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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..77348f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #68855 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/68855) diff --git a/old/68855-0.txt b/old/68855-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 7c9f144..0000000 --- a/old/68855-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,6285 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Chattanooga Campaign, by Michael -Hendrick Fitch - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The Chattanooga Campaign - With especial reference to Wisconsin's participation therein - -Author: Michael Hendrick Fitch - -Release Date: August 28, 2022 [eBook #68855] - -Language: English - -Produced by: David E. Brown and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team - at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CHATTANOOGA -CAMPAIGN *** - - - - - -THE CHATTANOOGA CAMPAIGN - - - - -[Illustration: THE CHATTANOOGA CAMPAIGN - -Adapted from Fiske’s _The Mississippi Valley in the Civil War_, p. 260] - - - - - WISCONSIN HISTORY COMMISSION: ORIGINAL PAPERS, NO. 4 - - THE CHATTANOOGA CAMPAIGN - - With especial reference to Wisconsin’s - participation therein - - BY MICHAEL HENDRICK FITCH - - LIEUTENANT-COLONEL OF THE TWENTY-FIRST WISCONSIN INFANTRY - - BREVET COLONEL OF VOLUNTEERS, AUTHOR OF “ECHOES - OF THE CIVIL WAR AS I HEAR THEM” - - - WISCONSIN HISTORY COMMISSION - MARCH, 1911 - - - - - TWENTY-FIVE HUNDRED COPIES PRINTED - - Copyright, 1911 - THE WISCONSIN HISTORY COMMISSION - (in behalf of the State of Wisconsin) - - -Opinions or errors of fact on the part of the respective authors of the -Commission’s publications (whether Reprints or Original Narratives) -have not been modified or corrected by the Commission. For all -statements, of whatever character, the Author alone is responsible. - -DEMOCRAT PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTER - - - - -CONTENTS - - - PAGE - - WISCONSIN HISTORY COMMISSION ix - - INTRODUCTION xi - - THE CHATTANOOGA CAMPAIGN: - - Chapter I. The Preliminary Campaign 1 - Organization 11 - Organization of the Confederate Army 33 - The advance of the Union Army 39 - - Chapter II. The Chickamauga Campaign and Battle 51 - The Confederate line on September 20 95 - The Confederate attack upon the Union right 104 - Wisconsin troops at Chickamauga 126 - - Chapter III. The occupation and battles of Chattanooga 155 - The Battle of Lookout Mountain 194 - Wisconsin troops in the Battle of Missionary Ridge 225 - - INDEX 235 - - - - -MAPS - - - PAGE - - The Chattanooga Campaign _Frontispiece_ - - Chickamauga, September 19, 1863 82 - - Chickamauga, morning of September 20, 1863 98 - - The fatal order to Wood, at Chickamauga 112 - - Chickamauga, evening of September 20, 1863 114 - - Chattanooga and Vicinity, November, 1863 194 - - - - -WISCONSIN HISTORY COMMISSION - - - (Organized under the provisions of Chapter 298, Laws of 1905, as - amended by Chapter 378, Laws of 1907 and Chapter 445, Laws of 1909) - - -FRANCIS E. McGOVERN - _Governor of Wisconsin_ - -CHARLES E. ESTABROOK - _Representing Department of Wisconsin, Grand Army of the Republic_ - -REUBEN G. THWAITES - _Superintendent of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin_ - -CARL RUSSELL FISH - _Professor of American History in the University of Wisconsin_ - -MATTHEW S. DUDGEON - _Secretary of the Wisconsin Library Commission_ - - _Chairman_, COMMISSIONER ESTABROOK - _Secretary and Editor_, COMMISSIONER THWAITES - _Committee on Publications_, COMMISSIONERS THWAITES AND FISH - - - - -INTRODUCTION - - -After the battle of Gettysburg in the East, and the siege of Vicksburg -in the West, attention was riveted during the later summer and autumn -of 1863 on the campaign around Chattanooga. Seated on the heights along -the southern border of Tennessee, that city commanded highways running -through the very heart of the Confederacy. The result at Gettysburg -had demonstrated that no Southern army could invade the North; the -Union victory at Vicksburg determined that the Mississippi should run -unhindered to the sea. The battles of Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, -and Missionary Ridge not only decided that Kentucky and Tennessee -should remain in the Union, but they opened the way for Sherman’s -advance on Atlanta and his March to the Sea, which cut the Confederacy -in two and made Lee’s surrender a necessity. - -The War between the States saw no more stubborn fighting than raged -on September 19th and 20th around the old Cherokee stronghold of -Chickamauga. Two months later, occurred the three days’ battle around -the hill city of Chattanooga. In all these events, the citizen soldiers -of Wisconsin played a conspicuous part, which is herein described by a -participant and student of these famous contests. In these battles the -reputations of officers were made and unmade, and from them emerged -the great generals who were to carry the Union arms to complete -victory--Thomas, Sherman, Sheridan, and Grant. - -Colonel Fitch, the author of this volume, began his service July 16, -1861, as Sergeant-Major of the Sixth Wisconsin; he was commissioned -First-Lieutenant in October following, and in the succeeding April -was appointed Adjutant of the Twenty-first; he became, in succession, -Major and Lieutenant-Colonel of that regiment, and in March, 1865, was -brevetted Colonel of Volunteers “for gallant and meritorious services -during the war.” He served chiefly with the Army of Potomac, Army -of Virginia, Army of Ohio, and Army of Cumberland. He commanded his -regiment from July 1, 1864; and on the March to the Sea; and in the -Carolinas headed a wing of the brigade, consisting of the Twenty-first -Wisconsin, the Forty-second Indiana, and the One Hundred-and-fourth -Illinois. Later, he was assigned to the command of the Second Brigade -of the Fourteenth Army Corps. He now lives at Pueblo, Colorado. - -The maps illustrating the text are adaptations from John Fiske’s _The -Mississippi Valley in the Civil War_ (Boston, 1900), which we are -permitted to use through the generosity of the publishers, Houghton -Mifflin Company. - -The Commission is also under obligations to the editorial staff of the -Wisconsin Historical Society for having seen the volume through the -press. The index was compiled by Dr. Louise Phelps Kellogg, a member of -that staff; the proof-reading has been the work chiefly of Misses Annie -A. Nunns and Daisy G. Beecroft. - - R. G. T. - WISCONSIN HISTORICAL LIBRARY - MARCH, 1911 - - - - -The Chattanooga Campaign - - - - -CHAPTER I - -_The Preliminary Campaign_ - - -The Union Army of the Cumberland, commanded by Major-General William -S. Rosecrans, was, in June, 1863, encamped at Murfreesboro, Tennessee, -thirty-two miles south of Nashville. It had been lying here since -January 5, 1863, having marched from the adjacent field of Stone’s -River. The Confederate Army of the Tennessee, was, at the same time, -in camp near Tullahoma, forty miles south of Murfreesboro. The -Confederates had been defeated at Stone’s River, and had fallen back to -Tullahoma at the same time the Union forces had taken up their camp at -Murfreesboro. - -I will designate the campaign of the latter army, beginning on June -23, 1863, by marching from Murfreesboro, as the “Chattanooga Campaign -of 1863.” The various engagements in that campaign, beginning with -Hoover’s[1] and Liberty gaps[2] on June 24, down to that of Missionary -Ridge, at Chattanooga, on November 25, are incidents of that campaign, -and necessary parts of it. A description of the campaign immediately -preceding, which started when General Rosecrans assumed command of the -army of the Cumberland at Bowling Green, Kentucky, in October, 1862, -and ended with the victory of the Union forces in the battle of Stone’s -River, and the occupation of Murfreesboro--would give a preliminary -historical setting. - -In fact, a full history of the Chattanooga campaign may well include -the entire movements of the army under General Buell, from October -1, 1862, when it marched out of Louisville, Kentucky, in pursuit of -Bragg’s army. The latter was then supposed to be in the vicinity of -Frankfort, the capital of that State, engaged in the inglorious -occupation of coercing the legislature to pass an ordinance of -secession. It was also trying to recruit its ranks from the young -citizens of Kentucky, and was restocking its commissary from the rich -farms of the blue-grass region. Buell found it, on October 8, at -Perryville, seventy-five miles southeast of Louisville. He drove it out -of Kentucky, and then marched to Bowling Green, on the railroad between -Louisville and Nashville, where in the same month he was superseded, as -commander, by Rosecrans. - -The Atlanta campaign, immediately following that of -Chattanooga--beginning on May 4, 1864, and ending in the capture of -Atlanta on September 8 of that year--gives a subsequent historical -setting: a connection in time as well as in space, to the operations -of the Army of the Cumberland in 1863. By referring to these several -important military campaigns of the war, the reader may obtain a -synchronous perspective of the most important events in the Middle -West, in the department occupied by that army. - -A larger setting can be given to this campaign for the capture of -Chattanooga, by framing it into the two military fields of the -Potomac on the east, and the Tennessee on the west. The Army of the -Potomac was opposed to General Lee’s forces. It operated generally -between Washington, D. C., and Richmond, Virginia, the latter being -the objective. At the time the Army of the Cumberland marched out of -Murfreesboro, Lee had taken advantage of the defeat of the army under -Hooker from May 1 to 3, 1863, at Chancellorsville, Virginia, and -invaded Maryland and Pennsylvania. He was decisively defeated in the -battle of Gettysburg, on July 3 following, by Major-General George C. -Meade, which closed his campaigning into the North. The old field north -of Richmond was reoccupied by the Army of the Potomac, then in command -of Meade, as successor to Hooker. It was the latter who, in October, -brought the Eleventh and Twelfth corps from the Army of the Potomac to -the Army of the Cumberland, at Chattanooga. - -On the west of the Army of the Cumberland, was the field of the Army -of the Tennessee. Its task was the opening of the Mississippi River. -At this time, General U. S. Grant was in command, and had his army -at Vicksburg. That stronghold surrendered to him on July 4. Thus the -great river was opened. This left the greater part of the Army of -the Tennessee free to cooperate in the autumn with the Army of the -Cumberland in the battles around Chattanooga; and from that date to -assist in the Atlanta campaign, and the March to the Sea, the following -year. - -It will thus be seen that victory crowned all three of the great -armies during the time of the Chattanooga campaign. The confidence and -discipline of the Union forces, increased at this time; the discovery, -by the governing powers at Washington, of those of the general officers -who displayed the most ability; the placing of such officers in the -command of the Union armies; and the gradual weakening of the secession -armies, were the principal factors contributing to the final end of -the war. The resulting campaigns of 1864 and the early part of 1865, -sufficed to crush the most powerful rebellion in history. - -During its long occupancy of Murfreesboro, the Army of the Cumberland -had been somewhat recruited; its equipment was restored to its former -condition; and it had also been very much improved, as well as -reorganized. During this time the formidable Fortress Rosecrans was -built at Murfreesboro, so that a small force might continue to hold the -place after the army moved on. This fort proved of great value during -the Hood campaign against Franklin and Nashville, in November and -December, 1864. Nashville had to be permanently occupied. In fact, the -line of railway running from Louisville through Kentucky and Tennessee -to Chattanooga, through Bowling Green, Nashville, Murfreesboro, -Tullahoma, and Bridgeport, formed the line for carrying supplies, as -well as the line of operations. This line, about three hundred and -forty miles long, had to be defended and kept open, as the Union Army -advanced. As part of it--if not the whole--lying in southern Kentucky -and Tennessee, was in the enemy’s country, it was necessary to build -and man as the army advanced, a line of forts and block houses, for the -protection of this railroad from Nashville to Chattanooga. - -By glancing at a good map, the reader can see the immense difficulty -involved in the maintenance and defense of this line of supplies -consisting of but a single-track railroad. The task required the -services of about a fourth of the entire army. The field of operations -contained no navigable rivers parallel with the line of advance, upon -which gunboats might assist the army in its conflicts with the enemy, -and by which the railroad could be assisted in carrying supplies. -Two somewhat important streams traversed the field, or rather ran at -right angles to it--the Cumberland, on which Nashville is located; -and the Tennessee, flowing past Chattanooga. These run westward from -the Cumberland Mountains, and for very small craft plying for limited -distances only, were navigable within the field of the Army of the -Cumberland. But they were of practically no use to the Union Army, -except at Chattanooga after its occupation--when for a time, supplies -were thus transported from Bridgeport and Stevenson pending the -repairing of the railway from those places. There were also two smaller -streams in southern Tennessee, running at right angles to the line of -operation, called the Duck and the Elk. It was necessary that the -Union commander consider these in his advance from Murfreesboro, for -they were fordable only in places, and not even there when floods were -rampant. They were bridged on the main wagon roads, but these bridges -were easily destroyed by the enemy. In its campaigns from Louisville, -Kentucky, to Chattanooga, the Army of the Cumberland did not have any -assistance from the navy. - -In this sketch, it is not necessary to give a tedious account of the -most difficult natural obstacles, such as streams, mountains, and -distances. These are apparent upon the study of any good map. But -mention must be made, that the Union Army faced a chain of mountains -lying between it and Chattanooga, at the northwestern edge of which -then lay the Confederate Army. This is the plateau of the Cumberland -Mountains, extending in a southwest direction from West Virginia to -northern Alabama, and covering what is known as East Tennessee. This -plateau is about 2,200 feet above tidewater. - -Chattanooga is the commercial gateway through which run both the -Tennessee River and the railways from north, east, and south. It -lies near the junction of the boundary line between Alabama and -Georgia, with the south line of Tennessee, at the eastern edge of the -Cumberland Mountains, where the Tennessee River, flowing westward, cuts -through the range. It is in a direct southeast line from Nashville. -The occupation of Chattanooga by the Union Army cut the Confederacy -asunder. Hence, the struggle for this position became a fierce one. It -cost both sides strenuous campaigns, an immense number of lives, and -the destruction of an incalculable amount of property. Its possession -by a Union Army was an inhibition of any serious Confederate invasion -into Middle Tennessee or Kentucky. The object of the Chattanooga -campaign was, therefore, the capture of that city; and ultimately, the -destruction of the Confederate Army. Should the capture of the city -be accomplished, but the army of the Confederate escape, Chattanooga -could be made the sub-base of a new campaign, which would effectually -dismember the Confederacy, and greatly