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diff --git a/6894-h/6894-h.htm b/6894-h/6894-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dc5ec63 --- /dev/null +++ b/6894-h/6894-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,3192 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?> + +<!DOCTYPE html + PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd" > + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en"> + <head> + <title> + Chimes of Mission Bells, by Maria Antonia Field + </title> + <style type="text/css" xml:space="preserve"> + + body { margin:5%; background:#faebd0; text-align:justify} + P { text-indent: 1em; margin-top: .25em; margin-bottom: .25em; } + H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { text-align: center; margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%; } + hr { width: 50%; text-align: center;} + .foot { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3em; font-size: 90%; } + blockquote {font-size: 97%; font-style: italic; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + .mynote {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: .5em; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 95%;} + .toc { margin-left: 10%; margin-bottom: .75em;} + .toc2 { margin-left: 20%;} + div.fig { display:block; margin:0 auto; text-align:center; } + div.middle { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; } + .figleft {float: left; margin-left: 0%; margin-right: 1%;} + .figright {float: right; margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 1%;} + .pagenum {display:inline; font-size: 70%; font-style:normal; + margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; right: 1%; + text-align: right;} + pre { font-style: italic; font-size: 90%; margin-left: 10%;} + +</style> + </head> + <body> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + +Project Gutenberg's Chimes of Mission Bells, by Maria Antonia Field + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Chimes of Mission Bells + +Author: Maria Antonia Field + +Release Date: March 19, 2009 [EBook #6894] +Last Updated: January 26, 2013 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHIMES OF MISSION BELLS *** + + + + +Produced by David Schwan, and David Widger + + + + + + +</pre> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <h1> + CHIMES OF MISSION BELLS + </h1> + <h2> + An Historical Sketch of California and Her Missions + </h2> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <h2> + By Maria Antonia Field + </h2> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <h4> + To the Revered Memory of<br /> Junipero Serra<br /><br /> And of<br /> My + Great Grandparents<br /> Estéban and Catalina Munrás<br /><br /> This Book Is<br /> + Affectionately Dedicated + </h4> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> Acknowledgment of Gratitude + </p> + <p> + In producing this book I wish to thank my Mother, who wrote for me in + modern notation the music of the hymns of the Mission Fathers which are + contained in this work, and gave me much welcome information; also Rev. + Raymond M. Mestres, my zealous parish Priest, successor and compatriot of + Junipero Serra and the Mission Padres, for valuable data, and for allowing + me access to the early archives of San Carlos Mission and of the Mission + Church of Monterey. + </p> + <p> + Maria Antonia Field Monterey, California, June 1, 1914 + </p> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <blockquote> + <p class="toc"> + <big><b>CONTENTS</b></big> + </p> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_TOC"> (Detailed) Contents </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_PREF"> Preface </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0002"> Translation of the Names of the Missions. </a> + </p> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0003"> <b>CHIMES OF MISSION BELLS</b> </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0001"> Chapter I. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0002"> Chapter II </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0003"> Chapter III </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0004"> Chapter IV </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0005"> Chapter V </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0006"> Chapter VI </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0007"> Chapter VII </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0008"> Chapter VIII </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0009"> Chapter IX </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_APPE"> Appendix </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_FOOT"> FOOTNOTES </a> + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_TOC" id="link2H_TOC"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + (Detailed) Contents + </h2> + <blockquote> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0002"> Translation of the Names of the Missions </a> + </p> + <p> + Translation of the Names of the Missions <br /> Tribute to Junipero Serra + and the Mission Padres <br /> Chapter I Junipero Serra, Leader of the + Heroic Band of Spanish <br /> Missionaries of California. His Coming to + San Fernando, Mexico, Thence <br /> to California <br /> Chapter II Brief + Sketch of the Conquest of California and of the <br /> Founding of the + Missions. Hospitality of the Missions. Care and <br /> Benevolence of the + Missionaries Toward the Indians <br /> Chapter III More About San Carlos + Mission and Monterey <br /> Chapter IV California Under Spanish Rule + <br /> Chapter V California Passes from Spanish to Mexican Rule. + Secularization <br /> of the Missions <br /> Chapter VI California Passes + from Mexican to American Rule <br /> Chapter VII Mission Anecdotes and + Hymns <br /> Chapter VIII Retrospection of the Work of the Spanish + Missionaries, <br /> Explorers and Settlers and their place in + California's Appreciation <br /> Chapter IX Rev. Raymond M. Mestres + Writes Historical Drama "Fray <br /> Junipero" <br /> Appendix A Letter of + Junipero Serra. The Meaning of California Missions. <br /> Dances of + Early California Times <br /> + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + <a name="link2H_PREF" id="link2H_PREF"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + Preface + </h2> + <p> + In presenting this modest volume to the public, I wish to call the + attention of my readers to the following facts. Firstly, my humble work is + a work of love—love simple and unalloyed for the venerable Spanish + Missionaries of California and for the noble sons and daughters of Spain + who gave such a glorious beginning and impetus to our state. Being a + direct descendant of pioneer Spaniards of Monterey, I take a particular + interest in California's early history and development and as my family + were staunch friends of the Missionary Fathers and in a position to know + the state of affairs of those times, and to family tradition I have added + authentic knowledge from reading the earliest archives of San Carlos + Mission, as well as other historical references, I feel I can fearlessly + vouch for the truthfulness of my little work. Secondly—while fully + appreciating the sympathy and interest of many charming and intellectual + characters who grace California to-day, it must be admitted that there is + a sadly ignorant or misinformed number who scarcely seem to know who + Spaniards and their descendants are, judging from the promiscuous way the + term "Spanish" is used, and what is the result of this among many? + Prejudice, and absurd misunderstanding of the golden days of Spanish + California as well as of the Spanish race and character. It is far from + being my wish to offend, but I wish to present correct historical facts. + Thirdly—there is no pretense to consider this brief sketch a + complete or detailed history, but only a truthful outline of the heroic + and chivalrous Mission days. + </p> + <p> + Maria Antonia Field. + </p> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_4_0002" id="link2H_4_0002"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + Translation of the Names of the Missions. + </h2> + <p> + 1. San Diego.—A Spanish form of Saint James, who is the Patron Saint + of Spain. + </p> + <p> + 2. San Carlos.—Saint Charles. Mission San Carlos and the Royal + Chapel of Monterey were so named in honor of Saint Charles the Patron + Saint of King Carlos III under whose reign the mission was founded. + </p> + <p> + 3. San Antonio De Padua.—St. Anthony of Padua. + </p> + <p> + 4. San Gabriel.—St. Gabriel (the Angel of the Annunciation.). + </p> + <p> + 5. San Luis Obispo.—Saint Louis, Bishop. + </p> + <p> + 6. Nuestra Señora de Los Dolores.—Our Lady of Sorrows. + </p> + <p> + 7. San Juan Capistrano.—St. John Capistrano. + </p> + <p> + 8. Santa Clara.—Saint Clara. + </p> + <p> + 9. San Buenaventura.—Saint Bonaventure. + </p> + <p> + 10. Santa Barbara.—Saint Barbara (whose feast is commemorated on + December 4, the date of the foundation of the Mission.) + </p> + <p> + 11. Purisima Concepcion.—Most Pure Conception (of the Blessed Virgin + Mary). This feast is celebrated on December 8, the day on which this + mission was founded. + </p> + <p> + 12. Nuestra Señora De La Soledad.—Our Lady of Solitude. (In the + Catholic Church the Blessed Virgin Mary is venerated under this title to + commemorate her solitude from the time of our Saviour's death until His + Resurrection). + </p> + <p> + 13. Santa Cruz.—Holy Cross (so named in honor of Our Saviour's + Passion). + </p> + <p> + 14. San José.—Saint Joseph. + </p> + <p> + 15. San Juan Bautista.—Saint John, Baptist (whose feast occurs on + June 24, the day this mission was founded). + </p> + <p> + 16. San Miguel.—Saint Michael. + </p> + <p> + 17. San Fernando, Rey De Espana.—Saint Ferdinand, King of Spain. + </p> + <p> + 18. San Luis, Rey De Francia.—Saint Louis, King of France. + </p> + <p> + 19. Santa Ynez.—Saint Agnes. + </p> + <p> + 20. San Rafael.—Saint Raphael. + </p> + <p> + 21. San Francisco Solano.—Saint Francis Solano. + </p> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_4_0003" id="link2H_4_0003"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h1> + CHIMES OF MISSION BELLS + </h1> + <h3> + Tribute to Junipero Serra and the Mission Padres. + </h3> + <p> + By Maria Antonia Field. + </p> + <p> + Read at the Crowning of the Serra Statue, Monterey, Nov. 23, 1913. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The fickle world ofttimes applauds the rise + Of men whose laurels are but vainly won, + Whose deeds their names could not immortalize + For their soul-toils were wrought for transient ends; + But heroes of the Cross, they truly great + Shall live, their halo shall no hand of fate + + Have power to rob, albeit oblivious years + May veil the radiance of their glorious works, + Or slight their excellence, their light appears + But brighter, statelier in its splendor calm, + Or like the flowers that sleep through winter's snow + To bloom more fair, their lives' pure beams shall glow + + With greater brilliance and sweetly gleam + As lodestars in the firmament of worth; + Such is the memory whose holy stream + Of noblest virtue, valor, truth and Faith, + Illumes our path and stirs our souls today, + Immortal Serra by whose tomb we pray! + + What peerless aureole wreathes his saintly brow? + What stately monument doth bear his name? + Let this admiring thousands tell us now! + Let youthful lips pronounce his name with love! + Let California proudly sing his praise! + Let scions of fair Spain their voices raise, + + And tell of him to whom so much we owe, + Tell of his interceding power with God, + His strong and lofty soul his children know, + His prayers where Carmel's River flows so clear; + O this his aureole, this his monument, + The lasting kind which ne'er will know descent. + + Another lesson must the worldly learn, + From him who sought nor praise nor fame; + His birth, ten score agone, and still we turn + To him in reverence, his name is sweet + As vernal bloom, his life shows forth God's might, + Through him this soil received Faith's warm sunlight! + + This beauteous land was strange, unknown and wild, + Spite all its treasures, lordly trees and flowers; + For tribes with pagan rites its wastes defiled, + Till came Spain's noble band of godly men, + Explorers true and zealous priests who gave + Their lives' best years, forgotten souls to save! + + 'Tis just we venerate each hallowed stone + Which rears the wond'rous "Temples of the West"; + The tears, the toils, the nightly vigils lone; + The pilgrim-journeys of Saint Francis' sons, + The rescued souls by lustral waters cleansed, + The wealth of hospitality dispensed. + + All this and more if but their walls could speak, + Would tell this day; and we in whose veins flows + The fervent blood of Spain, to us each streak + Of light which doth reveal a picture true + Of gentle friar and lovely vanished times + Is tender as the Angelus' sweet chimes. + + Well may each Mission have a holy spell, + And Serra's name become a household word, + What marvels can each yellowed archive tell + Of him and of his martyr-spirit band. + O faithful, dauntless hearts! What brilliant sons + Of that great galaxy of Spain's brave sons! + + We love their saintly lives to ponder o'er, + While childhood's fireside tales come back to us, + And memory unfolds her precious store, + The bygone glories of the Mission towns, + The grand old hymns sung at sweet Mary's shrines + The Spanish color rich as luscious wines + + Of Mission vineyards, and the festive hours + So full of life yet innocent and good, + When blessings seemed to fall as welcome showers, + The Indian tribes were ruled with Christian love, + And shared the sons and daughters of Castile + Their loved Franciscan Fathers' patient zeal! + + But still we love each altar and each cross + Of these dear fanes; e'en as departing rays + Of sun doth kiss the crags outlined with moss, + We love to linger by their altars' light. + But oh fair Carmel, she of Missions Queen + What guarding spirits hover here unseen! + + Sweet Carmel, center of the hero-band, + What holy treasures hold thy sacred vaults? + Junipero and others! Here we stand + In awe of all thou hast been and art still! + Cruel times took glory, splendor, power + From Missions all, but not their priceless dower, + + Religion, love and all we hold as dear, + No hand can tarnish and no might destroy, + And from each hallowed altar ruddy, clear, + Still burns the mystic lamp, for God is there! + The cross-crowned towers tell that all is not dead, + E'en though more splendid times have long since sped. + + And like a glowing ember in the night + Our Lady's love has burned through every change; + 'Tis thus the Missions ever saw the light + Through labors, ripened harvest-joys and wrongs; + Their noon-sun splendors of well won renown + Will shine their glorious heritage to crown. + + O Saintly Serra we implore thy prayer, + Thy dauntless spirit sowed the "mustard-seed" + Which grew as if by miracle of wonder rare, + Upon this now rich land which thou did'st till, + O let they mantle on thy clients fall + Who on thy gracious aid do humbly call. +</pre> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0001" id="link2HCH0001"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + Chapter I. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Junipero Serra, Leader of the Heroic Band of Spanish + Missionaries of California. His Coming to San Fernando, + Mexico, Thence to California. +</pre> + <p> + Junipero Serra, whose name and labors may be termed a compendium of + Christian virtues, was born on November 24, 1713, in Petra, a village of + the picturesque Island of Majorca, on the northeastern coast of Spain, and + a part of the Province of fair Catalonia, one of the most valuable and + beautiful portions of Spain. This child, around whom our story clusters + was baptized on the day following his birth, and received the names of + Miguel José. His parents were poor people from a material standpoint, but + gifted with a rich heritage of the noblest, and sublimest character; + qualities which make the Spanish peasant so delightful. + </p> + <p> + From his tenderest youth, Miguel José evinced an ardent desire to enter + the priesthood and displayed a zealous missionary spirit. His pious + parents placed no obstacle in the way of their gentle boy's vocation, and + being too poor to pay for his education, the Church did it for them. At + the age of sixteen, Miguel José left his father's small estate and began + his studies in his native village, completing them at the Franciscan + College of Palma, the Capital of the Island of Majorca. He made rapid + progress, and a brilliant future opened before him, while his virtuous + qualities were noted by all with whom he came in contact. A proof of his + worth may be seen from the facts that he was ordained before he attained + his majority; also taught in different schools as professor of theology + and received the degree of doctor soon after his ordination. The fame of + his eloquent preaching and persuasive oratorical powers spread not only + throughout Spain but reached other European countries. Still Junipero + Serra (as he was known by his own choice after an humble disciple of Saint + Francis of Assisi, noted for his charity) was not dazzled by his brilliant + mental gifts, and his thirsting desire to evangelize the heathen savage of + the New World grew apace with his fame. He declined the offer to become + the Court preacher and other ecclesiastical dignities, which he would have + been entirely justified in accepting, and practiced those virtues which + clung to him with even more perfect maturity throughout his life; heroic + virtues which enabled him to undertake wonderful things. In him too were + noted those sweet simple qualities invariably found in great and holy men + and women, such as gentleness, amiability, a tender affection for children + and a love for the beautiful in nature; sun, moon, stars, flowers, birds, + the woods and ocean, all found responsive chords within him. In a few + brief lines we have endeavored to convey an idea of Serra's character, let + us now follow his steps in company with the band of heroic workers who + accompanied him in his voyage across the dark Atlantic, and his apostolic + journeys through Mexico and California to "break the bread of life" to