direct descendant of pioneer Spaniards of Monterey, I take a particular +interest in California's early history and development and as my family +were staunch friends of the Missionary Fathers and in a position to +know the state of affairs of those times, and to family tradition I +have added authentic knowledge from reading the earliest archives of +San Carlos Mission, as well as other historical references, I feel I can +fearlessly vouch for the truthfulness of my little work. Secondly--while +fully appreciating the sympathy and interest of many charming and +intellectual characters who grace California to-day, it must be admitted +that there is a sadly ignorant or misinformed number who scarcely +seem to know who Spaniards and their descendants are, judging from the +promiscuous way the term "Spanish" is used, and what is the result of +this among many? Prejudice, and absurd misunderstanding of the golden +days of Spanish California as well as of the Spanish race and character. +It is far from being my wish to offend, but I wish to present correct +historical facts. Thirdly--there is no pretense to consider this brief +sketch a complete or detailed history, but only a truthful outline of +the heroic and chivalrous Mission days. + +Maria Antonia Field. + + + + +Translation of the Names of the Missions. + + +1. San Diego.--A Spanish form of Saint James, who is the Patron Saint of +Spain. + +2. San Carlos.--Saint Charles. Mission San Carlos and the Royal Chapel +of Monterey were so named in honor of Saint Charles the Patron Saint of +King Carlos III under whose reign the mission was founded. + +3. San Antonio De Padua.--St. Anthony of Padua. + +4. San Gabriel.--St. Gabriel (the Angel of the Annunciation.). + +5. San Luis Obispo.--Saint Louis, Bishop. + +6. Nuestra Senora de Los Dolores.--Our Lady of Sorrows. + +7. San Juan Capistrano.--St. John Capistrano. + +8. Santa Clara.--Saint Clara. + +9. San Buenaventura.--Saint Bonaventure. + +10. Santa Barbara.--Saint Barbara (whose feast is commemorated on +December 4, the date of the foundation of the Mission.) + +11. Purisima Concepcion.--Most Pure Conception (of the Blessed Virgin +Mary). This feast is celebrated on December 8, the day on which this +mission was founded. + +12. Nuestra Senora De La Soledad.--Our Lady of Solitude. (In the +Catholic Church the Blessed Virgin Mary is venerated under this title to +commemorate her solitude from the time of our Saviour's death until His +Resurrection). + +13. Santa Cruz.--Holy Cross (so named in honor of Our Saviour's +Passion). + +14. San Jose.--Saint Joseph. + +15. San Juan Bautista.--Saint John, Baptist (whose feast occurs on June +24, the day this mission was founded). + +16. San Miguel.--Saint Michael. + +17. San Fernando, Rey De Espana.--Saint Ferdinand, King of Spain. + +18. San Luis, Rey De Francia.--Saint Louis, King of France. + +19. Santa Ynez.--Saint Agnes. + +20. San Rafael.--Saint Raphael. + +21. San Francisco Solano.--Saint Francis Solano. + + + + +CHIMES OF MISSION BELLS + +Tribute to Junipero Serra and the Mission Padres. + +By Maria Antonia Field. + +Read at the Crowning of the Serra Statue, Monterey, Nov. 23, 1913. + + + + The fickle world ofttimes applauds the rise + Of men whose laurels are but vainly won, + Whose deeds their names could not immortalize + For their soul-toils were wrought for transient ends; + But heroes of the Cross, they truly great + Shall live, their halo shall no hand of fate + + Have power to rob, albeit oblivious years + May veil the radiance of their glorious works, + Or slight their excellence, their light appears + But brighter, statelier in its splendor calm, + Or like the flowers that sleep through winter's snow + To bloom more fair, their lives' pure beams shall glow + + With greater brilliance and sweetly gleam + As lodestars in the firmament of worth; + Such is the memory whose holy stream + Of noblest virtue, valor, truth and Faith, + Illumes our path and stirs our souls today, + Immortal Serra by whose tomb we pray! + + What peerless aureole wreathes his saintly brow? + What stately monument doth bear his name? + Let this admiring thousands tell us now! + Let youthful lips pronounce his name with love! + Let California proudly sing his praise! + Let scions of fair Spain their voices raise, + + And tell of him to whom so much we owe, + Tell of his interceding power with God, + His strong and lofty soul his children know, + His prayers where Carmel's River flows so clear; + O this his aureole, this his monument, + The lasting kind which ne'er will know descent. + + Another lesson must the worldly learn, + From him who sought nor praise nor fame; + His birth, ten score agone, and still we turn + To him in reverence, his name is sweet + As vernal bloom, his life shows forth God's might, + Through him this soil received Faith's warm sunlight! + + This beauteous land was strange, unknown and wild, + Spite all its treasures, lordly trees and flowers; + For tribes with pagan rites its wastes defiled, + Till came Spain's noble band of godly men, + Explorers true and zealous priests who gave + Their lives' best years, forgotten souls to save! + + 'Tis just we venerate each hallowed stone + Which rears the wond'rous "Temples of the West"; + The tears, the toils, the nightly vigils lone; + The pilgrim-journeys of Saint Francis' sons, + The rescued souls by lustral waters cleansed, + The wealth of hospitality dispensed. + + All this and more if but their walls could speak, + Would tell this day; and we in whose veins flows + The fervent blood of Spain, to us each streak + Of light which doth reveal a picture true + Of gentle friar and lovely vanished times + Is tender as the Angelus' sweet chimes. + + Well may each Mission have a holy spell, + And Serra's name become a household word, + What marvels can each yellowed archive tell + Of him and of his martyr-spirit band. + O faithful, dauntless hearts! What brilliant sons + Of that great galaxy of Spain's brave sons! + + We love their saintly lives to ponder o'er, + While childhood's fireside tales come back to us, + And memory unfolds her precious store, + The bygone glories of the Mission towns, + The grand old hymns sung at sweet Mary's shrines + The Spanish color rich as luscious wines + + Of Mission vineyards, and the festive hours + So full of life yet innocent and good, + When blessings seemed to fall as welcome showers, + The Indian tribes were ruled with Christian love, + And shared the sons and daughters of Castile + Their loved Franciscan Fathers' patient zeal! + + But still we love each altar and each cross + Of these dear fanes; e'en as departing rays + Of sun doth kiss the crags outlined with moss, + We love to linger by their altars' light. + But oh fair Carmel, she of Missions Queen + What guarding spirits hover here unseen! + + Sweet Carmel, center of the hero-band, + What holy treasures hold thy sacred vaults? + Junipero and others! Here we stand + In awe of all thou hast been and art still! + Cruel times took glory, splendor, power + From Missions all, but not their priceless dower, + + Religion, love and all we hold as dear, + No hand can tarnish and no might destroy, + And from each hallowed altar ruddy, clear, + Still burns the mystic lamp, for God is there! + The cross-crowned towers tell that all is not dead, + E'en though more splendid times have long since sped. + + And like a glowing ember in the night + Our Lady's love has burned through every change; + 'Tis thus the Missions ever saw the light + Through labors, ripened harvest-joys and wrongs; + Their noon-sun splendors of well won renown + Will shine their glorious heritage to crown. + + O Saintly Serra we implore thy prayer, + Thy dauntless spirit sowed the "mustard-seed" + Which grew as if by miracle of wonder rare, + Upon this now rich land which thou did'st till, + O let they mantle on thy clients fall + Who on thy gracious aid do humbly call. + + + +Chapter I. + + + Junipero Serra, Leader of the Heroic Band of Spanish + Missionaries of California. His Coming to San Fernando, + Mexico, Thence to California. + + + +Junipero Serra, whose name and labors may be termed a compendium of +Christian virtues, was born on November 24, 1713, in Petra, a village of +the picturesque Island of Majorca, on the northeastern coast of Spain, +and a part of the Province of fair Catalonia, one of the most valuable +and beautiful portions of Spain. This child, around whom our story +clusters was baptized on the day following his birth, and received +the names of Miguel Jose. His parents were poor people from a material +standpoint, but gifted with a rich heritage of the noblest, and +sublimest character; qualities which make the Spanish peasant so +delightful. + +From his tenderest youth, Miguel Jose evinced an ardent desire to enter +the priesthood and displayed a zealous missionary spirit. His pious +parents placed no obstacle in the way of their gentle boy's vocation, +and being too poor to pay for his education, the Church did it for them. +At the age of sixteen, Miguel Jose left his father's small estate +and began his studies in his native village, completing them at the +Franciscan College of Palma, the Capital of the Island of Majorca. He +made rapid progress, and a brilliant future opened before him, while +his virtuous qualities were noted by all with whom he came in contact. +A proof of his worth may be seen from the facts that he was ordained +before he attained his majority; also taught in different schools as +professor of theology and received the degree of doctor soon after his +ordination. The fame of his eloquent preaching and persuasive oratorical +powers spread not only throughout Spain but reached other European +countries. Still Junipero Serra (as he was known by his own choice after +an humble disciple of Saint Francis of Assisi, noted for his charity) +was not dazzled by his brilliant mental gifts, and his thirsting desire +to evangelize the heathen savage of the New World grew apace with his +fame. He declined the offer to become the Court preacher and other +ecclesiastical dignities, which he would have been entirely justified in +accepting, and practiced those virtues which clung to him with even more +perfect maturity throughout his life; heroic virtues which enabled him +to undertake wonderful things. In him too were noted those sweet simple +qualities invariably found in great and holy men and women, such as +gentleness, amiability, a tender affection for children and a love for +the beautiful in nature; sun, moon, stars, flowers, birds, the woods and +ocean, all found responsive chords within him. In a few brief lines +we have endeavored to convey an idea of Serra's character, let us +now follow his steps in company with the band of heroic workers +who accompanied him in his voyage across the dark Atlantic, and his +apostolic journeys through Mexico and California to "break the bread of +life" to the unfortunate heathen. Among the notable band of missionaries +was Father Francisco Palou, life-long friend and co-laborer of Father +Junipero Serra. + +But why did these heroes choose Mexico and California as the vineyards +of their labors? Why did they not go to Africa or other heathen shores? +Here is the answer: Spain and all Europe were filled with stories of +the New World since the discovery of America by Columbus in 1492, and +several other Spanish discoveries in later years, among which must +be remembered that in 1521, Hernando Cortes, one of the great Spanish +explorers of the sixteenth century, explored the hitherto unknown +land of Mexico, and as Spain always accompanied her conquests and +explorations with her missionaries to evangelize the heathens, at the +time that Father Junipero Serra set sail for the New World, which was +in 1759, there were in Mexico an archbishopric and several missions +conducted by Spanish priests, among them a well established Franciscan +College in San Fernando, a settlement in the northern part of Mexico, +which the Spanish explorers and missionaries so decided to name after +Saint Ferdinand, a King of Spain, who lived in the thirteenth century. +And to this College, Father Junipero Serra and his companions came after +a perilous voyage of nearly one year; for the date of their arrival +was January 1, 1760; and here they began their labor! Of the nine years +which Junipero Serra toiled in Mexico, six were spent in Sierra Gorda, +some distance north of San Fernando, and one of the wildest and roughest +of those half explored regions. And what marvels attended the labors of +Serra and the other self-sacrificing sons of Saint Francis here! With +Junipero Serra at the helm, the good priests learned some of the Aztec +dialects in order to convert the savages. Then what followed? With the +greatest patience the missionaries acquitted themselves to the task +of teaching the classic, cultured language of Spain to these poor +aborigines, whose languages like those of the still cruder California +Indians, did not contain expressions for even the simplest words of +scripture or of the liturgy of the Church. And can we wonder at this? +But what were the astonishing results of the good priests' labors? They +were truly God-wonders! Daily were recorded numerous conversions, and at +the close of six years many Indian congregations of those regions could +be heard singing the ancient Latin hymns of the Church, and in poor but +intelligible Spanish supplying in their prayers and conversations +what was wanting in their dialects. It was while at Sierra Gorda that +Junipero Serra became afflicted with a painful sore which broke out on +his right leg and which never healed in all his eventful and laborious +career. Many historians allude to this sore as a "wound," but no record +is extant to indicate it as such, the most authentic conclusions being +that this sore was due to natural causes greatly augmented and brought +on by the hardships and climatic conditions he encountered in this +missionary field. + +The average person would think Junipero Serra and his companions had +surely satiated their thirst for missionary labors during the nine long +toilsome years they spent in Mexico, far, far away from loving home, +affectionate kindred and the Old World culture to which they bade +farewell when the last glistening silhouette of the Spanish Coast +vanished from their view in 1759, but not so! Their pilgrimage was +but begun! The pilgrimage which was to blossom heavenly and earthly +blessings as beautiful and countless as the flowers which jeweled the +slopes and valleys they traversed. The monstrous undertaking begun so +gloriously, blessed with the benison of prayers, sacrifices, tears; +blessed later with superhuman success and crowned with an immortal halo +for endless days! + +Here we will make a slight digression for the sake of our story. In +1548, just twenty-seven years after Cortes discovered the land of +Mexico, Cabrillo's expedition had sailed up the Coast of California, and +in 1602 Sebastian Vizcaino had made further discoveries accompanied by +two Carmelite priests, and landed on the shores of Monterey. Both of +these expeditions, however, were abandoned and California remained the +"mysterious vineyard," as it was called. But Vizcaino drew a map of +California placing upon it the harbor of Monterey, and wrote glowing +accounts of the beauty of the spot. On Point Lobos he planted a Cross, +and the Carmelite Fathers named that beautiful Valley, four miles from +Monterey, Carmelo, in honor of the Blessed Virgin Mary, venerated under +the title of Our Lady of Mount Carmel. Of these facts we will have +occasion to speak of more fully later on in this work. + +Years after these expeditions the good Jesuit Fathers established +several missions in Lower California, but were recalled to Spain by King +Carlos III and by this sovereign's request the Franciscan Fathers of +the College of San Fernando were commissioned to take the newly vacated +missions and accompany as missionaries the great and glorious enterprise +of Don Gaspar de Portola, with Vizcaino's map as guide, to further +explore California and add it to the Crown of Castile and Leon. + +The Father Guardian of the College of San Fernando, on receiving the +letter from King Carlos, immediately appointed Junipero Serra, whose +zeal and sanctity were so well known, as the Father President of the +band of missionaries to set out for California. Among the missionaries +who volunteered to evangelize California were Fathers Francisco Palou, +Francisco de Lasuen and Juan Crespi. + +Here we will introduce a few characters, not of the missionary band, +but who may well be termed faithful co-operators of their labors, men +of unimpeachable honor, whose names add luster to the pages of Spanish +annals. Don Jose Galvez, the Visitador General (general visitator) of +the Spanish possessions in Mexico, a man as pious and noble as he was +brilliant, managed the expedition of gallant Don Gaspar de Portola and +the missionaries, and gave Junipero Serra and the brave officers and +soldiers much encouragement. This wonderfully managed and well equipped +expedition, on which hinged the future of California, was wisely divided +into two parts, one to go by sea, the other overland. The sea expedition +consisted of three ships the San Carlos, the San Jose, and the San +Antonio, the last named was a relief ship and was started after the +other two. The San Carlos and San Jose carried a large portion of the +troops, all of which received the Sacraments before embarking. On these +ships were also placed the Church ornaments, provisions, camping outfits +and cargoes of agricultural implements. Father Junipero Serra then +blessed the ships and placed them under the guidance of Saint Joseph, +whom the missionaries had chosen as the Patron Saint of California. Each +ship had two missionaries on board and among the crew were bakers, cooks +and blacksmiths; on the San Antonio went the surgeon, Don Pedro Prat. +Simultaneously with these ships started two land parties, one in advance +of the other in order to stop at La Paz in Lower California, to pick up +cattle and sheep wherewith to stock the new country, also to bring +some of the converted Indians of the mission in that region, to aid the +missionaries and soldiers by translating the speech of the Indians of +Alta or Higher California; for while the Indian dialects were numerous, +there was some similarity among them. This first land expedition was +in command of Captain Rivera y Moncada. The second land party was in +command of the newly appointed governor, Don Gaspar de Portola, the +first governor of California, and wise indeed was the choice of this +good and excellent man! This second land party was doubly blessed with +the presence of Junipero Serra. Many were the dangers and hardships +encountered by these sterling men both by land and sea; and as the +repetition of what is noble never tires, we will again allude to the +painful sore on Junipero Serra's leg, which caused him such intense +suffering, that his continuation of the journey many times seemed +miraculous even before he reached Saint Xavier (the mission established +at La Paz). When his fellow missionary, Father Palou advised him to +remain a little longer at Saint Xavier's until he would be in a better +condition to travel, his only answer was "let us speak no more on the +subject, I have placed my faith in God and trust to His Goodness to +plant the holy standard of the Cross not only at San Diego but even as +far as Monterey." And God overshadowed the enterprise undertaken in His +Name. The ship San Jose was never heard from, but its noble crew were +always considered martyrs who brought blessings on the rest of the +expedition. The San Carlos and the two land parties reached San Diego, +their first goal almost simultaneously. Here was chanted the first Te +Deum in California! Here Serra, head of the religious portion of the +expedition, and Portola head of the civil and military, conferred with +each other on the course they were to follow. And here we will leave +these incomparable pioneers to celebrate the birthday of California, +July 1, 1769. + + + +Chapter II + + + Brief Sketch of the Conquest of California and of the + Founding of the Missions. Hospitality of the Missions. Care + and Benevolence of the Missionaries Towards the Indians. + + + +Father Junipero Serra and Don Gaspar de Portola decided on the following +plan; that Junipero Serra with Fathers Francisco Palou and Francisco de +Lasuen would remain in San Diego, where Serra was to establish his first +mission while Portola with Fathers Crespi and Gomez, Captain Rivera y +Moncada, Lieutenant Fages and some of the Spanish dragoons and muleteers +started overland to explore the country, and in quest of the Harbor +of Monterey, carrying with them the map of Sebastian Vizcaino. This +expedition was to result in the memorable "March of Portola," which +lasted about eight months. Missing the Harbor of Monterey on account of +an error in the reckoning of Vizcaino's map, the explorers marched as +far north as what is now San Francisco and discovered the Harbor that +bears that name; so named later by Junipero Serra in honor of St. +Francis of Assisi, the founder of the Franciscan Order. After continuing +a fruitless search for Monterey, the expedition returned to San Diego. +Junipero Serra was overjoyed at the unexpected discovery of the Harbor +of San Francisco, which Portola and his companions so enthusiastically +extolled, and was not discouraged over their failure to find the Port +of Monterey, but hoped to make another trial to find that Port on which +their most laudable ambitions were centered. But here a sad difficulty +presented itself. Governor Portola returned to San Diego with sad gaps +made into his ranks by sickness and hardship, but hopeful with the +expectation that the relief ship promised by Don Jose Galvez had +arrived, and that the San Diego Mission well established would be able +to give his forces a well deserved chance to recuperate. But what was +his dismay? The relief ship had not arrived, and Junipero Serra had +indeed founded a mission with the usual elaborate ceremonies of the +Church, but the untiring zeal and labors of himself and his companions +had not been blessed with a single convert. No neophyte could be counted +among the numerous natives of the place, who had even proved hostile at +times; and the mission too, was in the sorest need; Junipero Serra and +his companions ofttimes adding to their usual fasts and abstemiousness, +"that others might have more." Still the relief ship was delayed! Surely +this was not the fault of good Don Jose Galvez, but it might have met +a tragic fate; thus thought the discouraged land and sea forces; and +Governor Portola was too good a soldier not to know that the best course +to follow was to start at once back to Mexico and abandon the glorious +dream, before starvation and death overtook everyone of them. But here +Junipero Serra interposed, and as if inspired pleaded with the Governor +for "one more day;" Portola out of respect did grant just "one more day" +before ordering the whole expedition back. + +Junipero Serra then repaired to the summit of the Presidio Hill and +with arms extended, prayed as if in ecstasy from sunrise until sunset, +"storming the heavens" that the relief ship might come, and the +conversion of the heathen of California be realized. O unquestionable +miracle! "More things are wrought by prayer, than this world ever +dreamed of!" As the last rays of sun kissed his venerable brow, from out +the gold and purple horizon, he sighted the top-most point of a mast, +which while he was still "pouring his soul" no longer in supplication +but in thanksgiving, grew into the unmistakable figure of the long +expected ship. But for that "one more day" what would California be +now? No converted Indians, no monumental missions, no exploration and +colonization no civilization! The ship had been delayed on account of +the rough voyage it encountered. But now relief, contentment, renewed +hope, renewed courage; and the Mission of San Diego was but the first +of the twenty-one which were to strew El Camino Real (the Royal Road, +literally, commonly called the King's Highway) of California. And +chivalrous Portola, filled with even greater reverence for the humble +priest Junipero Serra, whom his lofty soul had always appreciated, +once more gathered his forces, and started anew in search of Monterey. +Junipero Serra left the Mission of San Diego in charge of two of the +good fathers and a small garrison as guards, and set out with Portola +on his second expedition; and it was Serra whose very presence seemed to +draw the blessings of heaven, who pointed out to the Governor the error +on Vizcaino's map which caused him to miss the Port of Monterey. + +This expedition was also divided into two parts, one to go overland the +other by sea. Father Serra went with the sea party which sailed on +the Paqueboat San Antonio. A number of Spanish dragoons from the fair +province of Catalonia, muleteers, and some of the convert Indians +recruited from the mission of La Paz were in the overland party. + +On May 24th, 1770, the expedition reached Point Pinos on the Coast +of Monterey; after going south about six miles and encamping on a +picturesque spot on the shores of the Bay, the missionaries raised an +altar and Junipero Serra celebrated the first Mass on the shores of +Monterey on June 3rd, 1770. It is more than likely that the Carmelite +fathers who came here with Vizcaino had done so one hundred and sixty +eight years before, but as there is no official record of the fact, +the Mass celebrated on the improvised altar under the oak (which is +preserved in the premises of San Carlos Church, Monterey), is recorded +as the first. Mass over, Junipero Serra and Gaspar de Portola exhorted +the Spanish soldiers to hold to the traditional faith and purity of +the Spanish race, and to kindness to the natives, calling them "weaker +brethren who should be christianized, not debauched." Then Junipero +Serra planted a Mission Cross and blessed the Spanish flag which Portola +hoisted, taking possession of the land in the name of "His Most Catholic +Majesty King Carlos III, by right of discovery." [1] Junipero Serra also +blessed the sea and land. + +As Monterey was from the first established as the civil, military +and religious headquarters of the Spanish kingdom in California, her +Presidio was known as el Presidio Real (the Royal Presidio), and the +present parish church of Monterey, which was built as a chapel for the +Presidio was la Capilla Real de San Carlos (the Royal Chapel of Saint +Charles). + +Junipero Serra found the Indians of Monterey and the surrounding country +very docile, while the Indians from Lower California soon learned their +dialect and acted as interpreters of the missionaries. The Cross which +Vizcaino had planted in 1602 was found decked with skins and shells. On +inquiry the Missionaries were told by the Indians that they had often +seen mysterious rays of light around it, and thinking that some god was +angry they were trying to propitiate him by means of those offerings. + +As we have already noted Junipero Serra said his first, Mass in Monterey +on June 3rd, 1770, and two years later he recorded his first baptism. +From that date the Indians would come in dozens to present themselves +for instruction. Then the marvels that had attended Junipero Serra at +Sierra Gorda in Mexico, were repeated in Monterey. The naked savages +were clothed, many of them were beginning to learn Spanish and to sing +the Latin responses of the Mass and hymns both in Spanish and Latin, +playing such musical instruments as the cymbal and triangle, keeping +perfect time to every beat. The flocks and cattle were increasing and +the harvest fields were golden with grain. While some of the Indians +were taught to till the soil others were herdsmen, and some were taught +to work as artisans. Nearly fifty trades were taught the California +Indians under the supervision of the Missionaries. In 1771 Junipero +Serra founded the San Carlos Mission in the most entrancing location of +the Carmelo Valley that the nature loving Serra could have chosen; the +forests of oak, pine and cypress for which Monterey is noted to this +day, stretch with even greater beauty as we pierce farther into the +interior, while the fertility of the land drained by the beautiful +Carmelo River together with the commanding position of the spot, made +the site of the Mission ideal. And this Mission of the Carmelo Valley +of Monterey, was Junipero Serra's headquarters, here he lies buried, and +here was the center of that unequalled hospitality and pure society for +which every mission was noted. The Spanish Government made large grants +of land to the missions, and under the labor, care and excellent methods +of the missionaries, they became powerful and wealthy institutions, the +pride and blessing of New Spain. Fine stock, teeming grain fields and +luscious orchards graced every mission, and Mission San Carlos was no +exception, indeed it was one of the most prosperous and beautiful. + +Fathers from the Mission at Carmelo, attended the Royal Chapel of San +Carlos in Monterey and continued to do so until long after the last Act +of Secularization in 1835 had been passed by the Mexican Government, and +San Carlos of Carmelo was left desolate with no priest to guard her own +altar light. But of this we shall, alas, have but too much reason to +speak later. Junipero Serra did not stop his arduous work by founding +beautiful San Carlos of Carmelo and consecrating the Royal Chapel of +Monterey; he was to christianize all California, for all California +had now been added to the Crown of Castile and Leon. Spain followed +in California the same policy which has distinguished her in her other +possessions such as Cuba, the Philippines and other colonies, steeped in +idolatry until the Spanish Missionary, whose zeal is proverbial, wrested +their countless inhabitants from the cymmerian gloom of paganism. Thus +as soon as San Carlos Mission was founded, the glorious march of El +Camino Real continued. + +Mission San Antonio de Padua, the third mission, was established in July +1, 1771. The beauty of the spot and wonderful eagerness of the Indians +to receive baptism greatly touched Junipero Serra and the other two +Franciscan Fathers who accompanied him as well as some of the soldiers +who were in the party. To-day Mission San Antonio is almost in ruins, +but its very ruins are piles which speak of mystic beauty, and in +the days of mission glory San Antonio was one of the fairest of the +missions. + +On returning to Carmelo, Junipero Serra filled the other missionaries +with joy over this latest conquest of souls, and sent messengers to +Fathers Somera and Cambon whom he had left in charge of the Mission at +San Diego, to establish a mission in southern California, which they +would name San Gabriel. The two Fathers, with ten soldiers as guards, +started a march northward until they came to the present sight of San +Gabriel, which they saw immediately was a good location for a mission, +particularly as a beautiful stream flowed through the Valley, and +wherever possible the Fathers chose a spot where there was water for the +mission orchards and gardens. + +Here we may add that the Fathers had a system of irrigation by means +of ditches, traces of which may be seen to this day in the sites where +stood many of the old mission orchards. The fruits from these good +Fathers gardens were the fairest and most luscious that California has +ever seen, none of our lovely grapes compare with theirs, and their +olives were larger and better than any of which California boasts +to-day. + +Although not deviating from our subject we have wandered from the thread +of our story in the foundation of Mission San Gabriel. One incident +contained in the records of this Mission may hardly be passed over in +silence. The good Franciscans and their brave little bodyguard found the +Indians in a very hostile mood, still they blessed a Mission Cross and +planted it; but the Indians increasing their threatening attitude, the +Fathers unfurled a large white banner bearing the image of the Blessed +Virgin Mary, placing the side of the banner with the image in full +view of the heathens. Priests and soldiers then knelt and implored the +intercession of the Redeemer's Immaculate Mother for their safety +and for the conversion of the Indians to the Faith of her Divine Son. +Immediately came the answer from Heaven! The Indians not only abandoned +every sign of hostility, but came forward towards the Fathers with every +sign of sincere submissiveness, and after due instruction were baptized. +For it must be remembered that the Church does not, and cannot force her +belief on anyone who does not willingly accept it; the poor savage is +no exception; instruction, kindness, prayers may always be employed, no +more. As in many cases the nature of the Indian was too elementary to +be moved at first by the lessons and exhortations of suffering and +self-denial of Our Saviour, and the bridling of the human passions; in +many instances the Fathers would first win the Indians' confidence by +giving them blankets, beads and such things as