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+Project Gutenberg's Chimes of Mission Bells, by Maria Antonia Field
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Chimes of Mission Bells
+
+Author: Maria Antonia Field
+
+Posting Date: March 19, 2009 [EBook #6894]
+Release Date: November, 2004
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHIMES OF MISSION BELLS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Schwan
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHIMES OF MISSION BELLS
+
+An Historical Sketch of California and Her Missions
+
+
+By Maria Antonia Field
+
+
+
+
+                      To the Revered Memory of
+                      Junipero Serra
+
+                      And of
+                      My Great Grandparents
+                      Estéban and Catalina Munrás
+
+                      This Book Is
+                      Affectionately Dedicated
+
+
+
+Acknowledgment of Gratitude
+
+In producing this book I wish to thank my Mother, who wrote for me in
+modern notation the music of the hymns of the Mission Fathers which are
+contained in this work, and gave me much welcome information; also Rev.
+Raymond M. Mestres, my zealous parish Priest, successor and compatriot
+of Junipero Serra and the Mission Padres, for valuable data, and for
+allowing me access to the early archives of San Carlos Mission and of
+the Mission Church of Monterey.
+
+Maria Antonia Field Monterey, California, June 1, 1914
+
+
+
+Contents
+
+
+Translation of the Names of the Missions
+
+Tribute to Junipero Serra and the Mission Padres
+
+Chapter I Junipero Serra, Leader of the Heroic Band of Spanish
+Missionaries of California. His Coming to San Fernando, Mexico, Thence
+to California
+
+Chapter II Brief Sketch of the Conquest of California and of the
+Founding of the Missions. Hospitality of the Missions. Care and
+Benevolence of the Missionaries Toward the Indians
+
+Chapter III More About San Carlos Mission and Monterey
+
+Chapter IV California Under Spanish Rule
+
+Chapter V California Passes from Spanish to Mexican Rule. Secularization
+of the Missions
+
+Chapter VI California Passes from Mexican to American Rule
+
+Chapter VII Mission Anecdotes and Hymns
+
+Chapter VIII Retrospection of the Work of the Spanish Missionaries,
+Explorers and Settlers and their place in California's Appreciation
+
+Chapter IX Rev. Raymond M. Mestres Writes Historical Drama "Fray
+Junipero"
+
+Appendix A Letter of Junipero Serra. The Meaning of California Missions.
+Dances of Early California Times
+
+
+
+
+Preface
+
+
+In presenting this modest volume to the public, I wish to call the
+attention of my readers to the following facts. Firstly, my humble work
+is a work of love--love simple and unalloyed for the venerable Spanish
+Missionaries of California and for the noble sons and daughters of Spain
+who gave such a glorious beginning and impetus to our state. Being a
+direct descendant of pioneer Spaniards of Monterey, I take a particular
+interest in California's early history and development and as my family
+were staunch friends of the Missionary Fathers and in a position to
+know the state of affairs of those times, and to family tradition I
+have added authentic knowledge from reading the earliest archives of
+San Carlos Mission, as well as other historical references, I feel I can
+fearlessly vouch for the truthfulness of my little work. Secondly--while
+fully appreciating the sympathy and interest of many charming and
+intellectual characters who grace California to-day, it must be admitted
+that there is a sadly ignorant or misinformed number who scarcely
+seem to know who Spaniards and their descendants are, judging from the
+promiscuous way the term "Spanish" is used, and what is the result of
+this among many? Prejudice, and absurd misunderstanding of the golden
+days of Spanish California as well as of the Spanish race and character.
+It is far from being my wish to offend, but I wish to present correct
+historical facts. Thirdly--there is no pretense to consider this brief
+sketch a complete or detailed history, but only a truthful outline of
+the heroic and chivalrous Mission days.
+
+Maria Antonia Field.
+
+
+
+
+Translation of the Names of the Missions.
+
+
+1. San Diego.--A Spanish form of Saint James, who is the Patron Saint of
+Spain.
+
+2. San Carlos.--Saint Charles. Mission San Carlos and the Royal Chapel
+of Monterey were so named in honor of Saint Charles the Patron Saint of
+King Carlos III under whose reign the mission was founded.
+
+3. San Antonio De Padua.--St. Anthony of Padua.
+
+4. San Gabriel.--St. Gabriel (the Angel of the Annunciation.).
+
+5. San Luis Obispo.--Saint Louis, Bishop.
+
+6. Nuestra Señora de Los Dolores.--Our Lady of Sorrows.
+
+7. San Juan Capistrano.--St. John Capistrano.
+
+8. Santa Clara.--Saint Clara.
+
+9. San Buenaventura.--Saint Bonaventure.
+
+10. Santa Barbara.--Saint Barbara (whose feast is commemorated on
+December 4, the date of the foundation of the Mission.)
+
+11. Purisima Concepcion.--Most Pure Conception (of the Blessed Virgin
+Mary). This feast is celebrated on December 8, the day on which this
+mission was founded.
+
+12. Nuestra Señora De La Soledad.--Our Lady of Solitude. (In the
+Catholic Church the Blessed Virgin Mary is venerated under this title to
+commemorate her solitude from the time of our Saviour's death until His
+Resurrection).
+
+13. Santa Cruz.--Holy Cross (so named in honor of Our Saviour's
+Passion).
+
+14. San José.--Saint Joseph.
+
+15. San Juan Bautista.--Saint John, Baptist (whose feast occurs on June
+24, the day this mission was founded).
+
+16. San Miguel.--Saint Michael.
+
+17. San Fernando, Rey De Espana.--Saint Ferdinand, King of Spain.
+
+18. San Luis, Rey De Francia.--Saint Louis, King of France.
+
+19. Santa Ynez.--Saint Agnes.
+
+20. San Rafael.--Saint Raphael.
+
+21. San Francisco Solano.--Saint Francis Solano.
+
+
+
+
+CHIMES OF MISSION BELLS
+
+Tribute to Junipero Serra and the Mission Padres.
+
+By Maria Antonia Field.
+
+Read at the Crowning of the Serra Statue, Monterey, Nov. 23, 1913.
+
+
+
+     The fickle world ofttimes applauds the rise
+     Of men whose laurels are but vainly won,
+     Whose deeds their names could not immortalize
+     For their soul-toils were wrought for transient ends;
+     But heroes of the Cross, they truly great
+     Shall live, their halo shall no hand of fate
+
+     Have power to rob, albeit oblivious years
+     May veil the radiance of their glorious works,
+     Or slight their excellence, their light appears
+     But brighter, statelier in its splendor calm,
+     Or like the flowers that sleep through winter's snow
+     To bloom more fair, their lives' pure beams shall glow
+
+     With greater brilliance and sweetly gleam
+     As lodestars in the firmament of worth;
+     Such is the memory whose holy stream
+     Of noblest virtue, valor, truth and Faith,
+     Illumes our path and stirs our souls today,
+     Immortal Serra by whose tomb we pray!
+
+     What peerless aureole wreathes his saintly brow?
+     What stately monument doth bear his name?
+     Let this admiring thousands tell us now!
+     Let youthful lips pronounce his name with love!
+     Let California proudly sing his praise!
+     Let scions of fair Spain their voices raise,
+
+     And tell of him to whom so much we owe,
+     Tell of his interceding power with God,
+     His strong and lofty soul his children know,
+     His prayers where Carmel's River flows so clear;
+     O this his aureole, this his monument,
+     The lasting kind which ne'er will know descent.
+
+     Another lesson must the worldly learn,
+     From him who sought nor praise nor fame;
+     His birth, ten score agone, and still we turn
+     To him in reverence, his name is sweet
+     As vernal bloom, his life shows forth God's might,
+     Through him this soil received Faith's warm sunlight!
+
+     This beauteous land was strange, unknown and wild,
+     Spite all its treasures, lordly trees and flowers;
+     For tribes with pagan rites its wastes defiled,
+     Till came Spain's noble band of godly men,
+     Explorers true and zealous priests who gave
+     Their lives' best years, forgotten souls to save!
+
+     'Tis just we venerate each hallowed stone
+     Which rears the wond'rous "Temples of the West";
+     The tears, the toils, the nightly vigils lone;
+     The pilgrim-journeys of Saint Francis' sons,
+     The rescued souls by lustral waters cleansed,
+     The wealth of hospitality dispensed.
+
+     All this and more if but their walls could speak,
+     Would tell this day; and we in whose veins flows
+     The fervent blood of Spain, to us each streak
+     Of light which doth reveal a picture true
+     Of gentle friar and lovely vanished times
+     Is tender as the Angelus' sweet chimes.
+
+     Well may each Mission have a holy spell,
+     And Serra's name become a household word,
+     What marvels can each yellowed archive tell
+     Of him and of his martyr-spirit band.
+     O faithful, dauntless hearts! What brilliant sons
+     Of that great galaxy of Spain's brave sons!
+
+     We love their saintly lives to ponder o'er,
+     While childhood's fireside tales come back to us,
+     And memory unfolds her precious store,
+     The bygone glories of the Mission towns,
+     The grand old hymns sung at sweet Mary's shrines
+     The Spanish color rich as luscious wines
+
+     Of Mission vineyards, and the festive hours
+     So full of life yet innocent and good,
+     When blessings seemed to fall as welcome showers,
+     The Indian tribes were ruled with Christian love,
+     And shared the sons and daughters of Castile
+     Their loved Franciscan Fathers' patient zeal!
+
+     But still we love each altar and each cross
+     Of these dear fanes; e'en as departing rays
+     Of sun doth kiss the crags outlined with moss,
+     We love to linger by their altars' light.
+     But oh fair Carmel, she of Missions Queen
+     What guarding spirits hover here unseen!
+
+     Sweet Carmel, center of the hero-band,
+     What holy treasures hold thy sacred vaults?
+     Junipero and others! Here we stand
+     In awe of all thou hast been and art still!
+     Cruel times took glory, splendor, power
+     From Missions all, but not their priceless dower,
+
+     Religion, love and all we hold as dear,
+     No hand can tarnish and no might destroy,
+     And from each hallowed altar ruddy, clear,
+     Still burns the mystic lamp, for God is there!
+     The cross-crowned towers tell that all is not dead,
+     E'en though more splendid times have long since sped.
+
+     And like a glowing ember in the night
+     Our Lady's love has burned through every change;
+     'Tis thus the Missions ever saw the light
+     Through labors, ripened harvest-joys and wrongs;
+     Their noon-sun splendors of well won renown
+     Will shine their glorious heritage to crown.
+
+     O Saintly Serra we implore thy prayer,
+     Thy dauntless spirit sowed the "mustard-seed"
+     Which grew as if by miracle of wonder rare,
+     Upon this now rich land which thou did'st till,
+     O let they mantle on thy clients fall
+     Who on thy gracious aid do humbly call.
+
+
+
+Chapter I.
+
+
+     Junipero Serra, Leader of the Heroic Band of Spanish
+     Missionaries of California. His Coming to San Fernando,
+     Mexico, Thence to California.
+
+
+
+Junipero Serra, whose name and labors may be termed a compendium of
+Christian virtues, was born on November 24, 1713, in Petra, a village of
+the picturesque Island of Majorca, on the northeastern coast of Spain,
+and a part of the Province of fair Catalonia, one of the most valuable
+and beautiful portions of Spain. This child, around whom our story
+clusters was baptized on the day following his birth, and received
+the names of Miguel José. His parents were poor people from a material
+standpoint, but gifted with a rich heritage of the noblest, and
+sublimest character; qualities which make the Spanish peasant so
+delightful.
+
+From his tenderest youth, Miguel José evinced an ardent desire to enter
+the priesthood and displayed a zealous missionary spirit. His pious
+parents placed no obstacle in the way of their gentle boy's vocation,
+and being too poor to pay for his education, the Church did it for them.
+At the age of sixteen, Miguel José left his father's small estate
+and began his studies in his native village, completing them at the
+Franciscan College of Palma, the Capital of the Island of Majorca. He
+made rapid progress, and a brilliant future opened before him, while
+his virtuous qualities were noted by all with whom he came in contact.
+A proof of his worth may be seen from the facts that he was ordained
+before he attained his majority; also taught in different schools as
+professor of theology and received the degree of doctor soon after his
+ordination. The fame of his eloquent preaching and persuasive oratorical
+powers spread not only throughout Spain but reached other European
+countries. Still Junipero Serra (as he was known by his own choice after
+an humble disciple of Saint Francis of Assisi, noted for his charity)
+was not dazzled by his brilliant mental gifts, and his thirsting desire
+to evangelize the heathen savage of the New World grew apace with his
+fame. He declined the offer to become the Court preacher and other
+ecclesiastical dignities, which he would have been entirely justified in
+accepting, and practiced those virtues which clung to him with even more
+perfect maturity throughout his life; heroic virtues which enabled him
+to undertake wonderful things. In him too were noted those sweet simple
+qualities invariably found in great and holy men and women, such as
+gentleness, amiability, a tender affection for children and a love for
+the beautiful in nature; sun, moon, stars, flowers, birds, the woods and
+ocean, all found responsive chords within him. In a few brief lines
+we have endeavored to convey an idea of Serra's character, let us
+now follow his steps in company with the band of heroic workers
+who accompanied him in his voyage across the dark Atlantic, and his
+apostolic journeys through Mexico and California to "break the bread of
+life" to the unfortunate heathen. Among the notable band of missionaries
+was Father Francisco Paloú, life-long friend and co-laborer of Father
+Junipero Serra.
+
+But why did these heroes choose Mexico and California as the vineyards
+of their labors? Why did they not go to Africa or other heathen shores?
+Here is the answer: Spain and all Europe were filled with stories of
+the New World since the discovery of America by Columbus in 1492, and
+several other Spanish discoveries in later years, among which must
+be remembered that in 1521, Hernando Cortes, one of the great Spanish
+explorers of the sixteenth century, explored the hitherto unknown
+land of Mexico, and as Spain always accompanied her conquests and
+explorations with her missionaries to evangelize the heathens, at the
+time that Father Junipero Serra set sail for the New World, which was
+in 1759, there were in Mexico an archbishopric and several missions
+conducted by Spanish priests, among them a well established Franciscan
+College in San Fernando, a settlement in the northern part of Mexico,
+which the Spanish explorers and missionaries so decided to name after
+Saint Ferdinand, a King of Spain, who lived in the thirteenth century.
+And to this College, Father Junipero Serra and his companions came after
+a perilous voyage of nearly one year; for the date of their arrival
+was January 1, 1760; and here they began their labor! Of the nine years
+which Junipero Serra toiled in Mexico, six were spent in Sierra Gorda,
+some distance north of San Fernando, and one of the wildest and roughest
+of those half explored regions. And what marvels attended the labors of
+Serra and the other self-sacrificing sons of Saint Francis here! With
+Junipero Serra at the helm, the good priests learned some of the Aztec
+dialects in order to convert the savages. Then what followed? With the
+greatest patience the missionaries acquitted themselves to the task
+of teaching the classic, cultured language of Spain to these poor
+aborigines, whose languages like those of the still cruder California
+Indians, did not contain expressions for even the simplest words of
+scripture or of the liturgy of the Church. And can we wonder at this?
+But what were the astonishing results of the good priests' labors? They
+were truly God-wonders! Daily were recorded numerous conversions, and at
+the close of six years many Indian congregations of those regions could
+be heard singing the ancient Latin hymns of the Church, and in poor but
+intelligible Spanish supplying in their prayers and conversations
+what was wanting in their dialects. It was while at Sierra Gorda that
+Junipero Serra became afflicted with a painful sore which broke out on
+his right leg and which never healed in all his eventful and laborious
+career. Many historians allude to this sore as a "wound," but no record
+is extant to indicate it as such, the most authentic conclusions being
+that this sore was due to natural causes greatly augmented and brought
+on by the hardships and climatic conditions he encountered in this
+missionary field.
+
+The average person would think Junipero Serra and his companions had
+surely satiated their thirst for missionary labors during the nine long
+toilsome years they spent in Mexico, far, far away from loving home,
+affectionate kindred and the Old World culture to which they bade
+farewell when the last glistening silhouette of the Spanish Coast
+vanished from their view in 1759, but not so! Their pilgrimage was
+but begun! The pilgrimage which was to blossom heavenly and earthly
+blessings as beautiful and countless as the flowers which jeweled the
+slopes and valleys they traversed. The monstrous undertaking begun so
+gloriously, blessed with the benison of prayers, sacrifices, tears;
+blessed later with superhuman success and crowned with an immortal halo
+for endless days!
+
+Here we will make a slight digression for the sake of our story. In
+1548, just twenty-seven years after Cortes discovered the land of
+Mexico, Cabrillo's expedition had sailed up the Coast of California, and
+in 1602 Sebastian Vizcaino had made further discoveries accompanied by
+two Carmelite priests, and landed on the shores of Monterey. Both of
+these expeditions, however, were abandoned and California remained the
+"mysterious vineyard," as it was called. But Vizcaino drew a map of
+California placing upon it the harbor of Monterey, and wrote glowing
+accounts of the beauty of the spot. On Point Lobos he planted a Cross,
+and the Carmelite Fathers named that beautiful Valley, four miles from
+Monterey, Carmelo, in honor of the Blessed Virgin Mary, venerated under
+the title of Our Lady of Mount Carmel. Of these facts we will have
+occasion to speak of more fully later on in this work.
+
+Years after these expeditions the good Jesuit Fathers established
+several missions in Lower California, but were recalled to Spain by King
+Carlos III and by this sovereign's request the Franciscan Fathers of
+the College of San Fernando were commissioned to take the newly vacated
+missions and accompany as missionaries the great and glorious enterprise
+of Don Gaspar de Portolá, with Vizcaino's map as guide, to further
+explore California and add it to the Crown of Castile and Leon.
+
+The Father Guardian of the College of San Fernando, on receiving the
+letter from King Carlos, immediately appointed Junipero Serra, whose
+zeal and sanctity were so well known, as the Father President of the
+band of missionaries to set out for California. Among the missionaries
+who volunteered to evangelize California were Fathers Francisco Paloú,
+Francisco de Lasuén and Juan Crespí.
+
+Here we will introduce a few characters, not of the missionary band,
+but who may well be termed faithful co-operators of their labors, men
+of unimpeachable honor, whose names add luster to the pages of Spanish
+annals. Don Jose Galvez, the Visitador General (general visitator) of
+the Spanish possessions in Mexico, a man as pious and noble as he was
+brilliant, managed the expedition of gallant Don Gaspar de Portolá and
+the missionaries, and gave Junipero Serra and the brave officers and
+soldiers much encouragement. This wonderfully managed and well equipped
+expedition, on which hinged the future of California, was wisely divided
+into two parts, one to go by sea, the other overland. The sea expedition
+consisted of three ships the San Carlos, the San José, and the San
+Antonio, the last named was a relief ship and was started after the
+other two. The San Carlos and San José carried a large portion of the
+troops, all of which received the Sacraments before embarking. On these
+ships were also placed the Church ornaments, provisions, camping outfits
+and cargoes of agricultural implements. Father Junipero Serra then
+blessed the ships and placed them under the guidance of Saint Joseph,
+whom the missionaries had chosen as the Patron Saint of California. Each
+ship had two missionaries on board and among the crew were bakers, cooks
+and blacksmiths; on the San Antonio went the surgeon, Don Pedro Prat.
+Simultaneously with these ships started two land parties, one in advance
+of the other in order to stop at La Paz in Lower California, to pick up
+cattle and sheep wherewith to stock the new country, also to bring
+some of the converted Indians of the mission in that region, to aid the
+missionaries and soldiers by translating the speech of the Indians of
+Alta or Higher California; for while the Indian dialects were numerous,
+there was some similarity among them. This first land expedition was
+in command of Captain Rivera y Moncada. The second land party was in
+command of the newly appointed governor, Don Gaspar de Portolá, the
+first governor of California, and wise indeed was the choice of this
+good and excellent man! This second land party was doubly blessed with
+the presence of Junipero Serra. Many were the dangers and hardships
+encountered by these sterling men both by land and sea; and as the
+repetition of what is noble never tires, we will again allude to the
+painful sore on Junipero Serra's leg, which caused him such intense
+suffering, that his continuation of the journey many times seemed
+miraculous even before he reached Saint Xavier (the mission established
+at La Paz). When his fellow missionary, Father Paloú advised him to
+remain a little longer at Saint Xavier's until he would be in a better
+condition to travel, his only answer was "let us speak no more on the
+subject, I have placed my faith in God and trust to His Goodness to
+plant the holy standard of the Cross not only at San Diego but even as
+far as Monterey." And God overshadowed the enterprise undertaken in His
+Name. The ship San José was never heard from, but its noble crew were
+always considered martyrs who brought blessings on the rest of the
+expedition. The San Carlos and the two land parties reached San Diego,
+their first goal almost simultaneously. Here was chanted the first Te
+Deum in California! Here Serra, head of the religious portion of the
+expedition, and Portolá head of the civil and military, conferred with
+each other on the course they were to follow. And here we will leave
+these incomparable pioneers to celebrate the birthday of California,
+July 1, 1769.
+
+
+
+Chapter II
+
+
+     Brief Sketch of the Conquest of California and of the
+     Founding of the Missions. Hospitality of the Missions. Care
+     and Benevolence of the Missionaries Towards the Indians.
+
+
+
+Father Junipero Serra and Don Gaspar de Portolá decided on the following
+plan; that Junipero Serra with Fathers Francisco Paloú and Francisco de
+Lasuén would remain in San Diego, where Serra was to establish his first
+mission while Portolá with Fathers Crespí and Gomez, Captain Rivera y
+Moncada, Lieutenant Fages and some of the Spanish dragoons and muleteers
+started overland to explore the country, and in quest of the Harbor
+of Monterey, carrying with them the map of Sebastian Vizcaino. This
+expedition was to result in the memorable "March of Portolá," which
+lasted about eight months. Missing the Harbor of Monterey on account of
+an error in the reckoning of Vizcaino's map, the explorers marched as
+far north as what is now San Francisco and discovered the Harbor that
+bears that name; so named later by Junipero Serra in honor of St.
+Francis of Assisi, the founder of the Franciscan Order. After continuing
+a fruitless search for Monterey, the expedition returned to San Diego.
+Junipero Serra was overjoyed at the unexpected discovery of the Harbor
+of San Francisco, which Portolá and his companions so enthusiastically
+extolled, and was not discouraged over their failure to find the Port
+of Monterey, but hoped to make another trial to find that Port on which
+their most laudable ambitions were centered. But here a sad difficulty
+presented itself. Governor Portolá returned to San Diego with sad gaps
+made into his ranks by sickness and hardship, but hopeful with the
+expectation that the relief ship promised by Don José Galvez had
+arrived, and that the San Diego Mission well established would be able
+to give his forces a well deserved chance to recuperate. But what was
+his dismay? The relief ship had not arrived, and Junipero Serra had
+indeed founded a mission with the usual elaborate ceremonies of the
+Church, but the untiring zeal and labors of himself and his companions
+had not been blessed with a single convert. No neophyte could be counted
+among the numerous natives of the place, who had even proved hostile at
+times; and the mission too, was in the sorest need; Junipero Serra and
+his companions ofttimes adding to their usual fasts and abstemiousness,
+"that others might have more." Still the relief ship was delayed! Surely
+this was not the fault of good Don José Galvez, but it might have met
+a tragic fate; thus thought the discouraged land and sea forces; and
+Governor Portolá was too good a soldier not to know that the best course
+to follow was to start at once back to Mexico and abandon the glorious
+dream, before starvation and death overtook everyone of them. But here
+Junipero Serra interposed, and as if inspired pleaded with the Governor
+for "one more day;" Portolá out of respect did grant just "one more day"
+before ordering the whole expedition back.
+
+Junipero Serra then repaired to the summit of the Presidio Hill and
+with arms extended, prayed as if in ecstasy from sunrise until sunset,
+"storming the heavens" that the relief ship might come, and the
+conversion of the heathen of California be realized. O unquestionable
+miracle! "More things are wrought by prayer, than this world ever
+dreamed of!" As the last rays of sun kissed his venerable brow, from out
+the gold and purple horizon, he sighted the top-most point of a mast,
+which while he was still "pouring his soul" no longer in supplication
+but in thanksgiving, grew into the unmistakable figure of the long
+expected ship. But for that "one more day" what would California be
+now? No converted Indians, no monumental missions, no exploration and
+colonization no civilization! The ship had been delayed on account of
+the rough voyage it encountered. But now relief, contentment, renewed
+hope, renewed courage; and the Mission of San Diego was but the first
+of the twenty-one which were to strew El Camino Real (the Royal Road,
+literally, commonly called the King's Highway) of California. And
+chivalrous Portolá, filled with even greater reverence for the humble
+priest Junipero Serra, whom his lofty soul had always appreciated,
+once more gathered his forces, and started anew in search of Monterey.
+Junipero Serra left the Mission of San Diego in charge of two of the
+good fathers and a small garrison as guards, and set out with Portolá
+on his second expedition; and it was Serra whose very presence seemed to
+draw the blessings of heaven, who pointed out to the Governor the error
+on Vizcaino's map which caused him to miss the Port of Monterey.
+
+This expedition was also divided into two parts, one to go overland the
+other by sea. Father Serra went with the sea party which sailed on
+the Paqueboat San Antonio. A number of Spanish dragoons from the fair
+province of Catalonia, muleteers, and some of the convert Indians
+recruited from the mission of La Paz were in the overland party.
+
+On May 24th, 1770, the expedition reached Point Pinos on the Coast
+of Monterey; after going south about six miles and encamping on a
+picturesque spot on the shores of the Bay, the missionaries raised an
+altar and Junipero Serra celebrated the first Mass on the shores of
+Monterey on June 3rd, 1770. It is more than likely that the Carmelite
+fathers who came here with Vizcaino had done so one hundred and sixty
+eight years before, but as there is no official record of the fact,
+the Mass celebrated on the improvised altar under the oak (which is
+preserved in the premises of San Carlos Church, Monterey), is recorded
+as the first. Mass over, Junipero Serra and Gaspar de Portolá exhorted
+the Spanish soldiers to hold to the traditional faith and purity of
+the Spanish race, and to kindness to the natives, calling them "weaker
+brethren who should be christianized, not debauched." Then Junipero
+Serra planted a Mission Cross and blessed the Spanish flag which Portolá
+hoisted, taking possession of the land in the name of "His Most Catholic
+Majesty King Carlos III, by right of discovery." [1] Junipero Serra also
+blessed the sea and land.
+
+As Monterey was from the first established as the civil, military
+and religious headquarters of the Spanish kingdom in California, her
+Presidio was known as el Presidio Real (the Royal Presidio), and the
+present parish church of Monterey, which was built as a chapel for the
+Presidio was la Capilla Real de San Carlos (the Royal Chapel of Saint
+Charles).
+
+Junipero Serra found the Indians of Monterey and the surrounding country
+very docile, while the Indians from Lower California soon learned their
+dialect and acted as interpreters of the missionaries. The Cross which
+Vizcaino had planted in 1602 was found decked with skins and shells. On
+inquiry the Missionaries were told by the Indians that they had often
+seen mysterious rays of light around it, and thinking that some god was
+angry they were trying to propitiate him by means of those offerings.
+
+As we have already noted Junipero Serra said his first, Mass in Monterey
+on June 3rd, 1770, and two years later he recorded his first baptism.
+From that date the Indians would come in dozens to present themselves
+for instruction. Then the marvels that had attended Junipero Serra at
+Sierra Gorda in Mexico, were repeated in Monterey. The naked savages
+were clothed, many of them were beginning to learn Spanish and to sing
+the Latin responses of the Mass and hymns both in Spanish and Latin,
+playing such musical instruments as the cymbal and triangle, keeping
+perfect time to every beat. The flocks and cattle were increasing and
+the harvest fields were golden with grain. While some of the Indians
+were taught to till the soil others were herdsmen, and some were taught
+to work as artisans. Nearly fifty trades were taught the California
+Indians under the supervision of the Missionaries. In 1771 Junipero
+Serra founded the San Carlos Mission in the most entrancing location of
+the Carmelo Valley that the nature loving Serra could have chosen; the
+forests of oak, pine and cypress for which Monterey is noted to this
+day, stretch with even greater beauty as we pierce farther into the
+interior, while the fertility of the land drained by the beautiful
+Carmelo River together with the commanding position of the spot, made
+the site of the Mission ideal. And this Mission of the Carmelo Valley
+of Monterey, was Junipero Serra's headquarters, here he lies buried, and
+here was the center of that unequalled hospitality and pure society for
+which every mission was noted. The Spanish Government made large grants
+of land to the missions, and under the labor, care and excellent methods
+of the missionaries, they became powerful and wealthy institutions, the
+pride and blessing of New Spain. Fine stock, teeming grain fields and
+luscious orchards graced every mission, and Mission San Carlos was no
+exception, indeed it was one of the most prosperous and beautiful.
+
+Fathers from the Mission at Carmelo, attended the Royal Chapel of San
+Carlos in Monterey and continued to do so until long after the last Act
+of Secularization in 1835 had been passed by the Mexican Government, and
+San Carlos of Carmelo was left desolate with no priest to guard her own
+altar light. But of this we shall, alas, have but too much reason to
+speak later. Junipero Serra did not stop his arduous work by founding
+beautiful San Carlos of Carmelo and consecrating the Royal Chapel of
+Monterey; he was to christianize all California, for all California
+had now been added to the Crown of Castile and Leon. Spain followed
+in California the same policy which has distinguished her in her other
+possessions such as Cuba, the Philippines and other colonies, steeped in
+idolatry until the Spanish Missionary, whose zeal is proverbial, wrested
+their countless inhabitants from the cymmerian gloom of paganism. Thus
+as soon as San Carlos Mission was founded, the glorious march of El
+Camino Real continued.
+
+Mission San Antonio de Padua, the third mission, was established in July
+1, 1771. The beauty of the spot and wonderful eagerness of the Indians
+to receive baptism greatly touched Junipero Serra and the other two
+Franciscan Fathers who accompanied him as well as some of the soldiers
+who were in the party. To-day Mission San Antonio is almost in ruins,
+but its very ruins are piles which speak of mystic beauty, and in
+the days of mission glory San Antonio was one of the fairest of the
+missions.
+
+On returning to Carmelo, Junipero Serra filled the other missionaries
+with joy over this latest conquest of souls, and sent messengers to
+Fathers Soméra and Cambón whom he had left in charge of the Mission at
+San Diego, to establish a mission in southern California, which they
+would name San Gabriel. The two Fathers, with ten soldiers as guards,
+started a march northward until they came to the present sight of San
+Gabriel, which they saw immediately was a good location for a mission,
+particularly as a beautiful stream flowed through the Valley, and
+wherever possible the Fathers chose a spot where there was water for the
+mission orchards and gardens.
+
+Here we may add that the Fathers had a system of irrigation by means
+of ditches, traces of which may be seen to this day in the sites where
+stood many of the old mission orchards. The fruits from these good
+Fathers gardens were the fairest and most luscious that California has
+ever seen, none of our lovely grapes compare with theirs, and their
+olives were larger and better than any of which California boasts
+to-day.
+
+Although not deviating from our subject we have wandered from the thread
+of our story in the foundation of Mission San Gabriel. One incident
+contained in the records of this Mission may hardly be passed over in
+silence. The good Franciscans and their brave little bodyguard found the
+Indians in a very hostile mood, still they blessed a Mission Cross and
+planted it; but the Indians increasing their threatening attitude, the
+Fathers unfurled a large white banner bearing the image of the Blessed
+Virgin Mary, placing the side of the banner with the image in full
+view of the heathens. Priests and soldiers then knelt and implored the
+intercession of the Redeemer's Immaculate Mother for their safety
+and for the conversion of the Indians to the Faith of her Divine Son.
+Immediately came the answer from Heaven! The Indians not only abandoned
+every sign of hostility, but came forward towards the Fathers with every
+sign of sincere submissiveness, and after due instruction were baptized.
+For it must be remembered that the Church does not, and cannot force her
+belief on anyone who does not willingly accept it; the poor savage is
+no exception; instruction, kindness, prayers may always be employed, no
+more. As in many cases the nature of the Indian was too elementary to
+be moved at first by the lessons and exhortations of suffering and
+self-denial of Our Saviour, and the bridling of the human passions; in
+many instances the Fathers would first win the Indians' confidence by
+giving them blankets, beads and such things as attracted them, then by
+degrees unfolded the tenets of religion and mysteries of faith, to which
+in most cases these erstwhile savages clung with firmness and gave many
+edifying signs of true and sincere christianity. A band of white beads
+around the head distinguished the christian Indians from the pagan.
+
+The flocks, vineyards and orchards of Mission San Gabriel, as well as
+the skill of its Indians, in time became famous throughout California,
+and it was from here that Governor Felipe de Neve, third Governor of
+California, started in 1781 with several of the Fathers and a company of
+soldiers to found the present city of Los Angeles.
+
+The fifth Mission, San Luis Obispo, was founded on September 1, 1772, by
+Junipero Serra in person; the saintly Father making a pilgrimage there
+for that purpose. Thus in the space of three years, five missions were
+founded. A royal record of the zeal of the missionaries and of the
+humanity of the Spanish Government and Authorities.
+
+In 1774 the Spanish Viceroy of Mexico informed Junipero Serra that
+he intended to establish a presidio in San Francisco "for the further
+extension of Spanish and Christian power." Junipero Serra, on receipt
+of this letter, selected Fathers Paloú and Cambón to accompany the
+soldiers, and Lieutenant Juan de Ayala was ordered with his ship
+stationed at Monterey to further explore the San Francisco Bay; Juan de
+Anza, another brilliant officer, was entrusted with the establishment of
+the new presidio; the site he chose being the identical one on which the
+Presidio of San Francisco stands today. Lieutenant Juan de Ayala of the
+Royal Navy of Spain, was the first to steer a ship through the Golden
+Gate, and a strange coincidence was that his ship was the San Carlos
+which had come to San Diego with a portion of the first Spanish pioneers
+in 1769. With Lieutenant Ayala was Father Vincente de Santa Maria who,
+with Fathers Paloú and Cambón, planted a Mission Cross and founded
+Mission Nuestra Señora de los Dolores, which has withstood so many
+ravages of time and change, of man and elements.
+
+The seventh Mission was San Juan Capistrano, founded November 1, 1776,
+by Father Lasuén. This Mission was also a very flourishing Mission, the
+Indians were laborers in its construction, which lasted nearly fourteen
+years.
+
+Mission Santa Clara was the eighth to be established. It was founded on
+January 12, 1777. The original lines of this once beautiful Mission
+are almost entirely changed but like all its sister missions it still
+retains much of its dear old atmosphere, and can boast of the tomb of
+Father Magin Catalá who died there in 1836 "in the odor of sanctity."
+Mission Santa Clara was founded by Father Tomas de la Peña y Saradia;
+and its history is fascinating and romantic. The Mission Cross which
+Father de la Peña y Saradia planted here, is still standing.
+
+The ninth Mission was San Buenaventura, founded also by Junipero Serra
+in person, in company with Governor Felipe de Neve, on Easter Sunday of
+March 31, 1783.
+
+From San Buenaventura, Junipero Serra and Governor de Neve marched
+to what is now Santa Barbara. Here the Indians were numerous and more
+intelligent than any in California, where the Indians were far denser
+than either the Incas of South America or the Aztecs of Mexico. Delays,
+caused by military differences, retarded the foundation of Santa Barbara
+Mission, which would have been the tenth, but Junipero Serra planted
+a Mission Cross and selected the site on which it was destined to be
+founded four years after his death. From here Serra returned to Carmelo;
+his journeys from one Mission to another being always on foot.
+
+And here we must pause: We have come in our narrative to that momentous
+year in the history, not only of the missions, but of California. The
+year when. Junipero Serra, true priest of God, christianizer, civilizer,
+wonderful among wonderful pioneers, or as Governor Gaspar de Portolá
+had spoken of him years before, "the humblest, bravest man of God I ever
+knew," had done his work! Junipero Serra was ready for his throne in
+Heaven, his crown awaited him, his rough Franciscan habit was to be
+glorified. We have briefly glanced at his chief characteristics from
+his boyhood in historic Spain, and must have gauged the measure of his
+untiring and tried virtue from the time he landed in Mexico and San
+Diego, on through the years he labored as the Apostle of California; to
+these let us add just a few of the private practices of mortification
+which he imposed on his innocent flesh, notwithstanding his age, his
+physical infirmities, extraordinary labors and hardships in a new, half
+explored country. Virtually they sound like a passage from the lives of
+the Saints. His journeys were always on foot, although the old sore
+on his leg remained like an instrument of torture throughout his life,
+nothing being able to help him. El Camino Real, from San Francisco to
+Monterey and from Monterey to San Diego, with its rough roads, was as
+familiar to him who walked it with so much difficulty as it is to us
+who enjoy it by comfortable travel on the railroad or pleasurable motor
+trips; his fasts were austere and frequent, wine he never used, the
+discipline was no stranger to him, a bed was not among his possessions,
+on the bare floor or bench at most he would rest his sore missionary
+body; yet he never imposed unnecessary penance on anyone, he was hard
+only on himself, he was gentle and affectionate to a marked degree, his
+faith, trust in Providence, humility and charity, were heroic. Of his
+seventy-four years of life, fifty-four he had been a Franciscan Priest
+and thirty-five he had devoted to missionary work, of which nine were
+spent in Mexico and fourteen in California. His wonderful eloquence and
+magnetic power for preaching which had won him honors in the Old
+World even as a newly ordained priest, he had used and adapted for the
+instruction of thousands of heathens of the New World; and now that
+christianity and civilization were beginning to bud with springtime
+loveliness like the Castilian roses he had planted in some of the
+mission gardens, while the sun of Spanish glory was still in the
+ascendency and no threatening omens of the fall of Spanish or Franciscan
+power, or nightmares of the Acts of Secularization disturbed the
+cloudless skies, while the Presidio Real of Monterey bore the arms of
+the Spanish King and the Capilla Real do San Carlos was thronged with
+gallant officers and brave men of the Royal Army and Navy of Castile and
+Leon, and Our Lady seemed to smile blessings on her Valley of Carmelo,
+before the beauteous dream, nay, realization of noble ambitions, had
+vanished like a fair sun, God called His faithful Servant unto Himself,
+in his cell at his beloved San Carlos Mission about 2:30 P. M. on August
+28, 1784, according to the entry of Father Francisco Paloú, in the
+archives of San Carlos Mission, preserved in San Carlos Church of
+Monterey. And what a day this was! The archives here are full of
+touching detail. Solemn salutes were fired from the ships stationed in
+the Harbor of Monterey, and the grief of the people was inexpressible.
+The Indians were inconsolable. The officers of the Royal Navy claimed
+his sandals as a precious keepsake, and the Fathers could not restrain
+the people from cutting pieces of his habit to carry away as souvenirs;
+the Indians claimed his Franciscan cord and many cut locks of his
+silver hair; his corpse had to be dressed twice on account of this pious
+proceeding. In a plain redwood coffin his precious remains were laid
+in a vault "on the gospel side of the altar within the sanctuary of San
+Carlos Mission." O! holy grave, how many changes thou hast seen! O happy
+Serra, from the dazzling splendors of God's light how often thou
+must have prayed for thy work, thy people, thy neophytes! In God's
+inscrutable Providence the good are ofttimes permitted to suffer, but
+the same All Wise Hand can brush away with a single stroke, the wrong
+done to His own, and His time seems near!
+
+We will now resume the story of the foundation of the missions, for we
+really stopped at the ninth. Junipero Serra's life-long friend, Father
+Paloú was chosen temporary President of the Missions, for within a year
+he retired to the Franciscan College of San Fernando, where he gave most
+of his time to writing, and to him we are indebted for a complete and
+accurate biography of Junipero Serra. After Father Paloú's resignation,
+Father Francisco de Lasuén was appointed Father President of the
+Missions. Father Lasuén was an arduous laborer and able priest of the
+original heroic band of missionaries, and his first act was to establish
+Mission Santa Barbara, where Junipero Serra had planted a Mission Cross
+nearly four years previous. This was accomplished on December 4, 1787,
+and of the twenty-one missions which were spoliated in later years,
+Santa Barbara was the only one which tyrannical laws could never
+dispossess of its lawful owners, hence to this day the Sons of Saint
+Francis are there to guard the "altar light."
+
+From Santa Barbara, Father Lasuén traveled north to Lompoc, and founded
+Mission La Purisima Concepcion on December 8, 1787.
+
+Mission de Nuestra Señora de in Soledad was founded in October of 1791.
+The last Act of Secularization in 1835 fell very heavily on this lovely
+Mission of which scarcely a trace remains today. This mission was noted
+for its fine stock and luxuriant pastures.
+
+On Christmas day of 1791 was founded the Mission of Santa Cruz. This
+Mission never rivaled the other missions in wealth, but in later years
+it was honored with a martyr. Here is the authentic story of Father
+Quintana, whose martyr's death occurred here as late as 1817. Father
+Quintana was a holy and zealous priest of this mission, who had carried
+on the work of the conversion of the Indians most of whom were already
+christian, but a small portion still remained heathen, and these were
+very hostile. As was later discovered, while the good priest was reading
+his breviary in his office, some of these hostile Indians entered, and
+most cruelly murdered him, then taking his body into the mission orchard
+placed it against a capulin tree (a tree much resembling the cherry tree
+in fruit and form). On thus discovering the corpse the other Fathers
+immediately sent a message to the surgeon of the Royal Presidio of
+Monterey, who at the time was Don Manuel Quixano (step-father of the
+writer's great grandmother). After holding an autopsy on the martyred
+body, Dr. Quixano found that the saintly Father had been horribly and
+cruelly murdered. The details are preserved in the Santa Cruz Mission
+archives, but are not given to the public. The capulin tree which the
+Indians made use of to make it appear that the Father's death was a
+natural one, was at the time in full bloom, and in a few hours became a
+dry lifeless trunk. A remarkable act of Providence indeed!
+
+The fourteenth and fifteenth missions established were Mission San Jose
+and beautiful Mission San Juan Bautista, founded respectively on June
+11th and June 24th of the year 1797.
+
+We have generously used words denoting beauty and prosperity in
+describing the missions, but no less can be said of these mighty and
+bountiful institutions, who, even in their regal ruins are California's
+chief attraction to this day.
+
+The sixteenth mission was San Miguel, founded by Fathers Francisco
+de Lasuén and Buenaventura Sitjar, with very impressive and elaborate
+ceremonials, on July 25th, 1797. The brilliant frescoing of this mission
+was done in 1824 by the writer's great grandfather, Estéban Munrás, a
+Spaniard from Barcelona, who had studied art in his native city, and who
+was intimately connected with the early missionaries, especially those
+of Monterey, where he resided. Estéban Munrás did the frescoing of San
+Miguel Mission at the request of Father Juan Cabot, also a native
+of Barcelona. Thus we see the undaunted steadfastness of these early
+missionaries who, although California had already passed from Spanish
+to Mexican rule, and mission power was beginning to wane, still were
+zealous for the greater adornment of God's holy temples.
+
+On September 8, 1797, Mission San Fernando, Rey de España was founded.
+In June of the following year San Luis, Rey de Francia, fifty-four
+Indian children being baptized on the day of its foundation. It was in
+the patio (court yard) of this mission that the first pepper tree in
+California was planted by Father Antonio Peyri.
+
+On September 17, 1804, beautiful Santa Ynez Mission was founded. Here
+Father Arroyo, a brilliant scholar, prepared a working grammar of the
+language of the Indians of the San Juan region. In December, 1817, San
+Rafael was founded, and made a splendid record of conversions. Not a
+trace of this mission remains today.
+
+The last mission was San Francisco Solano within the city limits of the
+present town of Sonoma, and was founded as late as 1823, thus again is
+shown the wonderful courage and zeal of the missionaries in the face
+of obstacles, for at this date as we have already noted Spanish Mission
+power had begun to wane, and while Mexico was unable to wipe out
+entirely Spanish rule and influence for many years, still she had
+already claimed California as her own. Many wealthy Russian traders
+lived in the country about Sonoma, who showed themselves extremely
+friendly to the missionaries, assisted at the ceremonies of the founding
+of the mission and made generous contributions for its adornment.
+
+And now our march of El Camino Real is ended; but let us take another
+look at mission life. The plan of the missions was most wonderful,
+situated in the most beautiful spots, the journey of one day from
+one another, and the seats of learning and well earned prosperity in
+California; their architecture was the best imitation of the Spanish
+Gothic style which the Spanish laborers could build with the tools and
+materials which were then possible to have in the New World. The only
+share the Indians had in the building of the missions was in assisting
+to carry beams, stone, making the beautiful red tiles found in every
+mission roof, and the like, but the actual construction was done by
+Spanish workmen under the supervision of the Fathers.
+
+Besides the church proper, the missions consisted of groups of buildings
+set aside for converted Indians and their families, a storehouse, a
+guardhouse, a monastery and spacious quarters for guests. For at a
+mission not only friends of the Fathers and persons of standing, but
+every wayfarer whoever he might be "found warmth and plenty" as long as
+he chose to remain under their blessed shelter. And so great was mission
+hospitality that a pile of silver was laid in the bedroom of a guest to
+be taken by him or left as he saw fit; of course no well bred guest who
+was not in need would impose on the holy Fathers' generosity, but it was
+their delicate way of assisting an unfortunate pilgrim who might be in
+need. The missions too, were the centers of important gatherings and
+peaceful rendezvous of persons of social standing, even after the first
+two Acts of Secularization had been passed in after years. But these
+noble entertainment's, wealth of luscious fruits, golden sheaves,
+luxuriant pastures and fleecy lambs, were as the least gifts of these
+matchless institutions, for we can never exaggerate the marvels wrought
+for the betterment of the heathen natives, or the fairer fruits of the
+countless heroic virtues practiced within these enclosures. The Indians
+clung to the Fathers like little children to their parents, and from the
+vices of paganism, under a healthy and kind rule drawn for them by the
+wise Fathers, christian virtues took a deep root in at least a great
+many of these poor "children of the soil" and so great was the care
+exercised by the Fathers that nightly they would make a round of the
+rooms allotted to every christian and neophyte Indian family to see
+that order and decency reigned in each group; for we must remember these
+souls were but recently rescued from the dark sins of heathenism.
+
+Blessed temples! noble hospices! heroic priests! We are loathe to change
+the scene, but winter's storms must come ere the laurel wreath crowns
+the glorified brow! Still, we need not leave the "enchanted palace" yet,
+vernal loveliness still charms the eyes and summer is just begun.
+
+If it be but for one brief moment let us ruminate the glories, the
+wealth, the beauty of mission joys, before the least cruel echoes of
+Secularization are heard. The sun of Franciscan and Spanish glory is
+still mounting the firmament higher and higher. The sky still wears
+Our Lady's blue [2] and no penitential purple has appeared with the
+departing rays of sunset, only the royal purple and gold which years
+before had made the scene a fairylike setting for the heavenset relief
+ship to San Diego and assured the noble enterprise of the exploration
+and christianizing of California.
+
+
+
+Chapter III
+
+
+     More About San Carlos Mission and Monterey
+
+
+
+As we have seen in the preceding chapter, Monterey was the capital of
+the Spanish Possessions in California, consequently San Carlos Mission
+was the headquarters of Junipero Serra. And what was not San Carlos
+Mission of Carmelo in the days of her glory! We are in a maze of thought
+as to how to begin to tell her story. Of the beauty of the spot where
+this mission was built we have already spoken, as well as of how the
+golden valley of Carmelo came to be named. And here we may well exclaim
+with that dear English Saint of the thirteenth century, Saint Simon
+Stock, who invoked the Immaculate Virgin with the following beautiful
+lines:
+
+        "Carmel's fair flower
+     Rod blossom laden
+        Smile on thy dower
+     Meek Mother--Maiden
+        None equals thee.
+     Give us a sign
+        Thou dost protect us
+     Mark us for thine
+        Guide and direct us
+     Star of the Sea."
+
+A more perfect replica of the country surrounding the shrine of Our
+Lady of Mount Carmel in Palestine would be hard to find, and the "Meek
+Mother-Maiden" did give many a sign of her protection to her clients
+in this new Carmel of the West. And it was at San Carlos Mission of
+Carmelo, that the superiors of the different missions convened and
+gave accounts of their work and numbers of baptisms etc. to the Father
+President. And how glowing are the records of those accounts! Here on
+festival days after the religious services were held social gatherings
+and entertainment's of the purest yet merriest order. Marriages,
+baptisms, all notable events had their share of attention. The
+hospitality of the missions, the care and kindness shown to the Indians,
+the numerous flocks, harvests and orchards which embellished them under
+the wonderful management of the good Fathers, all existed in copious
+measure at San Carlos.
+
+The huge, beautiful bells of this mission the chimes of which were heard
+clearly in Monterey were cracked during the years when the mission was
+neglected but some of the pieces were later recast and as far as known
+the present bells of the mission were made from them.
+
+We cannot consider a sketch of this mission however brief, complete,
+without giving due credit to the Very Reverend Angelo Casanova, parish
+priest of Monterey from 1869 until the time of his death in 1893. This
+zealous priest undertook the work of restoring the mission for a portion
+of it was in ruins, and to-day there would be but little of San Carlos
+to see and admire but for Father Casanova's timely work of restoration,
+which he accomplished with some help of friends, but chiefly with his
+own private fortune which he inherited. Many a time was Father Casanova
+seen assisting the laborers with his own hands. And what a happy day it
+was for Monterey when the first Mass was sung in the restored mission
+after years of vandalism and neglect! The old statues which had escaped
+the ravages of time were replaced in their niches, the sanctuary lamp
+was re-lighted for the Sacramental Presence once more enthroned on His
+altar and the organ pealed forth the ancient Latin hymns of the Church
+once more. Another very significant event of this restoration was that
+Father Casanova had the four bodies contained in the vaults of the
+mission exhumed and placed on new vaults, built however near the
+original spots "on the gospel side of the altar, within the sanctuary."
+The four bodies are the remains of Fathers Junipero Serra, Juan Crespí,
+Francisco de Lasuén and Julian Lopez. Another good outcome of this event
+was that it exploded the utterly unfounded story that a Spanish ship had
+carried away the remains of Junipero Serra to Spain. The vestments on
+each body were found in a perfect state of preservation at the time this
+work was done in 1882.
+
+For years the saintly Serra's body was buried under a pile of debris,
+but his "sepulchre has become glorious" in spite of all. And since the
+restoration of this mission, the feast of Saint Charles Borromeo,
+(its Patron Saint) has again been celebrated here every November the
+twenty-fourth, and a relic of Saint Charles which Father Junipero Serra
+brought from Spain, is as of old carried in procession. While this is of
+course a Catholic festival, reverent visitors of various creeds attend
+it. The mission is guarded by a care-taker, living in the premises of
+what remains of the old mission orchard.
+
+It was also due to Father Casanova, that Mrs. Leland Stanford donated,
+in 1890, the Serra Monument [3] which crowns a slope just above the spot
+where this wonderful missionary said his first Mass in Monterey.
+
+We cannot give sufficient credit to Reverend Raymond Mestres, the
+present parish priest of Monterey, and a Spaniard from the Province
+of Catalonia, like Junipero Serra and many of the early missionaries.
+Father Mestres has given time, energy and noble efforts unstintingly to
+perpetuate the memory of Junipero Serra and to more fully restore not
+only San Carlos Mission and San Carlos Church, but is encouraging a
+movement to restore if possible all the California Missions according
+to their traditional and historical plans; may his great enterprise be
+blessed with all the radiance of crowning success!
+
+We will have ample reason to speak more of Father Mestres' good work
+elsewhere in this sketch, hence we will pass into Monterey itself.
+Monterey was named after the Spanish Viceroy of Mexico, who at the time
+of her discovery, was the Count of Monterey. As we have many times noted
+this city was of royal birth. Unlike any of the other Presidios, her
+Presidio was el Presidio Real, the chapel attached to it la Capilla
+Real, and the ships which sailed the blue waters of her crescent bay
+were the ships of the Royal Navy of Spain. No mission town was without
+its glories, its fascinating history or delightful surroundings,
+but Monterey was like a fair empress of them all. Yet no jealousy or
+feelings of rivalry were felt for Monterey by her sister towns, nor was
+her right to the sceptre ever contested. From the time that Sebastian
+Vizcaino placed her on his map in 1602 and glowingly described her
+beautiful harbor, noble forests and majestic hills, Spain focused her
+attention on Monterey, and when her Port was at last found by Portolá,
+and the stout old ship San Antonio under the command of Captain Juan
+Perez entered her harbor on May 31st, 1770, without any discussion or
+preamble she was made the capital of New Spain.
+
+The news of her discovery and of Junipero Serra celebrating Mass on her
+shores were sent with all possible haste to the Viceroy of the Spanish
+possessions in Mexico and to good Don Jose Galvez, also a complete
+statement of her discovery was drawn up and sent to the Court of Spain.
+And how were these news received? Solemn masses of thanksgiving were
+celebrated in some of the Spanish cathedrals, attended by many of the
+highest religious, civil and military authorities, while congratulations
+from every side poured into King Carlos and his Viceroy. And all this
+exultation over the discovery of the lovely spot we all know and love so
+well! Monterey, like a "pearl of great price" had been hard to find, but
+like a "pearl of great price" was worth the quest. Beautiful Monterey
+with her shores decked with Vizcainos Cross since 1602, Monterey with
+her bay blue like a turquoise, matching the azure of heaven, Monterey
+with her forests and flowers, with her Valley of Carmelo and glorious
+sunsets, adding to natures charms, her historical and sacred atmosphere,
+her landmarks and the improvements of man. No wonder thousands yearly
+throng this gifted spot of God's earth!
+
+As may be needless to say, Monterey, became the center of the
+social life, beauty and culture of the mission towns. From Monterey,
+inspiration flowed as from a fountain head. And even to this day she
+is irresistible. Even to this day, in spite of the many sad scenes and
+oblivious years which have stamped their trace upon her loveliness and
+impaired her regal splendor, her charm is told by her landmarks and
+crowned by her natural fortress of hills, her forests and flower robed
+meadows, and lulled at evening by the murmur of the iridescent waters of
+her bay reflecting the sunset splendors of the sky.
+
+About 1810 Monterey was ravaged by buccaneers under Blütcher, who
+was such a terror to many sea-port towns, these pirates sailed up
+the Pacific Coast, and appeared in Monterey Bay in four large vessels
+arriving at midnight. Before they could be driven out of the town they
+set fire to some of the Spanish Presidio homes and carried away precious
+jewels and silver belonging to the Spanish ladies, and provisions from
+the garrison.
+
+The former Capilla Real de San Carlos is now the parish church of
+Monterey, guarding like a fond mother all that remains of the massive
+silver altar vessels and candelabras, paintings, statues, vestments,
+manuscripts and archives of the pioneer missionaries of this mission.
+
+Among the modern attractions of Monterey we must not fail to mention
+Hotel Del Monte built and owned by the Pacific Improvement Company, and
+the many beautiful drives constructed by the same, company. Mr.
+Frank Powers was the founder of the flourishing settlement of
+Carmel-by-the-Sea, a few minutes walk from San Carlos Mission and a
+favorite resort of artists and literateurs. These with many others have
+been no small contributors to the old Capital. Thus while we deplore
+years of vandalism, and the thousands who have joined the "careless
+throng" we can always turn to the pleasing contrast of sympathizers and
+friends who are always, willing to give "honor to whom honor is due,"
+and in doing so have spared neither purse nor efforts in aiding those
+who under difficulties have guarded the flame of tradition and love of
+the splendid past with its bright galaxy of "heroes, martyrs, saints."
+True, the glowing embers often smouldered beneath a debris of neglect
+and even harsh misrepresentation but were not and could not be
+extinguished. And now faithful hearts may beat fast with holy joy for
+the feeble light fanned by loving zephyrs has burst into a glowing flame
+destined to diffuse its love and influence to all, regardless of creed,
+race or station.
+
+
+
+Chapter IV
+
+
+     California Under Spanish Rule
+
+
+
+With the landing of Serra and Portolá at San Diego in 1769, began the
+Spanish period of California. The chief events of this period are in
+a pith, the following: The establishment of the missions, the
+christianizing of the Indians and the exploration and colonization of
+California. It is from the Spanish period that the history and standing
+of California date. The ten Spanish Governors of California as well as
+the officers of the Army and Navy were men of honor and ability, and the
+record left by the Spanish settlers is one of which any country might
+be proud. During the Spanish period the geographical lines of California
+were settled and her harbors surveyed [4]. It was during this period
+that most of the present cities of California were founded, Spain
+following the plan of building the towns around the missions. The first
+Governor, Don Gaspar de Portolá, was a great and good man as well as
+a brilliant officer, gentle and reasonable in every respect, he was
+beloved by all; to him California owes the discovery of San Francisco
+Bay, and the great co-operation he gave to Junipero Serra, as well as
+his reverent esteem for this saintly man has endeared his memory to
+every true Californian, and immortalized his name in Spain. After a
+period of two years in office Portolá went to Mexico, then under Spanish
+rule, and from there returned to Spain.
+
+Portolá was succeeded by Gov. Felipe de Barri, who after three years
+was removed from office on account of infringing on the rights of
+the missionaries and siding with Captain Rivera Y. Moncada who was a
+somewhat arrogant man, who also on several occasions infringed on the
+rights of the missionaries; but the faults of the latter have been
+very exaggerated by some historians, namely, some declare that he
+was ex-communicated from the church on account of insolence to the
+missionaries, whereas there is no record of such a fact. Excepting their
+officiousness and arrogance, Barri and Rivera were moral and able men.
+
+Barri was succeeded by Felipe de Neve, a statesman, scholar and worthy
+governor who at once declared himself the friend and protector of the
+missionaries. It was Governor de Neve who drew up California's first
+code of legislation dated from the "Royal Presidio of San Carlos at
+Monterey" in June 1779. This code known as the "Reglamento" is regarded
+by capable judges as a most remarkable and valuable document. It was
+also Governor de Neve who founded the present city of Los Angeles,
+the original name of which was Neustra Señora de los Angeles, later
+shortened into Los Angeles. The towns of San Jose and Santa Clara also
+owe their foundation to de Neve, who selected the location of these
+cities around the mission sites. After eight years of office de Neve was
+marked for higher honors, and was succeeded by Governor Pedro Fages.
+
+Governor Fages was a good and energetic man, but better fitted for
+the army than for the state; he was noted for his lofty principals of
+morality. Fages resigned his office and returned to Spain; he was not a
+tactful ruler, but like many others his name has suffered at the hands
+of unscrupulous writers. Fages was succeeded in 1790 by Governor José
+Antonio Romeú, a bright and able but very sickly man. Dr. Pablo Soler
+the excellent physician and surgeon of the Province of California was
+unable to help him; and Romeú died in Monterey in less than two years of
+office.
+
+José de Arrillaga was the sixth governor. This governor was a finished
+general, and placed the presidios of California on a solid basis; he
+was painstaking and careful of detail. He resigned on account of private
+business affairs but later returned as he was reappointed governor of
+California.
+
+The seventh governor was Diego de Boríca. Around this Governor cluster
+many beautiful pages of Spanish history in California; his was a
+character as gentle, religious and home-loving as he was scholarly and
+tactful. It was under Boríca's administration that the boundary lines
+of Upper and Lower California were clearly defined. Boríca, however, was
+not a man who courted public life or honors, and resigned his office,
+returning to Spain with his charming wife and daughter who always longed
+for their mother country.