hasten its downfall. Such was -the Union theory, and this actually occurred. - -Followed by the “March to the Sea,” the Atlanta campaign dismembered -the enemy’s domain and made possible the end of the war. Lee’s -surrender would not have occurred at the time it did (April, 1865), -if the homes of his soldiers in the Carolinas, Georgia, Tennessee, -and Alabama had not been invaded by the Western armies of the Union; -and his rear threatened by Sherman’s troops. These results were made -possible only by the capture and continued possession of Chattanooga. - -After Sherman had marched through Georgia and South Carolina, and -penetrated North Carolina, with a large part of the old Army of the -Cumberland and troops from other armies, thousands of Lee’s army -deserted, and lined the roads leading back to their homes. When -captured and paroled, as they were in immense numbers, by Sherman’s -“bummers,” they invariably said that they left Lee when Richmond was -abandoned; and would not longer fight for a Confederacy that could -not defend their homes. Love of home is greater than love of country; -unless the state or nation can protect the homes from invasion and -desecration, there is little incentive for its volunteers to fight for -the abstract principles of patriotism. - -A description of the contour of the field, from Murfreesboro to the -Chickamauga, would be only an interminable and profitless account; it -being a tangle of flat and rolling land, from Murfreesboro to the gaps -in the first hills, where the enemy was met; and thenceforth steep -mountains and deep valleys. But the grand strategy subsequently adopted -by Rosecrans, depended so entirely upon this contour, that when each -separate movement or battle shall hereafter be described, a somewhat -minute account of the country contiguous to that particular military -event will be given. - - -ORGANIZATION - -After the battle of Stone’s River and while lying at Murfreesboro, the -Army of the Cumberland was reorganized. As previously stated, Rosecrans -joined it as the successor of Buell, at Bowling Green, in October, -1862. Stone’s River was the army’s first battle under Rosecrans. In -that, the army was called the Fourteenth Corps, Department of the -Cumberland; and it was divided into three divisions--the centre, right, -and left wings. General George H. Thomas commanded the centre, General -Alexander McD. McCook the right, and General Thomas L. Crittenden -the left. In the new organization, the command was called the Army -of the Cumberland, and divided into three corps, the Fourteenth, the -Twentieth, and the Twenty-first. Thomas was assigned to the command of -the Fourteenth, General McCook to the Twentieth, and Crittenden to the -Twenty-first. - -Rosecrans came to the Army of the Cumberland with considerable -prestige. He was then forty-three years old, having graduated from West -Point in 1842. As brigadier-general he had gained the battle of Rich -Mountain, Virginia, in July, 1861; won the battle of Carnifex Ferry, -Virginia, in September of the same year; as commander of the Army of -the Mississippi was victorious in the battles of Iuka in September, -1862, and of Corinth in October following. He came to the Army of the -Cumberland with a record of unbroken successes behind him. He was -genial, and had untiring industry. His heart and head were devoted -to the Union cause. His troops saw him frequently. He was a lover of -approbation, and had the confidence of his generals, and the love of -his rank and file. The men affectionately nicknamed him “Old Rosy,” and -that was his usual cognomen with the whole army. He was a strategist of -high order. A study of his Chattanooga campaign will show his eminent -ability, in so maneuvering as to compel the enemy to fight in the open. -When an engagement was thus brought on, and the actual combat occurred, -he lacked (in those which he fought with the Army of the Cumberland) -the proper supervision of his line of battle. He too implicitly relied -upon his subordinates. During the whole of the Chattanooga campaign -his strategy was of the first order; but at both Stone’s River and -Chickamauga, the right of his line was too attenuated; in both -engagements, disaster occurred to this part of his troops. - -The chief of staff to Rosecrans was General James A. Garfield, who was -then thirty-one years old, brainy and very energetic. Although not a -graduate of West Point, he was possessed of decided military instincts. -Before the war he was an instructor in, and later president of, Hiram -College, Ohio; and later was a member of the Ohio Senate. Entering the -army as lieutenant-colonel of an Ohio regiment, he defeated Humphrey -Marshall in the battle of Middle Creek, Eastern Kentucky, January 10, -1862, and was that year promoted to be a brigadier-general. Able and -conscientious as an officer, he was perhaps rather too democratic and -academic to become a typical soldier. He became very nervous at the -delay in moving from Murfreesboro, and instituted an inquiry into -the reasons, both for and against an earlier advance on Tullahoma. A -majority of the subordinate generals in the Army of the Cumberland -supported General Rosecrans in his delay. Later on, notice will be -taken of Garfield’s service in the battle of Chickamauga, and his -retirement to a seat in Congress. - -Next to Rosecrans, the most important figure among the subordinate -commanders was Thomas. He was then forty-seven years old, and a -graduate of West Point in 1840. Between that time and the Civil War, -he served in the war with Mexico, and against the Indians in the West. -At the beginning of the War between the States he was major of the -Second Cavalry, of which Albert Sidney Johnston was colonel, Robert -E. Lee lieutenant-colonel, and William J. Hardee senior major. Thomas -was the only field officer of that regiment who remained loyal to -the Union. He was commissioned colonel of the regiment, reorganized -it, and during the first battle of Bull Run served in General -Patterson’s detachment, in the Shenandoah Valley. He was commissioned -brigadier-general in August, 1861, and was sent to Kentucky to serve -in the then Army of the Ohio (afterwards the Army of the Cumberland), -under General Robert Anderson of Fort Sumter fame. Thomas organized -the first real little army of that department at camp Dick Robinson, -Kentucky, between Danville and Lexington; and in January, 1862, with -this force defeated the Confederate troops under Zollicoffer, at Mill -Springs, Kentucky, on the Cumberland River. This force and this place -were then the extreme right of the Confederate line of defense, of -which Forts Donelson and Henry, in Tennessee, and Paducah, Kentucky, -constituted the left. This line was fortified, and extended through -Bowling Green. A month after General Thomas had turned its right at -Mill Springs, General Grant also turned its left, by capturing both -Forts Donelson and Henry. This necessitated the establishment of a new -Confederate line farther south, the evacuation of Kentucky, and the -eventual loss to the Confederates of Middle Tennessee. Just before the -battle of Perryville, Kentucky, the President offered General Thomas, -on September 29, 1862, the command of the Army of the Cumberland at -Louisville, but he declined it. Buell was in command of the army during -the battle of Perryville; after which he was superseded by Rosecrans. -Thomas was a soldier, pure and simple, having never resigned from the -army after his graduation from the Military Academy. He had shown great -ability in the recent battle of Stone’s River, as well as in every -position in which he was placed, prior to that battle. It will be -seen, further on, what important movements he directed in the battle -of Chickamauga, which saved the Army of the Cumberland from imminent -disaster. - -General McCook, who commanded the Twentieth Corps, belonged to the -younger class of West Point graduates, of which General Sheridan was -a type. He graduated in 1853, and was thirty-two years old in April, -1863. He was a handsome man, of striking presence, and commanded with -some dramatic effect. - -General Crittenden, commanding the Twenty-first Corps, was then a year -older than Rosecrans--forty-four years. He was not a graduate of West -Point, but had served as a volunteer in the Mexican War. He was a son -of U. S. Senator John J. Crittenden, of Kentucky. - -The Fourteenth Corps was made up of four divisions. These were -commanded respectively by Major-General Lovell H. Rousseau, -Major-General James S. Negley, Brigadier-General John M. Brannan, and -Major-General Joseph J. Reynolds. Each of these divisions contained -three brigades, and three light field batteries. The brigades were -generally composed of four regiments, but sometimes of five. - -The Twentieth Corps contained three divisions, commanded respectively -by Brigadier-General Jefferson C. Davis, Brigadier-General Richard W. -Johnson, and Major-General Philip H. Sheridan. These were made up of -brigades of four and five regiments of infantry and three batteries of -artillery. - -The Twenty-first Corps likewise was organized into three divisions, -commanded by Brigadier-General Thomas J. Wood, Major-General John M. -Palmer, and Brigadier-General Horatio P. Van Cleve, each with three -brigades and several batteries. The artillery of each division of the -army was commanded by a chief of artillery. - -All of the cavalry were organized into a separate corps, commanded -by Major-General David S. Stanley. This was divided into two -divisions; the First was composed of two brigades, and commanded by -Brigadier-General Robert B. Mitchell; the Second, also of two brigades, -was commanded at first by Brigadier-General John B. Turchin. Prior to -the battle of Chickamauga, Turchin was assigned to an infantry brigade. -These cavalry brigades were much larger than the infantry brigades, for -they contained five or six regiments. Generally there was a battery -attached to each brigade of cavalry. - -On June 8, 1863, a reserve corps was organized, with Major-General -Gordon Granger in command. It contained three divisions, commanded by -Brigadier-General James D. Morgan, Brigadier-General Robert S. Granger, -and Brigadier-General Absalom Baird, respectively. The last-named was -afterwards transferred to the First Division, Fourteenth Corps, being -succeeded by General James B. Steedman. It was the duty of this reserve -corps to guard the communications in the rear of the army; but it was -also subject, in emergency, to be ordered to the front, as will be seen -further on--for example, when General Granger with three brigades, -marched from Bridgeport, Alabama, to Rossville Gap, Georgia, and -assisted very greatly in the battle of September 20, at Chickamauga. -In this reserve corps should also be included certain miscellaneous -troops, scattered in forts along the line of the Louisville & -Chattanooga railroad, such as Nashville, Clarksville, and Gallatin, -Tennessee. At this time Colonel Benjamin J. Sweet of the Twenty-first -Wisconsin Infantry was in command of the forces at Gallatin. He had -been wounded severely in the battle of Perryville, Kentucky, on October -8, 1862, and was not able to endure active service at the front. - -The First Brigade of the Third Division, reserve corps, was stationed -at Fort Donelson, Tennessee, and commanded by Colonel William P. Lyon, -of the Thirteenth Wisconsin Infantry, that regiment being a part -of the garrison. The First Wisconsin Cavalry, commanded by Colonel -Oscar H. LaGrange, was attached to the Second Brigade of the First -Division of the cavalry corps. Captain Lucius H. Drury, of the Third -Wisconsin Battery, was chief of artillery to the Third Division of the -Twenty-first Corps. - -This organization of the Army of the Cumberland remained substantially -the same, until after the battle of Chickamauga. Sometime in the latter -part of July, or first part of August, General Rousseau received -leave of absence, and General Absalom Baird was assigned on August 24 -to command the First Division of the Fourteenth Corps in his stead. -Baird remained in command of this division until after the battle of -Chickamauga, when Major-General Lovell H. Rousseau again took the -command. Rousseau was a loyal Kentuckian, who at the very beginning of -hostilities had raised a regiment for the service of the Union. He was -then forty-five years old and had served in the Mexican War. He was a -spectacular officer of great bravery, who is entitled to much credit -for his unflinching devotion to the Union, under circumstances which -made other men desert our cause. - -Major-General John M. Palmer of Illinois, a lawyer of eminence in his -State, was an officer of more than usual ability. He was not a West -Point graduate, and was forty-six years old. - -General Granger was then forty-two years old, a graduate of West Point -in the class of 1845, and had fought in the Mexican War. It will be -noticed that many of the general officers of the Army of the Cumberland -served in the Mexican War. The experience they then acquired in the -field, in actual campaigning, and by some of them in actual battle, -undoubtedly served to give to the Army of the Cumberland much of its -_esprit de corps_, and its general success in winning battles and -in holding the territory over which it marched. General Granger was -an unusually able and gallant officer. Later on, it will be told -what important service he rendered General Thomas in the battle of -Chickamauga. - -Major-General Philip H. Sheridan was then thirty-two years old. He -graduated at West Point, rather low in his class, in 1853. At the -outbreak of the war he was promoted to a captaincy. In May, 1862, -he was commissioned colonel of cavalry in the volunteer service, -and brigadier-general of volunteers July 1, 1862, being made a -major-general on December 31, 1862. He had commanded a division in the -battle of Perryville, Kentucky, in October, 1862, and was at Stone’s -River December 31, 1862, to January 3, 1863. He is entitled to this -special notice more for what he became, than for what he had done prior -to the Chattanooga campaign. He had as yet shown no extraordinary -ability as a commander. His age was the same as that of his corps -commander, General McCook, and they graduated in the same class at West -Point. - -Generals Absalom Baird, John M. Brannan, Jefferson C. Davis, Thomas J. -Wood, R. W. Johnson, and David S. Stanley were all officers of the old -regular army, soldiers by profession, whose minds were not distracted -from their duties in the field by politics or academic proclivities. -They were brave and always at the front, working for success with -military spirit. All of them served faithfully until the close of the -war. Davis, Wood, and Stanley afterwards commanded corps--commanded -them ably and with notably unassuming manners. There was no taint about -these officers of “playing to the galleries.” They were not expecting -applause, and did their work without brass bands or reporters to sound -their achievements to the country. Such were the officers of this great -central army. - -What of the musket bearers? Who were they? Where did they come from? -Were they soldiers by profession or merely citizens in arms for a -special purpose? I have already said that very many of the general -officers of the Army of the Cumberland were of the regular army. The -United States regular army was represented only, however, by one -brigade of the regular troops, namely, the Third Brigade of the First -Division of the Fourteenth Corps, commanded by Brigadier-General -John H. King. Thus almost the entire rank and file of the army were -volunteers. The regiments were filled and officered by the executives -of the different states. The men were mustered into the service of the -General Government as volunteers for three years or during the war. -These volunteers were citizens of the states, and each company elected -its officers among those who had originally enlisted as