attracted them, then by +degrees unfolded the tenets of religion and mysteries of faith, to which +in most cases these erstwhile savages clung with firmness and gave many +edifying signs of true and sincere christianity. A band of white beads +around the head distinguished the christian Indians from the pagan. + +The flocks, vineyards and orchards of Mission San Gabriel, as well as +the skill of its Indians, in time became famous throughout California, +and it was from here that Governor Felipe de Neve, third Governor of +California, started in 1781 with several of the Fathers and a company of +soldiers to found the present city of Los Angeles. + +The fifth Mission, San Luis Obispo, was founded on September 1, 1772, by +Junipero Serra in person; the saintly Father making a pilgrimage there +for that purpose. Thus in the space of three years, five missions were +founded. A royal record of the zeal of the missionaries and of the +humanity of the Spanish Government and Authorities. + +In 1774 the Spanish Viceroy of Mexico informed Junipero Serra that +he intended to establish a presidio in San Francisco "for the further +extension of Spanish and Christian power." Junipero Serra, on receipt +of this letter, selected Fathers Palou and Cambon to accompany the +soldiers, and Lieutenant Juan de Ayala was ordered with his ship +stationed at Monterey to further explore the San Francisco Bay; Juan de +Anza, another brilliant officer, was entrusted with the establishment of +the new presidio; the site he chose being the identical one on which the +Presidio of San Francisco stands today. Lieutenant Juan de Ayala of the +Royal Navy of Spain, was the first to steer a ship through the Golden +Gate, and a strange coincidence was that his ship was the San Carlos +which had come to San Diego with a portion of the first Spanish pioneers +in 1769. With Lieutenant Ayala was Father Vincente de Santa Maria who, +with Fathers Palou and Cambon, planted a Mission Cross and founded +Mission Nuestra Senora de los Dolores, which has withstood so many +ravages of time and change, of man and elements. + +The seventh Mission was San Juan Capistrano, founded November 1, 1776, +by Father Lasuen. This Mission was also a very flourishing Mission, the +Indians were laborers in its construction, which lasted nearly fourteen +years. + +Mission Santa Clara was the eighth to be established. It was founded on +January 12, 1777. The original lines of this once beautiful Mission +are almost entirely changed but like all its sister missions it still +retains much of its dear old atmosphere, and can boast of the tomb of +Father Magin Catala who died there in 1836 "in the odor of sanctity." +Mission Santa Clara was founded by Father Tomas de la Pena y Saradia; +and its history is fascinating and romantic. The Mission Cross which +Father de la Pena y Saradia planted here, is still standing. + +The ninth Mission was San Buenaventura, founded also by Junipero Serra +in person, in company with Governor Felipe de Neve, on Easter Sunday of +March 31, 1783. + +From San Buenaventura, Junipero Serra and Governor de Neve marched +to what is now Santa Barbara. Here the Indians were numerous and more +intelligent than any in California, where the Indians were far denser +than either the Incas of South America or the Aztecs of Mexico. Delays, +caused by military differences, retarded the foundation of Santa Barbara +Mission, which would have been the tenth, but Junipero Serra planted +a Mission Cross and selected the site on which it was destined to be +founded four years after his death. From here Serra returned to Carmelo; +his journeys from one Mission to another being always on foot. + +And here we must pause: We have come in our narrative to that momentous +year in the history, not only of the missions, but of California. The +year when. Junipero Serra, true priest of God, christianizer, civilizer, +wonderful among wonderful pioneers, or as Governor Gaspar de Portola +had spoken of him years before, "the humblest, bravest man of God I ever +knew," had done his work! Junipero Serra was ready for his throne in +Heaven, his crown awaited him, his rough Franciscan habit was to be +glorified. We have briefly glanced at his chief characteristics from +his boyhood in historic Spain, and must have gauged the measure of his +untiring and tried virtue from the time he landed in Mexico and San +Diego, on through the years he labored as the Apostle of California; to +these let us add just a few of the private practices of mortification +which he imposed on his innocent flesh, notwithstanding his age, his +physical infirmities, extraordinary labors and hardships in a new, half +explored country. Virtually they sound like a passage from the lives of +the Saints. His journeys were always on foot, although the old sore +on his leg remained like an instrument of torture throughout his life, +nothing being able to help him. El Camino Real, from San Francisco to +Monterey and from Monterey to San Diego, with its rough roads, was as +familiar to him who walked it with so much difficulty as it is to us +who enjoy it by comfortable travel on the railroad or pleasurable motor +trips; his fasts were austere and frequent, wine he never used, the +discipline was no stranger to him, a bed was not among his possessions, +on the bare floor or bench at most he would rest his sore missionary +body; yet he never imposed unnecessary penance on anyone, he was hard +only on himself, he was gentle and affectionate to a marked degree, his +faith, trust in Providence, humility and charity, were heroic. Of his +seventy-four years of life, fifty-four he had been a Franciscan Priest +and thirty-five he had devoted to missionary work, of which nine were +spent in Mexico and fourteen in California. His wonderful eloquence and +magnetic power for preaching which had won him honors in the Old +World even as a newly ordained priest, he had used and adapted for the +instruction of thousands of heathens of the New World; and now that +christianity and civilization were beginning to bud with springtime +loveliness like the Castilian roses he had planted in some of the +mission gardens, while the sun of Spanish glory was still in the +ascendency and no threatening omens of the fall of Spanish or Franciscan +power, or nightmares of the Acts of Secularization disturbed the +cloudless skies, while the Presidio Real of Monterey bore the arms of +the Spanish King and the Capilla Real do San Carlos was thronged with +gallant officers and brave men of the Royal Army and Navy of Castile and +Leon, and Our Lady seemed to smile blessings on her Valley of Carmelo, +before the beauteous dream, nay, realization of noble ambitions, had +vanished like a fair sun, God called His faithful Servant unto Himself, +in his cell at his beloved San Carlos Mission about 2:30 P. M. on August +28, 1784, according to the entry of Father Francisco Palou, in the +archives of San Carlos Mission, preserved in San Carlos Church of +Monterey. And what a day this was! The archives here are full of +touching detail. Solemn salutes were fired from the ships stationed in +the Harbor of Monterey, and the grief of the people was inexpressible. +The Indians were inconsolable. The officers of the Royal Navy claimed +his sandals as a precious keepsake, and the Fathers could not restrain +the people from cutting pieces of his habit to carry away as souvenirs; +the Indians claimed his Franciscan cord and many cut locks of his +silver hair; his corpse had to be dressed twice on account of this pious +proceeding. In a plain redwood coffin his precious remains were laid +in a vault "on the gospel side of the altar within the sanctuary of San +Carlos Mission." O! holy grave, how many changes thou hast seen! O happy +Serra, from the dazzling splendors of God's light how often thou +must have prayed for thy work, thy people, thy neophytes! In God's +inscrutable Providence the good are ofttimes permitted to suffer, but +the same All Wise Hand can brush away with a single stroke, the wrong +done to His own, and His time seems near! + +We will now resume the story of the foundation of the missions, for we +really stopped at the ninth. Junipero Serra's life-long friend, Father +Palou was chosen temporary President of the Missions, for within a year +he retired to the Franciscan College of San Fernando, where he gave most +of his time to writing, and to him we are indebted for a complete and +accurate biography of Junipero Serra. After Father Palou's resignation, +Father Francisco de Lasuen was appointed Father President of the +Missions. Father Lasuen was an arduous laborer and able priest of the +original heroic band of missionaries, and his first act was to establish +Mission Santa Barbara, where Junipero Serra had planted a Mission Cross +nearly four years previous. This was accomplished on December 4, 1787, +and of the twenty-one missions which were spoliated in later years, +Santa Barbara was the only one which tyrannical laws could never +dispossess of its lawful owners, hence to this day the Sons of Saint +Francis are there to guard the "altar light." + +From Santa Barbara, Father Lasuen traveled north to Lompoc, and founded +Mission La Purisima Concepcion on December 8, 1787. + +Mission de Nuestra Senora de in Soledad was founded in October of 1791. +The last Act of Secularization in 1835 fell very heavily on this lovely +Mission of which scarcely a trace remains today. This mission was noted +for its fine stock and luxuriant pastures. + +On Christmas day of 1791 was founded the Mission of Santa Cruz. This +Mission never rivaled the other missions in wealth, but in later years +it was honored with a martyr. Here is the authentic story of Father +Quintana, whose martyr's death occurred here as late as 1817. Father +Quintana was a holy and zealous priest of this mission, who had carried +on the work of the conversion of the Indians most of whom were already +christian, but a small portion still remained heathen, and these were +very hostile. As was later discovered, while the good priest was reading +his breviary in his office, some of these hostile Indians entered, and +most cruelly murdered him, then taking his body into the mission orchard +placed it against a capulin tree (a tree much resembling the cherry tree +in fruit and form). On thus discovering the corpse the other Fathers +immediately sent a message to the surgeon of the Royal Presidio of +Monterey, who at the time was Don Manuel Quixano (step-father of the +writer's great grandmother). After holding an autopsy on the martyred +body, Dr. Quixano found that the saintly Father had been horribly and +cruelly murdered. The details are preserved in the Santa Cruz Mission +archives, but are not given to the public. The capulin tree which the +Indians made use of to make it appear that the Father's death was a +natural one, was at the time in full bloom, and in a few hours became a +dry lifeless trunk. A remarkable act of Providence indeed! + +The fourteenth and fifteenth missions established were Mission San Jose +and beautiful Mission San Juan Bautista, founded respectively on June +11th and June 24th of the year 1797. + +We have generously used words denoting beauty and prosperity in +describing the missions, but no less can be said of these mighty and +bountiful institutions, who, even in their regal ruins are California's +chief attraction to this day. + +The sixteenth mission was San Miguel, founded by Fathers Francisco +de Lasuen and Buenaventura Sitjar, with very impressive and elaborate +ceremonials, on July 25th, 1797. The brilliant frescoing of this mission +was done in 1824 by the writer's great grandfather, Esteban Munras, a +Spaniard from Barcelona, who had studied art in his native city, and who +was intimately connected with the early missionaries, especially those +of Monterey, where he resided. Esteban Munras did the frescoing of San +Miguel Mission at the request of Father Juan Cabot, also a native +of Barcelona. Thus we see the undaunted steadfastness of these early +missionaries who, although California had already passed from Spanish +to Mexican rule, and mission power was beginning to wane, still were +zealous for the greater adornment of God's holy temples. + +On September 8, 1797, Mission San Fernando, Rey de Espana was founded. +In June of the following year San Luis, Rey de Francia, fifty-four +Indian children being baptized on the day of its foundation. It was in +the patio (court yard) of this mission that the first pepper tree in +California was planted by Father Antonio Peyri. + +On September 17, 1804, beautiful Santa Ynez Mission was founded. Here +Father Arroyo, a brilliant scholar, prepared a working grammar of the +language of the Indians of the San Juan region. In December, 1817, San +Rafael was founded, and made a splendid record of conversions. Not a +trace of this mission remains today. + +The last mission was San Francisco Solano within the city limits of the +present town of Sonoma, and was founded as late as 1823, thus again is +shown the wonderful courage and zeal of the missionaries in the face +of obstacles, for at this date as we have already noted Spanish Mission +power had begun to wane, and while Mexico was unable to wipe out +entirely Spanish rule and influence for many years, still she had +already claimed California as her own. Many wealthy Russian traders +lived in the country about Sonoma, who showed themselves extremely +friendly to the missionaries, assisted at the ceremonies of the founding +of the mission and made generous contributions for its adornment. + +And now our march of El Camino Real is ended; but let us take another +look at mission life. The plan of the missions was most wonderful, +situated in the most beautiful spots, the journey of one day from +one another, and the seats of learning and well earned prosperity in +California; their architecture was the best imitation of the Spanish +Gothic style which the Spanish laborers could build with the tools and +materials which were then possible to have in the New World. The only +share the Indians had in the building of the missions was in assisting +to carry beams, stone, making the beautiful red tiles found in every +mission roof, and the like, but the actual construction was done by +Spanish workmen under the supervision of the Fathers. + +Besides the church proper, the missions consisted of groups of buildings +set aside for converted Indians and their families, a storehouse, a +guardhouse, a monastery and spacious quarters for guests. For at a +mission not only friends of the Fathers and persons of standing, but +every wayfarer whoever he might be "found warmth and plenty" as long as +he chose to remain under their blessed shelter. And so great was mission +hospitality that a pile of silver was laid in the bedroom of a guest to +be taken by him or left as he saw fit; of course no well bred guest who +was not in need would impose on the holy Fathers' generosity, but it was +their delicate way of assisting an unfortunate pilgrim who might be in +need. The missions too, were the centers of important gatherings and +peaceful rendezvous of persons of social standing, even after the first +two Acts of Secularization had been passed in after years. But these +noble entertainment's, wealth of luscious fruits, golden sheaves, +luxuriant pastures and fleecy lambs, were as the least gifts of these +matchless institutions, for we can never exaggerate the marvels wrought +for the betterment of the heathen natives, or the fairer fruits of the +countless heroic virtues practiced within these enclosures. The Indians +clung to the Fathers like little children to their parents, and from the +vices of paganism, under a healthy and kind rule drawn for them by the +wise Fathers, christian virtues took a deep root in at least a great +many of these poor "children of the soil" and so great was the care +exercised by the Fathers that nightly they would make a round of the +rooms allotted to every christian and neophyte Indian family to see +that order and decency reigned in each group; for we must remember these +souls were but recently rescued from the dark sins of heathenism. + +Blessed temples! noble hospices! heroic priests! We are loathe to change +the scene, but winter's storms must come ere the laurel wreath crowns +the glorified brow! Still, we need not leave the "enchanted palace" yet, +vernal loveliness still charms the eyes and summer is just begun. + +If it be but for one brief moment let us ruminate the glories, the +wealth, the beauty of mission joys, before the least cruel echoes of +Secularization are heard. The sun of Franciscan and Spanish glory is +still mounting the firmament higher and higher. The sky still wears +Our Lady's blue [2] and no penitential purple has appeared with the +departing rays of sunset, only the royal purple and gold which years +before had made the scene a fairylike setting for the heavenset relief +ship to San Diego and assured the noble enterprise of the exploration +and christianizing of California. + + + +Chapter III + + + More About San Carlos Mission and Monterey + + + +As we have seen in the preceding chapter, Monterey was the capital of +the Spanish Possessions in California, consequently San Carlos Mission +was the headquarters of Junipero Serra. And what was not San Carlos +Mission of Carmelo in the days of her glory! We are in a maze of thought +as to how to begin to tell her story. Of the beauty of the spot where +this mission was built we have already spoken, as well as of how the +golden valley of Carmelo came to be named. And here we may well exclaim +with that dear English Saint of the thirteenth century, Saint Simon +Stock, who invoked the Immaculate Virgin with the following beautiful +lines: + + "Carmel's fair flower + Rod blossom laden + Smile on thy dower + Meek Mother--Maiden + None equals thee. + Give us a sign + Thou dost protect us + Mark us for thine + Guide and direct us + Star of the Sea." + +A more perfect replica of the country surrounding the shrine of Our +Lady of Mount Carmel in Palestine would be hard to find, and the "Meek +Mother-Maiden" did give many a sign of her protection to her clients +in this new Carmel of the West. And it was at San Carlos Mission of +Carmelo, that the superiors of the different missions convened and +gave accounts of their work and numbers of baptisms etc. to the Father +President. And how glowing are the records of those accounts! Here on +festival days after the religious services were held social gatherings +and entertainment's of the purest yet merriest order. Marriages, +baptisms, all notable events had their share of attention. The +hospitality of the missions, the care and kindness shown to the Indians, +the numerous flocks, harvests and orchards which embellished them under +the wonderful management of the good Fathers, all existed in copious +measure at San Carlos. + +The huge, beautiful bells of this mission the chimes of which were heard +clearly in Monterey were cracked during the years when the mission was +neglected but some of the pieces were later recast and as far as known +the present bells of the mission were made from them. + +We cannot consider a sketch of this mission however brief, complete, +without giving due credit to the Very Reverend Angelo Casanova, parish +priest of Monterey from 1869 until the time of his death in 1893. This +zealous priest undertook the work of restoring the mission for a portion +of it was in ruins, and to-day there would be but little of San Carlos +to see and admire but for Father Casanova's timely work of restoration, +which he accomplished with some help of friends, but chiefly with his +own private fortune which he inherited. Many a time was Father Casanova +seen assisting the laborers with his own hands. And what a happy day it +was for Monterey when the first Mass was sung in the restored mission +after years of vandalism and neglect! The old statues which had escaped +the ravages of time were replaced in their niches, the sanctuary lamp +was re-lighted for the Sacramental Presence once more enthroned on His +altar and the organ pealed forth the ancient Latin hymns of the Church +once more. Another very significant event of this restoration was that +Father Casanova had the four bodies contained in the vaults of the +mission exhumed and placed on new vaults, built however near the +original spots "on the gospel side of the altar, within the sanctuary." +The four bodies are the remains of Fathers Junipero Serra, Juan Crespi, +Francisco de Lasuen and Julian Lopez. Another good outcome of this event +was that it exploded the utterly unfounded story that a Spanish ship had +carried away the remains of Junipero Serra to Spain. The vestments on +each body were found in a perfect state of preservation at the time this +work was done in 1882. + +For years the saintly Serra's body was buried under a pile of debris, +but his "sepulchre has become glorious" in spite of all. And since the +restoration of this mission, the feast of Saint Charles Borromeo, +(its Patron Saint) has again been celebrated here every November the +twenty-fourth, and a relic of Saint Charles which Father Junipero Serra +brought from Spain, is as of old carried in procession. While this is of +course a Catholic festival, reverent visitors of various creeds attend +it. The mission is guarded by a care-taker, living in the premises of +what remains of the old mission orchard. + +It was also due to Father Casanova, that Mrs. Leland Stanford donated, +in 1890, the Serra Monument [3] which crowns a slope just above the spot +where this wonderful missionary said his first Mass in Monterey. + +We cannot give sufficient credit to Reverend Raymond Mestres, the +present parish priest of Monterey, and a Spaniard from the Province +of Catalonia, like Junipero Serra and many of the early missionaries. +Father Mestres has given time, energy and noble efforts unstintingly to +perpetuate the memory of Junipero Serra and to more fully restore not +only San Carlos Mission and San Carlos Church, but is encouraging a +movement to restore if possible all the California Missions according +to their traditional and historical plans; may his great enterprise be +blessed with all the radiance of crowning success! + +We will have ample reason to speak more of Father Mestres' good work +elsewhere in this sketch, hence we will pass into Monterey itself. +Monterey was named after the Spanish Viceroy of Mexico, who at the time +of her discovery, was the Count of Monterey. As we have many times noted +this city was of royal birth. Unlike any of the other Presidios, her +Presidio was el Presidio Real, the chapel attached to it la Capilla +Real, and the ships which sailed the blue waters of her crescent bay +were the ships of the Royal Navy of Spain. No mission town was without +its glories, its fascinating history or delightful surroundings, +but Monterey was like a fair empress of them all. Yet no jealousy or +feelings of rivalry were felt for Monterey by her sister towns, nor was +her right to the sceptre ever contested. From the time that Sebastian +Vizcaino placed her on his map in 1602 and glowingly described her +beautiful harbor, noble forests and majestic hills, Spain focused her +attention on Monterey, and when her Port was at last found by Portola, +and the stout old ship San Antonio under the command of Captain Juan +Perez entered her harbor on May 31st, 1770, without any discussion or +preamble she was made the capital of New Spain. + +The news of her discovery and of Junipero Serra celebrating Mass on her +shores were sent with all possible haste to the Viceroy of the Spanish +possessions in Mexico and to good Don Jose Galvez, also a complete +statement of her discovery was drawn up and sent to the Court of Spain. +And how were these news received? Solemn masses of thanksgiving were +celebrated in some of the Spanish cathedrals, attended by many of the +highest religious, civil and military authorities, while congratulations +from every side poured into King Carlos and his Viceroy. And all this +exultation over the discovery of the lovely spot we all know and love so +well! Monterey, like a "pearl of great price" had been hard to find, but +like a "pearl of great price" was worth the quest. Beautiful Monterey +with her shores decked with Vizcainos Cross since 1602, Monterey with +her bay blue like a turquoise, matching the azure of heaven, Monterey +with her forests and flowers, with her Valley of Carmelo and glorious +sunsets, adding to natures charms, her historical and sacred atmosphere, +her landmarks and the improvements of man. No wonder thousands yearly +throng this gifted spot of God's earth! + +As may be needless to say, Monterey, became the center of the +social life, beauty and culture of the mission towns. From Monterey, +inspiration flowed as from a fountain head. And even to this day she +is irresistible. Even to this day, in spite of the many sad scenes and +oblivious years which have stamped their trace upon her loveliness and +impaired her regal splendor, her charm is told by her landmarks and +crowned by her natural fortress of hills, her forests and flower robed +meadows, and lulled at evening by the murmur of the iridescent waters of +her bay reflecting the sunset splendors of the sky. + +About 1810 Monterey was ravaged by buccaneers under Bluetcher, who +was such a terror to many sea-port towns, these pirates sailed up +the Pacific Coast, and appeared in Monterey Bay in four large vessels +arriving at midnight. Before they could be driven out of the town they +set fire to some of the Spanish Presidio homes and carried away precious +jewels and silver belonging to the Spanish ladies, and provisions from +the garrison. + +The former Capilla Real de San Carlos is now the parish church of +Monterey, guarding like a fond mother all that remains of the massive +silver altar vessels and candelabras, paintings, statues, vestments, +manuscripts and archives of the pioneer missionaries of this mission. + +Among the modern attractions of Monterey we must not fail to mention +Hotel Del Monte built and owned by the Pacific Improvement Company, and +the many beautiful drives constructed by the same, company. Mr. +Frank Powers was the founder of the flourishing settlement of +Carmel-by-the-Sea, a few minutes walk from San Carlos Mission and a +favorite resort of artists and literateurs. These with many others have +been no small contributors to the old Capital. Thus while we deplore +years of vandalism, and the thousands who have joined the "careless +throng" we can always turn to the pleasing contrast of sympathizers and +friends who are always, willing to give "honor to whom honor is due," +and in doing so have spared neither purse nor efforts in aiding those +who under difficulties have guarded the flame of tradition and love of +the splendid past with its bright galaxy of "heroes, martyrs, saints." +True, the glowing embers often smouldered beneath a debris of neglect +and even harsh misrepresentation but were not and could not be +extinguished. And now faithful hearts may beat fast with holy joy for +the feeble light fanned by loving zephyrs has burst into a glowing flame +destined to diffuse its love and influence to all, regardless of creed, +race or station. + + + +Chapter IV + + + California Under Spanish Rule + + + +With the landing of Serra and Portola at San Diego in 1769, began the +Spanish period of California. The chief events of this period are in +a pith, the following: The establishment of the missions, the +christianizing of the Indians and the exploration and colonization of +California. It is from the Spanish period that the history and standing +of California date. The ten Spanish Governors of California as well as +the officers of the Army and Navy were men of honor and ability, and the +record left by the Spanish settlers is one of which any country might +be proud. During the Spanish period the geographical lines of California +were settled and her harbors surveyed [4]. It was during this period +that most of the present cities of California were founded, Spain +following the plan of building the towns around the missions. The first +Governor, Don Gaspar de Portola, was a great and good man as well as +a brilliant officer, gentle and reasonable in every respect, he was +beloved by all; to him California owes the discovery of San Francisco +Bay, and the great co-operation he gave to Junipero Serra, as well as +his reverent esteem for this saintly man has endeared his memory to +every true Californian, and immortalized his name in Spain. After a +period of two years in office Portola went to Mexico, then under Spanish +rule, and from there returned to Spain. + +Portola was succeeded by Gov. Felipe de Barri, who after three years +was removed from office on account of infringing on the rights of +the missionaries and siding with Captain Rivera Y. Moncada who was a +somewhat arrogant man, who also on several occasions infringed on the +rights of the missionaries; but the faults of the latter have been +very exaggerated by some historians, namely, some declare that he +was ex-communicated from the church on account of insolence to the +missionaries, whereas there is no record of such a fact. Excepting their +officiousness and arrogance, Barri and Rivera were moral and able men. + +Barri was succeeded by Felipe de Neve, a statesman, scholar and worthy +governor who at once declared himself the friend and protector of the +missionaries. It was Governor de Neve who drew up California's first +code of legislation dated from the "Royal Presidio of San Carlos at +Monterey" in June 1779. This code known as the "Reglamento" is regarded +by capable judges as a most remarkable and valuable document. It was +also Governor de Neve who founded the present city of Los Angeles, +the original name of which was Neustra Senora de los Angeles, later +shortened into Los Angeles. The towns of San Jose and Santa Clara also +owe their foundation to de Neve, who selected the location of these +cities around the mission sites. After eight years of office de Neve was +marked for higher honors, and was succeeded by Governor Pedro Fages. + +Governor Fages was a good and energetic man, but better fitted for +the army than for the state; he was noted for his lofty principals of +morality. Fages resigned his office and returned to Spain; he was not a +tactful ruler, but like many others his name has suffered at the hands +of unscrupulous writers. Fages was succeeded in 1790 by Governor Jose +Antonio Romeu, a bright and able but very sickly man. Dr. Pablo Soler +the excellent physician and surgeon of the Province of California was +unable to help him; and Romeu died in Monterey in less than two years of +office. + +Jose de Arrillaga was the sixth governor. This governor was a finished +general, and placed the presidios of California on a solid basis; he +was painstaking and careful of detail. He resigned on account of private +business affairs but later returned as he was reappointed governor of +California. + +The seventh governor was Diego de Borica. Around this Governor cluster +many beautiful pages of Spanish history in California; his was a +character as gentle, religious and home-loving as he was scholarly and +tactful. It was under Borica's administration that the boundary lines +of Upper and Lower California were clearly defined. Borica, however, was +not a man who courted public life or honors, and resigned his office, +returning to Spain with his charming wife and daughter who always longed +for their mother country. + +Before leaving Borica did a good service to Spain and California in +recommending the reappointment of Jose Joaquin Arrillaga. Arrillaga +continued to organize strong military defenses for California. He served +as Spanish Governor of California fourteen years, and first of all +declared himself on all occasions "a loyal son of the Church." He died +at Mission Soledad on July 25, 1813, and was buried there. The only +Spanish Governor to be buried in California. + +The ninth Spanish Governor was Jose Dario Arguello, who was in office +one year, the interval between the death of Arrillaga and the advent of +Pablo Vicente de Sola the last Spanish Governor of California. + +When Governor Sola took office in 1814, California had already bloomed +into a garden of beautiful men and women, many of them from the mother +country, others their children born in this distant province of Castile. +Also many Yankee, Russian and English trading ships came to California +then, and the Spanish presidios were the scenes of many brilliant dances +and entertainment's. These foreign vessels were always welcome; while +the Governors were careful that the power of Spain was not infringed +upon, perfect courtesy and friendliness was always maintained by both +Spaniards and visitors. Thus when Governor Sola arrived to take his +office he was given a royal welcome. Of course, it was in Monterey that +every governor took up his residence (at the Royal Presidio) and their +first act was to attend Solemn High Mass at the Royal Chapel of San +Carlos of Monterey. Sola was no exception to the rule; amid salutes +from the cannon of the Presidio and the cheers of loyal subjects, by +the Catalonian cavalry, and their officers in their