+
+Before leaving Boríca did a good service to Spain and California in
+recommending the reappointment of José Joaquin Arrillaga. Arrillaga
+continued to organize strong military defenses for California. He served
+as Spanish Governor of California fourteen years, and first of all
+declared himself on all occasions "a loyal son of the Church." He died
+at Mission Soledad on July 25, 1813, and was buried there. The only
+Spanish Governor to be buried in California.
+
+The ninth Spanish Governor was José Dario Arguello, who was in office
+one year, the interval between the death of Arrillaga and the advent of
+Pablo Vicente de Solá the last Spanish Governor of California.
+
+When Governor Solá took office in 1814, California had already bloomed
+into a garden of beautiful men and women, many of them from the mother
+country, others their children born in this distant province of Castile.
+Also many Yankee, Russian and English trading ships came to California
+then, and the Spanish presidios were the scenes of many brilliant dances
+and entertainment's. These foreign vessels were always welcome; while
+the Governors were careful that the power of Spain was not infringed
+upon, perfect courtesy and friendliness was always maintained by both
+Spaniards and visitors. Thus when Governor Solá arrived to take his
+office he was given a royal welcome. Of course, it was in Monterey that
+every governor took up his residence (at the Royal Presidio) and their
+first act was to attend Solemn High Mass at the Royal Chapel of San
+Carlos of Monterey. Solá was no exception to the rule; amid salutes
+from the cannon of the Presidio and the cheers of loyal subjects, by
+the Catalonian cavalry, and their officers in their gorgeous velvet
+uniforms, gold swords and plumed hats, Solá proceeded to the Royal
+Chapel where the Franciscan Fathers awaited him in their priestly
+vestments. Three days of carnival followed, but on the second day
+Governor Solá withdrew from the festivities, made the Stations of the
+Cross [5] which the fathers had erected between Monterey and Carmelo,
+and on reaching San Carlos of Carmelo was shown to the tombs of Junipero
+Serra, Juan Crespí and Francisco de Laséun. Here the Governor knelt and
+remained long in prayer.
+
+In California Solá found a pleasing contrast from the conditions of
+affairs he had seen during his sojourn in Mexico. In that country clouds
+of revolt against Spanish rule were rapidly gathering. California he
+found intensely loyal to the Crown. The neophytes and converted Indians
+greatly touched his generous soul, and the beauty of the country
+delighted him. Solá was in office eight years; his work was well done,
+and if California was lost to Spain under his administration, no less
+credit can be given to his ability and high principals of honor. Many
+times did Solá quell disturbances from revolutionary vessels which
+landed in Monterey from Mexico, and several attacks from pirates, and
+many a noble act is recorded of this loyal governor as well as of the no
+less loyal Spanish subjects of the Province. If the Mexican Government
+supplanted Spanish rule and "laid desolate" much of the work done
+by this brilliant period of California, we repeat it was due to no
+treachery or cowardice of Solá and his compatriots as we shall see
+elsewhere in this sketch. Spain came into possession of California with
+honor, maintained it with honor, and after her three-fold honorable
+policy of exploration, colonization and christianizing of its heathen
+natives, left it with honor, but her monuments remained. If a few
+political troubles and abuses existed, they pale before the light of the
+myriad of great deeds and purposes, and where is the country or people
+who are utterly flawless individually? No cruelties or uncleanness can
+ever be proven against Spain or her people here. Spanish society
+and refinement was the first which California saw; under Spain were
+thousands of Indians rescued from savagery, and under Spain was
+California made known to the world, as well as discovered. Under Spain
+too were the first land grants made to her subjects in California.
+
+Some historians and casual observers are inclined to blame Spain for not
+having lent more aid to her loyal California colonies and enabled her
+presidios to have more and better fortifications. But let us examine
+these points more coolly. First of all this province was far away from
+the mother country, means of travel and communication were then far
+different from what they are now, and Spain was also busy with political
+troubles at home; she had always sent her most representative men as
+governors and officers, her settlers were no less worthy, most of
+them coming here with no "empty purse" as adventurers, but were men
+of education and standing in their country. The galaxy of saintly
+missionaries is superfluous to mention, so above are they of the least
+sting of reproach, and lastly so clean are the pages of Spanish history
+in California that no serious student of whatever race or creed he or
+she may be, can but deplore the calumnies that have at times been hurled
+at this golden period of California history. It was from the Spanish
+period of California that the present capital of the state dates having
+been named Santisimo Sacramento (Most Holy Sacrament) in honor of the
+Eucharistic Presence of the Altar. Thus we see the vein of piety of the
+Spanish settlers who gave names of religious significance to so many
+of the towns they founded, and even to their land grants. In fine these
+sterling men were worthy compatriots of those giant men and women which
+have appeared at different times in Spain. We refer to Saints, Ignatius
+of Loyola, Francis Xavier, Dominic, Theresa of Jesus and a myriad
+others, also to the fair array of kings and queens, poets, artists,
+explorers, whose illustrious names would fill volumes.
+
+When treading El Camino Real and kneeling by the sacred tombs of
+Junipero Serra and his hero band of soul-conquerors we may well recall
+that passage of the beautiful Hymn of the Knights of Columbus.
+
+"Brothers we are treading Where the saints have trod."
+
+
+
+Chapter V
+
+
+     California Passes From Spanish to Mexican Rule,
+     Secularization of the Missions
+
+
+
+Amidst the beauty and glory of Spain's dominion in California, while the
+gold emblazoned banners of Castile and Leon floated proudly under azure
+skies, while the Spanish governors, officers and colonists were doing
+honor and credit to their ancient race, and the saintly missionaries
+were working marvels for the souls and bodies of the aborigines of the
+land, while Spain was thus lending "her beauty and her chivalry" to
+California; Mexico, forgetting her old debt to Spain, when she explored
+her then heathen shores, had revolted against Spanish rule and set up an
+empire of her own, making Augustin Iturbide, a man of half Indian blood
+her Emperor. Immediately Mexico claimed California, as well as Texas,
+Arizona and New Mexico as a portion of her empire, although the people
+of California, with the exception of a handful of Mexicans, had never
+shown the least desire of change of government, for the greatest number
+of her settlers were Spaniards or their children who were intensely
+loyal to the Crown of Spain. Here we will add that no person who held
+any office of importance was any other than a Spaniard, or of purely
+Spanish blood or parentage, hence missionaries, bishops, army and navy
+officers, surgeons, etc. were all "children of Spain," the highest
+decoration that a mixed blood could attain in the Spanish army of
+California or of Mexico was that of Corporal or Sergeant. But when
+Mexico gained her independence all these corporals and sergeants were
+suddenly made generals by their country, Mexico; and here was clearly
+seen "who was who" for all mixed bloods as well as those of purely
+Indian birth, both in Mexico and California raffled around their
+standard, the new Mexican flag; in this number we will only except many
+of the Christian Indians, in California, who clung piteously to the
+missions, and who had more of their share of suffering. This state of
+affairs enabled the new Mexican authorities, exultant over their victory
+in the gain of their independence, to send several war vessels to
+Monterey late in 1822 and demand of Governor Solá, the surrender of
+California in the name of Emperor Augustin Iturbide. As we have already
+seen, nowhere in Spain's New World possessions was loyalty to the mother
+country more intense than in California, and the people, army and navy
+were loud in their demonstrations of opposition, and expressions of
+willingness were offered to the governor to fight the intrusion of
+Mexico to the end. But the comparative handful of soldiers of the
+various garrisons, as well as the few ships which the Spanish could
+muster in California were no match to the overwhelming forces from
+Mexico, and Governor Solá considered it no cowardly act but rather his
+conscience-bound duty to prevent a useless carnage, wisely preferring
+an honorable surrender under the circumstances. The prudence of this
+decision was soon seen in a clearer light by the people. It was thus
+that the grand old flag of Spain was hurled from her state fifty-three
+years after she had been hoisted amid the blessing of Junipero Serra,
+the salutes of her proud ships and the loyal acclamations of Portolá
+and her other gallant sons. Now Spanish rule was virtually ended in
+California, but we repeat, not dishonorably. Spain's, work was
+well done, her chief purpose gained, namely, the exploration and
+christianizing of California.
+
+As it took sometime for Mexico to mobilize her troops and settle her
+rule in California, the Royal Presidio of Monterey was not immediately
+emptied of its officers or of the Spanish families, whose positions
+entitled them to a residence there, and who continued to live there
+close on to 1824. Thus although the old familiar standard gave place to
+Mexico's new red, white and green, the imprint of Spanish rule remained.
+
+Indeed it was several years before Mexico could change the face of
+California, and the Spanish element continued to rule social life at
+least to a great extent through virtually all the Mexican period.
+The Mexican society of the time certainly contained some excellent
+exceptions, but as a general rule it was a sad contrast to that of the
+preceding period, nor had the ten governors of this era the energy or
+standing of the ever remembered Portolá, Boríca, de Neve, Arrillaga or
+Solá. At times, the Mexican authorities treated Spaniards shabbily for
+it is important to note that contrary to what many histories state,
+Spaniards unanimously refused to take the Constitutional Oath of
+Allegiance to Mexico, and withdrew as a consequence from all public
+affairs, only inasmuch as their family interests or the good of the
+community demanded their intervention. Thus we find no Spaniard as
+Governor, General, or the like during this period. But here a curious
+thing occurred. In later years when writers and historians of California
+became numerous many Mexicans declared themselves Spaniards or classed
+themselves as of purely Spanish descent, passing as such into some
+histories, while at the same time they did not hesitate to "sting" the
+Spanish name; and there are many California families who are referred
+to as "Spanish" whose ancestors in the baptismal and marriage records
+of the various mission archives are recorded as "neófita de la mission"
+("neophyte of the mission") for the Spanish missionaries were most
+accurate of details, and their records of marriages, baptisms and
+funerals are like sketches of the persons concerned; parentage, birth
+all are given in detail. Thus a child born of Spanish parents is
+referred to as "de calidad Española" ("of Spanish quality") or if
+of some other purely foreign extraction the same is mentioned. And
+fortunate indeed, that this care of detail was had in the new country,
+else how would much valuable knowledge be obtained?
+
+During our narrative we do not wish to lose sight of the fact that we
+have professed our work to be primarily a work of love, avoiding bitter
+truth, which can do no good, and avoiding personalities, hence the
+absence of names may be noted in this chapter, but it is invariably
+the unpleasant duty of a writer to tell some unpleasant things in a
+historical sketch, else how could justice be done to others, and how
+straighten misunderstandings? We do not wish to merely cast aspersions
+at the Mexican race or any other, for the gross and sordid not to say
+sinful delight of doing so, but we wish to present to the reader plain
+facts of this period of history. Here we will add that even as "there
+is beauty in a blade of grass" there were and are good qualities and
+virtues in many individual Mexicans, but we cannot but wonder at the
+contrast of the two first periods of our state's history, and at the
+difference so vast between two races and characters so often absurdly
+confused. Here, we must mention perhaps the most deplorable incidents
+of this period, incidents to which in spite of ourself we have so often
+alluded, namely the Acts of Secularization of the missions. First, we
+will mention that some writers accuse Spain of having passed an Act of
+Secularization of Mission property in 1813, but such an assertion is
+considered unfounded by good authorities, perhaps it had rise from the
+fact that disturbances against Spanish rule were felt in Mexico as early
+as that period and echoes of it reached the small Mexican faction of
+California, causing much uneasiness to the missionaries. But three Acts
+of Secularization of the missions were passed in the years 1826, 1829
+and 1835. And what did not the good fathers with their neophytes and
+converts suffer! And what did not the many loyal friends of these
+beloved fathers not suffer with them through sympathy! Indeed no
+Spaniard or his descendants can speak of those Acts without the crimson
+of just indignation mounting to the cheek. But Spaniards were powerless
+to check the lawlessness of the times. The missions were gradually
+but slowly dispossessed of their lawful property, and all their wealth
+confiscated, several times were many of the dear Spanish fathers
+deported; they returned to Spain where a warm welcome awaited them, but
+how sad to leave their missions reared by the most heroic labors of
+the "martyr stuff" within them or their immediate predecessors, Serra,
+Lasuén, Lopez, Dumetz, Crespí, Paloú, names "held in benediction;" and
+what would become of their poor converted Indians who clung to them so
+faithfully and whom they had raised to the plane of christian men and
+women from nakedness, savagery and paganism! Besides the missionaries,
+many other Spaniards, too, were put on a list of those to be deported,
+among these there would not have been much resistance offered, as the
+changes of the government were sad enough, but before the resolution
+was carried out, while many of them were settling their affairs and
+preparing to leave, a few of the better class of Mexicans interposed,
+saying, "the Spaniards' are of greater value to the Province than any
+harm which could ever come from their presence, it behooves us to let
+them remain," so under the condition that they would not be interfered
+with, and that no oath of allegiance to Mexico would be forced from
+them, the Spanish families remained, and their presence indeed was of
+"greater value" than for which credit has been given them. American,
+English and Russian trading ships continued to make their appearance
+in Monterey, to these were added French ships. Several mercantile
+establishments existed, carried on chiefly by Spaniards and Englishmen,
+and gay little social gatherings and dances still went on.
+
+In 1823 Mexico overthrew her empire and established a republic. But
+throughout this period, disturbances and guerrillas scarcely ever
+ceased, while the gradual but sure devastation of the missions and the
+behavior of the authorities towards the beloved padres heightened the
+indignation of all noble-minded citizens and increased the unpopularity
+of the governors and authorities, most of whom were so very different to
+the Spanish governors, who at all times declared themselves "loyal sons
+of mother Church" and of whom no record of the practice of the contrary
+exists save a very few minor differences in defining the extent of
+military and ecclesiastical power. Good Bishop Garcia Diego, Bishop
+of California and worthy Prince of the Church was also a sufferer
+on several occasions from the disrespect of the civil authorities of
+Mexico, who even tried to prevent his landing in Monterey, the seat
+of the diocese then. Let us repeat a few Mexican authorities were
+exceptions of this type, but as we have said, these were few indeed, and
+slowly Mexican power began to wane. United States, England and France
+all stood in line for possession of California as soon as a ripe
+opportunity presented itself. This plan was most welcome to the
+Spaniards, who contrary to the statements of some prominent historians,
+entertained no dislike for any of these nations. Spaniards, like some
+others only wished that a happier and better government would supplant
+the inactive yet turbulent government of Mexico, who had hurled the
+Spanish flag from her position years before and despoiled the missions
+of their wealth and glory. Thus United States Consul, Thomas Larkin was
+always well received in the homes of the Spanish families and in turn
+Mr. Larkin always referred to them in words of praise. Meantime, things
+went from bad to worse, a change of government seemed inevitable. We
+will soon see how this came about.
+
+The only things for which Mexican rule in California was noted, was the
+continuation of the making of large land grants, and an easy, careless
+existence without the "hurry and flurry" of today; feasting, making
+merry, and great parties in the "rancherias" where there were always
+large "spreads;" it was during this period chiefly that the typical
+Mexican dishes of tamales, enchiladas, and others which are still
+relished in California were introduced in this province. In a word this
+was the period of the sweet "mañana," where everyone seemed to have time
+to enjoy the "dolce far niente" and exercised an open handed generosity
+with regard to the "fleeting goods of earth."
+
+
+
+Chapter VI
+
+
+
+     California Passes From Mexican to American Rule
+
+
+
+The year 1846 found the Mexican government in California struggling with
+a poor exchequer and some of its leaders in an unfriendly mood towards
+one another on account of petty differences, while France, England and
+United States waited eagerly for an opportunity to seize California, nor
+may their desire be termed dishonest since a change of government each
+day seemed more inevitable.
+
+Americans had often been treated with hostility and not given their
+lawful rights under the existing form of government in California. Just
+about this time United States Consul, Thomas O. Larkin had been sent
+to Monterey and Captain John Fremont to Northern California, the latter
+presumably to survey the country of the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific
+Coast in the interests of travel, but the real reason of the presence of
+these gentlemen in California was thought to be, that they should keep a
+close watch on the turn of affairs.
+
+When circumstances shaped themselves for the worst, a party of Americans
+at Sonoma headed by Captain Ezekiel Merritt gave the first signal of
+uprising which led to the establishment of the Bear Flag Republic
+of California. These men applied to Captain Fremont for help, but
+as Fremont was an officer in the United States army, he could not
+personally take a hand in the affair without authority from the United
+States Government, but left his men free to join Captain Merritt's
+ranks, and many did so. Under Captain Merritt the Americans captured
+horses and arms from a Mexican regiment on the march for Sonoma, also
+the garrison of Sonoma; encouraged by this William B. Ide, one of
+Merritt's chief advisers and successor issued a Proclamation which
+launched the Bear Flag Republic into its existence of twenty-four days.
+This Proclamation was a praiseworthy document, stating the grievances of
+the American settlers, namely unfriendliness and threats of expulsion,
+also declaring the justice of overthrowing a government which had
+confiscated mission property calling upon the assistance of peace-loving
+citizens of California and promising not to molest persons who had not
+taken up arms. The Bear Flag of the Republic of California was then
+designed by a Mr. William Todd and hoisted in Sonoma on June 14, 1846,
+also in Monterey. The American flag could not be hoisted because the
+actions of this party of Americans had virtually been unauthorized,
+and they would have been responsible to the United States for so doing,
+however, it was their intention to turn over their conquests to the
+United States as soon as possible. But the Mexican military authorities
+regarded the actions of these Americans as a gross hostility, and from
+all sides prepared to attack them. The position of this plucky little
+band now became very perilous, and again they laid their cause and
+dangers before Fremont, who was in his camp on the American River. Now
+the Captain did not hesitate in his decision and with a small mounted
+force began action on the field. Fremont was a man of many commendable
+qualities, possessed of bright mentality, unwavering and extremely loyal
+to the American cause, but he had his failings, among them being that on
+several occasions he took advantage of the tangled state of affairs, to
+seize upon personal property considered without the range of his lawful
+power to take, hence the dislike that exists for him among many old
+California residents; still it was the "Pathfinder" as he was called,
+who with Commodore Robert Stockton, Lieutenant Archibald Giliespie in
+command at Los Angeles, General Stephen Kearny and some others fought
+the brief battles which terminated in the raising of the American flag
+at the Custom House of Monterey on July 7, 1846, thus was California
+admitted into the Union as a territory. By a treaty of peace which
+followed the Mexican War, California was ceded to the United States for
+the sum of $15,000,000 in 1848. Among Monterey's landmarks Colton Hall
+is pointed out as the place where representative men from various parts
+of California convened and framed the first American Constitution for
+the State, September 3, 1849. On November third of the same year the
+first election was held, with the result that Peter H. Burnett was
+elected Governor, John McDougall, Lieutenant-Governor, and Edward
+Gilbert and John Wright first Congressmen from California. From Monterey
+the State Capital was removed to San José, where John Fremont and
+William Gwin were appointed senators, and it was they who pressed
+the Government to admit California as a state, with the result that
+California was admitted as such on September 9, 1850. Major Robert
+Selden Garnett, U. S. A. designed the state seal.
+
+In 1854 the capital was removed to Sacramento from Benicia which held it
+one year, San José having held it two years as, also Vallejo.
+
+The discovery of gold in 1849 brought on a mad rush of all classes
+of people into California and acts of lawlessness and violence became
+numerous and frequent; for the purpose of checking these disorders
+the "Committee of Vigilance" was formed in San Francisco in 1851. This
+committee was composed of responsible men and much good came of it but
+like in so many enterprises of the kind, many abuses were committed and
+many innocent persons were unjustly punished.
+
+As soon as affairs became settled and order established, American rule
+in California became marked by progress and order, the discovery of gold
+brought on a wonderful increase in population and more towns and cities
+sprung throughout the state.
+
+Much indeed could be said of the present, but as our story is only a
+brief sketch intended to deal chiefly with the beloved old missions
+and missionaries, and unravel if but a few of the tangled skeins of
+misrepresentation cast about the older history of the state which is
+more wrapt in mystery, with warm gratitude for what the present is and
+for what the future will bring, we will return to the traces of the good
+fathers whose missions are still the wonders of California, with them we
+can still hear the chimes of mission bells.
+
+
+
+Chapter VII
+
+
+
+      Mission Anecdotes and Hymns
+
+
+Told of Father Vicente Sarría
+
+Father Vicente Sarría, a venerable and saintly missionary in charge of
+Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad at the time the first two acts of
+Secularization were passed, was one of the keenest sufferers from the
+injustices of the times, undergoing untold labors and hardships, which
+in no small degree contributed to his death in 1833, which found him at
+his post of duty at the mission. Father Sarría's reputation for sanctity
+was well known throughout California, particularly in Monterey and
+Soledad, and after his death it was no strange thing to hear both from
+Caucasian and Indian such an ejaculation as "alma de nuestro Padre
+Sarría, ayudanos con tu intercesion" (soul of our Father Sarría help us
+by your intercession). Of course this pious demonstration was not public
+because for many wise reasons, the church forbids the public veneration
+or invocation of a saint until the required process of canonization
+has authorized it, however, the allowable private invocation was freely
+practiced as it has been done in the case of other saintly missionaries,
+namely, Junipero Serra, Magin Catalá and others. And the following
+sweet legend is told of Padre Sarría. As the Indian carriers lowered the
+humble redwood coffin which contained the Father's precious remains into
+the mission vaults, the edifice was filled with an exquisite fragrance
+as of roses, and this story told with all earnestness was given much
+credence about the mission towns. While not authenticated by infallible
+investigation, may not this incident be classed at least as a
+probability by the spiritual minded? For is it not in the power of the
+God of the beautiful in nature to proclaim thus His appreciation for
+the heroic charity of one of His servants, especially to strengthen the
+faith of the sorely tried convert Indians who clung so lovingly to the
+mission in the days of its trials?
+
+
+
+Father Junipero Serra's Promise
+
+
+
+One beautiful summer day while walking about the San Carlos Mission
+Garden, Junipero Serra pondered over the wonderful progress of
+California both in the spiritual and material order; filled with joy the
+good priest blessed the land, and made a solemn promise to celebrate
+one hundred masses for the future peace and prosperity of California,
+moreover he promised to begin the fulfillment of his promise on the
+following November, twenty-fourth, feast of Saint Charles, the patron
+saint of the mission. Soon after, the venerable Serra was overtaken
+by his last illness and went to his reward before November, the
+twenty-fourth. But every year on the eve of the feast of Saint Charles
+just before midnight a ghostly procession wended its way to San Carlos
+Mission, for all the missionaries, Spaniards, or their descendants who
+had ever lived in California would arise from their graves and with
+them all the Christian Indians of the mission towns joined the "ghostly
+throng" to San Carlos where Junipero Serra would arise from his tomb and
+celebrate mass while the spirits sang their ancient hymns, after which
+all the scene vanished like silver fumes of smoke, and this continued
+for one hundred years. This most unlikely legend has been told in
+beautiful Spanish and English poetry, and for all its unlikelihood has
+found its way with its weird charm into many homes.
+
+
+
+A True Story
+
+
+
+Somewhere in the eighteen fifties a non-catholic of very irreligious
+character, made targets of the eyes of a statue of Saint Benedict,
+belonging to San Carlos Mission, taking advantage of the neglected
+condition of the place at the time. A few days after this proceeding
+the man was struck blind. This incident is no legend, but within the
+remembrance of many old residents of Monterey. The unfortunate man later
+acknowledged that his calamity was a direct visitation of Almighty God
+for his gross and intentional irreverence to the image of a saint. The
+writer refrains from giving the name of this man who has long ere this
+passed to the "Great Beyond" but many Montereyans, who will read this
+sketch will know it.
+
+Countless stories and legends of mission times are told and written
+without the least foundation for veracity, for example the story of
+"The Lost Pearls of Loretto;" others are founded on facts but distorted
+beyond recognition. Still this is not startling in a land as full of
+sentiment and romance as California, where so many writers, (most of
+them "New-comers") have given vent to their poetical imaginations,
+and it is not hard to believe that the eventful history of the state
+contained many authentic stories, and legends with some ground of truth.
+
+
+
+Hymn to the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary [6].
+
+
+
+     "Para dar vida mortál
+     A Un Dios Autor de la vida
+     Sois Maria concebída
+     Sin pecádo originál."
+
+     "Para humillar la serpiénte
+     Que con su mortál venéno
+     Dejó todo el mundo lléno
+     De su aliento pestilénte
+     Que marcó à todo viviénte
+     Con el sello mas fatál
+     Sois Maria concebida
+     Sin pecado originál."
+
+     "Como Estér la mas amada
+     Del mas generoso Asuéro
+     Gracia recibes priméro
+     Que estés del crimen manchada
+     Pues para no ser contáda
+     En la indignacion reál
+     Sois Maria concebida
+     Sin pecádo originál."
+
+     "Ciudad fuérte y mas hermósa
+     Que de Asírio acometida
+     No logrará vérte herída
+     Su saeta ponzoñosa
+     Pues para ser victoriosa
+     De su poder infernál
+     Sois Maria concebida
+     Sin pecado originál."
+
+     "Luna lléna de esplandor
+     Sin ser nunca eclipsáda
+     Porque fuiste iluminada
+     De un sol de poder, y amor
+     Pues por no ver el horror
+     De un eclipse criminál
+     Sois Maria concebida
+     Sin pecado originál."
+
+     "Mujer heróica y valiente
+     Que con divino valor
+     Pisas gloriósa el furor
+     De la engañósa serpiente
+     Pues por no temer el diente
+     De aqeste monstro infernál
+     Sois Maria concebida
+     Sin pecado originál."
+
+     "Virgen que de nuestro suélo
+     Subes vestida de estrellas
+     Mas bela que las mas bellas
+     A ser la gloria del ciélo
+     Pues para tan alto vuélo
+     Con un favor sin iguál
+     Sois Maria concebida
+     Sin pecado originál."
+
+     "Patrona la mas amada
+     De nuestro suélo Español
+     Nuestro mas luciente sol
+     En la noche desgraciada
+     Pues para ser proclamada
+     Con el voto mas cordiál
+     Sois Maria concebida
+     Sin pecado originál."
+
+     "Concede en fin Madre amada
+     A tus hijos este dia
+     La mas cristiána alegria
+     Y la muerte deseada
+     Para que seas cantada
+     En la patria celestial
+     Sois Maria concebida
+     Sin pecado originál."
+
+
+
+
+Chapter VIII
+
+
+     Retrospection of the work of the Spanish Missionaries,
+     Explorers and Settlers and their place in California's
+     Appreciation
+
+
+We have followed the venerable band of missionaries from their homes in
+Spain, where fired with zeal for the conversion of the savage heathen of
+the New World they set out for the comparatively newly discovered land
+of Mexico, where Spain had already a few establishments and churches, an
+archbishopric in the city of Mexico, and the Franciscan Fathers a well
+equipped monastery and mission at San Fernando in the northern part of
+the country. We have seen the Spanish Franciscans' zeal in the land of
+the Aztec, and we have also seen the noble cooperation given them by the
+government and civil authorities of Catholic Spain. We have traced
+the missionaries' steps, followed by gallant Portolá, and his fellow
+officers and men, and have sympathized and rejoiced with them in their
+hardships and joys. We have no doubt, often marveled at the stupendous
+work of the Sons of Saint Francis in the conversion of the unenlightened
+heathen, and have seen the Indian tribes turn from the worship of idols
+to the altar of the one true God.
+
+Let us now give a brief glance at the work so nobly done by the immortal
+heroes which Catholic Spain sent to these shores. Many a time, winter
+blasts of misunderstanding and wrong have been cast upon them, and many
+a time have noble sympathizers fought just battles with prejudice in
+their behalf, with the blessed result that the thickest clouds of errors
+and "threadbare calumnies" have almost entirely disappeared, and with
+them the remaining mists of wrong are fast vanishing at the powerful
+approach of truth's sun, so that in relating the glories of that legion
+of splendid characters whose names are so tenderly clasped about the
+fondest memories of mission times, we shall not forget their friends and
+champions of later years.
+
+But first let us see what the brave Spanish pioneers did for California.
+We will begin with the missionaries. To them we owe the conversion of
+the heathen and savage Indians, which work was super-human in
+itself, and which contrary to the statements of libelers, the fathers
+accomplished with heroic patience and charity, teaching the Indians
+besides religion, useful trades, civilizing them, and taking such
+conscientious care of them that they made a nightly round of their
+quarters, not with whip in hand to punish imaginary misdemeanor, but
+to see that the spiritual and temporal welfare of their converts and
+neophytes, was guarded, and so great was the attachment of the Indians
+to the fathers that if a father was called on business from one mission
+to another, the Indians would follow him a long distance weeping. Very
+few of the Indians were taught the art of reading, not because the
+fathers were in any way unwilling to teach it, but because for this one
+art most of the Indians showed no desire or willingness to learn, yet
+this has given the ever ready, unscrupulous writer food for saying
+that "the fathers endeavored to keep the Indians in ignorance" and the
+healthy rule of the fathers with its hours of prayer, labor, instruction
+and recreation for the Indian families in the mission quarters, has been
+distorted by erroneous histories, and statements have been made by
+some writers to the effect that "the Indians were treated harshly and
+oppressed." Whereas under what nation were Indians or unenlightened
+natives christianized, allowed to remain in their lands or treated
+with more humanity than under Spain or her missionaries, wherever they
+explored and wherever they went?
+
+"Harsh, oppressive, endeavoring to keep the Indians in ignorance," if
+such actions mean all that these saintly missionaries accomplished, if
+they mean their leaving refinement, christianity, fond home and kindred
+in distant Spain to brave untold hardships, nay, martyrdom, to rescue
+souls from paganism, and if such conduct as "harshness, oppression,
+endeavoring to keep the Indians in ignorance" could be compatible with
+the practice of heroic virtue and acts of mortification of mind and body
+which to the spiritual man or woman appear beyond words of admiration,
+to the scoffer and frivolous (but for this latter class we are not
+writing) foolish and impossible. The missions too, with their honest
+wealth and industry were California's first centers of enlightenment and
+refinement. The Spanish missionaries were scholars as well as religious,
+and their institutions were California's cradles of literature, music
+and learning hand in hand with religion. To these early fathers we owe
+the first paintings and statues brought to California, while their well
+equipped missions, even contained medicine chests and medical books, to
+them we also owe the first architecture in the building of the missions,
+the first agricultural implements, even the first system of irrigation,
+in the state; to these we may add the first stock of sheep, cattle,
+horses, the first fruits, vineyards and teeming grain fields, yes, even
+the first roses of California were brought here by them, and it was
+from the missions that Dr. Robert Semple borrowed the printing type,
+wherewith he printed the first newspaper in California, which appeared
+in Monterey in 1846, making the letter "w" by joining two vs as the
+Spanish alphabet contains twenty-five letters, "w" excepted.
+
+And if the Spanish missionaries did so much what did the Spanish civil
+and military authorities and settlers do? To Spanish explorers we
+owe the discovery and exploration of California, as well as of South
+America, Mexico and other portions of the New World, including the
+Pacific Ocean; indeed is it not to Spain and her good Queen Isabella the
+Catholic, to whom we really owe the discovery of America by Columbus?
+But not to deviate from Spain's work in California, it was the early
+Spanish governors who first framed laws and drew up a constitution in
+California, and it was they who made the first land grants, it was by
+Spanish explorers too that the first maps of California were drawn,
+under Spanish rule were many of the present towns and cities founded,
+from Spain came the first dawn of refinement and civilization, the first
+army and navy, the first artists, musicians, physicians and skilled
+workmen, in fine the first white child born in California was born of
+Spanish parents settled in Monterey. And what was the record of Spain's
+dominion in California? Setting aside unfounded calumnies as absurd as
+the one which claims that Philip II passed a law sentencing to death any
+foreigner who set foot on Spain's dominions in the New World,
+relegating such lies to where they belong, Spain's rule in her New World
+possessions, including California was marked by humanity as well as
+energy. Cortes, Pizzaro, Vizcaino, Coronado, Menendez, Ponce de Leon,
+Cabeza de Vaca, Balboa, as well as the later "pathfinders" governors
+and viceroys of Catholic Spain, were men of honor, and sobriety to whose
+names no "butcheries and cruelties" may be justly attached.
+
+Perhaps one of the best proofs of Catholic Spanish humanity is the
+fact of the preservation of the aborigines of the land wherever Spanish
+conquests were made. Take for example, the statistics of the last
+census of Mexico which reveal that of a population of 15,000,000 souls
+7,000,000 are pure Indian 5,000,000 mestizos or of mixed Indian and
+foreign extraction and only 3,000,000 foreigners or of Mexican birth but
+of purely foreign extraction. Take, California, Arizona, New Mexico
+and other former Spanish possessions of whom the same may be said in
+proportion. In these places no Indian reservations are seen as where
+the Puritans held sway. If Spain were guilty of the cruelties so
+falsely imputed to her, Mexico in particular would be a Spanish or
+Latin-American Republic, as it is, she may hardly be termed as such.
+But Catholic Spain acted as explorer, civilizer and with her venerable
+missionaries sponsor to the conversion of the heathen tribes of her
+New World colonies, leaving in them the traces of her enlightenment and
+christianity, yes, leaving them monuments of her humanity!
+
+On the absurd and ludicrous application of the term "Spanish" in our
+midst to many persons who have no claim to it by either birth or descent
+we will not dwell, as we would not cheapen our sketch by stooping to
+discuss such ignorance or insult our intelligent readers by writing on
+such foolishness, we will only ask their permission to say that many
+so-called intelligent people have no conception of the Spanish type,
+race or character, but these we will leave "a la luna de Valencia" as an
+ancient Spanish saying would express such cases. The California families
+of Spanish descent are comparatively few, this being noted especially by
+Spanish visitors to California.
+
+But what of Spanish generosity at home, when the missionaries were
+toiling for souls in the New World? Many a pious Spaniard in Spain and
+in Mexico subscribed immense sums for the missions of California, both
+for the Jesuit and the Franciscan missions. Thus we find the pious
+Marquis de Villa Puente subscribing $200,000 for "missions, vessels
+and other necessities of California." The Duchess of Gandía subscribed
+$60,000 for the same purpose in 1767 and many others followed the same
+example until the "Pius Fund of the Missions of California" amounted
+to over two million dollars. At the time of the Secularization of the
+Missions, the Mexican Government confiscated a large remaining portion
+of this "Pious Fund." In 1853 the Spanish Archbishop Alemany, then
+Bishop of Monterey and successor of Bishop Diego from whom the "Pious
+Fund" had been taken, started a litigation which was continued in turn
+by his worthy successor Archbishop Patrick Riordan of the archdiocese of
+San Francisco, with the good result that Mexico was made to pay the sum
+of $43,050 in Mexican currency annually as the interest at six per cent
+on the sum of $1,460,682 of the "Pious Fund" which the national treasury
+of Mexico had appropriated on the promise of Mexico to act as trustee of
+the fund and pay an interest of six per cent which it had failed to pay
+since its appropriation at the time of the Mexican regime in California.
+Moreover, Mexico had agreed to pay this interest to the object intended
+by the donors of the fund, namely, "to the church, for the conversion
+of the natives of California, for the establishment, maintenance and
+extension of the Catholic Church, her faith and worship, in said country
+of Upper and Lower California." The litigation was won through the
+intervention of the United States Government which Archbishop Riordan
+invoked through his counsel, and decided by arbitrators under the Hague
+Convention in 1899. The first payment was made on February 2, 1903.
+
+Perhaps it is not amiss to quote here a small portion of the speech
+delivered in Washington, D. C. by Hon. Joseph Scott of Los Angeles on
+the occasion of a banquet following the unveiling ceremonies of the
+memorial erected in honor of Christopher Columbus by Act of Congress.
+Among the speakers present at the banquet were Ex-President William
+Taft (then president), Cardinal Gibbons, Speaker Champ Clark, Ex-speaker
+Joseph Cannon, Congressman Underwood, Judge Victor Dowling of the
+Supreme Court of New York and many other notable men of the nation.
+
+"It affords me unbounded pleasure to have an opportunity to deliver an
+expression, feeble though it be, of the sentiments of the Knights of
+Columbus of the great West, and particularly of California, regarding
+the significance of this great day. Mr. John Barrett of the Pan-American
+Union has already given you food for sober thought in the parallel
+he has drawn of the marvelous activity and resourcefulness of the
+Latin-American republics. Possibly I may be permitted at this time to
+inject a suggestion that, despite the remarks of the previous speaker
+about Boston as the modern Athens and the seat of universal learning,
+"Modern Athens" has nothing in common with the memories aroused by
+contemplation of the events which we celebrate today. It may be well to
+tell our friends from New England that before the so-called Anglo-Saxon
+had set foot as a colonist upon the American soil, the followers of
+Columbus had penetrated into the heart of Kansas and gone down as far as
+Buenos Ayres. I want to lay stress upon the fact that we have not noted
+too emphatically today that it was the great Spanish race, with its
+strong and sterling faith, which accomplished this wonderful mission of
+civilization. Too long have we endured the stress of so-called history
+written by Prescott and others, some of whom ought to have been put in
+the Ananias club before they were born. For nearly three centuries
+the Spanish race, with its indomitable faith, pursued almost alone its
+mission of civilization and evangelization of the aborigines of America.
+Before the Pilgrim Fathers had landed on Plymouth Rock, the Catholic
+Spaniard had acquired a knowledge of the Indian language sufficient to
+enable him to translate the Bible into the Aztec Indian language, so
+that the new Indian neophyte could read the story of "God's greatest
+Book" in his mother tongue."
+
+
+
+The Courage of Catholic Spain
+
+
+I wish to advise those of you who speak now of a burden of four days and
+nights in luxurious Pullman cars to step out on the soil of California
+as though you had performed a deed of heroism, that a Spanish soldier,
+Cabeza de Vaca, with the courage of primitive Christianity, walked from
+Florida to the Gulf of California, though it took him seven years to
+accomplish his task; and the wonderfully brave Friar Marcos de Niza
+pioneered his way on foot thirteen hundred miles into the heart of
+Arizona through deserts and hordes of Apaches, in his efforts to plant
+the cross of civilization among the children of the new world. Nay, the
+Grand Canyon of Arizona, now one of the greatest natural wonders of the
+world, was seen by a young Spanish lieutenant and his twenty soldiers
+three hundred years before the Anglo-Saxon took a glimpse at its
+wonderful and awe-inspiring beauty. These and other similar facts are
+attested by the report of the Bureau of Ethnology of Washington, as well
+as by many other reliable authorities, including that singularly gifted
+and scholarly student of Spanish history and folk lore, Charles F.
+Lummis of Los Angeles, himself a Puritan on both sides of his house for
+several generations back. It was the fortitude of this Spanish race,
+coupled by its strong devotion to the faith which you and I profess,
+which enabled them to solve the Indian problem as it has never been
+attempted since. While under our present system of the government of
+this United States, the Indian has been an outcast and a derelict to
+be robbed and cheated by his white brother, yet on the other hand the
+Spanish missionary brought into the life of the simple native of the new
+world the wholesome light of Christianity, which made him recognize in
+the Red Man the same soul which was made in the image and likeness of
+the common Creator of us all. In that spirit of brotherhood and charity
+he obtained the confidence and good will of the Indians, almost without
+exception, throughout the length and breadth of the countries that he
+explored. And while his path was beset with dangers from the grim forces
+of nature, and occasionally the crown of martyrdom was given to him by
+an unthinking hand of those he was coming to evangelize, yet he faltered
+not in his footsteps.
+
+Today the memory of Columbus may be coupled with and attributed, on
+our part, to the splendid heroism and Christian fortitude of the great
+Spanish race which continued the work of Columbus with all that it
+entailed for the betterment of humanity."
+
+
+In compliance with our promise not to forget the friends of the
+missionaries and of their compatriots, of today, we will first speak of
+California's wonderful enthusiasm in the celebration of the Bi-centenary
+of Junipero Serra's birth. Of the privileged thousands who visited
+Monterey on November 23, 1913 and made a pilgrimage to Serra's tomb at
+San Carlos Mission, how many will efface that sight from their minds in
+years to come? But this awe-inspiring sight to which Reverend Raymond
+Mestres and the Franciscan Fathers of San Francisco, contributed so
+much, and in which the Third Order of Saint Francis so prominently
+participated will be yearly renewed. Ecclesiastical and civil
+authorities, towns and cities, individuals, all had the "right
+spirit." The accounts of the press were glowing. Mr. Frank Powers of
+Carmel-by-the-Sea was California's representative at the celebration
+which Spain did not fail to hold in honor of her illustrious son;
+and Mr. Powers indeed proved a worthy representative, returning to
+California with renewed enthusiasm for the saintly Serra, and his
+lectures have been listened to with keen delight. And can any praise
+seem superfluous for California's apostles in particular for the saintly
+Serra? At the civil exercises, held in Monterey on the occasion of the
+celebration we are speaking of, Senator Reginaldo del Valle, of Los
+Angeles, Mr. Michael Williams and Mr. Charles Phillips of San Francisco
+each paid exquisite tributes to our hero whom the opening lines of Mr.
+Phillips' beautiful ode described as:
+
+     "A young boy dreaming by the Spanish main:
+         Knee-high in waving grain
+         He halts at eve and dreams,
+     Where green Majorca fronts the cycling sea,
+         And far worlds ceaselessly
+     Beckon with passing sail and swinging tide,
+         And plunging galleons ride
+       Home from adventure, or away, away
+         To silken bright Cathay,
+       Or where dark India her golden treasure yields;
+     A young boy dreaming in his father's fields,
+       Who plucks a lily from the bending wheat
+     And stands with veiléd gaze and searching eyes
+         Pale with some great emprise,
+       Beyond the homing waters of his isle,
+         Beyond Majorca's skies;--
+       And dreams and dreams the while!"
+
+     "And they who love him wonderingly ask:
+         "What lad is this of ours
+         Who dreams away the hours,
+     And when the windy night-tide running sings,
+         So strangely seems
+         Converse to hold with far compelling things?
+     Or what these spirit-smiling ecstasies,"
+         They reverent cry,
+         "That halt him at his task
+     And hold him trancéd in bright reveries?
+         Is this our lad, indeed,
+         Who with such Heaven-given grace--
+         Ay, with the light of Heaven on his face!--
+         Makes question of the very world about?"
+
+One of the sweetest features of this day was that hereafter by a
+decree of Governor Hiram Johnson, who also did not fail to send a
+representative to Monterey in the person of Judge Griffin, November
+the twenty-fourth was declared a state holiday. May Serra day long
+be welcomed by loyal Californians! We cannot close this chapter after
+speaking of the bright constellation of the past which appeared in
+California skies so many years ago, and whose traces we so cherish,
+without saying a few words about that worthiest of worthy movements
+to restore the dear old missions of El Camino Real according to their
+traditional lines, here again Reverend Father Mestres of Monterey
+deserves the greatest credit in this enterprise, and the Knights of
+Columbus of the California councils have proved themselves great helpers
+in the plan. King Alfonso, his minister, Señor Juan Riaño, the Marquis
+de la Vega y Inclan who will be King Alfonso's representative at the
+Panama-Pacific Exposition of 1915, are hearty supporters and sponsors
+of this movement, and with cooperation from faithful friends and the
+sanction of the Bishop of the diocese of Monterey and Los Angeles, we
+have no doubt that these glorious landmarks, some of which have alas too
+long been allowed to go to "wreck and ruin" while others are still
+more or less neglected, after the cruel years which extinguished their
+sanctuary lamps, left their altars bare and their belfries silent save
+for the hooting of the night owls, will ere long be in the proper repair
+to hand down with pride to posterity; and to further repair these holy
+temples and place them under their historical and original plans the
+most fitting priests to whom we could entrust them (at least wherever
+the necessary satisfactory arrangements are possible) are Spanish
+priests, compatriots of their founders, this too would serve to continue
+and strengthen the old friendly relations between Spain and California,
+and as whatever Spanish priests would take charge of the missions, would
+be scholarly men speaking both English and Spanish, the English speaking
+congregations would be well served. About three of the old missions are
+under Spanish priests now. Let us then not cease our efforts until every
+mission cross gleams gloriously in the radiance of the California sun,
+until the devotional chimes of mission bells peal forth again from every
+silent belfry, until the altar light beams again before each tabernacle
+enclosing the Eucharistic Presence, until the empty niches contain again
+the images which decked them as of yore, until each tomb of sainted
+missionary is restored, until mass is again daily said within these
+consecrated walls, and finally until San Carlos of Carmelo is again
+a worthier Carmel, "for the greater honor and glory of God" and the
+praises of His Virgin Mother once more are sung about this smiling
+valley where the Christian Indian children gathered the beautiful wild
+flowers of the blooming meadows to adorn the hallowed shrines, ere
+chimed the Angelus at evenings mellow glow.
+
+
+
+Chapter IX
+
+
+     Reverend Raymond M. Mestres of Monterey Writes Historical
+     Drama--"Fray Junipero"
+
+
+Beautiful among beautiful historical dramas is the mission play "Fray
+Junipero" written by Reverend Raymond Mestres, pastor of San Carlos
+Church (Capilla Real de San Carlos) of Monterey. Many men and women have
+undertaken to write about mission times, but we may safely assert that
+this good priest so unassuming in what he does, is above all qualified
+to handle this subject, being first of all a religious, a native of
+Barcelona, the Metropolis of the Province of Catalonia, which can claim
+Junipero Serra and so many of the early Spanish missionaries, explorers
+and settlers, and being too an artist and scholar in every way
+acquainted with the history of the missions, having made it a special
+study during his twenty-seven years of residence (as a priest) in four
+mission towns of California, twenty-one of which have been spent in that
+chief of mission towns, Monterey.
+
+Unbiased, careful of detail and true to history, while not wanting in
+artistic setting "Fray Junipero" carries the audience in Act I back to
+the College of Fernando, when Junipero Serra received his commission to
+come to California as Father President of the Missionaries who were to
+christianize that "mysterious vineyard." Act II is a typical picture of
+California Indian Life. Act III depicts the landing of Serra and Portolá
+on the shores of Monterey, the taking possession of the land in the name
+of King Carlos III and the celebration of Junipero Serra's first Mass in
+Monterey; all facts are taken from the archives preserved in San Carlos
+Church, consequently historically authentic. Act IV pictures a piquant
+fiesta scene with Spanish dancing, the scene being laid in the Carmel
+Valley on the occasion of the baptism of the first white child born in
+Monterey. This child was born of Spanish parents, Pasqual and Terésa
+Segura and in baptism received the name of Carlos. According to the
+records this baptism occurred in May 18, 1782, the ceremony being
+performed by Fray Junipero Serra just two years before his death.
+With very slight changes in the names this incident is taken from the
+archives of San Carlos Mission. Act V represents Fray Junipero Serra
+receiving the last Sacraments, his death and the grief of the people.
+
+In writing "Fray Junipero" Reverend Raymond Mestres intended it to
+commemorate the Bicentenary of our hero's birth, and was presented for
+the first time in Monterey on August 28th, 1913 by local talent. This
+will be an annual event at Monterey on the same date, August 28th, which
+is the anniversary of Fray Junipero Serra's death. In spite of poor
+advertisement the first production of this drama was a decided success.
+It was intended to be played three nights, but by request a fourth night
+was added.
+
+As this sketch goes to press, the rehearsing of the second year of
+the production of "Fray Junipero" begins with great improvement in the
+staging, and a greater promise of success as it is now much more widely
+known.
+
+May an ancient Spanish Nativity Play for Christmastide, which Reverend
+Raymond Mestres intends to translate into English, and which contains
+glorious music, and a history of mission times, which this scholarly
+pastor of San Carlos Church has in store, soon delight Californians and
+California's yearly tide of tens of thousand visitors.
+
+
+
+
+Appendix
+
+
+
+Letter of Junipero Serra [7].
+
+
+"Long live Jesus, Mary and Joseph!
+
+"R. P. Fr. Miguel de Petra.
+
+"My dearest nephew, brother and Sir.
+
+"It was not for want of love that I did not answer some of your letters.
+For it was not merely bodily that I left my beloved country. I could
+have been communicating with many persons by letters and friends, both
+in and outside our order, but, if our minds were constantly intent upon
+what we once left, what would be the use of leaving it?
+
+"I wrote a long letter to your reverence after your religious
+profession. Besides, your reverence heard of me through the Padre Lector
+Verger, who is at present our guardian. I received your letter when
+I was among the Gentiles over three hundred leagues away from any
+Christian settlement. There is my life and there, I hope, God helping,
+to die. When this hour comes, some member of our province will take
+care to notify our brethren that they may pray for me, and then, your
+reverence will know it. What else does your reverence desire? Your
+reverence lives among saints, and, therefore I do not deem you in need
+of my advice and counsel, which indeed would be the only justifiable
+motive for my writing.
+
+"Let us improve and make good use of our time, let us walk worthy of
+the vocation in which we were called, let us work out our spiritual
+salvation, with fear and trembling, and that of our brethren, with the
+most ardent charity and zeal, and let all glory be to our great God.
+In connection with this, I took great pleasure in learning that your
+reverence was preaching a mission at Ivisa when Padre Commissary Verger
+passed through there. The time given to this apostolic ministry with the
+blessing of your superiors, preaching in your words and deeds, hearing
+confessions with love and patience, I believe, will be the best and most
+fruitful you ever spent.
+
+"Though a lukewarm, bad and an unprofitable servant, I remember every
+day in the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass, my only and most dear sister
+Juana, your mother, her children, and specially my Capuchin. I hope all
+of you do the same for me that the Lord may secure me from all dangers
+among these naked and barbarous peoples. Let this be our mutual
+correspondence, and let God do the rest.
+
+"And that I may give your reverence some news of my destination, I
+beg your reverence to look on the maps of America. You will see in the
+shores of the South Sea, most improperly called Pacific, the Peninsula
+of California [Lower California]. I was there for a year in the capacity
+of President of the Missions already founded by the exiled Jesuit
+Fathers. Then followed north along the same coast and just a little
+before what is called Cabo Mendosino, you will find in some maps, the
+title or name the Port of Monte Rey.
+
+"There your uncle lives, among those poor people. There I went with the
+first Christians in 1770. There I sang the first Mass and there I have
+been in company with Fr. Juan Crespi until the latter part of August.
+Then I left for this college in order to transact some very important
+business with the Most Excellent Lord Viceroy concerning the maintenance
+and increase of those Christian settlements and the establishment of
+those already proposed and planned, or that may be planned.
+
+"Thanks to God, I have been kindly received and given close attention by
+His Excellency and he has granted me whatever I have asked of him;
+so, God helping, I hope for a quick and very extensive expansion and
+spreading of our Holy Faith and of the domains of our Catholic King.
+
+"In addition to one Mission where we spread Christianity in California
+[Lower California] which I called San Fernando de Vellixata, there are
+five already founded in that far off land; Monterey which said Padre
+Crespi and I administer, San Antonio de Padua, twenty-five leagues
+distant, with Padre President, Fr. Miguel Pieras and Fr. Buenaventura
+Sitjar; that of San Luis Obispo, twenty-five leagues farther away,
+where I placed two religious members of the Province of Catalonia,
+Padre Juncosa and Padre Cavallier, that of San Gabriel, seventy
+leagues farther away towards California [Lower California], for which I
+appointed one father from the Province of Los Angeles and another from
+that of Andalucia; and finally that of San Diego, which is the nearest
+to California [Lower California] though over one hundred leagues
+distant, and I appointed as ministers Padre Fr. Francisco Dumetz and
+Padre Fr. Luis Jaume. They are all working with earnestness and abundant
+fruit in their respective fields of labor.
+
+"When in 1769 I left California [Lower California], I appointed Padre
+Paloú President of the Missions there and I have not seen him since; but
+now these missions, formerly in charge of the Fathers of the Society
+of Jesus, are being turned over to the Dominican Fathers. So said Padre
+Paloú with others, will come to us in order to found the Missions of San
+Buenaventura, Santa Clara and San Francisco for which missions I have
+already there the ornaments, the sacred vessels, utensils and other
+necessary things.
+
+"The number of Christians in those places, where the name of Jesus had
+never been spoken, though there are some in all the Missions, still up
+to the present, is not very great; because while we have been very busy
+building our poor houses, little churches, teaching some children to be
+interpreters, and providing other necessary things, our efforts could
+not equal our ardent desires.
+
+"Now that things are going, and His Excellency has given, upon my
+request, various things of which we stood in the greatest need, I hope
+in God, we shall reap abundant fruits from our humble work. And I say
+that our work is so-so, such as it is, because, if I told you all we are
+doing, it might seem a great thing, when in reality, upon a closer view,
+it would seem very insignificant.
+
+"In spite of the cold, which is very intense in California, the lack
+of victuals, the poverty of our houses, I have been enjoying very good
+health, thanks be to God! But this trip to Mexico has been very hard
+on me. From the hardships of the journey, I arrived in the City of
+Guadalajara burning with fever. I was so sick and in such danger that
+the last Sacraments were administered to me a few days after.
+
+"As soon as the continual fever became intermittent, I continued my
+journey, and arrived in the city of Queretaro, again, so weak and sick,
+that fearing for my life, they administered to me the last Sacraments
+of the Church. Yet soon after I experienced a change for the better
+and finally I reached this Holy College on February 6th of this present
+year. I remained, however, for a long time exhausted, weak and without
+any ambition or appetite.
+
+"But now, blessed be God! I am restored and brought back to health, I am
+transacting the business for which I came, and feel ready to set out on
+my journey back to that vineyard of the Lord.
+
+"During my sickness in Queretaro, I was nursed with remarkable charity
+and diligence, by Padre Procurador Fr. Alexandro Llaneras, and soon
+after I arrived here, in this College of San Fernando, we heard of his
+death. He died of a serious fever. Death found him well prepared with
+all the Sacraments, assisted by Holy Communion, equipped with patience
+and entire conformity to the will of God, thus preaching to all with his
+example. I beg your reverence to pray for him.
+
+"It is only once a year that we can receive letters from and send them
+to, this College. And if we can only once a year receive and write a
+letter, is it surprising that we are so slow to write to those living
+in another world? However, if with the help of God, I safely arrive
+in California, I may drop you a letter telling at least of my arrival,
+should there be nothing of more importance to communicate to your
+reverence. Meanwhile, I send my best regards to your mother, my dearest
+sister, to my niece, and to all our brethren. Remember me to my beloved
+Dr. Onofre Verd, and to the other pupils of mine, friends and neighbors
+and acquaintances, specially to Fr. Rector de Selva, Dr. Jayme Font, and
+finally to all, not without the request that they pray to God, that His
+Divine Majesty deign, through His infinite mercy, to make me fit and
+worthy minister of His Divine Word, and grant me a holy and happy death.
+
+"From this Apostolic College de Propaganda Fide of San Fernando, Mexico,
+August 4, 1773.
+
+"May God keep your reverence for many years;
+
+"Most affectionate uncle, brother and servant.
+
+"Fr. Junipero Serra."
+
+
+
+The Meaning of California Missions
+
+
+By Right Rev. Bishop Conaty, of Los Angeles
+
+
+In the mission celebrations which occur in California from time to
+time, there are two views which men take--the this-world-view and the
+other-world-view. In either view the missions stand out gloriously. In
+the first, the builders, who were the padres, are beheld as practical
+men possessing fine artistic sense and creative genius. From the
+memories of old Spain and the elemental materials at hand, the forests,
+the soil and sunlight, they made the original picture-building which
+artists since have loved to paint, and poets loved to praise. From this
+same viewpoint the mission builders are seen as philanthropists who
+selected human materials as gross as the mud from which they made
+the adobe brick, and from these built up a civilization that was more
+wonderful than all the mission-edifices which remain as monuments to
+their altruistic efforts.
+
+But there is another view of the missions which must appeal especially
+to Catholics. Indeed it is natural to the farther-seeing Catholic eye.
+It is the other-world-view. It is the vision of souls. It is seen to
+have been the motive of every action of the master-builder padres. It
+is the reason for their exile here, the purpose of their sufferings, the
+object of their labor, the burden of their prayer, the spirit of their
+vocation, the poetry, art, architecture and music of their souls. The
+one aim in life was the salvation of souls.
+
+--The Monitor.
+
+
+
+Dances of Early California Times.
+
+The Spanish dances of early California times were the Contradanza,
+Quadrillas Españolas, Varsoviana, Jota Aragonesa, Bamba, Jarabe, Son,
+Zamacueca, and Fandango.
+
+With the exception of the first three, which are round dances, the
+dances are danced by two persons; the steps are very fancy, and for some
+castanets are used. It was customary after each change of step for the
+gentleman to recite a pretty little stanza complimentary to the lady,
+who in turn responded her refined appreciation also in verse, sometimes
+merely witty or comical rhymes were used. The music is very pleasing and
+lively.
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 1: Official title of the Kings of Spain.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Blue and white are the symbolical colors of the Blessed
+Virgin Mary.]
+
+[Footnote 3: The Very Reverend Angelo Casanova selected the writer
+of this sketch and her brother, then little children to unveil this
+monument.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Alberto de Cordoba, an excellent engineer, surveyed the
+Harbor of San Francisco in 1813, at the request of Governor Boríca.]
+
+[Footnote 5: A Catholic devotion in honor of Our Saviour's Passion.]
+
+[Footnote 6: This beautiful hymn is found in many ancient Spanish books
+of devotion.]
+
+[Footnote 7: This letter was written by Junipero Serra soon after his
+arrival at the College of San Fernando, Mexico, on a business trip he
+made there four years after his coming to California. The letter was
+written to his nephew, also a priest, in Petra, Spain.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Chimes of Mission Bells, by Maria Antonia Field
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+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <title>
+      Chimes of Mission Bells, by Maria Antonia Field
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css" xml:space="preserve">
+    
+    body { margin:5%; background:#faebd0; text-align:justify}
+    P { text-indent: 1em; margin-top: .25em; margin-bottom: .25em; }
+    H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { text-align: center; margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%; }
+    hr  { width: 50%; text-align: center;}
+    .foot { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3em; font-size: 90%; }
+    blockquote {font-size: 97%; font-style: italic; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;}
+    .mynote    {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: .5em; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 95%;}
+    .toc       { margin-left: 10%; margin-bottom: .75em;}
+    .toc2      { margin-left: 20%;}
+    div.fig    { display:block; margin:0 auto; text-align:center; }
+    div.middle { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; }
+    .figleft   {float: left; margin-left: 0%; margin-right: 1%;}
+    .figright  {float: right; margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 1%;}
+    .pagenum   {display:inline; font-size: 70%; font-style:normal;
+               margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; right: 1%;
+               text-align: right;}
+    pre        { font-style: italic; font-size: 90%; margin-left: 10%;}
+    
+</style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+
+Project Gutenberg's Chimes of Mission Bells, by Maria Antonia Field
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Chimes of Mission Bells
+
+Author: Maria Antonia Field
+
+Release Date: March 19, 2009 [EBook #6894]
+Last Updated: January 26, 2013
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHIMES OF MISSION BELLS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Schwan, and David Widger
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <h1>
+      CHIMES OF MISSION BELLS
+    </h1>
+    <h2>
+      An Historical Sketch of California and Her Missions
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <h2>
+      By Maria Antonia Field
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <h4>
+      To the Revered Memory of<br /> Junipero Serra<br /><br /> And of<br /> My
+      Great Grandparents<br /> Estéban and Catalina Munrás<br /><br /> This Book Is<br />
+      Affectionately Dedicated
+    </h4>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br /> Acknowledgment of Gratitude
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In producing this book I wish to thank my Mother, who wrote for me in
+      modern notation the music of the hymns of the Mission Fathers which are
+      contained in this work, and gave me much welcome information; also Rev.