the + unfortunate heathen. Among the notable band of missionaries was Father + Francisco Paloú, life-long friend and co-laborer of Father Junipero Serra. + </p> + <p> + But why did these heroes choose Mexico and California as the vineyards of + their labors? Why did they not go to Africa or other heathen shores? Here + is the answer: Spain and all Europe were filled with stories of the New + World since the discovery of America by Columbus in 1492, and several + other Spanish discoveries in later years, among which must be remembered + that in 1521, Hernando Cortes, one of the great Spanish explorers of the + sixteenth century, explored the hitherto unknown land of Mexico, and as + Spain always accompanied her conquests and explorations with her + missionaries to evangelize the heathens, at the time that Father Junipero + Serra set sail for the New World, which was in 1759, there were in Mexico + an archbishopric and several missions conducted by Spanish priests, among + them a well established Franciscan College in San Fernando, a settlement + in the northern part of Mexico, which the Spanish explorers and + missionaries so decided to name after Saint Ferdinand, a King of Spain, + who lived in the thirteenth century. And to this College, Father Junipero + Serra and his companions came after a perilous voyage of nearly one year; + for the date of their arrival was January 1, 1760; and here they began + their labor! Of the nine years which Junipero Serra toiled in Mexico, six + were spent in Sierra Gorda, some distance north of San Fernando, and one + of the wildest and roughest of those half explored regions. And what + marvels attended the labors of Serra and the other self-sacrificing sons + of Saint Francis here! With Junipero Serra at the helm, the good priests + learned some of the Aztec dialects in order to convert the savages. Then + what followed? With the greatest patience the missionaries acquitted + themselves to the task of teaching the classic, cultured language of Spain + to these poor aborigines, whose languages like those of the still cruder + California Indians, did not contain expressions for even the simplest + words of scripture or of the liturgy of the Church. And can we wonder at + this? But what were the astonishing results of the good priests' labors? + They were truly God-wonders! Daily were recorded numerous conversions, and + at the close of six years many Indian congregations of those regions could + be heard singing the ancient Latin hymns of the Church, and in poor but + intelligible Spanish supplying in their prayers and conversations what was + wanting in their dialects. It was while at Sierra Gorda that Junipero + Serra became afflicted with a painful sore which broke out on his right + leg and which never healed in all his eventful and laborious career. Many + historians allude to this sore as a "wound," but no record is extant to + indicate it as such, the most authentic conclusions being that this sore + was due to natural causes greatly augmented and brought on by the + hardships and climatic conditions he encountered in this missionary field. + </p> + <p> + The average person would think Junipero Serra and his companions had + surely satiated their thirst for missionary labors during the nine long + toilsome years they spent in Mexico, far, far away from loving home, + affectionate kindred and the Old World culture to which they bade farewell + when the last glistening silhouette of the Spanish Coast vanished from + their view in 1759, but not so! Their pilgrimage was but begun! The + pilgrimage which was to blossom heavenly and earthly blessings as + beautiful and countless as the flowers which jeweled the slopes and + valleys they traversed. The monstrous undertaking begun so gloriously, + blessed with the benison of prayers, sacrifices, tears; blessed later with + superhuman success and crowned with an immortal halo for endless days! + </p> + <p> + Here we will make a slight digression for the sake of our story. In 1548, + just twenty-seven years after Cortes discovered the land of Mexico, + Cabrillo's expedition had sailed up the Coast of California, and in 1602 + Sebastian Vizcaino had made further discoveries accompanied by two + Carmelite priests, and landed on the shores of Monterey. Both of these + expeditions, however, were abandoned and California remained the + "mysterious vineyard," as it was called. But Vizcaino drew a map of + California placing upon it the harbor of Monterey, and wrote glowing + accounts of the beauty of the spot. On Point Lobos he planted a Cross, and + the Carmelite Fathers named that beautiful Valley, four miles from + Monterey, Carmelo, in honor of the Blessed Virgin Mary, venerated under + the title of Our Lady of Mount Carmel. Of these facts we will have + occasion to speak of more fully later on in this work. + </p> + <p> + Years after these expeditions the good Jesuit Fathers established several + missions in Lower California, but were recalled to Spain by King Carlos + III and by this sovereign's request the Franciscan Fathers of the College + of San Fernando were commissioned to take the newly vacated missions and + accompany as missionaries the great and glorious enterprise of Don Gaspar + de Portolá, with Vizcaino's map as guide, to further explore California + and add it to the Crown of Castile and Leon. + </p> + <p> + The Father Guardian of the College of San Fernando, on receiving the + letter from King Carlos, immediately appointed Junipero Serra, whose zeal + and sanctity were so well known, as the Father President of the band of + missionaries to set out for California. Among the missionaries who + volunteered to evangelize California were Fathers Francisco Paloú, + Francisco de Lasuén and Juan Crespí. + </p> + <p> + Here we will introduce a few characters, not of the missionary band, but + who may well be termed faithful co-operators of their labors, men of + unimpeachable honor, whose names add luster to the pages of Spanish + annals. Don Jose Galvez, the Visitador General (general visitator) of the + Spanish possessions in Mexico, a man as pious and noble as he was + brilliant, managed the expedition of gallant Don Gaspar de Portolá and the + missionaries, and gave Junipero Serra and the brave officers and soldiers + much encouragement. This wonderfully managed and well equipped expedition, + on which hinged the future of California, was wisely divided into two + parts, one to go by sea, the other overland. The sea expedition consisted + of three ships the San Carlos, the San José, and the San Antonio, the last + named was a relief ship and was started after the other two. The San + Carlos and San José carried a large portion of the troops, all of which + received the Sacraments before embarking. On these ships were also placed + the Church ornaments, provisions, camping outfits and cargoes of + agricultural implements. Father Junipero Serra then blessed the ships and + placed them under the guidance of Saint Joseph, whom the missionaries had + chosen as the Patron Saint of California. Each ship had two missionaries + on board and among the crew were bakers, cooks and blacksmiths; on the San + Antonio went the surgeon, Don Pedro Prat. Simultaneously with these ships + started two land parties, one in advance of the other in order to stop at + La Paz in Lower California, to pick up cattle and sheep wherewith to stock + the new country, also to bring some of the converted Indians of the + mission in that region, to aid the missionaries and soldiers by + translating the speech of the Indians of Alta or Higher California; for + while the Indian dialects were numerous, there was some similarity among + them. This first land expedition was in command of Captain Rivera y + Moncada. The second land party was in command of the newly appointed + governor, Don Gaspar de Portolá, the first governor of California, and + wise indeed was the choice of this good and excellent man! This second + land party was doubly blessed with the presence of Junipero Serra. Many + were the dangers and hardships encountered by these sterling men both by + land and sea; and as the repetition of what is noble never tires, we will + again allude to the painful sore on Junipero Serra's leg, which caused him + such intense suffering, that his continuation of the journey many times + seemed miraculous even before he reached Saint Xavier (the mission + established at La Paz). When his fellow missionary, Father Paloú advised + him to remain a little longer at Saint Xavier's until he would be in a + better condition to travel, his only answer was "let us speak no more on + the subject, I have placed my faith in God and trust to His Goodness to + plant the holy standard of the Cross not only at San Diego but even as far + as Monterey." And God overshadowed the enterprise undertaken in His Name. + The ship San José was never heard from, but its noble crew were always + considered martyrs who brought blessings on the rest of the expedition. + The San Carlos and the two land parties reached San Diego, their first + goal almost simultaneously. Here was chanted the first Te Deum in + California! Here Serra, head of the religious portion of the expedition, + and Portolá head of the civil and military, conferred with each other on + the course they were to follow. And here we will leave these incomparable + pioneers to celebrate the birthday of California, July 1, 1769. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0002" id="link2HCH0002"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + Chapter II + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Brief Sketch of the Conquest of California and of the + Founding of the Missions. Hospitality of the Missions. Care + and Benevolence of the Missionaries Towards the Indians. +</pre> + <p> + Father Junipero Serra and Don Gaspar de Portolá decided on the following + plan; that Junipero Serra with Fathers Francisco Paloú and Francisco de + Lasuén would remain in San Diego, where Serra was to establish his first + mission while Portolá with Fathers Crespí and Gomez, Captain Rivera y + Moncada, Lieutenant Fages and some of the Spanish dragoons and muleteers + started overland to explore the country, and in quest of the Harbor of + Monterey, carrying with them the map of Sebastian Vizcaino. This + expedition was to result in the memorable "March of Portolá," which lasted + about eight months. Missing the Harbor of Monterey on account of an error + in the reckoning of Vizcaino's map, the explorers marched as far north as + what is now San Francisco and discovered the Harbor that bears that name; + so named later by Junipero Serra in honor of St. Francis of Assisi, the + founder of the Franciscan Order. After continuing a fruitless search for + Monterey, the expedition returned to San Diego. Junipero Serra was + overjoyed at the unexpected discovery of the Harbor of San Francisco, + which Portolá and his companions so enthusiastically extolled, and was not + discouraged over their failure to find the Port of Monterey, but hoped to + make another trial to find that Port on which their most laudable + ambitions were centered. But here a sad difficulty presented itself. + Governor Portolá returned to San Diego with sad gaps made into his ranks + by sickness and hardship, but hopeful with the expectation that the relief + ship promised by Don José Galvez had arrived, and that the San Diego + Mission well established would be able to give his forces a well deserved + chance to recuperate. But what was his dismay? The relief ship had not + arrived, and Junipero Serra had indeed founded a mission with the usual + elaborate ceremonies of the Church, but the untiring zeal and labors of + himself and his companions had not been blessed with a single convert. No + neophyte could be counted among the numerous natives of the place, who had + even proved hostile at times; and the mission too, was in the sorest need; + Junipero Serra and his companions ofttimes adding to their usual fasts and + abstemiousness, "that others might have more." Still the relief ship was + delayed! Surely this was not the fault of good Don José Galvez, but it + might have met a tragic fate; thus thought the discouraged land and sea + forces; and Governor Portolá was too good a soldier not to know that the + best course to follow was to start at once back to Mexico and abandon the + glorious dream, before starvation and death overtook everyone of them. But + here Junipero Serra interposed, and as if inspired pleaded with the + Governor for "one more day;" Portolá out of respect did grant just "one + more day" before ordering the whole expedition back. + </p> + <p> + Junipero Serra then repaired to the summit of the Presidio Hill and with + arms extended, prayed as if in ecstasy from sunrise until sunset, + "storming the heavens" that the relief ship might come, and the conversion + of the heathen of California be realized. O unquestionable miracle! "More + things are wrought by prayer, than this world ever dreamed of!" As the + last rays of sun kissed his venerable brow, from out the gold and purple + horizon, he sighted the top-most point of a mast, which while he was still + "pouring his soul" no longer in supplication but in thanksgiving, grew + into the unmistakable figure of the long expected ship. But for that "one + more day" what would California be now? No converted Indians, no + monumental missions, no exploration and colonization no civilization! The + ship had been delayed on account of the rough voyage it encountered. But + now relief, contentment, renewed hope, renewed courage; and the Mission of + San Diego was but the first of the twenty-one which were to strew El + Camino Real (the Royal Road, literally, commonly called the King's + Highway) of California. And chivalrous Portolá, filled with even greater + reverence for the humble priest Junipero Serra, whom his lofty soul had + always appreciated, once more gathered his forces, and started anew in + search of Monterey. Junipero Serra left the Mission of San Diego in charge + of two of the good fathers and a small garrison as guards, and set out + with Portolá on his second expedition; and it was Serra whose very + presence seemed to draw the blessings of heaven, who pointed out to the + Governor the error on Vizcaino's map which caused him to miss the Port of + Monterey. + </p> + <p> + This expedition was also divided into two parts, one to go overland the + other by sea. Father Serra went with the sea party which sailed on the + Paqueboat San Antonio. A number of Spanish dragoons from the fair province + of Catalonia, muleteers, and some of the convert Indians recruited from + the mission of La Paz were in the overland party. + </p> + <p> + On May 24th, 1770, the expedition reached Point Pinos on the Coast of + Monterey; after going south about six miles and encamping on a picturesque + spot on the shores of the Bay, the missionaries raised an altar and + Junipero Serra celebrated the first Mass on the shores of Monterey on June + 3rd, 1770. It is more than likely that the Carmelite fathers who came here + with Vizcaino had done so one hundred and sixty eight years before, but as + there is no official record of the fact, the Mass celebrated on the + improvised altar under the oak (which is preserved in the premises of San + Carlos Church, Monterey), is recorded as the first. Mass over, Junipero + Serra and Gaspar de Portolá exhorted the Spanish soldiers to hold to the + traditional faith and purity of the Spanish race, and to kindness to the + natives, calling them "weaker brethren who should be christianized, not + debauched." Then Junipero Serra planted a Mission Cross and blessed the + Spanish flag which Portolá hoisted, taking possession of the land in the + name of "His Most Catholic Majesty King Carlos III, by right of + discovery." <a href="#linknote-1" name="linknoteref-1" id="linknoteref-1"><small>1</small></a> + Junipero Serra also blessed the sea and land. + </p> + <p> + As Monterey was from the first established as the civil, military and + religious headquarters of the Spanish kingdom in California, her Presidio + was known as el Presidio Real (the Royal Presidio), and the present parish + church of Monterey, which was built as a chapel for the Presidio was la + Capilla Real de San Carlos (the Royal Chapel of Saint Charles). + </p> + <p> + Junipero Serra found the Indians of Monterey and the surrounding country + very docile, while the Indians from Lower California soon learned their + dialect and acted as interpreters of the missionaries. The Cross which + Vizcaino had planted in 1602 was found decked with skins and shells. On + inquiry the Missionaries were told by the Indians that they had often seen + mysterious rays of light around it, and thinking that some god was angry + they were trying to propitiate him by means of those offerings. + </p> + <p> + As we have already noted Junipero Serra said his first, Mass in Monterey + on June 3rd, 1770, and two years later he recorded his first baptism. From + that date the Indians would come in dozens to present themselves for + instruction. Then the marvels that had attended Junipero Serra at Sierra + Gorda in Mexico, were repeated in Monterey. The naked savages were + clothed, many of them were beginning to learn Spanish and to sing the + Latin responses of the Mass and hymns both in Spanish and Latin, playing + such musical instruments as the cymbal and triangle, keeping perfect time + to every beat. The flocks and cattle were increasing and the harvest + fields were golden with grain. While some of the Indians were taught to + till the soil others were herdsmen, and some were taught to work as + artisans. Nearly fifty trades were taught the California Indians under the + supervision of the Missionaries. In 1771 Junipero Serra founded the San + Carlos Mission in the most entrancing location of the Carmelo Valley that + the nature loving Serra could have chosen; the forests of oak, pine and + cypress for which Monterey is noted to this day, stretch with even greater + beauty as we pierce farther into the interior, while the fertility of the + land drained by the beautiful Carmelo River together with the commanding + position of the spot, made the site of the Mission ideal. And this Mission + of the Carmelo Valley of Monterey, was Junipero Serra's headquarters, here + he lies buried, and here was the center