gorgeous velvet +uniforms, gold swords and plumed hats, Sola proceeded to the Royal +Chapel where the Franciscan Fathers awaited him in their priestly +vestments. Three days of carnival followed, but on the second day +Governor Sola withdrew from the festivities, made the Stations of the +Cross [5] which the fathers had erected between Monterey and Carmelo, +and on reaching San Carlos of Carmelo was shown to the tombs of Junipero +Serra, Juan Crespi and Francisco de Laseun. Here the Governor knelt and +remained long in prayer. + +In California Sola found a pleasing contrast from the conditions of +affairs he had seen during his sojourn in Mexico. In that country clouds +of revolt against Spanish rule were rapidly gathering. California he +found intensely loyal to the Crown. The neophytes and converted Indians +greatly touched his generous soul, and the beauty of the country +delighted him. Sola was in office eight years; his work was well done, +and if California was lost to Spain under his administration, no less +credit can be given to his ability and high principals of honor. Many +times did Sola quell disturbances from revolutionary vessels which +landed in Monterey from Mexico, and several attacks from pirates, and +many a noble act is recorded of this loyal governor as well as of the no +less loyal Spanish subjects of the Province. If the Mexican Government +supplanted Spanish rule and "laid desolate" much of the work done +by this brilliant period of California, we repeat it was due to no +treachery or cowardice of Sola and his compatriots as we shall see +elsewhere in this sketch. Spain came into possession of California with +honor, maintained it with honor, and after her three-fold honorable +policy of exploration, colonization and christianizing of its heathen +natives, left it with honor, but her monuments remained. If a few +political troubles and abuses existed, they pale before the light of the +myriad of great deeds and purposes, and where is the country or people +who are utterly flawless individually? No cruelties or uncleanness can +ever be proven against Spain or her people here. Spanish society +and refinement was the first which California saw; under Spain were +thousands of Indians rescued from savagery, and under Spain was +California made known to the world, as well as discovered. Under Spain +too were the first land grants made to her subjects in California. + +Some historians and casual observers are inclined to blame Spain for not +having lent more aid to her loyal California colonies and enabled her +presidios to have more and better fortifications. But let us examine +these points more coolly. First of all this province was far away from +the mother country, means of travel and communication were then far +different from what they are now, and Spain was also busy with political +troubles at home; she had always sent her most representative men as +governors and officers, her settlers were no less worthy, most of +them coming here with no "empty purse" as adventurers, but were men +of education and standing in their country. The galaxy of saintly +missionaries is superfluous to mention, so above are they of the least +sting of reproach, and lastly so clean are the pages of Spanish history +in California that no serious student of whatever race or creed he or +she may be, can but deplore the calumnies that have at times been hurled +at this golden period of California history. It was from the Spanish +period of California that the present capital of the state dates having +been named Santisimo Sacramento (Most Holy Sacrament) in honor of the +Eucharistic Presence of the Altar. Thus we see the vein of piety of the +Spanish settlers who gave names of religious significance to so many +of the towns they founded, and even to their land grants. In fine these +sterling men were worthy compatriots of those giant men and women which +have appeared at different times in Spain. We refer to Saints, Ignatius +of Loyola, Francis Xavier, Dominic, Theresa of Jesus and a myriad +others, also to the fair array of kings and queens, poets, artists, +explorers, whose illustrious names would fill volumes. + +When treading El Camino Real and kneeling by the sacred tombs of +Junipero Serra and his hero band of soul-conquerors we may well recall +that passage of the beautiful Hymn of the Knights of Columbus. + +"Brothers we are treading Where the saints have trod." + + + +Chapter V + + + California Passes From Spanish to Mexican Rule, + Secularization of the Missions + + + +Amidst the beauty and glory of Spain's dominion in California, while the +gold emblazoned banners of Castile and Leon floated proudly under azure +skies, while the Spanish governors, officers and colonists were doing +honor and credit to their ancient race, and the saintly missionaries +were working marvels for the souls and bodies of the aborigines of the +land, while Spain was thus lending "her beauty and her chivalry" to +California; Mexico, forgetting her old debt to Spain, when she explored +her then heathen shores, had revolted against Spanish rule and set up an +empire of her own, making Augustin Iturbide, a man of half Indian blood +her Emperor. Immediately Mexico claimed California, as well as Texas, +Arizona and New Mexico as a portion of her empire, although the people +of California, with the exception of a handful of Mexicans, had never +shown the least desire of change of government, for the greatest number +of her settlers were Spaniards or their children who were intensely +loyal to the Crown of Spain. Here we will add that no person who held +any office of importance was any other than a Spaniard, or of purely +Spanish blood or parentage, hence missionaries, bishops, army and navy +officers, surgeons, etc. were all "children of Spain," the highest +decoration that a mixed blood could attain in the Spanish army of +California or of Mexico was that of Corporal or Sergeant. But when +Mexico gained her independence all these corporals and sergeants were +suddenly made generals by their country, Mexico; and here was clearly +seen "who was who" for all mixed bloods as well as those of purely +Indian birth, both in Mexico and California raffled around their +standard, the new Mexican flag; in this number we will only except many +of the Christian Indians, in California, who clung piteously to the +missions, and who had more of their share of suffering. This state of +affairs enabled the new Mexican authorities, exultant over their victory +in the gain of their independence, to send several war vessels to +Monterey late in 1822 and demand of Governor Sola, the surrender of +California in the name of Emperor Augustin Iturbide. As we have already +seen, nowhere in Spain's New World possessions was loyalty to the mother +country more intense than in California, and the people, army and navy +were loud in their demonstrations of opposition, and expressions of +willingness were offered to the governor to fight the intrusion of +Mexico to the end. But the comparative handful of soldiers of the +various garrisons, as well as the few ships which the Spanish could +muster in California were no match to the overwhelming forces from +Mexico, and Governor Sola considered it no cowardly act but rather his +conscience-bound duty to prevent a useless carnage, wisely preferring +an honorable surrender under the circumstances. The prudence of this +decision was soon seen in a clearer light by the people. It was thus +that the grand old flag of Spain was hurled from her state fifty-three +years after she had been hoisted amid the blessing of Junipero Serra, +the salutes of her proud ships and the loyal acclamations of Portola +and her other gallant sons. Now Spanish rule was virtually ended in +California, but we repeat, not dishonorably. Spain's, work was +well done, her chief purpose gained, namely, the exploration and +christianizing of California. + +As it took sometime for Mexico to mobilize her troops and settle her +rule in California, the Royal Presidio of Monterey was not immediately +emptied of its officers or of the Spanish families, whose positions +entitled them to a residence there, and who continued to live there +close on to 1824. Thus although the old familiar standard gave place to +Mexico's new red, white and green, the imprint of Spanish rule remained. + +Indeed it was several years before Mexico could change the face of +California, and the Spanish element continued to rule social life at +least to a great extent through virtually all the Mexican period. +The Mexican society of the time certainly contained some excellent +exceptions, but as a general rule it was a sad contrast to that of the +preceding period, nor had the ten governors of this era the energy or +standing of the ever remembered Portola, Borica, de Neve, Arrillaga or +Sola. At times, the Mexican authorities treated Spaniards shabbily for +it is important to note that contrary to what many histories state, +Spaniards unanimously refused to take the Constitutional Oath of +Allegiance to Mexico, and withdrew as a consequence from all public +affairs, only inasmuch as their family interests or the good of the +community demanded their intervention. Thus we find no Spaniard as +Governor, General, or the like during this period. But here a curious +thing occurred. In later years when writers and historians of California +became numerous many Mexicans declared themselves Spaniards or classed +themselves as of purely Spanish descent, passing as such into some +histories, while at the same time they did not hesitate to "sting" the +Spanish name; and there are many California families who are referred +to as "Spanish" whose ancestors in the baptismal and marriage records +of the various mission archives are recorded as "neofita de la mission" +("neophyte of the mission") for the Spanish missionaries were most +accurate of details, and their records of marriages, baptisms and +funerals are like sketches of the persons concerned; parentage, birth +all are given in detail. Thus a child born of Spanish parents is +referred to as "de calidad Espanola" ("of Spanish quality") or if +of some other purely foreign extraction the same is mentioned. And +fortunate indeed, that this care of detail was had in the new country, +else how would much valuable knowledge be obtained? + +During our narrative we do not wish to lose sight of the fact that we +have professed our work to be primarily a work of love, avoiding bitter +truth, which can do no good, and avoiding personalities, hence the +absence of names may be noted in this chapter, but it is invariably +the unpleasant duty of a writer to tell some unpleasant things in a +historical sketch, else how could justice be done to others, and how +straighten misunderstandings? We do not wish to merely cast aspersions +at the Mexican race or any other, for the gross and sordid not to say +sinful delight of doing so, but we wish to present to the reader plain +facts of this period of history. Here we will add that even as "there +is beauty in a blade of grass" there were and are good qualities and +virtues in many individual Mexicans, but we cannot but wonder at the +contrast of the two first periods of our state's history, and at the +difference so vast between two races and characters so often absurdly +confused. Here, we must mention perhaps the most deplorable incidents +of this period, incidents to which in spite of ourself we have so often +alluded, namely the Acts of Secularization of the missions. First, we +will mention that some writers accuse Spain of having passed an Act of +Secularization of Mission property in 1813, but such an assertion is +considered unfounded by good authorities, perhaps it had rise from the +fact that disturbances against Spanish rule were felt in Mexico as early +as that period and echoes of it reached the small Mexican faction of +California, causing much uneasiness to the missionaries. But three Acts +of Secularization of the missions were passed in the years 1826, 1829 +and 1835. And what did not the good fathers with their neophytes and +converts suffer! And what did not the many loyal friends of these +beloved fathers not suffer with them through sympathy! Indeed no +Spaniard or his descendants can speak of those Acts without the crimson +of just indignation mounting to the cheek. But Spaniards were powerless +to check the lawlessness of the times. The missions were gradually +but slowly dispossessed of their lawful property, and all their wealth +confiscated, several times were many of the dear Spanish fathers +deported; they returned to Spain where a warm welcome awaited them, but +how sad to leave their missions reared by the most heroic labors of +the "martyr stuff" within them or their immediate predecessors, Serra, +Lasuen, Lopez, Dumetz, Crespi, Palou, names "held in benediction;" and +what would become of their poor converted Indians who clung to them so +faithfully and whom they had raised to the plane of christian men and +women from nakedness, savagery and paganism! Besides the missionaries, +many other Spaniards, too, were put on a list of those to be deported, +among these there would not have been much resistance offered, as the +changes of the government were sad enough, but before the resolution +was carried out, while many of them were settling their affairs and +preparing to leave, a few of the better class of Mexicans interposed, +saying, "the Spaniards' are of greater value to the Province than any +harm which could ever come from their presence, it behooves us to let +them remain," so under the condition that they would not be interfered +with, and that no oath of allegiance to Mexico would be forced from +them, the Spanish families remained, and their presence indeed was of +"greater value" than for which credit has been given them. American, +English and Russian trading ships continued to make their appearance +in Monterey, to these were added French ships. Several mercantile +establishments existed, carried on chiefly by Spaniards and Englishmen, +and gay little social gatherings and dances still went on. + +In 1823 Mexico overthrew her empire and established a republic. But +throughout this period, disturbances and guerrillas scarcely ever +ceased, while the gradual but sure devastation of the missions and the +behavior of the authorities towards the beloved padres heightened the +indignation of all noble-minded citizens and increased the unpopularity +of the governors and authorities, most of whom were so very different to +the Spanish governors, who at all times declared themselves "loyal sons +of mother Church" and of whom no record of the practice of the contrary +exists save a very few minor differences in defining the extent of +military and ecclesiastical power. Good Bishop Garcia Diego, Bishop +of California and worthy Prince of the Church was also a sufferer +on several occasions from the disrespect of the civil authorities of +Mexico, who even tried to prevent his landing in Monterey, the seat +of the diocese then. Let us repeat a few Mexican authorities were +exceptions of this type, but as we have said, these were few indeed, and +slowly Mexican power began to wane. United States, England and France +all stood in line for possession of California as soon as a ripe +opportunity presented itself. This plan was most welcome to the +Spaniards, who contrary to the statements of some prominent historians, +entertained no dislike for any of these nations. Spaniards, like some +others only wished that a happier and better government would supplant +the inactive yet turbulent government of Mexico, who had hurled the +Spanish flag from her position years before and despoiled the missions +of their wealth and glory. Thus United States Consul, Thomas Larkin was +always well received in the homes of the Spanish families and in turn +Mr. Larkin always referred to them in words of praise. Meantime, things +went from bad to worse, a change of government seemed inevitable. We +will soon see how this came about. + +The only things for which Mexican rule in California was noted, was the +continuation of the making of large land grants, and an easy, careless +existence without the "hurry and flurry" of today; feasting, making +merry, and great parties in the "rancherias" where there were always +large "spreads;" it was during this period chiefly that the typical +Mexican dishes of tamales, enchiladas, and others which are still +relished in California were introduced in this province. In a word this +was the period of the sweet "manana," where everyone seemed to have time +to enjoy the "dolce far niente" and exercised an open handed generosity +with regard to the "fleeting goods of earth." + + + +Chapter VI + + + + California Passes From Mexican to American Rule + + + +The year 1846 found the Mexican government in California struggling with +a poor exchequer and some of its leaders in an unfriendly mood towards +one another on account of petty differences, while France, England and +United States waited eagerly for an opportunity to seize California, nor +may their desire be termed dishonest since a change of government each +day seemed more inevitable. + +Americans had often been treated with hostility and not given their +lawful rights under the existing form of government in California. Just +about this time United States Consul, Thomas O. Larkin had been sent +to Monterey and Captain John Fremont to Northern California, the latter +presumably to survey the country of the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific +Coast in the interests of travel, but the real reason of the presence of +these gentlemen in California was thought to be, that they should keep a +close watch on the turn of affairs. + +When circumstances shaped themselves for the worst, a party of Americans +at Sonoma headed by Captain Ezekiel Merritt gave the first signal of +uprising which led to the establishment of the Bear Flag Republic +of California. These men applied to Captain Fremont for help, but +as Fremont was an officer in the United States army, he could not +personally take a hand in the affair without authority from the United +States Government, but left his men free to join Captain Merritt's +ranks, and many did so. Under Captain Merritt the Americans captured +horses and arms from a Mexican regiment on the march for Sonoma, also +the garrison of Sonoma; encouraged by this William B. Ide, one of +Merritt's chief advisers and successor issued a Proclamation which +launched the Bear Flag Republic into its existence of twenty-four days. +This Proclamation was a praiseworthy document, stating the grievances of +the American settlers, namely unfriendliness and threats of expulsion, +also declaring the justice of overthrowing a government which had +confiscated mission property calling upon the assistance of peace-loving +citizens of California and promising not to molest persons who had not +taken up arms. The Bear Flag of the Republic of California was then +designed by a Mr. William Todd and hoisted in Sonoma on June 14, 1846, +also in Monterey. The American flag could not be hoisted because the +actions of this party of Americans had virtually been unauthorized, +and they would have been responsible to the United States for so doing, +however, it was their intention to turn over their conquests to the +United States as soon as possible. But the Mexican military authorities +regarded the actions of these Americans as a gross hostility, and from +all sides prepared to attack them. The position of this plucky little +band now became very perilous, and again they laid their cause and +dangers before Fremont, who was in his camp on the American River. Now +the Captain did not hesitate in his decision and with a small mounted +force began action on the field. Fremont was a man of many commendable +qualities, possessed of bright mentality, unwavering and extremely loyal +to the American cause, but he had his failings, among them being that on +several occasions he took advantage of the tangled state of affairs, to +seize upon personal property considered without the range of his lawful +power to take, hence the dislike that exists for him among many old +California residents; still it was the "Pathfinder" as he was called, +who with Commodore Robert Stockton, Lieutenant Archibald Giliespie in +command at Los Angeles, General Stephen Kearny and some others fought +the brief battles which terminated in the raising of the American flag +at the Custom House of Monterey on July 7, 1846, thus was California +admitted into the Union as a territory. By a treaty of peace which +followed the Mexican War, California was ceded to the United States for +the sum of $15,000,000 in 1848. Among Monterey's landmarks Colton Hall +is pointed out as the place where representative men from various parts +of California convened and framed the first American Constitution for +the State, September 3, 1849. On November third of the same year the +first election was held, with the result that Peter H. Burnett was +elected Governor, John McDougall, Lieutenant-Governor, and Edward +Gilbert and John Wright first Congressmen from California. From Monterey +the State Capital was removed to San Jose, where John Fremont and +William Gwin were appointed senators, and it was they who pressed +the Government to admit California as a state, with the result that +California was admitted as such on September 9, 1850. Major Robert +Selden Garnett, U. S. A. designed the state seal. + +In 1854 the capital was removed to Sacramento from Benicia which held it +one year, San Jose having held it two years as, also Vallejo. + +The discovery of gold in 1849 brought on a mad rush of all classes +of people into California and acts of lawlessness and violence became +numerous and frequent; for the purpose of checking these disorders +the "Committee of Vigilance" was formed in San Francisco in 1851. This +committee was composed of responsible men and much good came of it but +like in so many enterprises of the kind, many abuses were committed and +many innocent persons were unjustly punished. + +As soon as affairs became settled and order established, American rule +in California became marked by progress and order, the discovery of gold +brought on a wonderful increase in population and more towns and cities +sprung throughout the state. + +Much indeed could be said of the present, but as our story is only a +brief sketch intended to deal chiefly with the beloved old missions +and missionaries, and unravel if but a few of the tangled skeins of +misrepresentation cast about the older history of the state which is +more wrapt in mystery, with warm gratitude for what the present is and +for what the future will bring, we will return to the traces of the good +fathers whose missions are still the wonders of California, with them we +can still hear the chimes of mission bells. + + + +Chapter VII + + + + Mission Anecdotes and Hymns + + +Told of Father Vicente Sarria + +Father Vicente Sarria, a venerable and saintly missionary in charge of +Mission Nuestra Senora de la Soledad at the time the first two acts of +Secularization were passed, was one of the keenest sufferers from the +injustices of the times, undergoing untold labors and hardships, which +in no small degree contributed to his death in 1833, which found him at +his post of duty at the mission. Father Sarria's reputation for sanctity +was well known throughout California, particularly in Monterey and +Soledad, and after his death it was no strange thing to hear both from +Caucasian and Indian such an ejaculation as "alma de nuestro Padre +Sarria, ayudanos con tu intercesion" (soul of our Father Sarria help us +by your intercession). Of course this pious demonstration was not public +because for many wise reasons, the church forbids the public veneration +or invocation of a saint until the required process of canonization +has authorized it, however, the allowable private invocation was freely +practiced as it has been done in the case of other saintly missionaries, +namely, Junipero Serra, Magin Catala and others. And the following +sweet legend is told of Padre Sarria. As the Indian carriers lowered the +humble redwood coffin which contained the Father's precious remains into +the mission vaults, the edifice was filled with an exquisite fragrance +as of roses, and this story told with all earnestness was given much +credence about the mission towns. While not authenticated by infallible +investigation, may not this incident be classed at least as a +probability by the spiritual minded? For is it not in the power of the +God of the beautiful in nature to proclaim thus His appreciation for +the heroic charity of one of His servants, especially to strengthen the +faith of the sorely tried convert Indians who clung so lovingly to the +mission in the days of its trials? + + + +Father Junipero Serra's Promise + + + +One beautiful summer day while walking about the San Carlos Mission +Garden, Junipero Serra pondered over the wonderful progress of +California both in the spiritual and material order; filled with joy the +good priest blessed the land, and made a solemn promise to celebrate +one hundred masses for the future peace and prosperity of California, +moreover he promised to begin the fulfillment of his promise on the +following November, twenty-fourth, feast of Saint Charles, the patron +saint of the mission. Soon after, the venerable Serra was overtaken +by his last illness and went to his reward before November, the +twenty-fourth. But every year on the eve of the feast of Saint Charles +just before midnight a ghostly procession wended its way to San Carlos +Mission, for all the missionaries, Spaniards, or their descendants who +had ever lived in California would arise from their graves and with +them all the Christian Indians of the mission towns joined the "ghostly +throng" to San Carlos where Junipero Serra would arise from his tomb and +celebrate mass while the spirits sang their ancient hymns, after which +all the scene vanished like silver fumes of smoke, and this continued +for one hundred years. This most unlikely legend has been told in +beautiful Spanish and English poetry, and for all its unlikelihood has +found its way with its weird charm into many homes. + + + +A True Story + + + +Somewhere in the eighteen fifties a non-catholic of very irreligious +character, made targets of the eyes of a statue of Saint Benedict, +belonging to San Carlos Mission, taking advantage of the neglected +condition of the place at the time. A few days after this proceeding +the man was struck blind. This incident is no legend, but within the +remembrance of many old residents of Monterey. The unfortunate man later +acknowledged that his calamity was a direct visitation of Almighty God +for his gross and intentional irreverence to the image of a saint. The +writer refrains from giving the name of this man who has long ere this +passed to the "Great Beyond" but many Montereyans, who will read this +sketch will know it. + +Countless stories and legends of mission times are told and written +without the least foundation for veracity, for example the story of +"The Lost Pearls of Loretto;" others are founded on facts but distorted +beyond recognition. Still this is not startling in a land as full of +sentiment and romance as California, where so many writers, (most of +them "New-comers") have given vent to their poetical imaginations, +and it is not hard to believe that the eventful history of the state +contained many authentic stories, and legends with some ground of truth. + + + +Hymn to the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary [6]. + + + + "Para dar vida mortal + A Un Dios Autor de la vida + Sois Maria concebida + Sin pecado original." + + "Para humillar la serpiente + Que con su mortal veneno + Dejo todo el mundo lleno + De su aliento pestilente + Que marco a todo viviente + Con el sello mas fatal + Sois Maria concebida + Sin pecado original." + + "Como Ester la mas amada + Del mas generoso Asuero + Gracia recibes primero + Que estes del crimen manchada + Pues para no ser contada + En la indignacion real + Sois Maria concebida + Sin pecado original." + + "Ciudad fuerte y mas hermosa + Que de Asirio acometida + No lograra verte herida + Su saeta ponzonosa + Pues para ser victoriosa + De su poder infernal + Sois Maria concebida + Sin pecado original." + + "Luna llena de esplandor + Sin ser nunca eclipsada + Porque fuiste iluminada + De un sol de poder, y amor + Pues por no ver el horror + De un eclipse criminal + Sois Maria concebida + Sin pecado original." + + "Mujer heroica y valiente + Que con divino valor + Pisas gloriosa el furor + De la enganosa serpiente + Pues por no temer el diente + De aqeste monstro infernal + Sois Maria concebida + Sin pecado original." + + "Virgen que de nuestro suelo + Subes vestida de estrellas + Mas bela que las mas bellas + A ser la gloria del cielo + Pues para tan alto vuelo + Con un favor sin igual + Sois Maria concebida + Sin pecado original." + + "Patrona la mas amada + De nuestro suelo Espanol + Nuestro mas luciente sol + En la noche desgraciada + Pues para ser proclamada + Con el voto mas cordial + Sois Maria concebida + Sin pecado original." + + "Concede en fin Madre amada + A tus hijos este dia + La mas cristiana alegria + Y la muerte deseada + Para que seas cantada + En la patria celestial + Sois Maria concebida + Sin pecado original." + + + + +Chapter VIII + + + Retrospection of the work of the Spanish Missionaries, + Explorers and Settlers and their place in California's + Appreciation + + +We have followed the venerable band of missionaries from their homes in +Spain, where fired with zeal for the conversion of the savage heathen of +the New World they set out for the comparatively newly discovered land +of Mexico, where Spain had already a few establishments and churches, an +archbishopric in the city of Mexico, and the Franciscan Fathers a well +equipped monastery and mission at San Fernando in the northern part of +the country. We have seen the Spanish Franciscans' zeal in the land of +the Aztec, and we have also seen the noble cooperation given them by the +government and civil authorities of Catholic Spain. We have traced +the missionaries' steps, followed by gallant Portola, and his fellow +officers and men, and have sympathized and rejoiced with them in their +hardships and joys. We have no doubt, often marveled at the stupendous +work of the Sons of Saint Francis in the conversion of the unenlightened +heathen, and have seen the Indian tribes turn from the worship of idols +to the altar of the one true God. + +Let us now give a brief glance at the work so nobly done by the immortal +heroes which Catholic Spain sent to these shores. Many a time, winter +blasts of misunderstanding and wrong have been cast upon them, and many +a time have noble sympathizers fought just battles with prejudice in +their behalf, with the blessed result that the thickest clouds of errors +and "threadbare calumnies" have almost entirely disappeared, and with +them the remaining mists of wrong are fast vanishing at the powerful +approach of truth's sun, so that in relating the glories of that legion +of splendid characters whose names are so tenderly clasped about the +fondest memories of mission times, we shall not forget their friends and +champions of later years. + +But first let us see what the brave Spanish pioneers did for California. +We will begin with the missionaries. To them we owe the conversion of +the heathen and savage Indians, which work was super-human in +itself, and which contrary to the statements of libelers, the fathers +accomplished with heroic patience and charity, teaching the Indians +besides religion, useful trades, civilizing them, and taking such +conscientious care of them that they made a nightly round of their +quarters, not with whip in hand to punish imaginary misdemeanor, but +to see that the spiritual and temporal welfare of their converts and +neophytes, was guarded, and so great was the attachment of the Indians +to the fathers that if a father was called on business from one mission +to another, the Indians would follow him a long distance weeping. Very +few of the Indians were taught the art of reading, not because the +fathers were in any way unwilling to teach it, but because for this one +art most of the Indians showed no desire or willingness to learn, yet +this has given the ever ready, unscrupulous writer food for saying +that "the fathers endeavored to keep the Indians in ignorance" and the +healthy rule of the fathers with its hours of prayer, labor, instruction +and recreation for the Indian families in the mission quarters, has been +distorted by erroneous histories, and statements have been made by +some writers to the effect that "the Indians were treated harshly and +oppressed." Whereas under what nation were Indians or unenlightened +natives christianized, allowed to remain in their lands or treated +with more humanity than under Spain or her missionaries, wherever they +explored and wherever they went? + +"Harsh, oppressive, endeavoring to keep the Indians in ignorance," if +such actions mean all that these saintly missionaries accomplished, if +they mean their leaving refinement, christianity, fond home and