+      Raymond M. Mestres, my zealous parish Priest, successor and compatriot of
+      Junipero Serra and the Mission Padres, for valuable data, and for allowing
+      me access to the early archives of San Carlos Mission and of the Mission
+      Church of Monterey.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Maria Antonia Field Monterey, California, June 1, 1914
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <big><b>CONTENTS</b></big>
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        <br />
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_TOC"> (Detailed) Contents </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_PREF"> Preface </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0002"> Translation of the Names of the Missions. </a>
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        <br />
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0003"> <b>CHIMES OF MISSION BELLS</b> </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2HCH0001"> Chapter I. </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2HCH0002"> Chapter II </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2HCH0003"> Chapter III </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2HCH0004"> Chapter IV </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2HCH0005"> Chapter V </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2HCH0006"> Chapter VI </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2HCH0007"> Chapter VII </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2HCH0008"> Chapter VIII </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2HCH0009"> Chapter IX </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_APPE"> Appendix </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_FOOT"> FOOTNOTES </a>
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_TOC" id="link2H_TOC">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      (Detailed) Contents
+    </h2>
+    <blockquote>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0002"> Translation of the Names of the Missions </a>
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        Translation of the Names of the Missions <br /> Tribute to Junipero Serra
+        and the Mission Padres <br /> Chapter I Junipero Serra, Leader of the
+        Heroic Band of Spanish <br /> Missionaries of California. His Coming to
+        San Fernando, Mexico, Thence <br /> to California <br /> Chapter II Brief
+        Sketch of the Conquest of California and of the <br /> Founding of the
+        Missions. Hospitality of the Missions. Care and <br /> Benevolence of the
+        Missionaries Toward the Indians <br /> Chapter III More About San Carlos
+        Mission and Monterey <br /> Chapter IV California Under Spanish Rule
+        <br /> Chapter V California Passes from Spanish to Mexican Rule.
+        Secularization <br /> of the Missions <br /> Chapter VI California Passes
+        from Mexican to American Rule <br /> Chapter VII Mission Anecdotes and
+        Hymns <br /> Chapter VIII Retrospection of the Work of the Spanish
+        Missionaries, <br /> Explorers and Settlers and their place in
+        California's Appreciation <br /> Chapter IX Rev. Raymond M. Mestres
+        Writes Historical Drama "Fray <br /> Junipero" <br /> Appendix A Letter of
+        Junipero Serra. The Meaning of California Missions. <br /> Dances of
+        Early California Times <br />
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_PREF" id="link2H_PREF">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      Preface
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      In presenting this modest volume to the public, I wish to call the
+      attention of my readers to the following facts. Firstly, my humble work is
+      a work of love&mdash;love simple and unalloyed for the venerable Spanish
+      Missionaries of California and for the noble sons and daughters of Spain
+      who gave such a glorious beginning and impetus to our state. Being a
+      direct descendant of pioneer Spaniards of Monterey, I take a particular
+      interest in California's early history and development and as my family
+      were staunch friends of the Missionary Fathers and in a position to know
+      the state of affairs of those times, and to family tradition I have added
+      authentic knowledge from reading the earliest archives of San Carlos
+      Mission, as well as other historical references, I feel I can fearlessly
+      vouch for the truthfulness of my little work. Secondly&mdash;while fully
+      appreciating the sympathy and interest of many charming and intellectual
+      characters who grace California to-day, it must be admitted that there is
+      a sadly ignorant or misinformed number who scarcely seem to know who
+      Spaniards and their descendants are, judging from the promiscuous way the
+      term "Spanish" is used, and what is the result of this among many?
+      Prejudice, and absurd misunderstanding of the golden days of Spanish
+      California as well as of the Spanish race and character. It is far from
+      being my wish to offend, but I wish to present correct historical facts.
+      Thirdly&mdash;there is no pretense to consider this brief sketch a
+      complete or detailed history, but only a truthful outline of the heroic
+      and chivalrous Mission days.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Maria Antonia Field.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_4_0002" id="link2H_4_0002">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      Translation of the Names of the Missions.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      1. San Diego.&mdash;A Spanish form of Saint James, who is the Patron Saint
+      of Spain.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      2. San Carlos.&mdash;Saint Charles. Mission San Carlos and the Royal
+      Chapel of Monterey were so named in honor of Saint Charles the Patron
+      Saint of King Carlos III under whose reign the mission was founded.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      3. San Antonio De Padua.&mdash;St. Anthony of Padua.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      4. San Gabriel.&mdash;St. Gabriel (the Angel of the Annunciation.).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      5. San Luis Obispo.&mdash;Saint Louis, Bishop.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      6. Nuestra Señora de Los Dolores.&mdash;Our Lady of Sorrows.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      7. San Juan Capistrano.&mdash;St. John Capistrano.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      8. Santa Clara.&mdash;Saint Clara.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      9. San Buenaventura.&mdash;Saint Bonaventure.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      10. Santa Barbara.&mdash;Saint Barbara (whose feast is commemorated on
+      December 4, the date of the foundation of the Mission.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      11. Purisima Concepcion.&mdash;Most Pure Conception (of the Blessed Virgin
+      Mary). This feast is celebrated on December 8, the day on which this
+      mission was founded.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      12. Nuestra Señora De La Soledad.&mdash;Our Lady of Solitude. (In the
+      Catholic Church the Blessed Virgin Mary is venerated under this title to
+      commemorate her solitude from the time of our Saviour's death until His
+      Resurrection).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      13. Santa Cruz.&mdash;Holy Cross (so named in honor of Our Saviour's
+      Passion).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      14. San José.&mdash;Saint Joseph.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      15. San Juan Bautista.&mdash;Saint John, Baptist (whose feast occurs on
+      June 24, the day this mission was founded).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      16. San Miguel.&mdash;Saint Michael.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      17. San Fernando, Rey De Espana.&mdash;Saint Ferdinand, King of Spain.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      18. San Luis, Rey De Francia.&mdash;Saint Louis, King of France.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      19. Santa Ynez.&mdash;Saint Agnes.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      20. San Rafael.&mdash;Saint Raphael.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      21. San Francisco Solano.&mdash;Saint Francis Solano.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_4_0003" id="link2H_4_0003">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h1>
+      CHIMES OF MISSION BELLS
+    </h1>
+    <h3>
+      Tribute to Junipero Serra and the Mission Padres.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      By Maria Antonia Field.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Read at the Crowning of the Serra Statue, Monterey, Nov. 23, 1913.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+     The fickle world ofttimes applauds the rise
+     Of men whose laurels are but vainly won,
+     Whose deeds their names could not immortalize
+     For their soul-toils were wrought for transient ends;
+     But heroes of the Cross, they truly great
+     Shall live, their halo shall no hand of fate
+
+     Have power to rob, albeit oblivious years
+     May veil the radiance of their glorious works,
+     Or slight their excellence, their light appears
+     But brighter, statelier in its splendor calm,
+     Or like the flowers that sleep through winter's snow
+     To bloom more fair, their lives' pure beams shall glow
+
+     With greater brilliance and sweetly gleam
+     As lodestars in the firmament of worth;
+     Such is the memory whose holy stream
+     Of noblest virtue, valor, truth and Faith,
+     Illumes our path and stirs our souls today,
+     Immortal Serra by whose tomb we pray!
+
+     What peerless aureole wreathes his saintly brow?
+     What stately monument doth bear his name?
+     Let this admiring thousands tell us now!
+     Let youthful lips pronounce his name with love!
+     Let California proudly sing his praise!
+     Let scions of fair Spain their voices raise,
+
+     And tell of him to whom so much we owe,
+     Tell of his interceding power with God,
+     His strong and lofty soul his children know,
+     His prayers where Carmel's River flows so clear;
+     O this his aureole, this his monument,
+     The lasting kind which ne'er will know descent.
+
+     Another lesson must the worldly learn,
+     From him who sought nor praise nor fame;
+     His birth, ten score agone, and still we turn
+     To him in reverence, his name is sweet
+     As vernal bloom, his life shows forth God's might,
+     Through him this soil received Faith's warm sunlight!
+
+     This beauteous land was strange, unknown and wild,
+     Spite all its treasures, lordly trees and flowers;
+     For tribes with pagan rites its wastes defiled,
+     Till came Spain's noble band of godly men,
+     Explorers true and zealous priests who gave
+     Their lives' best years, forgotten souls to save!
+
+     'Tis just we venerate each hallowed stone
+     Which rears the wond'rous "Temples of the West";
+     The tears, the toils, the nightly vigils lone;
+     The pilgrim-journeys of Saint Francis' sons,
+     The rescued souls by lustral waters cleansed,
+     The wealth of hospitality dispensed.
+
+     All this and more if but their walls could speak,
+     Would tell this day; and we in whose veins flows
+     The fervent blood of Spain, to us each streak
+     Of light which doth reveal a picture true
+     Of gentle friar and lovely vanished times
+     Is tender as the Angelus' sweet chimes.
+
+     Well may each Mission have a holy spell,
+     And Serra's name become a household word,
+     What marvels can each yellowed archive tell
+     Of him and of his martyr-spirit band.
+     O faithful, dauntless hearts! What brilliant sons
+     Of that great galaxy of Spain's brave sons!
+
+     We love their saintly lives to ponder o'er,
+     While childhood's fireside tales come back to us,
+     And memory unfolds her precious store,
+     The bygone glories of the Mission towns,
+     The grand old hymns sung at sweet Mary's shrines
+     The Spanish color rich as luscious wines
+
+     Of Mission vineyards, and the festive hours
+     So full of life yet innocent and good,
+     When blessings seemed to fall as welcome showers,
+     The Indian tribes were ruled with Christian love,
+     And shared the sons and daughters of Castile
+     Their loved Franciscan Fathers' patient zeal!
+
+     But still we love each altar and each cross
+     Of these dear fanes; e'en as departing rays
+     Of sun doth kiss the crags outlined with moss,
+     We love to linger by their altars' light.
+     But oh fair Carmel, she of Missions Queen
+     What guarding spirits hover here unseen!
+
+     Sweet Carmel, center of the hero-band,
+     What holy treasures hold thy sacred vaults?
+     Junipero and others! Here we stand
+     In awe of all thou hast been and art still!
+     Cruel times took glory, splendor, power
+     From Missions all, but not their priceless dower,
+
+     Religion, love and all we hold as dear,
+     No hand can tarnish and no might destroy,
+     And from each hallowed altar ruddy, clear,
+     Still burns the mystic lamp, for God is there!
+     The cross-crowned towers tell that all is not dead,
+     E'en though more splendid times have long since sped.
+
+     And like a glowing ember in the night
+     Our Lady's love has burned through every change;
+     'Tis thus the Missions ever saw the light
+     Through labors, ripened harvest-joys and wrongs;
+     Their noon-sun splendors of well won renown
+     Will shine their glorious heritage to crown.
+
+     O Saintly Serra we implore thy prayer,
+     Thy dauntless spirit sowed the "mustard-seed"
+     Which grew as if by miracle of wonder rare,
+     Upon this now rich land which thou did'st till,
+     O let they mantle on thy clients fall
+     Who on thy gracious aid do humbly call.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0001" id="link2HCH0001">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      Chapter I.
+    </h2>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+     Junipero Serra, Leader of the Heroic Band of Spanish
+     Missionaries of California. His Coming to San Fernando,
+     Mexico, Thence to California.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Junipero Serra, whose name and labors may be termed a compendium of
+      Christian virtues, was born on November 24, 1713, in Petra, a village of
+      the picturesque Island of Majorca, on the northeastern coast of Spain, and
+      a part of the Province of fair Catalonia, one of the most valuable and
+      beautiful portions of Spain. This child, around whom our story clusters
+      was baptized on the day following his birth, and received the names of
+      Miguel José. His parents were poor people from a material standpoint, but
+      gifted with a rich heritage of the noblest, and sublimest character;
+      qualities which make the Spanish peasant so delightful.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From his tenderest youth, Miguel José evinced an ardent desire to enter
+      the priesthood and displayed a zealous missionary spirit. His pious
+      parents placed no obstacle in the way of their gentle boy's vocation, and
+      being too poor to pay for his education, the Church did it for them. At
+      the age of sixteen, Miguel José left his father's small estate and began
+      his studies in his native village, completing them at the Franciscan
+      College of Palma, the Capital of the Island of Majorca. He made rapid
+      progress, and a brilliant future opened before him, while his virtuous
+      qualities were noted by all with whom he came in contact. A proof of his
+      worth may be seen from the facts that he was ordained before he attained
+      his majority; also taught in different schools as professor of theology
+      and received the degree of doctor soon after his ordination. The fame of
+      his eloquent preaching and persuasive oratorical powers spread not only
+      throughout Spain but reached other European countries. Still Junipero
+      Serra (as he was known by his own choice after an humble disciple of Saint
+      Francis of Assisi, noted for his charity) was not dazzled by his brilliant
+      mental gifts, and his thirsting desire to evangelize the heathen savage of
+      the New World grew apace with his fame. He declined the offer to become
+      the Court preacher and other ecclesiastical dignities, which he would have
+      been entirely justified in accepting, and practiced those virtues which
+      clung to him with even more perfect maturity throughout his life; heroic
+      virtues which enabled him to undertake wonderful things. In him too were
+      noted those sweet simple qualities invariably found in great and holy men
+      and women, such as gentleness, amiability, a tender affection for children
+      and a love for the beautiful in nature; sun, moon, stars, flowers, birds,
+      the woods and ocean, all found responsive chords within him. In a few
+      brief lines we have endeavored to convey an idea of Serra's character, let
+      us now follow his steps in company with the band of heroic workers who
+      accompanied him in his voyage across the dark Atlantic, and his apostolic
+      journeys through Mexico and California to "break the bread of life" to the
+      unfortunate heathen. Among the notable band of missionaries was Father
+      Francisco Paloú, life-long friend and co-laborer of Father Junipero Serra.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But why did these heroes choose Mexico and California as the vineyards of
+      their labors? Why did they not go to Africa or other heathen shores? Here
+      is the answer: Spain and all Europe were filled with stories of the New
+      World since the discovery of America by Columbus in 1492, and several
+      other Spanish discoveries in later years, among which must be remembered
+      that in 1521, Hernando Cortes, one of the great Spanish explorers of the
+      sixteenth century, explored the hitherto unknown land of Mexico, and as
+      Spain always accompanied her conquests and explorations with her
+      missionaries to evangelize the heathens, at the time that Father Junipero
+      Serra set sail for the New World, which was in 1759, there were in Mexico
+      an archbishopric and several missions conducted by Spanish priests, among
+      them a well established Franciscan College in San Fernando, a settlement
+      in the northern part of Mexico, which the Spanish explorers and
+      missionaries so decided to name after Saint Ferdinand, a King of Spain,
+      who lived in the thirteenth century. And to this College, Father Junipero
+      Serra and his companions came after a perilous voyage of nearly one year;
+      for the date of their arrival was January 1, 1760; and here they began
+      their labor! Of the nine years which Junipero Serra toiled in Mexico, six
+      were spent in Sierra Gorda, some distance north of San Fernando, and one
+      of the wildest and roughest of those half explored regions. And what
+      marvels attended the labors of Serra and the other self-sacrificing sons
+      of Saint Francis here! With Junipero Serra at the helm, the good priests
+      learned some of the Aztec dialects in order to convert the savages. Then
+      what followed? With the greatest patience the missionaries acquitted
+      themselves to the task of teaching the classic, cultured language of Spain
+      to these poor aborigines, whose languages like those of the still cruder
+      California Indians, did not contain expressions for even the simplest
+      words of scripture or of the liturgy of the Church. And can we wonder at
+      this? But what were the astonishing results of the good priests' labors?
+      They were truly God-wonders! Daily were recorded numerous conversions, and
+      at the close of six years many Indian congregations of those regions could
+      be heard singing the ancient Latin hymns of the Church, and in poor but
+      intelligible Spanish supplying in their prayers and conversations what was
+      wanting in their dialects. It was while at Sierra Gorda that Junipero
+      Serra became afflicted with a painful sore which broke out on his right
+      leg and which never healed in all his eventful and laborious career. Many
+      historians allude to this sore as a "wound," but no record is extant to
+      indicate it as such, the most authentic conclusions being that this sore
+      was due to natural causes greatly augmented and brought on by the
+      hardships and climatic conditions he encountered in this missionary field.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The average person would think Junipero Serra and his companions had
+      surely satiated their thirst for missionary labors during the nine long
+      toilsome years they spent in Mexico, far, far away from loving home,
+      affectionate kindred and the Old World culture to which they bade farewell
+      when the last glistening silhouette of the Spanish Coast vanished from
+      their view in 1759, but not so! Their pilgrimage was but begun! The
+      pilgrimage which was to blossom heavenly and earthly blessings as
+      beautiful and countless as the flowers which jeweled the slopes and
+      valleys they traversed. The monstrous undertaking begun so gloriously,
+      blessed with the benison of prayers, sacrifices, tears; blessed later with
+      superhuman success and crowned with an immortal halo for endless days!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Here we will make a slight digression for the sake of our story. In 1548,
+      just twenty-seven years after Cortes discovered the land of Mexico,
+      Cabrillo's expedition had sailed up the Coast of California, and in 1602
+      Sebastian Vizcaino had made further discoveries accompanied by two
+      Carmelite priests, and landed on the shores of Monterey. Both of these
+      expeditions, however, were abandoned and California remained the
+      "mysterious vineyard," as it was called. But Vizcaino drew a map of
+      California placing upon it the harbor of Monterey, and wrote glowing
+      accounts of the beauty of the spot. On Point Lobos he planted a Cross, and
+      the Carmelite Fathers named that beautiful Valley, four miles from
+      Monterey, Carmelo, in honor of the Blessed Virgin Mary, venerated under
+      the title of Our Lady of Mount Carmel. Of these facts we will have
+      occasion to speak of more fully later on in this work.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Years after these expeditions the good Jesuit Fathers established several
+      missions in Lower California, but were recalled to Spain by King Carlos
+      III and by this sovereign's request the Franciscan Fathers of the College
+      of San Fernando were commissioned to take the newly vacated missions and
+      accompany as missionaries the great and glorious enterprise of Don Gaspar
+      de Portolá, with Vizcaino's map as guide, to further explore California
+      and add it to the Crown of Castile and Leon.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Father Guardian of the College of San Fernando, on receiving the
+      letter from King Carlos, immediately appointed Junipero Serra, whose zeal
+      and sanctity were so well known, as the Father President of the band of
+      missionaries to set out for California. Among the missionaries who
+      volunteered to evangelize California were Fathers Francisco Paloú,
+      Francisco de Lasuén and Juan Crespí.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Here we will introduce a few characters, not of the missionary band, but
+      who may well be termed faithful co-operators of their labors, men of
+      unimpeachable honor, whose names add luster to the pages of Spanish
+      annals. Don Jose Galvez, the Visitador General (general visitator) of the
+      Spanish possessions in Mexico, a man as pious and noble as he was
+      brilliant, managed the expedition of gallant Don Gaspar de Portolá and the
+      missionaries, and gave Junipero Serra and the brave officers and soldiers
+      much encouragement. This wonderfully managed and well equipped expedition,
+      on which hinged the future of California, was wisely divided into two
+      parts, one to go by sea, the other overland. The sea expedition consisted
+      of three ships the San Carlos, the San José, and the San Antonio, the last
+      named was a relief ship and was started after the other two. The San
+      Carlos and San José carried a large portion of the troops, all of which
+      received the Sacraments before embarking. On these ships were also placed
+      the Church ornaments, provisions, camping outfits and cargoes of
+      agricultural implements. Father Junipero Serra then blessed the ships and
+      placed them under the guidance of Saint Joseph, whom the missionaries had
+      chosen as the Patron Saint of California. Each ship had two missionaries
+      on board and among the crew were bakers, cooks and blacksmiths; on the San
+      Antonio went the surgeon, Don Pedro Prat. Simultaneously with these ships
+      started two land parties, one in advance of the other in order to stop at
+      La Paz in Lower California, to pick up cattle and sheep wherewith to stock
+      the new country, also to bring some of the converted Indians of the
+      mission in that region, to aid the missionaries and soldiers by
+      translating the speech of the Indians of Alta or Higher California; for
+      while the Indian dialects were numerous, there was some similarity among
+      them. This first land expedition was in command of Captain Rivera y
+      Moncada. The second land party was in command of the newly appointed
+      governor, Don Gaspar de Portolá, the first governor of California, and
+      wise indeed was the choice of this good and excellent man! This second
+      land party was doubly blessed with the presence of Junipero Serra. Many
+      were the dangers and hardships encountered by these sterling men both by
+      land and sea; and as the repetition of what is noble never tires, we will
+      again allude to the painful sore on Junipero Serra's leg, which caused him
+      such intense suffering, that his continuation of the journey many times
+      seemed miraculous even before he reached Saint Xavier (the mission
+      established at La Paz). When his fellow missionary, Father Paloú advised
+      him to remain a little longer at Saint Xavier's until he would be in a
+      better condition to travel, his only answer was "let us speak no more on
+      the subject, I have placed my faith in God and trust to His Goodness to
+      plant the holy standard of the Cross not only at San Diego but even as far
+      as Monterey." And God overshadowed the enterprise undertaken in His Name.
+      The ship San José was never heard from, but its noble crew were always
+      considered martyrs who brought blessings on the rest of the expedition.
+      The San Carlos and the two land parties reached San Diego, their first
+      goal almost simultaneously. Here was chanted the first Te Deum in
+      California! Here Serra, head of the religious portion of the expedition,
+      and Portolá head of the civil and military, conferred with each other on
+      the course they were to follow. And here we will leave these incomparable
+      pioneers to celebrate the birthday of California, July 1, 1769.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0002" id="link2HCH0002">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      Chapter II
+    </h2>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+     Brief Sketch of the Conquest of California and of the
+     Founding of the Missions. Hospitality of the Missions. Care
+     and Benevolence of the Missionaries Towards the Indians.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Father Junipero Serra and Don Gaspar de Portolá decided on the following
+      plan; that Junipero Serra with Fathers Francisco Paloú and Francisco de
+      Lasuén would remain in San Diego, where Serra was to establish his first
+      mission while Portolá with Fathers Crespí and Gomez, Captain Rivera y
+      Moncada, Lieutenant Fages and some of the Spanish dragoons and muleteers
+      started overland to explore the country, and in quest of the Harbor of
+      Monterey, carrying with them the map of Sebastian Vizcaino. This
+      expedition was to result in the memorable "March of Portolá," which lasted
+      about eight months. Missing the Harbor of Monterey on account of an error
+      in the reckoning of Vizcaino's map, the explorers marched as far north as
+      what is now San Francisco and discovered the Harbor that bears that name;
+      so named later by Junipero Serra in honor of St. Francis of Assisi, the
+      founder of the Franciscan Order. After continuing a fruitless search for
+      Monterey, the expedition returned to San Diego. Junipero Serra was
+      overjoyed at the unexpected discovery of the Harbor of San Francisco,
+      which Portolá and his companions so enthusiastically extolled, and was not
+      discouraged over their failure to find the Port of Monterey, but hoped to
+      make another trial to find that Port on which their most laudable
+      ambitions were centered. But here a sad difficulty presented itself.
+      Governor Portolá returned to San Diego with sad gaps made into his ranks
+      by sickness and hardship, but hopeful with the expectation that the relief
+      ship promised by Don José Galvez had arrived, and that the San Diego
+      Mission well established would be able to give his forces a well deserved
+      chance to recuperate. But what was his dismay? The relief ship had not
+      arrived, and Junipero Serra had indeed founded a mission with the usual
+      elaborate ceremonies of the Church, but the untiring zeal and labors of
+      himself and his companions had not been blessed with a single convert. No
+      neophyte could be counted among the numerous natives of the place, who had
+      even proved hostile at times; and the mission too, was in the sorest need;
+      Junipero Serra and his companions ofttimes adding to their usual fasts and
+      abstemiousness, "that others might have more." Still the relief ship was
+      delayed! Surely this was not the fault of good Don José Galvez, but it
+      might have met a tragic fate; thus thought the discouraged land and sea
+      forces; and Governor Portolá was too good a soldier not to know that the
+      best course to follow was to start at once back to Mexico and abandon the
+      glorious dream, before starvation and death overtook everyone of them. But
+      here Junipero Serra interposed, and as if inspired pleaded with the
+      Governor for "one more day;" Portolá out of respect did grant just "one
+      more day" before ordering the whole expedition back.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Junipero Serra then repaired to the summit of the Presidio Hill and with
+      arms extended, prayed as if in ecstasy from sunrise until sunset,
+      "storming the heavens" that the relief ship might come, and the conversion
+      of the heathen of California be realized. O unquestionable miracle! "More
+      things are wrought by prayer, than this world ever dreamed of!" As the
+      last rays of sun kissed his venerable brow, from out the gold and purple
+      horizon, he sighted the top-most point of a mast, which while he was still
+      "pouring his soul" no longer in supplication but in thanksgiving, grew
+      into the unmistakable figure of the long expected ship. But for that "one
+      more day" what would California be now? No converted Indians, no
+      monumental missions, no exploration and colonization no civilization! The
+      ship had been delayed on account of the rough voyage it encountered. But
+      now relief, contentment, renewed hope, renewed courage; and the Mission of
+      San Diego was but the first of the twenty-one which were to strew El
+      Camino Real (the Royal Road, literally, commonly called the King's
+      Highway) of California. And chivalrous Portolá, filled with even greater
+      reverence for the humble priest Junipero Serra, whom his lofty soul had
+      always appreciated, once more gathered his forces, and started anew in
+      search of Monterey. Junipero Serra left the Mission of San Diego in charge
+      of two of the good fathers and a small garrison as guards, and set out
+      with Portolá on his second expedition; and it was Serra whose very
+      presence seemed to draw the blessings of heaven, who pointed out to the
+      Governor the error on Vizcaino's map which caused him to miss the Port of
+      Monterey.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This expedition was also divided into two parts, one to go overland the
+      other by sea. Father Serra went with the sea party which sailed on the
+      Paqueboat San Antonio. A number of Spanish dragoons from the fair province
+      of Catalonia, muleteers, and some of the convert Indians recruited from
+      the mission of La Paz were in the overland party.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On May 24th, 1770, the expedition reached Point Pinos on the Coast of
+      Monterey; after going south about six miles and encamping on a picturesque
+      spot on the shores of the Bay, the missionaries raised an altar and
+      Junipero Serra celebrated the first Mass on the shores of Monterey on June
+      3rd, 1770. It is more than likely that the Carmelite fathers who came here
+      with Vizcaino had done so one hundred and sixty eight years before, but as
+      there is no official record of the fact, the Mass celebrated on the
+      improvised altar under the oak (which is preserved in the premises of San
+      Carlos Church, Monterey), is recorded as the first. Mass over, Junipero
+      Serra and Gaspar de Portolá exhorted the Spanish soldiers to hold to the
+      traditional faith and purity of the Spanish race, and to kindness to the
+      natives, calling them "weaker brethren who should be christianized, not
+      debauched." Then Junipero Serra planted a Mission Cross and blessed the
+      Spanish flag which Portolá hoisted, taking possession of the land in the
+      name of "His Most Catholic Majesty King Carlos III, by right of
+      discovery." <a href="#linknote-1" name="linknoteref-1" id="linknoteref-1"><small>1</small></a>
+      Junipero Serra also blessed the sea and land.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As Monterey was from the first established as the civil, military and
+      religious headquarters of the Spanish kingdom in California, her Presidio
+      was known as el Presidio Real (the Royal Presidio), and the present parish
+      church of Monterey, which was built as a chapel for the Presidio was la
+      Capilla Real de San Carlos (the Royal Chapel of Saint Charles).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Junipero Serra found the Indians of Monterey and the surrounding country
+      very docile, while the Indians from Lower California soon learned their
+      dialect and acted as interpreters of the missionaries. The Cross which
+      Vizcaino had planted in 1602 was found decked with skins and shells. On
+      inquiry the Missionaries were told by the Indians that they had often seen
+      mysterious rays of light around it, and thinking that some god was angry
+      they were trying to propitiate him by means of those offerings.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As we have already noted Junipero Serra said his first, Mass in Monterey
+      on June 3rd, 1770, and two years later he recorded his first baptism. From
+      that date the Indians would come in dozens to present themselves for
+      instruction. Then the marvels that had attended Junipero Serra at Sierra
+      Gorda in Mexico, were repeated in Monterey. The naked savages were
+      clothed, many of them were beginning to learn Spanish and to sing the
+      Latin responses of the Mass and hymns both in Spanish and Latin, playing
+      such musical instruments as the cymbal and triangle, keeping perfect time
+      to every beat. The flocks and cattle were increasing and the harvest
+      fields were golden with grain. While some of the Indians were taught to
+      till the soil others were herdsmen, and some were taught to work as
+      artisans. Nearly fifty trades were taught the California Indians under the
+      supervision of the Missionaries. In 1771 Junipero Serra founded the San
+      Carlos Mission in the most entrancing location of the Carmelo Valley that
+      the nature loving Serra could have chosen; the forests of oak, pine and
+      cypress for which Monterey is noted to this day, stretch with even greater
+      beauty as we pierce farther into the interior, while the fertility of the
+      land drained by the beautiful Carmelo River together with the commanding
+      position of the spot, made the site of the Mission ideal. And this Mission
+      of the Carmelo Valley of Monterey, was Junipero Serra's headquarters, here
+      he lies buried, and here was the center of that unequalled hospitality and
+      pure society for which every mission was noted. The Spanish Government
+      made large grants of land to the missions, and under the labor, care and
+      excellent methods of the missionaries, they became powerful and wealthy
+      institutions, the pride and blessing of New Spain. Fine stock, teeming
+      grain fields and luscious orchards graced every mission, and Mission San
+      Carlos was no exception, indeed it was one of the most prosperous and
+      beautiful.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Fathers from the Mission at Carmelo, attended the Royal Chapel of San
+      Carlos in Monterey and continued to do so until long after the last Act of
+      Secularization in 1835 had been passed by the Mexican Government, and San
+      Carlos of Carmelo was left desolate with no priest to guard her own altar
+      light. But of this we shall, alas, have but too much reason to speak
+      later. Junipero Serra did not stop his arduous work by founding beautiful
+      San Carlos of Carmelo and consecrating the Royal Chapel of Monterey; he
+      was to christianize all California, for all California had now been added
+      to the Crown of Castile and Leon. Spain followed in California the same
+      policy which has distinguished her in her other possessions such as Cuba,
+      the Philippines and other colonies, steeped in idolatry until the Spanish
+      Missionary, whose zeal is proverbial, wrested their countless inhabitants
+      from the cymmerian gloom of paganism. Thus as soon as San Carlos Mission
+      was founded, the glorious march of El Camino Real continued.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mission San Antonio de Padua, the third mission, was established in July
+      1, 1771. The beauty of the spot and wonderful eagerness of the Indians to
+      receive baptism greatly touched Junipero Serra and the other two
+      Franciscan Fathers who accompanied him as well as some of the soldiers who
+      were in the party. To-day Mission San Antonio is almost in ruins, but its
+      very ruins are piles which speak of mystic beauty, and in the days of
+      mission glory San Antonio was one of the fairest of the missions.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On returning to Carmelo, Junipero Serra filled the other missionaries with
+      joy over this latest conquest of souls, and sent messengers to Fathers
+      Soméra and Cambón whom he had left in charge of the Mission at San Diego,
+      to establish a mission in southern California, which they would name San
+      Gabriel. The two Fathers, with ten soldiers as guards, started a march
+      northward until they came to the present sight of San Gabriel, which they
+      saw immediately was a good location for a mission, particularly as a
+      beautiful stream flowed through the Valley, and wherever possible the
+      Fathers chose a spot where there was water for the mission orchards and
+      gardens.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Here we may add that the Fathers had a system of irrigation by means of
+      ditches, traces of which may be seen to this day in the sites where stood
+      many of the old mission orchards. The fruits from these good Fathers
+      gardens were the fairest and most luscious that California has ever seen,
+      none of our lovely grapes compare with theirs, and their olives were
+      larger and better than any of which California boasts to-day.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Although not deviating from our subject we have wandered from the thread
+      of our story in the foundation of Mission San Gabriel. One incident
+      contained in the records of this Mission may hardly be passed over in
+      silence. The good Franciscans and their brave little bodyguard found the
+      Indians in a very hostile mood, still they blessed a Mission Cross and
+      planted it; but the Indians increasing their threatening attitude, the
+      Fathers unfurled a large white banner bearing the image of the Blessed
+      Virgin Mary, placing the side of the banner with the image in full view of
+      the heathens. Priests and soldiers then knelt and implored the
+      intercession of the Redeemer's Immaculate Mother for their safety and for
+      the conversion of the Indians to the Faith of her Divine Son. Immediately
+      came the answer from Heaven! The Indians not only abandoned every sign of
+      hostility, but came forward towards the Fathers with every sign of sincere
+      submissiveness, and after due instruction were baptized. For it must be
+      remembered that the Church does not, and cannot force her belief on anyone
+      who does not willingly accept it; the poor savage is no exception;
+      instruction, kindness, prayers may always be employed, no more. As in many
+      cases the nature of the Indian was too elementary to be moved at first by
+      the lessons and exhortations of suffering and self-denial of Our Saviour,
+      and the bridling of the human passions; in many instances the Fathers
+      would first win the Indians' confidence by giving them blankets, beads and
+      such things as attracted them, then by degrees unfolded the tenets of
+      religion and mysteries of faith, to which in most cases these erstwhile
+      savages clung with firmness and gave many edifying signs of true and
+      sincere christianity. A band of white beads around the head distinguished
+      the christian Indians from the pagan.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The flocks, vineyards and orchards of Mission San Gabriel, as well as the
+      skill of its Indians, in time became famous throughout California, and it
+      was from here that Governor Felipe de Neve, third Governor of California,
+      started in 1781 with several of the Fathers and a company of soldiers to
+      found the present city of Los Angeles.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The fifth Mission, San Luis Obispo, was founded on September 1, 1772, by
+      Junipero Serra in person; the saintly Father making a pilgrimage there for
+      that purpose. Thus in the space of three years, five missions were
+      founded. A royal record of the zeal of the missionaries and of the
+      humanity of the Spanish Government and Authorities.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In 1774 the Spanish Viceroy of Mexico informed Junipero Serra that he
+      intended to establish a presidio in San Francisco "for the further
+      extension of Spanish and Christian power." Junipero Serra, on receipt of
+      this letter, selected Fathers Paloú and Cambón to accompany the soldiers,
+      and Lieutenant Juan de Ayala was ordered with his ship stationed at
+      Monterey to further explore the San Francisco Bay; Juan de Anza, another
+      brilliant officer, was entrusted with the establishment of the new
+      presidio; the site he chose being the identical one on which the Presidio
+      of San Francisco stands today. Lieutenant Juan de Ayala of the Royal Navy
+      of Spain, was the first to steer a ship through the Golden Gate, and a
+      strange coincidence was that his ship was the San Carlos which had come to
+      San Diego with a portion of the first Spanish pioneers in 1769. With
+      Lieutenant Ayala was Father Vincente de Santa Maria who, with Fathers
+      Paloú and Cambón, planted a Mission Cross and founded Mission Nuestra
+      Señora de los Dolores, which has withstood so many ravages of time and
+      change, of man and elements.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The seventh Mission was San Juan Capistrano, founded November 1, 1776, by
+      Father Lasuén. This Mission was also a very flourishing Mission, the
+      Indians were laborers in its construction, which lasted nearly fourteen
+      years.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mission Santa Clara was the eighth to be established. It was founded on
+      January 12, 1777. The original lines of this once beautiful Mission are
+      almost entirely changed but like all its sister missions it still retains
+      much of its dear old atmosphere, and can boast of the tomb of Father Magin
+      Catalá who died there in 1836 "in the odor of sanctity." Mission Santa
+      Clara was founded by Father Tomas de la Peña y Saradia; and its history is
+      fascinating and romantic. The Mission Cross which Father de la Peña y
+      Saradia planted here, is still standing.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The ninth Mission was San Buenaventura, founded also by Junipero Serra in
+      person, in company with Governor Felipe de Neve, on Easter Sunday of March
+      31, 1783.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From San Buenaventura, Junipero Serra and Governor de Neve marched to what
+      is now Santa Barbara. Here the Indians were numerous and more intelligent
+      than any in California, where the Indians were far denser than either the
+      Incas of South America or the Aztecs of Mexico. Delays, caused by military
+      differences, retarded the foundation of Santa Barbara Mission, which would
+      have been the tenth, but Junipero Serra planted a Mission Cross and
+      selected the site on which it was destined to be founded four years after
+      his death. From here Serra returned to Carmelo; his journeys from one
+      Mission to another being always on foot.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And here we must pause: We have come in our narrative to that momentous
+      year in the history, not only of the missions, but of California. The year
+      when. Junipero Serra, true priest of God, christianizer, civilizer,
+      wonderful among wonderful pioneers, or as Governor Gaspar de Portolá had
+      spoken of him years before, "the humblest, bravest man of God I ever
+      knew," had done his work! Junipero Serra was ready for his throne in
+      Heaven, his crown awaited him, his rough Franciscan habit was to be
+      glorified. We have briefly glanced at his chief characteristics from his
+      boyhood in historic Spain, and must have gauged the measure of his
+      untiring and tried virtue from the time he landed in Mexico and San Diego,
+      on through the years he labored as the Apostle of California; to these let
+      us add just a few of the private practices of mortification which he
+      imposed on his innocent flesh, notwithstanding his age, his physical
+      infirmities, extraordinary labors and hardships in a new, half explored
+      country. Virtually they sound like a passage from the lives of the Saints.
+      His journeys were always on foot, although the old sore on his leg
+      remained like an instrument of torture throughout his life, nothing being
+      able to help him. El Camino Real, from San Francisco to Monterey and from
+      Monterey to San Diego, with its rough roads, was as familiar to him who
+      walked it with so much difficulty as it is to us who enjoy it by
+      comfortable travel on the railroad or pleasurable motor trips; his fasts
+      were austere and frequent, wine he never used, the discipline was no
+      stranger to him, a bed was not among his possessions, on the bare floor or
+      bench at most he would rest his sore missionary body; yet he never imposed
+      unnecessary penance on anyone, he was hard only on himself, he was gentle
+      and affectionate to a marked degree, his faith, trust in Providence,
+      humility and charity, were heroic. Of his seventy-four years of life,
+      fifty-four he had been a Franciscan Priest and thirty-five he had devoted
+      to missionary work, of which nine were spent in Mexico and fourteen in
+      California. His wonderful eloquence and magnetic power for preaching which
+      had won him honors in the Old World even as a newly ordained priest, he
+      had used and adapted for the instruction of thousands of heathens of the
+      New World; and now that christianity and civilization were beginning to
+      bud with springtime loveliness like the Castilian roses he had planted in
+      some of the mission gardens, while the sun of Spanish glory was still in
+      the ascendency and no threatening omens of the fall of Spanish or
+      Franciscan power, or nightmares of the Acts of Secularization disturbed
+      the cloudless skies, while the Presidio Real of Monterey bore the arms of
+      the Spanish King and the Capilla Real do San Carlos was thronged with
+      gallant officers and brave men of the Royal Army and Navy of Castile and
+      Leon, and Our Lady seemed to smile blessings on her Valley of Carmelo,
+      before the beauteous dream, nay, realization of noble ambitions, had
+      vanished like a fair sun, God called His faithful Servant unto Himself, in
+      his cell at his beloved San Carlos Mission about 2:30 P. M. on August 28,
+      1784, according to the entry of Father Francisco Paloú, in the archives of
+      San Carlos Mission, preserved in San Carlos Church of Monterey. And what a
+      day this was! The archives here are full of touching detail. Solemn
+      salutes were fired from the ships stationed in the Harbor of Monterey, and
+      the grief of the people was inexpressible. The Indians were inconsolable.
+      The officers of the Royal Navy claimed his sandals as a precious keepsake,
+      and the Fathers could not restrain the people from cutting pieces of his
+      habit to carry away as souvenirs; the Indians claimed his Franciscan cord
+      and many cut locks of his silver hair; his corpse had to be dressed twice
+      on account of this pious proceeding. In a plain redwood coffin his
+      precious remains were laid in a vault "on the gospel side of the altar
+      within the sanctuary of San Carlos Mission." O! holy grave, how many
+      changes thou hast seen! O happy Serra, from the dazzling splendors of
+      God's light how often thou must have prayed for thy work, thy people, thy
+      neophytes! In God's inscrutable Providence the good are ofttimes permitted
+      to suffer, but the same All Wise Hand can brush away with a single stroke,
+      the wrong done to His own, and His time seems near!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      We will now resume the story of the foundation of the missions, for we
+      really stopped at the ninth. Junipero Serra's life-long friend, Father
+      Paloú was chosen temporary President of the Missions, for within a year he
+      retired to the Franciscan College of San Fernando, where he gave most of
+      his time to writing, and to him we are indebted for a complete and
+      accurate biography of Junipero Serra. After Father Paloú's resignation,
+      Father Francisco de Lasuén was appointed Father President of the Missions.
+      Father Lasuén was an arduous laborer and able priest of the original
+      heroic band of missionaries, and his first act was to establish Mission
+      Santa Barbara, where Junipero Serra had planted a Mission Cross nearly
+      four years previous. This was accomplished on December 4, 1787, and of the
+      twenty-one missions which were spoliated in later years, Santa Barbara was
+      the only one which tyrannical laws could never dispossess of its lawful
+      owners, hence to this day the Sons of Saint Francis are there to guard the
+      "altar light."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From Santa Barbara, Father Lasuén traveled north to Lompoc, and founded
+      Mission La Purisima Concepcion on December 8, 1787.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mission de Nuestra Señora de in Soledad was founded in October of 1791.
+      The last Act of Secularization in 1835 fell very heavily on this lovely
+      Mission of which scarcely a trace remains today. This mission was noted
+      for its fine stock and luxuriant pastures.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On Christmas day of 1791 was founded the Mission of Santa Cruz. This
+      Mission never rivaled the other missions in wealth, but in later years it
+      was honored with a martyr. Here is the authentic story of Father Quintana,
+      whose martyr's death occurred here as late as 1817. Father Quintana was a
+      holy and zealous priest of this mission, who had carried on the work of
+      the conversion of the Indians most of whom were already christian, but a
+      small portion still remained heathen, and these were very hostile. As was
+      later discovered, while the good priest was reading his breviary in his
+      office, some of these hostile Indians entered, and most cruelly murdered
+      him, then taking his body into the mission orchard placed it against a
+      capulin tree (a tree much resembling the cherry tree in fruit and form).
+      On thus discovering the corpse the other Fathers immediately sent a
+      message to the surgeon of the Royal Presidio of Monterey, who at the time
+      was Don Manuel Quixano (step-father of the writer's great grandmother).
+      After holding an autopsy on the martyred body, Dr. Quixano found that the
+      saintly Father had been horribly and cruelly murdered. The details are
+      preserved in the Santa Cruz Mission archives, but are not given to the
+      public. The capulin tree which the Indians made use of to make it appear
+      that the Father's death was a natural one, was at the time in full bloom,
+      and in a few hours became a dry lifeless trunk. A remarkable act of
+      Providence indeed!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The fourteenth and fifteenth missions established were Mission San Jose
+      and beautiful Mission San Juan Bautista, founded respectively on June 11th
+      and June 24th of the year 1797.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      We have generously used words denoting beauty and prosperity in describing
+      the missions, but no less can be said of these mighty and bountiful
+      institutions, who, even in their regal ruins are California's chief
+      attraction to this day.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The sixteenth mission was San Miguel, founded by Fathers Francisco de
+      Lasuén and Buenaventura Sitjar, with very impressive and elaborate
+      ceremonials, on July 25th, 1797. The brilliant frescoing of this mission
+      was done in 1824 by the writer's great grandfather, Estéban Munrás, a
+      Spaniard from Barcelona, who had studied art in his native city, and who
+      was intimately connected with the early missionaries, especially those of
+      Monterey, where he resided. Estéban Munrás did the frescoing of San Miguel
+      Mission at the request of Father Juan Cabot, also a native of Barcelona.
+      Thus we see the undaunted steadfastness of these early missionaries who,
+      although California had already passed from Spanish to Mexican rule, and
+      mission power was beginning to wane, still were zealous for the greater
+      adornment of God's holy temples.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On September 8, 1797, Mission San Fernando, Rey de España was founded. In
+      June of the following year San Luis, Rey de Francia, fifty-four Indian
+      children being baptized on the day of its foundation. It was in the patio
+      (court yard) of this mission that the first pepper tree in California was
+      planted by Father Antonio Peyri.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On September 17, 1804, beautiful Santa Ynez Mission was founded. Here
+      Father Arroyo, a brilliant scholar, prepared a working grammar of the
+      language of the Indians of the San Juan region. In December, 1817, San
+      Rafael was founded, and made a splendid record of conversions. Not a trace
+      of this mission remains today.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The last mission was San Francisco Solano within the city limits of the
+      present town of Sonoma, and was founded as late as 1823, thus again is
+      shown the wonderful courage and zeal of the missionaries in the face of
+      obstacles, for at this date as we have already noted Spanish Mission power
+      had begun to wane, and while Mexico was unable to wipe out entirely
+      Spanish rule and influence for many years, still she had already claimed
+      California as her own. Many wealthy Russian traders lived in the country
+      about Sonoma, who showed themselves extremely friendly to the
+      missionaries, assisted at the ceremonies of the founding of the mission
+      and made generous contributions for its adornment.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And now our march of El Camino Real is ended; but let us take another look
+      at mission life. The plan of the missions was most wonderful, situated in
+      the most beautiful spots, the journey of one day from one another, and the
+      seats of learning and well earned prosperity in California; their
+      architecture was the best imitation of the Spanish Gothic style which the
+      Spanish laborers could build with the tools and materials which were then
+      possible to have in the New World. The only share the Indians had in the
+      building of the missions was in assisting to carry beams, stone, making
+      the beautiful red tiles found in every mission roof, and the like, but the
+      actual construction was done by Spanish workmen under the supervision of
+      the Fathers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Besides the church proper, the missions consisted of groups of buildings
+      set aside for converted Indians and their families, a storehouse, a
+      guardhouse, a monastery and spacious quarters for guests. For at a mission
+      not only friends of the Fathers and persons of standing, but every
+      wayfarer whoever he might be "found warmth and plenty" as long as he chose
+      to remain under their blessed shelter. And so great was mission
+      hospitality that a pile of silver was laid in the bedroom of a guest to be
+      taken by him or left as he saw fit; of course no well bred guest who was
+      not in need would impose on the holy Fathers' generosity, but it was their
+      delicate way of assisting an unfortunate pilgrim who might be in need. The
+      missions too, were the centers of important gatherings and peaceful
+      rendezvous of persons of social standing, even after the first two Acts of
+      Secularization had been passed in after years. But these noble
+      entertainment's, wealth of luscious fruits, golden sheaves, luxuriant
+      pastures and fleecy lambs, were as the least gifts of these matchless
+      institutions, for we can never exaggerate the marvels wrought for the
+      betterment of the heathen natives, or the fairer fruits of the countless
+      heroic virtues practiced within these enclosures. The Indians clung to the
+      Fathers like little children to their parents, and from the vices of
+      paganism, under a healthy and kind rule drawn for them by the wise
+      Fathers, christian virtues took a deep root in at least a great many of
+      these poor "children of the soil" and so great was the care exercised by
+      the Fathers that nightly they would make a round of the rooms allotted to
+      every christian and neophyte Indian family to see that order and decency
+      reigned in each group; for we must remember these souls were but recently
+      rescued from the dark sins of heathenism.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Blessed temples! noble hospices! heroic priests! We are loathe to change
+      the scene, but winter's storms must come ere the laurel wreath crowns the
+      glorified brow! Still, we need not leave the "enchanted palace" yet,
+      vernal loveliness still charms the eyes and summer is just begun.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      If it be but for one brief moment let us ruminate the glories, the wealth,
+      the beauty of mission joys, before the least cruel echoes of
+      Secularization are heard. The sun of Franciscan and Spanish glory is still
+      mounting the firmament higher and higher. The sky still wears Our Lady's
+      blue <a href="#linknote-2" name="linknoteref-2" id="linknoteref-2"><small>2</small></a>
+      and no penitential purple has appeared with the departing rays of sunset,
+      only the royal purple and gold which years before had made the scene a
+      fairylike setting for the heavenset relief ship to San Diego and assured
+      the noble enterprise of the exploration and christianizing of California.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0003" id="link2HCH0003">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      Chapter III
+    </h2>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+     More About San Carlos Mission and Monterey
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      As we have seen in the preceding chapter, Monterey was the capital of the
+      Spanish Possessions in California, consequently San Carlos Mission was the
+      headquarters of Junipero Serra. And what was not San Carlos Mission of
+      Carmelo in the days of her glory! We are in a maze of thought as to how to
+      begin to tell her story. Of the beauty of the spot where this mission was
+      built we have already spoken, as well as of how the golden valley of
+      Carmelo came to be named. And here we may well exclaim with that dear
+      English Saint of the thirteenth century, Saint Simon Stock, who invoked
+      the Immaculate Virgin with the following beautiful lines:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+        "Carmel's fair flower
+     Rod blossom laden
+        Smile on thy dower
+     Meek Mother&mdash;Maiden
+        None equals thee.
+     Give us a sign
+        Thou dost protect us
+     Mark us for thine
+        Guide and direct us
+     Star of the Sea."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      A more perfect replica of the country surrounding the shrine of Our Lady
+      of Mount Carmel in Palestine would be hard to find, and the "Meek
+      Mother-Maiden" did give many a sign of her protection to her clients in
+      this new Carmel of the West. And it was at San Carlos Mission of Carmelo,
+      that the superiors of the different missions convened and gave accounts of
+      their work and numbers of baptisms etc. to the Father President. And how
+      glowing are the records of those accounts! Here on festival days after the
+      religious services were held social gatherings and entertainment's of the
+      purest yet merriest order. Marriages, baptisms, all notable events had
+      their share of attention. The hospitality of the missions, the care and
+      kindness shown to the Indians, the numerous flocks, harvests and orchards
+      which embellished them under the wonderful management of the good Fathers,
+      all existed in copious measure at San Carlos.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The huge, beautiful bells of this mission the chimes of which were heard
+      clearly in Monterey were cracked during the years when the mission was
+      neglected but some of the pieces were later recast and as far as known the
+      present bells of the mission were made from them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      We cannot consider a sketch of this mission however brief, complete,
+      without giving due credit to the Very Reverend Angelo Casanova, parish
+      priest of Monterey from 1869 until the time of his death in 1893. This
+      zealous priest undertook the work of restoring the mission for a portion
+      of it was in ruins, and to-day there would be but little of San Carlos to
+      see and admire but for Father Casanova's timely work of restoration, which
+      he accomplished with some help of friends, but chiefly with his own
+      private fortune which he inherited. Many a time was Father Casanova seen
+      assisting the laborers with his own hands. And what a happy day it was for
+      Monterey when the first Mass was sung in the restored mission after years
+      of vandalism and neglect! The old statues which had escaped the ravages of
+      time were replaced in their niches, the sanctuary lamp was re-lighted for
+      the Sacramental Presence once more enthroned on His altar and the organ
+      pealed forth the ancient Latin hymns of the Church once more. Another very
+      significant event of this restoration was that Father Casanova had the
+      four bodies contained in the vaults of the mission exhumed and placed on
+      new vaults, built however near the original spots "on the gospel side of
+      the altar, within the sanctuary." The four bodies are the remains of
+      Fathers Junipero Serra, Juan Crespí, Francisco de Lasuén and Julian Lopez.
+      Another good outcome of this event was that it exploded the utterly
+      unfounded story that a Spanish ship had carried away the remains of
+      Junipero Serra to Spain. The vestments on each body were found in a
+      perfect state of preservation at the time this work was done in 1882.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      For years the saintly Serra's body was buried under a pile of debris, but
+      his "sepulchre has become glorious" in spite of all. And since the
+      restoration of this mission, the feast of Saint Charles Borromeo, (its
+      Patron Saint) has again been celebrated here every November the
+      twenty-fourth, and a relic of Saint Charles which Father Junipero Serra
+      brought from Spain, is as of old carried in procession. While this is of
+      course a Catholic festival, reverent visitors of various creeds attend it.
+      The mission is guarded by a care-taker, living in the premises of what
+      remains of the old mission orchard.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was also due to Father Casanova, that Mrs. Leland Stanford donated, in
+      1890, the Serra Monument <a href="#linknote-3" name="linknoteref-3"
+      id="linknoteref-3"><small>3</small></a> which crowns a slope just above
+      the spot where this wonderful missionary said his first Mass in Monterey.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      We cannot give sufficient credit to Reverend Raymond Mestres, the present
+      parish priest of Monterey, and a Spaniard from the Province of Catalonia,
+      like Junipero Serra and many of the early missionaries. Father Mestres has
+      given time, energy and noble efforts unstintingly to perpetuate the memory
+      of Junipero Serra and to more fully restore not only San Carlos Mission
+      and San Carlos Church, but is encouraging a movement to restore if
+      possible all the California Missions according to their traditional and
+      historical plans; may his great enterprise be blessed with all the
+      radiance of crowning success!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      We will have ample reason to speak more of Father Mestres' good work
+      elsewhere in this sketch, hence we will pass into Monterey itself.
+      Monterey was named after the Spanish Viceroy of Mexico, who at the time of
+      her discovery, was the Count of Monterey. As we have many times noted this
+      city was of royal birth. Unlike any of the other Presidios, her Presidio
+      was el Presidio Real, the chapel attached to it la Capilla Real, and the
+      ships which sailed the blue waters of her crescent bay were the ships of
+      the Royal Navy of Spain. No mission town was without its glories, its
+      fascinating history or delightful surroundings, but Monterey was like a
+      fair empress of them all. Yet no jealousy or feelings of rivalry were felt
+      for Monterey by her sister towns, nor was her right to the sceptre ever
+      contested. From the time that Sebastian Vizcaino placed her on his map in
+      1602 and glowingly described her beautiful harbor, noble forests and
+      majestic hills, Spain focused her attention on Monterey, and when her Port
+      was at last found by Portolá, and the stout old ship San Antonio under the
+      command of Captain Juan Perez entered her harbor on May 31st, 1770,
+      without any discussion or preamble she was made the capital of New Spain.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The news of her discovery and of Junipero Serra celebrating Mass on her
+      shores were sent with all possible haste to the Viceroy of the Spanish
+      possessions in Mexico and to good Don Jose Galvez, also a complete
+      statement of her discovery was drawn up and sent to the Court of Spain.
+      And how were these news received? Solemn masses of thanksgiving were
+      celebrated in some of the Spanish cathedrals, attended by many of the
+      highest religious, civil and military authorities, while congratulations
+      from every side poured into King Carlos and his Viceroy. And all this
+      exultation over the discovery of the lovely spot we all know and love so
+      well! Monterey, like a "pearl of great price" had been hard to find, but
+      like a "pearl of great price" was worth the quest. Beautiful Monterey with
+      her shores decked with Vizcainos Cross since 1602, Monterey with her bay
+      blue like a turquoise, matching the azure of heaven, Monterey with her
+      forests and flowers, with her Valley of Carmelo and glorious sunsets,
+      adding to natures charms, her historical and sacred atmosphere, her
+      landmarks and the improvements of man. No wonder thousands yearly throng
+      this gifted spot of God's earth!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As may be needless to say, Monterey, became the center of the social life,
+      beauty and culture of the mission towns. From Monterey, inspiration flowed
+      as from a fountain head. And even to this day she is irresistible. Even to
+      this day, in spite of the many sad scenes and oblivious years which have
+      stamped their trace upon her loveliness and impaired her regal splendor,
+      her charm is told by her landmarks and crowned by her natural fortress of
+      hills, her forests and flower robed meadows, and lulled at evening by the
+      murmur of the iridescent waters of her bay reflecting the sunset splendors
+      of the sky.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      About 1810 Monterey was ravaged by buccaneers under Blütcher, who was such
+      a terror to many sea-port towns, these pirates sailed up the Pacific
+      Coast, and appeared in Monterey Bay in four large vessels arriving at
+      midnight. Before they could be driven out of the town they set fire to
+      some of the Spanish Presidio homes and carried away precious jewels and
+      silver belonging to the Spanish ladies, and provisions from the garrison.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The former Capilla Real de San Carlos is now the parish church of
+      Monterey, guarding like a fond mother all that remains of the massive
+      silver altar vessels and candelabras, paintings, statues, vestments,
+      manuscripts and archives of the pioneer missionaries of this mission.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Among the modern attractions of Monterey we must not fail to mention Hotel
+      Del Monte built and owned by the Pacific Improvement Company, and the many
+      beautiful drives constructed by the same, company. Mr. Frank Powers was
+      the founder of the flourishing settlement of Carmel-by-the-Sea, a few
+      minutes walk from San Carlos Mission and a favorite resort of artists and
+      literateurs. These with many others have been no small contributors to the
+      old Capital. Thus while we deplore years of vandalism, and the thousands
+      who have joined the "careless throng" we can always turn to the pleasing
+      contrast of sympathizers and friends who are always, willing to give
+      "honor to whom honor is due," and in doing so have spared neither purse
+      nor efforts in aiding those who under difficulties have guarded the flame
+      of tradition and love of the splendid past with its bright galaxy of
+      "heroes, martyrs, saints." True, the glowing embers often smouldered
+      beneath a debris of neglect and even harsh misrepresentation but were not
+      and could not be extinguished. And now faithful hearts may beat fast with
+      holy joy for the feeble light fanned by loving zephyrs has burst into a
+      glowing flame destined to diffuse its love and influence to all,
+      regardless of creed, race or station.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0004" id="link2HCH0004">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      Chapter IV
+    </h2>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+     California Under Spanish Rule
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      With the landing of Serra and Portolá at San Diego in 1769, began the
+      Spanish period of California. The chief events of this period are in a
+      pith, the following: The establishment of the missions, the christianizing
+      of the Indians and the exploration and colonization of California. It is
+      from the Spanish period that the history and standing of California date.