of that unequalled hospitality and + pure society for which every mission was noted. The Spanish Government + made large grants of land to the missions, and under the labor, care and + excellent methods of the missionaries, they became powerful and wealthy + institutions, the pride and blessing of New Spain. Fine stock, teeming + grain fields and luscious orchards graced every mission, and Mission San + Carlos was no exception, indeed it was one of the most prosperous and + beautiful. + </p> + <p> + Fathers from the Mission at Carmelo, attended the Royal Chapel of San + Carlos in Monterey and continued to do so until long after the last Act of + Secularization in 1835 had been passed by the Mexican Government, and San + Carlos of Carmelo was left desolate with no priest to guard her own altar + light. But of this we shall, alas, have but too much reason to speak + later. Junipero Serra did not stop his arduous work by founding beautiful + San Carlos of Carmelo and consecrating the Royal Chapel of Monterey; he + was to christianize all California, for all California had now been added + to the Crown of Castile and Leon. Spain followed in California the same + policy which has distinguished her in her other possessions such as Cuba, + the Philippines and other colonies, steeped in idolatry until the Spanish + Missionary, whose zeal is proverbial, wrested their countless inhabitants + from the cymmerian gloom of paganism. Thus as soon as San Carlos Mission + was founded, the glorious march of El Camino Real continued. + </p> + <p> + Mission San Antonio de Padua, the third mission, was established in July + 1, 1771. The beauty of the spot and wonderful eagerness of the Indians to + receive baptism greatly touched Junipero Serra and the other two + Franciscan Fathers who accompanied him as well as some of the soldiers who + were in the party. To-day Mission San Antonio is almost in ruins, but its + very ruins are piles which speak of mystic beauty, and in the days of + mission glory San Antonio was one of the fairest of the missions. + </p> + <p> + On returning to Carmelo, Junipero Serra filled the other missionaries with + joy over this latest conquest of souls, and sent messengers to Fathers + Soméra and Cambón whom he had left in charge of the Mission at San Diego, + to establish a mission in southern California, which they would name San + Gabriel. The two Fathers, with ten soldiers as guards, started a march + northward until they came to the present sight of San Gabriel, which they + saw immediately was a good location for a mission, particularly as a + beautiful stream flowed through the Valley, and wherever possible the + Fathers chose a spot where there was water for the mission orchards and + gardens. + </p> + <p> + Here we may add that the Fathers had a system of irrigation by means of + ditches, traces of which may be seen to this day in the sites where stood + many of the old mission orchards. The fruits from these good Fathers + gardens were the fairest and most luscious that California has ever seen, + none of our lovely grapes compare with theirs, and their olives were + larger and better than any of which California boasts to-day. + </p> + <p> + Although not deviating from our subject we have wandered from the thread + of our story in the foundation of Mission San Gabriel. One incident + contained in the records of this Mission may hardly be passed over in + silence. The good Franciscans and their brave little bodyguard found the + Indians in a very hostile mood, still they blessed a Mission Cross and + planted it; but the Indians increasing their threatening attitude, the + Fathers unfurled a large white banner bearing the image of the Blessed + Virgin Mary, placing the side of the banner with the image in full view of + the heathens. Priests and soldiers then knelt and implored the + intercession of the Redeemer's Immaculate Mother for their safety and for + the conversion of the Indians to the Faith of her Divine Son. Immediately + came the answer from Heaven! The Indians not only abandoned every sign of + hostility, but came forward towards the Fathers with every sign of sincere + submissiveness, and after due instruction were baptized. For it must be + remembered that the Church does not, and cannot force her belief on anyone + who does not willingly accept it; the poor savage is no exception; + instruction, kindness, prayers may always be employed, no more. As in many + cases the nature of the Indian was too elementary to be moved at first by + the lessons and exhortations of suffering and self-denial of Our Saviour, + and the bridling of the human passions; in many instances the Fathers + would first win the Indians' confidence by giving them blankets, beads and + such things as attracted them, then by degrees unfolded the tenets of + religion and mysteries of faith, to which in most cases these erstwhile + savages clung with firmness and gave many edifying signs of true and + sincere christianity. A band of white beads around the head distinguished + the christian Indians from the pagan. + </p> + <p> + The flocks, vineyards and orchards of Mission San Gabriel, as well as the + skill of its Indians, in time became famous throughout California, and it + was from here that Governor Felipe de Neve, third Governor of California, + started in 1781 with several of the Fathers and a company of soldiers to + found the present city of Los Angeles. + </p> + <p> + The fifth Mission, San Luis Obispo, was founded on September 1, 1772, by + Junipero Serra in person; the saintly Father making a pilgrimage there for + that purpose. Thus in the space of three years, five missions were + founded. A royal record of the zeal of the missionaries and of the + humanity of the Spanish Government and Authorities. + </p> + <p> + In 1774 the Spanish Viceroy of Mexico informed Junipero Serra that he + intended to establish a presidio in San Francisco "for the further + extension of Spanish and Christian power." Junipero Serra, on receipt of + this letter, selected Fathers Paloú and Cambón to accompany the soldiers, + and Lieutenant Juan de Ayala was ordered with his ship stationed at + Monterey to further explore the San Francisco Bay; Juan de Anza, another + brilliant officer, was entrusted with the establishment of the new + presidio; the site he chose being the identical one on which the Presidio + of San Francisco stands today. Lieutenant Juan de Ayala of the Royal Navy + of Spain, was the first to steer a ship through the Golden Gate, and a + strange coincidence was that his ship was the San Carlos which had come to + San Diego with a portion of the first Spanish pioneers in 1769. With + Lieutenant Ayala was Father Vincente de Santa Maria who, with Fathers + Paloú and Cambón, planted a Mission Cross and founded Mission Nuestra + Señora de los Dolores, which has withstood so many ravages of time and + change, of man and elements. + </p> + <p> + The seventh Mission was San Juan Capistrano, founded November 1, 1776, by + Father Lasuén. This Mission was also a very flourishing Mission, the + Indians were laborers in its construction, which lasted nearly fourteen + years. + </p> + <p> + Mission Santa Clara was the eighth to be established. It was founded on + January 12, 1777. The original lines of this once beautiful Mission are + almost entirely changed but like all its sister missions it still retains + much of its dear old atmosphere, and can boast of the tomb of Father Magin + Catalá who died there in 1836 "in the odor of sanctity." Mission Santa + Clara was founded by Father Tomas de la Peña y Saradia; and its history is + fascinating and romantic. The Mission Cross which Father de la Peña y + Saradia planted here, is still standing. + </p> + <p> + The ninth Mission was San Buenaventura, founded also by Junipero Serra in + person, in company with Governor Felipe de Neve, on Easter Sunday of March + 31, 1783. + </p> + <p> + From San Buenaventura, Junipero Serra and Governor de Neve marched to what + is now Santa Barbara. Here the Indians were numerous and more intelligent + than any in California, where the Indians were far denser than either the + Incas of South America or the Aztecs of Mexico. Delays, caused by military + differences, retarded the foundation of Santa Barbara Mission, which would + have been the tenth, but Junipero Serra planted a Mission Cross and + selected the site on which it was destined to be founded four years after + his death. From here Serra returned to Carmelo; his journeys from one + Mission to another being always on foot. + </p> + <p> + And here we must pause: We have come in our narrative to that momentous + year in the history, not only of the missions, but of California. The year + when. Junipero Serra, true priest of God, christianizer, civilizer, + wonderful among wonderful pioneers, or as Governor Gaspar de Portolá had + spoken of him years before, "the humblest, bravest man of God I ever + knew," had done his work! Junipero Serra was ready for his throne in + Heaven, his crown awaited him, his rough Franciscan habit was to be + glorified. We have briefly glanced at his chief characteristics from his + boyhood in historic Spain, and must have gauged the measure of his + untiring and tried virtue from the time he landed in Mexico and San Diego, + on through the years he labored as the Apostle of California; to these let + us add just a few of the private practices of mortification which he + imposed on his innocent flesh, notwithstanding his age, his physical + infirmities, extraordinary labors and hardships in a new, half explored + country. Virtually they sound like a passage from the lives of the Saints. + His journeys were always on foot, although the old sore on his leg + remained like an instrument of torture throughout his life, nothing being + able to help him. El Camino Real, from San Francisco to Monterey and from + Monterey to San Diego, with its rough roads, was as familiar to him who + walked it with so much difficulty as it is to us who enjoy it by + comfortable travel on the railroad or pleasurable motor trips; his fasts + were austere and frequent, wine he never used, the discipline was no + stranger to him, a bed was not among his possessions, on the bare floor or + bench at most he would rest his sore missionary body; yet he never imposed + unnecessary penance on anyone, he was hard only on himself, he was gentle + and affectionate to a marked degree, his faith, trust in Providence, + humility and charity, were heroic. Of his seventy-four years of life, + fifty-four he had been a Franciscan Priest and thirty-five he had devoted + to missionary work, of which nine were spent in Mexico and fourteen in + California. His wonderful eloquence and magnetic power for preaching which + had won him honors in the Old World even as a newly ordained priest, he + had used and adapted for the instruction of thousands of heathens of the + New World; and now that christianity and civilization were beginning to + bud with springtime loveliness like the Castilian roses he had planted in + some of the mission gardens, while the sun of Spanish glory was still in + the ascendency and no threatening omens of the fall of Spanish or + Franciscan power, or nightmares of the Acts of Secularization disturbed + the cloudless skies, while the Presidio Real of Monterey bore the arms of + the Spanish King and the Capilla Real do San Carlos was thronged with + gallant officers and brave men of the Royal Army and Navy of Castile and + Leon, and Our Lady seemed to smile blessings on her Valley of Carmelo, + before the beauteous dream, nay, realization of noble ambitions, had + vanished like a fair sun, God called His faithful Servant unto Himself, in + his cell at his beloved San Carlos Mission about 2:30 P. M. on August 28, + 1784, according to the entry of Father Francisco Paloú, in the archives of + San Carlos Mission, preserved in San Carlos Church of Monterey. And what a + day this was! The archives here are full of touching detail. Solemn + salutes were fired from the ships stationed in the Harbor of Monterey, and + the grief of the people was inexpressible. The Indians were inconsolable. + The officers of the Royal Navy claimed his sandals as a precious keepsake, + and the Fathers could not restrain the people from cutting pieces of his + habit to carry away as souvenirs; the Indians claimed his Franciscan cord + and many cut locks of his silver hair; his corpse had to be dressed twice + on account of this pious proceeding. In a plain redwood coffin his + precious remains were laid in a vault "on the gospel side of the altar + within the sanctuary of San Carlos Mission." O! holy grave, how many + changes thou hast seen! O happy Serra, from the dazzling splendors of + God's light how often thou must have prayed for thy work, thy people, thy + neophytes! In God's inscrutable Providence the good are ofttimes permitted + to suffer, but the same All Wise Hand can brush away with a single stroke, + the wrong done to His own, and His time seems near! + </p> + <p> + We will now resume the story of the foundation of the missions, for we + really stopped at the ninth. Junipero Serra's life-long friend, Father + Paloú was chosen temporary President of the Missions, for within a year he + retired to the Franciscan College of San Fernando, where he gave most of + his time to writing, and to him we are indebted for a complete and + accurate biography of Junipero Serra. After Father Paloú's resignation, + Father Francisco de Lasuén was appointed Father President of the Missions. + Father Lasuén was an arduous laborer and able priest of the original + heroic band of missionaries, and his first act was to establish Mission + Santa Barbara, where Junipero Serra had planted a Mission Cross nearly + four years previous. This was accomplished on December 4, 1787, and of the + twenty-one missions which were spoliated in later years, Santa Barbara was + the only one which tyrannical laws could never dispossess of its lawful + owners, hence to this day the Sons of Saint Francis are there to guard the + "altar light." + </p> + <p> + From Santa Barbara, Father Lasuén traveled north to Lompoc, and founded + Mission La Purisima Concepcion on December 8, 1787. + </p> + <p> + Mission de Nuestra Señora de in Soledad was founded in October of 1791. + The last Act of Secularization in 1835 fell very heavily on this lovely + Mission of which scarcely a trace remains today. This mission was noted + for its fine stock and luxuriant pastures. + </p> + <p> + On Christmas day of 1791 was founded the Mission of Santa Cruz. This + Mission never rivaled the other missions in wealth, but in later years it + was honored with a martyr. Here is the authentic story of Father Quintana, + whose martyr's death occurred here as late as 1817. Father Quintana was a + holy and zealous priest of this mission, who had carried on the work of + the conversion of the Indians most of whom were already christian, but a + small portion still remained heathen, and these were very hostile. As was + later discovered, while the good priest was reading his breviary in his + office, some of these hostile Indians entered, and most cruelly murdered + him, then taking his body into the mission orchard placed it against a + capulin tree (a tree much resembling the cherry tree in fruit and form). + On thus discovering the corpse the other Fathers immediately sent a + message to the surgeon of the Royal Presidio of Monterey, who at the time + was Don Manuel Quixano (step-father of the writer's great grandmother). + After holding an autopsy on the martyred body, Dr. Quixano found that the + saintly Father had been horribly and cruelly murdered. The details are + preserved in the Santa Cruz Mission archives, but are not given to the + public. The capulin tree which the Indians made use of to make it appear + that the Father's death was a natural one, was at the time in full bloom, + and in a few hours became a dry lifeless trunk. A remarkable act of + Providence indeed! + </p> + <p> + The fourteenth and fifteenth missions established were Mission San Jose + and beautiful Mission San Juan Bautista, founded respectively on June 11th + and June 24th of the year 1797. + </p> + <p> + We have generously used words denoting beauty and prosperity in describing + the missions, but no less can be said of these mighty and bountiful + institutions, who, even in their regal ruins are California's chief + attraction to this day. + </p> + <p> + The sixteenth mission was San Miguel, founded by Fathers Francisco de + Lasuén and Buenaventura Sitjar, with very impressive and elaborate + ceremonials, on July 25th, 1797. The brilliant frescoing of this mission + was done in 1824 by the writer's great grandfather, Estéban Munrás, a + Spaniard from Barcelona, who had studied art in his native city, and who + was intimately connected with the early missionaries, especially those of + Monterey, where he resided. Estéban Munrás did the frescoing of San Miguel + Mission at the request of Father Juan Cabot, also a native of Barcelona. + Thus we see the undaunted steadfastness of these early missionaries who, + although California had already passed from Spanish to Mexican rule, and + mission power was beginning to wane, still were zealous for the greater + adornment of God's holy temples. + </p> + <p> + On September 8, 1797, Mission San Fernando, Rey de España was founded. In + June of the following year San Luis, Rey de Francia, fifty-four Indian + children being baptized on the day of its foundation. It was in the patio + (court yard) of this mission that the first pepper tree in California was + planted by Father Antonio Peyri. + </p> + <p> + On September 17, 1804, beautiful Santa Ynez Mission was founded. Here + Father Arroyo, a brilliant scholar, prepared a working grammar of the + language of the Indians of the San Juan region. In December, 1817, San + Rafael was founded, and made a splendid record of conversions. Not a trace + of this mission remains today. + </p> + <p> + The last mission was San Francisco Solano within the city limits of the + present town of Sonoma, and was founded as late as 1823, thus again is + shown the wonderful courage and zeal of the missionaries in the face of + obstacles, for at this date as we have already noted Spanish Mission power + had begun to wane, and while Mexico was unable to wipe out entirely + Spanish rule and influence for