kindred +in distant Spain to brave untold hardships, nay, martyrdom, to rescue +souls from paganism, and if such conduct as "harshness, oppression, +endeavoring to keep the Indians in ignorance" could be compatible with +the practice of heroic virtue and acts of mortification of mind and body +which to the spiritual man or woman appear beyond words of admiration, +to the scoffer and frivolous (but for this latter class we are not +writing) foolish and impossible. The missions too, with their honest +wealth and industry were California's first centers of enlightenment and +refinement. The Spanish missionaries were scholars as well as religious, +and their institutions were California's cradles of literature, music +and learning hand in hand with religion. To these early fathers we owe +the first paintings and statues brought to California, while their well +equipped missions, even contained medicine chests and medical books, to +them we also owe the first architecture in the building of the missions, +the first agricultural implements, even the first system of irrigation, +in the state; to these we may add the first stock of sheep, cattle, +horses, the first fruits, vineyards and teeming grain fields, yes, even +the first roses of California were brought here by them, and it was +from the missions that Dr. Robert Semple borrowed the printing type, +wherewith he printed the first newspaper in California, which appeared +in Monterey in 1846, making the letter "w" by joining two vs as the +Spanish alphabet contains twenty-five letters, "w" excepted. + +And if the Spanish missionaries did so much what did the Spanish civil +and military authorities and settlers do? To Spanish explorers we +owe the discovery and exploration of California, as well as of South +America, Mexico and other portions of the New World, including the +Pacific Ocean; indeed is it not to Spain and her good Queen Isabella the +Catholic, to whom we really owe the discovery of America by Columbus? +But not to deviate from Spain's work in California, it was the early +Spanish governors who first framed laws and drew up a constitution in +California, and it was they who made the first land grants, it was by +Spanish explorers too that the first maps of California were drawn, +under Spanish rule were many of the present towns and cities founded, +from Spain came the first dawn of refinement and civilization, the first +army and navy, the first artists, musicians, physicians and skilled +workmen, in fine the first white child born in California was born of +Spanish parents settled in Monterey. And what was the record of Spain's +dominion in California? Setting aside unfounded calumnies as absurd as +the one which claims that Philip II passed a law sentencing to death any +foreigner who set foot on Spain's dominions in the New World, +relegating such lies to where they belong, Spain's rule in her New World +possessions, including California was marked by humanity as well as +energy. Cortes, Pizzaro, Vizcaino, Coronado, Menendez, Ponce de Leon, +Cabeza de Vaca, Balboa, as well as the later "pathfinders" governors +and viceroys of Catholic Spain, were men of honor, and sobriety to whose +names no "butcheries and cruelties" may be justly attached. + +Perhaps one of the best proofs of Catholic Spanish humanity is the +fact of the preservation of the aborigines of the land wherever Spanish +conquests were made. Take for example, the statistics of the last +census of Mexico which reveal that of a population of 15,000,000 souls +7,000,000 are pure Indian 5,000,000 mestizos or of mixed Indian and +foreign extraction and only 3,000,000 foreigners or of Mexican birth but +of purely foreign extraction. Take, California, Arizona, New Mexico +and other former Spanish possessions of whom the same may be said in +proportion. In these places no Indian reservations are seen as where +the Puritans held sway. If Spain were guilty of the cruelties so +falsely imputed to her, Mexico in particular would be a Spanish or +Latin-American Republic, as it is, she may hardly be termed as such. +But Catholic Spain acted as explorer, civilizer and with her venerable +missionaries sponsor to the conversion of the heathen tribes of her +New World colonies, leaving in them the traces of her enlightenment and +christianity, yes, leaving them monuments of her humanity! + +On the absurd and ludicrous application of the term "Spanish" in our +midst to many persons who have no claim to it by either birth or descent +we will not dwell, as we would not cheapen our sketch by stooping to +discuss such ignorance or insult our intelligent readers by writing on +such foolishness, we will only ask their permission to say that many +so-called intelligent people have no conception of the Spanish type, +race or character, but these we will leave "a la luna de Valencia" as an +ancient Spanish saying would express such cases. The California families +of Spanish descent are comparatively few, this being noted especially by +Spanish visitors to California. + +But what of Spanish generosity at home, when the missionaries were +toiling for souls in the New World? Many a pious Spaniard in Spain and +in Mexico subscribed immense sums for the missions of California, both +for the Jesuit and the Franciscan missions. Thus we find the pious +Marquis de Villa Puente subscribing $200,000 for "missions, vessels +and other necessities of California." The Duchess of Gandia subscribed +$60,000 for the same purpose in 1767 and many others followed the same +example until the "Pius Fund of the Missions of California" amounted +to over two million dollars. At the time of the Secularization of the +Missions, the Mexican Government confiscated a large remaining portion +of this "Pious Fund." In 1853 the Spanish Archbishop Alemany, then +Bishop of Monterey and successor of Bishop Diego from whom the "Pious +Fund" had been taken, started a litigation which was continued in turn +by his worthy successor Archbishop Patrick Riordan of the archdiocese of +San Francisco, with the good result that Mexico was made to pay the sum +of $43,050 in Mexican currency annually as the interest at six per cent +on the sum of $1,460,682 of the "Pious Fund" which the national treasury +of Mexico had appropriated on the promise of Mexico to act as trustee of +the fund and pay an interest of six per cent which it had failed to pay +since its appropriation at the time of the Mexican regime in California. +Moreover, Mexico had agreed to pay this interest to the object intended +by the donors of the fund, namely, "to the church, for the conversion +of the natives of California, for the establishment, maintenance and +extension of the Catholic Church, her faith and worship, in said country +of Upper and Lower California." The litigation was won through the +intervention of the United States Government which Archbishop Riordan +invoked through his counsel, and decided by arbitrators under the Hague +Convention in 1899. The first payment was made on February 2, 1903. + +Perhaps it is not amiss to quote here a small portion of the speech +delivered in Washington, D. C. by Hon. Joseph Scott of Los Angeles on +the occasion of a banquet following the unveiling ceremonies of the +memorial erected in honor of Christopher Columbus by Act of Congress. +Among the speakers present at the banquet were Ex-President William +Taft (then president), Cardinal Gibbons, Speaker Champ Clark, Ex-speaker +Joseph Cannon, Congressman Underwood, Judge Victor Dowling of the +Supreme Court of New York and many other notable men of the nation. + +"It affords me unbounded pleasure to have an opportunity to deliver an +expression, feeble though it be, of the sentiments of the Knights of +Columbus of the great West, and particularly of California, regarding +the significance of this great day. Mr. John Barrett of the Pan-American +Union has already given you food for sober thought in the parallel +he has drawn of the marvelous activity and resourcefulness of the +Latin-American republics. Possibly I may be permitted at this time to +inject a suggestion that, despite the remarks of the previous speaker +about Boston as the modern Athens and the seat of universal learning, +"Modern Athens" has nothing in common with the memories aroused by +contemplation of the events which we celebrate today. It may be well to +tell our friends from New England that before the so-called Anglo-Saxon +had set foot as a colonist upon the American soil, the followers of +Columbus had penetrated into the heart of Kansas and gone down as far as +Buenos Ayres. I want to lay stress upon the fact that we have not noted +too emphatically today that it was the great Spanish race, with its +strong and sterling faith, which accomplished this wonderful mission of +civilization. Too long have we endured the stress of so-called history +written by Prescott and others, some of whom ought to have been put in +the Ananias club before they were born. For nearly three centuries +the Spanish race, with its indomitable faith, pursued almost alone its +mission of civilization and evangelization of the aborigines of America. +Before the Pilgrim Fathers had landed on Plymouth Rock, the Catholic +Spaniard had acquired a knowledge of the Indian language sufficient to +enable him to translate the Bible into the Aztec Indian language, so +that the new Indian neophyte could read the story of "God's greatest +Book" in his mother tongue." + + + +The Courage of Catholic Spain + + +I wish to advise those of you who speak now of a burden of four days and +nights in luxurious Pullman cars to step out on the soil of California +as though you had performed a deed of heroism, that a Spanish soldier, +Cabeza de Vaca, with the courage of primitive Christianity, walked from +Florida to the Gulf of California, though it took him seven years to +accomplish his task; and the wonderfully brave Friar Marcos de Niza +pioneered his way on foot thirteen hundred miles into the heart of +Arizona through deserts and hordes of Apaches, in his efforts to plant +the cross of civilization among the children of the new world. Nay, the +Grand Canyon of Arizona, now one of the greatest natural wonders of the +world, was seen by a young Spanish lieutenant and his twenty soldiers +three hundred years before the Anglo-Saxon took a glimpse at its +wonderful and awe-inspiring beauty. These and other similar facts are +attested by the report of the Bureau of Ethnology of Washington, as well +as by many other reliable authorities, including that singularly gifted +and scholarly student of Spanish history and folk lore, Charles F. +Lummis of Los Angeles, himself a Puritan on both sides of his house for +several generations back. It was the fortitude of this Spanish race, +coupled by its strong devotion to the faith which you and I profess, +which enabled them to solve the Indian problem as it has never been +attempted since. While under our present system of the government of +this United States, the Indian has been an outcast and a derelict to +be robbed and cheated by his white brother, yet on the other hand the +Spanish missionary brought into the life of the simple native of the new +world the wholesome light of Christianity, which made him recognize in +the Red Man the same soul which was made in the image and likeness of +the common Creator of us all. In that spirit of brotherhood and charity +he obtained the confidence and good will of the Indians, almost without +exception, throughout the length and breadth of the countries that he +explored. And while his path was beset with dangers from the grim forces +of nature, and occasionally the crown of martyrdom was given to him by +an unthinking hand of those he was coming to evangelize, yet he faltered +not in his footsteps. + +Today the memory of Columbus may be coupled with and attributed, on +our part, to the splendid heroism and Christian fortitude of the great +Spanish race which continued the work of Columbus with all that it +entailed for the betterment of humanity." + + +In compliance with our promise not to forget the friends of the +missionaries and of their compatriots, of today, we will first speak of +California's wonderful enthusiasm in the celebration of the Bi-centenary +of Junipero Serra's birth. Of the privileged thousands who visited +Monterey on November 23, 1913 and made a pilgrimage to Serra's tomb at +San Carlos Mission, how many will efface that sight from their minds in +years to come? But this awe-inspiring sight to which Reverend Raymond +Mestres and the Franciscan Fathers of San Francisco, contributed so +much, and in which the Third Order of Saint Francis so prominently +participated will be yearly renewed. Ecclesiastical and civil +authorities, towns and cities, individuals, all had the "right +spirit." The accounts of the press were glowing. Mr. Frank Powers of +Carmel-by-the-Sea was California's representative at the celebration +which Spain did not fail to hold in honor of her illustrious son; +and Mr. Powers indeed proved a worthy representative, returning to +California with renewed enthusiasm for the saintly Serra, and his +lectures have been listened to with keen delight. And can any praise +seem superfluous for California's apostles in particular for the saintly +Serra? At the civil exercises, held in Monterey on the occasion of the +celebration we are speaking of, Senator Reginaldo del Valle, of Los +Angeles, Mr. Michael Williams and Mr. Charles Phillips of San Francisco +each paid exquisite tributes to our hero whom the opening lines of Mr. +Phillips' beautiful ode described as: + + "A young boy dreaming by the Spanish main: + Knee-high in waving grain + He halts at eve and dreams, + Where green Majorca fronts the cycling sea, + And far worlds ceaselessly + Beckon with passing sail and swinging tide, + And plunging galleons ride + Home from adventure, or away, away + To silken bright Cathay, + Or where dark India her golden treasure yields; + A young boy dreaming in his father's fields, + Who plucks a lily from the bending wheat + And stands with veiled gaze and searching eyes + Pale with some great emprise, + Beyond the homing waters of his isle, + Beyond Majorca's skies;-- + And dreams and dreams the while!" + + "And they who love him wonderingly ask: + "What lad is this of ours + Who dreams away the hours, + And when the windy night-tide running sings, + So strangely seems + Converse to hold with far compelling things? + Or what these spirit-smiling ecstasies," + They reverent cry, + "That halt him at his task + And hold him tranced in bright reveries? + Is this our lad, indeed, + Who with such Heaven-given grace-- + Ay, with the light of Heaven on his face!