+      The ten Spanish Governors of California as well as the officers of the
+      Army and Navy were men of honor and ability, and the record left by the
+      Spanish settlers is one of which any country might be proud. During the
+      Spanish period the geographical lines of California were settled and her
+      harbors surveyed <a href="#linknote-4" name="linknoteref-4"
+      id="linknoteref-4"><small>4</small></a>. It was during this period that
+      most of the present cities of California were founded, Spain following the
+      plan of building the towns around the missions. The first Governor, Don
+      Gaspar de Portolá, was a great and good man as well as a brilliant
+      officer, gentle and reasonable in every respect, he was beloved by all; to
+      him California owes the discovery of San Francisco Bay, and the great
+      co-operation he gave to Junipero Serra, as well as his reverent esteem for
+      this saintly man has endeared his memory to every true Californian, and
+      immortalized his name in Spain. After a period of two years in office
+      Portolá went to Mexico, then under Spanish rule, and from there returned
+      to Spain.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Portolá was succeeded by Gov. Felipe de Barri, who after three years was
+      removed from office on account of infringing on the rights of the
+      missionaries and siding with Captain Rivera Y. Moncada who was a somewhat
+      arrogant man, who also on several occasions infringed on the rights of the
+      missionaries; but the faults of the latter have been very exaggerated by
+      some historians, namely, some declare that he was ex-communicated from the
+      church on account of insolence to the missionaries, whereas there is no
+      record of such a fact. Excepting their officiousness and arrogance, Barri
+      and Rivera were moral and able men.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Barri was succeeded by Felipe de Neve, a statesman, scholar and worthy
+      governor who at once declared himself the friend and protector of the
+      missionaries. It was Governor de Neve who drew up California's first code
+      of legislation dated from the "Royal Presidio of San Carlos at Monterey"
+      in June 1779. This code known as the "Reglamento" is regarded by capable
+      judges as a most remarkable and valuable document. It was also Governor de
+      Neve who founded the present city of Los Angeles, the original name of
+      which was Neustra Señora de los Angeles, later shortened into Los Angeles.
+      The towns of San Jose and Santa Clara also owe their foundation to de
+      Neve, who selected the location of these cities around the mission sites.
+      After eight years of office de Neve was marked for higher honors, and was
+      succeeded by Governor Pedro Fages.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Governor Fages was a good and energetic man, but better fitted for the
+      army than for the state; he was noted for his lofty principals of
+      morality. Fages resigned his office and returned to Spain; he was not a
+      tactful ruler, but like many others his name has suffered at the hands of
+      unscrupulous writers. Fages was succeeded in 1790 by Governor José Antonio
+      Romeú, a bright and able but very sickly man. Dr. Pablo Soler the
+      excellent physician and surgeon of the Province of California was unable
+      to help him; and Romeú died in Monterey in less than two years of office.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      José de Arrillaga was the sixth governor. This governor was a finished
+      general, and placed the presidios of California on a solid basis; he was
+      painstaking and careful of detail. He resigned on account of private
+      business affairs but later returned as he was reappointed governor of
+      California.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The seventh governor was Diego de Boríca. Around this Governor cluster
+      many beautiful pages of Spanish history in California; his was a character
+      as gentle, religious and home-loving as he was scholarly and tactful. It
+      was under Boríca's administration that the boundary lines of Upper and
+      Lower California were clearly defined. Boríca, however, was not a man who
+      courted public life or honors, and resigned his office, returning to Spain
+      with his charming wife and daughter who always longed for their mother
+      country.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Before leaving Boríca did a good service to Spain and California in
+      recommending the reappointment of José Joaquin Arrillaga. Arrillaga
+      continued to organize strong military defenses for California. He served
+      as Spanish Governor of California fourteen years, and first of all
+      declared himself on all occasions "a loyal son of the Church." He died at
+      Mission Soledad on July 25, 1813, and was buried there. The only Spanish
+      Governor to be buried in California.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The ninth Spanish Governor was José Dario Arguello, who was in office one
+      year, the interval between the death of Arrillaga and the advent of Pablo
+      Vicente de Solá the last Spanish Governor of California.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When Governor Solá took office in 1814, California had already bloomed
+      into a garden of beautiful men and women, many of them from the mother
+      country, others their children born in this distant province of Castile.
+      Also many Yankee, Russian and English trading ships came to California
+      then, and the Spanish presidios were the scenes of many brilliant dances
+      and entertainment's. These foreign vessels were always welcome; while the
+      Governors were careful that the power of Spain was not infringed upon,
+      perfect courtesy and friendliness was always maintained by both Spaniards
+      and visitors. Thus when Governor Solá arrived to take his office he was
+      given a royal welcome. Of course, it was in Monterey that every governor
+      took up his residence (at the Royal Presidio) and their first act was to
+      attend Solemn High Mass at the Royal Chapel of San Carlos of Monterey.
+      Solá was no exception to the rule; amid salutes from the cannon of the
+      Presidio and the cheers of loyal subjects, by the Catalonian cavalry, and
+      their officers in their gorgeous velvet uniforms, gold swords and plumed
+      hats, Solá proceeded to the Royal Chapel where the Franciscan Fathers
+      awaited him in their priestly vestments. Three days of carnival followed,
+      but on the second day Governor Solá withdrew from the festivities, made
+      the Stations of the Cross <a href="#linknote-5" name="linknoteref-5"
+      id="linknoteref-5"><small>5</small></a> which the fathers had erected
+      between Monterey and Carmelo, and on reaching San Carlos of Carmelo was
+      shown to the tombs of Junipero Serra, Juan Crespí and Francisco de Laséun.
+      Here the Governor knelt and remained long in prayer.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In California Solá found a pleasing contrast from the conditions of
+      affairs he had seen during his sojourn in Mexico. In that country clouds
+      of revolt against Spanish rule were rapidly gathering. California he found
+      intensely loyal to the Crown. The neophytes and converted Indians greatly
+      touched his generous soul, and the beauty of the country delighted him.
+      Solá was in office eight years; his work was well done, and if California
+      was lost to Spain under his administration, no less credit can be given to
+      his ability and high principals of honor. Many times did Solá quell
+      disturbances from revolutionary vessels which landed in Monterey from
+      Mexico, and several attacks from pirates, and many a noble act is recorded
+      of this loyal governor as well as of the no less loyal Spanish subjects of
+      the Province. If the Mexican Government supplanted Spanish rule and "laid
+      desolate" much of the work done by this brilliant period of California, we
+      repeat it was due to no treachery or cowardice of Solá and his compatriots
+      as we shall see elsewhere in this sketch. Spain came into possession of
+      California with honor, maintained it with honor, and after her three-fold
+      honorable policy of exploration, colonization and christianizing of its
+      heathen natives, left it with honor, but her monuments remained. If a few
+      political troubles and abuses existed, they pale before the light of the
+      myriad of great deeds and purposes, and where is the country or people who
+      are utterly flawless individually? No cruelties or uncleanness can ever be
+      proven against Spain or her people here. Spanish society and refinement
+      was the first which California saw; under Spain were thousands of Indians
+      rescued from savagery, and under Spain was California made known to the
+      world, as well as discovered. Under Spain too were the first land grants
+      made to her subjects in California.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Some historians and casual observers are inclined to blame Spain for not
+      having lent more aid to her loyal California colonies and enabled her
+      presidios to have more and better fortifications. But let us examine these
+      points more coolly. First of all this province was far away from the
+      mother country, means of travel and communication were then far different
+      from what they are now, and Spain was also busy with political troubles at
+      home; she had always sent her most representative men as governors and
+      officers, her settlers were no less worthy, most of them coming here with
+      no "empty purse" as adventurers, but were men of education and standing in
+      their country. The galaxy of saintly missionaries is superfluous to
+      mention, so above are they of the least sting of reproach, and lastly so
+      clean are the pages of Spanish history in California that no serious
+      student of whatever race or creed he or she may be, can but deplore the
+      calumnies that have at times been hurled at this golden period of
+      California history. It was from the Spanish period of California that the
+      present capital of the state dates having been named Santisimo Sacramento
+      (Most Holy Sacrament) in honor of the Eucharistic Presence of the Altar.
+      Thus we see the vein of piety of the Spanish settlers who gave names of
+      religious significance to so many of the towns they founded, and even to
+      their land grants. In fine these sterling men were worthy compatriots of
+      those giant men and women which have appeared at different times in Spain.
+      We refer to Saints, Ignatius of Loyola, Francis Xavier, Dominic, Theresa
+      of Jesus and a myriad others, also to the fair array of kings and queens,
+      poets, artists, explorers, whose illustrious names would fill volumes.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When treading El Camino Real and kneeling by the sacred tombs of Junipero
+      Serra and his hero band of soul-conquerors we may well recall that passage
+      of the beautiful Hymn of the Knights of Columbus.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Brothers we are treading Where the saints have trod."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0005" id="link2HCH0005">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      Chapter V
+    </h2>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+     California Passes From Spanish to Mexican Rule,
+     Secularization of the Missions
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Amidst the beauty and glory of Spain's dominion in California, while the
+      gold emblazoned banners of Castile and Leon floated proudly under azure
+      skies, while the Spanish governors, officers and colonists were doing
+      honor and credit to their ancient race, and the saintly missionaries were
+      working marvels for the souls and bodies of the aborigines of the land,
+      while Spain was thus lending "her beauty and her chivalry" to California;
+      Mexico, forgetting her old debt to Spain, when she explored her then
+      heathen shores, had revolted against Spanish rule and set up an empire of
+      her own, making Augustin Iturbide, a man of half Indian blood her Emperor.
+      Immediately Mexico claimed California, as well as Texas, Arizona and New
+      Mexico as a portion of her empire, although the people of California, with
+      the exception of a handful of Mexicans, had never shown the least desire
+      of change of government, for the greatest number of her settlers were
+      Spaniards or their children who were intensely loyal to the Crown of
+      Spain. Here we will add that no person who held any office of importance
+      was any other than a Spaniard, or of purely Spanish blood or parentage,
+      hence missionaries, bishops, army and navy officers, surgeons, etc. were
+      all "children of Spain," the highest decoration that a mixed blood could
+      attain in the Spanish army of California or of Mexico was that of Corporal
+      or Sergeant. But when Mexico gained her independence all these corporals
+      and sergeants were suddenly made generals by their country, Mexico; and
+      here was clearly seen "who was who" for all mixed bloods as well as those
+      of purely Indian birth, both in Mexico and California raffled around their
+      standard, the new Mexican flag; in this number we will only except many of
+      the Christian Indians, in California, who clung piteously to the missions,
+      and who had more of their share of suffering. This state of affairs
+      enabled the new Mexican authorities, exultant over their victory in the
+      gain of their independence, to send several war vessels to Monterey late
+      in 1822 and demand of Governor Solá, the surrender of California in the
+      name of Emperor Augustin Iturbide. As we have already seen, nowhere in
+      Spain's New World possessions was loyalty to the mother country more
+      intense than in California, and the people, army and navy were loud in
+      their demonstrations of opposition, and expressions of willingness were
+      offered to the governor to fight the intrusion of Mexico to the end. But
+      the comparative handful of soldiers of the various garrisons, as well as
+      the few ships which the Spanish could muster in California were no match
+      to the overwhelming forces from Mexico, and Governor Solá considered it no
+      cowardly act but rather his conscience-bound duty to prevent a useless
+      carnage, wisely preferring an honorable surrender under the circumstances.
+      The prudence of this decision was soon seen in a clearer light by the
+      people. It was thus that the grand old flag of Spain was hurled from her
+      state fifty-three years after she had been hoisted amid the blessing of
+      Junipero Serra, the salutes of her proud ships and the loyal acclamations
+      of Portolá and her other gallant sons. Now Spanish rule was virtually
+      ended in California, but we repeat, not dishonorably. Spain's, work was
+      well done, her chief purpose gained, namely, the exploration and
+      christianizing of California.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As it took sometime for Mexico to mobilize her troops and settle her rule
+      in California, the Royal Presidio of Monterey was not immediately emptied
+      of its officers or of the Spanish families, whose positions entitled them
+      to a residence there, and who continued to live there close on to 1824.
+      Thus although the old familiar standard gave place to Mexico's new red,
+      white and green, the imprint of Spanish rule remained.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Indeed it was several years before Mexico could change the face of
+      California, and the Spanish element continued to rule social life at least
+      to a great extent through virtually all the Mexican period. The Mexican
+      society of the time certainly contained some excellent exceptions, but as
+      a general rule it was a sad contrast to that of the preceding period, nor
+      had the ten governors of this era the energy or standing of the ever
+      remembered Portolá, Boríca, de Neve, Arrillaga or Solá. At times, the
+      Mexican authorities treated Spaniards shabbily for it is important to note
+      that contrary to what many histories state, Spaniards unanimously refused
+      to take the Constitutional Oath of Allegiance to Mexico, and withdrew as a
+      consequence from all public affairs, only inasmuch as their family
+      interests or the good of the community demanded their intervention. Thus
+      we find no Spaniard as Governor, General, or the like during this period.
+      But here a curious thing occurred. In later years when writers and
+      historians of California became numerous many Mexicans declared themselves
+      Spaniards or classed themselves as of purely Spanish descent, passing as
+      such into some histories, while at the same time they did not hesitate to
+      "sting" the Spanish name; and there are many California families who are
+      referred to as "Spanish" whose ancestors in the baptismal and marriage
+      records of the various mission archives are recorded as "neófita de la
+      mission" ("neophyte of the mission") for the Spanish missionaries were
+      most accurate of details, and their records of marriages, baptisms and
+      funerals are like sketches of the persons concerned; parentage, birth all
+      are given in detail. Thus a child born of Spanish parents is referred to
+      as "de calidad Española" ("of Spanish quality") or if of some other purely
+      foreign extraction the same is mentioned. And fortunate indeed, that this
+      care of detail was had in the new country, else how would much valuable
+      knowledge be obtained?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      During our narrative we do not wish to lose sight of the fact that we have
+      professed our work to be primarily a work of love, avoiding bitter truth,
+      which can do no good, and avoiding personalities, hence the absence of
+      names may be noted in this chapter, but it is invariably the unpleasant
+      duty of a writer to tell some unpleasant things in a historical sketch,
+      else how could justice be done to others, and how straighten
+      misunderstandings? We do not wish to merely cast aspersions at the Mexican
+      race or any other, for the gross and sordid not to say sinful delight of
+      doing so, but we wish to present to the reader plain facts of this period
+      of history. Here we will add that even as "there is beauty in a blade of
+      grass" there were and are good qualities and virtues in many individual
+      Mexicans, but we cannot but wonder at the contrast of the two first
+      periods of our state's history, and at the difference so vast between two
+      races and characters so often absurdly confused. Here, we must mention
+      perhaps the most deplorable incidents of this period, incidents to which
+      in spite of ourself we have so often alluded, namely the Acts of
+      Secularization of the missions. First, we will mention that some writers
+      accuse Spain of having passed an Act of Secularization of Mission property
+      in 1813, but such an assertion is considered unfounded by good
+      authorities, perhaps it had rise from the fact that disturbances against
+      Spanish rule were felt in Mexico as early as that period and echoes of it
+      reached the small Mexican faction of California, causing much uneasiness
+      to the missionaries. But three Acts of Secularization of the missions were
+      passed in the years 1826, 1829 and 1835. And what did not the good fathers
+      with their neophytes and converts suffer! And what did not the many loyal
+      friends of these beloved fathers not suffer with them through sympathy!
+      Indeed no Spaniard or his descendants can speak of those Acts without the
+      crimson of just indignation mounting to the cheek. But Spaniards were
+      powerless to check the lawlessness of the times. The missions were
+      gradually but slowly dispossessed of their lawful property, and all their
+      wealth confiscated, several times were many of the dear Spanish fathers
+      deported; they returned to Spain where a warm welcome awaited them, but
+      how sad to leave their missions reared by the most heroic labors of the
+      "martyr stuff" within them or their immediate predecessors, Serra, Lasuén,
+      Lopez, Dumetz, Crespí, Paloú, names "held in benediction;" and what would
+      become of their poor converted Indians who clung to them so faithfully and
+      whom they had raised to the plane of christian men and women from
+      nakedness, savagery and paganism! Besides the missionaries, many other
+      Spaniards, too, were put on a list of those to be deported, among these
+      there would not have been much resistance offered, as the changes of the
+      government were sad enough, but before the resolution was carried out,
+      while many of them were settling their affairs and preparing to leave, a
+      few of the better class of Mexicans interposed, saying, "the Spaniards'
+      are of greater value to the Province than any harm which could ever come
+      from their presence, it behooves us to let them remain," so under the
+      condition that they would not be interfered with, and that no oath of
+      allegiance to Mexico would be forced from them, the Spanish families
+      remained, and their presence indeed was of "greater value" than for which
+      credit has been given them. American, English and Russian trading ships
+      continued to make their appearance in Monterey, to these were added French
+      ships. Several mercantile establishments existed, carried on chiefly by
+      Spaniards and Englishmen, and gay little social gatherings and dances
+      still went on.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In 1823 Mexico overthrew her empire and established a republic. But
+      throughout this period, disturbances and guerrillas scarcely ever ceased,
+      while the gradual but sure devastation of the missions and the behavior of
+      the authorities towards the beloved padres heightened the indignation of
+      all noble-minded citizens and increased the unpopularity of the governors
+      and authorities, most of whom were so very different to the Spanish
+      governors, who at all times declared themselves "loyal sons of mother
+      Church" and of whom no record of the practice of the contrary exists save
+      a very few minor differences in defining the extent of military and
+      ecclesiastical power. Good Bishop Garcia Diego, Bishop of California and
+      worthy Prince of the Church was also a sufferer on several occasions from
+      the disrespect of the civil authorities of Mexico, who even tried to
+      prevent his landing in Monterey, the seat of the diocese then. Let us
+      repeat a few Mexican authorities were exceptions of this type, but as we
+      have said, these were few indeed, and slowly Mexican power began to wane.
+      United States, England and France all stood in line for possession of
+      California as soon as a ripe opportunity presented itself. This plan was
+      most welcome to the Spaniards, who contrary to the statements of some
+      prominent historians, entertained no dislike for any of these nations.
+      Spaniards, like some others only wished that a happier and better
+      government would supplant the inactive yet turbulent government of Mexico,
+      who had hurled the Spanish flag from her position years before and
+      despoiled the missions of their wealth and glory. Thus United States
+      Consul, Thomas Larkin was always well received in the homes of the Spanish
+      families and in turn Mr. Larkin always referred to them in words of
+      praise. Meantime, things went from bad to worse, a change of government
+      seemed inevitable. We will soon see how this came about.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The only things for which Mexican rule in California was noted, was the
+      continuation of the making of large land grants, and an easy, careless
+      existence without the "hurry and flurry" of today; feasting, making merry,
+      and great parties in the "rancherias" where there were always large
+      "spreads;" it was during this period chiefly that the typical Mexican
+      dishes of tamales, enchiladas, and others which are still relished in
+      California were introduced in this province. In a word this was the period
+      of the sweet "mañana," where everyone seemed to have time to enjoy the
+      "dolce far niente" and exercised an open handed generosity with regard to
+      the "fleeting goods of earth."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0006" id="link2HCH0006">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      Chapter VI
+    </h2>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+     California Passes From Mexican to American Rule
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The year 1846 found the Mexican government in California struggling with a
+      poor exchequer and some of its leaders in an unfriendly mood towards one
+      another on account of petty differences, while France, England and United
+      States waited eagerly for an opportunity to seize California, nor may
+      their desire be termed dishonest since a change of government each day
+      seemed more inevitable.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Americans had often been treated with hostility and not given their lawful
+      rights under the existing form of government in California. Just about
+      this time United States Consul, Thomas O. Larkin had been sent to Monterey
+      and Captain John Fremont to Northern California, the latter presumably to
+      survey the country of the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Coast in the
+      interests of travel, but the real reason of the presence of these
+      gentlemen in California was thought to be, that they should keep a close
+      watch on the turn of affairs.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When circumstances shaped themselves for the worst, a party of Americans
+      at Sonoma headed by Captain Ezekiel Merritt gave the first signal of
+      uprising which led to the establishment of the Bear Flag Republic of
+      California. These men applied to Captain Fremont for help, but as Fremont
+      was an officer in the United States army, he could not personally take a
+      hand in the affair without authority from the United States Government,
+      but left his men free to join Captain Merritt's ranks, and many did so.
+      Under Captain Merritt the Americans captured horses and arms from a
+      Mexican regiment on the march for Sonoma, also the garrison of Sonoma;
+      encouraged by this William B. Ide, one of Merritt's chief advisers and
+      successor issued a Proclamation which launched the Bear Flag Republic into
+      its existence of twenty-four days. This Proclamation was a praiseworthy
+      document, stating the grievances of the American settlers, namely
+      unfriendliness and threats of expulsion, also declaring the justice of
+      overthrowing a government which had confiscated mission property calling
+      upon the assistance of peace-loving citizens of California and promising
+      not to molest persons who had not taken up arms. The Bear Flag of the
+      Republic of California was then designed by a Mr. William Todd and hoisted
+      in Sonoma on June 14, 1846, also in Monterey. The American flag could not
+      be hoisted because the actions of this party of Americans had virtually
+      been unauthorized, and they would have been responsible to the United
+      States for so doing, however, it was their intention to turn over their
+      conquests to the United States as soon as possible. But the Mexican
+      military authorities regarded the actions of these Americans as a gross
+      hostility, and from all sides prepared to attack them. The position of
+      this plucky little band now became very perilous, and again they laid
+      their cause and dangers before Fremont, who was in his camp on the
+      American River. Now the Captain did not hesitate in his decision and with
+      a small mounted force began action on the field. Fremont was a man of many
+      commendable qualities, possessed of bright mentality, unwavering and
+      extremely loyal to the American cause, but he had his failings, among them
+      being that on several occasions he took advantage of the tangled state of
+      affairs, to seize upon personal property considered without the range of
+      his lawful power to take, hence the dislike that exists for him among many
+      old California residents; still it was the "Pathfinder" as he was called,
+      who with Commodore Robert Stockton, Lieutenant Archibald Giliespie in
+      command at Los Angeles, General Stephen Kearny and some others fought the
+      brief battles which terminated in the raising of the American flag at the
+      Custom House of Monterey on July 7, 1846, thus was California admitted
+      into the Union as a territory. By a treaty of peace which followed the
+      Mexican War, California was ceded to the United States for the sum of
+      $15,000,000 in 1848. Among Monterey's landmarks Colton Hall is pointed out
+      as the place where representative men from various parts of California
+      convened and framed the first American Constitution for the State,
+      September 3, 1849. On November third of the same year the first election
+      was held, with the result that Peter H. Burnett was elected Governor, John
+      McDougall, Lieutenant-Governor, and Edward Gilbert and John Wright first
+      Congressmen from California. From Monterey the State Capital was removed
+      to San José, where John Fremont and William Gwin were appointed senators,
+      and it was they who pressed the Government to admit California as a state,
+      with the result that California was admitted as such on September 9, 1850.
+      Major Robert Selden Garnett, U. S. A. designed the state seal.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In 1854 the capital was removed to Sacramento from Benicia which held it
+      one year, San José having held it two years as, also Vallejo.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The discovery of gold in 1849 brought on a mad rush of all classes of
+      people into California and acts of lawlessness and violence became
+      numerous and frequent; for the purpose of checking these disorders the
+      "Committee of Vigilance" was formed in San Francisco in 1851. This
+      committee was composed of responsible men and much good came of it but
+      like in so many enterprises of the kind, many abuses were committed and
+      many innocent persons were unjustly punished.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As soon as affairs became settled and order established, American rule in
+      California became marked by progress and order, the discovery of gold
+      brought on a wonderful increase in population and more towns and cities
+      sprung throughout the state.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Much indeed could be said of the present, but as our story is only a brief
+      sketch intended to deal chiefly with the beloved old missions and
+      missionaries, and unravel if but a few of the tangled skeins of
+      misrepresentation cast about the older history of the state which is more
+      wrapt in mystery, with warm gratitude for what the present is and for what
+      the future will bring, we will return to the traces of the good fathers
+      whose missions are still the wonders of California, with them we can still
+      hear the chimes of mission bells.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0007" id="link2HCH0007">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      Chapter VII
+    </h2>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+      Mission Anecdotes and Hymns
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Told of Father Vicente Sarría
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Father Vicente Sarría, a venerable and saintly missionary in charge of
+      Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad at the time the first two acts of
+      Secularization were passed, was one of the keenest sufferers from the
+      injustices of the times, undergoing untold labors and hardships, which in
+      no small degree contributed to his death in 1833, which found him at his
+      post of duty at the mission. Father Sarría's reputation for sanctity was
+      well known throughout California, particularly in Monterey and Soledad,
+      and after his death it was no strange thing to hear both from Caucasian
+      and Indian such an ejaculation as "alma de nuestro Padre Sarría, ayudanos
+      con tu intercesion" (soul of our Father Sarría help us by your
+      intercession). Of course this pious demonstration was not public because
+      for many wise reasons, the church forbids the public veneration or
+      invocation of a saint until the required process of canonization has
+      authorized it, however, the allowable private invocation was freely
+      practiced as it has been done in the case of other saintly missionaries,
+      namely, Junipero Serra, Magin Catalá and others. And the following sweet
+      legend is told of Padre Sarría. As the Indian carriers lowered the humble
+      redwood coffin which contained the Father's precious remains into the
+      mission vaults, the edifice was filled with an exquisite fragrance as of
+      roses, and this story told with all earnestness was given much credence
+      about the mission towns. While not authenticated by infallible
+      investigation, may not this incident be classed at least as a probability
+      by the spiritual minded? For is it not in the power of the God of the
+      beautiful in nature to proclaim thus His appreciation for the heroic
+      charity of one of His servants, especially to strengthen the faith of the
+      sorely tried convert Indians who clung so lovingly to the mission in the
+      days of its trials?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Father Junipero Serra's Promise
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      One beautiful summer day while walking about the San Carlos Mission
+      Garden, Junipero Serra pondered over the wonderful progress of California
+      both in the spiritual and material order; filled with joy the good priest
+      blessed the land, and made a solemn promise to celebrate one hundred
+      masses for the future peace and prosperity of California, moreover he
+      promised to begin the fulfillment of his promise on the following
+      November, twenty-fourth, feast of Saint Charles, the patron saint of the
+      mission. Soon after, the venerable Serra was overtaken by his last illness
+      and went to his reward before November, the twenty-fourth. But every year
+      on the eve of the feast of Saint Charles just before midnight a ghostly
+      procession wended its way to San Carlos Mission, for all the missionaries,
+      Spaniards, or their descendants who had ever lived in California would
+      arise from their graves and with them all the Christian Indians of the
+      mission towns joined the "ghostly throng" to San Carlos where Junipero
+      Serra would arise from his tomb and celebrate mass while the spirits sang
+      their ancient hymns, after which all the scene vanished like silver fumes
+      of smoke, and this continued for one hundred years. This most unlikely
+      legend has been told in beautiful Spanish and English poetry, and for all
+      its unlikelihood has found its way with its weird charm into many homes.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A True Story
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Somewhere in the eighteen fifties a non-catholic of very irreligious
+      character, made targets of the eyes of a statue of Saint Benedict,
+      belonging to San Carlos Mission, taking advantage of the neglected
+      condition of the place at the time. A few days after this proceeding the
+      man was struck blind. This incident is no legend, but within the
+      remembrance of many old residents of Monterey. The unfortunate man later
+      acknowledged that his calamity was a direct visitation of Almighty God for
+      his gross and intentional irreverence to the image of a saint. The writer
+      refrains from giving the name of this man who has long ere this passed to
+      the "Great Beyond" but many Montereyans, who will read this sketch will
+      know it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Countless stories and legends of mission times are told and written
+      without the least foundation for veracity, for example the story of "The
+      Lost Pearls of Loretto;" others are founded on facts but distorted beyond
+      recognition. Still this is not startling in a land as full of sentiment
+      and romance as California, where so many writers, (most of them
+      "New-comers") have given vent to their poetical imaginations, and it is
+      not hard to believe that the eventful history of the state contained many
+      authentic stories, and legends with some ground of truth.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Hymn to the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary <a
+      href="#linknote-6" name="linknoteref-6" id="linknoteref-6"><small>6</small></a>.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+     "Para dar vida mortál
+     A Un Dios Autor de la vida
+     Sois Maria concebída
+     Sin pecádo originál."
+
+     "Para humillar la serpiénte
+     Que con su mortál venéno
+     Dejó todo el mundo lléno
+     De su aliento pestilénte
+     Que marcó à todo viviénte
+     Con el sello mas fatál
+     Sois Maria concebida
+     Sin pecado originál."
+
+     "Como Estér la mas amada
+     Del mas generoso Asuéro
+     Gracia recibes priméro
+     Que estés del crimen manchada
+     Pues para no ser contáda
+     En la indignacion reál
+     Sois Maria concebida
+     Sin pecádo originál."
+
+     "Ciudad fuérte y mas hermósa
+     Que de Asírio acometida
+     No logrará vérte herída
+     Su saeta ponzoñosa
+     Pues para ser victoriosa
+     De su poder infernál
+     Sois Maria concebida
+     Sin pecado originál."
+
+     "Luna lléna de esplandor
+     Sin ser nunca eclipsáda
+     Porque fuiste iluminada
+     De un sol de poder, y amor
+     Pues por no ver el horror
+     De un eclipse criminál
+     Sois Maria concebida
+     Sin pecado originál."
+
+     "Mujer heróica y valiente
+     Que con divino valor
+     Pisas gloriósa el furor
+     De la engañósa serpiente
+     Pues por no temer el diente
+     De aqeste monstro infernál
+     Sois Maria concebida
+     Sin pecado originál."
+
+     "Virgen que de nuestro suélo
+     Subes vestida de estrellas
+     Mas bela que las mas bellas
+     A ser la gloria del ciélo
+     Pues para tan alto vuélo
+     Con un favor sin iguál
+     Sois Maria concebida
+     Sin pecado originál."
+
+     "Patrona la mas amada
+     De nuestro suélo Español
+     Nuestro mas luciente sol
+     En la noche desgraciada
+     Pues para ser proclamada
+     Con el voto mas cordiál
+     Sois Maria concebida
+     Sin pecado originál."
+
+     "Concede en fin Madre amada
+     A tus hijos este dia
+     La mas cristiána alegria
+     Y la muerte deseada
+     Para que seas cantada
+     En la patria celestial
+     Sois Maria concebida
+     Sin pecado originál."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0008" id="link2HCH0008">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      Chapter VIII
+    </h2>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+     Retrospection of the work of the Spanish Missionaries,
+     Explorers and Settlers and their place in California's
+     Appreciation
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      We have followed the venerable band of missionaries from their homes in
+      Spain, where fired with zeal for the conversion of the savage heathen of
+      the New World they set out for the comparatively newly discovered land of
+      Mexico, where Spain had already a few establishments and churches, an
+      archbishopric in the city of Mexico, and the Franciscan Fathers a well
+      equipped monastery and mission at San Fernando in the northern part of the
+      country. We have seen the Spanish Franciscans' zeal in the land of the
+      Aztec, and we have also seen the noble cooperation given them by the
+      government and civil authorities of Catholic Spain. We have traced the
+      missionaries' steps, followed by gallant Portolá, and his fellow officers
+      and men, and have sympathized and rejoiced with them in their hardships
+      and joys. We have no doubt, often marveled at the stupendous work of the
+      Sons of Saint Francis in the conversion of the unenlightened heathen, and
+      have seen the Indian tribes turn from the worship of idols to the altar of
+      the one true God.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Let us now give a brief glance at the work so nobly done by the immortal
+      heroes which Catholic Spain sent to these shores. Many a time, winter
+      blasts of misunderstanding and wrong have been cast upon them, and many a
+      time have noble sympathizers fought just battles with prejudice in their
+      behalf, with the blessed result that the thickest clouds of errors and
+      "threadbare calumnies" have almost entirely disappeared, and with them the
+      remaining mists of wrong are fast vanishing at the powerful approach of
+      truth's sun, so that in relating the glories of that legion of splendid
+      characters whose names are so tenderly clasped about the fondest memories
+      of mission times, we shall not forget their friends and champions of later
+      years.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But first let us see what the brave Spanish pioneers did for California.
+      We will begin with the missionaries. To them we owe the conversion of the
+      heathen and savage Indians, which work was super-human in itself, and
+      which contrary to the statements of libelers, the fathers accomplished
+      with heroic patience and charity, teaching the Indians besides religion,
+      useful trades, civilizing them, and taking such conscientious care of them
+      that they made a nightly round of their quarters, not with whip in hand to
+      punish imaginary misdemeanor, but to see that the spiritual and temporal
+      welfare of their converts and neophytes, was guarded, and so great was the
+      attachment of the Indians to the fathers that if a father was called on
+      business from one mission to another, the Indians would follow him a long
+      distance weeping. Very few of the Indians were taught the art of reading,
+      not because the fathers were in any way unwilling to teach it, but because
+      for this one art most of the Indians showed no desire or willingness to
+      learn, yet this has given the ever ready, unscrupulous writer food for
+      saying that "the fathers endeavored to keep the Indians in ignorance" and
+      the healthy rule of the fathers with its hours of prayer, labor,
+      instruction and recreation for the Indian families in the mission
+      quarters, has been distorted by erroneous histories, and statements have
+      been made by some writers to the effect that "the Indians were treated
+      harshly and oppressed." Whereas under what nation were Indians or
+      unenlightened natives christianized, allowed to remain in their lands or
+      treated with more humanity than under Spain or her missionaries, wherever
+      they explored and wherever they went?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Harsh, oppressive, endeavoring to keep the Indians in ignorance," if such
+      actions mean all that these saintly missionaries accomplished, if they
+      mean their leaving refinement, christianity, fond home and kindred in
+      distant Spain to brave untold hardships, nay, martyrdom, to rescue souls
+      from paganism, and if such conduct as "harshness, oppression, endeavoring
+      to keep the Indians in ignorance" could be compatible with the practice of
+      heroic virtue and acts of mortification of mind and body which to the
+      spiritual man or woman appear beyond words of admiration, to the scoffer
+      and frivolous (but for this latter class we are not writing) foolish and
+      impossible. The missions too, with their honest wealth and industry were
+      California's first centers of enlightenment and refinement. The Spanish
+      missionaries were scholars as well as religious, and their institutions
+      were California's cradles of literature, music and learning hand in hand
+      with religion. To these early fathers we owe the first paintings and
+      statues brought to California, while their well equipped missions, even
+      contained medicine chests and medical books, to them we also owe the first
+      architecture in the building of the missions, the first agricultural
+      implements, even the first system of irrigation, in the state; to these we
+      may add the first stock of sheep, cattle, horses, the first fruits,
+      vineyards and teeming grain fields, yes, even the first roses of
+      California were brought here by them, and it was from the missions that
+      Dr. Robert Semple borrowed the printing type, wherewith he printed the
+      first newspaper in California, which appeared in Monterey in 1846, making
+      the letter "w" by joining two vs as the Spanish alphabet contains
+      twenty-five letters, "w" excepted.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And if the Spanish missionaries did so much what did the Spanish civil and
+      military authorities and settlers do? To Spanish explorers we owe the
+      discovery and exploration of California, as well as of South America,
+      Mexico and other portions of the New World, including the Pacific Ocean;
+      indeed is it not to Spain and her good Queen Isabella the Catholic, to
+      whom we really owe the discovery of America by Columbus? But not to
+      deviate from Spain's work in California, it was the early Spanish
+      governors who first framed laws and drew up a constitution in California,
+      and it was they who made the first land grants, it was by Spanish
+      explorers too that the first maps of California were drawn, under Spanish
+      rule were many of the present towns and cities founded, from Spain came
+      the first dawn of refinement and civilization, the first army and navy,
+      the first artists, musicians, physicians and skilled workmen, in fine the
+      first white child born in California was born of Spanish parents settled
+      in Monterey. And what was the record of Spain's dominion in California?
+      Setting aside unfounded calumnies as absurd as the one which claims that
+      Philip II passed a law sentencing to death any foreigner who set foot on
+      Spain's dominions in the New World, relegating such lies to where they
+      belong, Spain's rule in her New World possessions, including California
+      was marked by humanity as well as energy. Cortes, Pizzaro, Vizcaino,
+      Coronado, Menendez, Ponce de Leon, Cabeza de Vaca, Balboa, as well as the
+      later "pathfinders" governors and viceroys of Catholic Spain, were men of
+      honor, and sobriety to whose names no "butcheries and cruelties" may be
+      justly attached.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Perhaps one of the best proofs of Catholic Spanish humanity is the fact of
+      the preservation of the aborigines of the land wherever Spanish conquests
+      were made. Take for example, the statistics of the last census of Mexico
+      which reveal that of a population of 15,000,000 souls 7,000,000 are pure
+      Indian 5,000,000 mestizos or of mixed Indian and foreign extraction and
+      only 3,000,000 foreigners or of Mexican birth but of purely foreign
+      extraction. Take, California, Arizona, New Mexico and other former Spanish
+      possessions of whom the same may be said in proportion. In these places no
+      Indian reservations are seen as where the Puritans held sway. If Spain
+      were guilty of the cruelties so falsely imputed to her, Mexico in
+      particular would be a Spanish or Latin-American Republic, as it is, she
+      may hardly be termed as such. But Catholic Spain acted as explorer,
+      civilizer and with her venerable missionaries sponsor to the conversion of
+      the heathen tribes of her New World colonies, leaving in them the traces
+      of her enlightenment and christianity, yes, leaving them monuments of her
+      humanity!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the absurd and ludicrous application of the term "Spanish" in our midst
+      to many persons who have no claim to it by either birth or descent we will
+      not dwell, as we would not cheapen our sketch by stooping to discuss such
+      ignorance or insult our intelligent readers by writing on such
+      foolishness, we will only ask their permission to say that many so-called
+      intelligent people have no conception of the Spanish type, race or
+      character, but these we will leave "a la luna de Valencia" as an ancient
+      Spanish saying would express such cases. The California families of
+      Spanish descent are comparatively few, this being noted especially by
+      Spanish visitors to California.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But what of Spanish generosity at home, when the missionaries were toiling
+      for souls in the New World? Many a pious Spaniard in Spain and in Mexico
+      subscribed immense sums for the missions of California, both for the
+      Jesuit and the Franciscan missions. Thus we find the pious Marquis de
+      Villa Puente subscribing $200,000 for "missions, vessels and other
+      necessities of California." The Duchess of Gandía subscribed $60,000 for
+      the same purpose in 1767 and many others followed the same example until
+      the "Pius Fund of the Missions of California" amounted to over two million
+      dollars. At the time of the Secularization of the Missions, the Mexican
+      Government confiscated a large remaining portion of this "Pious Fund." In
+      1853 the Spanish Archbishop Alemany, then Bishop of Monterey and successor
+      of Bishop Diego from whom the "Pious Fund" had been taken, started a
+      litigation which was continued in turn by his worthy successor Archbishop
+      Patrick Riordan of the archdiocese of San Francisco, with the good result
+      that Mexico was made to pay the sum of $43,050 in Mexican currency
+      annually as the interest at six per cent on the sum of $1,460,682 of the
+      "Pious Fund" which the national treasury of Mexico had appropriated on the
+      promise of Mexico to act as trustee of the fund and pay an interest of six
+      per cent which it had failed to pay since its appropriation at the time of
+      the Mexican regime in California. Moreover, Mexico had agreed to pay this
+      interest to the object intended by the donors of the fund, namely, "to the
+      church, for the conversion of the natives of California, for the
+      establishment, maintenance and extension of the Catholic Church, her faith
+      and worship, in said country of Upper and Lower California." The
+      litigation was won through the intervention of the United States
+      Government which Archbishop Riordan invoked through his counsel, and
+      decided by arbitrators under the Hague Convention in 1899. The first
+      payment was made on February 2, 1903.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Perhaps it is not amiss to quote here a small portion of the speech
+      delivered in Washington, D. C. by Hon. Joseph Scott of Los Angeles on the
+      occasion of a banquet following the unveiling ceremonies of the memorial
+      erected in honor of Christopher Columbus by Act of Congress. Among the
+      speakers present at the banquet were Ex-President William Taft (then
+      president), Cardinal Gibbons, Speaker Champ Clark, Ex-speaker Joseph
+      Cannon, Congressman Underwood, Judge Victor Dowling of the Supreme Court
+      of New York and many other notable men of the nation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "It affords me unbounded pleasure to have an opportunity to deliver an
+      expression, feeble though it be, of the sentiments of the Knights of
+      Columbus of the great West, and particularly of California, regarding the
+      significance of this great day. Mr. John Barrett of the Pan-American Union
+      has already given you food for sober thought in the parallel he has drawn
+      of the marvelous activity and resourcefulness of the Latin-American
+      republics. Possibly I may be permitted at this time to inject a suggestion
+      that, despite the remarks of the previous speaker about Boston as the
+      modern Athens and the seat of universal learning, "Modern Athens" has
+      nothing in common with the memories aroused by contemplation of the events
+      which we celebrate today. It may be well to tell our friends from New
+      England that before the so-called Anglo-Saxon had set foot as a colonist
+      upon the American soil, the followers of Columbus had penetrated into the
+      heart of Kansas and gone down as far as Buenos Ayres. I want to lay stress
+      upon the fact that we have not noted too emphatically today that it was
+      the great Spanish race, with its strong and sterling faith, which
+      accomplished this wonderful mission of civilization. Too long have we
+      endured the stress of so-called history written by Prescott and others,
+      some of whom ought to have been put in the Ananias club before they were
+      born. For nearly three centuries the Spanish race, with its indomitable
+      faith, pursued almost alone its mission of civilization and evangelization
+      of the aborigines of America. Before the Pilgrim Fathers had landed on
+      Plymouth Rock, the Catholic Spaniard had acquired a knowledge of the
+      Indian language sufficient to enable him to translate the Bible into the
+      Aztec Indian language, so that the new Indian neophyte could read the
+      story of "God's greatest Book" in his mother tongue."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Courage of Catholic Spain
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I wish to advise those of you who speak now of a burden of four days and
+      nights in luxurious Pullman cars to step out on the soil of California as
+      though you had performed a deed of heroism, that a Spanish soldier, Cabeza
+      de Vaca, with the courage of primitive Christianity, walked from Florida
+      to the Gulf of California, though it took him seven years to accomplish
+      his task; and the wonderfully brave Friar Marcos de Niza pioneered his way
+      on foot thirteen hundred miles into the heart of Arizona through deserts
+      and hordes of Apaches, in his efforts to plant the cross of civilization
+      among the children of the new world. Nay, the Grand Canyon of Arizona, now
+      one of the greatest natural wonders of the world, was seen by a young
+      Spanish lieutenant and his twenty soldiers three hundred years before the
+      Anglo-Saxon took a glimpse at its wonderful and awe-inspiring beauty.
+      These and other similar facts are attested by the report of the Bureau of
+      Ethnology of Washington, as well as by many other reliable authorities,
+      including that singularly gifted and scholarly student of Spanish history
+      and folk lore, Charles F. Lummis of Los Angeles, himself a Puritan on both
+      sides of his house for several generations back. It was the fortitude of
+      this Spanish race, coupled by its strong devotion to the faith which you
+      and I profess, which enabled them to solve the Indian problem as it has
+      never been attempted since. While under our present system of the
+      government of this United States, the Indian has been an outcast and a
+      derelict to be robbed and cheated by his white brother, yet on the other
+      hand the Spanish missionary brought into the life of the simple native of
+      the new world the wholesome light of Christianity, which made him
+      recognize in the Red Man the same soul which was made in the image and
+      likeness of the common Creator of us all. In that spirit of brotherhood
+      and charity he obtained the confidence and good will of the Indians,
+      almost without exception, throughout the length and breadth of the
+      countries that he explored. And while his path was beset with dangers from
+      the grim forces of nature, and occasionally the crown of martyrdom was
+      given to him by an unthinking hand of those he was coming to evangelize,
+      yet he faltered not in his footsteps.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Today the memory of Columbus may be coupled with and attributed, on our
+      part, to the splendid heroism and Christian fortitude of the great Spanish
+      race which continued the work of Columbus with all that it entailed for
+      the betterment of humanity."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In compliance with our promise not to forget the friends of the
+      missionaries and of their compatriots, of today, we will first speak of
+      California's wonderful enthusiasm in the celebration of the Bi-centenary
+      of Junipero Serra's birth. Of the privileged thousands who visited
+      Monterey on November 23, 1913 and made a pilgrimage to Serra's tomb at San
+      Carlos Mission, how many will efface that sight from their minds in years
+      to come? But this awe-inspiring sight to which Reverend Raymond Mestres
+      and the Franciscan Fathers of San Francisco, contributed so much, and in
+      which the Third Order of Saint Francis so prominently participated will be
+      yearly renewed. Ecclesiastical and civil authorities, towns and cities,
+      individuals, all had the "right spirit." The accounts of the press were
+      glowing. Mr. Frank Powers of Carmel-by-the-Sea was California's
+      representative at the celebration which Spain did not fail to hold in
+      honor of her illustrious son; and Mr. Powers indeed proved a worthy
+      representative, returning to California with renewed enthusiasm for the
+      saintly Serra, and his lectures have been listened to with keen delight.
+      And can any praise seem superfluous for California's apostles in
+      particular for the saintly Serra? At the civil exercises, held in Monterey
+      on the occasion of the celebration we are speaking of, Senator Reginaldo
+      del Valle, of Los Angeles, Mr. Michael Williams and Mr. Charles Phillips
+      of San Francisco each paid exquisite tributes to our hero whom the opening
+      lines of Mr. Phillips' beautiful ode described as:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+     "A young boy dreaming by the Spanish main:
+         Knee-high in waving grain
+         He halts at eve and dreams,
+     Where green Majorca fronts the cycling sea,
+         And far worlds ceaselessly
+     Beckon with passing sail and swinging tide,
+         And plunging galleons ride
+       Home from adventure, or away, away
+         To silken bright Cathay,
+       Or where dark India her golden treasure yields;
+     A young boy dreaming in his father's fields,
+       Who plucks a lily from the bending wheat
+     And stands with veiléd gaze and searching eyes
+         Pale with some great emprise,
+       Beyond the homing waters of his isle,
+         Beyond Majorca's skies;&mdash;
+       And dreams and dreams the while!"
+
+     "And they who love him wonderingly ask:
+         "What lad is this of ours
+         Who dreams away the hours,
+     And when the windy night-tide running sings,
+         So strangely seems
+         Converse to hold with far compelling things?
+     Or what these spirit-smiling ecstasies,"
+         They reverent cry,
+         "That halt him at his task
+     And hold him trancéd in bright reveries?
+         Is this our lad, indeed,
+         Who with such Heaven-given grace&mdash;
+         Ay, with the light of Heaven on his face!&mdash;
+         Makes question of the very world about?"
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      One of the sweetest features of this day was that hereafter by a decree of
+      Governor Hiram Johnson, who also did not fail to send a representative to
+      Monterey in the person of Judge Griffin, November the twenty-fourth was
+      declared a state holiday. May Serra day long be welcomed by loyal
+      Californians! We cannot close this chapter after speaking of the bright
+      constellation of the past which appeared in California skies so many years
+      ago, and whose traces we so cherish, without saying a few words about that
+      worthiest of worthy movements to restore the dear old missions of El
+      Camino Real according to their traditional lines, here again Reverend
+      Father Mestres of Monterey deserves the greatest credit in this
+      enterprise, and the Knights of Columbus of the California councils have
+      proved themselves great helpers in the plan. King Alfonso, his minister,
+      Señor Juan Riaño, the Marquis de la Vega y Inclan who will be King
+      Alfonso's representative at the Panama-Pacific Exposition of 1915, are
+      hearty supporters and sponsors of this movement, and with cooperation from
+      faithful friends and the sanction of the Bishop of the diocese of Monterey
+      and Los Angeles, we have no doubt that these glorious landmarks, some of
+      which have alas too long been allowed to go to "wreck and ruin" while
+      others are still more or less neglected, after the cruel years which
+      extinguished their sanctuary lamps, left their altars bare and their
+      belfries silent save for the hooting of the night owls, will ere long be
+      in the proper repair to hand down with pride to posterity; and to further
+      repair these holy temples and place them under their historical and
+      original plans the most fitting priests to whom we could entrust them (at
+      least wherever the necessary satisfactory arrangements are possible) are
+      Spanish priests, compatriots of their founders, this too would serve to
+      continue and strengthen the old friendly relations between Spain and
+      California, and as whatever Spanish priests would take charge of the
+      missions, would be scholarly men speaking both English and Spanish, the
+      English speaking congregations would be well served. About three of the
+      old missions are under Spanish priests now. Let us then not cease our
+      efforts until every mission cross gleams gloriously in the radiance of the
+      California sun, until the devotional chimes of mission bells peal forth
+      again from every silent belfry, until the altar light beams again before
+      each tabernacle enclosing the Eucharistic Presence, until the empty niches
+      contain again the images which decked them as of yore, until each tomb of
+      sainted missionary is restored, until mass is again daily said within
+      these consecrated walls, and finally until San Carlos of Carmelo is again
+      a worthier Carmel, "for the greater honor and glory of God" and the
+      praises of His Virgin Mother once more are sung about this smiling valley
+      where the Christian Indian children gathered the beautiful wild flowers of
+      the blooming meadows to adorn the hallowed shrines, ere chimed the Angelus
+      at evenings mellow glow.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0009" id="link2HCH0009">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      Chapter IX
+    </h2>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+     Reverend Raymond M. Mestres of Monterey Writes Historical
+     Drama&mdash;"Fray Junipero"
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Beautiful among beautiful historical dramas is the mission play "Fray
+      Junipero" written by Reverend Raymond Mestres, pastor of San Carlos Church
+      (Capilla Real de San Carlos) of Monterey. Many men and women have
+      undertaken to write about mission times, but we may safely assert that
+      this good priest so unassuming in what he does, is above all qualified to
+      handle this subject, being first of all a religious, a native of
+      Barcelona, the Metropolis of the Province of Catalonia, which can claim
+      Junipero Serra and so many of the early Spanish missionaries, explorers
+      and settlers, and being too an artist and scholar in every way acquainted
+      with the history of the missions, having made it a special study during
+      his twenty-seven years of residence (as a priest) in four mission towns of
+      California, twenty-one of which have been spent in that chief of mission
+      towns, Monterey.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Unbiased, careful of detail and true to history, while not wanting in
+      artistic setting "Fray Junipero" carries the audience in Act I back to the
+      College of Fernando, when Junipero Serra received his commission to come
+      to California as Father President of the Missionaries who were to
+      christianize that "mysterious vineyard." Act II is a typical picture of
+      California Indian Life. Act III depicts the landing of Serra and Portolá
+      on the shores of Monterey, the taking possession of the land in the name
+      of King Carlos III and the celebration of Junipero Serra's first Mass in
+      Monterey; all facts are taken from the archives preserved in San Carlos
+      Church, consequently historically authentic. Act IV pictures a piquant
+      fiesta scene with Spanish dancing, the scene being laid in the Carmel
+      Valley on the occasion of the baptism of the first white child born in
+      Monterey. This child was born of Spanish parents, Pasqual and Terésa
+      Segura and in baptism received the name of Carlos. According to the
+      records this baptism occurred in May 18, 1782, the ceremony being
+      performed by Fray Junipero Serra just two years before his death. With
+      very slight changes in the names this incident is taken from the archives
+      of San Carlos Mission. Act V represents Fray Junipero Serra receiving the
+      last Sacraments, his death and the grief of the people.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In writing "Fray Junipero" Reverend Raymond Mestres intended it to
+      commemorate the Bicentenary of our hero's birth, and was presented for the
+      first time in Monterey on August 28th, 1913 by local talent. This will be
+      an annual event at Monterey on the same date, August 28th, which is the
+      anniversary of Fray Junipero Serra's death. In spite of poor advertisement
+      the first production of this drama was a decided success. It was intended
+      to be played three nights, but by request a fourth night was added.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As this sketch goes to press, the rehearsing of the second year of the
+      production of "Fray Junipero" begins with great improvement in the
+      staging, and a greater promise of success as it is now much more widely
+      known.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      May an ancient Spanish Nativity Play for Christmastide, which Reverend
+      Raymond Mestres intends to translate into English, and which contains
+      glorious music, and a history of mission times, which this scholarly
+      pastor of San Carlos Church has in store, soon delight Californians and
+      California's yearly tide of tens of thousand visitors.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_APPE" id="link2H_APPE">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      Appendix
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      Letter of Junipero Serra <a href="#linknote-7" name="linknoteref-7"
+      id="linknoteref-7"><small>7</small></a>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Long live Jesus, Mary and Joseph!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "R. P. Fr. Miguel de Petra.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "My dearest nephew, brother and Sir.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "It was not for want of love that I did not answer some of your letters.
+      For it was not merely bodily that I left my beloved country. I could have
+      been communicating with many persons by letters and friends, both in and
+      outside our order, but, if our minds were constantly intent upon what we
+      once left, what would be the use of leaving it?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I wrote a long letter to your reverence after your religious profession.
+      Besides, your reverence heard of me through the Padre Lector Verger, who
+      is at present our guardian. I received your letter when I was among the
+      Gentiles over three hundred leagues away from any Christian settlement.
+      There is my life and there, I hope, God helping, to die. When this hour
+      comes, some member of our province will take care to notify our brethren
+      that they may pray for me, and then, your reverence will know it. What
+      else does your reverence desire? Your reverence lives among saints, and,
+      therefore I do not deem you in need of my advice and counsel, which indeed
+      would be the only justifiable motive for my writing.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Let us improve and make good use of our time, let us walk worthy of the
+      vocation in which we were called, let us work out our spiritual salvation,
+      with fear and trembling, and that of our brethren, with the most ardent
+      charity and zeal, and let all glory be to our great God. In connection
+      with this, I took great pleasure in learning that your reverence was
+      preaching a mission at Ivisa when Padre Commissary Verger passed through
+      there. The time given to this apostolic ministry with the blessing of your
+      superiors, preaching in your words and deeds, hearing confessions with
+      love and patience, I believe, will be the best and most fruitful you ever
+      spent.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Though a lukewarm, bad and an unprofitable servant, I remember every day
+      in the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass, my only and most dear sister Juana,
+      your mother, her children, and specially my Capuchin. I hope all of you do
+      the same for me that the Lord may secure me from all dangers among these
+      naked and barbarous peoples. Let this be our mutual correspondence, and
+      let God do the rest.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "And that I may give your reverence some news of my destination, I beg
+      your reverence to look on the maps of America. You will see in the shores
+      of the South Sea, most improperly called Pacific, the Peninsula of
+      California [Lower California]. I was there for a year in the capacity of
+      President of the Missions already founded by the exiled Jesuit Fathers.
+      Then followed north along the same coast and just a little before what is
+      called Cabo Mendosino, you will find in some maps, the title or name the
+      Port of Monte Rey.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "There your uncle lives, among those poor people. There I went with the
+      first Christians in 1770. There I sang the first Mass and there I have
+      been in company with Fr. Juan Crespi until the latter part of August. Then
+      I left for this college in order to transact some very important business
+      with the Most Excellent Lord Viceroy concerning the maintenance and
+      increase of those Christian settlements and the establishment of those
+      already proposed and planned, or that may be planned.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Thanks to God, I have been kindly received and given close attention by
+      His Excellency and he has granted me whatever I have asked of him; so, God
+      helping, I hope for a quick and very extensive expansion and spreading of
+      our Holy Faith and of the domains of our Catholic King.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "In addition to one Mission where we spread Christianity in California
+      [Lower California] which I called San Fernando de Vellixata, there are
+      five already founded in that far off land; Monterey which said Padre
+      Crespi and I administer, San Antonio de Padua, twenty-five leagues
+      distant, with Padre President, Fr. Miguel Pieras and Fr. Buenaventura
+      Sitjar; that of San Luis Obispo, twenty-five leagues farther away, where I
+      placed two religious members of the Province of Catalonia, Padre Juncosa
+      and Padre Cavallier, that of San Gabriel, seventy leagues farther away
+      towards California [Lower California], for which I appointed one father
+      from the Province of Los Angeles and another from that of Andalucia; and
+      finally that of San Diego, which is the nearest to California [Lower
+      California] though over one hundred leagues distant, and I appointed as
+      ministers Padre Fr. Francisco Dumetz and Padre Fr. Luis Jaume. They are
+      all working with earnestness and abundant fruit in their respective fields
+      of labor.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "When in 1769 I left California [Lower California], I appointed Padre
+      Paloú President of the Missions there and I have not seen him since; but
+      now these missions, formerly in charge of the Fathers of the Society of
+      Jesus, are being turned over to the Dominican Fathers. So said Padre Paloú
+      with others, will come to us in order to found the Missions of San
+      Buenaventura, Santa Clara and San Francisco for which missions I have
+      already there the ornaments, the sacred vessels, utensils and other
+      necessary things.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The number of Christians in those places, where the name of Jesus had
+      never been spoken, though there are some in all the Missions, still up to
+      the present, is not very great; because while we have been very busy
+      building our poor houses, little churches, teaching some children to be
+      interpreters, and providing other necessary things, our efforts could not
+      equal our ardent desires.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Now that things are going, and His Excellency has given, upon my request,
+      various things of which we stood in the greatest need, I hope in God, we
+      shall reap abundant fruits from our humble work. And I say that our work
+      is so-so, such as it is, because, if I told you all we are doing, it might
+      seem a great thing, when in reality, upon a closer view, it would seem
+      very insignificant.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "In spite of the cold, which is very intense in California, the lack of
+      victuals, the poverty of our houses, I have been enjoying very good
+      health, thanks be to God! But this trip to Mexico has been very hard on
+      me. From the hardships of the journey, I arrived in the City of
+      Guadalajara burning with fever. I was so sick and in such danger that the
+      last Sacraments were administered to me a few days after.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "As soon as the continual fever became intermittent, I continued my
+      journey, and arrived in the city of Queretaro, again, so weak and sick,
+      that fearing for my life, they administered to me the last Sacraments of
+      the Church. Yet soon after I experienced a change for the better and
+      finally I reached this Holy College on February 6th of this present year.