many years, still she had already claimed + California as her own. Many wealthy Russian traders lived in the country + about Sonoma, who showed themselves extremely friendly to the + missionaries, assisted at the ceremonies of the founding of the mission + and made generous contributions for its adornment. + </p> + <p> + And now our march of El Camino Real is ended; but let us take another look + at mission life. The plan of the missions was most wonderful, situated in + the most beautiful spots, the journey of one day from one another, and the + seats of learning and well earned prosperity in California; their + architecture was the best imitation of the Spanish Gothic style which the + Spanish laborers could build with the tools and materials which were then + possible to have in the New World. The only share the Indians had in the + building of the missions was in assisting to carry beams, stone, making + the beautiful red tiles found in every mission roof, and the like, but the + actual construction was done by Spanish workmen under the supervision of + the Fathers. + </p> + <p> + Besides the church proper, the missions consisted of groups of buildings + set aside for converted Indians and their families, a storehouse, a + guardhouse, a monastery and spacious quarters for guests. For at a mission + not only friends of the Fathers and persons of standing, but every + wayfarer whoever he might be "found warmth and plenty" as long as he chose + to remain under their blessed shelter. And so great was mission + hospitality that a pile of silver was laid in the bedroom of a guest to be + taken by him or left as he saw fit; of course no well bred guest who was + not in need would impose on the holy Fathers' generosity, but it was their + delicate way of assisting an unfortunate pilgrim who might be in need. The + missions too, were the centers of important gatherings and peaceful + rendezvous of persons of social standing, even after the first two Acts of + Secularization had been passed in after years. But these noble + entertainment's, wealth of luscious fruits, golden sheaves, luxuriant + pastures and fleecy lambs, were as the least gifts of these matchless + institutions, for we can never exaggerate the marvels wrought for the + betterment of the heathen natives, or the fairer fruits of the countless + heroic virtues practiced within these enclosures. The Indians clung to the + Fathers like little children to their parents, and from the vices of + paganism, under a healthy and kind rule drawn for them by the wise + Fathers, christian virtues took a deep root in at least a great many of + these poor "children of the soil" and so great was the care exercised by + the Fathers that nightly they would make a round of the rooms allotted to + every christian and neophyte Indian family to see that order and decency + reigned in each group; for we must remember these souls were but recently + rescued from the dark sins of heathenism. + </p> + <p> + Blessed temples! noble hospices! heroic priests! We are loathe to change + the scene, but winter's storms must come ere the laurel wreath crowns the + glorified brow! Still, we need not leave the "enchanted palace" yet, + vernal loveliness still charms the eyes and summer is just begun. + </p> + <p> + If it be but for one brief moment let us ruminate the glories, the wealth, + the beauty of mission joys, before the least cruel echoes of + Secularization are heard. The sun of Franciscan and Spanish glory is still + mounting the firmament higher and higher. The sky still wears Our Lady's + blue <a href="#linknote-2" name="linknoteref-2" id="linknoteref-2"><small>2</small></a> + and no penitential purple has appeared with the departing rays of sunset, + only the royal purple and gold which years before had made the scene a + fairylike setting for the heavenset relief ship to San Diego and assured + the noble enterprise of the exploration and christianizing of California. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0003" id="link2HCH0003"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + Chapter III + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + More About San Carlos Mission and Monterey +</pre> + <p> + As we have seen in the preceding chapter, Monterey was the capital of the + Spanish Possessions in California, consequently San Carlos Mission was the + headquarters of Junipero Serra. And what was not San Carlos Mission of + Carmelo in the days of her glory! We are in a maze of thought as to how to + begin to tell her story. Of the beauty of the spot where this mission was + built we have already spoken, as well as of how the golden valley of + Carmelo came to be named. And here we may well exclaim with that dear + English Saint of the thirteenth century, Saint Simon Stock, who invoked + the Immaculate Virgin with the following beautiful lines: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Carmel's fair flower + Rod blossom laden + Smile on thy dower + Meek Mother—Maiden + None equals thee. + Give us a sign + Thou dost protect us + Mark us for thine + Guide and direct us + Star of the Sea." +</pre> + <p> + A more perfect replica of the country surrounding the shrine of Our Lady + of Mount Carmel in Palestine would be hard to find, and the "Meek + Mother-Maiden" did give many a sign of her protection to her clients in + this new Carmel of the West. And it was at San Carlos Mission of Carmelo, + that the superiors of the different missions convened and gave accounts of + their work and numbers of baptisms etc. to the Father President. And how + glowing are the records of those accounts! Here on festival days after the + religious services were held social gatherings and entertainment's of the + purest yet merriest order. Marriages, baptisms, all notable events had + their share of attention. The hospitality of the missions, the care and + kindness shown to the Indians, the numerous flocks, harvests and orchards + which embellished them under the wonderful management of the good Fathers, + all existed in copious measure at San Carlos. + </p> + <p> + The huge, beautiful bells of this mission the chimes of which were heard + clearly in Monterey were cracked during the years when the mission was + neglected but some of the pieces were later recast and as far as known the + present bells of the mission were made from them. + </p> + <p> + We cannot consider a sketch of this mission however brief, complete, + without giving due credit to the Very Reverend Angelo Casanova, parish + priest of Monterey from 1869 until the time of his death in 1893. This + zealous priest undertook the work of restoring the mission for a portion + of it was in ruins, and to-day there would be but little of San Carlos to + see and admire but for Father Casanova's timely work of restoration, which + he accomplished with some help of friends, but chiefly with his own + private fortune which he inherited. Many a time was Father Casanova seen + assisting the laborers with his own hands. And what a happy day it was for + Monterey when the first Mass was sung in the restored mission after years + of vandalism and neglect! The old statues which had escaped the ravages of + time were replaced in their niches, the sanctuary lamp was re-lighted for + the Sacramental Presence once more enthroned on His altar and the organ + pealed forth the ancient Latin hymns of the Church once more. Another very + significant event of this restoration was that Father Casanova had the + four bodies contained in the vaults of the mission exhumed and placed on + new vaults, built however near the original spots "on the gospel side of + the altar, within the sanctuary." The four bodies are the remains of + Fathers Junipero Serra, Juan Crespí, Francisco de Lasuén and Julian Lopez. + Another good outcome of this event was that it exploded the utterly + unfounded story that a Spanish ship had carried away the remains of + Junipero Serra to Spain. The vestments on each body were found in a + perfect state of preservation at the time this work was done in 1882. + </p> + <p> + For years the saintly Serra's body was buried under a pile of debris, but + his "sepulchre has become glorious" in spite of all. And since the + restoration of this mission, the feast of Saint Charles Borromeo, (its + Patron Saint) has again been celebrated here every November the + twenty-fourth, and a relic of Saint Charles which Father Junipero Serra + brought from Spain, is as of old carried in procession. While this is of + course a Catholic festival, reverent visitors of various creeds attend it. + The mission is guarded by a care-taker, living in the premises of what + remains of the old mission orchard. + </p> + <p> + It was also due to Father Casanova, that Mrs. Leland Stanford donated, in + 1890, the Serra Monument <a href="#linknote-3" name="linknoteref-3" + id="linknoteref-3"><small>3</small></a> which crowns a slope just above + the spot where this wonderful missionary said his first Mass in Monterey. + </p> + <p> + We cannot give sufficient credit to Reverend Raymond Mestres, the present + parish priest of Monterey, and a Spaniard from the Province of Catalonia, + like Junipero Serra and many of the early missionaries. Father Mestres has + given time, energy and noble efforts unstintingly to perpetuate the memory + of Junipero Serra and to more fully restore not only San Carlos Mission + and San Carlos Church, but is encouraging a movement to restore if + possible all the California Missions according to their traditional and + historical plans; may his great enterprise be blessed with all the + radiance of crowning success! + </p> + <p> + We will have ample reason to speak more of Father Mestres' good work + elsewhere in this sketch, hence we will pass into Monterey itself. + Monterey was named after the Spanish Viceroy of Mexico, who at the time of + her discovery, was the Count of Monterey. As we have many times noted this + city was of royal birth. Unlike any of the other Presidios, her Presidio + was el Presidio Real, the chapel attached to it la Capilla Real, and the + ships which sailed the blue waters of her crescent bay were the ships of + the Royal Navy of Spain. No mission town was without its glories, its + fascinating history or delightful surroundings, but Monterey was like a + fair empress of them all. Yet no jealousy or feelings of rivalry were felt + for Monterey by her sister towns, nor was her right to the sceptre ever + contested. From the time that Sebastian Vizcaino placed her on his map in + 1602 and glowingly described her beautiful harbor, noble forests and + majestic hills, Spain focused her attention on Monterey, and when her Port + was at last found by Portolá, and the stout old ship San Antonio under the + command of Captain Juan Perez entered her harbor on May 31st, 1770, + without any discussion or preamble she was made the capital of New Spain. + </p> + <p> + The news of her discovery and of Junipero Serra celebrating Mass on her + shores were sent with all possible haste to the Viceroy of the Spanish + possessions in Mexico and to good Don Jose Galvez, also a complete + statement of her discovery was drawn up and sent to the Court of Spain. + And how were these news received? Solemn masses of thanksgiving were + celebrated in some of the Spanish cathedrals, attended by many of the + highest religious, civil and military authorities, while congratulations + from every side poured into King Carlos and his Viceroy. And all this + exultation over the discovery of the lovely spot we all know and love so + well! Monterey, like a "pearl of great price" had been hard to find, but + like a "pearl of great price" was worth the quest. Beautiful Monterey with + her shores decked with Vizcainos Cross since 1602, Monterey with her bay + blue like a turquoise, matching the azure of heaven, Monterey with her + forests and flowers, with her Valley of Carmelo and glorious sunsets, + adding to natures charms, her historical and sacred atmosphere, her + landmarks and the improvements of man. No wonder thousands yearly throng + this gifted spot of God's earth! + </p> + <p> + As may be needless to say, Monterey, became the center of the social life, + beauty and culture of the mission towns. From Monterey, inspiration flowed + as from a fountain head. And even to this day she is irresistible. Even to + this day, in spite of the many sad scenes and oblivious years which have + stamped their trace upon her loveliness and impaired her regal splendor, + her charm is told by her landmarks and crowned by her natural fortress of + hills, her forests and flower robed meadows, and lulled at evening by the + murmur of the iridescent waters of her bay reflecting the sunset splendors + of the sky. + </p> + <p> + About 1810 Monterey was ravaged by buccaneers under Blütcher, who was such + a terror to many sea-port towns, these pirates sailed up the Pacific + Coast, and appeared in Monterey Bay in four large vessels arriving at + midnight. Before they could be driven out of the town they set fire to + some of the Spanish Presidio homes and carried away precious jewels and + silver belonging to the Spanish ladies, and provisions from the garrison. + </p> + <p> + The former Capilla Real de San Carlos is now the parish church of + Monterey, guarding like a fond mother all that remains of the massive + silver altar vessels and candelabras, paintings, statues, vestments, + manuscripts and archives of the pioneer missionaries of this mission. + </p> + <p> + Among the modern attractions of Monterey we must not fail to mention Hotel + Del Monte built and owned by the Pacific Improvement Company, and the many + beautiful drives constructed by the same, company. Mr. Frank Powers was + the founder of the flourishing settlement of Carmel-by-the-Sea, a few + minutes walk from San Carlos Mission and a favorite resort of artists and + literateurs. These with many others have been no small contributors to the + old Capital. Thus while we deplore years of vandalism, and the thousands + who have joined the "careless throng" we can always turn to the pleasing + contrast of sympathizers and friends who are always, willing to give + "honor to whom honor is due," and in doing so have spared neither purse + nor efforts in aiding those who under difficulties have guarded the flame + of tradition and love of the splendid past with its bright galaxy of + "heroes, martyrs, saints." True, the glowing embers often smouldered + beneath a debris of neglect and even harsh misrepresentation but were not + and could not be extinguished. And now faithful hearts may beat fast with + holy joy for the feeble light fanned by loving zephyrs has burst into a + glowing flame destined to diffuse its love and influence to all, + regardless of creed, race or station. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0004" id="link2HCH0004"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + Chapter IV + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + California Under Spanish Rule +</pre> + <p> + With the landing of Serra and Portolá at San Diego in 1769, began the + Spanish period of California. The chief events of this period are in a + pith, the following: The establishment of the missions, the christianizing + of the Indians and the exploration and colonization of California. It is + from the Spanish period that the history and standing of California date. + The ten Spanish Governors of California as well as the officers of the + Army and Navy were men of honor and ability, and the record left by the + Spanish settlers is one of which any country might be proud. During the + Spanish period the geographical lines of California were settled and her + harbors surveyed <a href="#linknote-4" name="linknoteref-4" + id="linknoteref-4"><small>4</small></a>. It was during this period that + most of the present cities of California were founded, Spain following the + plan of building the towns around the missions. The first Governor, Don + Gaspar de Portolá, was a great and good man as well as a brilliant + officer, gentle and reasonable in every respect, he was beloved by all; to + him California owes the discovery of San Francisco Bay, and the great + co-operation he gave to Junipero Serra, as well as his reverent esteem for + this saintly man has endeared his memory to every true Californian, and + immortalized his name in Spain. After a period of two years in office + Portolá went to Mexico, then under Spanish rule, and from there returned + to Spain. + </p> + <p> + Portolá was succeeded by Gov. Felipe de Barri, who after three years was + removed from office on account of infringing on the rights of the + missionaries and siding with Captain Rivera Y. Moncada who was a somewhat + arrogant man, who also on several occasions infringed on the rights of the + missionaries; but the faults of the latter have been very exaggerated by + some historians, namely, some declare that he was ex-communicated from the + church on account of insolence to the missionaries, whereas there is no + record of such a fact. Excepting their officiousness and arrogance, Barri + and Rivera were moral and able men. + </p> + <p> + Barri was succeeded by Felipe de Neve, a statesman, scholar and worthy + governor who at once declared himself the friend and protector of the + missionaries. It was Governor de Neve who drew up California's first code + of legislation dated from the "Royal Presidio of San Carlos at Monterey" + in June 1779. This code known as the "Reglamento" is regarded by capable + judges as a most remarkable and valuable document. It was also Governor de + Neve who founded the present city of Los Angeles, the original name of + which was Neustra Señora de los Angeles, later shortened into Los Angeles. + The towns of San Jose and Santa Clara also owe their foundation to de + Neve, who selected the location of these cities around the mission sites. + After eight years of office de Neve was marked for higher honors, and was + succeeded by Governor Pedro Fages. + </p> + <p> + Governor Fages was a good and energetic man, but better fitted for the + army than for the state; he was noted for his lofty principals of + morality. Fages resigned his office and returned to Spain; he was not a + tactful ruler, but like many others his name has suffered at the hands of + unscrupulous writers. Fages was succeeded in 1790 by Governor José Antonio + Romeú, a bright and able but very