-- + Makes question of the very world about?" + +One of the sweetest features of this day was that hereafter by a +decree of Governor Hiram Johnson, who also did not fail to send a +representative to Monterey in the person of Judge Griffin, November +the twenty-fourth was declared a state holiday. May Serra day long +be welcomed by loyal Californians! We cannot close this chapter after +speaking of the bright constellation of the past which appeared in +California skies so many years ago, and whose traces we so cherish, +without saying a few words about that worthiest of worthy movements +to restore the dear old missions of El Camino Real according to their +traditional lines, here again Reverend Father Mestres of Monterey +deserves the greatest credit in this enterprise, and the Knights of +Columbus of the California councils have proved themselves great helpers +in the plan. King Alfonso, his minister, Senor Juan Riano, the Marquis +de la Vega y Inclan who will be King Alfonso's representative at the +Panama-Pacific Exposition of 1915, are hearty supporters and sponsors +of this movement, and with cooperation from faithful friends and the +sanction of the Bishop of the diocese of Monterey and Los Angeles, we +have no doubt that these glorious landmarks, some of which have alas too +long been allowed to go to "wreck and ruin" while others are still +more or less neglected, after the cruel years which extinguished their +sanctuary lamps, left their altars bare and their belfries silent save +for the hooting of the night owls, will ere long be in the proper repair +to hand down with pride to posterity; and to further repair these holy +temples and place them under their historical and original plans the +most fitting priests to whom we could entrust them (at least wherever +the necessary satisfactory arrangements are possible) are Spanish +priests, compatriots of their founders, this too would serve to continue +and strengthen the old friendly relations between Spain and California, +and as whatever Spanish priests would take charge of the missions, would +be scholarly men speaking both English and Spanish, the English speaking +congregations would be well served. About three of the old missions are +under Spanish priests now. Let us then not cease our efforts until every +mission cross gleams gloriously in the radiance of the California sun, +until the devotional chimes of mission bells peal forth again from every +silent belfry, until the altar light beams again before each tabernacle +enclosing the Eucharistic Presence, until the empty niches contain again +the images which decked them as of yore, until each tomb of sainted +missionary is restored, until mass is again daily said within these +consecrated walls, and finally until San Carlos of Carmelo is again +a worthier Carmel, "for the greater honor and glory of God" and the +praises of His Virgin Mother once more are sung about this smiling +valley where the Christian Indian children gathered the beautiful wild +flowers of the blooming meadows to adorn the hallowed shrines, ere +chimed the Angelus at evenings mellow glow. + + + +Chapter IX + + + Reverend Raymond M. Mestres of Monterey Writes Historical + Drama--"Fray Junipero" + + +Beautiful among beautiful historical dramas is the mission play "Fray +Junipero" written by Reverend Raymond Mestres, pastor of San Carlos +Church (Capilla Real de San Carlos) of Monterey. Many men and women have +undertaken to write about mission times, but we may safely assert that +this good priest so unassuming in what he does, is above all qualified +to handle this subject, being first of all a religious, a native of +Barcelona, the Metropolis of the Province of Catalonia, which can claim +Junipero Serra and so many of the early Spanish missionaries, explorers +and settlers, and being too an artist and scholar in every way +acquainted with the history of the missions, having made it a special +study during his twenty-seven years of residence (as a priest) in four +mission towns of California, twenty-one of which have been spent in that +chief of mission towns, Monterey. + +Unbiased, careful of detail and true to history, while not wanting in +artistic setting "Fray Junipero" carries the audience in Act I back to +the College of Fernando, when Junipero Serra received his commission to +come to California as Father President of the Missionaries who were to +christianize that "mysterious vineyard." Act II is a typical picture of +California Indian Life. Act III depicts the landing of Serra and Portola +on the shores of Monterey, the taking possession of the land in the name +of King Carlos III and the celebration of Junipero Serra's first Mass in +Monterey; all facts are taken from the archives preserved in San Carlos +Church, consequently historically authentic. Act IV pictures a piquant +fiesta scene with Spanish dancing, the scene being laid in the Carmel +Valley on the occasion of the baptism of the first white child born in +Monterey. This child was born of Spanish parents, Pasqual and Teresa +Segura and in baptism received the name of Carlos. According to the +records this baptism occurred in May 18, 1782, the ceremony being +performed by Fray Junipero Serra just two years before his death. +With very slight changes in the names this incident is taken from the +archives of San Carlos Mission. Act V represents Fray Junipero Serra +receiving the last Sacraments, his death and the grief of the people. + +In writing "Fray Junipero" Reverend Raymond Mestres intended it to +commemorate the Bicentenary of our hero's birth, and was presented for +the first time in Monterey on August 28th, 1913 by local talent. This +will be an annual event at Monterey on the same date, August 28th, which +is the anniversary of Fray Junipero Serra's death. In spite of poor +advertisement the first production of this drama was a decided success. +It was intended to be played three nights, but by request a fourth night +was added. + +As this sketch goes to press, the rehearsing of the second year of +the production of "Fray Junipero" begins with great improvement in the +staging, and a greater promise of success as it is now much more widely +known. + +May an ancient Spanish Nativity Play for Christmastide, which Reverend +Raymond Mestres intends to translate into English, and which contains +glorious music, and a history of mission times, which this scholarly +pastor of San Carlos Church has in store, soon delight Californians and +California's yearly tide of tens of thousand visitors. + + + + +Appendix + + + +Letter of Junipero Serra [7]. + + +"Long live Jesus, Mary and Joseph! + +"R. P. Fr. Miguel de Petra. + +"My dearest nephew, brother and Sir. + +"It was not for want of love that I did not answer some of your letters. +For it was not merely bodily that I left my beloved country. I could +have been communicating with many persons by letters and friends, both +in and outside our order, but, if our minds were constantly intent upon +what we once left, what would be the use of leaving it? + +"I wrote a long letter to your reverence after your religious +profession. Besides, your reverence heard of me through the Padre Lector +Verger, who is at present our guardian. I received your letter when +I was among the Gentiles over three hundred leagues away from any +Christian settlement. There is my life and there, I hope, God helping, +to die. When this hour comes, some member of our province will take +care to notify our brethren that they may pray for me, and then, your +reverence will know it. What else does your reverence desire? Your +reverence lives among saints, and, therefore I do not deem you in need +of my advice and counsel, which indeed would be the only justifiable +motive for my writing. + +"Let us improve and make good use of our time, let us walk worthy of +the vocation in which we were called, let us work out our spiritual +salvation, with fear and trembling, and that of our brethren, with the +most ardent charity and zeal, and let all glory be to our great God. +In connection with this, I took great pleasure in learning that your +reverence was preaching a mission at Ivisa when Padre Commissary Verger +passed through there. The time given to this apostolic ministry with the +blessing of your superiors, preaching in your words and deeds, hearing +confessions with love and patience, I believe, will be the best and most +fruitful you ever spent. + +"Though a lukewarm, bad and an unprofitable servant, I remember every +day in the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass, my only and most dear sister +Juana, your mother, her children, and specially my Capuchin. I hope all +of you do the same for me that the Lord may secure me from all dangers +among these naked and barbarous peoples. Let this be our mutual +correspondence, and let God do the rest. + +"And that I may give your reverence some news of my destination, I +beg your reverence to look on the maps of America. You will see in the +shores of the South Sea, most improperly called Pacific, the Peninsula +of California [Lower California]. I was there for a year in the capacity +of President of the Missions already founded by the exiled Jesuit +Fathers. Then followed north along the same coast and just a little +before what is called Cabo Mendosino, you will find in some maps, the +title or name the Port of Monte Rey. + +"There your uncle lives, among those poor people. There I went with the +first Christians in 1770. There I sang the first Mass and there I have +been in company with Fr. Juan Crespi until the latter part of August. +Then I left for this college in order to transact some very important +business with the Most Excellent Lord Viceroy concerning the maintenance +and increase of those Christian settlements and the establishment of +those already proposed and planned, or that may be planned. + +"Thanks to God, I have been kindly received and given close attention by +His Excellency and he has granted me whatever I have asked of him; +so, God helping, I hope for a quick and very extensive expansion and +spreading of our Holy Faith and of the domains of our Catholic King. + +"In addition to one Mission where we spread Christianity in California +[Lower California] which I called San Fernando de Vellixata, there are +five already founded in that far off land; Monterey which said Padre +Crespi and I administer, San Antonio de Padua, twenty-five leagues +distant, with Padre President, Fr. Miguel Pieras and Fr. Buenaventura +Sitjar; that of San Luis Obispo, twenty-five leagues farther away, +where I placed two religious members of the Province of Catalonia, +Padre Juncosa and Padre Cavallier, that of San Gabriel, seventy +leagues farther away towards California [Lower California], for which I +appointed one father from the Province of Los Angeles and another from +that of Andalucia; and finally that of San Diego, which is the nearest +to California [Lower California] though over one hundred leagues +distant, and I appointed as ministers Padre Fr. Francisco Dumetz and +Padre Fr. Luis Jaume. They are all working with earnestness and abundant +fruit in their respective fields of labor. + +"When in 1769 I left California [Lower California], I appointed Padre +Palou President of the Missions there and I have not seen him since; but +now these missions, formerly in charge of the Fathers of the Society +of Jesus, are being turned over to the Dominican Fathers. So said Padre +Palou with others, will come to us in order to found the Missions of San +Buenaventura, Santa Clara and San Francisco for which missions I have +already there the ornaments, the sacred vessels, utensils and other +necessary things. + +"The number of Christians in those places, where the name of Jesus had +never been spoken, though there are some in all the Missions, still up +to the present, is not very great; because while we have been very busy +building our poor houses, little churches, teaching some children to be +interpreters, and providing other necessary things, our efforts could +not equal our ardent desires. + +"Now that things are going, and His Excellency has given, upon my +request, various things of which we stood in the greatest need, I hope +in God, we shall reap abundant fruits from our humble work. And I say +that our work is so-so, such as it is, because, if I told you all we are +doing, it might seem a great thing, when in reality, upon a closer view, +it would seem very insignificant. + +"In spite of the cold, which is very intense in California, the lack +of victuals, the poverty of our houses, I have been enjoying very good +health, thanks be to God! But this trip to Mexico has been very hard +on me. From the hardships of the journey, I arrived in the City of +Guadalajara burning with fever. I was so sick and in such danger that +the last Sacraments were administered to me a few days after. + +"As soon as the continual fever became intermittent, I continued my +journey, and arrived in the city of Queretaro, again, so weak and sick, +that fearing for my life, they administered to me the last Sacraments +of the Church. Yet soon after I experienced a change for the better +and finally I reached this Holy College on February 6th of this present +year. I remained, however, for a long time exhausted, weak and without +any ambition or appetite. + +"But now, blessed be God! I am restored and brought back to health, I am +transacting the business for which I came, and feel ready to set out on +my journey back to that vineyard of the Lord. + +"During my sickness in Queretaro, I was nursed with remarkable charity +and diligence, by Padre Procurador Fr. Alexandro Llaneras, and soon +after I arrived here, in this College of San Fernando, we heard of his +death. He died of a serious fever. Death found him well prepared with +all the Sacraments, assisted by Holy Communion, equipped with patience +and entire conformity to the will of God, thus preaching to all with his +example. I beg your reverence to pray for him. + +"It is only once a year that we can receive letters from and send them +to, this College. And if we can only once a year receive and write a +letter, is it surprising that we are so slow to write to those living +in another world? However, if with the help of God, I safely arrive +in California, I may drop you a letter telling at least of my arrival, +should there be nothing of more importance to communicate to your +reverence. Meanwhile, I send my best regards to your mother, my dearest +sister, to my niece, and to all our brethren. Remember me to my beloved +Dr. Onofre Verd, and to the other pupils of mine, friends and neighbors +and acquaintances, specially to Fr. Rector de Selva, Dr. Jayme Font, and +finally to all, not without the request that they pray to God, that His +Divine Majesty deign, through His infinite mercy, to make me fit and +worthy minister of His Divine Word, and grant me a holy and happy death. + +"From this Apostolic College de Propaganda Fide of San Fernando, Mexico, +August 4, 1773. + +"May God keep your reverence for many years; + +"Most affectionate uncle, brother and servant. + +"Fr. Junipero Serra." + + + +The Meaning of California Missions + + +By Right Rev. Bishop Conaty, of Los Angeles + + +In the mission celebrations which occur in California from time to +time, there are two views which men take--the this-world-view and the +other-world-view. In either view the missions stand out gloriously. In +the first, the builders, who were the padres, are beheld as practical +men possessing fine artistic sense and creative genius. From the +memories of old Spain and the elemental materials at hand, the forests, +the soil and sunlight, they made the original picture-building which +artists since have loved to paint, and poets loved to praise. From this +same viewpoint the mission builders are seen as philanthropists who +selected human materials as gross as the mud from which they made +the adobe brick, and from these built up a civilization that was more +wonderful than all the mission-edifices which remain as monuments to +their altruistic efforts. + +But there is another view of the missions which must appeal especially +to Catholics. Indeed it is natural to the farther-seeing Catholic eye. +It is the other-world-view. It is the vision of souls. It is seen to +have been the motive of every action of the master-builder padres. It +is the reason for their exile here, the purpose of their sufferings, the +object of their labor, the burden of their prayer, the spirit of their +vocation, the poetry, art, architecture and music of their souls. The +one aim in life was the salvation of souls. + +--The Monitor. + + + +Dances of Early California Times. + +The Spanish dances of early California times were the Contradanza, +Quadrillas Espanolas, Varsoviana, Jota Aragonesa, Bamba, Jarabe, Son, +Zamacueca, and Fandango. + +With the exception of the first three, which are round dances, the +dances are danced by two persons; the steps are very fancy, and for some +castanets are used. It was customary after each change of step for the +gentleman to recite a pretty little stanza complimentary to the lady, +who in turn responded her refined appreciation also in verse, sometimes +merely witty or comical rhymes were used. The music is very pleasing and +lively. + + + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[Footnote 1: Official title of the Kings of Spain.] + +[Footnote 2: Blue and white are the symbolical colors of the Blessed +Virgin Mary.] + +[Footnote 3: The Very Reverend Angelo Casanova selected the writer +of this sketch and her brother, then little children to unveil this +monument.] + +[Footnote 4: Alberto de Cordoba, an excellent engineer, surveyed the +Harbor of San Francisco in 1813, at the request of Governor Borica.] + +[Footnote 5: A Catholic devotion in honor of Our Saviour's Passion.] + +[Footnote 6: This beautiful hymn is found in many ancient Spanish books +of devotion.] + +[Footnote 7: This letter was written by Junipero Serra soon after his +arrival at the College of San Fernando, Mexico, on a business trip he +made there four years after his coming to California. The letter was +written to his nephew, also a priest, in Petra, Spain.] + + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Chimes of Mission Bells, by Maria Antonia Field + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHIMES OF MISSION BELLS *** + +***** This file should be named 6894.txt or 6894.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/6/8/9/6894/ + +Produced by David Schwan + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. 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