privates. The -musket bearers were men from all callings in life--farmers, mechanics, -merchants, teachers, students, and laborers. They were the voters -who made up the political divisions of the townships, counties, and -states, whose ultimate power lay in their voting franchise which they -shared with the men, who--for various reasons--remained at their homes -during the war. The volunteer-regiments which composed the Army of -the Cumberland were mostly from the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, -Michigan, Kentucky, Wisconsin, and Minnesota; Pennsylvania had three -infantry and two cavalry regiments; Missouri had two regiments, and -Kansas one; Tennessee was represented by several regiments. The great -bulk of the troops came, however, from the states north of the Ohio -River--the Northwest Territory. No drafted men in the army partook -in the Chattanooga Campaign of 1863. These volunteers sought the -service and understood what it involved. Very few of them knew what -regimentation meant, and the great majority had never before handled -a musket. But they were young and teachable. They readily learned the -drill, and became good marksmen. These soldiers realized very soon -that a clean musket, plenty of ammunition, and obedience to orders, -composed the military moral code of efficiency. By the laws of their -states, they were entitled to vote for officers and affairs at home, -and to have their votes counted, just as if they had been cast at home. -The soldiers received during the prolonged war as many furloughs -as were compatible with the exigencies at the front, and thus they -were occasionally enabled to visit the folks at home during their -strenuous service. The intelligence of the private soldier was often -superior to that of his officer. Nevertheless he obeyed faithfully -that officer’s commands, because he fully understood that discipline -could be maintained only by implicit obedience and the object of his -service, viz: the suppression of a rebellion be accomplished. Many of -these volunteers enlisted directly from the public schools, which they -were attending. They had been taught the history of their country; how -its independence from the tyranny of a foreign power had been gained -by the valor and patriotism of Washington and his volunteers, that -by the discipline and perseverance of the revolutionary soldiers the -sovereignty of a foreign king had been transferred to the citizens -of their native land; that a new foe was now trying to dismember the -nation, and that the corner stone of the Union was the principle, -that all power is derived from the people. These volunteers were -convinced that no power had the right to protect the maintenance and -perpetuation of slavery. They were soldiers therefore until the Union -was re-established; and they tacitly resolved to fight until slavery -was abolished. Such was the personnel of the Army of the Cumberland. - -Wisconsin was well and ably represented in this army by the following -organizations, viz: The First, Tenth, Fifteenth, Twenty-first, and -Twenty-fourth volunteer infantry; the First Cavalry; and the Third, -Fifth, and Eighth light batteries. - -The First Wisconsin Infantry was a noted regiment in more than one -way. It served as the only three-months regiment from Wisconsin, and -was organized under President Lincoln’s first call for 75,000 men. It -was mustered out after the ninety days’ service August 21, 1861, and -reorganized under the second call for three years’ service. This second -mustering was completed October 19, 1861. The regiment proceeded from -Milwaukee to Louisville, Kentucky, and the volunteers served during -the next three years in the Army of the Cumberland. It was active in -various parts of Tennessee during the first year of its service, -marching as far as Bridgeport, Alabama, to which place it returned -during the campaign of Tullahoma. John C. Starkweather was its first -colonel. He was made commander of the brigade when it was reorganized -at Murfreesboro, and Lieutenant-Colonel George B. Bingham commanded the -regiment. This regiment had fought in both the battles of Perryville -and Stone’s River. It was assigned to the Second Brigade of the First -Division of the Fourteenth Corps. - -The Tenth Wisconsin Infantry was mustered into the service October 14, -1861, at Milwaukee. Alfred R. Chapin was its first colonel. Proceeding -to Louisville, Kentucky, it became part of the future Army of the -Cumberland, and advanced with General O. M. Mitchell’s forces to -Stevenson and Huntsville, Alabama, in the spring and summer of 1862. -The regiment returned to Louisville in September with Buell’s army -and engaged in the battles of Perryville and Stone’s River. When the -reorganization at Murfreesboro took place this regiment became a part -of Scribner’s Brigade of Rousseau’s Division of the Fourteenth Corps. -Almost side by side with the First and Twenty-first infantries, it -took part in all engagements. - -The Fifteenth Wisconsin Infantry was a Scandinavian regiment, and its -first colonel was Hans C. Heg. It was mustered into the service on -February 14, 1862, at Madison. It had taken part in the siege of Island -Number Ten. It did not join the Army of the Cumberland until just -before the battle of Perryville, in which it took active part, as in -the battle of Stone’s River. In the reorganization at Murfreesboro, it -became a part of the Third Brigade--and was commanded by its colonel, -Hans C. Heg, of the First Division, Twentieth Corps. - -The Twenty-first Wisconsin Infantry was organized at Oshkosh, in -August, 1862, and on September 11, 1862, it joined the Army of the -Cumberland at Louisville, Kentucky. Benjamin J. Sweet was its first -colonel; he was so severely wounded in the battle of Perryville as -to be disabled for further field service. This regiment was brigaded -with the First Wisconsin Infantry at Louisville, and served also in -the battles of Perryville and Stone’s River. At the time of the -reorganization at Murfreesboro it was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel -Harrison C. Hobart, and it was assigned to the Second Brigade of the -First Division of the Fourteenth Corps. - -The Twenty-fourth Wisconsin Infantry was mustered into the service -at Milwaukee, August 21, 1862. It proceeded to Louisville, where it -became a part of the Army of the Cumberland. This regiment engaged in -the battles of Perryville and Stone’s River, and was assigned to the -First Brigade, Third Division, Twentieth Corps in the reorganization at -Murfreesboro; its commander was Lieutenant-Colonel Theodore S. West. - -The First Wisconsin Cavalry was mustered into the service at Kenosha, -on March 8, 1862, with Edward Daniels as its first colonel. It was -sent to Benton Barracks, near St. Louis. There and in various parts of -Missouri its first year of service was performed. On June 14, 1863, -at Nashville, it was made a part of the Army of the Cumberland, with -which it was from that time identified until the close of its service. -This regiment’s activity in the Tullahoma campaign, the Chickamauga -campaign, and in pursuit of Confederate cavalry in the Sequatchie -Valley on October 2, 1863, and along the line of communication during -the battles around Chattanooga is mentioned in more appropriate places, -relating to the general movements of the army. It was commanded by -Colonel Oscar H. LaGrange, and assigned to the Second Brigade, First -Division, Cavalry Corps, during the reorganization. - -The Third Wisconsin Light Battery was mustered into the service at -Racine, Wisconsin, October 10, 1861. Lucius H. Drury was its first -captain. The regiment went first to Louisville, then to Nashville, -whence it marched with Buell’s army in order to reinforce General Grant -at Shiloh. It was engaged in the battles of Perryville and Stone’s -River. The regiment was assigned to the Third Brigade, Third Division -of the Twenty-first Corps, and was commanded by Lieutenant Courtland -Livingston. - -The Fifth Wisconsin Battery was mustered into the service at Racine, -October 1, 1861. Oscar F. Pinney was its first captain. March 16, -1862, it arrived at St. Louis. Afterwards it proceeded to New Madrid, -Missouri (on the Mississippi River), and became a part of General John -Pope’s army, in the reduction of Island Number Ten. It was also active -at the siege of Corinth, and marched about two hundred miles from Iuka, -Mississippi, to Nashville, Tennessee, where the regiment joined the -forces of General Buell. On the northward march in September, 1862, -these forces engaged in the battles of Perryville and Stone’s River; -the service of the Fifth Wisconsin Battery was of the most active and -valuable kind. It was commanded by Captain George Q. Gardner, and was -assigned to the First Brigade, First Division, of the Twentieth Corps. - -The Eighth Wisconsin Battery was mustered into the service on January -8, 1862, and moved to St. Louis on March 8, 1862. Its first captain -was Stephen J. Carpenter. It formed a part of the force that moved to -Forts Leavenworth and Riley, Kansas, in April and May, 1862, whence it -moved to Columbus, Kentucky, and finally took part in the campaign at -Corinth and Iuka, Mississippi. From there it marched to Nashville, and -Louisville, engaging in the battles of Perryville and Stone’s River. It -was commanded by John D. McLean, lieutenant, and was assigned to the -Third Brigade, First Division of the Twentieth Corps. - - -ORGANIZATION OF THE CONFEDERATE ARMY - -The Confederate Army which confronted the Army of the Cumberland on -June 24, 1863, was officially called the Army of the Tennessee. It was -divided into four corps--two of infantry and two of cavalry. General -Leonidas Polk commanded one infantry corps, and General William J. -Hardee the other. The cavalry corps were commanded by General Joseph -Wheeler, and General N. B. Forrest. In addition to the artillery, -attached to the regular corps, there was also a reserve artillery. In -General Bragg’s return of the “aggregate present” of his army in the -field on June 20, 1863, his figures are 55,070. His reserve troops were -not included in this statement; they were scattered throughout the -districts of Tennessee and northern Alabama. - -At this same date the return of the Army of the Cumberland was 71,409 -of all arms--exclusive of the reserve corps--as “aggregate present.” -It will be noticed later on, that the Confederates greatly increased -their numbers prior to the battle of Chickamauga, but that the Union -Army received no reinforcements; on the contrary, it lost heavily by -sickness as the army advanced. - -General Bragg was at that time forty-six years old. He had -distinguished himself in the Mexican War. He commanded the Confederate -Army in both the battles of Perryville and Stone’s River. He did not -win either of these, having in both of them abandoned the field to the -Union forces. - -Perhaps the most distinguished officer in Bragg’s army was -Major-General John C. Breckenridge. He was more distinguished, however, -as a politician, than as a military leader. He was forty-two years old. -Before the war he had been a member of Congress, vice-president of the -United States, and in 1860 the presidential candidate of the Southern -democrats. At the breaking out of the war, he was a United States -Senator from Kentucky. He was a Confederate officer at Shiloh in April, -1862, and commanded the right wing of the Southern forces at Stone’s -River. - -General Leonidas Polk was fifty-seven years old in 1863. He was a -bishop of the Episcopal church. He graduated from West Point in 1827, -but resigned his commission in the army in the same year. He entered -the Confederate Army as a major-general, but was soon promoted to -lieutenant-general. - -General William J. Hardee was forty-seven years old at this time. -He graduated from West Point in the class of 1838. He served with -distinction in the Mexican War. He entered the Confederate service -as colonel, commanded a corps at Shiloh in 1862; was appointed -lieutenant-general in October, 1862; and commanded the left wing of the -Southern Army at Perryville. - -General Simon Bolivar Buckner, another officer in the Confederate Army, -was forty years old, and a West Pointer. He surrendered Fort Donelson -to General Grant in February, 1862. - -Of the two Confederate cavalry commanders, General Nathan B. Forrest -was by far the greater. He was a rough, uneducated man, but of great -force as a partisan leader. When Lord Wolseley was at the head of the -British Army, he said of Forrest that he was the ablest cavalry leader -that was produced by our War between the States. He was personally -brave, possessed a fine physique, and had sufficient magnetism to -inspire the soldiers of his command to great activity and endurance. -During the war twenty-nine horses were shot under him, and he took -active part in thirty-one encounters, it has been stated. He was -wounded several times. - -The rank and file of the Confederates were made up of the citizens -of the Southern states, in much the same manner that the Union -Army was composed of Northern citizens. They fought with a certain -fanaticism, for what they deemed their rights. It is singular, that -at the beginning of the war, so universal a desire to dissolve the -Union seized the great majority of the white people of the South, -although they might not be slave owners. They made most efficient -soldiers and suffered many hardships, unknown to the soldiers of the -Union Army. The martial temperament, inherited as well as acquired -through personal habits, was more predominant in the South than in the -North. The Southerners lived largely a country-life before the war; -they rode horseback, hunted with hounds, and had become more familiar -with firearms than the Northerners. The practice of duelling continued -longer with them than with the men of the North, who were not as -fiery tempered as those of the South. These traits made them soldiers -by nature; they liked to serve in the field, and were therefore -difficult to conquer. They seemed more lithe and active, than the -staid volunteers from the colder North. They have claimed, that they -were largely outnumbered; that is true in the aggregate, but not so -true on the firing line. The battles of Stone’s River and Chickamauga -illustrate these facts. The numbers in both armies were quite evenly -matched. During the last year of this war there was little difference -in the fighting qualities of the veteran regiments on both sides. The -rebellion was put down according to the rules of warfare, and whatever -that result may have cost in numbers, it was worth the price. Not every -revolt against authoritative power has been suppressed by superior -numbers, not even that of the thirteen colonies against England’s. -At first, the power of England seemed so overwhelming, that scarcely -any one expected that colonial independence could be gained. Foreign -nations did not believe that this rebellion could be suppressed, -notwithstanding the superiority in numbers of the Union Army. - -The wonderful thing about it is, that Lincoln persevered to the end, -against discouragements and disasters which seemed, at the time, to be -insurmountable. Fortunately there was no compromise, the rebellion was -simply crushed, no terms were made; and no promises given to embarrass -the reconstruction. Of course, it required large armies and grim -determination to reach the goal. The great fact is, not that the Union -armies outnumbered the Confederate forces, but that the Union itself -was restored. The war was merciless; all wars are. Mercy, pity, and -the extension of the hand of helpfulness came after the war was over, -not while it was going on. Each side did all it could to fight and win -its battles. The North had the larger number of citizens from which to -draw, and of course, availed itself of that advantage. The South would -have put larger armies into the field if it could have done so; it did -use every