+      I remained, however, for a long time exhausted, weak and without any
+      ambition or appetite.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "But now, blessed be God! I am restored and brought back to health, I am
+      transacting the business for which I came, and feel ready to set out on my
+      journey back to that vineyard of the Lord.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "During my sickness in Queretaro, I was nursed with remarkable charity and
+      diligence, by Padre Procurador Fr. Alexandro Llaneras, and soon after I
+      arrived here, in this College of San Fernando, we heard of his death. He
+      died of a serious fever. Death found him well prepared with all the
+      Sacraments, assisted by Holy Communion, equipped with patience and entire
+      conformity to the will of God, thus preaching to all with his example. I
+      beg your reverence to pray for him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "It is only once a year that we can receive letters from and send them to,
+      this College. And if we can only once a year receive and write a letter,
+      is it surprising that we are so slow to write to those living in another
+      world? However, if with the help of God, I safely arrive in California, I
+      may drop you a letter telling at least of my arrival, should there be
+      nothing of more importance to communicate to your reverence. Meanwhile, I
+      send my best regards to your mother, my dearest sister, to my niece, and
+      to all our brethren. Remember me to my beloved Dr. Onofre Verd, and to the
+      other pupils of mine, friends and neighbors and acquaintances, specially
+      to Fr. Rector de Selva, Dr. Jayme Font, and finally to all, not without
+      the request that they pray to God, that His Divine Majesty deign, through
+      His infinite mercy, to make me fit and worthy minister of His Divine Word,
+      and grant me a holy and happy death.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "From this Apostolic College de Propaganda Fide of San Fernando, Mexico,
+      August 4, 1773.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "May God keep your reverence for many years;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Most affectionate uncle, brother and servant.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Fr. Junipero Serra."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Meaning of California Missions
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      By Right Rev. Bishop Conaty, of Los Angeles
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the mission celebrations which occur in California from time to time,
+      there are two views which men take&mdash;the this-world-view and the
+      other-world-view. In either view the missions stand out gloriously. In the
+      first, the builders, who were the padres, are beheld as practical men
+      possessing fine artistic sense and creative genius. From the memories of
+      old Spain and the elemental materials at hand, the forests, the soil and
+      sunlight, they made the original picture-building which artists since have
+      loved to paint, and poets loved to praise. From this same viewpoint the
+      mission builders are seen as philanthropists who selected human materials
+      as gross as the mud from which they made the adobe brick, and from these
+      built up a civilization that was more wonderful than all the
+      mission-edifices which remain as monuments to their altruistic efforts.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But there is another view of the missions which must appeal especially to
+      Catholics. Indeed it is natural to the farther-seeing Catholic eye. It is
+      the other-world-view. It is the vision of souls. It is seen to have been
+      the motive of every action of the master-builder padres. It is the reason
+      for their exile here, the purpose of their sufferings, the object of their
+      labor, the burden of their prayer, the spirit of their vocation, the
+      poetry, art, architecture and music of their souls. The one aim in life
+      was the salvation of souls.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &mdash;The Monitor.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dances of Early California Times.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Spanish dances of early California times were the Contradanza,
+      Quadrillas Españolas, Varsoviana, Jota Aragonesa, Bamba, Jarabe, Son,
+      Zamacueca, and Fandango.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With the exception of the first three, which are round dances, the dances
+      are danced by two persons; the steps are very fancy, and for some
+      castanets are used. It was customary after each change of step for the
+      gentleman to recite a pretty little stanza complimentary to the lady, who
+      in turn responded her refined appreciation also in verse, sometimes merely
+      witty or comical rhymes were used. The music is very pleasing and lively.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_FOOT" id="link2H_FOOT">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <h2>
+      FOOTNOTES:
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linknote-1" id="linknote-1">
+      <!-- Note --></a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="foot">
+      1 (<a href="#linknoteref-1">return</a>)<br /> [ Official title of the Kings
+      of Spain.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linknote-2" id="linknote-2">
+      <!-- Note --></a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="foot">
+      2 (<a href="#linknoteref-2">return</a>)<br /> [ Blue and white are the
+      symbolical colors of the Blessed Virgin Mary.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linknote-3" id="linknote-3">
+      <!-- Note --></a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="foot">
+      3 (<a href="#linknoteref-3">return</a>)<br /> [ The Very Reverend Angelo
+      Casanova selected the writer of this sketch and her brother, then little
+      children to unveil this monument.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linknote-4" id="linknote-4">
+      <!-- Note --></a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="foot">
+      4 (<a href="#linknoteref-4">return</a>)<br /> [ Alberto de Cordoba, an
+      excellent engineer, surveyed the Harbor of San Francisco in 1813, at the
+      request of Governor Boríca.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linknote-5" id="linknote-5">
+      <!-- Note --></a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="foot">
+      5 (<a href="#linknoteref-5">return</a>)<br /> [ A Catholic devotion in
+      honor of Our Saviour's Passion.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linknote-6" id="linknote-6">
+      <!-- Note --></a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="foot">
+      6 (<a href="#linknoteref-6">return</a>)<br /> [ This beautiful hymn is
+      found in many ancient Spanish books of devotion.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linknote-7" id="linknote-7">
+      <!-- Note --></a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="foot">
+      7 (<a href="#linknoteref-7">return</a>)<br /> [ This letter was written by
+      Junipero Serra soon after his arrival at the College of San Fernando,
+      Mexico, on a business trip he made there four years after his coming to
+      California. The letter was written to his nephew, also a priest, in Petra,
+      Spain.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+
+
+
+
+
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+Project Gutenberg's Chimes of Mission Bells, by Maria Antonia Field
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Chimes of Mission Bells
+
+Author: Maria Antonia Field
+
+Posting Date: March 19, 2009 [EBook #6894]
+Release Date: November, 2004
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHIMES OF MISSION BELLS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Schwan
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHIMES OF MISSION BELLS
+
+An Historical Sketch of California and Her Missions
+
+
+By Maria Antonia Field
+
+
+
+
+                      To the Revered Memory of
+                      Junipero Serra
+
+                      And of
+                      My Great Grandparents
+                      Esteban and Catalina Munras
+
+                      This Book Is
+                      Affectionately Dedicated
+
+
+
+Acknowledgment of Gratitude
+
+In producing this book I wish to thank my Mother, who wrote for me in
+modern notation the music of the hymns of the Mission Fathers which are
+contained in this work, and gave me much welcome information; also Rev.
+Raymond M. Mestres, my zealous parish Priest, successor and compatriot
+of Junipero Serra and the Mission Padres, for valuable data, and for
+allowing me access to the early archives of San Carlos Mission and of
+the Mission Church of Monterey.
+
+Maria Antonia Field Monterey, California, June 1, 1914
+
+
+
+Contents
+
+
+Translation of the Names of the Missions
+
+Tribute to Junipero Serra and the Mission Padres
+
+Chapter I Junipero Serra, Leader of the Heroic Band of Spanish
+Missionaries of California. His Coming to San Fernando, Mexico, Thence
+to California
+
+Chapter II Brief Sketch of the Conquest of California and of the
+Founding of the Missions. Hospitality of the Missions. Care and
+Benevolence of the Missionaries Toward the Indians
+
+Chapter III More About San Carlos Mission and Monterey
+
+Chapter IV California Under Spanish Rule
+
+Chapter V California Passes from Spanish to Mexican Rule. Secularization
+of the Missions
+
+Chapter VI California Passes from Mexican to American Rule
+
+Chapter VII Mission Anecdotes and Hymns
+
+Chapter VIII Retrospection of the Work of the Spanish Missionaries,
+Explorers and Settlers and their place in California's Appreciation
+
+Chapter IX Rev. Raymond M. Mestres Writes Historical Drama "Fray
+Junipero"
+
+Appendix A Letter of Junipero Serra. The Meaning of California Missions.
+Dances of Early California Times
+
+
+
+
+Preface
+
+
+In presenting this modest volume to the public, I wish to call the
+attention of my readers to the following facts. Firstly, my humble work
+is a work of love--love simple and unalloyed for the venerable Spanish
+Missionaries of California and for the noble sons and daughters of Spain
+who gave such a glorious beginning and impetus to our state. Being a
+direct descendant of pioneer Spaniards of Monterey, I take a particular
+interest in California's early history and development and as my family
+were staunch friends of the Missionary Fathers and in a position to
+know the state of affairs of those times, and to family tradition I
+have added authentic knowledge from reading the earliest archives of
+San Carlos Mission, as well as other historical references, I feel I can
+fearlessly vouch for the truthfulness of my little work. Secondly--while
+fully appreciating the sympathy and interest of many charming and
+intellectual characters who grace California to-day, it must be admitted
+that there is a sadly ignorant or misinformed number who scarcely
+seem to know who Spaniards and their descendants are, judging from the
+promiscuous way the term "Spanish" is used, and what is the result of
+this among many? Prejudice, and absurd misunderstanding of the golden
+days of Spanish California as well as of the Spanish race and character.
+It is far from being my wish to offend, but I wish to present correct
+historical facts. Thirdly--there is no pretense to consider this brief
+sketch a complete or detailed history, but only a truthful outline of
+the heroic and chivalrous Mission days.
+
+Maria Antonia Field.
+
+
+
+
+Translation of the Names of the Missions.
+
+
+1. San Diego.--A Spanish form of Saint James, who is the Patron Saint of
+Spain.
+
+2. San Carlos.--Saint Charles. Mission San Carlos and the Royal Chapel
+of Monterey were so named in honor of Saint Charles the Patron Saint of
+King Carlos III under whose reign the mission was founded.
+
+3. San Antonio De Padua.--St. Anthony of Padua.
+
+4. San Gabriel.--St. Gabriel (the Angel of the Annunciation.).
+
+5. San Luis Obispo.--Saint Louis, Bishop.
+
+6. Nuestra Senora de Los Dolores.--Our Lady of Sorrows.
+
+7. San Juan Capistrano.--St. John Capistrano.
+
+8. Santa Clara.--Saint Clara.
+
+9. San Buenaventura.--Saint Bonaventure.
+
+10. Santa Barbara.--Saint Barbara (whose feast is commemorated on
+December 4, the date of the foundation of the Mission.)
+
+11. Purisima Concepcion.--Most Pure Conception (of the Blessed Virgin
+Mary). This feast is celebrated on December 8, the day on which this
+mission was founded.
+
+12. Nuestra Senora De La Soledad.--Our Lady of Solitude. (In the
+Catholic Church the Blessed Virgin Mary is venerated under this title to
+commemorate her solitude from the time of our Saviour's death until His
+Resurrection).
+
+13. Santa Cruz.--Holy Cross (so named in honor of Our Saviour's
+Passion).
+
+14. San Jose.--Saint Joseph.
+
+15. San Juan Bautista.--Saint John, Baptist (whose feast occurs on June
+24, the day this mission was founded).
+
+16. San Miguel.--Saint Michael.
+
+17. San Fernando, Rey De Espana.--Saint Ferdinand, King of Spain.
+
+18. San Luis, Rey De Francia.--Saint Louis, King of France.
+
+19. Santa Ynez.--Saint Agnes.
+
+20. San Rafael.--Saint Raphael.
+
+21. San Francisco Solano.--Saint Francis Solano.
+
+
+
+
+CHIMES OF MISSION BELLS
+
+Tribute to Junipero Serra and the Mission Padres.
+
+By Maria Antonia Field.
+
+Read at the Crowning of the Serra Statue, Monterey, Nov. 23, 1913.
+
+
+
+     The fickle world ofttimes applauds the rise
+     Of men whose laurels are but vainly won,
+     Whose deeds their names could not immortalize
+     For their soul-toils were wrought for transient ends;
+     But heroes of the Cross, they truly great
+     Shall live, their halo shall no hand of fate
+
+     Have power to rob, albeit oblivious years
+     May veil the radiance of their glorious works,
+     Or slight their excellence, their light appears
+     But brighter, statelier in its splendor calm,
+     Or like the flowers that sleep through winter's snow
+     To bloom more fair, their lives' pure beams shall glow
+
+     With greater brilliance and sweetly gleam
+     As lodestars in the firmament of worth;
+     Such is the memory whose holy stream
+     Of noblest virtue, valor, truth and Faith,
+     Illumes our path and stirs our souls today,
+     Immortal Serra by whose tomb we pray!
+
+     What peerless aureole wreathes his saintly brow?
+     What stately monument doth bear his name?
+     Let this admiring thousands tell us now!
+     Let youthful lips pronounce his name with love!
+     Let California proudly sing his praise!
+     Let scions of fair Spain their voices raise,
+
+     And tell of him to whom so much we owe,
+     Tell of his interceding power with God,
+     His strong and lofty soul his children know,
+     His prayers where Carmel's River flows so clear;
+     O this his aureole, this his monument,
+     The lasting kind which ne'er will know descent.
+
+     Another lesson must the worldly learn,
+     From him who sought nor praise nor fame;
+     His birth, ten score agone, and still we turn
+     To him in reverence, his name is sweet
+     As vernal bloom, his life shows forth God's might,
+     Through him this soil received Faith's warm sunlight!
+
+     This beauteous land was strange, unknown and wild,
+     Spite all its treasures, lordly trees and flowers;
+     For tribes with pagan rites its wastes defiled,
+     Till came Spain's noble band of godly men,
+     Explorers true and zealous priests who gave
+     Their lives' best years, forgotten souls to save!
+
+     'Tis just we venerate each hallowed stone
+     Which rears the wond'rous "Temples of the West";
+     The tears, the toils, the nightly vigils lone;
+     The pilgrim-journeys of Saint Francis' sons,
+     The rescued souls by lustral waters cleansed,
+     The wealth of hospitality dispensed.
+
+     All this and more if but their walls could speak,
+     Would tell this day; and we in whose veins flows
+     The fervent blood of Spain, to us each streak
+     Of light which doth reveal a picture true
+     Of gentle friar and lovely vanished times
+     Is tender as the Angelus' sweet chimes.
+
+     Well may each Mission have a holy spell,
+     And Serra's name become a household word,
+     What marvels can each yellowed archive tell
+     Of him and of his martyr-spirit band.
+     O faithful, dauntless hearts! What brilliant sons
+     Of that great galaxy of Spain's brave sons!
+
+     We love their saintly lives to ponder o'er,
+     While childhood's fireside tales come back to us,
+     And memory unfolds her precious store,
+     The bygone glories of the Mission towns,
+     The grand old hymns sung at sweet Mary's shrines
+     The Spanish color rich as luscious wines
+
+     Of Mission vineyards, and the festive hours
+     So full of life yet innocent and good,
+     When blessings seemed to fall as welcome showers,
+     The Indian tribes were ruled with Christian love,
+     And shared the sons and daughters of Castile
+     Their loved Franciscan Fathers' patient zeal!
+
+     But still we love each altar and each cross
+     Of these dear fanes; e'en as departing rays
+     Of sun doth kiss the crags outlined with moss,
+     We love to linger by their altars' light.
+     But oh fair Carmel, she of Missions Queen
+     What guarding spirits hover here unseen!
+
+     Sweet Carmel, center of the hero-band,
+     What holy treasures hold thy sacred vaults?
+     Junipero and others! Here we stand
+     In awe of all thou hast been and art still!
+     Cruel times took glory, splendor, power
+     From Missions all, but not their priceless dower,
+
+     Religion, love and all we hold as dear,
+     No hand can tarnish and no might destroy,
+     And from each hallowed altar ruddy, clear,
+     Still burns the mystic lamp, for God is there!
+     The cross-crowned towers tell that all is not dead,
+     E'en though more splendid times have long since sped.
+
+     And like a glowing ember in the night
+     Our Lady's love has burned through every change;
+     'Tis thus the Missions ever saw the light
+     Through labors, ripened harvest-joys and wrongs;
+     Their noon-sun splendors of well won renown
+     Will shine their glorious heritage to crown.
+
+     O Saintly Serra we implore thy prayer,
+     Thy dauntless spirit sowed the "mustard-seed"
+     Which grew as if by miracle of wonder rare,
+     Upon this now rich land which thou did'st till,
+     O let they mantle on thy clients fall
+     Who on thy gracious aid do humbly call.
+
+
+
+Chapter I.
+
+
+     Junipero Serra, Leader of the Heroic Band of Spanish
+     Missionaries of California. His Coming to San Fernando,
+     Mexico, Thence to California.
+
+
+
+Junipero Serra, whose name and labors may be termed a compendium of
+Christian virtues, was born on November 24, 1713, in Petra, a village of
+the picturesque Island of Majorca, on the northeastern coast of Spain,
+and a part of the Province of fair Catalonia, one of the most valuable
+and beautiful portions of Spain. This child, around whom our story
+clusters was baptized on the day following his birth, and received
+the names of Miguel Jose. His parents were poor people from a material
+standpoint, but gifted with a rich heritage of the noblest, and
+sublimest character; qualities which make the Spanish peasant so
+delightful.
+
+From his tenderest youth, Miguel Jose evinced an ardent desire to enter
+the priesthood and displayed a zealous missionary spirit. His pious
+parents placed no obstacle in the way of their gentle boy's vocation,
+and being too poor to pay for his education, the Church did it for them.
+At the age of sixteen, Miguel Jose left his father's small estate
+and began his studies in his native village, completing them at the
+Franciscan College of Palma, the Capital of the Island of Majorca. He
+made rapid progress, and a brilliant future opened before him, while
+his virtuous qualities were noted by all with whom he came in contact.
+A proof of his worth may be seen from the facts that he was ordained
+before he attained his majority; also taught in different schools as
+professor of theology and received the degree of doctor soon after his
+ordination. The fame of his eloquent preaching and persuasive oratorical
+powers spread not only throughout Spain but reached other European
+countries. Still Junipero Serra (as he was known by his own choice after
+an humble disciple of Saint Francis of Assisi, noted for his charity)
+was not dazzled by his brilliant mental gifts, and his thirsting desire
+to evangelize the heathen savage of the New World grew apace with his
+fame. He declined the offer to become the Court preacher and other
+ecclesiastical dignities, which he would have been entirely justified in
+accepting, and practiced those virtues which clung to him with even more
+perfect maturity throughout his life; heroic virtues which enabled him
+to undertake wonderful things. In him too were noted those sweet simple
+qualities invariably found in great and holy men and women, such as
+gentleness, amiability, a tender affection for children and a love for
+the beautiful in nature; sun, moon, stars, flowers, birds, the woods and
+ocean, all found responsive chords within him. In a few brief lines
+we have endeavored to convey an idea of Serra's character, let us
+now follow his steps in company with the band of heroic workers
+who accompanied him in his voyage across the dark Atlantic, and his
+apostolic journeys through Mexico and California to "break the bread of
+life" to the unfortunate heathen. Among the notable band of missionaries
+was Father Francisco Palou, life-long friend and co-laborer of Father
+Junipero Serra.
+
+But why did these heroes choose Mexico and California as the vineyards
+of their labors? Why did they not go to Africa or other heathen shores?
+Here is the answer: Spain and all Europe were filled with stories of
+the New World since the discovery of America by Columbus in 1492, and
+several other Spanish discoveries in later years, among which must
+be remembered that in 1521, Hernando Cortes, one of the great Spanish
+explorers of the sixteenth century, explored the hitherto unknown
+land of Mexico, and as Spain always accompanied her conquests and
+explorations with her missionaries to evangelize the heathens, at the
+time that Father Junipero Serra set sail for the New World, which was
+in 1759, there were in Mexico an archbishopric and several missions
+conducted by Spanish priests, among them a well established Franciscan
+College in San Fernando, a settlement in the northern part of Mexico,
+which the Spanish explorers and missionaries so decided to name after
+Saint Ferdinand, a King of Spain, who lived in the thirteenth century.
+And to this College, Father Junipero Serra and his companions came after
+a perilous voyage of nearly one year; for the date of their arrival
+was January 1, 1760; and here they began their labor! Of the nine years
+which Junipero Serra toiled in Mexico, six were spent in Sierra Gorda,
+some distance north of San Fernando, and one of the wildest and roughest
+of those half explored regions. And what marvels attended the labors of
+Serra and the other self-sacrificing sons of Saint Francis here! With
+Junipero Serra at the helm, the good priests learned some of the Aztec
+dialects in order to convert the savages. Then what followed? With the
+greatest patience the missionaries acquitted themselves to the task
+of teaching the classic, cultured language of Spain to these poor
+aborigines, whose languages like those of the still cruder California
+Indians, did not contain expressions for even the simplest words of
+scripture or of the liturgy of the Church. And can we wonder at this?
+But what were the astonishing results of the good priests' labors? They
+were truly God-wonders! Daily were recorded numerous conversions, and at
+the close of six years many Indian congregations of those regions could
+be heard singing the ancient Latin hymns of the Church, and in poor but
+intelligible Spanish supplying in their prayers and conversations
+what was wanting in their dialects. It was while at Sierra Gorda that
+Junipero Serra became afflicted with a painful sore which broke out on
+his right leg and which never healed in all his eventful and laborious
+career. Many historians allude to this sore as a "wound," but no record
+is extant to indicate it as such, the most authentic conclusions being
+that this sore was due to natural causes greatly augmented and brought
+on by the hardships and climatic conditions he encountered in this
+missionary field.
+
+The average person would think Junipero Serra and his companions had
+surely satiated their thirst for missionary labors during the nine long
+toilsome years they spent in Mexico, far, far away from loving home,
+affectionate kindred and the Old World culture to which they bade
+farewell when the last glistening silhouette of the Spanish Coast
+vanished from their view in 1759, but not so! Their pilgrimage was
+but begun! The pilgrimage which was to blossom heavenly and earthly
+blessings as beautiful and countless as the flowers which jeweled the
+slopes and valleys they traversed. The monstrous undertaking begun so
+gloriously, blessed with the benison of prayers, sacrifices, tears;
+blessed later with superhuman success and crowned with an immortal halo
+for endless days!
+
+Here we will make a slight digression for the sake of our story. In
+1548, just twenty-seven years after Cortes discovered the land of
+Mexico, Cabrillo's expedition had sailed up the Coast of California, and
+in 1602 Sebastian Vizcaino had made further discoveries accompanied by
+two Carmelite priests, and landed on the shores of Monterey. Both of
+these expeditions, however, were abandoned and California remained the
+"mysterious vineyard," as it was called. But Vizcaino drew a map of
+California placing upon it the harbor of Monterey, and wrote glowing
+accounts of the beauty of the spot. On Point Lobos he planted a Cross,
+and the Carmelite Fathers named that beautiful Valley, four miles from
+Monterey, Carmelo, in honor of the Blessed Virgin Mary, venerated under
+the title of Our Lady of Mount Carmel. Of these facts we will have
+occasion to speak of more fully later on in this work.
+
+Years after these expeditions the good Jesuit Fathers established
+several missions in Lower California, but were recalled to Spain by King
+Carlos III and by this sovereign's request the Franciscan Fathers of
+the College of San Fernando were commissioned to take the newly vacated
+missions and accompany as missionaries the great and glorious enterprise
+of Don Gaspar de Portola, with Vizcaino's map as guide, to further
+explore California and add it to the Crown of Castile and Leon.
+
+The Father Guardian of the College of San Fernando, on receiving the
+letter from King Carlos, immediately appointed Junipero Serra, whose
+zeal and sanctity were so well known, as the Father President of the
+band of missionaries to set out for California. Among the missionaries
+who volunteered to evangelize California were Fathers Francisco Palou,
+Francisco de Lasuen and Juan Crespi.
+
+Here we will introduce a few characters, not of the missionary band,
+but who may well be termed faithful co-operators of their labors, men
+of unimpeachable honor, whose names add luster to the pages of Spanish
+annals. Don Jose Galvez, the Visitador General (general visitator) of
+the Spanish possessions in Mexico, a man as pious and noble as he was
+brilliant, managed the expedition of gallant Don Gaspar de Portola and
+the missionaries, and gave Junipero Serra and the brave officers and
+soldiers much encouragement. This wonderfully managed and well equipped
+expedition, on which hinged the future of California, was wisely divided
+into two parts, one to go by sea, the other overland. The sea expedition
+consisted of three ships the San Carlos, the San Jose, and the San
+Antonio, the last named was a relief ship and was started after the
+other two. The San Carlos and San Jose carried a large portion of the
+troops, all of which received the Sacraments before embarking. On these
+ships were also placed the Church ornaments, provisions, camping outfits
+and cargoes of agricultural implements. Father Junipero Serra then
+blessed the ships and placed them under the guidance of Saint Joseph,
+whom the missionaries had chosen as the Patron Saint of California. Each
+ship had two missionaries on board and among the crew were bakers, cooks
+and blacksmiths; on the San Antonio went the surgeon, Don Pedro Prat.
+Simultaneously with these ships started two land parties, one in advance
+of the other in order to stop at La Paz in Lower California, to pick up
+cattle and sheep wherewith to stock the new country, also to bring
+some of the converted Indians of the mission in that region, to aid the
+missionaries and soldiers by translating the speech of the Indians of
+Alta or Higher California; for while the Indian dialects were numerous,
+there was some similarity among them. This first land expedition was
+in command of Captain Rivera y Moncada. The second land party was in
+command of the newly appointed governor, Don Gaspar de Portola, the
+first governor of California, and wise indeed was the choice of this
+good and excellent man! This second land party was doubly blessed with
+the presence of Junipero Serra. Many were the dangers and hardships
+encountered by these sterling men both by land and sea; and as the
+repetition of what is noble never tires, we will again allude to the
+painful sore on Junipero Serra's leg, which caused him such intense
+suffering, that his continuation of the journey many times seemed
+miraculous even before he reached Saint Xavier (the mission established
+at La Paz). When his fellow missionary, Father Palou advised him to
+remain a little longer at Saint Xavier's until he would be in a better
+condition to travel, his only answer was "let us speak no more on the
+subject, I have placed my faith in God and trust to His Goodness to
+plant the holy standard of the Cross not only at San Diego but even as
+far as Monterey." And God overshadowed the enterprise undertaken in His
+Name. The ship San Jose was never heard from, but its noble crew were
+always considered martyrs who brought blessings on the rest of the
+expedition. The San Carlos and the two land parties reached San Diego,
+their first goal almost simultaneously. Here was chanted the first Te
+Deum in California! Here Serra, head of the religious portion of the
+expedition, and Portola head of the civil and military, conferred with
+each other on the course they were to follow. And here we will leave
+these incomparable pioneers to celebrate the birthday of California,
+July 1, 1769.
+
+
+
+Chapter II
+
+
+     Brief Sketch of the Conquest of California and of the
+     Founding of the Missions. Hospitality of the Missions. Care
+     and Benevolence of the Missionaries Towards the Indians.
+
+
+
+Father Junipero Serra and Don Gaspar de Portola decided on the following
+plan; that Junipero Serra with Fathers Francisco Palou and Francisco de
+Lasuen would remain in San Diego, where Serra was to establish his first
+mission while Portola with Fathers Crespi and Gomez, Captain Rivera y
+Moncada, Lieutenant Fages and some of the Spanish dragoons and muleteers
+started overland to explore the country, and in quest of the Harbor
+of Monterey, carrying with them the map of Sebastian Vizcaino. This
+expedition was to result in the memorable "March of Portola," which
+lasted about eight months. Missing the Harbor of Monterey on account of
+an error in the reckoning of Vizcaino's map, the explorers marched as
+far north as what is now San Francisco and discovered the Harbor that
+bears that name; so named later by Junipero Serra in honor of St.
+Francis of Assisi, the founder of the Franciscan Order. After continuing
+a fruitless search for Monterey, the expedition returned to San Diego.
+Junipero Serra was overjoyed at the unexpected discovery of the Harbor
+of San Francisco, which Portola and his companions so enthusiastically
+extolled, and was not discouraged over their failure to find the Port
+of Monterey, but hoped to make another trial to find that Port on which
+their most laudable ambitions were centered. But here a sad difficulty
+presented itself. Governor Portola returned to San Diego with sad gaps
+made into his ranks by sickness and hardship, but hopeful with the
+expectation that the relief ship promised by Don Jose Galvez had
+arrived, and that the San Diego Mission well established would be able
+to give his forces a well deserved chance to recuperate. But what was
+his dismay? The relief ship had not arrived, and Junipero Serra had
+indeed founded a mission with the usual elaborate ceremonies of the
+Church, but the untiring zeal and labors of himself and his companions
+had not been blessed with a single convert. No neophyte could be counted
+among the numerous natives of the place, who had even proved hostile at
+times; and the mission too, was in the sorest need; Junipero Serra and
+his companions ofttimes adding to their usual fasts and abstemiousness,
+"that others might have more." Still the relief ship was delayed! Surely
+this was not the fault of good Don Jose Galvez, but it might have met
+a tragic fate; thus thought the discouraged land and sea forces; and
+Governor Portola was too good a soldier not to know that the best course
+to follow was to start at once back to Mexico and abandon the glorious
+dream, before starvation and death overtook everyone of them. But here
+Junipero Serra interposed, and as if inspired pleaded with the Governor
+for "one more day;" Portola out of respect did grant just "one more day"
+before ordering the whole expedition back.
+
+Junipero Serra then repaired to the summit of the Presidio Hill and
+with arms extended, prayed as if in ecstasy from sunrise until sunset,
+"storming the heavens" that the relief ship might come, and the
+conversion of the heathen of California be realized. O unquestionable
+miracle! "More things are wrought by prayer, than this world ever
+dreamed of!" As the last rays of sun kissed his venerable brow, from out
+the gold and purple horizon, he sighted the top-most point of a mast,
+which while he was still "pouring his soul" no longer in supplication
+but in thanksgiving, grew into the unmistakable figure of the long
+expected ship. But for that "one more day" what would California be
+now? No converted Indians, no monumental missions, no exploration and
+colonization no civilization! The ship had been delayed on account of
+the rough voyage it encountered. But now relief, contentment, renewed
+hope, renewed courage; and the Mission of San Diego was but the first
+of the twenty-one which were to strew El Camino Real (the Royal Road,
+literally, commonly called the King's Highway) of California. And
+chivalrous Portola, filled with even greater reverence for the humble
+priest Junipero Serra, whom his lofty soul had always appreciated,
+once more gathered his forces, and started anew in search of Monterey.
+Junipero Serra left the Mission of San Diego in charge of two of the
+good fathers and a small garrison as guards, and set out with Portola
+on his second expedition; and it was Serra whose very presence seemed to
+draw the blessings of heaven, who pointed out to the Governor the error
+on Vizcaino's map which caused him to miss the Port of Monterey.
+
+This expedition was also divided into two parts, one to go overland the
+other by sea. Father Serra went with the sea party which sailed on
+the Paqueboat San Antonio. A number of Spanish dragoons from the fair
+province of Catalonia, muleteers, and some of the convert Indians
+recruited from the mission of La Paz were in the overland party.
+
+On May 24th, 1770, the expedition reached Point Pinos on the Coast
+of Monterey; after going south about six miles and encamping on a
+picturesque spot on the shores of the Bay, the missionaries raised an
+altar and Junipero Serra celebrated the first Mass on the shores of
+Monterey on June 3rd, 1770. It is more than likely that the Carmelite
+fathers who came here with Vizcaino had done so one hundred and sixty
+eight years before, but as there is no official record of the fact,
+the Mass celebrated on the improvised altar under the oak (which is
+preserved in the premises of San Carlos Church, Monterey), is recorded
+as the first. Mass over, Junipero Serra and Gaspar de Portola exhorted
+the Spanish soldiers to hold to the traditional faith and purity of
+the Spanish race, and to kindness to the natives, calling them "weaker
+brethren who should be christianized, not debauched." Then Junipero
+Serra planted a Mission Cross and blessed the Spanish flag which Portola
+hoisted, taking possession of the land in the name of "His Most Catholic
+Majesty King Carlos III, by right of discovery." [1] Junipero Serra also
+blessed the sea and land.
+
+As Monterey was from the first established as the civil, military
+and religious headquarters of the Spanish kingdom in California, her
+Presidio was known as el Presidio Real (the Royal Presidio), and the
+present parish church of Monterey, which was built as a chapel for the
+Presidio was la Capilla Real de San Carlos (the Royal Chapel of Saint
+Charles).
+
+Junipero Serra found the Indians of Monterey and the surrounding country
+very docile, while the Indians from Lower California soon learned their
+dialect and acted as interpreters of the missionaries. The Cross which
+Vizcaino had planted in 1602 was found decked with skins and shells. On
+inquiry the Missionaries were told by the Indians that they had often
+seen mysterious rays of light around it, and thinking that some god was
+angry they were trying to propitiate him by means of those offerings.
+
+As we have already noted Junipero Serra said his first, Mass in Monterey
+on June 3rd, 1770, and two years later he recorded his first baptism.
+From that date the Indians would come in dozens to present themselves
+for instruction. Then the marvels that had attended Junipero Serra at
+Sierra Gorda in Mexico, were repeated in Monterey. The naked savages
+were clothed, many of them were beginning to learn Spanish and to sing
+the Latin responses of the Mass and hymns both in Spanish and Latin,
+playing such musical instruments as the cymbal and triangle, keeping
+perfect time to every beat. The flocks and cattle were increasing and
+the harvest fields were golden with grain. While some of the Indians
+were taught to till the soil others were herdsmen, and some were taught
+to work as artisans. Nearly fifty trades were taught the California
+Indians under the supervision of the Missionaries. In 1771 Junipero
+Serra founded the San Carlos Mission in the most entrancing location of
+the Carmelo Valley that the nature loving Serra could have chosen; the
+forests of oak, pine and cypress for which Monterey is noted to this
+day, stretch with even greater beauty as we pierce farther into the
+interior, while the fertility of the land drained by the beautiful
+Carmelo River together with the commanding position of the spot, made
+the site of the Mission ideal. And this Mission of the Carmelo Valley
+of Monterey, was Junipero Serra's headquarters, here he lies buried, and
+here was the center of that unequalled hospitality and pure society for
+which every mission was noted. The Spanish Government made large grants
+of land to the missions, and under the labor, care and excellent methods
+of the missionaries, they became powerful and wealthy institutions, the
+pride and blessing of New Spain. Fine stock, teeming grain fields and
+luscious orchards graced every mission, and Mission San Carlos was no
+exception, indeed it was one of the most prosperous and beautiful.
+
+Fathers from the Mission at Carmelo, attended the Royal Chapel of San
+Carlos in Monterey and continued to do so until long after the last Act
+of Secularization in 1835 had been passed by the Mexican Government, and
+San Carlos of Carmelo was left desolate with no priest to guard her own
+altar light. But of this we shall, alas, have but too much reason to
+speak later. Junipero Serra did not stop his arduous work by founding
+beautiful San Carlos of Carmelo and consecrating the Royal Chapel of
+Monterey; he was to christianize all California, for all California
+had now been added to the Crown of Castile and Leon. Spain followed
+in California the same policy which has distinguished her in her other
+possessions such as Cuba, the Philippines and other colonies, steeped in
+idolatry until the Spanish Missionary, whose zeal is proverbial, wrested
+their countless inhabitants from the cymmerian gloom of paganism. Thus
+as soon as San Carlos Mission was founded, the glorious march of El
+Camino Real continued.
+
+Mission San Antonio de Padua, the third mission, was established in July
+1, 1771. The beauty of the spot and wonderful eagerness of the Indians
+to receive baptism greatly touched Junipero Serra and the other two
+Franciscan Fathers who accompanied him as well as some of the soldiers
+who were in the party. To-day Mission San Antonio is almost in ruins,
+but its very ruins are piles which speak of mystic beauty, and in
+the days of mission glory San Antonio was one of the fairest of the
+missions.
+
+On returning to Carmelo, Junipero Serra filled the other missionaries
+with joy over this latest conquest of souls, and sent messengers to
+Fathers Somera and Cambon whom he had left in charge of the Mission at
+San Diego, to establish a mission in southern California, which they
+would name San Gabriel. The two Fathers, with ten soldiers as guards,
+started a march northward until they came to the present sight of San
+Gabriel, which they saw immediately was a good location for a mission,
+particularly as a beautiful stream flowed through the Valley, and
+wherever possible the Fathers chose a spot where there was water for the
+mission orchards and gardens.
+
+Here we may add that the Fathers had a system of irrigation by means
+of ditches, traces of which may be seen to this day in the sites where
+stood many of the old mission orchards. The fruits from these good
+Fathers gardens were the fairest and most luscious that California has
+ever seen, none of our lovely grapes compare with theirs, and their
+olives were larger and better than any of which California boasts
+to-day.
+
+Although not deviating from our subject we have wandered from the thread
+of our story in the foundation of Mission San Gabriel. One incident
+contained in the records of this Mission may hardly be passed over in
+silence. The good Franciscans and their brave little bodyguard found the
+Indians in a very hostile mood, still they blessed a Mission Cross and
+planted it; but the Indians increasing their threatening attitude, the
+Fathers unfurled a large white banner bearing the image of the Blessed
+Virgin Mary, placing the side of the banner with the image in full
+view of the heathens. Priests and soldiers then knelt and implored the
+intercession of the Redeemer's Immaculate Mother for their safety
+and for the conversion of the Indians to the Faith of her Divine Son.
+Immediately came the answer from Heaven! The Indians not only abandoned
+every sign of hostility, but came forward towards the Fathers with every
+sign of sincere submissiveness, and after due instruction were baptized.
+For it must be remembered that the Church does not, and cannot force her
+belief on anyone who does not willingly accept it; the poor savage is
+no exception; instruction, kindness, prayers may always be employed, no
+more. As in many cases the nature of the Indian was too elementary to
+be moved at first by the lessons and exhortations of suffering and
+self-denial of Our Saviour, and the bridling of the human passions; in
+many instances the Fathers would first win the Indians' confidence by
+giving them blankets, beads and such things as attracted them, then by
+degrees unfolded the tenets of religion and mysteries of faith, to which
+in most cases these erstwhile savages clung with firmness and gave many
+edifying signs of true and sincere christianity. A band of white beads
+around the head distinguished the christian Indians from the pagan.
+
+The flocks, vineyards and orchards of Mission San Gabriel, as well as
+the skill of its Indians, in time became famous throughout California,
+and it was from here that Governor Felipe de Neve, third Governor of
+California, started in 1781 with several of the Fathers and a company of
+soldiers to found the present city of Los Angeles.
+
+The fifth Mission, San Luis Obispo, was founded on September 1, 1772, by
+Junipero Serra in person; the saintly Father making a pilgrimage there
+for that purpose. Thus in the space of three years, five missions were
+founded. A royal record of the zeal of the missionaries and of the
+humanity of the Spanish Government and Authorities.
+
+In 1774 the Spanish Viceroy of Mexico informed Junipero Serra that
+he intended to establish a presidio in San Francisco "for the further
+extension of Spanish and Christian power." Junipero Serra, on receipt
+of this letter, selected Fathers Palou and Cambon to accompany the
+soldiers, and Lieutenant Juan de Ayala was ordered with his ship
+stationed at Monterey to further explore the San Francisco Bay; Juan de
+Anza, another brilliant officer, was entrusted with the establishment of
+the new presidio; the site he chose being the identical one on which the
+Presidio of San Francisco stands today. Lieutenant Juan de Ayala of the
+Royal Navy of Spain, was the first to steer a ship through the Golden
+Gate, and a strange coincidence was that his ship was the San Carlos
+which had come to San Diego with a portion of the first Spanish pioneers
+in 1769. With Lieutenant Ayala was Father Vincente de Santa Maria who,
+with Fathers Palou and Cambon, planted a Mission Cross and founded
+Mission Nuestra Senora de los Dolores, which has withstood so many
+ravages of time and change, of man and elements.
+
+The seventh Mission was San Juan Capistrano, founded November 1, 1776,
+by Father Lasuen. This Mission was also a very flourishing Mission, the
+Indians were laborers in its construction, which lasted nearly fourteen
+years.
+
+Mission Santa Clara was the eighth to be established. It was founded on
+January 12, 1777. The original lines of this once beautiful Mission
+are almost entirely changed but like all its sister missions it still
+retains much of its dear old atmosphere, and can boast of the tomb of
+Father Magin Catala who died there in 1836 "in the odor of sanctity."
+Mission Santa Clara was founded by Father Tomas de la Pena y Saradia;
+and its history is fascinating and romantic. The Mission Cross which
+Father de la Pena y Saradia planted here, is still standing.
+
+The ninth Mission was San Buenaventura, founded also by Junipero Serra
+in person, in company with Governor Felipe de Neve, on Easter Sunday of
+March 31, 1783.
+
+From San Buenaventura, Junipero Serra and Governor de Neve marched
+to what is now Santa Barbara. Here the Indians were numerous and more
+intelligent than any in California, where the Indians were far denser
+than either the Incas of South America or the Aztecs of Mexico. Delays,
+caused by military differences, retarded the foundation of Santa Barbara
+Mission, which would have been the tenth, but Junipero Serra planted
+a Mission Cross and selected the site on which it was destined to be
+founded four years after his death. From here Serra returned to Carmelo;
+his journeys from one Mission to another being always on foot.
+
+And here we must pause: We have come in our narrative to that momentous
+year in the history, not only of the missions, but of California. The
+year when. Junipero Serra, true priest of God, christianizer, civilizer,
+wonderful among wonderful pioneers, or as Governor Gaspar de Portola
+had spoken of him years before, "the humblest, bravest man of God I ever
+knew," had done his work! Junipero Serra was ready for his throne in
+Heaven, his crown awaited him, his rough Franciscan habit was to be
+glorified. We have briefly glanced at his chief characteristics from
+his boyhood in historic Spain, and must have gauged the measure of his
+untiring and tried virtue from the time he landed in Mexico and San
+Diego, on through the years he labored as the Apostle of California; to
+these let us add just a few of the private practices of mortification
+which he imposed on his innocent flesh, notwithstanding his age, his
+physical infirmities, extraordinary labors and hardships in a new, half
+explored country. Virtually they sound like a passage from the lives of
+the Saints. His journeys were always on foot, although the old sore
+on his leg remained like an instrument of torture throughout his life,
+nothing being able to help him. El Camino Real, from San Francisco to
+Monterey and from Monterey to San Diego, with its rough roads, was as
+familiar to him who walked it with so much difficulty as it is to us
+who enjoy it by comfortable travel on the railroad or pleasurable motor
+trips; his fasts were austere and frequent, wine he never used, the
+discipline was no stranger to him, a bed was not among his possessions,
+on the bare floor or bench at most he would rest his sore missionary
+body; yet he never imposed unnecessary penance on anyone, he was hard
+only on himself, he was gentle and affectionate to a marked degree, his
+faith, trust in Providence, humility and charity, were heroic. Of his
+seventy-four years of life, fifty-four he had been a Franciscan Priest
+and thirty-five he had devoted to missionary work, of which nine were
+spent in Mexico and fourteen in California. His wonderful eloquence and
+magnetic power for preaching which had won him honors in the Old
+World even as a newly ordained priest, he had used and adapted for the
+instruction of thousands of heathens of the New World; and now that
+christianity and civilization were beginning to bud with springtime
+loveliness like the Castilian roses he had planted in some of the
+mission gardens, while the sun of Spanish glory was still in the
+ascendency and no threatening omens of the fall of Spanish or Franciscan
+power, or nightmares of the Acts of Secularization disturbed the
+cloudless skies, while the Presidio Real of Monterey bore the arms of
+the Spanish King and the Capilla Real do San Carlos was thronged with
+gallant officers and brave men of the Royal Army and Navy of Castile and
+Leon, and Our Lady seemed to smile blessings on her Valley of Carmelo,
+before the beauteous dream, nay, realization of noble ambitions, had
+vanished like a fair sun, God called His faithful Servant unto Himself,
+in his cell at his beloved San Carlos Mission about 2:30 P. M. on August
+28, 1784, according to the entry of Father Francisco Palou, in the
+archives of San Carlos Mission, preserved in San Carlos Church of
+Monterey. And what a day this was! The archives here are full of
+touching detail. Solemn salutes were fired from the ships stationed in
+the Harbor of Monterey, and the grief of the people was inexpressible.
+The Indians were inconsolable. The officers of the Royal Navy claimed
+his sandals as a precious keepsake, and the Fathers could not restrain
+the people from cutting pieces of his habit to carry away as souvenirs;
+the Indians claimed his Franciscan cord and many cut locks of his
+silver hair; his corpse had to be dressed twice on account of this pious
+proceeding. In a plain redwood coffin his precious remains were laid
+in a vault "on the gospel side of the altar within the sanctuary of San
+Carlos Mission." O! holy grave, how many changes thou hast seen! O happy
+Serra, from the dazzling splendors of God's light how often thou
+must have prayed for thy work, thy people, thy neophytes! In God's
+inscrutable Providence the good are ofttimes permitted to suffer, but
+the same All Wise Hand can brush away with a single stroke, the wrong
+done to His own, and His time seems near!
+
+We will now resume the story of the foundation of the missions, for we
+really stopped at the ninth. Junipero Serra's life-long friend, Father
+Palou was chosen temporary President of the Missions, for within a year
+he retired to the Franciscan College of San Fernando, where he gave most
+of his time to writing, and to him we are indebted for a complete and
+accurate biography of Junipero Serra. After Father Palou's resignation,
+Father Francisco de Lasuen was appointed Father President of the
+Missions. Father Lasuen was an arduous laborer and able priest of the
+original heroic band of missionaries, and his first act was to establish
+Mission Santa Barbara, where Junipero Serra had planted a Mission Cross
+nearly four years previous. This was accomplished on December 4, 1787,
+and of the twenty-one missions which were spoliated in later years,
+Santa Barbara was the only one which tyrannical laws could never
+dispossess of its lawful owners, hence to this day the Sons of Saint
+Francis are there to guard the "altar light."
+
+From Santa Barbara, Father Lasuen traveled north to Lompoc, and founded
+Mission La Purisima Concepcion on December 8, 1787.
+
+Mission de Nuestra Senora de in Soledad was founded in October of 1791.
+The last Act of Secularization in 1835 fell very heavily on this lovely
+Mission of which scarcely a trace remains today. This mission was noted
+for its fine stock and luxuriant pastures.
+
+On Christmas day of 1791 was founded the Mission of Santa Cruz. This
+Mission never rivaled the other missions in wealth, but in later years
+it was honored with a martyr. Here is the authentic story of Father
+Quintana, whose martyr's death occurred here as late as 1817. Father
+Quintana was a holy and zealous priest of this mission, who had carried
+on the work of the conversion of the Indians most of whom were already
+christian, but a small portion still remained heathen, and these were
+very hostile. As was later discovered, while the good priest was reading
+his breviary in his office, some of these hostile Indians entered, and
+most cruelly murdered him, then taking his body into the mission orchard
+placed it against a capulin tree (a tree much resembling the cherry tree
+in fruit and form). On thus discovering the corpse the other Fathers
+immediately sent a message to the surgeon of the Royal Presidio of
+Monterey, who at the time was Don Manuel Quixano (step-father of the
+writer's great grandmother). After holding an autopsy on the martyred
+body, Dr. Quixano found that the saintly Father had been horribly and
+cruelly murdered. The details are preserved in the Santa Cruz Mission
+archives, but are not given to the public. The capulin tree which the
+Indians made use of to make it appear that the Father's death was a
+natural one, was at the time in full bloom, and in a few hours became a
+dry lifeless trunk. A remarkable act of Providence indeed!
+
+The fourteenth and fifteenth missions established were Mission San Jose
+and beautiful Mission San Juan Bautista, founded respectively on June
+11th and June 24th of the year 1797.
+
+We have generously used words denoting beauty and prosperity in
+describing the missions, but no less can be said of these mighty and
+bountiful institutions, who, even in their regal ruins are California's
+chief attraction to this day.
+
+The sixteenth mission was San Miguel, founded by Fathers Francisco
+de Lasuen and Buenaventura Sitjar, with very impressive and elaborate
+ceremonials, on July 25th, 1797. The brilliant frescoing of this mission
+was done in 1824 by the writer's great grandfather, Esteban Munras, a
+Spaniard from Barcelona, who had studied art in his native city, and who
+was intimately connected with the early missionaries, especially those
+of Monterey, where he resided. Esteban Munras did the frescoing of San
+Miguel Mission at the request of Father Juan Cabot, also a native
+of Barcelona. Thus we see the undaunted steadfastness of these early
+missionaries who, although California had already passed from Spanish
+to Mexican rule, and mission power was beginning to wane, still were
+zealous for the greater adornment of God's holy temples.
+
+On September 8, 1797, Mission San Fernando, Rey de Espana was founded.
+In June of the following year San Luis, Rey de Francia, fifty-four
+Indian children being baptized on the day of its foundation. It was in
+the patio (court yard) of this mission that the first pepper tree in
+California was planted by Father Antonio Peyri.
+
+On September 17, 1804, beautiful Santa Ynez Mission was founded. Here
+Father Arroyo, a brilliant scholar, prepared a working grammar of the
+language of the Indians of the San Juan region. In December, 1817, San
+Rafael was founded, and made a splendid record of conversions. Not a
+trace of this mission remains today.
+
+The last mission was San Francisco Solano within the city limits of the
+present town of Sonoma, and was founded as late as 1823, thus again is
+shown the wonderful courage and zeal of the missionaries in the face
+of obstacles, for at this date as we have already noted Spanish Mission
+power had begun to wane, and while Mexico was unable to wipe out
+entirely Spanish rule and influence for many years, still she had
+already claimed California as her own. Many wealthy Russian traders
+lived in the country about Sonoma, who showed themselves extremely
+friendly to the missionaries, assisted at the ceremonies of the founding
+of the mission and made generous contributions for its adornment.
+
+And now our march of El Camino Real is ended; but let us take another
+look at mission life. The plan of the missions was most wonderful,
+situated in the most beautiful spots, the journey of one day from
+one another, and the seats of learning and well earned prosperity in
+California; their architecture was the best imitation of the Spanish
+Gothic style which the Spanish laborers could build with the tools and
+materials which were then possible to have in the New World. The only
+share the Indians had in the building of the missions was in assisting
+to carry beams, stone, making the beautiful red tiles found in every
+mission roof, and the like, but the actual construction was done by
+Spanish workmen under the supervision of the Fathers.
+
+Besides the church proper, the missions consisted of groups of buildings
+set aside for converted Indians and their families, a storehouse, a
+guardhouse, a monastery and spacious quarters for guests. For at a
+mission not only friends of the Fathers and persons of standing, but
+every wayfarer whoever he might be "found warmth and plenty" as long as
+he chose to remain under their blessed shelter. And so great was mission
+hospitality that a pile of silver was laid in the bedroom of a guest to
+be taken by him or left as he saw fit; of course no well bred guest who
+was not in need would impose on the holy Fathers' generosity, but it was
+their delicate way of assisting an unfortunate pilgrim who might be in
+need. The missions too, were the centers of important gatherings and
+peaceful rendezvous of persons of social standing, even after the first
+two Acts of Secularization had been passed in after years. But these
+noble entertainment's, wealth of luscious fruits, golden sheaves,
+luxuriant pastures and fleecy lambs, were as the least gifts of these
+matchless institutions, for we can never exaggerate the marvels wrought
+for the betterment of the heathen natives, or the fairer fruits of the
+countless heroic virtues practiced within these enclosures. The Indians
+clung to the Fathers like little children to their parents, and from the
+vices of paganism, under a healthy and kind rule drawn for them by the
+wise Fathers, christian virtues took a deep root in at least a great
+many of these poor "children of the soil" and so great was the care
+exercised by the Fathers that nightly they would make a round of the
+rooms allotted to every christian and neophyte Indian family to see
+that order and decency reigned in each group; for we must remember these
+souls were but recently rescued from the dark sins of heathenism.
+
+Blessed temples! noble hospices! heroic priests! We are loathe to change
+the scene, but winter's storms must come ere the laurel wreath crowns
+the glorified brow! Still, we need not leave the "enchanted palace" yet,
+vernal loveliness still charms the eyes and summer is just begun.
+
+If it be but for one brief moment let us ruminate the glories, the
+wealth, the beauty of mission joys, before the least cruel echoes of
+Secularization are heard. The sun of Franciscan and Spanish glory is
+still mounting the firmament higher and higher. The sky still wears
+Our Lady's blue [2] and no penitential purple has appeared with the
+departing rays of sunset, only the royal purple and gold which years
+before had made the scene a fairylike setting for the heavenset relief
+ship to San Diego and assured the noble enterprise of the exploration
+and christianizing of California.
+
+
+
+Chapter III
+
+
+     More About San Carlos Mission and Monterey
+
+
+
+As we have seen in the preceding chapter, Monterey was the capital of
+the Spanish Possessions in California, consequently San Carlos Mission
+was the headquarters of Junipero Serra. And what was not San Carlos
+Mission of Carmelo in the days of her glory! We are in a maze of thought
+as to how to begin to tell her story. Of the beauty of the spot where
+this mission was built we have already spoken, as well as of how the
+golden valley of Carmelo came to be named. And here we may well exclaim
+with that dear English Saint of the thirteenth century, Saint Simon
+Stock, who invoked the Immaculate Virgin with the following beautiful
+lines:
+
+        "Carmel's fair flower
+     Rod blossom laden
+        Smile on thy dower
+     Meek Mother--Maiden
+        None equals thee.
+     Give us a sign
+        Thou dost protect us
+     Mark us for thine
+        Guide and direct us
+     Star of the Sea."
+
+A more perfect replica of the country surrounding the shrine of Our
+Lady of Mount Carmel in Palestine would be hard to find, and the "Meek
+Mother-Maiden" did give many a sign of her protection to her clients
+in this new Carmel of the West. And it was at San Carlos Mission of
+Carmelo, that the superiors of the different missions convened and
+gave accounts of their work and numbers of baptisms etc. to the Father
+President. And how glowing are the records of those accounts! Here on
+festival days after the religious services were held social gatherings
+and entertainment's of the purest yet merriest order. Marriages,
+baptisms, all notable events had their share of attention. The
+hospitality of the missions, the care and kindness shown to the Indians,
+the numerous flocks, harvests and orchards which embellished them under
+the wonderful management of the good Fathers, all existed in copious
+measure at San Carlos.
+
+The huge, beautiful bells of this mission the chimes of which were heard
+clearly in Monterey were cracked during the years when the mission was
+neglected but some of the pieces were later recast and as far as known
+the present bells of the mission were made from them.
+
+We cannot consider a sketch of this mission however brief, complete,
+without giving due credit to the Very Reverend Angelo Casanova, parish
+priest of Monterey from 1869 until the time of his death in 1893. This
+zealous priest undertook the work of restoring the mission for a portion
+of it was in ruins, and to-day there would be but little of San Carlos
+to see and admire but for Father Casanova's timely work of restoration,
+which he accomplished with some help of friends, but chiefly with his
+own private fortune which he inherited. Many a time was Father Casanova
+seen assisting the laborers with his own hands. And what a happy day it
+was for Monterey when the first Mass was sung in the restored mission
+after years of vandalism and neglect! The old statues which had escaped
+the ravages of time were replaced in their niches, the sanctuary lamp
+was re-lighted for the Sacramental Presence once more enthroned on His
+altar and the organ pealed forth the ancient Latin hymns of the Church
+once more. Another very significant event of this restoration was that
+Father Casanova had the four bodies contained in the vaults of the
+mission exhumed and placed on new vaults, built however near the
+original spots "on the gospel side of the altar, within the sanctuary."
+The four bodies are the remains of Fathers Junipero Serra, Juan Crespi,
+Francisco de Lasuen and Julian Lopez. Another good outcome of this event
+was that it exploded the utterly unfounded story that a Spanish ship had
+carried away the remains of Junipero Serra to Spain. The vestments on
+each body were found in a perfect state of preservation at the time this
+work was done in 1882.
+
+For years the saintly Serra's body was buried under a pile of debris,
+but his "sepulchre has become glorious" in spite of all. And since the
+restoration of this mission, the feast of Saint Charles Borromeo,
+(its Patron Saint) has again been celebrated here every November the
+twenty-fourth, and a relic of Saint Charles which Father Junipero Serra
+brought from Spain, is as of old carried in procession. While this is of
+course a Catholic festival, reverent visitors of various creeds attend
+it. The mission is guarded by a care-taker, living in the premises of
+what remains of the old mission orchard.
+
+It was also due to Father Casanova, that Mrs. Leland Stanford donated,
+in 1890, the Serra Monument [3] which crowns a slope just above the spot
+where this wonderful missionary said his first Mass in Monterey.
+
+We cannot give sufficient credit to Reverend Raymond Mestres, the
+present parish priest of Monterey, and a Spaniard from the Province
+of Catalonia, like Junipero Serra and many of the early missionaries.
+Father Mestres has given time, energy and noble efforts unstintingly to
+perpetuate the memory of Junipero Serra and to more fully restore not
+only San Carlos Mission and San Carlos Church, but is encouraging a
+movement to restore if possible all the California Missions according
+to their traditional and historical plans; may his great enterprise be
+blessed with all the radiance of crowning success!
+
+We will have ample reason to speak more of Father Mestres' good work
+elsewhere in this sketch, hence we will pass into Monterey itself.
+Monterey was named after the Spanish Viceroy of Mexico, who at the time
+of her discovery, was the Count of Monterey. As we have many times noted
+this city was of royal birth. Unlike any of the other Presidios, her
+Presidio was el Presidio Real, the chapel attached to it la Capilla
+Real, and the ships which sailed the blue waters of her crescent bay
+were the ships of the Royal Navy of Spain. No mission town was without
+its glories, its fascinating history or delightful surroundings,
+but Monterey was like a fair empress of them all. Yet no jealousy or
+feelings of rivalry were felt for Monterey by her sister towns, nor was
+her right to the sceptre ever contested. From the time that Sebastian
+Vizcaino placed her on his map in 1602 and glowingly described her
+beautiful harbor, noble forests and majestic hills, Spain focused her
+attention on Monterey, and when her Port was at last found by Portola,
+and the stout old ship San Antonio under the command of Captain Juan
+Perez entered her harbor on May 31st, 1770, without any discussion or
+preamble she was made the capital of New Spain.
+
+The news of her discovery and of Junipero Serra celebrating Mass on her
+shores were sent with all possible haste to the Viceroy of the Spanish
+possessions in Mexico and to good Don Jose Galvez, also a complete
+statement of her discovery was drawn up and sent to the Court of Spain.
+And how were these news received? Solemn masses of thanksgiving were
+celebrated in some of the Spanish cathedrals, attended by many of the
+highest religious, civil and military authorities, while congratulations
+from every side poured into King Carlos and his Viceroy. And all this
+exultation over the discovery of the lovely spot we all know and love so
+well! Monterey, like a "pearl of great price" had been hard to find, but
+like a "pearl of great price" was worth the quest. Beautiful Monterey
+with her shores decked with Vizcainos Cross since 1602, Monterey with
+her bay blue like a turquoise, matching the azure of heaven, Monterey
+with her forests and flowers, with her Valley of Carmelo and glorious
+sunsets, adding to natures charms, her historical and sacred atmosphere,
+her landmarks and the improvements of man. No wonder thousands yearly
+throng this gifted spot of God's earth!
+
+As may be needless to say, Monterey, became the center of the
+social life, beauty and culture of the mission towns. From Monterey,
+inspiration flowed as from a fountain head. And even to this day she
+is irresistible. Even to this day, in spite of the many sad scenes and
+oblivious years which have stamped their trace upon her loveliness and
+impaired her regal splendor, her charm is told by her landmarks and
+crowned by her natural fortress of hills, her forests and flower robed
+meadows, and lulled at evening by the murmur of the iridescent waters of
+her bay reflecting the sunset splendors of the sky.
+
+About 1810 Monterey was ravaged by buccaneers under Bluetcher, who
+was such a terror to many sea-port towns, these pirates sailed up
+the Pacific Coast, and appeared in Monterey Bay in four large vessels
+arriving at midnight. Before they could be driven out of the town they
+set fire to some of the Spanish Presidio homes and carried away precious
+jewels and silver belonging to the Spanish ladies, and provisions from
+the garrison.
+
+The former Capilla Real de San Carlos is now the parish church of
+Monterey, guarding like a fond mother all that remains of the massive
+silver altar vessels and candelabras, paintings, statues, vestments,
+manuscripts and archives of the pioneer missionaries of this mission.
+
+Among the modern attractions of Monterey we must not fail to mention
+Hotel Del Monte built and owned by the Pacific Improvement Company, and
+the many beautiful drives constructed by the same, company. Mr.
+Frank Powers was the founder of the flourishing settlement of
+Carmel-by-the-Sea, a few minutes walk from San Carlos Mission and a
+favorite resort of artists and literateurs. These with many others have
+been no small contributors to the old Capital. Thus while we deplore
+years of vandalism, and the thousands who have joined the "careless
+throng" we can always turn to the pleasing contrast of sympathizers and
+friends who are always, willing to give "honor to whom honor is due,"
+and in doing so have spared neither purse nor efforts in aiding those
+who under difficulties have guarded the flame of tradition and love of
+the splendid past with its bright galaxy of "heroes, martyrs, saints."
+True, the glowing embers often smouldered beneath a debris of neglect
+and even harsh misrepresentation but were not and could not be
+extinguished. And now faithful hearts may beat fast with holy joy for
+the feeble light fanned by loving zephyrs has burst into a glowing flame
+destined to diffuse its love and influence to all, regardless of creed,
+race or station.