sickly man. Dr. Pablo Soler the + excellent physician and surgeon of the Province of California was unable + to help him; and Romeú died in Monterey in less than two years of office. + </p> + <p> + José de Arrillaga was the sixth governor. This governor was a finished + general, and placed the presidios of California on a solid basis; he was + painstaking and careful of detail. He resigned on account of private + business affairs but later returned as he was reappointed governor of + California. + </p> + <p> + The seventh governor was Diego de Boríca. Around this Governor cluster + many beautiful pages of Spanish history in California; his was a character + as gentle, religious and home-loving as he was scholarly and tactful. It + was under Boríca's administration that the boundary lines of Upper and + Lower California were clearly defined. Boríca, however, was not a man who + courted public life or honors, and resigned his office, returning to Spain + with his charming wife and daughter who always longed for their mother + country. + </p> + <p> + Before leaving Boríca did a good service to Spain and California in + recommending the reappointment of José Joaquin Arrillaga. Arrillaga + continued to organize strong military defenses for California. He served + as Spanish Governor of California fourteen years, and first of all + declared himself on all occasions "a loyal son of the Church." He died at + Mission Soledad on July 25, 1813, and was buried there. The only Spanish + Governor to be buried in California. + </p> + <p> + The ninth Spanish Governor was José Dario Arguello, who was in office one + year, the interval between the death of Arrillaga and the advent of Pablo + Vicente de Solá the last Spanish Governor of California. + </p> + <p> + When Governor Solá took office in 1814, California had already bloomed + into a garden of beautiful men and women, many of them from the mother + country, others their children born in this distant province of Castile. + Also many Yankee, Russian and English trading ships came to California + then, and the Spanish presidios were the scenes of many brilliant dances + and entertainment's. These foreign vessels were always welcome; while the + Governors were careful that the power of Spain was not infringed upon, + perfect courtesy and friendliness was always maintained by both Spaniards + and visitors. Thus when Governor Solá arrived to take his office he was + given a royal welcome. Of course, it was in Monterey that every governor + took up his residence (at the Royal Presidio) and their first act was to + attend Solemn High Mass at the Royal Chapel of San Carlos of Monterey. + Solá was no exception to the rule; amid salutes from the cannon of the + Presidio and the cheers of loyal subjects, by the Catalonian cavalry, and + their officers in their gorgeous velvet uniforms, gold swords and plumed + hats, Solá proceeded to the Royal Chapel where the Franciscan Fathers + awaited him in their priestly vestments. Three days of carnival followed, + but on the second day Governor Solá withdrew from the festivities, made + the Stations of the Cross <a href="#linknote-5" name="linknoteref-5" + id="linknoteref-5"><small>5</small></a> which the fathers had erected + between Monterey and Carmelo, and on reaching San Carlos of Carmelo was + shown to the tombs of Junipero Serra, Juan Crespí and Francisco de Laséun. + Here the Governor knelt and remained long in prayer. + </p> + <p> + In California Solá found a pleasing contrast from the conditions of + affairs he had seen during his sojourn in Mexico. In that country clouds + of revolt against Spanish rule were rapidly gathering. California he found + intensely loyal to the Crown. The neophytes and converted Indians greatly + touched his generous soul, and the beauty of the country delighted him. + Solá was in office eight years; his work was well done, and if California + was lost to Spain under his administration, no less credit can be given to + his ability and high principals of honor. Many times did Solá quell + disturbances from revolutionary vessels which landed in Monterey from + Mexico, and several attacks from pirates, and many a noble act is recorded + of this loyal governor as well as of the no less loyal Spanish subjects of + the Province. If the Mexican Government supplanted Spanish rule and "laid + desolate" much of the work done by this brilliant period of California, we + repeat it was due to no treachery or cowardice of Solá and his compatriots + as we shall see elsewhere in this sketch. Spain came into possession of + California with honor, maintained it with honor, and after her three-fold + honorable policy of exploration, colonization and christianizing of its + heathen natives, left it with honor, but her monuments remained. If a few + political troubles and abuses existed, they pale before the light of the + myriad of great deeds and purposes, and where is the country or people who + are utterly flawless individually? No cruelties or uncleanness can ever be + proven against Spain or her people here. Spanish society and refinement + was the first which California saw; under Spain were thousands of Indians + rescued from savagery, and under Spain was California made known to the + world, as well as discovered. Under Spain too were the first land grants + made to her subjects in California. + </p> + <p> + Some historians and casual observers are inclined to blame Spain for not + having lent more aid to her loyal California colonies and enabled her + presidios to have more and better fortifications. But let us examine these + points more coolly. First of all this province was far away from the + mother country, means of travel and communication were then far different + from what they are now, and Spain was also busy with political troubles at + home; she had always sent her most representative men as governors and + officers, her settlers were no less worthy, most of them coming here with + no "empty purse" as adventurers, but were men of education and standing in + their country. The galaxy of saintly missionaries is superfluous to + mention, so above are they of the least sting of reproach, and lastly so + clean are the pages of Spanish history in California that no serious + student of whatever race or creed he or she may be, can but deplore the + calumnies that have at times been hurled at this golden period of + California history. It was from the Spanish period of California that the + present capital of the state dates having been named Santisimo Sacramento + (Most Holy Sacrament) in honor of the Eucharistic Presence of the Altar. + Thus we see the vein of piety of the Spanish settlers who gave names of + religious significance to so many of the towns they founded, and even to + their land grants. In fine these sterling men were worthy compatriots of + those giant men and women which have appeared at different times in Spain. + We refer to Saints, Ignatius of Loyola, Francis Xavier, Dominic, Theresa + of Jesus and a myriad others, also to the fair array of kings and queens, + poets, artists, explorers, whose illustrious names would fill volumes. + </p> + <p> + When treading El Camino Real and kneeling by the sacred tombs of Junipero + Serra and his hero band of soul-conquerors we may well recall that passage + of the beautiful Hymn of the Knights of Columbus. + </p> + <p> + "Brothers we are treading Where the saints have trod." + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0005" id="link2HCH0005"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + Chapter V + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + California Passes From Spanish to Mexican Rule, + Secularization of the Missions +</pre> + <p> + Amidst the beauty and glory of Spain's dominion in California, while the + gold emblazoned banners of Castile and Leon floated proudly under azure + skies, while the Spanish governors, officers and colonists were doing + honor and credit to their ancient race, and the saintly missionaries were + working marvels for the souls and bodies of the aborigines of the land, + while Spain was thus lending "her beauty and her chivalry" to California; + Mexico, forgetting her old debt to Spain, when she explored her then + heathen shores, had revolted against Spanish rule and set up an empire of + her own, making Augustin Iturbide, a man of half Indian blood her Emperor. + Immediately Mexico claimed California, as well as Texas, Arizona and New + Mexico as a portion of her empire, although the people of California, with + the exception of a handful of Mexicans, had never shown the least desire + of change of government, for the greatest number of her settlers were + Spaniards or their children who were intensely loyal to the Crown of + Spain. Here we will add that no person who held any office of importance + was any other than a Spaniard, or of purely Spanish blood or parentage, + hence missionaries, bishops, army and navy officers, surgeons, etc. were + all "children of Spain," the highest decoration that a mixed blood could + attain in the Spanish army of California or of Mexico was that of Corporal + or Sergeant. But when Mexico gained her independence all these corporals + and sergeants were suddenly made generals by their country, Mexico; and + here was clearly seen "who was who" for all mixed bloods as well as those + of purely Indian birth, both in Mexico and California raffled around their + standard, the new Mexican flag; in this number we will only except many of + the Christian Indians, in California, who clung piteously to the missions, + and who had more of their share of suffering. This state of affairs + enabled the new Mexican authorities, exultant over their victory in the + gain of their independence, to send several war vessels to Monterey late + in 1822 and demand of Governor Solá, the surrender of California in the + name of Emperor Augustin Iturbide. As we have already seen, nowhere in + Spain's New World possessions was loyalty to the mother country more + intense than in California, and the people, army and navy were loud in + their demonstrations of opposition, and expressions of willingness were + offered to the governor to fight the intrusion of Mexico to the end. But + the comparative handful of soldiers of the various garrisons, as well as + the few ships which the Spanish could muster in California were no match + to the overwhelming forces from Mexico, and Governor Solá considered it no + cowardly act but rather his conscience-bound duty to prevent a useless + carnage, wisely preferring an honorable surrender under the circumstances. + The prudence of this decision was soon seen in a clearer light by the + people. It was thus that the grand old flag of Spain was hurled from her + state fifty-three years after she had been hoisted amid the blessing of + Junipero Serra, the salutes of her proud ships and the loyal acclamations + of Portolá and her other gallant sons. Now Spanish rule was virtually + ended in California, but we repeat, not dishonorably. Spain's, work was + well done, her chief purpose gained, namely, the exploration and + christianizing of California. + </p> + <p> + As it took sometime for Mexico to mobilize her troops and settle her rule + in California, the Royal Presidio of Monterey was not immediately emptied + of its officers or of the Spanish families, whose positions entitled them + to a residence there, and who continued to live there close on to 1824. + Thus although the old familiar standard gave place to Mexico's new red, + white and green, the imprint of Spanish rule remained. + </p> + <p> + Indeed it was several years before Mexico could change the face of + California, and the Spanish element continued to rule social life at least + to a great extent through virtually all the Mexican period. The Mexican + society of the time certainly contained some excellent exceptions, but as + a general rule it was a sad contrast to that of the preceding period, nor + had the ten governors of this era the energy or standing of the ever + remembered Portolá, Boríca, de Neve, Arrillaga or Solá. At times, the + Mexican authorities treated Spaniards shabbily for it is important to note + that contrary to what many histories state, Spaniards unanimously refused + to take the Constitutional Oath of Allegiance to Mexico, and withdrew as a + consequence from all public affairs, only inasmuch as their family + interests or the good of the community demanded their intervention. Thus + we find no Spaniard as Governor, General, or the like during this period. + But here a curious thing occurred. In later years when writers and + historians of California became numerous many Mexicans declared themselves + Spaniards or classed themselves as of purely Spanish descent, passing as + such into some histories, while at the same time they did not hesitate to + "sting" the Spanish name; and there are many California families who are + referred to as "Spanish" whose ancestors in the baptismal and marriage + records of the various mission archives are recorded as "neófita de la + mission" ("neophyte of the mission") for the Spanish missionaries were + most accurate of details, and their records of marriages, baptisms and + funerals are like sketches of the persons concerned; parentage, birth all + are given in detail. Thus a child born of Spanish parents is referred to + as "de calidad Española" ("of Spanish quality") or if of some other purely + foreign extraction the same is mentioned. And fortunate indeed, that this + care of detail was had in the new country, else how would much valuable + knowledge be obtained? + </p> + <p> + During our narrative we do not wish to lose sight of the fact that we have + professed our work to be primarily a work of love, avoiding bitter truth, + which can do no good, and avoiding personalities, hence the absence of + names may be noted in this chapter, but it is invariably the unpleasant + duty of a writer to tell some unpleasant things in a historical sketch, + else how could justice be done to others, and how straighten + misunderstandings? We do not wish to merely cast aspersions at the Mexican + race or any other, for the gross and sordid not to say sinful delight of + doing so, but we wish to present to the reader plain facts of this period + of history. Here we will add that even as "there is beauty in a blade of + grass" there were and are good qualities and virtues in many individual + Mexicans, but we cannot but wonder at the contrast of the two first + periods of our state's history, and at the difference so vast between two + races and characters so often absurdly confused. Here, we must mention + perhaps the most deplorable incidents of this period, incidents to which + in spite of ourself we have so often alluded, namely the Acts of + Secularization of the missions. First, we will mention that some writers + accuse Spain of having passed an Act of Secularization of Mission property + in 1813, but such an assertion is considered unfounded by good + authorities, perhaps it had rise from the fact that disturbances against + Spanish rule were felt in Mexico as early as that period and echoes of it + reached the small Mexican faction of California, causing much uneasiness + to the missionaries. But three Acts of Secularization of the missions were + passed in the years 1826, 1829 and 1835. And what did not the good fathers + with their neophytes and converts suffer! And what did not the many loyal + friends of these beloved fathers not suffer with them through sympathy! + Indeed no Spaniard or his descendants can speak of those Acts without the + crimson of just indignation mounting to the cheek. But Spaniards were + powerless to check the lawlessness of the times. The missions were + gradually but slowly dispossessed of their lawful property, and all their + wealth confiscated, several times were many of the dear Spanish fathers + deported; they returned to Spain where a warm welcome awaited them, but + how sad to leave their missions reared by the most heroic labors of the + "martyr stuff" within them or their immediate predecessors, Serra, Lasuén, + Lopez, Dumetz, Crespí, Paloú, names "held in benediction;" and what would + become of their poor converted Indians who clung to them so faithfully and + whom they had raised to the plane of christian men and women from + nakedness, savagery and paganism! Besides the missionaries, many other + Spaniards, too, were put on a list of those to be deported, among these + there would not have been much resistance offered, as the changes of the + government were sad enough, but before the resolution was carried out, + while many of them were settling their affairs and preparing to leave, a + few of the better class of Mexicans interposed, saying, "the Spaniards' + are of greater value to the Province than any harm which could ever come + from their presence, it behooves us to let them remain," so under the + condition that they would not be interfered with, and that no oath of + allegiance to Mexico would be forced from them, the Spanish families + remained, and their presence indeed was of "greater value" than for which + credit has been given them. American, English and Russian trading ships + continued to make their appearance in Monterey, to these were added French + ships. Several mercantile establishments existed, carried on chiefly by + Spaniards and Englishmen, and gay little social gatherings and dances + still went on. + </p> + <p> + In 1823 Mexico overthrew her empire and established a republic. But + throughout this period, disturbances and guerrillas scarcely ever ceased, + while the gradual but sure devastation of the missions and the behavior of + the authorities towards the beloved padres heightened the indignation of + all noble-minded citizens and increased the unpopularity of the governors + and authorities, most of whom were so very different to the Spanish + governors, who at all times declared themselves "loyal sons of mother + Church" and of whom no record of the practice of the contrary exists save + a very few minor differences in defining the extent of military and + ecclesiastical power. Good Bishop Garcia Diego, Bishop of California and + worthy Prince of the Church was also a sufferer on several occasions from + the disrespect of the civil authorities of Mexico, who even tried to + prevent his landing in Monterey, the seat of the diocese then. Let us + repeat a few Mexican authorities were exceptions of this type, but as we + have said, these were few indeed, and slowly Mexican power began to wane. + United States, England and France all stood in line for possession of + California as soon as a ripe opportunity presented itself. This plan was + most welcome to the Spaniards, who contrary to the statements of some + prominent historians, entertained no dislike for any of these nations. + Spaniards, like some others only wished that a happier and better + government would supplant the inactive yet turbulent government of Mexico, + who had hurled the Spanish flag from her position years before and + despoiled the missions of their wealth and glory. Thus United States + Consul, Thomas Larkin was always well received in the homes of the Spanish + families and in turn Mr. Larkin always referred to them in words of + praise. Meantime, things went from bad to worse, a change of government + seemed inevitable. We will soon see how this came about. + </p> + <p> + The only things for which Mexican rule in California was noted, was the + continuation of the making of large land grants, and an easy, careless + existence without the "hurry and flurry" of today; feasting, making merry, + and great parties in the "rancherias" where there were always large + "spreads;" it was during this period chiefly that the typical Mexican + dishes of tamales, enchiladas, and others which are still relished in + California were introduced in this province. In a word this was the period + of the sweet "mañana," where everyone seemed to have time to enjoy the + "dolce far niente" and exercised an open handed generosity with regard to + the "fleeting goods of earth." + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0006" id="link2HCH0006"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + Chapter VI + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + California Passes From Mexican to American Rule +</pre> + <p> + The year 1846 found the Mexican government in California struggling with a + poor exchequer and some of its leaders in an unfriendly mood towards one + another on account of petty differences, while France, England and United + States waited eagerly for an opportunity to seize California, nor may + their desire be termed dishonest since a change of government each day + seemed more inevitable. + </p> + <p> + Americans had often been treated with hostility and not given their lawful + rights under the existing form of government in California. Just about + this time United States Consul, Thomas O. Larkin had been sent to Monterey + and Captain John Fremont to Northern California, the latter presumably to + survey the country of the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Coast in the + interests of travel, but the real reason of the presence of these + gentlemen in California was thought to be, that they should keep a close + watch on the turn of affairs. + </p> + <p> + When circumstances shaped themselves for the worst, a party of Americans + at Sonoma headed by Captain Ezekiel Merritt gave the first signal of + uprising which led to the establishment of the Bear Flag Republic of + California. These men applied to Captain Fremont for help, but as Fremont + was an officer in the United States army, he could not personally take a + hand in the affair without authority from the United States Government, + but left his men free to join Captain Merritt's ranks, and many did so. + Under Captain Merritt the Americans captured horses and arms from a + Mexican regiment on the march for Sonoma, also the garrison of Sonoma; + encouraged by this William B. Ide, one of Merritt's chief advisers and + successor issued a Proclamation which launched the Bear Flag Republic into + its existence of twenty-four days. This Proclamation was a praiseworthy + document, stating the grievances of the American settlers, namely + unfriendliness and threats of expulsion, also declaring the justice of + overthrowing a government which had confiscated mission property calling + upon the assistance of peace-loving citizens of California and promising + not to molest persons who had not taken up arms. The Bear Flag of the + Republic of California was then designed by a Mr. William Todd and hoisted + in Sonoma on June 14, 1846, also in Monterey. The American flag could not + be hoisted because the actions of this party of Americans had virtually + been unauthorized, and they would have been responsible to the United + States for so doing, however, it was their intention to turn over their + conquests to the United States as soon as possible. But the Mexican + military authorities regarded the actions of these Americans as a gross + hostility, and from all sides prepared to attack them. The position of + this plucky little band now became very perilous, and again they laid + their cause and dangers before Fremont, who was in his camp on the + American River. Now the Captain did not hesitate in his decision and with + a small mounted force began action on the field. Fremont was a man of many + commendable qualities, possessed of bright mentality, unwavering and + extremely loyal to the American cause, but he had his failings, among them + being that on several occasions he took advantage of the tangled state of + affairs, to seize upon personal property considered without the range of + his lawful power to take, hence the dislike that exists for him among many + old California residents; still it was the "Pathfinder" as he was called, + who with Commodore Robert Stockton, Lieutenant Archibald Giliespie in + command at Los Angeles, General Stephen Kearny and some others fought the + brief battles which terminated in the raising of the American flag at the + Custom House of Monterey on July 7, 1846, thus was California admitted + into the Union as a territory. By a treaty of peace which followed the + Mexican War, California was ceded to the United States for the sum of + $15,000,000 in 1848. Among Monterey's landmarks Colton Hall is pointed out + as the place where representative men from various parts of California + convened and framed the first American Constitution for the State, + September 3, 1849. On November third of the same year the first election + was held, with the result that Peter H. Burnett was elected Governor, John + McDougall, Lieutenant-Governor, and Edward Gilbert and John Wright first + Congressmen from California. From Monterey the State Capital was removed + to San José, where John Fremont and William Gwin were appointed senators, + and it was they who pressed the Government to admit California as a state, + with the result that California was admitted as such on September 9, 1850. + Major Robert Selden Garnett, U. S. A. designed the state seal. + </p> + <p> + In 1854 the capital was removed to Sacramento from Benicia which held it + one year, San José having held it two years as, also Vallejo. + </p> + <p> + The discovery of gold in 1849 brought on a mad rush of all classes of + people into California and acts of lawlessness and violence became + numerous and frequent; for the purpose of checking these disorders the + "Committee of Vigilance" was formed in San Francisco in 1851. This + committee was composed of responsible men and much good came of it but + like in so many enterprises of the kind, many abuses were committed and + many innocent persons were unjustly punished. + </p> + <p> + As soon as affairs became settled and order established, American rule in + California became marked by progress and order, the discovery of gold + brought on a wonderful increase in population and more towns and cities + sprung throughout the state. + </p> + <p> + Much indeed could be said of the present, but as our story is only a brief + sketch intended to deal chiefly with the beloved old missions and + missionaries, and unravel if but a few of the tangled skeins of + misrepresentation cast about the older history of the state which is more + wrapt in mystery, with warm gratitude for what the present is and for what + the future will bring, we will return to the traces of the good fathers + whose missions are still the wonders of California, with them we can still + hear the chimes of mission bells. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0007" id="link2HCH0007"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + Chapter VII + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Mission Anecdotes and Hymns +</pre> + <p> + Told of Father Vicente Sarría + </p> + <p> + Father Vicente Sarría, a venerable and saintly missionary in charge of + Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad at the time the first two acts of + Secularization were passed, was one of the keenest sufferers from the + injustices of the times, undergoing untold labors and hardships, which in + no small degree contributed to his death in 1833, which found him at his + post of duty at the mission. Father Sarría's reputation for sanctity was + well known throughout California, particularly in Monterey and Soledad, + and after his death it was no strange thing to hear both from Caucasian + and Indian such an ejaculation as "alma de nuestro Padre Sarría, ayudanos + con tu intercesion" (soul of our Father Sarría help us by your + intercession). Of course this pious demonstration was not public because + for many wise reasons, the church forbids the public veneration or + invocation of a saint until the required process of canonization has + authorized it, however, the allowable private invocation was freely + practiced as it has been done in the case of other saintly missionaries, + namely, Junipero Serra, Magin Catalá and others. And the following sweet + legend is told of Padre Sarría. As the Indian carriers lowered the humble + redwood coffin which contained the Father's precious remains into the + mission vaults, the edifice was filled with an exquisite fragrance as of + roses, and this story told with all earnestness was given much credence + about the mission towns. While not authenticated by infallible + investigation, may not this incident be classed at least as a probability + by the spiritual minded? For is it not in the power of the God of the + beautiful in nature to proclaim thus His appreciation for the heroic + charity of one of His servants, especially to strengthen the faith of the + sorely tried convert Indians who clung so lovingly to the mission in the + days of its trials? + </p> + <p> + Father Junipero Serra's Promise + </p> + <p> + One beautiful summer day while walking about the San Carlos Mission + Garden, Junipero Serra pondered over the wonderful progress of California + both in the spiritual and material order; filled with joy the good priest + blessed the land, and made a solemn promise to celebrate one hundred + masses for the future peace and prosperity of California, moreover he + promised to begin the fulfillment of his promise on the following + November, twenty-fourth, feast of Saint Charles, the patron saint of the + mission. Soon after, the venerable Serra was overtaken by his last illness + and went to his reward before November, the twenty-fourth. But every year + on the eve of the feast of Saint Charles just before midnight a ghostly + procession wended its way to San Carlos Mission, for all the missionaries, + Spaniards, or their descendants who had ever lived in California would + arise from their graves and with them all the Christian Indians of the + mission towns joined the "ghostly throng" to San Carlos where Junipero + Serra would arise from his tomb and celebrate mass while the spirits sang + their ancient hymns, after which all the scene vanished like silver fumes + of smoke, and this continued for one hundred years. This most unlikely + legend has been told in beautiful Spanish and English poetry, and for all + its unlikelihood has found its way with its weird charm into many homes. + </p> + <p> + A True Story + </p> + <p> + Somewhere in the eighteen fifties a non-catholic of very irreligious + character, made targets of the eyes of a statue of Saint Benedict, + belonging to San Carlos Mission, taking advantage of the neglected + condition of the place at the time. A few days after this proceeding the + man was struck blind. This incident is no legend, but within the + remembrance of many old residents of Monterey. The unfortunate man later + acknowledged that his calamity was a direct visitation of Almighty God for + his gross and intentional irreverence to the image of a saint. The writer + refrains from giving the name of this man who has long ere this passed to + the "Great Beyond" but many Montereyans, who will read this sketch will + know it. + </p> + <p> + Countless stories and legends of mission times are told and written + without the least foundation for veracity, for example the story of "The + Lost Pearls of Loretto;" others are founded on facts but distorted beyond + recognition. Still this is not startling in a land as full of sentiment + and romance as California, where so many writers, (most of them + "New-comers") have given vent to their poetical imaginations, and it is + not hard to believe that the eventful history of the state contained many + authentic stories, and legends with some ground of truth. + </p> + <p> + Hymn to the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary <a + href="#linknote-6" name="linknoteref-6" id="linknoteref-6"><small>6</small></a>. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Para dar vida mortál + A Un Dios Autor de la vida + Sois Maria concebída + Sin pecádo originál." + + "Para humillar la serpiénte + Que con su mortál venéno + Dejó todo el mundo lléno + De su aliento pestilénte + Que marcó à todo viviénte + Con el sello mas fatál + Sois Maria concebida + Sin pecado originál." + + "Como Estér la mas amada + Del mas generoso Asuéro + Gracia recibes priméro + Que estés del crimen manchada + Pues para no ser contáda + En la indignacion reál + Sois Maria concebida + Sin pecádo originál." + + "Ciudad fuérte y mas hermósa + Que de Asírio acometida + No logrará vérte herída + Su saeta ponzoñosa + Pues para ser victoriosa + De su poder infernál + Sois Maria concebida + Sin pecado originál." + + "Luna lléna de esplandor + Sin ser nunca eclipsáda + Porque fuiste iluminada + De un sol de poder, y amor + Pues por no ver el horror + De un eclipse criminál + Sois Maria concebida + Sin pecado originál." + + "Mujer heróica y valiente + Que con divino valor + Pisas gloriósa el furor + De la engañósa serpiente + Pues por no temer el diente + De aqeste monstro infernál + Sois Maria concebida + Sin pecado originál." + + "Virgen que de nuestro suélo + Subes vestida de estrellas + Mas bela que las mas bellas + A ser la gloria del ciélo + Pues para tan alto vuélo + Con un favor sin iguál + Sois Maria concebida + Sin pecado originál." + + "Patrona la mas amada + De nuestro suélo Español + Nuestro mas luciente sol + En la noche desgraciada + Pues para ser proclamada + Con el voto mas cordiál + Sois Maria concebida + Sin pecado originál." + + "Concede en fin Madre amada + A tus hijos este dia + La mas cristiána alegria + Y la muerte deseada + Para que seas cantada + En la patria celestial + Sois Maria concebida + Sin pecado originál." +</pre> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0008" id="link2HCH0008"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + Chapter VIII + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Retrospection of the work of the Spanish Missionaries, + Explorers and Settlers and their place in California's + Appreciation +</pre> + <p> + We have followed the venerable band of missionaries from their homes in + Spain, where fired with zeal for the conversion of the savage heathen of + the New World they set out for the comparatively newly discovered land of + Mexico, where Spain had already a few establishments and churches, an + archbishopric in the city of Mexico, and the Franciscan Fathers a well + equipped monastery and mission at San Fernando in the northern part of the + country. We have seen the Spanish Franciscans' zeal in the land of the + Aztec, and we have also seen the noble cooperation given them by the + government and civil authorities of Catholic Spain. We have traced the + missionaries' steps, followed by gallant Portolá, and his fellow officers + and men, and have sympathized and rejoiced with them in their hardships + and joys. We have no doubt, often marveled at the stupendous work of the + Sons of Saint Francis in the conversion of the unenlightened heathen, and + have seen the Indian tribes turn from the worship of idols to the altar of + the one true God. + </p> + <p> + Let us now give a brief glance at the work so nobly done by the immortal + heroes which Catholic Spain sent to these shores. Many a time, winter + blasts of misunderstanding and wrong have been cast upon them, and many a + time have noble sympathizers fought just battles with prejudice in their + behalf, with the blessed result that the thickest clouds of errors and + "threadbare calumnies" have almost entirely disappeared, and with them the + remaining mists of wrong are fast vanishing at the powerful approach of + truth's sun, so that in relating the glories of that legion of splendid + characters whose names are so tenderly clasped about the fondest memories + of mission times, we shall not forget their friends and champions of later + years. + </p> + <p> + But first let us see what the brave Spanish pioneers did for California. + We will begin with the missionaries. To them we owe the conversion of the + heathen and savage Indians, which work was super-human in itself, and + which contrary to the statements of libelers, the fathers accomplished + with heroic patience and charity, teaching the Indians besides religion, + useful trades, civilizing them, and taking such conscientious care of them + that they made a nightly round of their quarters, not with whip in hand to + punish imaginary misdemeanor, but to see that the spiritual and temporal + welfare of their converts and neophytes, was guarded, and so great was the + attachment of the Indians to the fathers that if a father was called on + business from one mission to another, the Indians would follow him a long + distance weeping. Very few of the Indians were taught the art of reading, + not because the fathers were in any way unwilling to teach it, but because + for this one art most of the Indians showed no