available man, however, and fought its best. The South might -have conquered the Union by overwhelming forces, could such have been -secured, but available men were lacking. At all events, the rebellion -was crushed by means of legitimate warfare, and the Union was restored. - - -THE ADVANCE OF THE UNION ARMY - -The Confederate Army, commanded by General Braxton Bragg, lay in -front of Tullahoma,[3] where Bragg had his headquarters. There -was a large entrenched camp at the junction of the Nashville & -Chattanooga railroad. This camp and the McMinnville branch was each -a secondary depot for commissary stores, while the base of supplies -was at Chattanooga. Its front was covered by the defiles of the Duck -River, a deep narrow stream edged by a rough range of hills, which -divides the “Barrens” from the lower level of Middle Tennessee. The -Manchester Pike passes through these hills at Hoover’s Gap, nineteen -miles south of Murfreesboro, ascending through a long and difficult -canon to the “Barrens”. The Wartrace road runs through Liberty Gap, -thirteen miles south of Murfreesboro and five miles west of Hoover’s. -There were other passes through these hills, but the enemy held all -of them. Bragg’s main position was in front of Shelbyville, about -twenty-eight miles southwest of Murfreesboro, and was strengthened -by a redan line extending from Horse Mountain, located a little to -the north of Shelbyville, to Duck River on the west, covered by a -line of abatis. The road from Murfreesboro to Shelbyville was through -Guy’s Gap, sixteen miles south of Murfreesboro. Polk’s corps was at -Shelbyville, Hardee’s held Hoover’s, Liberty, and Bellbuckle gaps, all -in the same range of hills. It was not wise to move directly against -the entrenched line at Shelbyville, therefore Rosecrans’s plan was to -turn the Confederate right and move on to the railroad bridge, across -Elk River, nine miles southeast of Tullahoma. To accomplish this, -it was necessary to make Bragg believe that the advance would be -by the Shelbyville route. The following dispositions were therefore -made: General Granger’s command was at Triune on June 23, fifteen -miles west of Murfreesboro; some infantry and cavalry advanced that -same day toward Woodbury seventeen miles to the east of Murfreesboro; -simultaneously Granger sent General Mitchell’s cavalry division on -the Eaglesville and Shelbyville Pike, seventeen miles southwest of -Murfreesboro, in order to make an attack on the enemy’s cavalry, and to -drive the enemy’s infantry guards on their main line. General Granger, -with his own infantry troops and Brannan’s division, moved--with ten -days rations--to Salem.[4] - -On June 24, Granger moved to Christiana, a small village a few miles -southwest of Murfreesboro, south of Salem, towards Shelbyville. On the -same day Palmer’s division, and a brigade of cavalry, were ordered -to move to the vicinity of Bradyville, fourteen miles southeast of -Murfreesboro; his advance columns were to seize the head of the -defile leading up to the “Barrens” by an obscure road to Manchester -thirty-five miles southeast, and by way of Lumley’s Stand seven miles -east of Hoover’s Gap. General Mitchell accomplished his work after a -sharp and gallant fight. McCook’s corps advanced on the Shelbyville -road, and turning to the left, six miles out, moved two divisions via -Millersburg, a small village eleven miles south of Murfreesboro. By -advancing on the road to Wartrace[5] he seized and held Liberty Gap. - -Five companies of the Thirty-ninth Indiana mounted infantry opened -the fight for Liberty Gap on June 24; they were followed by Willich’s -brigade. General R. W. Johnson, in his report[6] says: “Here I placed -at the disposal of General Willich a portion of the Second Brigade, -Colonel Miller commanding, who sent the Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania -and the Twenty-ninth Indiana to the right of the Fifteenth Ohio, -then to change direction to the left, sweeping the hillside on which -the Confederates were posted. This movement was handsomely executed. -As soon as the change to the left had been made, General Willich -ordered his entire line forward. Under his own eye and management, the -Confederates were driven at every point, their camps and camp equipages -falling into our hands, and Liberty Gap was in our possession.” The -next morning Carlin’s and Post’s brigades of Davis’s division came to -Johnson’s support. The Confederates attacked quite fiercely, but were -repulsed, and finally retired. The enemy here was Cleburne’s division; -he reported a loss of 121. - -General Thomas advanced on the Manchester Pike with the Fourteenth -Corps in order to make an attempt to take possession of Hoover’s Gap. -Major-General Crittenden was to leave Van Cleve’s division of the -Twenty-first Corps at Murfreesboro, concentrate at Bradyville, fourteen -miles southeast of Murfreesboro, and there await orders. All these -movements were executed with success in the midst of a continuous rain, -which so softened the surface of the roads, as to render them next to -impassable. The advance of the Fourteenth Corps on Hoover’s Gap, June -24, was Wilder’s brigade of mounted infantry, of Reynolds’s division; -it was followed by the other two brigades of the same division. Wilder -struck the enemy’s pickets within two miles of his camp at Murfreesboro -and drove them through Hoover’s Gap to McBride’s Creek. The two rear -brigades moved up and occupied the Gap. Soon afterwards Wilder’s -brigade was attacked by a portion of Stewart’s division; this brought -the rest of Reynolds’s division, and eventually the regular brigade of -Rousseau’s division to his assistance. - -On June 25 and 26, Rousseau’s, Reynolds’s, and Brannan’s divisions -cooperated in an advance on the enemy; after a short resistance the -enemy fled to Fairfield, five miles southwest of Hoover’s Gap, towards -which place the Union pickets had advanced. - -The First and the Twenty-first Wisconsin infantry were actively -engaged at Hoover’s Gap, but suffered no casualties. The Seventy-ninth -Pennsylvania, in the same brigade, lost twelve men, one wounded. -General John T. Wilder’s brigade lost sixty-one men killed and wounded. - -On June 27, Gordon Granger captured Guy’s Gap and the same evening took -Shelbyville, the main Confederate Army having retreated. The Union -headquarters reached Manchester on June 27. Here the Fourteenth Corps -concentrated during the night. Part of McCook’s arrived on the 25th; -the rest of it did not reach Manchester before the night of the 29th. -The troops and animals were very jaded. Crittenden’s Twenty-first Corps -was considerably delayed. The troops encountered continuous rains and -bad roads, and the last division did not arrive at Manchester before -June 29, although an order to march there speedily was received on the -26th. On arrival it was badly worn out. - -The forces were at last concentrated on the enemy’s right flank, about -ten miles northeast of Tullahoma. During the incessant rain of June 30, -an effort was made to form them into position in anticipation of an -attack by the enemy. The wagons and horses could scarcely traverse the -ground, which was quite swampy. Fortunately the enemy’s forces suffered -likewise. What was trial and hardship to one of the armies--on account -of the weather--was equally detrimental to the other side. That army -which could overcome quickly and victoriously the climatic conditions, -had the best chances to win in the martial contest. In forming a line -at Manchester to resist an attack, the Fourteenth Corps occupied the -centre, with one division in reserve, the Twentieth Corps on the -right and the Twenty-first on the left. The last two corps had each -one division in reserve. The Union Army was on the right flank of the -Confederate line of defense, and of course expected to be attacked. But -it was not. - -In the meantime Stanley’s cavalry, supported by General Gordon -Granger’s infantry and all troops under Granger’s direction, had -attacked the enemy at Guy’s Gap--sixteen miles south of Murfreesboro -and five miles west of Liberty Gap--and had driven the Confederate -troops back to their entrenchments. Then, finding that the enemy’s -main army had fallen back, Stanley captured the gap by a direct and -flank movement with only three pieces of artillery. The cavalry -unexpectedly captured Shelbyville with a number of prisoners, a -quantity of arms, and the commissary stores. The reports of this -cavalry battle show the retreat of the enemy to Tullahoma forty miles -southeast of Murfreesboro, where it was supposed that he intended to -make a stand. But on July 1, General Thomas ascertained that the enemy -had retreated during the night from Tullahoma. Some Union divisions -occupied Tullahoma about noon that same day, while Rousseau’s and -Negley’s divisions pushed on by way of Spring Creek overtaking late in -the afternoon the rear guard, with which these divisions had a sharp -skirmish. - -On July 2, the pursuit was made by the Fourteenth and Twentieth -corps. The bridge over the Elk River had been burned by the enemy -while retreating. The stream had risen and the cavalry could barely -ford the river. On July 3, Sheridan’s and Davis’s divisions of the -Twentieth Corps, having succeeded in crossing the Elk River, pursued -the enemy to Cowan, on the Cumberland plateau, eighteen miles southeast -of Tullahoma. Here it was learned that the enemy had crossed the -mountains; and that only cavalry troops covered its retreat. Meanwhile -the Union Army halted to await needed supplies, which had to be hauled -by wagon from Murfreesboro over miserable roads. These supplies had to -be stored at the railway station, nearest to the probable battlefield; -and before the army could advance over the Cumberland plateau--where -a battle would probably soon ensue--the railway had to be repaired. -General Rosecrans in his official report says: “Thus ended a nine -days’ campaign, which drove the enemy from two fortified positions and -gave us possession of Middle Tennessee, conducted in one of the most -extraordinary rains ever known in Tennessee at that period of the year, -over a soil that became almost a quicksand.”[7] He claims--perhaps -justly--that it was this extraordinary rain and bad roads, which -prevented his getting possession of the enemy’s communications, and -debarred him from forcing the Confederate Army to fight a disastrous -battle. He speaks very highly of James A. Garfield, his chief of staff, -saying: “He possesses the instincts and energy of a great commander.” - -The Union losses during the “Tullahoma Campaign”--thus named in the -official record--were as follows: 14 officers killed, and 26 wounded; -71 non-commissioned officers and privates killed, and 436 wounded; 13 -missing. Total, 85 killed, 462 wounded, and 13 missing. 1,634 prisoners -were taken, some artillery and small arms of very little value; 3,500 -sacks of corn and cornmeal were secured. - -On July 3, General Braxton Bragg sent the following dispatch -from Bridgeport, Alabama--twenty-eight miles directly west from -Chattanooga--to Richmond, Virginia: “Unable to obtain a general -engagement without sacrificing my communications, I have, after a -series of skirmishes, withdrawn the army to this river. It is now -coming down the mountains. I hear of no formidable pursuit.”[8] The -Confederate Army crossed the mountains to the Tennessee River and on -July 7, 1863, encamped near Chattanooga. The Union Army went into camp -along the northwestern base of the Cumberland plateau. The object of -the Army of the Cumberland for the ensuing campaign was Chattanooga; -the Tullahoma campaign was only a small part of the greater one which -had yet to take place. - -In the Tullahoma campaign the Tenth Wisconsin Infantry lost 3 enlisted -men, wounded, and the First Wisconsin Cavalry 2 enlisted men. All the -Wisconsin troops bore their full share of the fatigues of the campaign, -but only the losses mentioned were reported. - -There was one feature of the Tullahoma campaign that was very peculiar. -A part of the Union Army had the previous year passed over this same -region, while marching to the relief of Grant at Shiloh. Now returning -by the way of Chattanooga, where Buell had marched on his way back to -Louisville, they again came to this section of the country where the -inhabitants mostly sympathized with the South. They were surprised -and shocked in 1862 when the hated Yankees invaded their towns and -farms. The Confederate authorities told them, that another invasion -would never occur, that they could plant their crops and pursue their -business without fear. Therefore, when their country was again overrun -by the Union Army in 1863, their confidence in the Confederate generals -was quite shaken. - - - - -CHAPTER II - -_The Chickamauga Campaign and Battle_ - - -A distinguished Confederate general--speaking of the importance of the -city of Chattanooga to the Confederacy--said: “As long as we held it, -it was the closed doorway to the interior of our country. When it came -into your [the Union’s] hands the door stood open, and however rough -your progress in the interior might be, it still left you free to march -inside. I tell you that when your Dutch general Rosecrans commenced -his forward movement for the capture of Chattanooga we laughed him to -scorn; we believed that the black brow of Lookout Mountain would frown -him out of existence; that he would dash himself to pieces against the -many and vast natural barriers that rise all around Chattanooga; and -that then the northern people and the government at Washington would -perceive how hopeless were their efforts when they came to attack the -real South.” With regard to the claim that Chickamauga was a failure -for the Union arms, he said: “We would gladly have exchanged a dozen -of our previous victories for that one failure.” It is correctly said, -that even Richmond was but an outpost, until the success of the Union -armies--in the centre of the Confederacy--left Lee’s legions nowhere to -go, when they were expelled from Richmond.[9] This was accomplished or -made possible only by the operations of the Army of the Cumberland in -the Chattanooga Campaign of 1863. - -After the retreat of the Confederate Army of the Tennessee from the -region about Tullahoma, across the Cumberland Plateau to Chattanooga, -Rosecrans established his headquarters at Winchester, Tennessee.[10] He -began the repair of the railroad back to Murfreesboro and forward to -Stevenson, Alabama, ten miles southeast of Bridgeport and eight miles -north of the Tennessee River. The three corps were put into camp in -their normal order. The Twentieth Corps occupied the country adjacent -to Winchester; the Fourteenth Corps the region near to Decherd;[11] -the Twenty-first Corps occupied the country near McMinnville.