+
+
+
+Chapter IV
+
+
+     California Under Spanish Rule
+
+
+
+With the landing of Serra and Portola at San Diego in 1769, began the
+Spanish period of California. The chief events of this period are in
+a pith, the following: The establishment of the missions, the
+christianizing of the Indians and the exploration and colonization of
+California. It is from the Spanish period that the history and standing
+of California date. The ten Spanish Governors of California as well as
+the officers of the Army and Navy were men of honor and ability, and the
+record left by the Spanish settlers is one of which any country might
+be proud. During the Spanish period the geographical lines of California
+were settled and her harbors surveyed [4]. It was during this period
+that most of the present cities of California were founded, Spain
+following the plan of building the towns around the missions. The first
+Governor, Don Gaspar de Portola, was a great and good man as well as
+a brilliant officer, gentle and reasonable in every respect, he was
+beloved by all; to him California owes the discovery of San Francisco
+Bay, and the great co-operation he gave to Junipero Serra, as well as
+his reverent esteem for this saintly man has endeared his memory to
+every true Californian, and immortalized his name in Spain. After a
+period of two years in office Portola went to Mexico, then under Spanish
+rule, and from there returned to Spain.
+
+Portola was succeeded by Gov. Felipe de Barri, who after three years
+was removed from office on account of infringing on the rights of
+the missionaries and siding with Captain Rivera Y. Moncada who was a
+somewhat arrogant man, who also on several occasions infringed on the
+rights of the missionaries; but the faults of the latter have been
+very exaggerated by some historians, namely, some declare that he
+was ex-communicated from the church on account of insolence to the
+missionaries, whereas there is no record of such a fact. Excepting their
+officiousness and arrogance, Barri and Rivera were moral and able men.
+
+Barri was succeeded by Felipe de Neve, a statesman, scholar and worthy
+governor who at once declared himself the friend and protector of the
+missionaries. It was Governor de Neve who drew up California's first
+code of legislation dated from the "Royal Presidio of San Carlos at
+Monterey" in June 1779. This code known as the "Reglamento" is regarded
+by capable judges as a most remarkable and valuable document. It was
+also Governor de Neve who founded the present city of Los Angeles,
+the original name of which was Neustra Senora de los Angeles, later
+shortened into Los Angeles. The towns of San Jose and Santa Clara also
+owe their foundation to de Neve, who selected the location of these
+cities around the mission sites. After eight years of office de Neve was
+marked for higher honors, and was succeeded by Governor Pedro Fages.
+
+Governor Fages was a good and energetic man, but better fitted for
+the army than for the state; he was noted for his lofty principals of
+morality. Fages resigned his office and returned to Spain; he was not a
+tactful ruler, but like many others his name has suffered at the hands
+of unscrupulous writers. Fages was succeeded in 1790 by Governor Jose
+Antonio Romeu, a bright and able but very sickly man. Dr. Pablo Soler
+the excellent physician and surgeon of the Province of California was
+unable to help him; and Romeu died in Monterey in less than two years of
+office.
+
+Jose de Arrillaga was the sixth governor. This governor was a finished
+general, and placed the presidios of California on a solid basis; he
+was painstaking and careful of detail. He resigned on account of private
+business affairs but later returned as he was reappointed governor of
+California.
+
+The seventh governor was Diego de Borica. Around this Governor cluster
+many beautiful pages of Spanish history in California; his was a
+character as gentle, religious and home-loving as he was scholarly and
+tactful. It was under Borica's administration that the boundary lines
+of Upper and Lower California were clearly defined. Borica, however, was
+not a man who courted public life or honors, and resigned his office,
+returning to Spain with his charming wife and daughter who always longed
+for their mother country.
+
+Before leaving Borica did a good service to Spain and California in
+recommending the reappointment of Jose Joaquin Arrillaga. Arrillaga
+continued to organize strong military defenses for California. He served
+as Spanish Governor of California fourteen years, and first of all
+declared himself on all occasions "a loyal son of the Church." He died
+at Mission Soledad on July 25, 1813, and was buried there. The only
+Spanish Governor to be buried in California.
+
+The ninth Spanish Governor was Jose Dario Arguello, who was in office
+one year, the interval between the death of Arrillaga and the advent of
+Pablo Vicente de Sola the last Spanish Governor of California.
+
+When Governor Sola took office in 1814, California had already bloomed
+into a garden of beautiful men and women, many of them from the mother
+country, others their children born in this distant province of Castile.
+Also many Yankee, Russian and English trading ships came to California
+then, and the Spanish presidios were the scenes of many brilliant dances
+and entertainment's. These foreign vessels were always welcome; while
+the Governors were careful that the power of Spain was not infringed
+upon, perfect courtesy and friendliness was always maintained by both
+Spaniards and visitors. Thus when Governor Sola arrived to take his
+office he was given a royal welcome. Of course, it was in Monterey that
+every governor took up his residence (at the Royal Presidio) and their
+first act was to attend Solemn High Mass at the Royal Chapel of San
+Carlos of Monterey. Sola was no exception to the rule; amid salutes
+from the cannon of the Presidio and the cheers of loyal subjects, by
+the Catalonian cavalry, and their officers in their gorgeous velvet
+uniforms, gold swords and plumed hats, Sola proceeded to the Royal
+Chapel where the Franciscan Fathers awaited him in their priestly
+vestments. Three days of carnival followed, but on the second day
+Governor Sola withdrew from the festivities, made the Stations of the
+Cross [5] which the fathers had erected between Monterey and Carmelo,
+and on reaching San Carlos of Carmelo was shown to the tombs of Junipero
+Serra, Juan Crespi and Francisco de Laseun. Here the Governor knelt and
+remained long in prayer.
+
+In California Sola found a pleasing contrast from the conditions of
+affairs he had seen during his sojourn in Mexico. In that country clouds
+of revolt against Spanish rule were rapidly gathering. California he
+found intensely loyal to the Crown. The neophytes and converted Indians
+greatly touched his generous soul, and the beauty of the country
+delighted him. Sola was in office eight years; his work was well done,
+and if California was lost to Spain under his administration, no less
+credit can be given to his ability and high principals of honor. Many
+times did Sola quell disturbances from revolutionary vessels which
+landed in Monterey from Mexico, and several attacks from pirates, and
+many a noble act is recorded of this loyal governor as well as of the no
+less loyal Spanish subjects of the Province. If the Mexican Government
+supplanted Spanish rule and "laid desolate" much of the work done
+by this brilliant period of California, we repeat it was due to no
+treachery or cowardice of Sola and his compatriots as we shall see
+elsewhere in this sketch. Spain came into possession of California with
+honor, maintained it with honor, and after her three-fold honorable
+policy of exploration, colonization and christianizing of its heathen
+natives, left it with honor, but her monuments remained. If a few
+political troubles and abuses existed, they pale before the light of the
+myriad of great deeds and purposes, and where is the country or people
+who are utterly flawless individually? No cruelties or uncleanness can
+ever be proven against Spain or her people here. Spanish society
+and refinement was the first which California saw; under Spain were
+thousands of Indians rescued from savagery, and under Spain was
+California made known to the world, as well as discovered. Under Spain
+too were the first land grants made to her subjects in California.
+
+Some historians and casual observers are inclined to blame Spain for not
+having lent more aid to her loyal California colonies and enabled her
+presidios to have more and better fortifications. But let us examine
+these points more coolly. First of all this province was far away from
+the mother country, means of travel and communication were then far
+different from what they are now, and Spain was also busy with political
+troubles at home; she had always sent her most representative men as
+governors and officers, her settlers were no less worthy, most of
+them coming here with no "empty purse" as adventurers, but were men
+of education and standing in their country. The galaxy of saintly
+missionaries is superfluous to mention, so above are they of the least
+sting of reproach, and lastly so clean are the pages of Spanish history
+in California that no serious student of whatever race or creed he or
+she may be, can but deplore the calumnies that have at times been hurled
+at this golden period of California history. It was from the Spanish
+period of California that the present capital of the state dates having
+been named Santisimo Sacramento (Most Holy Sacrament) in honor of the
+Eucharistic Presence of the Altar. Thus we see the vein of piety of the
+Spanish settlers who gave names of religious significance to so many
+of the towns they founded, and even to their land grants. In fine these
+sterling men were worthy compatriots of those giant men and women which
+have appeared at different times in Spain. We refer to Saints, Ignatius
+of Loyola, Francis Xavier, Dominic, Theresa of Jesus and a myriad
+others, also to the fair array of kings and queens, poets, artists,
+explorers, whose illustrious names would fill volumes.
+
+When treading El Camino Real and kneeling by the sacred tombs of
+Junipero Serra and his hero band of soul-conquerors we may well recall
+that passage of the beautiful Hymn of the Knights of Columbus.
+
+"Brothers we are treading Where the saints have trod."
+
+
+
+Chapter V
+
+
+     California Passes From Spanish to Mexican Rule,
+     Secularization of the Missions
+
+
+
+Amidst the beauty and glory of Spain's dominion in California, while the
+gold emblazoned banners of Castile and Leon floated proudly under azure
+skies, while the Spanish governors, officers and colonists were doing
+honor and credit to their ancient race, and the saintly missionaries
+were working marvels for the souls and bodies of the aborigines of the
+land, while Spain was thus lending "her beauty and her chivalry" to
+California; Mexico, forgetting her old debt to Spain, when she explored
+her then heathen shores, had revolted against Spanish rule and set up an
+empire of her own, making Augustin Iturbide, a man of half Indian blood
+her Emperor. Immediately Mexico claimed California, as well as Texas,
+Arizona and New Mexico as a portion of her empire, although the people
+of California, with the exception of a handful of Mexicans, had never
+shown the least desire of change of government, for the greatest number
+of her settlers were Spaniards or their children who were intensely
+loyal to the Crown of Spain. Here we will add that no person who held
+any office of importance was any other than a Spaniard, or of purely
+Spanish blood or parentage, hence missionaries, bishops, army and navy
+officers, surgeons, etc. were all "children of Spain," the highest
+decoration that a mixed blood could attain in the Spanish army of
+California or of Mexico was that of Corporal or Sergeant. But when
+Mexico gained her independence all these corporals and sergeants were
+suddenly made generals by their country, Mexico; and here was clearly
+seen "who was who" for all mixed bloods as well as those of purely
+Indian birth, both in Mexico and California raffled around their
+standard, the new Mexican flag; in this number we will only except many
+of the Christian Indians, in California, who clung piteously to the
+missions, and who had more of their share of suffering. This state of
+affairs enabled the new Mexican authorities, exultant over their victory
+in the gain of their independence, to send several war vessels to
+Monterey late in 1822 and demand of Governor Sola, the surrender of
+California in the name of Emperor Augustin Iturbide. As we have already
+seen, nowhere in Spain's New World possessions was loyalty to the mother
+country more intense than in California, and the people, army and navy
+were loud in their demonstrations of opposition, and expressions of
+willingness were offered to the governor to fight the intrusion of
+Mexico to the end. But the comparative handful of soldiers of the
+various garrisons, as well as the few ships which the Spanish could
+muster in California were no match to the overwhelming forces from
+Mexico, and Governor Sola considered it no cowardly act but rather his
+conscience-bound duty to prevent a useless carnage, wisely preferring
+an honorable surrender under the circumstances. The prudence of this
+decision was soon seen in a clearer light by the people. It was thus
+that the grand old flag of Spain was hurled from her state fifty-three
+years after she had been hoisted amid the blessing of Junipero Serra,
+the salutes of her proud ships and the loyal acclamations of Portola
+and her other gallant sons. Now Spanish rule was virtually ended in
+California, but we repeat, not dishonorably. Spain's, work was
+well done, her chief purpose gained, namely, the exploration and
+christianizing of California.
+
+As it took sometime for Mexico to mobilize her troops and settle her
+rule in California, the Royal Presidio of Monterey was not immediately
+emptied of its officers or of the Spanish families, whose positions
+entitled them to a residence there, and who continued to live there
+close on to 1824. Thus although the old familiar standard gave place to
+Mexico's new red, white and green, the imprint of Spanish rule remained.
+
+Indeed it was several years before Mexico could change the face of
+California, and the Spanish element continued to rule social life at
+least to a great extent through virtually all the Mexican period.
+The Mexican society of the time certainly contained some excellent
+exceptions, but as a general rule it was a sad contrast to that of the
+preceding period, nor had the ten governors of this era the energy or
+standing of the ever remembered Portola, Borica, de Neve, Arrillaga or
+Sola. At times, the Mexican authorities treated Spaniards shabbily for
+it is important to note that contrary to what many histories state,
+Spaniards unanimously refused to take the Constitutional Oath of
+Allegiance to Mexico, and withdrew as a consequence from all public
+affairs, only inasmuch as their family interests or the good of the
+community demanded their intervention. Thus we find no Spaniard as
+Governor, General, or the like during this period. But here a curious
+thing occurred. In later years when writers and historians of California
+became numerous many Mexicans declared themselves Spaniards or classed
+themselves as of purely Spanish descent, passing as such into some
+histories, while at the same time they did not hesitate to "sting" the
+Spanish name; and there are many California families who are referred
+to as "Spanish" whose ancestors in the baptismal and marriage records
+of the various mission archives are recorded as "neofita de la mission"
+("neophyte of the mission") for the Spanish missionaries were most
+accurate of details, and their records of marriages, baptisms and
+funerals are like sketches of the persons concerned; parentage, birth
+all are given in detail. Thus a child born of Spanish parents is
+referred to as "de calidad Espanola" ("of Spanish quality") or if
+of some other purely foreign extraction the same is mentioned. And
+fortunate indeed, that this care of detail was had in the new country,
+else how would much valuable knowledge be obtained?
+
+During our narrative we do not wish to lose sight of the fact that we
+have professed our work to be primarily a work of love, avoiding bitter
+truth, which can do no good, and avoiding personalities, hence the
+absence of names may be noted in this chapter, but it is invariably
+the unpleasant duty of a writer to tell some unpleasant things in a
+historical sketch, else how could justice be done to others, and how
+straighten misunderstandings? We do not wish to merely cast aspersions
+at the Mexican race or any other, for the gross and sordid not to say
+sinful delight of doing so, but we wish to present to the reader plain
+facts of this period of history. Here we will add that even as "there
+is beauty in a blade of grass" there were and are good qualities and
+virtues in many individual Mexicans, but we cannot but wonder at the
+contrast of the two first periods of our state's history, and at the
+difference so vast between two races and characters so often absurdly
+confused. Here, we must mention perhaps the most deplorable incidents
+of this period, incidents to which in spite of ourself we have so often
+alluded, namely the Acts of Secularization of the missions. First, we
+will mention that some writers accuse Spain of having passed an Act of
+Secularization of Mission property in 1813, but such an assertion is
+considered unfounded by good authorities, perhaps it had rise from the
+fact that disturbances against Spanish rule were felt in Mexico as early
+as that period and echoes of it reached the small Mexican faction of
+California, causing much uneasiness to the missionaries. But three Acts
+of Secularization of the missions were passed in the years 1826, 1829
+and 1835. And what did not the good fathers with their neophytes and
+converts suffer! And what did not the many loyal friends of these
+beloved fathers not suffer with them through sympathy! Indeed no
+Spaniard or his descendants can speak of those Acts without the crimson
+of just indignation mounting to the cheek. But Spaniards were powerless
+to check the lawlessness of the times. The missions were gradually
+but slowly dispossessed of their lawful property, and all their wealth
+confiscated, several times were many of the dear Spanish fathers
+deported; they returned to Spain where a warm welcome awaited them, but
+how sad to leave their missions reared by the most heroic labors of
+the "martyr stuff" within them or their immediate predecessors, Serra,
+Lasuen, Lopez, Dumetz, Crespi, Palou, names "held in benediction;" and
+what would become of their poor converted Indians who clung to them so
+faithfully and whom they had raised to the plane of christian men and
+women from nakedness, savagery and paganism! Besides the missionaries,
+many other Spaniards, too, were put on a list of those to be deported,
+among these there would not have been much resistance offered, as the
+changes of the government were sad enough, but before the resolution
+was carried out, while many of them were settling their affairs and
+preparing to leave, a few of the better class of Mexicans interposed,
+saying, "the Spaniards' are of greater value to the Province than any
+harm which could ever come from their presence, it behooves us to let
+them remain," so under the condition that they would not be interfered
+with, and that no oath of allegiance to Mexico would be forced from
+them, the Spanish families remained, and their presence indeed was of
+"greater value" than for which credit has been given them. American,
+English and Russian trading ships continued to make their appearance
+in Monterey, to these were added French ships. Several mercantile
+establishments existed, carried on chiefly by Spaniards and Englishmen,
+and gay little social gatherings and dances still went on.
+
+In 1823 Mexico overthrew her empire and established a republic. But
+throughout this period, disturbances and guerrillas scarcely ever
+ceased, while the gradual but sure devastation of the missions and the
+behavior of the authorities towards the beloved padres heightened the
+indignation of all noble-minded citizens and increased the unpopularity
+of the governors and authorities, most of whom were so very different to
+the Spanish governors, who at all times declared themselves "loyal sons
+of mother Church" and of whom no record of the practice of the contrary
+exists save a very few minor differences in defining the extent of
+military and ecclesiastical power. Good Bishop Garcia Diego, Bishop
+of California and worthy Prince of the Church was also a sufferer
+on several occasions from the disrespect of the civil authorities of
+Mexico, who even tried to prevent his landing in Monterey, the seat
+of the diocese then. Let us repeat a few Mexican authorities were
+exceptions of this type, but as we have said, these were few indeed, and
+slowly Mexican power began to wane. United States, England and France
+all stood in line for possession of California as soon as a ripe
+opportunity presented itself. This plan was most welcome to the
+Spaniards, who contrary to the statements of some prominent historians,
+entertained no dislike for any of these nations. Spaniards, like some
+others only wished that a happier and better government would supplant
+the inactive yet turbulent government of Mexico, who had hurled the
+Spanish flag from her position years before and despoiled the missions
+of their wealth and glory. Thus United States Consul, Thomas Larkin was
+always well received in the homes of the Spanish families and in turn
+Mr. Larkin always referred to them in words of praise. Meantime, things
+went from bad to worse, a change of government seemed inevitable. We
+will soon see how this came about.
+
+The only things for which Mexican rule in California was noted, was the
+continuation of the making of large land grants, and an easy, careless
+existence without the "hurry and flurry" of today; feasting, making
+merry, and great parties in the "rancherias" where there were always
+large "spreads;" it was during this period chiefly that the typical
+Mexican dishes of tamales, enchiladas, and others which are still
+relished in California were introduced in this province. In a word this
+was the period of the sweet "manana," where everyone seemed to have time
+to enjoy the "dolce far niente" and exercised an open handed generosity
+with regard to the "fleeting goods of earth."
+
+
+
+Chapter VI
+
+
+
+     California Passes From Mexican to American Rule
+
+
+
+The year 1846 found the Mexican government in California struggling with
+a poor exchequer and some of its leaders in an unfriendly mood towards
+one another on account of petty differences, while France, England and
+United States waited eagerly for an opportunity to seize California, nor
+may their desire be termed dishonest since a change of government each
+day seemed more inevitable.
+
+Americans had often been treated with hostility and not given their
+lawful rights under the existing form of government in California. Just
+about this time United States Consul, Thomas O. Larkin had been sent
+to Monterey and Captain John Fremont to Northern California, the latter
+presumably to survey the country of the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific
+Coast in the interests of travel, but the real reason of the presence of
+these gentlemen in California was thought to be, that they should keep a
+close watch on the turn of affairs.
+
+When circumstances shaped themselves for the worst, a party of Americans
+at Sonoma headed by Captain Ezekiel Merritt gave the first signal of
+uprising which led to the establishment of the Bear Flag Republic
+of California. These men applied to Captain Fremont for help, but
+as Fremont was an officer in the United States army, he could not
+personally take a hand in the affair without authority from the United
+States Government, but left his men free to join Captain Merritt's
+ranks, and many did so. Under Captain Merritt the Americans captured
+horses and arms from a Mexican regiment on the march for Sonoma, also
+the garrison of Sonoma; encouraged by this William B. Ide, one of
+Merritt's chief advisers and successor issued a Proclamation which
+launched the Bear Flag Republic into its existence of twenty-four days.
+This Proclamation was a praiseworthy document, stating the grievances of
+the American settlers, namely unfriendliness and threats of expulsion,
+also declaring the justice of overthrowing a government which had
+confiscated mission property calling upon the assistance of peace-loving
+citizens of California and promising not to molest persons who had not
+taken up arms. The Bear Flag of the Republic of California was then
+designed by a Mr. William Todd and hoisted in Sonoma on June 14, 1846,
+also in Monterey. The American flag could not be hoisted because the
+actions of this party of Americans had virtually been unauthorized,
+and they would have been responsible to the United States for so doing,
+however, it was their intention to turn over their conquests to the
+United States as soon as possible. But the Mexican military authorities
+regarded the actions of these Americans as a gross hostility, and from
+all sides prepared to attack them. The position of this plucky little
+band now became very perilous, and again they laid their cause and
+dangers before Fremont, who was in his camp on the American River. Now
+the Captain did not hesitate in his decision and with a small mounted
+force began action on the field. Fremont was a man of many commendable
+qualities, possessed of bright mentality, unwavering and extremely loyal
+to the American cause, but he had his failings, among them being that on
+several occasions he took advantage of the tangled state of affairs, to
+seize upon personal property considered without the range of his lawful
+power to take, hence the dislike that exists for him among many old
+California residents; still it was the "Pathfinder" as he was called,
+who with Commodore Robert Stockton, Lieutenant Archibald Giliespie in
+command at Los Angeles, General Stephen Kearny and some others fought
+the brief battles which terminated in the raising of the American flag
+at the Custom House of Monterey on July 7, 1846, thus was California
+admitted into the Union as a territory. By a treaty of peace which
+followed the Mexican War, California was ceded to the United States for
+the sum of $15,000,000 in 1848. Among Monterey's landmarks Colton Hall
+is pointed out as the place where representative men from various parts
+of California convened and framed the first American Constitution for
+the State, September 3, 1849. On November third of the same year the
+first election was held, with the result that Peter H. Burnett was
+elected Governor, John McDougall, Lieutenant-Governor, and Edward
+Gilbert and John Wright first Congressmen from California. From Monterey
+the State Capital was removed to San Jose, where John Fremont and
+William Gwin were appointed senators, and it was they who pressed
+the Government to admit California as a state, with the result that
+California was admitted as such on September 9, 1850. Major Robert
+Selden Garnett, U. S. A. designed the state seal.
+
+In 1854 the capital was removed to Sacramento from Benicia which held it
+one year, San Jose having held it two years as, also Vallejo.
+
+The discovery of gold in 1849 brought on a mad rush of all classes
+of people into California and acts of lawlessness and violence became
+numerous and frequent; for the purpose of checking these disorders
+the "Committee of Vigilance" was formed in San Francisco in 1851. This
+committee was composed of responsible men and much good came of it but
+like in so many enterprises of the kind, many abuses were committed and
+many innocent persons were unjustly punished.
+
+As soon as affairs became settled and order established, American rule
+in California became marked by progress and order, the discovery of gold
+brought on a wonderful increase in population and more towns and cities
+sprung throughout the state.
+
+Much indeed could be said of the present, but as our story is only a
+brief sketch intended to deal chiefly with the beloved old missions
+and missionaries, and unravel if but a few of the tangled skeins of
+misrepresentation cast about the older history of the state which is
+more wrapt in mystery, with warm gratitude for what the present is and
+for what the future will bring, we will return to the traces of the good
+fathers whose missions are still the wonders of California, with them we
+can still hear the chimes of mission bells.
+
+
+
+Chapter VII
+
+
+
+      Mission Anecdotes and Hymns
+
+
+Told of Father Vicente Sarria
+
+Father Vicente Sarria, a venerable and saintly missionary in charge of
+Mission Nuestra Senora de la Soledad at the time the first two acts of
+Secularization were passed, was one of the keenest sufferers from the
+injustices of the times, undergoing untold labors and hardships, which
+in no small degree contributed to his death in 1833, which found him at
+his post of duty at the mission. Father Sarria's reputation for sanctity
+was well known throughout California, particularly in Monterey and
+Soledad, and after his death it was no strange thing to hear both from
+Caucasian and Indian such an ejaculation as "alma de nuestro Padre
+Sarria, ayudanos con tu intercesion" (soul of our Father Sarria help us
+by your intercession). Of course this pious demonstration was not public
+because for many wise reasons, the church forbids the public veneration
+or invocation of a saint until the required process of canonization
+has authorized it, however, the allowable private invocation was freely
+practiced as it has been done in the case of other saintly missionaries,
+namely, Junipero Serra, Magin Catala and others. And the following
+sweet legend is told of Padre Sarria. As the Indian carriers lowered the
+humble redwood coffin which contained the Father's precious remains into
+the mission vaults, the edifice was filled with an exquisite fragrance
+as of roses, and this story told with all earnestness was given much
+credence about the mission towns. While not authenticated by infallible
+investigation, may not this incident be classed at least as a
+probability by the spiritual minded? For is it not in the power of the
+God of the beautiful in nature to proclaim thus His appreciation for
+the heroic charity of one of His servants, especially to strengthen the
+faith of the sorely tried convert Indians who clung so lovingly to the
+mission in the days of its trials?
+
+
+
+Father Junipero Serra's Promise
+
+
+
+One beautiful summer day while walking about the San Carlos Mission
+Garden, Junipero Serra pondered over the wonderful progress of
+California both in the spiritual and material order; filled with joy the
+good priest blessed the land, and made a solemn promise to celebrate
+one hundred masses for the future peace and prosperity of California,
+moreover he promised to begin the fulfillment of his promise on the
+following November, twenty-fourth, feast of Saint Charles, the patron
+saint of the mission. Soon after, the venerable Serra was overtaken
+by his last illness and went to his reward before November, the
+twenty-fourth. But every year on the eve of the feast of Saint Charles
+just before midnight a ghostly procession wended its way to San Carlos
+Mission, for all the missionaries, Spaniards, or their descendants who
+had ever lived in California would arise from their graves and with
+them all the Christian Indians of the mission towns joined the "ghostly
+throng" to San Carlos where Junipero Serra would arise from his tomb and
+celebrate mass while the spirits sang their ancient hymns, after which
+all the scene vanished like silver fumes of smoke, and this continued
+for one hundred years. This most unlikely legend has been told in
+beautiful Spanish and English poetry, and for all its unlikelihood has
+found its way with its weird charm into many homes.
+
+
+
+A True Story
+
+
+
+Somewhere in the eighteen fifties a non-catholic of very irreligious
+character, made targets of the eyes of a statue of Saint Benedict,
+belonging to San Carlos Mission, taking advantage of the neglected
+condition of the place at the time. A few days after this proceeding
+the man was struck blind. This incident is no legend, but within the
+remembrance of many old residents of Monterey. The unfortunate man later
+acknowledged that his calamity was a direct visitation of Almighty God
+for his gross and intentional irreverence to the image of a saint. The
+writer refrains from giving the name of this man who has long ere this
+passed to the "Great Beyond" but many Montereyans, who will read this
+sketch will know it.
+
+Countless stories and legends of mission times are told and written
+without the least foundation for veracity, for example the story of
+"The Lost Pearls of Loretto;" others are founded on facts but distorted
+beyond recognition. Still this is not startling in a land as full of
+sentiment and romance as California, where so many writers, (most of
+them "New-comers") have given vent to their poetical imaginations,
+and it is not hard to believe that the eventful history of the state
+contained many authentic stories, and legends with some ground of truth.
+
+
+
+Hymn to the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary [6].
+
+
+
+     "Para dar vida mortal
+     A Un Dios Autor de la vida
+     Sois Maria concebida
+     Sin pecado original."
+
+     "Para humillar la serpiente
+     Que con su mortal veneno
+     Dejo todo el mundo lleno
+     De su aliento pestilente
+     Que marco a todo viviente
+     Con el sello mas fatal
+     Sois Maria concebida
+     Sin pecado original."
+
+     "Como Ester la mas amada
+     Del mas generoso Asuero
+     Gracia recibes primero
+     Que estes del crimen manchada
+     Pues para no ser contada
+     En la indignacion real
+     Sois Maria concebida
+     Sin pecado original."
+
+     "Ciudad fuerte y mas hermosa
+     Que de Asirio acometida
+     No lograra verte herida
+     Su saeta ponzonosa
+     Pues para ser victoriosa
+     De su poder infernal
+     Sois Maria concebida
+     Sin pecado original."
+
+     "Luna llena de esplandor
+     Sin ser nunca eclipsada
+     Porque fuiste iluminada
+     De un sol de poder, y amor
+     Pues por no ver el horror
+     De un eclipse criminal
+     Sois Maria concebida
+     Sin pecado original."
+
+     "Mujer heroica y valiente
+     Que con divino valor
+     Pisas gloriosa el furor
+     De la enganosa serpiente
+     Pues por no temer el diente
+     De aqeste monstro infernal
+     Sois Maria concebida
+     Sin pecado original."
+
+     "Virgen que de nuestro suelo
+     Subes vestida de estrellas
+     Mas bela que las mas bellas
+     A ser la gloria del cielo
+     Pues para tan alto vuelo
+     Con un favor sin igual
+     Sois Maria concebida
+     Sin pecado original."
+
+     "Patrona la mas amada
+     De nuestro suelo Espanol
+     Nuestro mas luciente sol
+     En la noche desgraciada
+     Pues para ser proclamada
+     Con el voto mas cordial
+     Sois Maria concebida
+     Sin pecado original."
+
+     "Concede en fin Madre amada
+     A tus hijos este dia
+     La mas cristiana alegria
+     Y la muerte deseada
+     Para que seas cantada
+     En la patria celestial
+     Sois Maria concebida
+     Sin pecado original."
+
+
+
+
+Chapter VIII
+
+
+     Retrospection of the work of the Spanish Missionaries,
+     Explorers and Settlers and their place in California's
+     Appreciation
+
+
+We have followed the venerable band of missionaries from their homes in
+Spain, where fired with zeal for the conversion of the savage heathen of
+the New World they set out for the comparatively newly discovered land
+of Mexico, where Spain had already a few establishments and churches, an
+archbishopric in the city of Mexico, and the Franciscan Fathers a well
+equipped monastery and mission at San Fernando in the northern part of
+the country. We have seen the Spanish Franciscans' zeal in the land of
+the Aztec, and we have also seen the noble cooperation given them by the
+government and civil authorities of Catholic Spain. We have traced
+the missionaries' steps, followed by gallant Portola, and his fellow
+officers and men, and have sympathized and rejoiced with them in their
+hardships and joys. We have no doubt, often marveled at the stupendous
+work of the Sons of Saint Francis in the conversion of the unenlightened
+heathen, and have seen the Indian tribes turn from the worship of idols
+to the altar of the one true God.
+
+Let us now give a brief glance at the work so nobly done by the immortal
+heroes which Catholic Spain sent to these shores. Many a time, winter
+blasts of misunderstanding and wrong have been cast upon them, and many
+a time have noble sympathizers fought just battles with prejudice in
+their behalf, with the blessed result that the thickest clouds of errors
+and "threadbare calumnies" have almost entirely disappeared, and with
+them the remaining mists of wrong are fast vanishing at the powerful
+approach of truth's sun, so that in relating the glories of that legion
+of splendid characters whose names are so tenderly clasped about the
+fondest memories of mission times, we shall not forget their friends and
+champions of later years.
+
+But first let us see what the brave Spanish pioneers did for California.
+We will begin with the missionaries. To them we owe the conversion of
+the heathen and savage Indians, which work was super-human in
+itself, and which contrary to the statements of libelers, the fathers
+accomplished with heroic patience and charity, teaching the Indians
+besides religion, useful trades, civilizing them, and taking such
+conscientious care of them that they made a nightly round of their
+quarters, not with whip in hand to punish imaginary misdemeanor, but
+to see that the spiritual and temporal welfare of their converts and
+neophytes, was guarded, and so great was the attachment of the Indians
+to the fathers that if a father was called on business from one mission
+to another, the Indians would follow him a long distance weeping. Very
+few of the Indians were taught the art of reading, not because the
+fathers were in any way unwilling to teach it, but because for this one
+art most of the Indians showed no desire or willingness to learn, yet
+this has given the ever ready, unscrupulous writer food for saying
+that "the fathers endeavored to keep the Indians in ignorance" and the
+healthy rule of the fathers with its hours of prayer, labor, instruction
+and recreation for the Indian families in the mission quarters, has been
+distorted by erroneous histories, and statements have been made by
+some writers to the effect that "the Indians were treated harshly and
+oppressed." Whereas under what nation were Indians or unenlightened
+natives christianized, allowed to remain in their lands or treated
+with more humanity than under Spain or her missionaries, wherever they
+explored and wherever they went?
+
+"Harsh, oppressive, endeavoring to keep the Indians in ignorance," if
+such actions mean all that these saintly missionaries accomplished, if
+they mean their leaving refinement, christianity, fond home and kindred
+in distant Spain to brave untold hardships, nay, martyrdom, to rescue
+souls from paganism, and if such conduct as "harshness, oppression,
+endeavoring to keep the Indians in ignorance" could be compatible with
+the practice of heroic virtue and acts of mortification of mind and body
+which to the spiritual man or woman appear beyond words of admiration,
+to the scoffer and frivolous (but for this latter class we are not
+writing) foolish and impossible. The missions too, with their honest
+wealth and industry were California's first centers of enlightenment and
+refinement. The Spanish missionaries were scholars as well as religious,
+and their institutions were California's cradles of literature, music
+and learning hand in hand with religion. To these early fathers we owe
+the first paintings and statues brought to California, while their well
+equipped missions, even contained medicine chests and medical books, to
+them we also owe the first architecture in the building of the missions,
+the first agricultural implements, even the first system of irrigation,
+in the state; to these we may add the first stock of sheep, cattle,
+horses, the first fruits, vineyards and teeming grain fields, yes, even
+the first roses of California were brought here by them, and it was
+from the missions that Dr. Robert Semple borrowed the printing type,
+wherewith he printed the first newspaper in California, which appeared
+in Monterey in 1846, making the letter "w" by joining two vs as the
+Spanish alphabet contains twenty-five letters, "w" excepted.
+
+And if the Spanish missionaries did so much what did the Spanish civil
+and military authorities and settlers do? To Spanish explorers we
+owe the discovery and exploration of California, as well as of South
+America, Mexico and other portions of the New World, including the
+Pacific Ocean; indeed is it not to Spain and her good Queen Isabella the
+Catholic, to whom we really owe the discovery of America by Columbus?
+But not to deviate from Spain's work in California, it was the early
+Spanish governors who first framed laws and drew up a constitution in
+California, and it was they who made the first land grants, it was by
+Spanish explorers too that the first maps of California were drawn,
+under Spanish rule were many of the present towns and cities founded,
+from Spain came the first dawn of refinement and civilization, the first
+army and navy, the first artists, musicians, physicians and skilled
+workmen, in fine the first white child born in California was born of
+Spanish parents settled in Monterey. And what was the record of Spain's
+dominion in California? Setting aside unfounded calumnies as absurd as
+the one which claims that Philip II passed a law sentencing to death any
+foreigner who set foot on Spain's dominions in the New World,
+relegating such lies to where they belong, Spain's rule in her New World
+possessions, including California was marked by humanity as well as
+energy. Cortes, Pizzaro, Vizcaino, Coronado, Menendez, Ponce de Leon,
+Cabeza de Vaca, Balboa, as well as the later "pathfinders" governors
+and viceroys of Catholic Spain, were men of honor, and sobriety to whose
+names no "butcheries and cruelties" may be justly attached.
+
+Perhaps one of the best proofs of Catholic Spanish humanity is the
+fact of the preservation of the aborigines of the land wherever Spanish
+conquests were made. Take for example, the statistics of the last
+census of Mexico which reveal that of a population of 15,000,000 souls
+7,000,000 are pure Indian 5,000,000 mestizos or of mixed Indian and
+foreign extraction and only 3,000,000 foreigners or of Mexican birth but
+of purely foreign extraction. Take, California, Arizona, New Mexico
+and other former Spanish possessions of whom the same may be said in
+proportion. In these places no Indian reservations are seen as where
+the Puritans held sway. If Spain were guilty of the cruelties so
+falsely imputed to her, Mexico in particular would be a Spanish or
+Latin-American Republic, as it is, she may hardly be termed as such.
+But Catholic Spain acted as explorer, civilizer and with her venerable
+missionaries sponsor to the conversion of the heathen tribes of her
+New World colonies, leaving in them the traces of her enlightenment and
+christianity, yes, leaving them monuments of her humanity!
+
+On the absurd and ludicrous application of the term "Spanish" in our
+midst to many persons who have no claim to it by either birth or descent
+we will not dwell, as we would not cheapen our sketch by stooping to
+discuss such ignorance or insult our intelligent readers by writing on
+such foolishness, we will only ask their permission to say that many
+so-called intelligent people have no conception of the Spanish type,
+race or character, but these we will leave "a la luna de Valencia" as an
+ancient Spanish saying would express such cases. The California families
+of Spanish descent are comparatively few, this being noted especially by
+Spanish visitors to California.
+
+But what of Spanish generosity at home, when the missionaries were
+toiling for souls in the New World? Many a pious Spaniard in Spain and
+in Mexico subscribed immense sums for the missions of California, both
+for the Jesuit and the Franciscan missions. Thus we find the pious
+Marquis de Villa Puente subscribing $200,000 for "missions, vessels
+and other necessities of California." The Duchess of Gandia subscribed
+$60,000 for the same purpose in 1767 and many others followed the same
+example until the "Pius Fund of the Missions of California" amounted
+to over two million dollars. At the time of the Secularization of the
+Missions, the Mexican Government confiscated a large remaining portion
+of this "Pious Fund." In 1853 the Spanish Archbishop Alemany, then
+Bishop of Monterey and successor of Bishop Diego from whom the "Pious
+Fund" had been taken, started a litigation which was continued in turn
+by his worthy successor Archbishop Patrick Riordan of the archdiocese of
+San Francisco, with the good result that Mexico was made to pay the sum
+of $43,050 in Mexican currency annually as the interest at six per cent
+on the sum of $1,460,682 of the "Pious Fund" which the national treasury
+of Mexico had appropriated on the promise of Mexico to act as trustee of
+the fund and pay an interest of six per cent which it had failed to pay
+since its appropriation at the time of the Mexican regime in California.
+Moreover, Mexico had agreed to pay this interest to the object intended
+by the donors of the fund, namely, "to the church, for the conversion
+of the natives of California, for the establishment, maintenance and
+extension of the Catholic Church, her faith and worship, in said country
+of Upper and Lower California." The litigation was won through the
+intervention of the United States Government which Archbishop Riordan
+invoked through his counsel, and decided by arbitrators under the Hague
+Convention in 1899. The first payment was made on February 2, 1903.
+
+Perhaps it is not amiss to quote here a small portion of the speech
+delivered in Washington, D. C. by Hon. Joseph Scott of Los Angeles on
+the occasion of a banquet following the unveiling ceremonies of the
+memorial erected in honor of Christopher Columbus by Act of Congress.
+Among the speakers present at the banquet were Ex-President William
+Taft (then president), Cardinal Gibbons, Speaker Champ Clark, Ex-speaker
+Joseph Cannon, Congressman Underwood, Judge Victor Dowling of the
+Supreme Court of New York and many other notable men of the nation.
+
+"It affords me unbounded pleasure to have an opportunity to deliver an
+expression, feeble though it be, of the sentiments of the Knights of
+Columbus of the great West, and particularly of California, regarding
+the significance of this great day. Mr. John Barrett of the Pan-American
+Union has already given you food for sober thought in the parallel
+he has drawn of the marvelous activity and resourcefulness of the
+Latin-American republics. Possibly I may be permitted at this time to
+inject a suggestion that, despite the remarks of the previous speaker
+about Boston as the modern Athens and the seat of universal learning,
+"Modern Athens" has nothing in common with the memories aroused by
+contemplation of the events which we celebrate today. It may be well to
+tell our friends from New England that before the so-called Anglo-Saxon
+had set foot as a colonist upon the American soil, the followers of
+Columbus had penetrated into the heart of Kansas and gone down as far as
+Buenos Ayres. I want to lay stress upon the fact that we have not noted
+too emphatically today that it was the great Spanish race, with its
+strong and sterling faith, which accomplished this wonderful mission of
+civilization. Too long have we endured the stress of so-called history
+written by Prescott and others, some of whom ought to have been put in
+the Ananias club before they were born. For nearly three centuries
+the Spanish race, with its indomitable faith, pursued almost alone its
+mission of civilization and evangelization of the aborigines of America.
+Before the Pilgrim Fathers had landed on Plymouth Rock, the Catholic
+Spaniard had acquired a knowledge of the Indian language sufficient to
+enable him to translate the Bible into the Aztec Indian language, so
+that the new Indian neophyte could read the story of "God's greatest
+Book" in his mother tongue."
+
+
+
+The Courage of Catholic Spain
+
+
+I wish to advise those of you who speak now of a burden of four days and
+nights in luxurious Pullman cars to step out on the soil of California
+as though you had performed a deed of heroism, that a Spanish soldier,
+Cabeza de Vaca, with the courage of primitive Christianity, walked from
+Florida to the Gulf of California, though it took him seven years to
+accomplish his task; and the wonderfully brave Friar Marcos de Niza
+pioneered his way on foot thirteen hundred miles into the heart of
+Arizona through deserts and hordes of Apaches, in his efforts to plant
+the cross of civilization among the children of the new world. Nay, the
+Grand Canyon of Arizona, now one of the greatest natural wonders of the
+world, was seen by a young Spanish lieutenant and his twenty soldiers
+three hundred years before the Anglo-Saxon took a glimpse at its
+wonderful and awe-inspiring beauty. These and other similar facts are
+attested by the report of the Bureau of Ethnology of Washington, as well
+as by many other reliable authorities, including that singularly gifted
+and scholarly student of Spanish history and folk lore, Charles F.
+Lummis of Los Angeles, himself a Puritan on both sides of his house for
+several generations back. It was the fortitude of this Spanish race,
+coupled by its strong devotion to the faith which you and I profess,
+which enabled them to solve the Indian problem as it has never been
+attempted since. While under our present system of the government of
+this United States, the Indian has been an outcast and a derelict to
+be robbed and cheated by his white brother, yet on the other hand the
+Spanish missionary brought into the life of the simple native of the new
+world the wholesome light of Christianity, which made him recognize in
+the Red Man the same soul which was made in the image and likeness of
+the common Creator of us all. In that spirit of brotherhood and charity
+he obtained the confidence and good will of the Indians, almost without
+exception, throughout the length and breadth of the countries that he
+explored. And while his path was beset with dangers from the grim forces
+of nature, and occasionally the crown of martyrdom was given to him by
+an unthinking hand of those he was coming to evangelize, yet he faltered
+not in his footsteps.
+
+Today the memory of Columbus may be coupled with and attributed, on
+our part, to the splendid heroism and Christian fortitude of the great
+Spanish race which continued the work of Columbus with all that it
+entailed for the betterment of humanity."
+
+
+In compliance with our promise not to forget the friends of the
+missionaries and of their compatriots, of today, we will first speak of
+California's wonderful enthusiasm in the celebration of the Bi-centenary
+of Junipero Serra's birth. Of the privileged thousands who visited
+Monterey on November 23, 1913 and made a pilgrimage to Serra's tomb at
+San Carlos Mission, how many will efface that sight from their minds in
+years to come? But this awe-inspiring sight to which Reverend Raymond
+Mestres and the Franciscan Fathers of San Francisco, contributed so
+much, and in which the Third Order of Saint Francis so prominently
+participated will be yearly renewed. Ecclesiastical and civil
+authorities, towns and cities, individuals, all had the "right
+spirit." The accounts of the press were glowing. Mr. Frank Powers of
+Carmel-by-the-Sea was California's representative at the celebration
+which Spain did not fail to hold in honor of her illustrious son;
+and Mr. Powers indeed proved a worthy representative, returning to
+California with renewed enthusiasm for the saintly Serra, and his
+lectures have been listened to with keen delight. And can any praise
+seem superfluous for California's apostles in particular for the saintly
+Serra? At the civil exercises, held in Monterey on the occasion of the
+celebration we are speaking of, Senator Reginaldo del Valle, of Los
+Angeles, Mr. Michael Williams and Mr. Charles Phillips of San Francisco
+each paid exquisite tributes to our hero whom the opening lines of Mr.
+Phillips' beautiful ode described as:
+
+     "A young boy dreaming by the Spanish main:
+         Knee-high in waving grain
+         He halts at eve and dreams,
+     Where green Majorca fronts the cycling sea,
+         And far worlds ceaselessly
+     Beckon with passing sail and swinging tide,
+         And plunging galleons ride
+       Home from adventure, or away, away
+         To silken bright Cathay,
+       Or where dark India her golden treasure yields;
+     A young boy dreaming in his father's fields,
+       Who plucks a lily from the bending wheat
+     And stands with veiled gaze and searching eyes
+         Pale with some great emprise,
+       Beyond the homing waters of his isle,
+         Beyond Majorca's skies;--
+       And dreams and dreams the while!"
+
+     "And they who love him wonderingly ask:
+         "What lad is this of ours
+         Who dreams away the hours,
+     And when the windy night-tide running sings,
+         So strangely seems
+         Converse to hold with far compelling things?
+     Or what these spirit-smiling ecstasies,"
+         They reverent cry,
+         "That halt him at his task
+     And hold him tranced in bright reveries?
+         Is this our lad, indeed,
+         Who with such Heaven-given grace--
+         Ay, with the light of Heaven on his face!--
+         Makes question of the very world about?"
+
+One of the sweetest features of this day was that hereafter by a
+decree of Governor Hiram Johnson, who also did not fail to send a
+representative to Monterey in the person of Judge Griffin, November
+the twenty-fourth was declared a state holiday. May Serra day long
+be welcomed by loyal Californians! We cannot close this chapter after
+speaking of the bright constellation of the past which appeared in
+California skies so many years ago, and whose traces we so cherish,
+without saying a few words about that worthiest of worthy movements
+to restore the dear old missions of El Camino Real according to their
+traditional lines, here again Reverend Father Mestres of Monterey
+deserves the greatest credit in this enterprise, and the Knights of
+Columbus of the California councils have proved themselves great helpers
+in the plan. King Alfonso, his minister, Senor Juan Riano, the Marquis
+de la Vega y Inclan who will be King Alfonso's representative at the
+Panama-Pacific Exposition of 1915, are hearty supporters and sponsors
+of this movement, and with cooperation from faithful friends and the
+sanction of the Bishop of the diocese of Monterey and Los Angeles, we
+have no doubt that these glorious landmarks, some of which have alas too
+long been allowed to go to "wreck and ruin" while others are still
+more or less neglected, after the cruel years which extinguished their
+sanctuary lamps, left their altars bare and their belfries silent save
+for the hooting of the night owls, will ere long be in the proper repair
+to hand down with pride to posterity; and to further repair these holy
+temples and place them under their historical and original plans the
+most fitting priests to whom we could entrust them (at least wherever
+the necessary satisfactory arrangements are possible) are Spanish
+priests, compatriots of their founders, this too would serve to continue
+and strengthen the old friendly relations between Spain and California,
+and as whatever Spanish priests would take charge of the missions, would
+be scholarly men speaking both English and Spanish, the English speaking
+congregations would be well served. About three of the old missions are
+under Spanish priests now. Let us then not cease our efforts until every
+mission cross gleams gloriously in the radiance of the California sun,
+until the devotional chimes of mission bells peal forth again from every
+silent belfry, until the altar light beams again before each tabernacle
+enclosing the Eucharistic Presence, until the empty niches contain again
+the images which decked them as of yore, until each tomb of sainted
+missionary is restored, until mass is again daily said within these
+consecrated walls, and finally until San Carlos of Carmelo is again
+a worthier Carmel, "for the greater honor and glory of God" and the
+praises of His Virgin Mother once more are sung about this smiling
+valley where the Christian Indian children gathered the beautiful wild
+flowers of the blooming meadows to adorn the hallowed shrines, ere
+chimed the Angelus at evenings mellow glow.
+
+
+
+Chapter IX
+
+
+     Reverend Raymond M. Mestres of Monterey Writes Historical
+     Drama--"Fray Junipero"
+
+
+Beautiful among beautiful historical dramas is the mission play "Fray
+Junipero" written by Reverend Raymond Mestres, pastor of San Carlos
+Church (Capilla Real de San Carlos) of Monterey. Many men and women have
+undertaken to write about mission times, but we may safely assert that
+this good priest so unassuming in what he does, is above all qualified
+to handle this subject, being first of all a religious, a native of
+Barcelona, the Metropolis of the Province of Catalonia, which can claim
+Junipero Serra and so many of the early Spanish missionaries, explorers
+and settlers, and being too an artist and scholar in every way
+acquainted with the history of the missions, having made it a special
+study during his twenty-seven years of residence (as a priest) in four
+mission towns of California, twenty-one of which have been spent in that
+chief of mission towns, Monterey.
+
+Unbiased, careful of detail and true to history, while not wanting in
+artistic setting "Fray Junipero" carries the audience in Act I back to
+the College of Fernando, when Junipero Serra received his commission to
+come to California as Father President of the Missionaries who were to
+christianize that "mysterious vineyard." Act II is a typical picture of
+California Indian Life. Act III depicts the landing of Serra and Portola
+on the shores of Monterey, the taking possession of the land in the name
+of King Carlos III and the celebration of Junipero Serra's first Mass in
+Monterey; all facts are taken from the archives preserved in San Carlos
+Church, consequently historically authentic. Act IV pictures a piquant
+fiesta scene with Spanish dancing, the scene being laid in the Carmel
+Valley on the occasion of the baptism of the first white child born in
+Monterey. This child was born of Spanish parents, Pasqual and Teresa
+Segura and in baptism received the name of Carlos. According to the
+records this baptism occurred in May 18, 1782, the ceremony being
+performed by Fray Junipero Serra just two years before his death.
+With very slight changes in the names this incident is taken from the
+archives of San Carlos Mission. Act V represents Fray Junipero Serra
+receiving the last Sacraments, his death and the grief of the people.
+
+In writing "Fray Junipero" Reverend Raymond Mestres intended it to
+commemorate the Bicentenary of our hero's birth, and was presented for
+the first time in Monterey on August 28th, 1913 by local talent. This
+will be an annual event at Monterey on the same date, August 28th, which
+is the anniversary of Fray Junipero Serra's death. In spite of poor
+advertisement the first production of this drama was a decided success.
+It was intended to be played three nights, but by request a fourth night
+was added.
+
+As this sketch goes to press, the rehearsing of the second year of
+the production of "Fray Junipero" begins with great improvement in the
+staging, and a greater promise of success as it is now much more widely
+known.
+
+May an ancient Spanish Nativity Play for Christmastide, which Reverend
+Raymond Mestres intends to translate into English, and which contains
+glorious music, and a history of mission times, which this scholarly
+pastor of San Carlos Church has in store, soon delight Californians and
+California's yearly tide of tens of thousand visitors.
+
+
+
+
+Appendix
+
+
+
+Letter of Junipero Serra [7].
+
+
+"Long live Jesus, Mary and Joseph!
+
+"R. P. Fr. Miguel de Petra.
+
+"My dearest nephew, brother and Sir.
+
+"It was not for want of love that I did not answer some of your letters.
+For it was not merely bodily that I left my beloved country. I could
+have been communicating with many persons by letters and friends, both
+in and outside our order, but, if our minds were constantly intent upon
+what we once left, what would be the use of leaving it?
+
+"I wrote a long letter to your reverence after your religious
+profession. Besides, your reverence heard of me through the Padre Lector
+Verger, who is at present our guardian. I received your letter when
+I was among the Gentiles over three hundred leagues away from any
+Christian settlement. There is my life and there, I hope, God helping,
+to die. When this hour comes, some member of our province will take
+care to notify our brethren that they may pray for me, and then, your
+reverence will know it. What else does your reverence desire? Your
+reverence lives among saints, and, therefore I do not deem you in need
+of my advice and counsel, which indeed would be the only justifiable
+motive for my writing.
+
+"Let us improve and make good use of our time, let us walk worthy of
+the vocation in which we were called, let us work out our spiritual
+salvation, with fear and trembling, and that of our brethren, with the
+most ardent charity and zeal, and let all glory be to our great God.
+In connection with this, I took great pleasure in learning that your
+reverence was preaching a mission at Ivisa when Padre Commissary Verger
+passed through there. The time given to this apostolic ministry with the
+blessing of your superiors, preaching in your words and deeds, hearing
+confessions with love and patience, I believe, will be the best and most
+fruitful you ever spent.
+
+"Though a lukewarm, bad and an unprofitable servant, I remember every
+day in the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass, my only and most dear sister
+Juana, your mother, her children, and specially my Capuchin. I hope all
+of you do the same for me that the Lord may secure me from all dangers
+among these naked and barbarous peoples. Let this be our mutual
+correspondence, and let God do the rest.
+
+"And that I may give your reverence some news of my destination, I
+beg your reverence to look on the maps of America. You will see in the
+shores of the South Sea, most improperly called Pacific, the Peninsula
+of California [Lower California]. I was there for a year in the capacity
+of President of the Missions already founded by the exiled Jesuit
+Fathers. Then followed north along the same coast and just a little
+before what is called Cabo Mendosino, you will find in some maps, the
+title or name the Port of Monte Rey.
+
+"There your uncle lives, among those poor people. There I went with the
+first Christians in 1770. There I sang the first Mass and there I have
+been in company with Fr. Juan Crespi until the latter part of August.
+Then I left for this college in order to transact some very important
+business with the Most Excellent Lord Viceroy concerning the maintenance
+and increase of those Christian settlements and the establishment of
+those already proposed and planned, or that may be planned.
+
+"Thanks to God, I have been kindly received and given close attention by
+His Excellency and he has granted me whatever I have asked of him;
+so, God helping, I hope for a quick and very extensive expansion and
+spreading of our Holy Faith and of the domains of our Catholic King.
+
+"In addition to one Mission where we spread Christianity in California
+[Lower California] which I called San Fernando de Vellixata, there are
+five already founded in that far off land; Monterey which said Padre
+Crespi and I administer, San Antonio de Padua, twenty-five leagues
+distant, with Padre President, Fr. Miguel Pieras and Fr. Buenaventura
+Sitjar; that of San Luis Obispo, twenty-five leagues farther away,
+where I placed two religious members of the Province of Catalonia,
+Padre Juncosa and Padre Cavallier, that of San Gabriel, seventy
+leagues farther away towards California [Lower California], for which I
+appointed one father from the Province of Los Angeles and another from
+that of Andalucia; and finally that of San Diego, which is the nearest
+to California [Lower California] though over one hundred leagues
+distant, and I appointed as ministers Padre Fr. Francisco Dumetz and
+Padre Fr. Luis Jaume. They are all working with earnestness and abundant
+fruit in their respective fields of labor.
+
+"When in 1769 I left California [Lower California], I appointed Padre
+Palou President of the Missions there and I have not seen him since; but
+now these missions, formerly in charge of the Fathers of the Society
+of Jesus, are being turned over to the Dominican Fathers. So said Padre
+Palou with others, will come to us in order to found the Missions of San
+Buenaventura, Santa Clara and San Francisco for which missions I have
+already there the ornaments, the sacred vessels, utensils and other
+necessary things.
+
+"The number of Christians in those places, where the name of Jesus had
+never been spoken, though there are some in all the Missions, still up
+to the present, is not very great; because while we have been very busy
+building our poor houses, little churches, teaching some children to be
+interpreters, and providing other necessary things, our efforts could
+not equal our ardent desires.
+
+"Now that things are going, and His Excellency has given, upon my
+request, various things of which we stood in the greatest need, I hope
+in God, we shall reap abundant fruits from our humble work. And I say
+that our work is so-so, such as it is, because, if I told you all we are
+doing, it might seem a great thing, when in reality, upon a closer view,
+it would seem very insignificant.
+
+"In spite of the cold, which is very intense in California, the lack
+of victuals, the poverty of our houses, I have been enjoying very good
+health, thanks be to God! But this trip to Mexico has been very hard
+on me. From the hardships of the journey, I arrived in the City of
+Guadalajara burning with fever. I was so sick and in such danger that
+the last Sacraments were administered to me a few days after.
+
+"As soon as the continual fever became intermittent, I continued my
+journey, and arrived in the city of Queretaro, again, so weak and sick,
+that fearing for my life, they administered to me the last Sacraments
+of the Church. Yet soon after I experienced a change for the better
+and finally I reached this Holy College on February 6th of this present
+year. I remained, however, for a long time exhausted, weak and without
+any ambition or appetite.
+
+"But now, blessed be God! I am restored and brought back to health, I am
+transacting the business for which I came, and feel ready to set out on
+my journey back to that vineyard of the Lord.
+
+"During my sickness in Queretaro, I was nursed with remarkable charity
+and diligence, by Padre Procurador Fr. Alexandro Llaneras, and soon
+after I arrived here, in this College of San Fernando, we heard of his
+death. He died of a serious fever. Death found him well prepared with
+all the Sacraments, assisted by Holy Communion, equipped with patience
+and entire conformity to the will of God, thus preaching to all with his
+example. I beg your reverence to pray for him.
+
+"It is only once a year that we can receive letters from and send them
+to, this College. And if we can only once a year receive and write a
+letter, is it surprising that we are so slow to write to those living
+in another world? However, if with the help of God, I safely arrive
+in California, I may drop you a letter telling at least of my arrival,
+should there be nothing of more importance to communicate to your
+reverence. Meanwhile, I send my best regards to your mother, my dearest
+sister, to my niece, and to all our brethren. Remember me to my beloved
+Dr. Onofre Verd, and to the other pupils of mine, friends and neighbors
+and acquaintances, specially to Fr. Rector de Selva, Dr. Jayme Font, and
+finally to all, not without the request that they pray to God, that His
+Divine Majesty deign, through His infinite mercy, to make me fit and
+worthy minister of His Divine Word, and grant me a holy and happy death.
+
+"From this Apostolic College de Propaganda Fide of San Fernando, Mexico,
+August 4, 1773.
+
+"May God keep your reverence for many years;
+
+"Most affectionate uncle, brother and servant.
+
+"Fr. Junipero Serra."
+
+
+
+The Meaning of California Missions
+
+
+By Right Rev. Bishop Conaty, of Los Angeles
+
+
+In the mission celebrations which occur in California from time to
+time, there are two views which men take--the this-world-view and the
+other-world-view. In either view the missions stand out gloriously. In
+the first, the builders, who were the padres, are beheld as practical
+men possessing fine artistic sense and creative genius. From the
+memories of old Spain and the elemental materials at hand, the forests,
+the soil and sunlight, they made the original picture-building which
+artists since have loved to paint, and poets loved to praise. From this
+same viewpoint the mission builders are seen as philanthropists who
+selected human materials as gross as the mud from which they made
+the adobe brick, and from these built up a civilization that was more
+wonderful than all the mission-edifices which remain as monuments to
+their altruistic efforts.
+
+But there is another view of the missions which must appeal especially
+to Catholics. Indeed it is natural to the farther-seeing Catholic eye.