desire or willingness to + learn, yet this has given the ever ready, unscrupulous writer food for + saying that "the fathers endeavored to keep the Indians in ignorance" and + the healthy rule of the fathers with its hours of prayer, labor, + instruction and recreation for the Indian families in the mission + quarters, has been distorted by erroneous histories, and statements have + been made by some writers to the effect that "the Indians were treated + harshly and oppressed." Whereas under what nation were Indians or + unenlightened natives christianized, allowed to remain in their lands or + treated with more humanity than under Spain or her missionaries, wherever + they explored and wherever they went? + </p> + <p> + "Harsh, oppressive, endeavoring to keep the Indians in ignorance," if such + actions mean all that these saintly missionaries accomplished, if they + mean their leaving refinement, christianity, fond home and kindred in + distant Spain to brave untold hardships, nay, martyrdom, to rescue souls + from paganism, and if such conduct as "harshness, oppression, endeavoring + to keep the Indians in ignorance" could be compatible with the practice of + heroic virtue and acts of mortification of mind and body which to the + spiritual man or woman appear beyond words of admiration, to the scoffer + and frivolous (but for this latter class we are not writing) foolish and + impossible. The missions too, with their honest wealth and industry were + California's first centers of enlightenment and refinement. The Spanish + missionaries were scholars as well as religious, and their institutions + were California's cradles of literature, music and learning hand in hand + with religion. To these early fathers we owe the first paintings and + statues brought to California, while their well equipped missions, even + contained medicine chests and medical books, to them we also owe the first + architecture in the building of the missions, the first agricultural + implements, even the first system of irrigation, in the state; to these we + may add the first stock of sheep, cattle, horses, the first fruits, + vineyards and teeming grain fields, yes, even the first roses of + California were brought here by them, and it was from the missions that + Dr. Robert Semple borrowed the printing type, wherewith he printed the + first newspaper in California, which appeared in Monterey in 1846, making + the letter "w" by joining two vs as the Spanish alphabet contains + twenty-five letters, "w" excepted. + </p> + <p> + And if the Spanish missionaries did so much what did the Spanish civil and + military authorities and settlers do? To Spanish explorers we owe the + discovery and exploration of California, as well as of South America, + Mexico and other portions of the New World, including the Pacific Ocean; + indeed is it not to Spain and her good Queen Isabella the Catholic, to + whom we really owe the discovery of America by Columbus? But not to + deviate from Spain's work in California, it was the early Spanish + governors who first framed laws and drew up a constitution in California, + and it was they who made the first land grants, it was by Spanish + explorers too that the first maps of California were drawn, under Spanish + rule were many of the present towns and cities founded, from Spain came + the first dawn of refinement and civilization, the first army and navy, + the first artists, musicians, physicians and skilled workmen, in fine the + first white child born in California was born of Spanish parents settled + in Monterey. And what was the record of Spain's dominion in California? + Setting aside unfounded calumnies as absurd as the one which claims that + Philip II passed a law sentencing to death any foreigner who set foot on + Spain's dominions in the New World, relegating such lies to where they + belong, Spain's rule in her New World possessions, including California + was marked by humanity as well as energy. Cortes, Pizzaro, Vizcaino, + Coronado, Menendez, Ponce de Leon, Cabeza de Vaca, Balboa, as well as the + later "pathfinders" governors and viceroys of Catholic Spain, were men of + honor, and sobriety to whose names no "butcheries and cruelties" may be + justly attached. + </p> + <p> + Perhaps one of the best proofs of Catholic Spanish humanity is the fact of + the preservation of the aborigines of the land wherever Spanish conquests + were made. Take for example, the statistics of the last census of Mexico + which reveal that of a population of 15,000,000 souls 7,000,000 are pure + Indian 5,000,000 mestizos or of mixed Indian and foreign extraction and + only 3,000,000 foreigners or of Mexican birth but of purely foreign + extraction. Take, California, Arizona, New Mexico and other former Spanish + possessions of whom the same may be said in proportion. In these places no + Indian reservations are seen as where the Puritans held sway. If Spain + were guilty of the cruelties so falsely imputed to her, Mexico in + particular would be a Spanish or Latin-American Republic, as it is, she + may hardly be termed as such. But Catholic Spain acted as explorer, + civilizer and with her venerable missionaries sponsor to the conversion of + the heathen tribes of her New World colonies, leaving in them the traces + of her enlightenment and christianity, yes, leaving them monuments of her + humanity! + </p> + <p> + On the absurd and ludicrous application of the term "Spanish" in our midst + to many persons who have no claim to it by either birth or descent we will + not dwell, as we would not cheapen our sketch by stooping to discuss such + ignorance or insult our intelligent readers by writing on such + foolishness, we will only ask their permission to say that many so-called + intelligent people have no conception of the Spanish type, race or + character, but these we will leave "a la luna de Valencia" as an ancient + Spanish saying would express such cases. The California families of + Spanish descent are comparatively few, this being noted especially by + Spanish visitors to California. + </p> + <p> + But what of Spanish generosity at home, when the missionaries were toiling + for souls in the New World? Many a pious Spaniard in Spain and in Mexico + subscribed immense sums for the missions of California, both for the + Jesuit and the Franciscan missions. Thus we find the pious Marquis de + Villa Puente subscribing $200,000 for "missions, vessels and other + necessities of California." The Duchess of Gandía subscribed $60,000 for + the same purpose in 1767 and many others followed the same example until + the "Pius Fund of the Missions of California" amounted to over two million + dollars. At the time of the Secularization of the Missions, the Mexican + Government confiscated a large remaining portion of this "Pious Fund." In + 1853 the Spanish Archbishop Alemany, then Bishop of Monterey and successor + of Bishop Diego from whom the "Pious Fund" had been taken, started a + litigation which was continued in turn by his worthy successor Archbishop + Patrick Riordan of the archdiocese of San Francisco, with the good result + that Mexico was made to pay the sum of $43,050 in Mexican currency + annually as the interest at six per cent on the sum of $1,460,682 of the + "Pious Fund" which the national treasury of Mexico had appropriated on the + promise of Mexico to act as trustee of the fund and pay an interest of six + per cent which it had failed to pay since its appropriation at the time of + the Mexican regime in California. Moreover, Mexico had agreed to pay this + interest to the object intended by the donors of the fund, namely, "to the + church, for the conversion of the natives of California, for the + establishment, maintenance and extension of the Catholic Church, her faith + and worship, in said country of Upper and Lower California." The + litigation was won through the intervention of the United States + Government which Archbishop Riordan invoked through his counsel, and + decided by arbitrators under the Hague Convention in 1899. The first + payment was made on February 2, 1903. + </p> + <p> + Perhaps it is not amiss to quote here a small portion of the speech + delivered in Washington, D. C. by Hon. Joseph Scott of Los Angeles on the + occasion of a banquet following the unveiling ceremonies of the memorial + erected in honor of Christopher Columbus by Act of Congress. Among the + speakers present at the banquet were Ex-President William Taft (then + president), Cardinal Gibbons, Speaker Champ Clark, Ex-speaker Joseph + Cannon, Congressman Underwood, Judge Victor Dowling of the Supreme Court + of New York and many other notable men of the nation. + </p> + <p> + "It affords me unbounded pleasure to have an opportunity to deliver an + expression, feeble though it be, of the sentiments of the Knights of + Columbus of the great West, and particularly of California, regarding the + significance of this great day. Mr. John Barrett of the Pan-American Union + has already given you food for sober thought in the parallel he has drawn + of the marvelous activity and resourcefulness of the Latin-American + republics. Possibly I may be permitted at this time to inject a suggestion + that, despite the remarks of the previous speaker about Boston as the + modern Athens and the seat of universal learning, "Modern Athens" has + nothing in common with the memories aroused by contemplation of the events + which we celebrate today. It may be well to tell our friends from New + England that before the so-called Anglo-Saxon had set foot as a colonist + upon the American soil, the followers of Columbus had penetrated into the + heart of Kansas and gone down as far as Buenos Ayres. I want to lay stress + upon the fact that we have not noted too emphatically today that it was + the great Spanish race, with its strong and sterling faith, which + accomplished this wonderful mission of civilization. Too long have we + endured the stress of so-called history written by Prescott and others, + some of whom ought to have been put in the Ananias club before they were + born. For nearly three centuries the Spanish race, with its indomitable + faith, pursued almost alone its mission of civilization and evangelization + of the aborigines of America. Before the Pilgrim Fathers had landed on + Plymouth Rock, the Catholic Spaniard had acquired a knowledge of the + Indian language sufficient to enable him to translate the Bible into the + Aztec Indian language, so that the new Indian neophyte could read the + story of "God's greatest Book" in his mother tongue." + </p> + <p> + The Courage of Catholic Spain + </p> + <p> + I wish to advise those of you who speak now of a burden of four days and + nights in luxurious Pullman cars to step out on the soil of California as + though you had performed a deed of heroism, that a Spanish soldier, Cabeza + de Vaca, with the courage of primitive Christianity, walked from Florida + to the Gulf of California, though it took him seven years to accomplish + his task; and the wonderfully brave Friar Marcos de Niza pioneered his way + on foot thirteen hundred miles into the heart of Arizona through deserts + and hordes of Apaches, in his efforts to plant the cross of civilization + among the children of the new world. Nay, the Grand Canyon of Arizona, now + one of the greatest natural wonders of the world, was seen by a young + Spanish lieutenant and his twenty soldiers three hundred years before the + Anglo-Saxon took a glimpse at its wonderful and awe-inspiring beauty. + These and other similar facts are attested by the report of the Bureau of + Ethnology of Washington, as well as by many other reliable authorities, + including that singularly gifted and scholarly student of Spanish history + and folk lore, Charles F. Lummis of Los Angeles, himself a Puritan on both + sides of his house for several generations back. It was the fortitude of + this Spanish race, coupled by its strong devotion to the faith which you + and I profess, which enabled them to solve the Indian problem as it has + never been attempted since. While under our present system of the + government of this United States, the Indian has been an outcast and a + derelict to be robbed and cheated by his white brother, yet on the other + hand the Spanish missionary brought into the life of the simple native of + the new world the wholesome light of Christianity, which made him + recognize in the Red Man the same soul which was made in the image and + likeness of the common Creator of us all. In that spirit of brotherhood + and charity he obtained the confidence and good will of the Indians, + almost without exception, throughout the length and breadth of the + countries that he explored. And while his path was beset with dangers from + the grim forces of nature, and occasionally the crown of martyrdom was + given to him by an unthinking hand of those he was coming to evangelize, + yet he faltered not in his footsteps. + </p> + <p> + Today the memory of Columbus may be coupled with and attributed, on our + part, to the splendid heroism and Christian fortitude of the great Spanish + race which continued the work of Columbus with all that it entailed for + the betterment of humanity." + </p> + <p> + In compliance with our promise not to forget the friends of the + missionaries and of their compatriots, of today, we will first speak of + California's wonderful enthusiasm in the celebration of the Bi-centenary + of Junipero Serra's birth. Of the privileged thousands who visited + Monterey on November 23, 1913 and made a pilgrimage to Serra's tomb at San + Carlos Mission, how many will efface that sight from their minds in years + to come? But this awe-inspiring sight to which Reverend Raymond Mestres + and the Franciscan Fathers of San Francisco, contributed so much, and in + which the Third Order of Saint Francis so prominently participated will be + yearly renewed. Ecclesiastical and civil authorities, towns and cities, + individuals, all had the "right spirit." The accounts of the press were + glowing. Mr. Frank Powers of Carmel-by-the-Sea was California's + representative at the celebration which Spain did not fail to hold in + honor of her illustrious son; and Mr. Powers indeed proved a worthy + representative, returning to California with renewed enthusiasm for the + saintly Serra, and his lectures have been listened to with keen delight. + And can any praise seem superfluous for California's apostles in + particular for the saintly Serra? At the civil exercises, held in Monterey + on the occasion of the celebration we are speaking of, Senator Reginaldo + del Valle, of Los Angeles, Mr. Michael Williams and Mr. Charles Phillips + of San Francisco each paid exquisite tributes to our hero whom the opening + lines of Mr. Phillips' beautiful ode described as: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "A young boy dreaming by the Spanish main: + Knee-high in waving grain + He halts at eve and dreams, + Where green Majorca fronts the cycling sea, + And far worlds ceaselessly + Beckon with passing sail and swinging tide, + And plunging galleons ride + Home from adventure, or away, away + To silken bright Cathay, + Or where dark India her golden treasure yields; + A young boy dreaming in his father's fields, + Who plucks a lily from the bending wheat + And stands with veiléd gaze and searching eyes + Pale with some great emprise, + Beyond the homing waters of his isle, + Beyond Majorca's skies;— + And dreams and dreams the while!" + + "And they who love him wonderingly ask: + "What lad is this of ours + Who dreams away the hours, + And when the windy night-tide running sings, + So strangely seems + Converse to hold with far compelling things? + Or what these spirit-smiling ecstasies," + They reverent cry, + "That halt him at his task + And hold him trancéd in bright reveries? + Is this our lad, indeed, + Who with such Heaven-given grace— + Ay, with the light of Heaven on his face!— + Makes question of the very world about?" +</pre> + <p> + One of the sweetest features of this day was that hereafter by a decree of + Governor Hiram Johnson, who also did not fail to send a representative to + Monterey in the person of Judge Griffin, November the twenty-fourth was + declared a state holiday. May Serra day long be welcomed by loyal + Californians! We cannot close this chapter after speaking of the bright + constellation of the past which appeared in California skies so many years + ago, and whose traces we so cherish, without saying a few words about that + worthiest of worthy movements to restore the dear old missions of El + Camino Real according to their traditional lines, here again Reverend + Father Mestres of Monterey deserves the greatest credit in this + enterprise, and the Knights of Columbus of the California councils have + proved themselves great helpers in the plan. King Alfonso, his minister, + Señor Juan Riaño, the Marquis de la Vega y Inclan who will be King + Alfonso's representative at the Panama-Pacific Exposition of 1915, are + hearty supporters and sponsors of this movement, and with cooperation from + faithful friends and the sanction of the Bishop of the diocese of Monterey + and Los Angeles, we have no doubt that these glorious landmarks, some of + which have alas too long been allowed to go to "wreck and ruin" while + others are still more or less neglected, after the cruel years which + extinguished their sanctuary lamps, left their altars bare and their + belfries silent save for the hooting of the night owls, will ere long be + in the proper repair to hand down with pride to posterity; and to further + repair these holy temples and place them under their historical and + original plans the most fitting priests to whom we could entrust them (at + least wherever the necessary satisfactory arrangements are possible) are + Spanish priests, compatriots of their founders, this too would serve to + continue and strengthen the old friendly relations between Spain and + California, and as whatever Spanish priests would take charge of the + missions, would be scholarly men speaking both English and Spanish, the + English speaking congregations would be well served. About three of the + old missions are under Spanish priests now. Let us then not cease our + efforts until every mission cross gleams gloriously in the radiance of the + California sun, until the devotional chimes of mission bells peal forth + again from every silent belfry, until the altar light beams again before + each tabernacle enclosing the Eucharistic Presence, until the empty niches + contain again the images which decked them as of yore, until each tomb of + sainted missionary is restored, until mass is again daily said within + these consecrated walls, and finally until San Carlos of Carmelo is again + a worthier Carmel, "for the greater honor and glory of God" and the + praises of His Virgin Mother once more are sung about this smiling valley + where the Christian Indian children gathered the beautiful wild flowers of + the blooming meadows to adorn the hallowed shrines, ere chimed the Angelus + at evenings mellow glow. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0009" id="link2HCH0009"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + Chapter IX + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Reverend Raymond M. Mestres of Monterey Writes Historical + Drama—"Fray Junipero" +</pre> + <p> + Beautiful among beautiful historical dramas is the mission play "Fray + Junipero" written by Reverend Raymond Mestres, pastor of San Carlos Church + (Capilla Real de San Carlos) of Monterey. Many men and women have + undertaken to write about mission times, but we may safely assert that + this good priest so unassuming in what he does, is above all qualified to + handle this subject, being first of all a religious, a native of + Barcelona, the Metropolis of the Province of Catalonia, which can claim + Junipero Serra and so many of the early Spanish missionaries, explorers + and settlers, and being too an artist and scholar in every way acquainted + with the history of the missions, having made it a special study during + his twenty-seven years of residence (as a priest) in four mission towns of + California, twenty-one of which have been spent in that chief of mission + towns, Monterey. + </p> + <p> + Unbiased, careful of detail and true to history, while not wanting in + artistic setting "Fray Junipero" carries the audience in Act I back to the + College of Fernando, when Junipero Serra received his commission to come + to California as Father President of the Missionaries who were to + christianize that "mysterious vineyard." Act II is a typical picture of + California Indian Life. Act III depicts the landing of Serra and Portolá + on the shores of Monterey, the taking possession of the land in the name + of King Carlos III and the celebration of Junipero Serra's first Mass in + Monterey; all facts are taken from the archives preserved in San Carlos + Church, consequently historically authentic. Act IV pictures a piquant + fiesta scene with Spanish dancing, the scene being laid in the Carmel + Valley on the occasion of the baptism of the first white child born in + Monterey. This child was born of Spanish parents, Pasqual and Terésa + Segura and in baptism received the name of Carlos. According to the + records this baptism occurred in May 18, 1782, the ceremony being + performed by Fray Junipero Serra just two years before his death. With + very slight changes in the names this incident is taken from the archives + of San Carlos Mission. Act V represents Fray Junipero Serra receiving the + last Sacraments, his death and the grief of the people. + </p> + <p> + In writing "Fray Junipero" Reverend Raymond Mestres intended it to + commemorate the Bicentenary of our hero's birth, and was presented for the + first time in Monterey on August 28th, 1913 by local talent. This will be + an annual event at Monterey on the same date, August 28th, which is the + anniversary of Fray Junipero Serra's death. In spite of poor advertisement + the first production of this drama was a decided success. It was intended + to be played three nights, but by request a fourth night was added. + </p> + <p> + As this sketch goes to press, the rehearsing of the second year of the + production of "Fray Junipero" begins with great improvement in the + staging, and a greater promise of success as it is now much more widely + known. + </p> + <p> + May an ancient Spanish Nativity Play for Christmastide, which Reverend + Raymond Mestres intends to translate into English, and which contains + glorious music, and a history of mission times, which this scholarly + pastor of San Carlos Church has in store, soon delight Californians and + California's yearly tide of tens of thousand visitors. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_APPE" id="link2H_APPE"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + Appendix + </h2> + <p> + Letter of Junipero Serra <a href="#linknote-7" name="linknoteref-7" + id="linknoteref-7"><small>7</small></a>. + </p> + <p> + "Long live Jesus, Mary and Joseph! + </p> + <p> + "R. P. Fr. Miguel de Petra. + </p> + <p> + "My dearest nephew, brother and Sir. + </p> + <p> + "It was not for want of love that I did not answer some of your letters. + For it was not merely bodily that I left my beloved country. I could have + been communicating with many persons by letters and friends, both in and + outside our order, but, if our minds were constantly intent upon what we + once left, what would be the use of leaving it? + </p> + <p> + "I wrote a long letter to your reverence after your religious profession. + Besides, your reverence heard of me through the Padre Lector Verger, who + is at present our guardian. I received your letter when I was among the + Gentiles over three hundred leagues away from any Christian settlement. + There is my life and there, I hope, God helping, to die. When this hour + comes, some member of our province will take care to notify our brethren + that they may pray for me, and then, your reverence will know it. What + else does your reverence desire? Your reverence lives among saints, and, + therefore I do not deem you in need of my advice and counsel, which indeed + would be the only justifiable motive for my writing. + </p> + <p> + "Let us improve and make good use of our time, let us walk worthy of the + vocation in which we were called, let us work out our spiritual salvation, + with fear and trembling, and that of our brethren, with the most ardent + charity and zeal, and let all glory be to our great God. In connection + with this, I took great pleasure in learning that your reverence was + preaching a mission at Ivisa when Padre Commissary Verger passed through + there. The time given to this apostolic ministry with the blessing of your + superiors, preaching in your words and deeds, hearing confessions with + love and patience, I believe, will be the best and most fruitful you ever + spent. + </p> + <p> + "Though a lukewarm, bad and an unprofitable servant, I remember every day + in the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass, my only and most dear sister Juana, + your mother, her children, and specially my Capuchin. I hope all of you do + the same for me that the Lord may secure me from all dangers among these + naked and barbarous peoples. Let this be our mutual correspondence, and + let God do the rest. + </p> + <p> + "And that I may give your reverence some news of my destination, I beg + your reverence to look on the maps of America. You will see in the shores + of the South Sea, most improperly called Pacific, the Peninsula of + California [Lower California]. I was there for a year in the capacity of + President of the Missions already founded by the exiled Jesuit Fathers. + Then followed north along the same coast and just a little before what is + called Cabo Mendosino, you will find in some maps, the title or name the + Port of Monte Rey. + </p> + <p> + "There your uncle lives, among those poor people. There I went with the + first Christians in 1770. There I sang the first Mass and there I have + been in company with Fr. Juan Crespi until the latter part of August. Then + I left for this college in order to transact some very important business + with the Most Excellent Lord Viceroy concerning the maintenance and + increase of those Christian settlements and the establishment of those + already proposed and planned, or that may be planned. + </p> + <p> + "Thanks to God, I have been kindly received and given close attention by + His Excellency and he has granted me whatever I have asked of him; so, God + helping, I hope for a quick and very extensive expansion and spreading of + our Holy Faith and of the domains of our Catholic King. + </p> + <p> + "In addition to one Mission where we spread Christianity in California + [Lower California] which I called San Fernando de Vellixata, there are + five already founded in that far off land; Monterey which said Padre + Crespi and I administer, San Antonio de Padua, twenty-five leagues + distant, with Padre President, Fr. Miguel Pieras and Fr. Buenaventura + Sitjar; that of San Luis Obispo, twenty-five leagues farther away, where I + placed two religious members of the Province of Catalonia, Padre Juncosa + and Padre Cavallier, that of San Gabriel, seventy leagues farther away + towards California [Lower California], for which I appointed one father + from the Province of Los Angeles and another from that of Andalucia; and + finally that of San Diego, which is the nearest to California [Lower + California] though over one hundred leagues distant, and I appointed as + ministers Padre Fr. Francisco Dumetz and Padre Fr. Luis Jaume. They are + all working with earnestness and abundant fruit in their respective fields + of labor. + </p> + <p> + "When in 1769 I left California [Lower California], I appointed Padre + Paloú President of the Missions there and I have not seen him since; but + now these missions, formerly in charge of the Fathers of the Society of + Jesus, are being turned over to the Dominican Fathers. So said Padre Paloú + with others, will come to us in order to found the Missions of San + Buenaventura, Santa Clara and San Francisco for which missions I have + already there the ornaments, the sacred vessels, utensils and other + necessary things. + </p> + <p> + "The number of Christians in those places, where the name of Jesus had + never been spoken, though there are some in all the Missions, still up to + the present, is not very great; because while we have been very busy + building our poor houses, little churches, teaching some children to be + interpreters, and providing other necessary things, our efforts could not + equal our ardent desires. + </p> + <p> + "Now that things are going, and His Excellency has given, upon my request, + various things of which we stood in the greatest need, I hope in God, we + shall reap abundant fruits from our humble work. And I say that our work + is so-so, such as it is, because, if I told you all we are doing, it might + seem a great thing, when in reality, upon a closer view, it would seem + very insignificant. + </p> + <p> + "In spite of the cold, which is very intense in California, the lack of + victuals, the poverty of our houses, I have been enjoying very good + health, thanks be to God! But this trip to Mexico has been very hard on + me. From the hardships of the journey, I arrived in the City of + Guadalajara burning with fever. I was so sick and in such danger that the + last Sacraments were administered to me a few days after. + </p> + <p> + "As soon as the continual fever became intermittent, I continued my + journey, and arrived in the city of Queretaro, again, so weak and sick, + that fearing for my life, they administered to me the last Sacraments of + the Church. Yet soon after I experienced a change for the better and + finally I reached this Holy College on February 6th of this present year. + I remained, however, for a long time exhausted, weak and without any + ambition or appetite. + </p> + <p> + "But now, blessed be God! I am restored and brought back to health, I am + transacting the business for which I came, and feel ready to set out on my + journey back to that vineyard of the Lord. + </p> + <p> + "During my sickness in Queretaro, I was nursed with remarkable charity and + diligence, by Padre Procurador Fr. Alexandro Llaneras, and soon after I + arrived here, in this College of San Fernando, we heard of his death. He + died of a serious fever. Death found him well prepared with all the + Sacraments, assisted by Holy Communion, equipped with patience and entire + conformity to the will of God, thus preaching to all with his example. I + beg your reverence to pray for him. + </p> + <p> + "It is only once a year that we can receive letters from and send them to, + this College. And if we can only once a year receive and write a letter, + is it surprising that we are so slow to write to those living in another + world? However, if with the help of God, I safely arrive in California, I + may drop you a letter telling at least of my arrival, should there be + nothing of more importance to communicate to your reverence. Meanwhile, I + send my best regards to your mother, my dearest sister, to my niece, and + to all our brethren. Remember me to my beloved Dr. Onofre Verd, and to the + other pupils of mine, friends and neighbors and acquaintances, specially + to Fr. Rector de Selva, Dr. Jayme Font, and finally to all, not without + the request that they pray to God, that His Divine Majesty deign, through + His infinite mercy, to make me fit and worthy minister of His Divine Word, + and grant me a holy and happy death. + </p> + <p> + "From this Apostolic College de Propaganda Fide of San Fernando, Mexico, + August 4, 1773. + </p> + <p> + "May God keep your reverence for many years; + </p> + <p> + "Most affectionate uncle, brother and servant. + </p> + <p> + "Fr. Junipero Serra." + </p> + <p> + The Meaning of California Missions + </p> + <p> + By Right Rev. Bishop Conaty, of Los Angeles + </p> + <p> + In the mission celebrations which occur in California from time to time, + there are two views which men take—the this-world-view and the + other-world-view. In either view the missions stand out gloriously. In the + first, the builders, who were the padres, are beheld as practical men + possessing fine artistic sense and creative genius. From the memories of + old Spain and the elemental materials at hand, the forests, the soil and + sunlight, they made the original picture-building which artists since have + loved to paint, and poets loved to praise. From this same viewpoint the + mission builders are seen as philanthropists who selected human materials + as gross as the mud from which they made the adobe brick, and from these + built up a civilization that was more wonderful than all the + mission-edifices which remain as monuments to their altruistic efforts. + </p> + <p> + But there is another view of the missions which must appeal especially to + Catholics. Indeed it is natural to the farther-seeing Catholic eye. It is + the other-world-view. It is the vision of souls. It is seen to have been + the motive of every action of the master-builder padres. It is the reason + for their exile here, the purpose of their sufferings, the object of their + labor, the burden of their prayer, the spirit of their vocation, the + poetry, art, architecture and music of their souls. The one aim in life + was the salvation of souls. + </p> + <p> + —The Monitor. + </p> + <p> + Dances of Early California Times. + </p> + <p> + The Spanish dances of early California times were the Contradanza, + Quadrillas Españolas, Varsoviana, Jota Aragonesa, Bamba, Jarabe, Son, + Zamacueca, and Fandango. + </p> + <p> + With the exception of the first three, which are round dances, the dances + are danced by two persons; the steps are very fancy, and for some + castanets are used. It was customary after each change of step for the + gentleman to recite a pretty little stanza complimentary to the lady, who + in turn responded her refined appreciation also in verse, sometimes merely + witty or comical rhymes were used. The music is very pleasing and lively. + </p> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_FOOT" id="link2H_FOOT"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <h2> + FOOTNOTES: + </h2> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1" id="linknote-1"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1 (<a href="#linknoteref-1">return</a>)<br /> [ Official title of the Kings + of Spain.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-2" id="linknote-2"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 2 (<a href="#linknoteref-2">return</a>)<br /> [ Blue and white are the + symbolical colors of the Blessed Virgin Mary.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-3" id="linknote-3"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 3 (<a href="#linknoteref-3">return</a>)<br /> [ The Very Reverend Angelo + Casanova selected the writer of this sketch and her brother, then little + children to unveil this monument.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-4" id="linknote-4"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 4 (<a href="#linknoteref-4">return</a>)<br /> [ Alberto de Cordoba, an + excellent engineer, surveyed the Harbor of San Francisco in 1813, at the + request of Governor Boríca.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-5" id="linknote-5"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 5 (<a href="#linknoteref-5">return</a>)<br /> [ A Catholic devotion in + honor of Our Saviour's Passion.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-6" id="linknote-6"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 6 (<a href="#linknoteref-6">return</a>)<br /> [ This beautiful hymn is + found in many ancient Spanish books of devotion.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-7" id="linknote-7"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 7 (<a href="#linknoteref-7">return</a>)<br /> [ This letter was written by + Junipero Serra soon after his arrival at the College of San Fernando, + Mexico, on a business trip he made there four years after his coming to + California. The letter was written to his nephew, also a priest, in Petra, + Spain.] + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Chimes of Mission Bells, by Maria Antonia Field + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHIMES OF MISSION BELLS *** + +***** This file should be named 6894-h.htm or 6894-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/6/8/9/6894/ + +Produced by David Schwan, and David Widger + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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