[12] -Detachments were thrown forward as far as Stevenson. The campaign had -so far been mere child’s play, compared with what lay before the army -in the next movement against Chattanooga and the Confederate Army. The -straight line of the plateau is thirty miles across from Winchester -to the Tennessee River; the distance is perhaps forty miles by the -available roads. The railroad after reaching the summit of the plateau -followed down Big Crow Creek to Stevenson, then turned sharply up the -valley of the Tennessee, crossing the river at Bridgeport to the South -side; then winding among numerous hills, which constitute the south end -of the Sand Mountain, continued around the northern nose of Lookout -Mountain, close to the river bank, into Chattanooga. Bridgeport is -on the Tennessee River twenty-eight miles in a straight line west of -Chattanooga. Just opposite, towards the northern nose of Sand Mountain, -on the north side of the river, is the southern end of Walden’s Ridge -which extends northward from the river, and parallel with the plateau, -from which it is separated by the Sequatchie River and Valley. In -short the Cumberland Mountains are here a series of ridges and valleys -which run from northeast to southwest in a uniform trend, parallel -with each other. The Tennessee River rises in southwestern Virginia, -and runs between the Cumberland Plateau and Sand Mountain; but between -Chattanooga and Bridgeport it cuts a zigzag channel towards the west, -between Sand Mountain and Walden’s Ridge, which is the name given to -that portion of the ridge lying on the north of the river. What the -Army of the Cumberland intended to do was to cross the ridge, called -the Cumberland Plateau, then the river, and the Sand Mountain into -Lookout Valley and then the Lookout Ridge, in order to reach the -Chattanooga Valley south of Chattanooga. Such a movement would force -Bragg to march out of the city to defend his communications. These -ridges are all linked together at different places. Sand and Lookout at -Valley Head, Alabama; the Cumberland Plateau and Walden’s at the head -of Sequatchie Valley and River. Pigeon Mountain is a spur of Lookout -Ridge. Chattanooga is located on the south side of the river, between -the northern nose of Lookout and Missionary Ridge. The latter is a -separate and low ridge about three miles southeast of Chattanooga. -Without a map it will be difficult for the reader to perceive the -rugged and almost impassable field of operations, which General -Rosecrans faced, while his army lay at the northwestern base of the -Cumberland Plateau, waiting for suitable preparation for the intended -campaign. - -There was an alternative line of advance open to Rosecrans, namely to -cross the plateau into the Sequatchie Valley, or to march around the -head of the valley at Pikeville, then over Walden’s Ridge, and thus -attack Chattanooga directly from the north; or, to cross the river -above and to the east of Chattanooga, at the north end of Missionary -Ridge, that is, at the mouth of the Hiawassie River. This last route -would have exposed his line of retreat or communications, and he -therefore chose to operate at his right and enter into the valley south -of Chattanooga. - -Early in August the railroad was repaired to Stevenson and Bridgeport; -also the branch to Tracy City on the plateau. - -Sheridan’s division of the Twentieth Corps was pushed forward to -Stevenson and Bridgeport. The commissary and quartermaster-stores were -accumulated at Stevenson as rapidly as possible. By the 8th of August -these supplies were sufficient in quantity to justify a distribution of -them to the different commands, preparatory to an advance across the -river and over the difficult ridges, that lay at almost right angles to -the line of movement. The advance of the main army began August 16. - -The Fourteenth Corps crossed along the railroad line, or near to -it. Its advance was soon at Stevenson and some of it at Bridgeport. -The Twenty-first Corps--which formed the left of the army at -McMinnville--crossed by the way of Pelham, a small village on the -plateau, to Thurman’s in the Sequatchie Valley. Minty’s cavalry covered -the left flank by way of Pikeville, a village at the head of Sequatchie -Valley. The Twentieth Corps also came to Stevenson and its vicinity, -but by another route--to the right--than that taken by the Fourteenth, -namely, via Bellefont, ten miles southwest of Stevenson, and Caperton’s -Ferry, which is the river point nearest to Stevenson. - -All these crossings of the plateau were made without resistance by the -enemy, although there were small Confederate cavalry outlooks here -and there, which fell back when the Union troops appeared. It seemed -as if Bragg desired to have the Union Army advance as far as possible -from its base of supplies into the mountain gorges and over a long and -difficult line of communications. That course would afford him a better -chance, as his army being reinforced would be in better condition to -successfully attack and destroy the Union Army. - -In order to save the hauling of full forage for the animals, -General Rosecrans had delayed his movement until the corn should be -sufficiently ripe. No detail seemed wanting in the preparations for -the difficult campaign. Enough ammunition was provided for at least two -battles, and twenty-five days rations for the troops were hauled in -wagons. - -The Tennessee River had to be crossed by the different corps; in -order to conceal this movement and deceive the enemy at Chattanooga, -Hagen’s brigade of Palmer’s division, and Wagner’s of Wood’s of the -Twenty-first Corps, accompanied by Wilder’s mounted infantry of -Reynolds’s division, crossed Walden’s Ridge from the Sequatchie Valley -into the valley of the Tennessee. These troops made ostentatious -demonstrations upon Chattanooga from the north side of the river. -Wilder--with four guns of Lilly’s battery--appeared suddenly before -Chattanooga, threw some shells into the city, sunk the steamer -“Paint Rock,” lying at the city landing, then ascending the river, -feigned to examine the crossings, making frequent inquiry as to their -difficulty and the character of the country. On the other side of -the river east of Chattanooga, General Cleburne was sent by Bragg to -make preparations for defending the crossings against the supposed -advance of Rosecrans’s army. He fortified the ferry crossings. -General Buckner--who commanded in East Tennessee against the forces of -Burnside--expressed as his opinion on August 21, that General Rosecrans -would cross above the mouth of Hiawassie River--a stream flowing -northwards--and transfer his forces into Tennessee on its south bank, -some thirty-five miles northeast of Chattanooga. Buckner’s army was at -the point mentioned. - -Rosecrans’s intention was, however, to cross at Caperton’s Ferry--near -Bridgeport and not far from Stevenson--and at Shellmound; these places -are from twenty to forty miles below and to the west of Chattanooga. -On August 20 at daybreak, Heg’s brigade, of Davis’s division of the -Twentieth Corps, in which served the Fifteenth Wisconsin Infantry, -crossed in pontoon boats at Caperton’s Ferry, drove away the enemy’s -cavalry and occupied the southern bank. Here a twelve hundred feet -pontoon bridge was soon completed, and Davis’s division of the -Twentieth Corps, crossed and advanced to the foot of Sand Mountain, -preceded by cavalry. Johnson’s division of the same corps crossed -the following day on the same bridge. Sheridan’s division of the -Twentieth Corps crossed at Bridgeport on a bridge constructed by them -of pontoons and tressels; it was 2,700 feet long. Baird’s--formerly -Rousseau’s--and Negley’s divisions of the Fourteenth Corps followed -Sheridan’s division. The Twenty-first Corps marched down the Sequatchie -Valley and crossed at Battle Creek, nine miles up the river from -Bridgeport. Hazen’s, Wagner’s, and Wilder’s brigades were, as before -mentioned, in the Tennessee Valley to the north of Chattanooga, and -did not cross with their corps. The whole movement across the river -began on August 29 and ended on September 4. The Third brigade of Van -Cleve’s division of the Twenty-first Corps was left at McMinnville -as a garrison. The railway was protected by the reserve corps; the -Fourteenth Corps was ordered to concentrate in Lookout Valley and to -send immediate detachments to seize Cooper’s and Stevens’s gaps of -Lookout Mountain, the only passable routes to McLemore’s Cove, down -which runs the west Chickamauga Creek in a northeasterly direction, -towards Chattanooga. The Twentieth Corps was to move to Valley Head -at the head of Lookout Valley, and seize Winston’s Gap forty miles -south of Chattanooga. The Twenty-first Corps with the exception of -Hazen’s and Wagner’s infantry and Minty’s cavalry--which were still -north and east of Chattanooga--were to march to Wauhatchie, at the -lower end of Lookout Valley, near Lookout Mountain, and to communicate -with the Fourteenth Corps at Trenton in the same valley, and threaten -Chattanooga by way of the Tennessee River via the nose of Lookout -Mountain. The cavalry crossed at Caperton’s and at a ford near Island -Creek, in Lookout Valley, from which point they reconnoitered towards -Rome, Georgia, fifty-five miles south of Chattanooga, via Alpine. This -last mentioned hamlet is forty-two miles south of Chattanooga. In the -absence of Major-General Stanley--the chief of cavalry--its movements -were not prompt. If the reader will refer to a good topographical map -of the region around Chattanooga, he will see how sagacious these -movements were, and what grand strategy they displayed. The Army of the -Cumberland was stretched in line through the whole length of Lookout -Valley, between Sand Mountain and Lookout Mountain, on the south side -of the Tennessee River; it faced east towards the Chattanooga Valley, -with only one range between them and the Confederate line of retreat -and supplies; while on the northeast side of Chattanooga was a Union -force of several brigades to prevent any counter movement by the -Confederates upon the Union line of supplies. - -After crossing the Tennessee River, Rosecrans continued his feints to -make Bragg think that the real movement was the feigned one. He had -sent Wagner’s infantry, and Wilder’s and Minty’s cavalry brigades to -report to Hazen with a force amounting to about 7,000. Hazen caused the -enemy to believe that the whole army was there, intending to cross the -river above Chattanooga. This was done by extensive firings, marchings, -countermarchings, and by bugle calls, at widely separated points; while -Wilder moved his artillery continuously across openings in sight from -the opposite bank. - -The Confederates occupied in force the point of Lookout Mountain at -Chattanooga. To carry this by an attack of the Twenty-first Corps -seemed too risky; therefore the original movement was continued, -namely, against the line south of Chattanooga, over Lookout Ridge, -south of the point where it was held in force. The cavalry was ordered -to advance on the extreme right to Summerville, in Broomtown Valley, -a village eighteen miles south of Lafayette, Georgia. McCook was to -support this movement by a division thrown forward to the vicinity of -Alpine forty-two miles southwest of Chattanooga. These movements were -made on September 8 and 9. - -General Thomas crossed his corps over Frick’s, Cooper’s, and Stevens’s -gaps of Lookout Mountain, to McLemore’s Cove. - -These movements forced Bragg to evacuate Chattanooga on September 8. -Then Crittenden with the Twenty-first Corps and its trains marched -the same day around the point of Lookout and camped that night at -Rossville, at the gap through Missionary Ridge, five miles south of -Chattanooga. Through this gap runs the wagon road from Lafayette to -Chattanooga. - -General Rosecrans claimed to have evidence that Bragg was moving -towards Rome, and had therefore ordered Crittenden to hold Chattanooga -with one brigade, call all the troops of Hazen’s command across from -the north side of the river, an follow the enemy’s retreat vigorously. - -On September 11, Crittenden was ordered to advance as far as Ringgold, -but not farther, and to make a reconnoisance as far as Lee and -Gordon’s Mill.[13] Crittenden’s report as well as other evidence -convinced General Rosecrans that Bragg had only gone as far as -Lafayette--twenty-five miles south of Chattanooga--and then halted. -General Crittenden’s whole corps was therefore sent to Lee and Gordon’s -Mill, where he found Bragg’s rear guard. He was ordered to communicate -with General Thomas, who by that time had reached the eastern foot of -Lookout Mountain in McLemore’s Cove, at the eastern base of Stevens’s -gap. Wilder’s mounted brigade followed and covered the Twenty-first -Corps in its movements to Lee and Gordon’s Mill, and had a severe -fight with the enemy at Leet’s tan yard, five miles to the southeast. -Although Bragg made his headquarters at Lafayette in his retreat from -Chattanooga, his rear guard did not get beyond Lee and Gordon’s Mill. - -On September 10 Negley’s division of the Fourteenth Corps -marched--after having crossed the ridge--from the foot of Stevens’s -Gap, across McLemore’s Cove, towards Dug Gap in the Pigeon Mountains -and then directly towards Lafayette. Dug Gap is six miles west of -Lafayette. Negley found this gap heavily obstructed, but Baird’s -division came to his support on the morning of September 11. They -became convinced by some sharp skirmishing, which occurred on the 11th, -that the enemy’s forces were advancing; and therefore fell back from -Davis’s cross roads to a good position near the foot of Stevens’s Gap. -These two officers are entitled to great credit for their coolness and -skill in withdrawing their divisions from a very perilous trap. The -forces of the enemy would have been overwhelming in their immediate -front, if the Confederates had been more expeditious and made the -attack on the afternoon of September 10 or on the morning of the 11th. -Hindman, Buckner, and Cleburne, with several divisions were there, but -failed to cooperate in an attack at the right time. The obstructions -placed in the gap by the Confederates favored Negley and Baird. - -On September 12 Reynolds’s and Brannan’s divisions following over the -mountain closed up to Negley and Baird. Bragg’s army was at Lafayette, -near Dug Gap, in force. Having official information that Longstreet -was coming from Virginia with large reinforcements, and having already -received troops from Mississippi and the eastern part of Tennessee, -Bragg halted in his retreat. He was preparing to give battle to the -Union forces at the first good opportunity. - -Two divisions of Joseph E. Johnston’s troops from Mississippi and -Buckner’s Corps from Tennessee--where Burnside’s forces were--had -joined Bragg before he moved north from Lafayette to Chickamauga, where -he was joined by three divisions of Longstreet’s Corps from Virginia -on the 18th, if not earlier. At the same time Halleck, chief of the -army at Washington, D. C., telegraphed Rosecrans September 11, 1863, as -follows: “It is reported here by deserters that a part of Bragg’s army -is reinforcing Lee. It is important that the truth of this should be -ascertained as early as possible.”[14] - -The fact stands out in bold relief, that the Confederate Government at -Richmond hastened reinforcements to General Bragg; while the Washington -Government sent none to Rosecrans, although Burnside was in the eastern -part of Tennessee with 16,000 troops, and was at that time at leisure. -Because the force, lately in his front, had reinforced Bragg at -Lafayette, Burnside did not obey Halleck’s order to join Rosecrans; on -the contrary, he drove Buckner’s force, which united with Bragg; thus -Burnside enabled Buckner’s men to take part against the Union Army in -the battle of Chickamauga. - -Bragg in his official report, says: “During the 9th it was ascertained -that a column, estimated at from 4,000 to 8,000 had crossed Lookout -Mountain into the cove by way of Cooper’s and Stevens’s gaps. Thrown -off his guard by our rapid movement, apparently in retreat, when in -reality we had concentrated opposite his center, and deceived by the -information, by deserters and others sent into his lines, the enemy -pressed on his columns to intercept us, and thus exposed himself in -detail.”