+It is the other-world-view. It is the vision of souls. It is seen to
+have been the motive of every action of the master-builder padres. It
+is the reason for their exile here, the purpose of their sufferings, the
+object of their labor, the burden of their prayer, the spirit of their
+vocation, the poetry, art, architecture and music of their souls. The
+one aim in life was the salvation of souls.
+
+--The Monitor.
+
+
+
+Dances of Early California Times.
+
+The Spanish dances of early California times were the Contradanza,
+Quadrillas Espanolas, Varsoviana, Jota Aragonesa, Bamba, Jarabe, Son,
+Zamacueca, and Fandango.
+
+With the exception of the first three, which are round dances, the
+dances are danced by two persons; the steps are very fancy, and for some
+castanets are used. It was customary after each change of step for the
+gentleman to recite a pretty little stanza complimentary to the lady,
+who in turn responded her refined appreciation also in verse, sometimes
+merely witty or comical rhymes were used. The music is very pleasing and
+lively.
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 1: Official title of the Kings of Spain.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Blue and white are the symbolical colors of the Blessed
+Virgin Mary.]
+
+[Footnote 3: The Very Reverend Angelo Casanova selected the writer
+of this sketch and her brother, then little children to unveil this
+monument.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Alberto de Cordoba, an excellent engineer, surveyed the
+Harbor of San Francisco in 1813, at the request of Governor Borica.]
+
+[Footnote 5: A Catholic devotion in honor of Our Saviour's Passion.]
+
+[Footnote 6: This beautiful hymn is found in many ancient Spanish books
+of devotion.]
+
+[Footnote 7: This letter was written by Junipero Serra soon after his
+arrival at the College of San Fernando, Mexico, on a business trip he
+made there four years after his coming to California. The letter was
+written to his nephew, also a priest, in Petra, Spain.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Chimes of Mission Bells, by Maria Antonia Field
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+Project Gutenberg's Chimes of Mission Bells, by Maria Antonia Field
+
+Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the
+copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing
+this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook.
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+*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!****
+
+
+Title: Chimes of Mission Bells
+
+Author: Maria Antonia Field
+
+Release Date: November, 2004 [EBook #6894]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on February 9, 2003]
+
+Edition: 10
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO 8859-1
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHIMES OF MISSION BELLS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Schwan <davidsch@earthlink.net>
+
+
+
+
+Chimes of Mission Bells
+
+An Historical Sketch of California and Her Missions
+
+
+
+By
+Maria Antonia Field
+
+
+
+
+To the Revered Memory of
+Junipero Serra
+
+And of
+My Great Grandparents
+Estéban and Catalina Munrás
+
+This Book Is
+Affectionately Dedicated
+
+
+
+Acknowledgment of Gratitude
+
+In producing this book I wish to thank my Mother, who wrote for me in
+modern notation the music of the hymns of the Mission Fathers which are
+contained in this work, and gave me much welcome information; also Rev.
+Raymond M. Mestres, my zealous parish Priest, successor and compatriot
+of Junipero Serra and the Mission Padres, for valuable data, and for
+allowing me access to the early archives of San Carlos Mission and of
+the Mission Church of Monterey.
+
+Maria Antonia Field
+Monterey, California, June 1, 1914
+
+
+
+Contents
+
+
+
+Translation of the Names of the Missions
+
+Tribute to Junipero Serra and the Mission Padres
+
+Chapter I
+Junipero Serra, Leader of the Heroic Band of Spanish Missionaries of
+California. His Coming to San Fernando, Mexico, Thence to California
+
+Chapter II
+Brief Sketch of the Conquest of California and of the Founding of the
+Missions. Hospitality of the Missions. Care and Benevolence of the
+Missionaries Toward the Indians
+
+Chapter III
+More About San Carlos Mission and Monterey
+
+Chapter IV
+California Under Spanish Rule
+
+Chapter V
+California Passes from Spanish to Mexican Rule. Secularization of the
+Missions
+
+Chapter VI
+California Passes from Mexican to American Rule
+
+Chapter VII
+Mission Anecdotes and Hymns
+
+Chapter VIII
+Retrospection of the Work of the Spanish Missionaries, Explorers and
+Settlers and their place in California's Appreciation
+
+Chapter IX
+Rev. Raymond M. Mestres Writes Historical Drama "Fray Junipero"
+
+Appendix
+A Letter of Junipero Serra.
+The Meaning of California Missions.
+Dances of Early California Times
+
+
+
+Preface
+
+
+
+In presenting this modest volume to the public, I wish to call the
+attention of my readers to the following facts. Firstly, my humble work
+is a work of love--love simple and unalloyed for the venerable Spanish
+Missionaries of California and for the noble sons and daughters of Spain
+who gave such a glorious beginning and impetus to our state. Being a
+direct descendant of pioneer Spaniards of Monterey, I take a particular
+interest in California's early history and development and as my family
+were staunch friends of the Missionary Fathers and in a position to know
+the state of affairs of those times, and to family tradition I have
+added authentic knowledge from reading the earliest archives of San
+Carlos Mission, as well as other historical references, I feel I can
+fearlessly vouch for the truthfulness of my little work. Secondly--
+while fully appreciating the sympathy and interest of many charming and
+intellectual characters who grace California to-day, it must be admitted
+that there is a sadly ignorant or misinformed number who scarcely seem
+to know who Spaniards and their descendants are, judging from the
+promiscuous way the term "Spanish" is used, and what is the result of
+this among many? Prejudice, and absurd misunderstanding of the golden
+days of Spanish California as well as of the Spanish race and character.
+It is far from being my wish to offend, but I wish to present correct
+historical facts. Thirdly--there is no pretense to consider this brief
+sketch a complete or detailed history, but only a truthful outline of
+the heroic and chivalrous Mission days.
+
+Maria Antonia Field.
+
+
+
+Translation of the Names of the Missions.
+
+
+
+1. San Diego.--A Spanish form of Saint James, who is the Patron Saint
+of Spain.
+
+2. San Carlos.--Saint Charles. Mission San Carlos and the Royal Chapel
+of Monterey were so named in honor of Saint Charles the Patron Saint of
+King Carlos III under whose reign the mission was founded.
+
+3. San Antonio De Padua.--St. Anthony of Padua.
+
+4. San Gabriel.--St. Gabriel (the Angel of the Annunciation.).
+
+5. San Luis Obispo.--Saint Louis, Bishop.
+
+6. Nuestra Señora de Los Dolores.--Our Lady of Sorrows.
+
+7. San Juan Capistrano.--St. John Capistrano.
+
+8. Santa Clara.--Saint Clara.
+
+9. San Buenaventura.--Saint Bonaventure.
+
+10. Santa Barbara.--Saint Barbara (whose feast is commemorated on
+December 4, the date of the foundation of the Mission.)
+
+11. Purisima Concepcion.--Most Pure Conception (of the Blessed Virgin
+Mary). This feast is celebrated on December 8, the day on which this
+mission was founded.
+
+12. Nuestra Señora De La Soledad.--Our Lady of Solitude. (In the
+Catholic Church the Blessed Virgin Mary is venerated under this title to
+commemorate her solitude from the time of our Saviour's death until His
+Resurrection).
+
+13. Santa Cruz.--Holy Cross (so named in honor of Our Saviour's
+Passion).
+
+14. San José.--Saint Joseph.
+
+15. San Juan Bautista.--Saint John, Baptist (whose feast occurs on June
+24, the day this mission was founded).
+
+16. San Miguel.--Saint Michael.
+
+17. San Fernando, Rey De Espana.--Saint Ferdinand, King of Spain.
+
+18. San Luis, Rey De Francia.--Saint Louis, King of France.
+
+19. Santa Ynez.--Saint Agnes.
+
+20. San Rafael.--Saint Raphael.
+
+21. San Francisco Solano.--Saint Francis Solano.
+
+
+
+Chimes of Mission Bells
+
+Tribute to Junipero Serra and the Mission Padres.
+
+By Maria Antonia Field.
+
+Read at the Crowning of the Serra Statue, Monterey, Nov. 23, 1913.
+
+
+
+The fickle world ofttimes applauds the rise
+Of men whose laurels are but vainly won,
+Whose deeds their names could not immortalize
+For their soul-toils were wrought for transient ends;
+But heroes of the Cross, they truly great
+Shall live, their halo shall no hand of fate
+
+Have power to rob, albeit oblivious years
+May veil the radiance of their glorious works,
+Or slight their excellence, their light appears
+But brighter, statelier in its splendor calm,
+Or like the flowers that sleep through winter's snow
+To bloom more fair, their lives' pure beams shall glow
+
+With greater brilliance and sweetly gleam
+As lodestars in the firmament of worth;
+Such is the memory whose holy stream
+Of noblest virtue, valor, truth and Faith,
+Illumes our path and stirs our souls today,
+Immortal Serra by whose tomb we pray!
+
+What peerless aureole wreathes his saintly brow?
+What stately monument doth bear his name?
+Let this admiring thousands tell us now!
+Let youthful lips pronounce his name with love!
+Let California proudly sing his praise!
+Let scions of fair Spain their voices raise,
+
+And tell of him to whom so much we owe,
+Tell of his interceding power with God,
+His strong and lofty soul his children know,
+His prayers where Carmel's River flows so clear;
+O this his aureole, this his monument,
+The lasting kind which ne'er will know descent.
+
+Another lesson must the worldly learn,
+From him who sought nor praise nor fame;
+His birth, ten score agone, and still we turn
+To him in reverence, his name is sweet
+As vernal bloom, his life shows forth God's might,
+Through him this soil received Faith's warm sunlight!
+
+This beauteous land was strange, unknown and wild,
+Spite all its treasures, lordly trees and flowers;
+For tribes with pagan rites its wastes defiled,
+Till came Spain's noble band of godly men,
+Explorers true and zealous priests who gave
+Their lives' best years, forgotten souls to save!
+
+'Tis just we venerate each hallowed stone
+Which rears the wond'rous "Temples of the West";
+The tears, the toils, the nightly vigils lone;
+The pilgrim-journeys of Saint Francis' sons,
+The rescued souls by lustral waters cleansed,
+The wealth of hospitality dispensed.
+
+All this and more if but their walls could speak,
+Would tell this day; and we in whose veins flows
+The fervent blood of Spain, to us each streak
+Of light which doth reveal a picture true
+Of gentle friar and lovely vanished times
+Is tender as the Angelus' sweet chimes.
+
+Well may each Mission have a holy spell,
+And Serra's name become a household word,
+What marvels can each yellowed archive tell
+Of him and of his martyr-spirit band.
+O faithful, dauntless hearts! What brilliant sons
+Of that great galaxy of Spain's brave sons!
+
+We love their saintly lives to ponder o'er,
+While childhood's fireside tales come back to us,
+And memory unfolds her precious store,
+The bygone glories of the Mission towns,
+The grand old hymns sung at sweet Mary's shrines
+The Spanish color rich as luscious wines
+
+Of Mission vineyards, and the festive hours
+So full of life yet innocent and good,
+When blessings seemed to fall as welcome showers,
+The Indian tribes were ruled with Christian love,
+And shared the sons and daughters of Castile
+Their loved Franciscan Fathers' patient zeal!
+
+But still we love each altar and each cross
+Of these dear fanes; e'en as departing rays
+Of sun doth kiss the crags outlined with moss,
+We love to linger by their altars' light.
+But oh fair Carmel, she of Missions Queen
+What guarding spirits hover here unseen!
+
+Sweet Carmel, center of the hero-band,
+What holy treasures hold thy sacred vaults?
+Junipero and others! Here we stand
+In awe of all thou hast been and art still!
+Cruel times took glory, splendor, power
+From Missions all, but not their priceless dower,
+
+Religion, love and all we hold as dear,
+No hand can tarnish and no might destroy,
+And from each hallowed altar ruddy, clear,
+Still burns the mystic lamp, for God is there!
+The cross-crowned towers tell that all is not dead,
+E'en though more splendid times have long since sped.
+
+And like a glowing ember in the night
+Our Lady's love has burned through every change;
+'Tis thus the Missions ever saw the light
+Through labors, ripened harvest-joys and wrongs;
+Their noon-sun splendors of well won renown
+Will shine their glorious heritage to crown.
+
+O Saintly Serra we implore thy prayer,
+Thy dauntless spirit sowed the "mustard-seed"
+Which grew as if by miracle of wonder rare,
+Upon this now rich land which thou did'st till,
+O let they mantle on thy clients fall
+Who on thy gracious aid do humbly call.
+
+
+
+Chapter I.
+
+
+
+Junipero Serra, Leader of the Heroic Band of Spanish Missionaries of
+California. His Coming to San Fernando, Mexico, Thence to California.
+
+
+
+Junipero Serra, whose name and labors may be termed a compendium of
+Christian virtues, was born on November 24, 1713, in Petra, a village of
+the picturesque Island of Majorca, on the northeastern coast of Spain,
+and a part of the Province of fair Catalonia, one of the most valuable
+and beautiful portions of Spain. This child, around whom our story
+clusters was baptized on the day following his birth, and received the
+names of Miguel José. His parents were poor people from a material
+standpoint, but gifted with a rich heritage of the noblest, and
+sublimest character; qualities which make the Spanish peasant so
+delightful.
+
+From his tenderest youth, Miguel José evinced an ardent desire to enter
+the priesthood and displayed a zealous missionary spirit. His pious
+parents placed no obstacle in the way of their gentle boy's vocation,
+and being too poor to pay for his education, the Church did it for them.
+At the age of sixteen, Miguel José left his father's small estate and
+began his studies in his native village, completing them at the
+Franciscan College of Palma, the Capital of the Island of Majorca. He
+made rapid progress, and a brilliant future opened before him, while his
+virtuous qualities were noted by all with whom he came in contact. A
+proof of his worth may be seen from the facts that he was ordained
+before he attained his majority; also taught in different schools as
+professor of theology and received the degree of doctor soon after his
+ordination. The fame of his eloquent preaching and persuasive oratorical
+powers spread not only throughout Spain but reached other European
+countries. Still Junipero Serra (as he was known by his own choice after
+an humble disciple of Saint Francis of Assisi, noted for his charity)
+was not dazzled by his brilliant mental gifts, and his thirsting desire
+to evangelize the heathen savage of the New World grew apace with his
+fame. He declined the offer to become the Court preacher and other
+ecclesiastical dignities, which he would have been entirely justified in
+accepting, and practiced those virtues which clung to him with even more
+perfect maturity throughout his life; heroic virtues which enabled him
+to undertake wonderful things. In him too were noted those sweet simple
+qualities invariably found in great and holy men and women, such as
+gentleness, amiability, a tender affection for children and a love for
+the beautiful in nature; sun, moon, stars, flowers, birds, the woods and
+ocean, all found responsive chords within him. In a few brief lines we
+have endeavored to convey an idea of Serra's character, let us now
+follow his steps in company with the band of heroic workers who
+accompanied him in his voyage across the dark Atlantic, and his
+apostolic journeys through Mexico and California to "break the bread of
+life" to the unfortunate heathen. Among the notable band of missionaries
+was Father Francisco Paloú, life-long friend and co-laborer of Father
+Junipero Serra.
+
+But why did these heroes choose Mexico and California as the vineyards
+of their labors? Why did they not go to Africa or other heathen shores?
+Here is the answer: Spain and all Europe were filled with stories of the
+New World since the discovery of America by Columbus in 1492, and
+several other Spanish discoveries in later years, among which must be
+remembered that in 1521, Hernando Cortes, one of the great Spanish
+explorers of the sixteenth century, explored the hitherto unknown land
+of Mexico, and as Spain always accompanied her conquests and
+explorations with her missionaries to evangelize the heathens, at the
+time that Father Junipero Serra set sail for the New World, which was in
+1759, there were in Mexico an archbishopric and several missions
+conducted by Spanish priests, among them a well established Franciscan
+College in San Fernando, a settlement in the northern part of Mexico,
+which the Spanish explorers and missionaries so decided to name after
+Saint Ferdinand, a King of Spain, who lived in the thirteenth century.
+And to this College, Father Junipero Serra and his companions came after
+a perilous voyage of nearly one year; for the date of their arrival was
+January 1, 1760; and here they began their labor! Of the nine years
+which Junipero Serra toiled in Mexico, six were spent in Sierra Gorda,
+some distance north of San Fernando, and one of the wildest and roughest
+of those half explored regions. And what marvels attended the labors of
+Serra and the other self-sacrificing sons of Saint Francis here! With
+Junipero Serra at the helm, the good priests learned some of the Aztec
+dialects in order to convert the savages. Then what followed? With the
+greatest patience the missionaries acquitted themselves to the task of
+teaching the classic, cultured language of Spain to these poor
+aborigines, whose languages like those of the still cruder California
+Indians, did not contain expressions for even the simplest words of
+scripture or of the liturgy of the Church. And can we wonder at this?
+But what were the astonishing results of the good priests' labors? They
+were truly God-wonders! Daily were recorded numerous conversions, and at
+the close of six years many Indian congregations of those regions could
+be heard singing the ancient Latin hymns of the Church, and in poor but
+intelligible Spanish supplying in their prayers and conversations what
+was wanting in their dialects. It was while at Sierra Gorda that
+Junipero Serra became afflicted with a painful sore which broke out on
+his right leg and which never healed in all his eventful and laborious
+career. Many historians allude to this sore as a "wound," but no record
+is extant to indicate it as such, the most authentic conclusions being
+that this sore was due to natural causes greatly augmented and brought
+on by the hardships and climatic conditions he encountered in this
+missionary field.
+
+The average person would think Junipero Serra and his companions had
+surely satiated their thirst for missionary labors during the nine long
+toilsome years they spent in Mexico, far, far away from loving home,
+affectionate kindred and the Old World culture to which they bade
+farewell when the last glistening silhouette of the Spanish Coast
+vanished from their view in 1759, but not so! Their pilgrimage was but
+begun! The pilgrimage which was to blossom heavenly and earthly
+blessings as beautiful and countless as the flowers which jeweled the
+slopes and valleys they traversed. The monstrous undertaking begun so
+gloriously, blessed with the benison of prayers, sacrifices, tears;
+blessed later with superhuman success and crowned with an immortal halo
+for endless days!
+
+Here we will make a slight digression for the sake of our story. In
+1548, just twenty-seven years after Cortes discovered the land of
+Mexico, Cabrillo's expedition had sailed up the Coast of California, and
+in 1602 Sebastian Vizcaino had made further discoveries accompanied by
+two Carmelite priests, and landed on the shores of Monterey. Both of
+these expeditions, however, were abandoned and California remained the
+"mysterious vineyard," as it was called. But Vizcaino drew a map of
+California placing upon it the harbor of Monterey, and wrote glowing
+accounts of the beauty of the spot. On Point Lobos he planted a Cross,
+and the Carmelite Fathers named that beautiful Valley, four miles from
+Monterey, Carmelo, in honor of the Blessed Virgin Mary, venerated under
+the title of Our Lady of Mount Carmel. Of these facts we will have
+occasion to speak of more fully later on in this work.
+
+Years after these expeditions the good Jesuit Fathers established
+several missions in Lower California, but were recalled to Spain by King
+Carlos III and by this sovereign's request the Franciscan Fathers of the
+College of San Fernando were commissioned to take the newly vacated
+missions and accompany as missionaries the great and glorious enterprise
+of Don Gaspar de Portolá, with Vizcaino's map as guide, to further
+explore California and add it to the Crown of Castile and Leon.
+
+The Father Guardian of the College of San Fernando, on receiving the
+letter from King Carlos, immediately appointed Junipero Serra, whose
+zeal and sanctity were so well known, as the Father President of the
+band of missionaries to set out for California. Among the missionaries
+who volunteered to evangelize California were Fathers Francisco Paloú,
+Francisco de Lasuén and Juan Crespí.
+
+Here we will introduce a few characters, not of the missionary band, but
+who may well be termed faithful co-operators of their labors, men of
+unimpeachable honor, whose names add luster to the pages of Spanish
+annals. Don Jose Galvez, the Visitador General (general visitator) of
+the Spanish possessions in Mexico, a man as pious and noble as he was
+brilliant, managed the expedition of gallant Don Gaspar de Portolá and
+the missionaries, and gave Junipero Serra and the brave officers and
+soldiers much encouragement. This wonderfully managed and well equipped
+expedition, on which hinged the future of California, was wisely divided
+into two parts, one to go by sea, the other overland. The sea expedition
+consisted of three ships the San Carlos, the San José, and the San
+Antonio, the last named was a relief ship and was started after the
+other two. The San Carlos and San José carried a large portion of the
+troops, all of which received the Sacraments before embarking. On these
+ships were also placed the Church ornaments, provisions, camping outfits
+and cargoes of agricultural implements. Father Junipero Serra then
+blessed the ships and placed them under the guidance of Saint Joseph,
+whom the missionaries had chosen as the Patron Saint of California. Each
+ship had two missionaries on board and among the crew were bakers, cooks
+and blacksmiths; on the San Antonio went the surgeon, Don Pedro Prat.
+Simultaneously with these ships started two land parties, one in advance
+of the other in order to stop at La Paz in Lower California, to pick up
+cattle and sheep wherewith to stock the new country, also to bring some
+of the converted Indians of the mission in that region, to aid the
+missionaries and soldiers by translating the speech of the Indians of
+Alta or Higher California; for while the Indian dialects were numerous,
+there was some similarity among them. This first land expedition was in
+command of Captain Rivera y Moncada. The second land party was in
+command of the newly appointed governor, Don Gaspar de Portolá, the
+first governor of California, and wise indeed was the choice of this
+good and excellent man! This second land party was doubly blessed with
+the presence of Junipero Serra. Many were the dangers and hardships
+encountered by these sterling men both by land and sea; and as the
+repetition of what is noble never tires, we will again allude to the
+painful sore on Junipero Serra's leg, which caused him such intense
+suffering, that his continuation of the journey many times seemed
+miraculous even before he reached Saint Xavier (the mission established
+at La Paz). When his fellow missionary, Father Paloú advised him to
+remain a little longer at Saint Xavier's until he would be in a better
+condition to travel, his only answer was "let us speak no more on the
+subject, I have placed my faith in God and trust to His Goodness to
+plant the holy standard of the Cross not only at San Diego but even as
+far as Monterey." And God overshadowed the enterprise undertaken in His
+Name. The ship San José was never heard from, but its noble crew were
+always considered martyrs who brought blessings on the rest of the
+expedition. The San Carlos and the two land parties reached San Diego,
+their first goal almost simultaneously. Here was chanted the first
+Te Deum in California! Here Serra, head of the religious portion of the
+expedition, and Portolá head of the civil and military, conferred with
+each other on the course they were to follow. And here we will leave
+these incomparable pioneers to celebrate the birthday of California,
+July 1, 1769.
+
+
+
+Chapter II
+
+
+
+Brief Sketch of the Conquest of California and of the Founding of the
+Missions. Hospitality of the Missions. Care and Benevolence of the
+Missionaries Towards the Indians.
+
+
+
+Father Junipero Serra and Don Gaspar de Portolá decided on the following
+plan; that Junipero Serra with Fathers Francisco Paloú and Francisco de
+Lasuén would remain in San Diego, where Serra was to establish his first
+mission while Portolá with Fathers Crespí and Gomez, Captain Rivera y
+Moncada, Lieutenant Fages and some of the Spanish dragoons and muleteers
+started overland to explore the country, and in quest of the Harbor of
+Monterey, carrying with them the map of Sebastian Vizcaino. This
+expedition was to result in the memorable "March of Portolá," which
+lasted about eight months. Missing the Harbor of Monterey on account of
+an error in the reckoning of Vizcaino's map, the explorers marched as
+far north as what is now San Francisco and discovered the Harbor that
+bears that name; so named later by Junipero Serra in honor of St.
+Francis of Assisi, the founder of the Franciscan Order. After continuing
+a fruitless search for Monterey, the expedition returned to San Diego.
+Junipero Serra was overjoyed at the unexpected discovery of the Harbor
+of San Francisco, which Portolá and his companions so enthusiastically
+extolled, and was not discouraged over their failure to find the Port of
+Monterey, but hoped to make another trial to find that Port on which
+their most laudable ambitions were centered. But here a sad difficulty
+presented itself. Governor Portolá returned to San Diego with sad gaps
+made into his ranks by sickness and hardship, but hopeful with the
+expectation that the relief ship promised by Don José Galvez had
+arrived, and that the San Diego Mission well established would be able
+to give his forces a well deserved chance to recuperate. But what was
+his dismay? The relief ship had not arrived, and Junipero Serra had
+indeed founded a mission with the usual elaborate ceremonies of the
+Church, but the untiring zeal and labors of himself and his companions
+had not been blessed with a single convert. No neophyte could be counted
+among the numerous natives of the place, who had even proved hostile at
+times; and the mission too, was in the sorest need; Junipero Serra and
+his companions ofttimes adding to their usual fasts and abstemiousness,
+"that others might have more." Still the relief ship was delayed! Surely
+this was not the fault of good Don José Galvez, but it might have met a
+tragic fate; thus thought the discouraged land and sea forces; and
+Governor Portolá was too good a soldier not to know that the best course
+to follow was to start at once back to Mexico and abandon the glorious
+dream, before starvation and death overtook everyone of them. But here
+Junipero Serra interposed, and as if inspired pleaded with the Governor
+for "one more day;" Portolá out of respect did grant just "one more day"
+before ordering the whole expedition back.
+
+Junipero Serra then repaired to the summit of the Presidio Hill and with
+arms extended, prayed as if in ecstasy from sunrise until sunset,
+"storming the heavens" that the relief ship might come, and the
+conversion of the heathen of California be realized. O unquestionable
+miracle! "More things are wrought by prayer, than this world ever
+dreamed of!" As the last rays of sun kissed his venerable brow, from out
+the gold and purple horizon, he sighted the top-most point of a mast,
+which while he was still "pouring his soul" no longer in supplication
+but in thanksgiving, grew into the unmistakable figure of the long
+expected ship. But for that "one more day" what would California be now?
+No converted Indians, no monumental missions, no exploration and
+colonization no civilization! The ship had been delayed on account of
+the rough voyage it encountered. But now relief, contentment, renewed
+hope, renewed courage; and the Mission of San Diego was but the first of
+the twenty-one which were to strew El Camino Real (the Royal Road,
+literally, commonly called the King's Highway) of California. And
+chivalrous Portolá, filled with even greater reverence for the humble
+priest Junipero Serra, whom his lofty soul had always appreciated, once
+more gathered his forces, and started anew in search of Monterey.
+Junipero Serra left the Mission of San Diego in charge of two of the
+good fathers and a small garrison as guards, and set out with Portolá on
+his second expedition; and it was Serra whose very presence seemed to
+draw the blessings of heaven, who pointed out to the Governor the error
+on Vizcaino's map which caused him to miss the Port of Monterey.
+
+This expedition was also divided into two parts, one to go overland the
+other by sea. Father Serra went with the sea party which sailed on the
+Paqueboat San Antonio. A number of Spanish dragoons from the fair
+province of Catalonia, muleteers, and some of the convert Indians
+recruited from the mission of La Paz were in the overland party.
+
+On May 24th, 1770, the expedition reached Point Pinos on the Coast of
+Monterey; after going south about six miles and encamping on a
+picturesque spot on the shores of the Bay, the missionaries raised an
+altar and Junipero Serra celebrated the first Mass on the shores of
+Monterey on June 3rd, 1770. It is more than likely that the Carmelite
+fathers who came here with Vizcaino had done so one hundred and sixty
+eight years before, but as there is no official record of the fact, the
+Mass celebrated on the improvised altar under the oak (which is
+preserved in the premises of San Carlos Church, Monterey), is recorded
+as the first. Mass over, Junipero Serra and Gaspar de Portolá exhorted
+the Spanish soldiers to hold to the traditional faith and purity of the
+Spanish race, and to kindness to the natives, calling them "weaker
+brethren who should be christianized, not debauched." Then Junipero
+Serra planted a Mission Cross and blessed the Spanish flag which Portolá
+hoisted, taking possession of the land in the name of "His Most Catholic
+Majesty King Carlos III, by right of discovery."[1] Junipero Serra also
+blessed the sea and land.
+
+As Monterey was from the first established as the civil, military and
+religious headquarters of the Spanish kingdom in California, her
+Presidio was known as el Presidio Real (the Royal Presidio), and the
+present parish church of Monterey, which was built as a chapel for the
+Presidio was la Capilla Real de San Carlos (the Royal Chapel of Saint
+Charles).
+
+Junipero Serra found the Indians of Monterey and the surrounding country
+very docile, while the Indians from Lower California soon learned their
+dialect and acted as interpreters of the missionaries. The Cross which
+Vizcaino had planted in 1602 was found decked with skins and shells. On
+inquiry the Missionaries were told by the Indians that they had often
+seen mysterious rays of light around it, and thinking that some god was
+angry they were trying to propitiate him by means of those offerings.
+
+As we have already noted Junipero Serra said his first, Mass in Monterey
+on June 3rd, 1770, and two years later he recorded his first baptism.
+From that date the Indians would come in dozens to present themselves
+for instruction. Then the marvels that had attended Junipero Serra at
+Sierra Gorda in Mexico, were repeated in Monterey. The naked savages
+were clothed, many of them were beginning to learn Spanish and to sing
+the Latin responses of the Mass and hymns both in Spanish and Latin,
+playing such musical instruments as the cymbal and triangle, keeping
+perfect time to every beat. The flocks and cattle were increasing and
+the harvest fields were golden with grain. While some of the Indians
+were taught to till the soil others were herdsmen, and some were taught
+to work as artisans. Nearly fifty trades were taught the California
+Indians under the supervision of the Missionaries. In 1771 Junipero
+Serra founded the San Carlos Mission in the most entrancing location of
+the Carmelo Valley that the nature loving Serra could have chosen; the
+forests of oak, pine and cypress for which Monterey is noted to this
+day, stretch with even greater beauty as we pierce farther into the
+interior, while the fertility of the land drained by the beautiful
+Carmelo River together with the commanding position of the spot, made
+the site of the Mission ideal. And this Mission of the Carmelo Valley of
+Monterey, was Junipero Serra's headquarters, here he lies buried, and
+here was the center of that unequalled hospitality and pure society for
+which every mission was noted. The Spanish Government made large grants
+of land to the missions, and under the labor, care and excellent methods
+of the missionaries, they became powerful and wealthy institutions, the
+pride and blessing of New Spain. Fine stock, teeming grain fields and
+luscious orchards graced every mission, and Mission San Carlos was no
+exception, indeed it was one of the most prosperous and beautiful.
+
+Fathers from the Mission at Carmelo, attended the Royal Chapel of San
+Carlos in Monterey and continued to do so until long after the last Act
+of Secularization in 1835 had been passed by the Mexican Government, and
+San Carlos of Carmelo was left desolate with no priest to guard her own
+altar light. But of this we shall, alas, have but too much reason to
+speak later. Junipero Serra did not stop his arduous work by founding
+beautiful San Carlos of Carmelo and consecrating the Royal Chapel of
+Monterey; he was to christianize all California, for all California had
+now been added to the Crown of Castile and Leon. Spain followed in
+California the same policy which has distinguished her in her other
+possessions such as Cuba, the Philippines and other colonies, steeped in
+idolatry until the Spanish Missionary, whose zeal is proverbial, wrested
+their countless inhabitants from the cymmerian gloom of paganism. Thus
+as soon as San Carlos Mission was founded, the glorious march of El
+Camino Real continued.
+
+Mission San Antonio de Padua, the third mission, was established in July
+1, 1771. The beauty of the spot and wonderful eagerness of the Indians
+to receive baptism greatly touched Junipero Serra and the other two
+Franciscan Fathers who accompanied him as well as some of the soldiers
+who were in the party. To-day Mission San Antonio is almost in ruins,
+but its very ruins are piles which speak of mystic beauty, and in the
+days of mission glory San Antonio was one of the fairest of the
+missions.
+
+On returning to Carmelo, Junipero Serra filled the other missionaries
+with joy over this latest conquest of souls, and sent messengers to
+Fathers Soméra and Cambón whom he had left in charge of the Mission at
+San Diego, to establish a mission in southern California, which they
+would name San Gabriel. The two Fathers, with ten soldiers as guards,
+started a march northward until they came to the present sight of San
+Gabriel, which they saw immediately was a good location for a mission,
+particularly as a beautiful stream flowed through the Valley, and
+wherever possible the Fathers chose a spot where there was water for the
+mission orchards and gardens.
+
+Here we may add that the Fathers had a system of irrigation by means of
+ditches, traces of which may be seen to this day in the sites where
+stood many of the old mission orchards. The fruits from these good
+Fathers gardens were the fairest and most luscious that California has
+ever seen, none of our lovely grapes compare with theirs, and their
+olives were larger and better than any of which California boasts
+to-day.
+
+Although not deviating from our subject we have wandered from the thread
+of our story in the foundation of Mission San Gabriel. One incident
+contained in the records of this Mission may hardly be passed over in
+silence. The good Franciscans and their brave little bodyguard found the
+Indians in a very hostile mood, still they blessed a Mission Cross and
+planted it; but the Indians increasing their threatening attitude, the
+Fathers unfurled a large white banner bearing the image of the Blessed
+Virgin Mary, placing the side of the banner with the image in full view
+of the heathens. Priests and soldiers then knelt and implored the
+intercession of the Redeemer's Immaculate Mother for their safety and
+for the conversion of the Indians to the Faith of her Divine Son.
+Immediately came the answer from Heaven! The Indians not only abandoned
+every sign of hostility, but came forward towards the Fathers with every
+sign of sincere submissiveness, and after due instruction were baptized.
+For it must be remembered that the Church does not, and cannot force her
+belief on anyone who does not willingly accept it; the poor savage is no
+exception; instruction, kindness, prayers may always be employed, no
+more. As in many cases the nature of the Indian was too elementary to be
+moved at first by the lessons and exhortations of suffering and
+self-denial of Our Saviour, and the bridling of the human passions; in
+many instances the Fathers would first win the Indians' confidence by
+giving them blankets, beads and such things as attracted them, then by
+degrees unfolded the tenets of religion and mysteries of faith, to which
+in most cases these erstwhile savages clung with firmness and gave many
+edifying signs of true and sincere christianity. A band of white beads
+around the head distinguished the christian Indians from the pagan.
+
+The flocks, vineyards and orchards of Mission San Gabriel, as well as
+the skill of its Indians, in time became famous throughout California,
+and it was from here that Governor Felipe de Neve, third Governor of
+California, started in 1781 with several of the Fathers and a company of
+soldiers to found the present city of Los Angeles.
+
+The fifth Mission, San Luis Obispo, was founded on September 1, 1772, by
+Junipero Serra in person; the saintly Father making a pilgrimage there
+for that purpose. Thus in the space of three years, five missions were
+founded. A royal record of the zeal of the missionaries and of the
+humanity of the Spanish Government and Authorities.
+
+In 1774 the Spanish Viceroy of Mexico informed Junipero Serra that he
+intended to establish a presidio in San Francisco "for the further
+extension of Spanish and Christian power." Junipero Serra, on receipt of
+this letter, selected Fathers Paloú and Cambón to accompany the
+soldiers, and Lieutenant Juan de Ayala was ordered with his ship
+stationed at Monterey to further explore the San Francisco Bay; Juan de
+Anza, another brilliant officer, was entrusted with the establishment of
+the new presidio; the site he chose being the identical one on which the
+Presidio of San Francisco stands today. Lieutenant Juan de Ayala of the
+Royal Navy of Spain, was the first to steer a ship through the Golden
+Gate, and a strange coincidence was that his ship was the San Carlos
+which had come to San Diego with a portion of the first Spanish pioneers
+in 1769. With Lieutenant Ayala was Father Vincente de Santa Maria who,
+with Fathers Paloú and Cambón, planted a Mission Cross and founded
+Mission Nuestra Señora de los Dolores, which has withstood so many
+ravages of time and change, of man and elements.
+
+The seventh Mission was San Juan Capistrano, founded November 1, 1776,
+by Father Lasuén. This Mission was also a very flourishing Mission, the
+Indians were laborers in its construction, which lasted nearly fourteen
+years.
+
+Mission Santa Clara was the eighth to be established. It was founded on
+January 12, 1777. The original lines of this once beautiful Mission are
+almost entirely changed but like all its sister missions it still
+retains much of its dear old atmosphere, and can boast of the tomb of
+Father Magin Catalá who died there in 1836 "in the odor of sanctity."
+Mission Santa Clara was founded by Father Tomas de la Peña y Saradia;
+and its history is fascinating and romantic. The Mission Cross which
+Father de la Peña y Saradia planted here, is still standing.
+
+The ninth Mission was San Buenaventura, founded also by Junipero Serra
+in person, in company with Governor Felipe de Neve, on Easter Sunday of
+March 31, 1783.
+
+From San Buenaventura, Junipero Serra and Governor de Neve marched to
+what is now Santa Barbara. Here the Indians were numerous and more
+intelligent than any in California, where the Indians were far denser
+than either the Incas of South America or the Aztecs of Mexico. Delays,
+caused by military differences, retarded the foundation of Santa Barbara
+Mission, which would have been the tenth, but Junipero Serra planted a
+Mission Cross and selected the site on which it was destined to be
+founded four years after his death. From here Serra returned to Carmelo;
+his journeys from one Mission to another being always on foot.
+
+And here we must pause: We have come in our narrative to that momentous
+year in the history, not only of the missions, but of California. The
+year when. Junipero Serra, true priest of God, christianizer, civilizer,
+wonderful among wonderful pioneers, or as Governor Gaspar de Portolá had
+spoken of him years before, "the humblest, bravest man of God I ever
+knew," had done his work! Junipero Serra was ready for his throne in
+Heaven, his crown awaited him, his rough Franciscan habit was to be
+glorified. We have briefly glanced at his chief characteristics from his
+boyhood in historic Spain, and must have gauged the measure of his
+untiring and tried virtue from the time he landed in Mexico and San
+Diego, on through the years he labored as the Apostle of California; to
+these let us add just a few of the private practices of mortification
+which he imposed on his innocent flesh, notwithstanding his age, his
+physical infirmities, extraordinary labors and hardships in a new, half
+explored country. Virtually they sound like a passage from the lives of
+the Saints. His journeys were always on foot, although the old sore on
+his leg remained like an instrument of torture throughout his life,
+nothing being able to help him. El Camino Real, from San Francisco to
+Monterey and from Monterey to San Diego, with its rough roads, was as
+familiar to him who walked it with so much difficulty as it is to us who
+enjoy it by comfortable travel on the railroad or pleasurable motor
+trips; his fasts were austere and frequent, wine he never used, the
+discipline was no stranger to him, a bed was not among his possessions,
+on the bare floor or bench at most he would rest his sore missionary
+body; yet he never imposed unnecessary penance on anyone, he was hard
+only on himself, he was gentle and affectionate to a marked degree, his
+faith, trust in Providence, humility and charity, were heroic. Of his
+seventy-four years of life, fifty-four he had been a Franciscan Priest
+and thirty-five he had devoted to missionary work, of which nine were
+spent in Mexico and fourteen in California. His wonderful eloquence and
+magnetic power for preaching which had won him honors in the Old World
+even as a newly ordained priest, he had used and adapted for the
+instruction of thousands of heathens of the New World; and now that
+christianity and civilization were beginning to bud with springtime
+loveliness like the Castilian roses he had planted in some of the
+mission gardens, while the sun of Spanish glory was still in the
+ascendency and no threatening omens of the fall of Spanish or Franciscan
+power, or nightmares of the Acts of Secularization disturbed the
+cloudless skies, while the Presidio Real of Monterey bore the arms of
+the Spanish King and the Capilla Real do San Carlos was thronged with
+gallant officers and brave men of the Royal Army and Navy of Castile and
+Leon, and Our Lady seemed to smile blessings on her Valley of Carmelo,
+before the beauteous dream, nay, realization of noble ambitions, had
+vanished like a fair sun, God called His faithful Servant unto Himself,
+in his cell at his beloved San Carlos Mission about 2:30 P. M. on August
+28, 1784, according to the entry of Father Francisco Paloú, in the
+archives of San Carlos Mission, preserved in San Carlos Church of
+Monterey. And what a day this was! The archives here are full of
+touching detail. Solemn salutes were fired from the ships stationed in
+the Harbor of Monterey, and the grief of the people was inexpressible.
+The Indians were inconsolable. The officers of the Royal Navy claimed
+his sandals as a precious keepsake, and the Fathers could not restrain
+the people from cutting pieces of his habit to carry away as souvenirs;
+the Indians claimed his Franciscan cord and many cut locks of his silver
+hair; his corpse had to be dressed twice on account of this pious
+proceeding. In a plain redwood coffin his precious remains were laid in
+a vault "on the gospel side of the altar within the sanctuary of San
+Carlos Mission." O! holy grave, how many changes thou hast seen! O happy
+Serra, from the dazzling splendors of God's light how often thou must
+have prayed for thy work, thy people, thy neophytes! In God's
+inscrutable Providence the good are ofttimes permitted to suffer, but
+the same All Wise Hand can brush away with a single stroke, the wrong
+done to His own, and His time seems near!
+
+We will now resume the story of the foundation of the missions, for we
+really stopped at the ninth. Junipero Serra's life-long friend, Father
+Paloú was chosen temporary President of the Missions, for within a year
+he retired to the Franciscan College of San Fernando, where he gave most
+of his time to writing, and to him we are indebted for a complete and
+accurate biography of Junipero Serra. After Father Paloú's resignation,
+Father Francisco de Lasuén was appointed Father President of the
+Missions. Father Lasuén was an arduous laborer and able priest of the
+original heroic band of missionaries, and his first act was to establish
+Mission Santa Barbara, where Junipero Serra had planted a Mission Cross
+nearly four years previous. This was accomplished on December 4, 1787,
+and of the twenty-one missions which were spoliated in later years,
+Santa Barbara was the only one which tyrannical laws could never
+dispossess of its lawful owners, hence to this day the Sons of Saint
+Francis are there to guard the "altar light."
+
+From Santa Barbara, Father Lasuén traveled north to Lompoc, and founded
+Mission La Purisima Concepcion on December 8, 1787.
+
+Mission de Nuestra Señora de in Soledad was founded in October of 1791.
+The last Act of Secularization in 1835 fell very heavily on this lovely
+Mission of which scarcely a trace remains today. This mission was noted
+for its fine stock and luxuriant pastures.
+
+On Christmas day of 1791 was founded the Mission of Santa Cruz. This
+Mission never rivaled the other missions in wealth, but in later years
+it was honored with a martyr. Here is the authentic story of Father
+Quintana, whose martyr's death occurred here as late as 1817. Father
+Quintana was a holy and zealous priest of this mission, who had carried
+on the work of the conversion of the Indians most of whom were already
+christian, but a small portion still remained heathen, and these were
+very hostile. As was later discovered, while the good priest was reading
+his breviary in his office, some of these hostile Indians entered, and
+most cruelly murdered him, then taking his body into the mission orchard
+placed it against a capulin tree (a tree much resembling the cherry tree
+in fruit and form). On thus discovering the corpse the other Fathers
+immediately sent a message to the surgeon of the Royal Presidio of
+Monterey, who at the time was Don Manuel Quixano (step-father of the
+writer's great grandmother). After holding an autopsy on the martyred
+body, Dr. Quixano found that the saintly Father had been horribly and
+cruelly murdered. The details are preserved in the Santa Cruz Mission
+archives, but are not given to the public. The capulin tree which the
+Indians made use of to make it appear that the Father's death was a
+natural one, was at the time in full bloom, and in a few hours became a
+dry lifeless trunk. A remarkable act of Providence indeed!
+
+The fourteenth and fifteenth missions established were Mission San Jose
+and beautiful Mission San Juan Bautista, founded respectively on June
+11th and June 24th of the year 1797.
+
+We have generously used words denoting beauty and prosperity in
+describing the missions, but no less can be said of these mighty and
+bountiful institutions, who, even in their regal ruins are California's
+chief attraction to this day.
+
+The sixteenth mission was San Miguel, founded by Fathers Francisco de
+Lasuén and Buenaventura Sitjar, with very impressive and elaborate
+ceremonials, on July 25th, 1797. The brilliant frescoing of this mission
+was done in 1824 by the writer's great grandfather, Estéban Munrás, a
+Spaniard from Barcelona, who had studied art in his native city, and who
+was intimately connected with the early missionaries, especially those
+of Monterey, where he resided. Estéban Munrás did the frescoing of San
+Miguel Mission at the request of Father Juan Cabot, also a native of
+Barcelona. Thus we see the undaunted steadfastness of these early
+missionaries who, although California had already passed from Spanish to
+Mexican rule, and mission power was beginning to wane, still were
+zealous for the greater adornment of God's holy temples.
+
+On September 8, 1797, Mission San Fernando, Rey de España was founded.
+In June of the following year San Luis, Rey de Francia, fifty-four
+Indian children being baptized on the day of its foundation. It was in
+the patio (court yard) of this mission that the first pepper tree in
+California was planted by Father Antonio Peyri.
+
+On September 17, 1804, beautiful Santa Ynez Mission was founded. Here
+Father Arroyo, a brilliant scholar, prepared a working grammar of the
+language of the Indians of the San Juan region. In December, 1817, San
+Rafael was founded, and made a splendid record of conversions. Not a
+trace of this mission remains today.
+
+The last mission was San Francisco Solano within the city limits of the
+present town of Sonoma, and was founded as late as 1823, thus again is
+shown the wonderful courage and zeal of the missionaries in the face of
+obstacles, for at this date as we have already noted Spanish Mission
+power had begun to wane, and while Mexico was unable to wipe out
+entirely Spanish rule and influence for many years, still she had
+already claimed California as her own. Many wealthy Russian traders
+lived in the country about Sonoma, who showed themselves extremely
+friendly to the missionaries, assisted at the ceremonies of the founding
+of the mission and made generous contributions for its adornment.
+
+And now our march of El Camino Real is ended; but let us take another
+look at mission life. The plan of the missions was most wonderful,
+situated in the most beautiful spots, the journey of one day from one
+another, and the seats of learning and well earned prosperity in
+California; their architecture was the best imitation of the Spanish
+Gothic style which the Spanish laborers could build with the tools and
+materials which were then possible to have in the New World. The only
+share the Indians had in the building of the missions was in assisting
+to carry beams, stone, making the beautiful red tiles found in every
+mission roof, and the like, but the actual construction was done by
+Spanish workmen under the supervision of the Fathers.
+
+Besides the church proper, the missions consisted of groups of buildings
+set aside for converted Indians and their families, a storehouse, a
+guardhouse, a monastery and spacious quarters for guests. For at a
+mission not only friends of the Fathers and persons of standing, but
+every wayfarer whoever he might be "found warmth and plenty" as long as
+he chose to remain under their blessed shelter. And so great was mission
+hospitality that a pile of silver was laid in the bedroom of a guest to
+be taken by him or left as he saw fit; of course no well bred guest who
+was not in need would impose on the holy Fathers' generosity, but it was
+their delicate way of assisting an unfortunate pilgrim who might be in
+need. The missions too, were the centers of important gatherings and
+peaceful rendezvous of persons of social standing, even after the first
+two Acts of Secularization had been passed in after years. But these
+noble entertainment's, wealth of luscious fruits, golden sheaves,
+luxuriant pastures and fleecy lambs, were as the least gifts of these
+matchless institutions, for we can never exaggerate the marvels wrought
+for the betterment of the heathen natives, or the fairer fruits of the
+countless heroic virtues practiced within these enclosures. The Indians
+clung to the Fathers like little children to their parents, and from the
+vices of paganism, under a healthy and kind rule drawn for them by the
+wise Fathers, christian virtues took a deep root in at least a great
+many of these poor "children of the soil" and so great was the care
+exercised by the Fathers that nightly they would make a round of the
+rooms allotted to every christian and neophyte Indian family to see that
+order and decency reigned in each group; for we must remember these
+souls were but recently rescued from the dark sins of heathenism.
+
+Blessed temples! noble hospices! heroic priests! We are loathe to change
+the scene, but winter's storms must come ere the laurel wreath crowns
+the glorified brow! Still, we need not leave the "enchanted palace" yet,
+vernal loveliness still charms the eyes and summer is just begun.
+
+If it be but for one brief moment let us ruminate the glories, the
+wealth, the beauty of mission joys, before the least cruel echoes of
+Secularization are heard. The sun of Franciscan and Spanish glory is
+still mounting the firmament higher and higher. The sky still wears Our
+Lady's blue[2] and no penitential purple has appeared with the departing
+rays of sunset, only the royal purple and gold which years before had
+made the scene a fairylike setting for the heavenset relief ship to San
+Diego and assured the noble enterprise of the exploration and
+christianizing of California.
+
+
+
+[1] Official title of the Kings of Spain.
+
+[2] Blue and white are the symbolical colors of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
+
+
+
+Chapter III
+
+
+
+More About San Carlos Mission and Monterey
+
+
+
+As we have seen in the preceding chapter, Monterey was the capital of
+the Spanish Possessions in California, consequently San Carlos Mission
+was the headquarters of Junipero Serra. And what was not San Carlos
+Mission of Carmelo in the days of her glory! We are in a maze of thought
+as to how to begin to tell her story. Of the beauty of the spot where
+this mission was built we have already spoken, as well as of how the
+golden valley of Carmelo came to be named. And here we may well exclaim
+with that dear English Saint of the thirteenth century, Saint Simon
+Stock, who invoked the Immaculate Virgin with the following beautiful
+lines:
+
+   "Carmel's fair flower
+Rod blossom laden
+   Smile on thy dower
+Meek Mother--Maiden
+   None equals thee.
+Give us a sign
+   Thou dost protect us
+Mark us for thine
+   Guide and direct us
+Star of the Sea."
+
+A more perfect replica of the country surrounding the shrine of Our Lady
+of Mount Carmel in Palestine would be hard to find, and the "Meek
+Mother-Maiden" did give many a sign of her protection to her clients in
+this new Carmel of the West. And it was at San Carlos Mission of
+Carmelo, that the superiors of the different missions convened and gave
+accounts of their work and numbers of baptisms etc. to the Father
+President. And how glowing are the records of those accounts! Here on
+festival days after the religious services were held social gatherings
+and entertainment's of the purest yet merriest order. Marriages,
+baptisms, all notable events had their share of attention. The
+hospitality of the missions, the care and kindness shown to the Indians,
+the numerous flocks, harvests and orchards which embellished them under
+the wonderful management of the good Fathers, all existed in copious
+measure at San Carlos.
+
+The huge, beautiful bells of this mission the chimes of which were heard
+clearly in Monterey were cracked during the years when the mission was
+neglected but some of the pieces were later recast and as far as known
+the present bells of the mission were made from them.
+
+We cannot consider a sketch of this mission however brief, complete,
+without giving due credit to the Very Reverend Angelo Casanova, parish
+priest of Monterey from 1869 until the time of his death in 1893. This
+zealous priest undertook the work of restoring the mission for a portion
+of it was in ruins, and to-day there would be but little of San Carlos
+to see and admire but for Father Casanova's timely work of restoration,
+which he accomplished with some help of friends, but chiefly with his
+own private fortune which he inherited. Many a time was Father Casanova
+seen assisting the laborers with his own hands. And what a happy day it
+was for Monterey when the first Mass was sung in the restored mission
+after years of vandalism and neglect! The old statues which had escaped
+the ravages of time were replaced in their niches, the sanctuary lamp
+was re-lighted for the Sacramental Presence once more enthroned on His
+altar and the organ pealed forth the ancient Latin hymns of the Church
+once more. Another very significant event of this restoration was that
+Father Casanova had the four bodies contained in the vaults of the
+mission exhumed and placed on new vaults, built however near the
+original spots "on the gospel side of the altar, within the sanctuary."
+The four bodies are the remains of Fathers Junipero Serra, Juan Crespí,
+Francisco de Lasuén and Julian Lopez. Another good outcome of this event
+was that it exploded the utterly unfounded story that a Spanish ship had
+carried away the remains of Junipero Serra to Spain. The vestments on
+each body were found in a perfect state of preservation at the time this
+work was done in 1882.
+
+For years the saintly Serra's body was buried under a pile of debris,
+but his "sepulchre has become glorious" in spite of all. And since the
+restoration of this mission, the feast of Saint Charles Borromeo, (its
+Patron Saint) has again been celebrated here every November the
+twenty-fourth, and a relic of Saint Charles which Father Junipero Serra
+brought from Spain, is as of old carried in procession. While this is of
+course a Catholic festival, reverent visitors of various creeds attend
+it. The mission is guarded by a care-taker, living in the premises of
+what remains of the old mission orchard.
+
+It was also due to Father Casanova, that Mrs. Leland Stanford donated,
+in 1890, the Serra Monument[3] which crowns a slope just above the spot
+where this wonderful missionary said his first Mass in Monterey.
+
+We cannot give sufficient credit to Reverend Raymond Mestres, the
+present parish priest of Monterey, and a Spaniard from the Province of
+Catalonia, like Junipero Serra and many of the early missionaries. Father
+Mestres has given time, energy and noble efforts unstintingly to
+perpetuate the memory of Junipero Serra and to more fully restore not
+only San Carlos Mission and San Carlos Church, but is encouraging a
+movement to restore if possible all the California Missions according
+to their traditional and historical plans; may his great enterprise be
+blessed with all the radiance of crowning success!
+
+We will have ample reason to speak more of Father Mestres' good work
+elsewhere in this sketch, hence we will pass into Monterey itself.
+Monterey was named after the Spanish Viceroy of Mexico, who at the time
+of her discovery, was the Count of Monterey. As we have many times noted
+this city was of royal birth. Unlike any of the other Presidios, her
+Presidio was el Presidio Real, the chapel attached to it la Capilla
+Real, and the ships which sailed the blue waters of her crescent bay
+were the ships of the Royal Navy of Spain. No mission town was without
+its glories, its fascinating history or delightful surroundings, but
+Monterey was like a fair empress of them all. Yet no jealousy or
+feelings of rivalry were felt for Monterey by her sister towns, nor was
+her right to the sceptre ever contested. From the time that Sebastian
+Vizcaino placed her on his map in 1602 and glowingly described her
+beautiful harbor, noble forests and majestic hills, Spain focused her
+attention on Monterey, and when her Port was at last found by Portolá,
+and the stout old ship San Antonio under the command of Captain Juan
+Perez entered her harbor on May 31st, 1770, without any discussion or
+preamble she was made the capital of New Spain.
+
+The news of her discovery and of Junipero Serra celebrating Mass on her
+shores were sent with all possible haste to the Viceroy of the Spanish
+possessions in Mexico and to good Don Jose Galvez, also a complete
+statement of her discovery was drawn up and sent to the Court of Spain.
+And how were these news received? Solemn masses of thanksgiving were
+celebrated in some of the Spanish cathedrals, attended by many of the
+highest religious, civil and military authorities, while congratulations
+from every side poured into King Carlos and his Viceroy. And all this
+exultation over the discovery of the lovely spot we all know and love so
+well! Monterey, like a "pearl of great price" had been hard to find, but
+like a "pearl of great price" was worth the quest. Beautiful Monterey
+with her shores decked with Vizcainos Cross since 1602, Monterey with
+her bay blue like a turquoise, matching the azure of heaven, Monterey
+with her forests and flowers, with her Valley of Carmelo and glorious
+sunsets, adding to natures charms, her historical and sacred atmosphere,
+her landmarks and the improvements of man. No wonder thousands yearly
+throng this gifted spot of God's earth!
+
+As may be needless to say, Monterey, became the center of the social
+life, beauty and culture of the mission towns. From Monterey,
+inspiration flowed as from a fountain head. And even to this day she is
+irresistible. Even to this day, in spite of the many sad scenes and
+oblivious years which have stamped their trace upon her loveliness and
+impaired her regal splendor, her charm is told by her landmarks and
+crowned by her natural fortress of hills, her forests and flower robed
+meadows, and lulled at evening by the murmur of the iridescent waters of
+her bay reflecting the sunset splendors of the sky.
+
+About 1810 Monterey was ravaged by buccaneers under Blütcher, who was
+such a terror to many sea-port towns, these pirates sailed up the Pacific
+Coast, and appeared in Monterey Bay in four large vessels arriving at
+midnight. Before they could be driven out of the town they set fire to
+some of the Spanish Presidio homes and carried away precious jewels and
+silver belonging to the Spanish ladies, and provisions from the garrison.
+
+The former Capilla Real de San Carlos is now the parish church of
+Monterey, guarding like a fond mother all that remains of the massive
+silver altar vessels and candelabras, paintings, statues, vestments,
+manuscripts and archives of the pioneer missionaries of this mission.
+
+Among the modern attractions of Monterey we must not fail to mention
+Hotel Del Monte built and owned by the Pacific Improvement Company, and
+the many beautiful drives constructed by the same, company. Mr. Frank
+Powers was the founder of the flourishing settlement of
+Carmel-by-the-Sea, a few minutes walk from San Carlos Mission and a
+favorite resort of artists and literateurs. These with many others have
+been no small contributors to the old Capital. Thus while we deplore
+years of vandalism, and the thousands who have joined the "careless
+throng" we can always turn to the pleasing contrast of sympathizers and
+friends who are always, willing to give "honor to whom honor is due,"
+and in doing so have spared neither purse nor efforts in aiding those
+who under difficulties have guarded the flame of tradition and love of
+the splendid past with its bright galaxy of "heroes, martyrs, saints."
+True, the glowing embers often smouldered beneath a debris of neglect
+and even harsh misrepresentation but were not and could not be
+extinguished. And now faithful hearts may beat fast with holy joy for
+the feeble light fanned by loving zephyrs has burst into a glowing
+flame destined to diffuse its love and influence to all, regardless
+of creed, race or station.
+
+
+
+[3] The Very Reverend Angelo Casanova selected the writer of this sketch
+and her brother, then little children to unveil this monument.
+
+
+
+Chapter IV
+
+
+
+California Under Spanish Rule
+
+
+
+With the landing of Serra and Portolá at San Diego in 1769, began the
+Spanish period of California. The chief events of this period are in a
+pith, the following: The establishment of the missions, the
+christianizing of the Indians and the exploration and colonization of
+California. It is from the Spanish period that the history and standing
+of California date. The ten Spanish Governors of California as well as
+the officers of the Army and Navy were men of honor and ability, and the
+record left by the Spanish settlers is one of which any country might be
+proud. During the Spanish period the geographical lines of California
+were settled and her harbors surveyed[4]. It was during this period that
+most of the present cities of California were founded, Spain following
+the plan of building the towns around the missions. The first Governor,
+Don Gaspar de Portolá, was a great and good man as well as a brilliant
+officer, gentle and reasonable in every respect, he was beloved by all;
+to him California owes the discovery of San Francisco Bay, and the great
+co-operation he gave to Junipero Serra, as well as his reverent esteem
+for this saintly man has endeared his memory to every true Californian,
+and immortalized his name in Spain. After a period of two years in
+office Portolá went to Mexico, then under Spanish rule, and from there
+returned to Spain.