[15] He says further that he ordered Hindman, Cleburne, and -Buckner to join and attack the forces--Negley and Baird--at Davis’s -cross roads, near Dug Gap; but because Dug Gap was obstructed by -felled timber, which required twenty-four hours to remove, and because -Buckner, when he joined Hindman, wanted to change the plans, Negley -and Baird had been allowed to move back in a position not wise to -follow. Bragg drew Buckner, Hindman, and Cleburne back to Lafayette -and prepared to move in order to attack Crittenden at Lee and Gordon’s -Mill. Polk’s and Walker’s corps were moved immediately in that -direction. - -The only Wisconsin troops in the affair at Dug Gap on September 10 -and 11 were the First, Tenth, and Twenty-first Infantry. Lieutenant -Robert J. Nickles of the First Wisconsin Infantry, aide to General J. -C. Starkweather, commanding the brigade, was killed when reconnoitering -alone the enemy’s skirmishers. This was the only casualty to the -Wisconsin troops. - -On September 12, General Leonidas Polk was ordered to attack Crittenden -the next day, at Lee and Gordon’s Mill. Polk would not attack however, -without reinforcements. Bragg spent the next five days getting his army -in position along the west Chickamauga Creek, and on its east side from -the north end of Pigeon Mountains to Reed’s Bridge. Brigadier-General -B. R. Johnson, who had been holding Ringgold on the east side of the -Chickamauga with one brigade, moved on the 18th to Reed’s Bridge on -the west Chickamauga; this caused his force to become the extreme -right of Bragg’s line. While Forrest’s and Pegram’s cavalry covered -the extreme right at Reed’s Bridge, Walker’s Corps formed on the left -of B. R. Johnson’s, opposite Alexander’s Bridge; Buckner’s was next -to Thedford’s Ford; Polk’s opposite Lee and Gordon’s Mill, and Hill’s -Corps was on the extreme left, near Glass’s Mill. Wheeler’s Cavalry -protected the left flank, and was ordered to annoy the troops in -McLemore’s Cove so much that Bragg’s movement would not be discovered. -With B. R. Johnson’s movement from Ringgold came two brigades--just -arrived from Mississippi--and three of Longstreet’s from Virginia. -The other two brigades from Virginia came on the 19th in time to -take active part, the Confederate Army being in position on the east -side of west Chickamauga Creek; and Crittenden’s Corps near Lee and -Gordon’s Mill on the west side. Bragg was finally ready for attack; -and on the night of the 17th issued his order of battle, namely, that -each body of troops should cross the creek at the nearest practicable -bridge or ford, turn to the left, and sweep up the Chickamauga towards -Lee and Gordon’s Mill. This would bring the troops upon the left -flank of Crittenden’s forces. Leonidas Polk was to attack in front, -across the stream, while Hill was ordered to prevent the Union forces -in McLemore’s Cove from reinforcing Crittenden. It will be seen -how Bragg’s plan of attack failed completely. The Chickamauga Creek -or River rises at the head of McLemore’s Cove, and runs northeast, -emptying into the Tennessee River about five miles above Chattanooga. -Therefore, to retreat to Chattanooga, or to cut off the Union Army from -it, the Confederate Army had to cross on the west side of Chickamauga. -The road from Lafayette to Chattanooga--on which the Confederates -marched--runs on the east side of and parallel with Pigeon Mountains -and the river, and crosses the river at Lee and Gordon’s Mill. The -road on which the Union troops at Stevens’s gap marched, runs down the -cove on the west side of the river and Pigeon Mountains, past Crawfish -Springs, near which it branches to McFarland’s Gap and to Kelly’s farm -on the Lafayette road, three miles north of Lee and Gordon’s; this -distance is about sixteen miles. The Pigeon Mountains dwindle away into -the level country some miles south of Lee and Gordon’s. - -The order of battle issued by Bragg on September 17, was not -immediately executed, on account of some resistance made by Wilder’s -mounted infantry and Minty’s cavalry at Reed’s and Alexander’s bridges. - -The activity of Minty and Wilder, and the bold front shown by the -troops of Crittenden at and about Lee and Gordon’s Mill, prevented -a serious attack by General Leonidas Polk, who was in front of that -position. These facts together with the affair at Dug Gap and the -presence of McCook’s Corps at Alpine caused the Confederate Army to -hesitate; thus General Rosecrans was given time to concentrate his -whole army--not Crittenden’s Corps only--at Chickamauga, across the -Lafayette road, between the Confederate Army and Chattanooga. Bragg’s -plan was to attack Crittenden’s left and rear, throwing it back upon -the centre--General Thomas’s--before Crittenden could be reinforced, -and then to thrust his army between Rosecrans and Chattanooga. -Rosecrans’s plan was to prevent such a disaster. Late in the afternoon -of September 18, the first Confederate troops crossed the Chickamauga -towards the west; this movement was still going on on the morning of -the 19th, when something unexpected happened to Bragg’s Army. - -About two-thirds of the Confederate Army had crossed and was facing -towards Lee and Gordon’s Mill, when at 9 o’clock a brisk engagement -commenced with Forrest’s cavalry on the right of the Confederate line -at Jay’s Mill, near Reed’s Bridge. - -While these movements of the Confederate Army were being inaugurated -from Lafayette down on the east side of Chickamauga, the Union Army, -at the foot of Stevens’s Gap in the cove and McCook’s Twentieth -Corps, twenty miles away near Alpine, had to get together and join -Crittenden’s Twenty-first Corps at Lee and Gordon’s Mill. - -While waiting to receive sufficient information to convince him that -Bragg had halted at Lafayette, Rosecrans had on September 11 or 12 -greatly widened the distance between his corps. It was a very dangerous -maneuver to face Bragg, and had a more enterprising general been in -command of the Confederate Army, the result would probably have been -fatal for the Union forces. General D. H. Hill says in a _Century -Magazine_ article, that Bragg was confused by the rapid movements of -the Union Corps; the presence of McCook’s Corps, south of Lafayette, at -Alpine, held Bragg for a while at that place. He was not well informed -as to the movements of Rosecrans’s Army.[16] - -Bragg, by failing to attack the detached Fourteenth Corps nearest -him in McLemore’s Cove, and afterwards to march towards the more -distant detached Twenty-first Corps at Lee and Gordon’s gave the Union -commander an opportunity to concentrate, and place his united army -across the road from Lafayette to Chattanooga, at Kelly’s farm between -Rossville and Lee and Gordon’s Mill. How was this movement done? - -While it took Bragg five days--from September 12 to 17--to concentrate -his army from Lafayette and Ringgold near Lee and Gordon’s, it required -the same length of time for McCook to march his corps from the vicinity -of Alpine to connect it with Thomas at the foot of Stevens’s Gap in -the cove. There was a distance of forty miles from flank to flank of -the Union Army, that is, from Alpine to Lee and Gordon’s. But McCook -marched fifty-seven miles by the route he took in order to connect with -Thomas. General Rosecrans in his official report says: “He [General -McCook] had, with great prudence, already moved his trains back to -the rear of Little River, on the mountain, but unfortunately, being -ignorant of the mountain road, moved down the mountain at Winston’s -Gap, down Lookout Valley to Cooper’s Gap, up the mountain, and down -again, closing up with General Thomas on the 17th.”[17] - -Looking back at this scattering of Rosecrans’s forces by the sending -of McCook’s Corps to Alpine--twenty miles southwest of Lafayette--one -can understand that such tactics were serious mistakes. General -Rosecrans thought himself justified for the movement upon the supposed -correctness of the information he had received, namely, that Bragg’s -Army was in full retreat towards Rome, Georgia. It is apparent, -however, that a reconnoisance of the cavalry to Alpine and Summerville -would have accomplished the same result as the corps of infantry -which was sent. The alternative before Rosecrans, when he discovered -the retreat of the Confederate Army, was to concentrate the Fourteenth -and Twentieth corps at Chattanooga, occupy Rossville Gap with a strong -outpost, well entrenched, and Lookout Mountain with another entrenched -detachment; he could then have waited for further developments. It -is hardly probable that Bragg would have attacked him after having -received his reinforcements, but would perhaps have fallen back on -his line of supplies at some point in the rear. Before that could -have occurred, however, the reinforcements that Rosecrans afterwards -received would have been able to protect his line of communications. - -By the evening of the 17th the Union troops were substantially within -supporting distance, but not yet in line to resist an attack by the -enemy upon Crittenden at Lee and Gordon’s, but orders were immediately -given to move the Fourteenth and Twentieth corps towards the northeast, -down the west Chickamauga River, in order to cover the Lafayette road, -somewhere near Crittenden’s Corps. The position of the troops and -narrowness of the roads retarded the march. - -It must be kept in mind, that the movements which Rosecrans made after -he discovered that Bragg had halted at Lafayette, were for the purpose -of concentrating upon Chattanooga; and that the route Rosecrans took -after the junction of the Fourteenth and Twentieth corps was perhaps -the shortest route he could take to Chattanooga, while he could -at the same time watch the enemy. He encountered Bragg’s force at -Chickamauga and was forced to fight there. This was, therefore, the -battle for Chattanooga. He gained his point--the military occupancy -of Chattanooga--but it required two battles to win it; those of -Chickamauga and the three days fight immediately around Chattanooga. - -During the 18th Minty’s cavalry, in position east of Reed’s Bridge, -was attacked by Bushrod Johnson’s troops coming from Ringgold, and -Wilder’s mounted infantry at Alexander’s, by Walker’s Corps. Both were -holding bridges, but were driven back into the Lafayette road. General -Rosecrans’s plan, as given in orders, was that General Thomas on his -way down the cove road passing Crawfish Springs, near the battlefield, -should post General Negley’s division there, relieving two divisions of -Crittenden’s Corps. With the remainder of his corps, he was to march by -way of Widow Glenn’s house to the Lafayette road, and take position at -Kelly’s farm, across this road. General Crittenden was to move Palmer’s -and Van Cleve’s divisions, relieved by Negley, to the left of his line, -and with them prolong his left, from the left of Wood’s division, so -as to cover that part of the Lafayette road, near Lee and Gordon’s. -McCook’s Corps was to follow General Thomas and take temporary position -at Crawfish Springs, protecting the right of the Union line, and to -keep his corps mainly in reserve. - -The cavalry was to close on McCook’s right, and to watch the crossings -of the Chickamauga in that region. - -The Union movements began on the morning of the 18th, but were so -slow, that McCook’s Corps only reached Pond Spring at dark, and -bivouaced there for the night. Crittenden’s two divisions reached -their positions on the Lafayette road near midnight. In view of the -accumulated evidence, that the enemy was crossing his forces over the -Chickamauga below Lee and Gordon’s on the 18th, General Thomas pushed -forward his corps, uninterruptedly during the night. He halted his -leading division--Negley’s--at the assigned position near Crawfish -Springs, where his corps rested for two hours at midnight and made -coffee. From there on Baird’s division was in the lead, and General -Thomas and staff rode with General Baird at the head of the column. -This was a weird night-march. The utmost secrecy was kept. If the -enemy--who was just across the river not far away--had discovered the -movement, he would perhaps also have marched in the night and occupied -the place for which General Thomas was aiming. General Hill’s Corps -and Wheeler’s Cavalry of the Confederate Army were on the east side -of the Chickamauga, in order to prevent the Fourteenth and Twentieth -corps from making this march. To deceive the enemy campfires were -left burning in the camps in the early evening; in fact all along the -road southwest of Crawfish Springs, frequent fires were kindled. -Soon after leaving Crawfish Springs the column deflected to the right -into an obscure cross-country road, which led to Kelly’s farm. Along -the windings of this road, some of the hardest fights of the 19th and -20th took place. A pond afterwards known as “bloody pond” was passed -soon after leaving Crawfish Springs; to the left, and a short distance -from this pond, General William H. Lytle was killed September 20. -Still further on was the place where the fatal blunder of the 20th -occurred--at about 11 a. m.--near Brotherton’s house; General T. J. -Wood, obeying his interpretation of an order from General Rosecrans, -having withdrawn from the line, let in Longstreet’s troops. - -This road runs almost entirely through thick hardwood timber, but about -half way between Crawfish Springs and Kelly’s farm, there was a little -dwelling in the midst of a clearing, known as Widow Glenn’s. Here the -next day, General Rosecrans lifted the name of the widow from the -depths of utter obscurity to the heights of national fame, by making -her home his headquarters. In fact, the whole region from Missionary -Ridge, on the left of the marching column as far as Rossville Gap (four -miles to the northwest) to the Chickamauga on the east, was densely -wooded and covered with heavy undergrowth. A few small farms scattered -through this woodland were tilled by the obscurest of backwoodsmen, who -lived in small log cabins or small frame buildings. Their names would -never have been known, even in Chattanooga nine miles away, had it not -been for the accidental fighting there of the greatest battle of the -west. Widow Glenn’s, Kelly’s farm, Snodgrass Hill, McDonald’s, Poe’s, -Brotherton’s, Dyer’s, Vittetoe’s, and Viniard’s were suddenly made -historical by the battle of Chickamauga. - -General George H. Thomas was a very sedate man. There was about him, at -all times, the very atmosphere of solid merit and reserved strength. -As he rode beside General Baird, attended by the two staff corps, -there was no indication that he was conscious of his high position. -His modesty was always conspicuous. No one in the long line of troops -stretching for miles behind could see in this unpretentious officer -the true hero of the coming conflict, who would be known in the future -as the “Rock of Chickamauga.” After Negley’s division was left in -position near Crawfish, there remained in the marching column the three -divisions of Baird, Brannan, and Reynolds. Baird’s and Brannan’s had -three brigades each, but Reynolds’s had only two; Wilder’s was mounted -and operated as cavalry, wherefore it was not always with its division. - -[Illustration: CHICKAMAUGA, SEPTEMBER 19, 1863 - -Adapted from Fiske’s _The Mississippi Valley in the Civil War_, p. 266] - -About daylight on September 19, Baird’s division filed across the -Lafayette road near Kelly’s log house, stacked arms, and commenced -to prepare breakfast. Forrest’s Confederate cavalry lay at that time -in the neighborhood of Jay’s Mill, one mile to the east, near Reed’s -Bridge; Hood’s and Walker’s corps were further up, or west towards -Lee’s and Gordon’s and within a mile and a half of Crittenden’s left. -The stream was in many places easily fordable. The whole Confederate -Army was across the Chickamauga at sunrise with the exception of -Hindman’s, Breckenridge’s, and Cleburne’s divisions. Thomas made -temporary headquarters under a large tree by the roadside; while -waiting for the closing up of the rear division, he lay down on some -blankets, and told his aide not to let him sleep more than an hour. -General Gordon Granger, who commanded the reserve corps, had been -ordered by Rosecrans on September 13 to bring three brigades of this -corps--which happened then to be at Bridgeport, Alabama, guarding that -point of the Union line of supplies--to the Rossville Gap. His duty -was to guard the approaches from the south and east and to _generally -support the main army_. He moved with his usual energy and arrived at -the gap on September 14, although the distance is about thirty-five -miles. He brought with him two brigades of Steedman’s division, viz.: -Mitchell’s and Whittaker’s, and Daniel McCook’s brigades of James D. -Morgan’s division. Granger’s presence in the front of Rossville Gap -at McAffee’s Church with Whittaker’s brigade, and his sending Daniel -McCook’s and Mitchell’s brigades towards Jay’s Mill and Reed’s Bridge, -assisted greatly in postponing the crossing of the Confederate forces -until the 18th and thus preventing an attack on Crittenden’s left flank. - -On the morning of the 19th McCook’s brigade was bivouacing somewhere -near Reed’s Bridge. McCook rode over to where Thomas was, and said -hurriedly he must speak to him. He told General Thomas that a -Confederate brigade had crossed at Reed’s Bridge and that his (own) -brigade had then burned this bridge, thus this detached brigade -could be captured, if General Thomas would send forces enough to do -it. At that moment the head of Brannan’s division was approaching -in rear of the line of Baird’s division to take position on the -latter’s left. Thomas ordered Brannan to reconnoitre in that -direction with two brigades and to attack any force met. His advance -brigade--Croxton’s--encountered very soon Forrest’s cavalry, about -7:30 or 8 a. m. (some reports say 9 a. m.) and drove it more than half -a mile. “This vigorous movement disconcerted the plans of the enemy -to move on our left and opened the battle of the 19th September,” -says General Rosecrans in his official report.[18] Forrest was in -that place as a defense of Bragg’s right flank. The sudden musketry -of Croxton’s attack on Forrest far to the right of the Confederate -commanders startled them and gave them the first intimation, that -Bragg’s order did not meet the situation. - -General H. V. Boynton says that, at the time the isolated Confederate -brigade was reported as on the west side of Chickamauga, early in the -morning of September 19, two-thirds of the Confederate Army were on the -west side. - -It was 6:30 a. m. when Brannan left Kelly’s and moved north; he took -the Reed’s Bridge road for the capturing of the isolated brigade. It -was between 8 and 9 a. m., before the enemy was struck. - -General Forrest called immediately for assistance. Ector’s and Wilson’s -infantry brigades of Walker’s Corps returned down the stream and -drove Croxton. This brought Brannan with his two remaining brigades -forward; he in turn drove back the Confederate force. Brannan in his -report[19] says, that his troops came upon a strong force of the -enemy, consisting of two divisions instead of the supposed brigade. -Very soon Baird’s division was sent in on the right of Brannan; this at -first drove the Confederate force that was attacking Brannan, but in -turn it was attacked directly on its right flank and rear by Liddell’s -division, which threw it into temporary confusion. In the meantime -McCook’s Corps arrived on the field. R. W. Johnson’s division of that -corps was sent in, at noon, on Baird’s right; it struck Cheatham’s -division on its right flank, driving it back in confusion. Johnson’s -was overlapped and in immediate danger, when General John M. Palmer’s -division of Crittenden’s Corps, relieved the right of his division; -Crittenden had very wisely dispatched Palmer’s division toward the -sound of the firing and this burst upon the enemy. Palmer’s right was -soon overlapped when Van Cleve from Crittenden’s Corps came to the -rescue, but later in the day he also was beaten back. Then Reynolds’s -division of Thomas’s corps advanced on the left of Palmer’s division, -and two brigades of Van Cleve’s division came in on Palmer’s right. -Davis’s division of McCook’s Corps attacked most opportunely and drove -the enemy, but was compelled somewhat to give way. In this attack -Colonel Hans C. Heg of the Fifteenth Wisconsin Infantry was mortally -wounded. In the meantime Crittenden’s remaining division under Wood -attacked the Confederates and turned the tide. Lee and Gordon’s Mill -was at that moment uncovered, all of Crittenden’s Corps having marched -towards the left. About 3 o’clock p. m. McCook was ordered to send -his remaining division (Sheridan’s) to support the line near Wood and -Davis, and to place Lytle’s brigade at Lee and Gordon’s as the extreme -right. This stayed the Confederate advance in that section. - -Lytle’s brigade was considered sufficient at that time to hold a point -against which Bragg was, at first, directing his whole force. This -point--at Lee and Gordon’s--was the left of the Union Army on the 18th; -at noon on the 19th it was the right. - -Negley’s division, which had been posted near Crawfish Springs the -night before, was then the only Union division which did not partake -in the battle at first, but arrived in accordance with orders on the -field about 4:30 p. m. He was ordered to the place, from which Van -Cleve had been driven, in order to attack; he drove the enemy steadily, -while Thomas was driving him on the Confederate right; these movements -continued until night. - -It can readily be perceived that the battle of the 19th was more or -less a haphazard fight, neither side being aware of the position of the -other. The undergrowth of the woods was so dense in most places, that -opposed sides could not perceive each other until they were within a -few yards, except by the firing. It was unfortunate that Rosecrans was -not present with Thomas, when the latter’s corps crossed the Lafayette -road. Before an attack was made, the Twenty-first Corps, being the -nearest one to the Fourteenth, should have been formed on the right -of the Fourteenth, both in a compact line, and with a brigade for -each division in reserve; and the Twentieth Corps--when it closed up -on the right of the Twenty-first in the same compact order--should -have advanced swiftly upon the Confederates, some of whom were still -crossing the river, and some with their right flanks to the Union line -of attack. It is possible that such an attack would have driven the -Confederates into the river in great confusion; but an attack by only -one division (Brannan’s) on Forrest’s cavalry beyond the Confederate -right flank, simply notified the Confederate commanders, and gave them -ample time to wheel their divisions into the proper direction, and -signalled them where to attack. General Rosecrans in his report does -not mention a night fight that occurred on the extreme Union left. In -fact, he says, there was no firing after dark. Just as it began to -grow dark, however, Cleburne’s division of Hill’s Corps arrived from -across the river. He boldly and characteristically marched through the -defeated and prostrated divisions of Walker and Cheatham, was joined by -two brigades of Cheatham’s division, Jackson’s, and Preston Smith’s, -and then attacked with great fierceness the Union troops under R. W. -Johnson and Baird; they covered Johnson’s front and lapped over on -Baird. It was too dark to recognize friend from foe, and it was more or -less a hand-to-hand contest. Finally the attack was repulsed, the Union -troops holding the field. The Confederate general, Preston Smith, and -two of his staff officers were killed. - -Some idea of the severity of the fighting on the 19th--the charging -and falling back of both sides; the difficulty in keeping alignments; -the impossibility of officers identifying friend or foe; the losing -of artillery batteries and single pieces, their recapture; and the -awful slaughter in both armies--can be obtained only by reading -official reports in serial numbers 50 and 51 of _Rebellion Records_. -Its intensity can be estimated from the following data. Breckenridge’s -division was not in the fight of September 19, but fought on the 20th -only; his loss in killed and wounded was 1,075. Cleburne was in the -night fight of the 19th, and was as active as Breckenridge on the 20th; -his loss was 1,743 in killed and wounded. The total difference of 668 -does not give an accurate comparison of the two days’ fighting, but -does give some idea of the awful slaughter. The battle of the 19th was -fought without breastworks; it was a square stand-up fight; nearly -every division engaged on both sides, first attacked, then drove its -opponent, and after falling back in some disorder, reformed, and again -advanced, until the day and part of the night were gone. - -The surgeon-general of the Union Army reported that about 4,500 wounded -were treated after this battle of the 19th. The loss in killed and -wounded must, therefore, have reached 6,000, but the Union reports do -not separate the losses of the 19th from the total. - -Late in the afternoon of the 19th, Brannan’s division was withdrawn -from the left and placed in reserve, or rather in echelon at the right -of Reynolds, near Brotherton’s house, at the right of Thomas’s line. - -During the night of the 19th the lines of both armies were readjusted. -That of the Union Army was drawn back. Palmer of Crittenden’s Corps and -Johnson of McCook’s, who had reported to General Thomas the day before, -were ordered to remain under his direction. He placed his troops in a -compact line--facing east with the Lafayette road in his rear--around -Kelly’s farm, but some distance in the woods. The divisions were in the -following order from left to right: Baird, Johnson, Palmer, Reynolds, -and Brannan; Brannan was drawn back so far, however, that he could be -available as a reserve and at the same time close enough to advance -quickly to the front line. The right and left were both refused. -Baird had no reserve; but Johnson and Palmer had each a brigade in -reserve. Each division was formed in two lines, and both were protected -by hastily thrown up log breastworks. The artillery was in battery -between brigades; this line was not broken during the battle of the -20th. Reynolds’s line crossed the Lafayette road at Poe’s house, near -Brotherton’s, and from there to Lee and Gordon’s neither of the armies -was in possession of the road. Reynolds had Turchin’s brigade in line -and King’s in reserve. Baird’s left did not reach to the Lafayette -road. Kelly Field, which was a parallelogram about half a mile long -and a quarter of a mile wide, was the storm centre of battle during -September 20. Besides the immense fighting along the main line of log -works, there were five different charges, in rear of the main line from -the south to the north side by five different Union brigades. These -charges were made against the Confederate troops, which had turned on -the left of Baird’s line and gained his rear. The brigades of Stanley, -Van Derveer, Gross, Willich, and Turchin made these charges. - -The right of the Union line on the 20th--from Brannan’s right--was -neither compact nor protected. During the night of the 19th, or early -morning of the 20th, the four divisions of Sheridan, Davis, Wood, and -Van Cleve had been moved to the eastern slope of Missionary Ridge, -a mile or more from the Lafayette road, in order to cover the road -leading from Crawfish Springs to McFarland’s Gap, west of Rosecrans’s -headquarters. General Rosecrans says he rode the line about daylight, -and that he suggested certain changes to McCook, especially that he -keep close to the left, which was not done, however, in time to prevent -disaster. Negley of the Fourteenth Corps, who was in line on the right -adjoining Brannan, was ordered to proceed to Thomas’s left, but only -two brigades, John Beatty’s and Stanley’s, arrived, one at a time; both -were driven away by the enemy. John Beatty’s brigade--which at 8:30 -a. m. was placed on the left of Baird, so as to reach the Lafayette -road--was not fortified; its thin line was swept away at the first -attack by the enemy. Negley was expected to fill this gap with his -whole division, and Thomas sent request after request for Negley’s -division. There was so much re-adjustment going on at the wrong time, -and much of it not going on at any time in the troops under McCook and -Crittenden on the 20th, that it is difficult now to try to place them -up to 11 a. m. Wood, with his two brigades from the reserve, relieved -Negley’s two remaining brigades in the front line, next to Brannan’s -about 9:30 a. m., his brigade being a little withdrawn in echelon. This -was done to enable Negley to take position on Baird’s left. About 11 -a. m. Van Cleve marched to the rear of Wood and had his men lie down. -All these troops on the right--from Reynolds’s right to Sheridan’s the -extreme right of the Union Army--were very thinly drawn out, and did -no good in the day’s fight, with the exception of one full brigade -of Wood’s, namely, Harker’s, one regiment of Buell’s brigade, and a -few regiments from other divisions, which will be mentioned further -on. The troops had done excellent service the day before; but future -events will show that they seemed to be paralyzed, by not having been -well fortified and compactly placed the night before. This mistake had -been corrected to some extent, when the disaster came. On the 20th the -troops faced Longstreet, a most sagacious general, who was exceedingly -energetic in taking advantage of every defect of his opponent’s line -and every blunder in his maneuvers. - -McCook had Davis’s and Sheridan’s divisions still on his extreme right. -Crittenden had Van Cleve’s and Wood’s, although the latter was in the -early morning supposed to be in reserve. Wood came into the front line -as stated, but Van Cleve seems not to have found a place there on the -20th. - - -THE CONFEDERATE LINE ON SEPTEMBER 20 - -The Confederate line was in admirable formation on the morning of the -20th, at a distance of 400 to 1,000 yards east of the Lafayette road. -From its right to its left it may be described as follows: General -Leonidas Polk commanded the right wing which was formed as follows: -Forrest’s cavalry on the extreme right, 3,500 strong, a large part of -it dismounted; and next to him Breckenridge’s division. The cavalry and -two infantry brigades of Breckenridge’s extended beyond Baird’s left; -next in line came Cleburne’s division, in reserve behind Breckenridge -was Walker’s two divisions of five brigades. - -General Longstreet commanded the left wing of the Confederate Army. -This began at Cleburne’s left with Stewart’s division opposite -Palmer’s and Reynolds’s; then came B. R. Johnson’s opposite Brannan’s -and Wood’s; next in line came Hindman’s, just opposite to Davis, -and Sheridan’s, and in reserve behind Hindman’s was Preston’s. In -reserve behind B. R. Johnson’s were Law’s or Hood’s--until Hood was -wounded--and Kershaw’s five brigades in both. Cheatham’s five brigades -were in reserve behind Stewart’s right, but fought only the Union left, -both on the 19th and 20th. At 3:30 p. m. Cheatham went to the extreme -right of the Confederate Army. The strength of the whole Confederate -formation lay in its reserves; they were used with consummate ability. -The only reserves on the right wing of the Union Army at the time -of the Confederate assault was Van Cleve’s division--which as an -organized division did not fight on the 20th--and Wilder’s mounted -brigade. - -Longstreet had brought with him from Virginia two divisions of Hood’s -Corps--McLaws’s and Law’s. Of McLaws’s division only Kershaw’s and -Humphreys’s brigades arrived in time to take part in the battle of -Chickamauga. Law had three brigades in his division. These were -Robertson’s, Benning’s, and another, later commanded by Colonel James -L. Sheffield. - -Bushrod R. Johnson’s division belonged to Buckner’s Corps from East -Tennessee. Buckner’s Corps included also Stewart’s and Preston’s -divisions. These were not together during the battle, but were -presumably under direct command of General Longstreet. The condition -of Leonidas Polk’s old corps, was almost similar. Cheatham’s division -of five brigades, and Hindman’s of three brigades--of Polk’s former -corps--were separated, and operated in different parts of the field. -Daniel H. Hill’s Corps consisted of Cleburne’s and Breckenridge’s -divisions; these acted together, commanded by Hill in person. General -W. H. T. Walker’s Corps was composed of his old division, commanded -by