+
+Portolá was succeeded by Gov. Felipe de Barri, who after three years was
+removed from office on account of infringing on the rights of the
+missionaries and siding with Captain Rivera Y. Moncada who was a
+somewhat arrogant man, who also on several occasions infringed on the
+rights of the missionaries; but the faults of the latter have been very
+exaggerated by some historians, namely, some declare that he was
+ex-communicated from the church on account of insolence to the
+missionaries, whereas there is no record of such a fact. Excepting their
+officiousness and arrogance, Barri and Rivera were moral and able men.
+
+Barri was succeeded by Felipe de Neve, a statesman, scholar and worthy
+governor who at once declared himself the friend and protector of the
+missionaries. It was Governor de Neve who drew up California's first
+code of legislation dated from the "Royal Presidio of San Carlos at
+Monterey" in June 1779. This code known as the "Reglamento" is regarded
+by capable judges as a most remarkable and valuable document. It was
+also Governor de Neve who founded the present city of Los Angeles, the
+original name of which was Neustra Señora de los Angeles, later
+shortened into Los Angeles. The towns of San Jose and Santa Clara also
+owe their foundation to de Neve, who selected the location of these
+cities around the mission sites. After eight years of office de Neve was
+marked for higher honors, and was succeeded by Governor Pedro Fages.
+
+Governor Fages was a good and energetic man, but better fitted for the
+army than for the state; he was noted for his lofty principals of
+morality. Fages resigned his office and returned to Spain; he was not a
+tactful ruler, but like many others his name has suffered at the hands
+of unscrupulous writers. Fages was succeeded in 1790 by Governor José
+Antonio Romeú, a bright and able but very sickly man. Dr. Pablo Soler
+the excellent physician and surgeon of the Province of California was
+unable to help him; and Romeú died in Monterey in less than two years of
+office.
+
+José de Arrillaga was the sixth governor. This governor was a finished
+general, and placed the presidios of California on a solid basis; he was
+painstaking and careful of detail. He resigned on account of private
+business affairs but later returned as he was reappointed governor of
+California.
+
+The seventh governor was Diego de Boríca. Around this Governor cluster
+many beautiful pages of Spanish history in California; his was a
+character as gentle, religious and home-loving as he was scholarly and
+tactful. It was under Boríca's administration that the boundary lines of
+Upper and Lower California were clearly defined. Boríca, however, was
+not a man who courted public life or honors, and resigned his office,
+returning to Spain with his charming wife and daughter who always longed
+for their mother country.
+
+Before leaving Boríca did a good service to Spain and California in
+recommending the reappointment of José Joaquin Arrillaga. Arrillaga
+continued to organize strong military defenses for California. He served
+as Spanish Governor of California fourteen years, and first of all
+declared himself on all occasions "a loyal son of the Church." He died
+at Mission Soledad on July 25, 1813, and was buried there. The only
+Spanish Governor to be buried in California.
+
+The ninth Spanish Governor was José Dario Arguello, who was in office
+one year, the interval between the death of Arrillaga and the advent of
+Pablo Vicente de Solá the last Spanish Governor of California.
+
+When Governor Solá took office in 1814, California had already bloomed
+into a garden of beautiful men and women, many of them from the mother
+country, others their children born in this distant province of Castile.
+Also many Yankee, Russian and English trading ships came to California
+then, and the Spanish presidios were the scenes of many brilliant dances
+and entertainment's. These foreign vessels were always welcome; while
+the Governors were careful that the power of Spain was not infringed
+upon, perfect courtesy and friendliness was always maintained by both
+Spaniards and visitors. Thus when Governor Solá arrived to take his
+office he was given a royal welcome. Of course, it was in Monterey that
+every governor took up his residence (at the Royal Presidio) and their
+first act was to attend Solemn High Mass at the Royal Chapel of San
+Carlos of Monterey. Solá was no exception to the rule; amid salutes from
+the cannon of the Presidio and the cheers of loyal subjects, by the
+Catalonian cavalry, and their officers in their gorgeous velvet
+uniforms, gold swords and plumed hats, Solá proceeded to the Royal
+Chapel where the Franciscan Fathers awaited him in their priestly
+vestments. Three days of carnival followed, but on the second day
+Governor Solá withdrew from the festivities, made the Stations of the
+Cross[5] which the fathers had erected between Monterey and Carmelo, and
+on reaching San Carlos of Carmelo was shown to the tombs of Junipero
+Serra, Juan Crespí and Francisco de Laséun. Here the Governor knelt and
+remained long in prayer.
+
+In California Solá found a pleasing contrast from the conditions of
+affairs he had seen during his sojourn in Mexico. In that country clouds
+of revolt against Spanish rule were rapidly gathering. California he
+found intensely loyal to the Crown. The neophytes and converted Indians
+greatly touched his generous soul, and the beauty of the country
+delighted him. Solá was in office eight years; his work was well done,
+and if California was lost to Spain under his administration, no less
+credit can be given to his ability and high principals of honor. Many
+times did Solá quell disturbances from revolutionary vessels which
+landed in Monterey from Mexico, and several attacks from pirates, and
+many a noble act is recorded of this loyal governor as well as of the no
+less loyal Spanish subjects of the Province. If the Mexican Government
+supplanted Spanish rule and "laid desolate" much of the work done by
+this brilliant period of California, we repeat it was due to no
+treachery or cowardice of Solá and his compatriots as we shall see
+elsewhere in this sketch. Spain came into possession of California with
+honor, maintained it with honor, and after her three-fold honorable
+policy of exploration, colonization and christianizing of its heathen
+natives, left it with honor, but her monuments remained. If a few
+political troubles and abuses existed, they pale before the light of the
+myriad of great deeds and purposes, and where is the country or people
+who are utterly flawless individually? No cruelties or uncleanness can
+ever be proven against Spain or her people here. Spanish society and
+refinement was the first which California saw; under Spain were
+thousands of Indians rescued from savagery, and under Spain was
+California made known to the world, as well as discovered. Under Spain
+too were the first land grants made to her subjects in California.
+
+Some historians and casual observers are inclined to blame Spain for not
+having lent more aid to her loyal California colonies and enabled her
+presidios to have more and better fortifications. But let us examine
+these points more coolly. First of all this province was far away from
+the mother country, means of travel and communication were then far
+different from what they are now, and Spain was also busy with political
+troubles at home; she had always sent her most representative men as
+governors and officers, her settlers were no less worthy, most of them
+coming here with no "empty purse" as adventurers, but were men of
+education and standing in their country. The galaxy of saintly
+missionaries is superfluous to mention, so above are they of the least
+sting of reproach, and lastly so clean are the pages of Spanish history
+in California that no serious student of whatever race or creed he or
+she may be, can but deplore the calumnies that have at times been hurled
+at this golden period of California history. It was from the Spanish
+period of California that the present capital of the state dates having
+been named Santisimo Sacramento (Most Holy Sacrament) in honor of the
+Eucharistic Presence of the Altar. Thus we see the vein of piety of the
+Spanish settlers who gave names of religious significance to so many of
+the towns they founded, and even to their land grants. In fine these
+sterling men were worthy compatriots of those giant men and women which
+have appeared at different times in Spain. We refer to Saints, Ignatius
+of Loyola, Francis Xavier, Dominic, Theresa of Jesus and a myriad
+others, also to the fair array of kings and queens, poets, artists,
+explorers, whose illustrious names would fill volumes.
+
+When treading El Camino Real and kneeling by the sacred tombs of
+Junipero Serra and his hero band of soul-conquerors we may well recall
+that passage of the beautiful Hymn of the Knights of Columbus.
+
+"Brothers we are treading
+Where the saints have trod."
+
+
+
+[4] Alberto de Cordoba, an excellent engineer, surveyed the Harbor of
+San Francisco in 1813, at the request of Governor Boríca.
+
+[5] A Catholic devotion in honor of Our Saviour's Passion.
+
+
+
+Chapter V
+
+
+
+California Passes From Spanish to Mexican Rule, Secularization of the
+Missions
+
+
+
+Amidst the beauty and glory of Spain's dominion in California, while the
+gold emblazoned banners of Castile and Leon floated proudly under azure
+skies, while the Spanish governors, officers and colonists were doing
+honor and credit to their ancient race, and the saintly missionaries
+were working marvels for the souls and bodies of the aborigines of the
+land, while Spain was thus lending "her beauty and her chivalry" to
+California; Mexico, forgetting her old debt to Spain, when she explored
+her then heathen shores, had revolted against Spanish rule and set up an
+empire of her own, making Augustin Iturbide, a man of half Indian blood
+her Emperor. Immediately Mexico claimed California, as well as Texas,
+Arizona and New Mexico as a portion of her empire, although the people
+of California, with the exception of a handful of Mexicans, had never
+shown the least desire of change of government, for the greatest number
+of her settlers were Spaniards or their children who were intensely
+loyal to the Crown of Spain. Here we will add that no person who held
+any office of importance was any other than a Spaniard, or of purely
+Spanish blood or parentage, hence missionaries, bishops, army and navy
+officers, surgeons, etc. were all "children of Spain," the highest
+decoration that a mixed blood could attain in the Spanish army of
+California or of Mexico was that of Corporal or Sergeant. But when
+Mexico gained her independence all these corporals and sergeants were
+suddenly made generals by their country, Mexico; and here was clearly
+seen "who was who" for all mixed bloods as well as those of purely
+Indian birth, both in Mexico and California raffled around their
+standard, the new Mexican flag; in this number we will only except many
+of the Christian Indians, in California, who clung piteously to the
+missions, and who had more of their share of suffering. This state of
+affairs enabled the new Mexican authorities, exultant over their victory
+in the gain of their independence, to send several war vessels to
+Monterey late in 1822 and demand of Governor Solá, the surrender of
+California in the name of Emperor Augustin Iturbide. As we have already
+seen, nowhere in Spain's New World possessions was loyalty to the mother
+country more intense than in California, and the people, army and navy
+were loud in their demonstrations of opposition, and expressions of
+willingness were offered to the governor to fight the intrusion of
+Mexico to the end. But the comparative handful of soldiers of the
+various garrisons, as well as the few ships which the Spanish could
+muster in California were no match to the overwhelming forces from
+Mexico, and Governor Solá considered it no cowardly act but rather his
+conscience-bound duty to prevent a useless carnage, wisely preferring an
+honorable surrender under the circumstances. The prudence of this
+decision was soon seen in a clearer light by the people. It was thus
+that the grand old flag of Spain was hurled from her state fifty-three
+years after she had been hoisted amid the blessing of Junipero Serra,
+the salutes of her proud ships and the loyal acclamations of Portolá and
+her other gallant sons. Now Spanish rule was virtually ended in
+California, but we repeat, not dishonorably. Spain's, work was well
+done, her chief purpose gained, namely, the exploration and
+christianizing of California.
+
+As it took sometime for Mexico to mobilize her troops and settle her
+rule in California, the Royal Presidio of Monterey was not immediately
+emptied of its officers or of the Spanish families, whose positions
+entitled them to a residence there, and who continued to live there
+close on to 1824. Thus although the old familiar standard gave place to
+Mexico's new red, white and green, the imprint of Spanish rule remained.
+
+Indeed it was several years before Mexico could change the face of
+California, and the Spanish element continued to rule social life at
+least to a great extent through virtually all the Mexican period. The
+Mexican society of the time certainly contained some excellent
+exceptions, but as a general rule it was a sad contrast to that of the
+preceding period, nor had the ten governors of this era the energy or
+standing of the ever remembered Portolá, Boríca, de Neve, Arrillaga or
+Solá. At times, the Mexican authorities treated Spaniards shabbily for
+it is important to note that contrary to what many histories state,
+Spaniards unanimously refused to take the Constitutional Oath of
+Allegiance to Mexico, and withdrew as a consequence from all public
+affairs, only inasmuch as their family interests or the good of the
+community demanded their intervention. Thus we find no Spaniard as
+Governor, General, or the like during this period. But here a curious
+thing occurred. In later years when writers and historians of California
+became numerous many Mexicans declared themselves Spaniards or classed
+themselves as of purely Spanish descent, passing as such into some
+histories, while at the same time they did not hesitate to "sting" the
+Spanish name; and there are many California families who are referred to
+as "Spanish" whose ancestors in the baptismal and marriage records of
+the various mission archives are recorded as "neófita de la mission"
+("neophyte of the mission") for the Spanish missionaries were most
+accurate of details, and their records of marriages, baptisms and
+funerals are like sketches of the persons concerned; parentage, birth
+all are given in detail. Thus a child born of Spanish parents is
+referred to as "de calidad Española" ("of Spanish quality") or if of
+some other purely foreign extraction the same is mentioned. And
+fortunate indeed, that this care of detail was had in the new country,
+else how would much valuable knowledge be obtained?
+
+During our narrative we do not wish to lose sight of the fact that we
+have professed our work to be primarily a work of love, avoiding bitter
+truth, which can do no good, and avoiding personalities, hence the
+absence of names may be noted in this chapter, but it is invariably the
+unpleasant duty of a writer to tell some unpleasant things in a
+historical sketch, else how could justice be done to others, and how
+straighten misunderstandings? We do not wish to merely cast aspersions
+at the Mexican race or any other, for the gross and sordid not to say
+sinful delight of doing so, but we wish to present to the reader plain
+facts of this period of history. Here we will add that even as "there is
+beauty in a blade of grass" there were and are good qualities and
+virtues in many individual Mexicans, but we cannot but wonder at the
+contrast of the two first periods of our state's history, and at the
+difference so vast between two races and characters so often absurdly
+confused. Here, we must mention perhaps the most deplorable incidents of
+this period, incidents to which in spite of ourself we have so often
+alluded, namely the Acts of Secularization of the missions. First, we
+will mention that some writers accuse Spain of having passed an Act of
+Secularization of Mission property in 1813, but such an assertion is
+considered unfounded by good authorities, perhaps it had rise from the
+fact that disturbances against Spanish rule were felt in Mexico as early
+as that period and echoes of it reached the small Mexican faction of
+California, causing much uneasiness to the missionaries. But three Acts
+of Secularization of the missions were passed in the years 1826, 1829
+and 1835. And what did not the good fathers with their neophytes and
+converts suffer! And what did not the many loyal friends of these
+beloved fathers not suffer with them through sympathy! Indeed no
+Spaniard or his descendants can speak of those Acts without the crimson
+of just indignation mounting to the cheek. But Spaniards were powerless
+to check the lawlessness of the times. The missions were gradually but
+slowly dispossessed of their lawful property, and all their wealth
+confiscated, several times were many of the dear Spanish fathers
+deported; they returned to Spain where a warm welcome awaited them, but
+how sad to leave their missions reared by the most heroic labors of the
+"martyr stuff" within them or their immediate predecessors, Serra,
+Lasuén, Lopez, Dumetz, Crespí, Paloú, names "held in benediction;" and
+what would become of their poor converted Indians who clung to them so
+faithfully and whom they had raised to the plane of christian men and
+women from nakedness, savagery and paganism! Besides the missionaries,
+many other Spaniards, too, were put on a list of those to be deported,
+among these there would not have been much resistance offered, as the
+changes of the government were sad enough, but before the resolution was
+carried out, while many of them were settling their affairs and
+preparing to leave, a few of the better class of Mexicans interposed,
+saying, "the Spaniards' are of greater value to the Province than any
+harm which could ever come from their presence, it behooves us to let
+them remain," so under the condition that they would not be interfered
+with, and that no oath of allegiance to Mexico would be forced from
+them, the Spanish families remained, and their presence indeed was of
+"greater value" than for which credit has been given them. American,
+English and Russian trading ships continued to make their appearance in
+Monterey, to these were added French ships. Several mercantile
+establishments existed, carried on chiefly by Spaniards and Englishmen,
+and gay little social gatherings and dances still went on.
+
+In 1823 Mexico overthrew her empire and established a republic. But
+throughout this period, disturbances and guerrillas scarcely ever
+ceased, while the gradual but sure devastation of the missions and the
+behavior of the authorities towards the beloved padres heightened the
+indignation of all noble-minded citizens and increased the unpopularity
+of the governors and authorities, most of whom were so very different to
+the Spanish governors, who at all times declared themselves "loyal sons
+of mother Church" and of whom no record of the practice of the contrary
+exists save a very few minor differences in defining the extent of
+military and ecclesiastical power. Good Bishop Garcia Diego, Bishop of
+California and worthy Prince of the Church was also a sufferer on
+several occasions from the disrespect of the civil authorities of
+Mexico, who even tried to prevent his landing in Monterey, the seat of
+the diocese then. Let us repeat a few Mexican authorities were
+exceptions of this type, but as we have said, these were few indeed, and
+slowly Mexican power began to wane. United States, England and France
+all stood in line for possession of California as soon as a ripe
+opportunity presented itself. This plan was most welcome to the
+Spaniards, who contrary to the statements of some prominent historians,
+entertained no dislike for any of these nations. Spaniards, like some
+others only wished that a happier and better government would supplant
+the inactive yet turbulent government of Mexico, who had hurled the
+Spanish flag from her position years before and despoiled the missions
+of their wealth and glory. Thus United States Consul, Thomas Larkin was
+always well received in the homes of the Spanish families and in turn
+Mr. Larkin always referred to them in words of praise. Meantime, things
+went from bad to worse, a change of government seemed inevitable. We
+will soon see how this came about.
+
+The only things for which Mexican rule in California was noted, was the
+continuation of the making of large land grants, and an easy, careless
+existence without the "hurry and flurry" of today; feasting, making
+merry, and great parties in the "rancherias" where there were always
+large "spreads;" it was during this period chiefly that the typical
+Mexican dishes of tamales, enchiladas, and others which are still
+relished in California were introduced in this province. In a word this
+was the period of the sweet "mañana," where everyone seemed to have time
+to enjoy the "dolce far niente" and exercised an open handed generosity
+with regard to the "fleeting goods of earth."
+
+
+
+Chapter VI
+
+
+
+California Passes From Mexican to American Rule
+
+
+
+The year 1846 found the Mexican government in California struggling with
+a poor exchequer and some of its leaders in an unfriendly mood towards
+one another on account of petty differences, while France, England and
+United States waited eagerly for an opportunity to seize California, nor
+may their desire be termed dishonest since a change of government each
+day seemed more inevitable.
+
+Americans had often been treated with hostility and not given their
+lawful rights under the existing form of government in California. Just
+about this time United States Consul, Thomas O. Larkin had been sent to
+Monterey and Captain John Fremont to Northern California, the latter
+presumably to survey the country of the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific
+Coast in the interests of travel, but the real reason of the presence of
+these gentlemen in California was thought to be, that they should keep a
+close watch on the turn of affairs.
+
+When circumstances shaped themselves for the worst, a party of Americans
+at Sonoma headed by Captain Ezekiel Merritt gave the first signal of
+uprising which led to the establishment of the Bear Flag Republic of
+California. These men applied to Captain Fremont for help, but as
+Fremont was an officer in the United States army, he could not
+personally take a hand in the affair without authority from the United
+States Government, but left his men free to join Captain Merritt's
+ranks, and many did so. Under Captain Merritt the Americans captured
+horses and arms from a Mexican regiment on the march for Sonoma, also
+the garrison of Sonoma; encouraged by this William B. Ide, one of
+Merritt's chief advisers and successor issued a Proclamation which
+launched the Bear Flag Republic into its existence of twenty-four days.
+This Proclamation was a praiseworthy document, stating the grievances of
+the American settlers, namely unfriendliness and threats of expulsion,
+also declaring the justice of overthrowing a government which had
+confiscated mission property calling upon the assistance of peace-loving
+citizens of California and promising not to molest persons who had not
+taken up arms. The Bear Flag of the Republic of California was then
+designed by a Mr. William Todd and hoisted in Sonoma on June 14, 1846,
+also in Monterey. The American flag could not be hoisted because the
+actions of this party of Americans had virtually been unauthorized, and
+they would have been responsible to the United States for so doing,
+however, it was their intention to turn over their conquests to the
+United States as soon as possible. But the Mexican military authorities
+regarded the actions of these Americans as a gross hostility, and from
+all sides prepared to attack them. The position of this plucky little
+band now became very perilous, and again they laid their cause and
+dangers before Fremont, who was in his camp on the American River. Now
+the Captain did not hesitate in his decision and with a small mounted
+force began action on the field. Fremont was a man of many commendable
+qualities, possessed of bright mentality, unwavering and extremely loyal
+to the American cause, but he had his failings, among them being that on
+several occasions he took advantage of the tangled state of affairs, to
+seize upon personal property considered without the range of his lawful
+power to take, hence the dislike that exists for him among many old
+California residents; still it was the "Pathfinder" as he was called,
+who with Commodore Robert Stockton, Lieutenant Archibald Giliespie in
+command at Los Angeles, General Stephen Kearny and some others fought
+the brief battles which terminated in the raising of the American flag
+at the Custom House of Monterey on July 7, 1846, thus was California
+admitted into the Union as a territory. By a treaty of peace which
+followed the Mexican War, California was ceded to the United States for
+the sum of $15,000,000 in 1848. Among Monterey's landmarks Colton Hall
+is pointed out as the place where representative men from various parts
+of California convened and framed the first American Constitution for
+the State, September 3, 1849. On November third of the same year the
+first election was held, with the result that Peter H. Burnett was
+elected Governor, John McDougall, Lieutenant-Governor, and Edward
+Gilbert and John Wright first Congressmen from California. From Monterey
+the State Capital was removed to San José, where John Fremont and
+William Gwin were appointed senators, and it was they who pressed the
+Government to admit California as a state, with the result that
+California was admitted as such on September 9, 1850. Major Robert
+Selden Garnett, U. S. A. designed the state seal.
+
+In 1854 the capital was removed to Sacramento from Benicia which held it
+one year, San José having held it two years as, also Vallejo.
+
+The discovery of gold in 1849 brought on a mad rush of all classes of
+people into California and acts of lawlessness and violence became
+numerous and frequent; for the purpose of checking these disorders the
+"Committee of Vigilance" was formed in San Francisco in 1851. This
+committee was composed of responsible men and much good came of it but
+like in so many enterprises of the kind, many abuses were committed and
+many innocent persons were unjustly punished.
+
+As soon as affairs became settled and order established, American rule
+in California became marked by progress and order, the discovery of gold
+brought on a wonderful increase in population and more towns and cities
+sprung throughout the state.
+
+Much indeed could be said of the present, but as our story is only a
+brief sketch intended to deal chiefly with the beloved old missions and
+missionaries, and unravel if but a few of the tangled skeins of
+misrepresentation cast about the older history of the state which is
+more wrapt in mystery, with warm gratitude for what the present is and
+for what the future will bring, we will return to the traces of the good
+fathers whose missions are still the wonders of California, with them we
+can still hear the chimes of mission bells.
+
+
+
+Chapter VII
+
+
+
+Mission Anecdotes and Hymns
+
+Told of Father Vicente Sarría
+
+
+
+Father Vicente Sarría, a venerable and saintly missionary in charge of
+Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad at the time the first two acts of
+Secularization were passed, was one of the keenest sufferers from the
+injustices of the times, undergoing untold labors and hardships, which
+in no small degree contributed to his death in 1833, which found him at
+his post of duty at the mission. Father Sarría's reputation for sanctity
+was well known throughout California, particularly in Monterey and
+Soledad, and after his death it was no strange thing to hear both from
+Caucasian and Indian such an ejaculation as "alma de nuestro Padre
+Sarría, ayudanos con tu intercesion" (soul of our Father Sarría help us
+by your intercession). Of course this pious demonstration was not public
+because for many wise reasons, the church forbids the public veneration
+or invocation of a saint until the required process of canonization has
+authorized it, however, the allowable private invocation was freely
+practiced as it has been done in the case of other saintly missionaries,
+namely, Junipero Serra, Magin Catalá and others. And the following sweet
+legend is told of Padre Sarría. As the Indian carriers lowered the
+humble redwood coffin which contained the Father's precious remains into
+the mission vaults, the edifice was filled with an exquisite fragrance
+as of roses, and this story told with all earnestness was given much
+credence about the mission towns. While not authenticated by infallible
+investigation, may not this incident be classed at least as a
+probability by the spiritual minded? For is it not in the power of the
+God of the beautiful in nature to proclaim thus His appreciation for the
+heroic charity of one of His servants, especially to strengthen the
+faith of the sorely tried convert Indians who clung so lovingly to the
+mission in the days of its trials?
+
+
+
+Father Junipero Serra's Promise
+
+
+
+One beautiful summer day while walking about the San Carlos Mission
+Garden, Junipero Serra pondered over the wonderful progress of
+California both in the spiritual and material order; filled with joy the
+good priest blessed the land, and made a solemn promise to celebrate one
+hundred masses for the future peace and prosperity of California,
+moreover he promised to begin the fulfillment of his promise on the
+following November, twenty-fourth, feast of Saint Charles, the patron
+saint of the mission. Soon after, the venerable Serra was overtaken by
+his last illness and went to his reward before November, the
+twenty-fourth. But every year on the eve of the feast of Saint Charles
+just before midnight a ghostly procession wended its way to San Carlos
+Mission, for all the missionaries, Spaniards, or their descendants who
+had ever lived in California would arise from their graves and with them
+all the Christian Indians of the mission towns joined the "ghostly
+throng" to San Carlos where Junipero Serra would arise from his tomb and
+celebrate mass while the spirits sang their ancient hymns, after which
+all the scene vanished like silver fumes of smoke, and this continued
+for one hundred years. This most unlikely legend has been told in
+beautiful Spanish and English poetry, and for all its unlikelihood has
+found its way with its weird charm into many homes.
+
+
+
+A True Story
+
+
+
+Somewhere in the eighteen fifties a non-catholic of very irreligious
+character, made targets of the eyes of a statue of Saint Benedict,
+belonging to San Carlos Mission, taking advantage of the neglected
+condition of the place at the time. A few days after this proceeding the
+man was struck blind. This incident is no legend, but within the
+remembrance of many old residents of Monterey. The unfortunate man later
+acknowledged that his calamity was a direct visitation of Almighty God
+for his gross and intentional irreverence to the image of a saint. The
+writer refrains from giving the name of this man who has long ere this
+passed to the "Great Beyond" but many Montereyans, who will read this
+sketch will know it.
+
+Countless stories and legends of mission times are told and written
+without the least foundation for veracity, for example the story of "The
+Lost Pearls of Loretto;" others are founded on facts but distorted
+beyond recognition. Still this is not startling in a land as full of
+sentiment and romance as California, where so many writers, (most of
+them "New-comers") have given vent to their poetical imaginations, and
+it is not hard to believe that the eventful history of the state
+contained many authentic stories, and legends with some ground of truth.
+
+
+
+Hymn to the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary[6].
+
+
+
+"Para dar vida mortál
+A Un Dios Autor de la vida
+Sois Maria concebída
+Sin pecádo originál."
+
+"Para humillar la serpiénte
+Que con su mortál venéno
+Dejó todo el mundo lléno
+De su aliento pestilénte
+Que marcó à todo viviénte
+Con el sello mas fatál
+Sois Maria concebida
+Sin pecado originál."
+
+"Como Estér la mas amada
+Del mas generoso Asuéro
+Gracia recibes priméro
+Que estés del crimen manchada
+Pues para no ser contáda
+En la indignacion reál
+Sois Maria concebida
+Sin pecádo originál."
+
+"Ciudad fuérte y mas hermósa
+Que de Asírio acometida
+No logrará vérte herída
+Su saeta ponzoñosa
+Pues para ser victoriosa
+De su poder infernál
+Sois Maria concebida
+Sin pecado originál."
+
+"Luna lléna de esplandor
+Sin ser nunca eclipsáda
+Porque fuiste iluminada
+De un sol de poder, y amor
+Pues por no ver el horror
+De un eclipse criminál
+Sois Maria concebida
+Sin pecado originál."
+
+"Mujer heróica y valiente
+Que con divino valor
+Pisas gloriósa el furor
+De la engañósa serpiente
+Pues por no temer el diente
+De aqeste monstro infernál
+Sois Maria concebida
+Sin pecado originál."
+
+"Virgen que de nuestro suélo
+Subes vestida de estrellas
+Mas bela que las mas bellas
+A ser la gloria del ciélo
+Pues para tan alto vuélo
+Con un favor sin iguál
+Sois Maria concebida
+Sin pecado originál."
+
+"Patrona la mas amada
+De nuestro suélo Español
+Nuestro mas luciente sol
+En la noche desgraciada
+Pues para ser proclamada
+Con el voto mas cordiál
+Sois Maria concebida
+Sin pecado originál."
+
+"Concede en fin Madre amada
+A tus hijos este dia
+La mas cristiána alegria
+Y la muerte deseada
+Para que seas cantada
+En la patria celestial
+Sois Maria concebida
+Sin pecado originál."
+
+
+
+[6] This beautiful hymn is found in many ancient Spanish books of
+devotion.
+
+
+
+Chapter VIII
+
+
+
+Retrospection of the work of the Spanish Missionaries, Explorers and
+Settlers and their place in California's Appreciation
+
+
+
+We have followed the venerable band of missionaries from their homes in
+Spain, where fired with zeal for the conversion of the savage heathen of
+the New World they set out for the comparatively newly discovered land
+of Mexico, where Spain had already a few establishments and churches, an
+archbishopric in the city of Mexico, and the Franciscan Fathers a well
+equipped monastery and mission at San Fernando in the northern part of
+the country. We have seen the Spanish Franciscans' zeal in the land of
+the Aztec, and we have also seen the noble cooperation given them by the
+government and civil authorities of Catholic Spain. We have traced the
+missionaries' steps, followed by gallant Portolá, and his fellow
+officers and men, and have sympathized and rejoiced with them in their
+hardships and joys. We have no doubt, often marveled at the stupendous
+work of the Sons of Saint Francis in the conversion of the unenlightened
+heathen, and have seen the Indian tribes turn from the worship of idols
+to the altar of the one true God.
+
+Let us now give a brief glance at the work so nobly done by the immortal
+heroes which Catholic Spain sent to these shores. Many a time, winter
+blasts of misunderstanding and wrong have been cast upon them, and many
+a time have noble sympathizers fought just battles with prejudice in
+their behalf, with the blessed result that the thickest clouds of errors
+and "threadbare calumnies" have almost entirely disappeared, and with
+them the remaining mists of wrong are fast vanishing at the powerful
+approach of truth's sun, so that in relating the glories of that legion
+of splendid characters whose names are so tenderly clasped about the
+fondest memories of mission times, we shall not forget their friends and
+champions of later years.
+
+But first let us see what the brave Spanish pioneers did for California.
+We will begin with the missionaries. To them we owe the conversion of
+the heathen and savage Indians, which work was super-human in itself,
+and which contrary to the statements of libelers, the fathers
+accomplished with heroic patience and charity, teaching the Indians
+besides religion, useful trades, civilizing them, and taking such
+conscientious care of them that they made a nightly round of their
+quarters, not with whip in hand to punish imaginary misdemeanor, but to
+see that the spiritual and temporal welfare of their converts and
+neophytes, was guarded, and so great was the attachment of the Indians
+to the fathers that if a father was called on business from one mission
+to another, the Indians would follow him a long distance weeping. Very
+few of the Indians were taught the art of reading, not because the
+fathers were in any way unwilling to teach it, but because for this one
+art most of the Indians showed no desire or willingness to learn, yet
+this has given the ever ready, unscrupulous writer food for saying that
+"the fathers endeavored to keep the Indians in ignorance" and the
+healthy rule of the fathers with its hours of prayer, labor, instruction
+and recreation for the Indian families in the mission quarters, has been
+distorted by erroneous histories, and statements have been made by some
+writers to the effect that "the Indians were treated harshly and
+oppressed." Whereas under what nation were Indians or unenlightened
+natives christianized, allowed to remain in their lands or treated with
+more humanity than under Spain or her missionaries, wherever they
+explored and wherever they went?
+
+"Harsh, oppressive, endeavoring to keep the Indians in ignorance," if
+such actions mean all that these saintly missionaries accomplished, if
+they mean their leaving refinement, christianity, fond home and kindred
+in distant Spain to brave untold hardships, nay, martyrdom, to rescue
+souls from paganism, and if such conduct as "harshness, oppression,
+endeavoring to keep the Indians in ignorance" could be compatible with
+the practice of heroic virtue and acts of mortification of mind and body
+which to the spiritual man or woman appear beyond words of admiration,
+to the scoffer and frivolous (but for this latter class we are not
+writing) foolish and impossible. The missions too, with their honest
+wealth and industry were California's first centers of enlightenment and
+refinement. The Spanish missionaries were scholars as well as religious,
+and their institutions were California's cradles of literature, music
+and learning hand in hand with religion. To these early fathers we owe
+the first paintings and statues brought to California, while their well
+equipped missions, even contained medicine chests and medical books, to
+them we also owe the first architecture in the building of the missions,
+the first agricultural implements, even the first system of irrigation,
+in the state; to these we may add the first stock of sheep, cattle,
+horses, the first fruits, vineyards and teeming grain fields, yes, even
+the first roses of California were brought here by them, and it was from
+the missions that Dr. Robert Semple borrowed the printing type,
+wherewith he printed the first newspaper in California, which appeared
+in Monterey in 1846, making the letter "w" by joining two vs as the
+Spanish alphabet contains twenty-five letters, "w" excepted.
+
+And if the Spanish missionaries did so much what did the Spanish civil
+and military authorities and settlers do? To Spanish explorers we owe
+the discovery and exploration of California, as well as of South
+America, Mexico and other portions of the New World, including the
+Pacific Ocean; indeed is it not to Spain and her good Queen Isabella the
+Catholic, to whom we really owe the discovery of America by Columbus?
+But not to deviate from Spain's work in California, it was the early
+Spanish governors who first framed laws and drew up a constitution in
+California, and it was they who made the first land grants, it was by
+Spanish explorers too that the first maps of California were drawn,
+under Spanish rule were many of the present towns and cities founded,
+from Spain came the first dawn of refinement and civilization, the first
+army and navy, the first artists, musicians, physicians and skilled
+workmen, in fine the first white child born in California was born of
+Spanish parents settled in Monterey. And what was the record of Spain's
+dominion in California? Setting aside unfounded calumnies as absurd as
+the one which claims that Philip II passed a law sentencing to death any
+foreigner who set foot on Spain's dominions in the New World, relegating
+such lies to where they belong, Spain's rule in her New World
+possessions, including California was marked by humanity as well as
+energy. Cortes, Pizzaro, Vizcaino, Coronado, Menendez, Ponce de Leon,
+Cabeza de Vaca, Balboa, as well as the later "pathfinders" governors and
+viceroys of Catholic Spain, were men of honor, and sobriety to whose
+names no "butcheries and cruelties" may be justly attached.
+
+Perhaps one of the best proofs of Catholic Spanish humanity is the fact
+of the preservation of the aborigines of the land wherever Spanish
+conquests were made. Take for example, the statistics of the last census
+of Mexico which reveal that of a population of 15,000,000 souls
+7,000,000 are pure Indian 5,000,000 mestizos or of mixed Indian and
+foreign extraction and only 3,000,000 foreigners or of Mexican birth but
+of purely foreign extraction. Take, California, Arizona, New Mexico and
+other former Spanish possessions of whom the same may be said in
+proportion. In these places no Indian reservations are seen as where the
+Puritans held sway. If Spain were guilty of the cruelties so falsely
+imputed to her, Mexico in particular would be a Spanish or
+Latin-American Republic, as it is, she may hardly be termed as such. But
+Catholic Spain acted as explorer, civilizer and with her venerable
+missionaries sponsor to the conversion of the heathen tribes of her New
+World colonies, leaving in them the traces of her enlightenment and
+christianity, yes, leaving them monuments of her humanity!
+
+On the absurd and ludicrous application of the term "Spanish" in our
+midst to many persons who have no claim to it by either birth or descent
+we will not dwell, as we would not cheapen our sketch by stooping to
+discuss such ignorance or insult our intelligent readers by writing on
+such foolishness, we will only ask their permission to say that many
+so-called intelligent people have no conception of the Spanish type,
+race or character, but these we will leave "a la luna de Valencia" as an
+ancient Spanish saying would express such cases. The California families
+of Spanish descent are comparatively few, this being noted especially by
+Spanish visitors to California.
+
+But what of Spanish generosity at home, when the missionaries were
+toiling for souls in the New World? Many a pious Spaniard in Spain and
+in Mexico subscribed immense sums for the missions of California, both
+for the Jesuit and the Franciscan missions. Thus we find the pious
+Marquis de Villa Puente subscribing $200,000 for "missions, vessels and
+other necessities of California." The Duchess of Gandía subscribed
+$60,000 for the same purpose in 1767 and many others followed the same
+example until the "Pius Fund of the Missions of California" amounted to
+over two million dollars. At the time of the Secularization of the
+Missions, the Mexican Government confiscated a large remaining portion
+of this "Pious Fund." In 1853 the Spanish Archbishop Alemany, then
+Bishop of Monterey and successor of Bishop Diego from whom the "Pious
+Fund" had been taken, started a litigation which was continued in turn
+by his worthy successor Archbishop Patrick Riordan of the archdiocese of
+San Francisco, with the good result that Mexico was made to pay the sum
+of $43,050 in Mexican currency annually as the interest at six per cent
+on the sum of $1,460,682 of the "Pious Fund" which the national treasury
+of Mexico had appropriated on the promise of Mexico to act as trustee of
+the fund and pay an interest of six per cent which it had failed to pay
+since its appropriation at the time of the Mexican regime in California.
+Moreover, Mexico had agreed to pay this interest to the object intended
+by the donors of the fund, namely, "to the church, for the conversion of
+the natives of California, for the establishment, maintenance and
+extension of the Catholic Church, her faith and worship, in said country
+of Upper and Lower California." The litigation was won through the
+intervention of the United States Government which Archbishop Riordan
+invoked through his counsel, and decided by arbitrators under the Hague
+Convention in 1899. The first payment was made on February 2, 1903.
+
+Perhaps it is not amiss to quote here a small portion of the speech
+delivered in Washington, D. C. by Hon. Joseph Scott of Los Angeles on
+the occasion of a banquet following the unveiling ceremonies of the
+memorial erected in honor of Christopher Columbus by Act of Congress.
+Among the speakers present at the banquet were Ex-President William Taft
+(then president), Cardinal Gibbons, Speaker Champ Clark, Ex-speaker
+Joseph Cannon, Congressman Underwood, Judge Victor Dowling of the
+Supreme Court of New York and many other notable men of the nation.
+
+"It affords me unbounded pleasure to have an opportunity to deliver an
+expression, feeble though it be, of the sentiments of the Knights of
+Columbus of the great West, and particularly of California, regarding
+the significance of this great day. Mr. John Barrett of the Pan-American
+Union has already given you food for sober thought in the parallel he
+has drawn of the marvelous activity and resourcefulness of the
+Latin-American republics. Possibly I may be permitted at this time to
+inject a suggestion that, despite the remarks of the previous speaker
+about Boston as the modern Athens and the seat of universal learning,
+"Modern Athens" has nothing in common with the memories aroused by
+contemplation of the events which we celebrate today. It may be well to
+tell our friends from New England that before the so-called Anglo-Saxon
+had set foot as a colonist upon the American soil, the followers of
+Columbus had penetrated into the heart of Kansas and gone down as far as
+Buenos Ayres. I want to lay stress upon the fact that we have not noted
+too emphatically today that it was the great Spanish race, with its
+strong and sterling faith, which accomplished this wonderful mission of
+civilization. Too long have we endured the stress of so-called history
+written by Prescott and others, some of whom ought to have been put in
+the Ananias club before they were born. For nearly three centuries the
+Spanish race, with its indomitable faith, pursued almost alone its
+mission of civilization and evangelization of the aborigines of America.
+Before the Pilgrim Fathers had landed on Plymouth Rock, the Catholic
+Spaniard had acquired a knowledge of the Indian language sufficient to
+enable him to translate the Bible into the Aztec Indian language, so
+that the new Indian neophyte could read the story of "God's greatest
+Book" in his mother tongue."
+
+
+
+The Courage of Catholic Spain
+
+
+
+I wish to advise those of you who speak now of a burden of four days and
+nights in luxurious Pullman cars to step out on the soil of California
+as though you had performed a deed of heroism, that a Spanish soldier,
+Cabeza de Vaca, with the courage of primitive Christianity, walked from
+Florida to the Gulf of California, though it took him seven years to
+accomplish his task; and the wonderfully brave Friar Marcos de Niza
+pioneered his way on foot thirteen hundred miles into the heart of
+Arizona through deserts and hordes of Apaches, in his efforts to plant
+the cross of civilization among the children of the new world. Nay, the
+Grand Canyon of Arizona, now one of the greatest natural wonders of the
+world, was seen by a young Spanish lieutenant and his twenty soldiers
+three hundred years before the Anglo-Saxon took a glimpse at its
+wonderful and awe-inspiring beauty. These and other similar facts are
+attested by the report of the Bureau of Ethnology of Washington, as well
+as by many other reliable authorities, including that singularly gifted
+and scholarly student of Spanish history and folk lore, Charles F.
+Lummis of Los Angeles, himself a Puritan on both sides of his house for
+several generations back. It was the fortitude of this Spanish race,
+coupled by its strong devotion to the faith which you and I profess,
+which enabled them to solve the Indian problem as it has never been
+attempted since. While under our present system of the government of
+this United States, the Indian has been an outcast and a derelict to be
+robbed and cheated by his white brother, yet on the other hand the
+Spanish missionary brought into the life of the simple native of the
+new world the wholesome light of Christianity, which made him recognize
+in the Red Man the same soul which was made in the image and likeness of
+the common Creator of us all. In that spirit of brotherhood and charity
+he obtained the confidence and good will of the Indians, almost without
+exception, throughout the length and breadth of the countries that he
+explored. And while his path was beset with dangers from the grim forces
+of nature, and occasionally the crown of martyrdom was given to him by
+an unthinking hand of those he was coming to evangelize, yet he faltered
+not in his footsteps.
+
+Today the memory of Columbus may be coupled with and attributed, on our
+part, to the splendid heroism and Christian fortitude of the great
+Spanish race which continued the work of Columbus with all that it
+entailed for the betterment of humanity."
+
+
+
+In compliance with our promise not to forget the friends of the
+missionaries and of their compatriots, of today, we will first speak of
+California's wonderful enthusiasm in the celebration of the Bi-centenary
+of Junipero Serra's birth. Of the privileged thousands who visited
+Monterey on November 23, 1913 and made a pilgrimage to Serra's tomb at
+San Carlos Mission, how many will efface that sight from their minds in
+years to come? But this awe-inspiring sight to which Reverend Raymond
+Mestres and the Franciscan Fathers of San Francisco, contributed so
+much, and in which the Third Order of Saint Francis so prominently
+participated will be yearly renewed. Ecclesiastical and civil
+authorities, towns and cities, individuals, all had the "right spirit."
+The accounts of the press were glowing. Mr. Frank Powers of
+Carmel-by-the-Sea was California's representative at the celebration
+which Spain did not fail to hold in honor of her illustrious son; and
+Mr. Powers indeed proved a worthy representative, returning to
+California with renewed enthusiasm for the saintly Serra, and his
+lectures have been listened to with keen delight. And can any praise
+seem superfluous for California's apostles in particular for the saintly
+Serra? At the civil exercises, held in Monterey on the occasion of the
+celebration we are speaking of, Senator Reginaldo del Valle, of Los
+Angeles, Mr. Michael Williams and Mr. Charles Phillips of San Francisco
+each paid exquisite tributes to our hero whom the opening lines of Mr.
+Phillips' beautiful ode described as:
+
+"A young boy dreaming by the Spanish main:
+    Knee-high in waving grain
+    He halts at eve and dreams,
+Where green Majorca fronts the cycling sea,
+    And far worlds ceaselessly
+Beckon with passing sail and swinging tide,
+    And plunging galleons ride
+  Home from adventure, or away, away
+    To silken bright Cathay,
+  Or where dark India her golden treasure yields;
+A young boy dreaming in his father's fields,
+  Who plucks a lily from the bending wheat
+And stands with veiléd gaze and searching eyes
+    Pale with some great emprise,
+  Beyond the homing waters of his isle,
+    Beyond Majorca's skies;--
+  And dreams and dreams the while!"
+
+"And they who love him wonderingly ask:
+    "What lad is this of ours
+    Who dreams away the hours,
+And when the windy night-tide running sings,
+    So strangely seems
+    Converse to hold with far compelling things?
+Or what these spirit-smiling ecstasies,"
+    They reverent cry,
+    "That halt him at his task
+And hold him trancéd in bright reveries?
+    Is this our lad, indeed,
+    Who with such Heaven-given grace--
+    Ay, with the light of Heaven on his face!--
+    Makes question of the very world about?"
+
+One of the sweetest features of this day was that hereafter by a decree
+of Governor Hiram Johnson, who also did not fail to send a
+representative to Monterey in the person of Judge Griffin, November the
+twenty-fourth was declared a state holiday. May Serra day long be
+welcomed by loyal Californians! We cannot close this chapter after
+speaking of the bright constellation of the past which appeared in
+California skies so many years ago, and whose traces we so cherish,
+without saying a few words about that worthiest of worthy movements to
+restore the dear old missions of El Camino Real according to their
+traditional lines, here again Reverend Father Mestres of Monterey
+deserves the greatest credit in this enterprise, and the Knights of
+Columbus of the California councils have proved themselves great helpers
+in the plan. King Alfonso, his minister, Señor Juan Riaño, the Marquis
+de la Vega y Inclan who will be King Alfonso's representative at the
+Panama-Pacific Exposition of 1915, are hearty supporters and sponsors of
+this movement, and with cooperation from faithful friends and the
+sanction of the Bishop of the diocese of Monterey and Los Angeles, we
+have no doubt that these glorious landmarks, some of which have alas too
+long been allowed to go to "wreck and ruin" while others are still more
+or less neglected, after the cruel years which extinguished their
+sanctuary lamps, left their altars bare and their belfries silent save
+for the hooting of the night owls, will ere long be in the proper repair
+to hand down with pride to posterity; and to further repair these holy
+temples and place them under their historical and original plans the
+most fitting priests to whom we could entrust them (at least wherever
+the necessary satisfactory arrangements are possible) are Spanish
+priests, compatriots of their founders, this too would serve to continue
+and strengthen the old friendly relations between Spain and California,
+and as whatever Spanish priests would take charge of the missions, would
+be scholarly men speaking both English and Spanish, the English speaking
+congregations would be well served. About three of the old missions are
+under Spanish priests now. Let us then not cease our efforts until every
+mission cross gleams gloriously in the radiance of the California sun,
+until the devotional chimes of mission bells peal forth again from every
+silent belfry, until the altar light beams again before each tabernacle
+enclosing the Eucharistic Presence, until the empty niches contain again
+the images which decked them as of yore, until each tomb of sainted
+missionary is restored, until mass is again daily said within these
+consecrated walls, and finally until San Carlos of Carmelo is again a
+worthier Carmel, "for the greater honor and glory of God" and the
+praises of His Virgin Mother once more are sung about this smiling
+valley where the Christian Indian children gathered the beautiful wild
+flowers of the blooming meadows to adorn the hallowed shrines, ere
+chimed the Angelus at evenings mellow glow.
+
+
+
+Chapter IX
+
+
+
+Reverend Raymond M. Mestres of Monterey Writes Historical Drama--"Fray
+Junipero"
+
+
+
+Beautiful among beautiful historical dramas is the mission play "Fray
+Junipero" written by Reverend Raymond Mestres, pastor of San Carlos
+Church (Capilla Real de San Carlos) of Monterey. Many men and women have
+undertaken to write about mission times, but we may safely assert that
+this good priest so unassuming in what he does, is above all qualified
+to handle this subject, being first of all a religious, a native of
+Barcelona, the Metropolis of the Province of Catalonia, which can claim
+Junipero Serra and so many of the early Spanish missionaries, explorers
+and settlers, and being too an artist and scholar in every way
+acquainted with the history of the missions, having made it a special
+study during his twenty-seven years of residence (as a priest) in four
+mission towns of California, twenty-one of which have been spent in that
+chief of mission towns, Monterey.
+
+Unbiased, careful of detail and true to history, while not wanting in
+artistic setting "Fray Junipero" carries the audience in Act I back to
+the College of Fernando, when Junipero Serra received his commission to
+come to California as Father President of the Missionaries who were to
+christianize that "mysterious vineyard." Act II is a typical picture of
+California Indian Life. Act III depicts the landing of Serra and Portolá
+on the shores of Monterey, the taking possession of the land in the name
+of King Carlos III and the celebration of Junipero Serra's first Mass in
+Monterey; all facts are taken from the archives preserved in San Carlos
+Church, consequently historically authentic. Act IV pictures a piquant
+fiesta scene with Spanish dancing, the scene being laid in the Carmel
+Valley on the occasion of the baptism of the first white child born in
+Monterey. This child was born of Spanish parents, Pasqual and Terésa
+Segura and in baptism received the name of Carlos. According to the
+records this baptism occurred in May 18, 1782, the ceremony being
+performed by Fray Junipero Serra just two years before his death. With
+very slight changes in the names this incident is taken from the
+archives of San Carlos Mission. Act V represents Fray Junipero Serra
+receiving the last Sacraments, his death and the grief of the people.
+
+In writing "Fray Junipero" Reverend Raymond Mestres intended it to
+commemorate the Bicentenary of our hero's birth, and was presented for
+the first time in Monterey on August 28th, 1913 by local talent. This
+will be an annual event at Monterey on the same date, August 28th, which
+is the anniversary of Fray Junipero Serra's death. In spite of poor
+advertisement the first production of this drama was a decided success.
+It was intended to be played three nights, but by request a fourth night
+was added.
+
+As this sketch goes to press, the rehearsing of the second year of the
+production of "Fray Junipero" begins with great improvement in the
+staging, and a greater promise of success as it is now much more widely
+known.
+
+May an ancient Spanish Nativity Play for Christmastide, which Reverend
+Raymond Mestres intends to translate into English, and which contains
+glorious music, and a history of mission times, which this scholarly
+pastor of San Carlos Church has in store, soon delight Californians and
+California's yearly tide of tens of thousand visitors.
+
+
+
+Appendix
+
+
+
+Letter of Junipero Serra[7].
+
+
+
+"Long live Jesus, Mary and Joseph!
+
+"R. P. Fr. Miguel de Petra.
+
+"My dearest nephew, brother and Sir.
+
+"It was not for want of love that I did not answer some of your letters.
+For it was not merely bodily that I left my beloved country. I could
+have been communicating with many persons by letters and friends, both
+in and outside our order, but, if our minds were constantly intent upon
+what we once left, what would be the use of leaving it?
+
+"I wrote a long letter to your reverence after your religious
+profession. Besides, your reverence heard of me through the Padre Lector
+Verger, who is at present our guardian. I received your letter when I
+was among the Gentiles over three hundred leagues away from any
+Christian settlement. There is my life and there, I hope, God helping,
+to die. When this hour comes, some member of our province will take care
+to notify our brethren that they may pray for me, and then, your
+reverence will know it. What else does your reverence desire? Your
+reverence lives among saints, and, therefore I do not deem you in need
+of my advice and counsel, which indeed would be the only justifiable
+motive for my writing.
+
+"Let us improve and make good use of our time, let us walk worthy of the
+vocation in which we were called, let us work out our spiritual
+salvation, with fear and trembling, and that of our brethren, with the
+most ardent charity and zeal, and let all glory be to our great God. In
+connection with this, I took great pleasure in learning that your
+reverence was preaching a mission at Ivisa when Padre Commissary Verger
+passed through there. The time given to this apostolic ministry with the
+blessing of your superiors, preaching in your words and deeds, hearing
+confessions with love and patience, I believe, will be the best and most
+fruitful you ever spent.
+
+"Though a lukewarm, bad and an unprofitable servant, I remember every
+day in the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass, my only and most dear sister
+Juana, your mother, her children, and specially my Capuchin. I hope all
+of you do the same for me that the Lord may secure me from all dangers
+among these naked and barbarous peoples. Let this be our mutual
+correspondence, and let God do the rest.
+
+"And that I may give your reverence some news of my destination, I beg
+your reverence to look on the maps of America. You will see in the
+shores of the South Sea, most improperly called Pacific, the Peninsula
+of California [Lower California]. I was there for a year in the capacity
+of President of the Missions already founded by the exiled Jesuit
+Fathers. Then followed north along the same coast and just a little
+before what is called Cabo Mendosino, you will find in some maps, the
+title or name the Port of Monte Rey.
+
+"There your uncle lives, among those poor people. There I went with the
+first Christians in 1770. There I sang the first Mass and there I have
+been in company with Fr. Juan Crespi until the latter part of August.
+Then I left for this college in order to transact some very important
+business with the Most Excellent Lord Viceroy concerning the maintenance
+and increase of those Christian settlements and the establishment of
+those already proposed and planned, or that may be planned.
+
+"Thanks to God, I have been kindly received and given close attention by
+His Excellency and he has granted me whatever I have asked of him; so,
+God helping, I hope for a quick and very extensive expansion and
+spreading of our Holy Faith and of the domains of our Catholic King.
+
+"In addition to one Mission where we spread Christianity in California
+[Lower California] which I called San Fernando de Vellixata, there are
+five already founded in that far off land; Monterey which said Padre
+Crespi and I administer, San Antonio de Padua, twenty-five leagues
+distant, with Padre President, Fr. Miguel Pieras and Fr. Buenaventura
+Sitjar; that of San Luis Obispo, twenty-five leagues farther away, where
+I placed two religious members of the Province of Catalonia, Padre
+Juncosa and Padre Cavallier, that of San Gabriel, seventy leagues
+farther away towards California [Lower California], for which I
+appointed one father from the Province of Los Angeles and another from
+that of Andalucia; and finally that of San Diego, which is the nearest
+to California [Lower California] though over one hundred leagues
+distant, and I appointed as ministers Padre Fr. Francisco Dumetz and
+Padre Fr. Luis Jaume. They are all working with earnestness and abundant
+fruit in their respective fields of labor.
+
+"When in 1769 I left California [Lower California], I appointed Padre
+Paloú President of the Missions there and I have not seen him since; but
+now these missions, formerly in charge of the Fathers of the Society of
+Jesus, are being turned over to the Dominican Fathers. So said Padre
+Paloú with others, will come to us in order to found the Missions of San
+Buenaventura, Santa Clara and San Francisco for which missions I have
+already there the ornaments, the sacred vessels, utensils and other
+necessary things.
+
+"The number of Christians in those places, where the name of Jesus had
+never been spoken, though there are some in all the Missions, still up
+to the present, is not very great; because while we have been very busy
+building our poor houses, little churches, teaching some children to be
+interpreters, and providing other necessary things, our efforts could
+not equal our ardent desires.
+
+"Now that things are going, and His Excellency has given, upon my
+request, various things of which we stood in the greatest need, I hope
+in God, we shall reap abundant fruits from our humble work. And I say
+that our work is so-so, such as it is, because, if I told you all we are
+doing, it might seem a great thing, when in reality, upon a closer view,
+it would seem very insignificant.
+
+"In spite of the cold, which is very intense in California, the lack of
+victuals, the poverty of our houses, I have been enjoying very good
+health, thanks be to God! But this trip to Mexico has been very hard on
+me. From the hardships of the journey, I arrived in the City of
+Guadalajara burning with fever. I was so sick and in such danger that
+the last Sacraments were administered to me a few days after.
+
+"As soon as the continual fever became intermittent, I continued my
+journey, and arrived in the city of Queretaro, again, so weak and sick,
+that fearing for my life, they administered to me the last Sacraments of
+the Church. Yet soon after I experienced a change for the better and
+finally I reached this Holy College on February 6th of this present
+year. I remained, however, for a long time exhausted, weak and without
+any ambition or appetite.
+
+"But now, blessed be God! I am restored and brought back to health, I am
+transacting the business for which I came, and feel ready to set out on
+my journey back to that vineyard of the Lord.
+
+"During my sickness in Queretaro, I was nursed with remarkable charity
+and diligence, by Padre Procurador Fr. Alexandro Llaneras, and soon
+after I arrived here, in this College of San Fernando, we heard of his
+death. He died of a serious fever. Death found him well prepared with
+all the Sacraments, assisted by Holy Communion, equipped with patience
+and entire conformity to the will of God, thus preaching to all with his
+example. I beg your reverence to pray for him.
+
+"It is only once a year that we can receive letters from and send them
+to, this College. And if we can only once a year receive and write a
+letter, is it surprising that we are so slow to write to those living in
+another world? However, if with the help of God, I safely arrive in
+California, I may drop you a letter telling at least of my arrival,
+should there be nothing of more importance to communicate to your
+reverence. Meanwhile, I send my best regards to your mother, my dearest
+sister, to my niece, and to all our brethren. Remember me to my beloved
+Dr. Onofre Verd, and to the other pupils of mine, friends and neighbors
+and acquaintances, specially to Fr. Rector de Selva, Dr. Jayme Font, and
+finally to all, not without the request that they pray to God, that His
+Divine Majesty deign, through His infinite mercy, to make me fit and
+worthy minister of His Divine Word, and grant me a holy and happy death.
+
+"From this Apostolic College de Propaganda Fide of San Fernando, Mexico,
+August 4, 1773.
+
+"May God keep your reverence for many years;
+"Most affectionate uncle, brother and servant.
+
+"Fr. Junipero Serra."
+
+
+
+[7] This letter was written by Junipero Serra soon after his arrival at
+the College of San Fernando, Mexico, on a business trip he made there
+four years after his coming to California. The letter was written to his
+nephew, also a priest, in Petra, Spain.
+
+
+
+The Meaning of California Missions
+
+
+
+By Right Rev. Bishop Conaty, of Los Angeles
+
+
+
+In the mission celebrations which occur in California from time to time,
+there are two views which men take--the this-world-view and the
+other-world-view. In either view the missions stand out gloriously. In
+the first, the builders, who were the padres, are beheld as practical
+men possessing fine artistic sense and creative genius. From the
+memories of old Spain and the elemental materials at hand, the forests,
+the soil and sunlight, they made the original picture-building which
+artists since have loved to paint, and poets loved to praise. From this
+same viewpoint the mission builders are seen as philanthropists who
+selected human materials as gross as the mud from which they made the
+adobe brick, and from these built up a civilization that was more
+wonderful than all the mission-edifices which remain as monuments to
+their altruistic efforts.
+
+But there is another view of the missions which must appeal especially
+to Catholics. Indeed it is natural to the farther-seeing Catholic eye.
+It is the other-world-view. It is the vision of souls. It is seen to
+have been the motive of every action of the master-builder padres. It is
+the reason for their exile here, the purpose of their sufferings, the
+object of their labor, the burden of their prayer, the spirit of their
+vocation, the poetry, art, architecture and music of their souls. The
+one aim in life was the salvation of souls.
+
+--The Monitor.
+
+
+
+Dances of Early California Times.
+
+
+
+The Spanish dances of early California times were the Contradanza,
+Quadrillas Españolas, Varsoviana, Jota Aragonesa, Bamba, Jarabe, Son,
+Zamacueca, and Fandango.
+
+With the exception of the first three, which are round dances, the
+dances are danced by two persons; the steps are very fancy, and for some
+castanets are used. It was customary after each change of step for the
+gentleman to recite a pretty little stanza complimentary to the lady,
+who in turn responded her refined appreciation also in verse, sometimes
+merely witty or comical rhymes were used. The music is very pleasing and
+lively.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Chimes of Mission Bells, by Maria Antonia Field
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHIMES OF MISSION BELLS ***
+
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