General State Rights Gist, and Liddell’s division consisting of two -brigades--Govan’s and Walthall’s. - -[Illustration: CHICKAMAUGA, MORNING OF SEPTEMBER 20, 1863 - -Adapted from Fiske’s _The Mississippi Valley in the Civil War_, p. 268] - -It will be understood that the Confederate forces were large, strongly -organized, well officered, and extremely well placed on the field. -Since falling back from Tullahoma the following reinforcements had -joined Bragg: Walker’s five brigades from Mississippi, Buckner’s six -brigades from East Tennessee, and Hood’s five brigades from Virginia, -besides a large amount of artillery. The coming of General Longstreet -from Virginia was a distinct assistance to the Confederate Army. He -was a genuine soldier of great ability, and capable of commanding his -soldiers, clearly shown when he handled the left Confederate wing on -the 20th. The contrast between him and Leonidas Polk was very much in -evidence on the 20th. Longstreet was exceedingly strong, while Polk was -very weak. The Confederate right overlapped the Union left and had the -Union right been as compactly drawn towards its left as it should have -been, the Confederate left would also have overlapped that flank. -The Confederate Army facing the Union forces on the morning of the -20th was made up of eleven divisions of infantry, and two of cavalry. -General Rosecrans had no cavalry on his left, and Wheeler’s Confederate -cavalry was at first on the east side of the Chickamauga and afterwards -on the west side, watching Mitchell’s Union horsemen near Crawfish -Springs. - -General Rosecrans had 141 regiments of infantry, 18 of cavalry, and -36 batteries. Bragg had 173 infantry regiments, 11 of cavalry--which -were dismounted and fought as infantry--28 cavalry regiments, and 50 -batteries. - -The Union front of battle on the morning of the 20th, was about two -and a half miles in length. Although Bragg had ordered the attack to -be commenced on his right at daylight, and to be continued towards the -left, yet it was 9:30 o’clock before Breckenridge advanced his three -brigades, Adams’s, Stovall’s, and Helm’s against the left of Baird’s -and John Beatty’s thin line beyond. Adams’s brigade on the right -crossed the Lafayette road, and Stovall struck Beatty. The latter had -to give way, but inflicted terrible punishment on the enemy. - -Part of Stovall’s brigade came against the regular brigade, but made no -impression. Helm, the left of Breckenridge’s line, attacked the right -of the regulars’, Scribner’s line. The Confederate line was shattered -and went to pieces. Helm, in bravely trying to rally his men was -killed; two of Helm’s colonels were also killed, and two others wounded. - -Adams’s brigade was gaining the rear of King, when Stanley’s brigade of -Negley’s long delayed division came into the Kelly field, and formed at -right angles with the road and the Union line swept to the north, past -King’s left, charged into the woods upon Adams’s brigade, and drove -it away. Sometime during their attacks Adams was wounded and taken -prisoner. Breckenridge’s attack was a failure, but the firing by the -infantry and the artillery was terrific while it lasted. Cleburne’s -division advanced while Breckenridge was still in the fight; his attack -covered part of Baird’s and Johnson’s. Cleburne was a very capable -officer; brave to the utmost; still his attack completely failed. -Polk’s brigade of that division assaulted Starkweather. With regard -to this attack Polk states in his official report[20] “My line from -right to left, soon became furiously engaged, the enemy pouring a most -destructive fire of canister and musketry into my advancing line--so -terrible indeed, that my line could not advance in face of it, but -lying down, partially protected by the crest of the hill, we continued -the fight for an hour and a half.” - -Cleburne states in his report[21] “Polk’s brigade and the right of -Wood’s encountered the heaviest artillery fire I have ever experienced. -I was now within short canister range of a line of log breastworks, and -a hurricane of shot and shell swept the woods from the unseen enemy in -my front.” This charge was also a failure, but most destructive to the -Confederates. Wood reported[22] a loss in his brigade of 96 killed and -680 wounded. The great disparity of the wounded, in comparison with the -killed, showed that the Confederate lines did not get very close to -the Union boys. The Union forces were so pleased with having repulsed -so forceful an attack, that they sent forward a strong skirmish line. -General Hill--who was forming from the reserves a stronger second -attack--paused, and concluded he would have to resist an attack from -the Union line. - -Walker’s reserve corps of two divisions of five brigades was therefore -moved forward and distributed along the broken points of the first -line. During the day successive charges were made from Palmer’s -position to the Union left, by ten Confederate brigades along the -Union line, which, however, they could not penetrate, nor could they -get very close to the breastworks. Colquitt, commander of one of -these brigades, fell as well as several of his officers, and General -Deshler of Cleburne’s division was killed. Govan of Walker’s troops -gained the rear of Baird’s division by marching around Baird’s left -and driving away the thin unprotected Union line at that point. This -second advance--which was actually another phase of the continuous -attack from 9:30 to nearly noon--had extended its right much further -beyond the Union left, and by a wide left wheel it had straddled -the Lafayette road. One brigade on the right of the road, another on -the left, boldly threw out skirmishers and advanced towards General -Reynolds’s rear, beyond the Kelly house. It was a very threatening and -dangerous situation. The Confederate line in front--from Baird around -to Brannan--opened a heavy fire upon the barricades. It looked for a -while, as if the movement would succeed in destroying the heretofore -invincible line of General Thomas’s troops; but Thomas saw every -movement and knew the weakness of the left beyond Baird. Brannan had -a reserve brigade--Fred Van Derveer’s--and this arrived just in time -to form in front of the Confederate brigades in the Kelly field. It -changed front under fire, charged the Confederate line, broke it, and -finally drove it clear of the Union left. Then the reserve brigade -returned to a point near the Kelly house. Van Derveer’s brigade had -come, at this time, with an order from General Rosecrans to Brannan, -to report his whole division to General Thomas. It was under the -supposition that Brannan had done so, that Rosecrans soon after -issued the fatal order to Wood to close up on Reynolds. But the enemy -had gained the line, where Beatty had before stood. Palmer sent his -reserve brigade (Grose’s), in accordance with General Thomas’s order; -his brigade formed double lines, and with cheers they charged into -the woods and the enemy was driven away. Then Barnes, of Van Cleve’s -division, was placed on or near the left; the Union left was henceforth -safe. - - -THE CONFEDERATE ATTACK UPON THE UNION RIGHT - -About 11 o’clock the successive attacks of the Confederate divisions -from the left to the right had reached Longstreet’s wing; they were -continued with a charge by Stewart upon Reynolds’s position; it -involved Hazen or Palmer, who had been transferred to the right of -Reynolds and to the left of Brannan. This was the beginning of the -general assault on the Union right, which came so near being disastrous -to General Rosecrans’s army. This attack of Stewart’s took place at the -time when Adams and Stovall of Breckenridge’s division were entering -the open Kelly field upon the Confederate right. General Stewart -acknowledges, in his report, that his charge was repulsed with great -slaughter. The division next to Stewart took up the assault. It was -Bushrod R. Johnson’s supported by Law and Kershaw. Just before this -attack an aide of General Thomas had come to General Rosecrans to ask -again for support on the left. In riding close to the line between -General Reynolds’s and General Brannan’s divisions he observed that -the latter--Brannan being in echelon with Reynolds--did not make a -continuous line, but a broken one. The position of General Brannan was -nevertheless just as effective, and perhaps more so, than if he had -been in the main line. General Thomas J. Wood’s division, which had -just replaced Negley’s division, was next to the right of Brannan but -in the main line; it joined, however, its left to Brannan’s right; -wherefore the aide reported to General Rosecrans that Reynolds’s right -was unprotected. Brannan had been ordered to go to General Thomas’s -left, but on account of being threatened with an attack on his front -he remained with two of his brigades, and sent Van Derveer’s, his -reserve brigade. Rosecrans dictated at once an order to Wood, “to close -upon Reynolds as fast as possible and support him.” Thereupon Wood -withdrew from the line, and marched to the rear of Brannan, just as -the Confederate charge, under B. R. Johnson, reached its old front. -Rosecrans issued his order to Wood supposing that Brannan had gone with -his whole division to the Kelly field. Brannan reported what action -he had taken, and that Reynolds had approved it. Rosecrans gave his -approval instantly; but the fatal order had been issued to Wood some -minutes before, and consequently his division was moving out, just -as the eight brigades made the attack. Longstreet had massed these -brigades opposite the Union centre. They were formed in three lines, -lapped over the right of Brannan and the left of Davis--whose division -was on the right of Wood--and moved close to the gap; they widened -the awful space left by Wood; the attack struck Wood’s rear brigade -(Buell’s) and shattered it. Brannan who was a very able commander threw -back his right, but lost a part of Connell’s brigade in this movement. -With great skill and considerable deliberation he re-established his -line on the Horse Shoe Ridge, near the Snodgrass house, on a line -nearly perpendicular to the one from which he had retreated. Although -Wood’s division was subjected to a heavy attack, he--with the aid of -General Thomas, who had just come from the left wing--succeeded in -establishing his remaining troops in prolongation of Brannan’s new -line, and in reaching towards, but not entirely, Reynolds’s right, -which retired slightly. Hazen’s brigade of Palmer’s division filled -up the gap between Reynolds and Wood, thus making the Union line -a nearly continuous one from Snodgrass Hill to the left of Baird, -where Barnes’s brigade had taken position. The shape of the line was -that of a very flattened crescent, with the convex side towards the -enemy; it was greatly shortened, however, by the losses of the 19th, -and the cutting off on the right of two whole divisions, Davis’s and -Sheridan’s, a part of Wood’s, and some of Van Cleve’s. These were now -beyond the Confederate line and were attacked by heavy forces while -on the march, driving them from the field. Negley with his remaining -brigade was caught in the gap from whence he drifted towards Brannan. -General H. V. Boynton said about this affair on this part of the field: -“Negley, gathering up much artillery, was ordered by General Thomas to -post it on the crest overlooking the field in front of Baird’s left, -but instead he took it to Brannan’s right. This was a good position -for it and it could have been of great service there later, when the -Confederate line made an advance to that point, but he retired with it -in haste toward Rossville, ordering all the artillery to follow him, -before he was attacked.” - -Jefferson C. Davis was a fine and brave officer. He had only two -brigades, Carlin’s and Heg’s; the latter was commanded by Martin, for -Colonel Heg had been mortally wounded the day before. These brigades -had done some wonderful fighting on the day before, when they were -greatly reduced. After the break they could not stand against the -Confederate charge, wherefore they drifted towards Rossville. Davis -and Sheridan were both on the move by the left flank closing up toward -the left, when the Confederate charge struck them. Van Cleve with -his remaining brigades in motion--Barnes had gone to the left--was -thrown into disorder by the rapid dash of some artillery through the -ranks, while a portion of them rallied with Wood. General Lytle of -the Sheridan brigade was killed while trying to rally his troops. -These divisions and brigades went back, together with Wilder’s mounted -brigade, carrying with them Generals Rosecrans, McCook, and Crittenden, -who at that time were to the right of the break. The line of their -retreat was through McFarland’s Gap in Missionary Ridge, south of -Rossville. These troops did not go further back than to Rossville, -but Rosecrans, McCook, and Crittenden kept on to Chattanooga. Boynton -says, that Sheridan’s division was in good order when it arrived -at Rossville. Davis tried his best to reform his troops near to -McFarland’s Gap; he did march them back to the field, but reached -it too late in the evening. In the neighborhood of the two gaps, -McFarland’s and Rossville, were some ten thousand fugitive troops; the -way was open for them to have been led either to the right or to the -left of the Union line. But who was there who had rank and authority -enough to lead them, while their army and corps commanders were still -further to the rear? James A. Garfield, Gates P. Thruston, chief of -McCook’s staff, Surgeons Gross and Perkins, medical directors of the -Fourteenth and Twentieth corps, rode back and joined General Thomas. -Sheridan was requested by Thruston, the adjutant-general and chief of -staff to General McCook, at McFarland’s Gap--by a message from General -Thomas--to march to the latter’s relief, but he insisted on marching -back to Rossville and from there taking the Lafayette road to the left -flank of the army.[23] This was a most out of the way road to the -battlefield. Sheridan wanted to report quickly to General Thomas when -the break occurred and was doing that by way of Rossville. It was dark -before he arrived near to the left; the Union troops had then begun the -backwood movement. - -After the second attack on the left by Walker’s and Hill’s corps, -Breckenridge again came in behind Baird, but was repulsed by Van -Derveer, Grose, and Willich. All was quiet on the left, while heavy -firing continued on the right, when General Thomas rode over to the -right to look at matters there. This occurred during the adjustment -after the break, and he placed what remained of Wood’s on the left of -Brannan, the latter having taken his position prior to that on Horse -Shoe Ridge. General Thomas did not return to the left until about 5:30 -p. m. - -There had been no intimation to the four commanders on the left--Baird, -Johnson, Palmer, and Reynolds--that everything had not gone well with -the right. They could get no message from Thomas for two or three -hours. At this juncture, fearing another assault by the Confederate -lines, and supposing that Thomas had been cut off from them, Palmer, -Johnson, and Reynolds consulted with Baird and proposed that General -Palmer, as the senior and ranking officer, be placed in command of -their four divisions and march them off the field. General Baird -refusing to join them, prevented this calamity. Had this been done, -the Confederate right wing, confronting them, could have advanced -unimpeded in the rear of the Union troops on Snodgrass Hill, about -three-quarters of a mile directly in the rear of the Union left. -In view of what happened later in the evening with regard to the -successful falling back, it is not necessary to state what a probable -disaster General Baird prevented. - -[Illustration: THE FATAL ORDER TO WOOD, AT CHICKAMAUGA - -Adapted from Fiske’s _The Mississippi Valley in the Civil War_, p. 270] - -Longstreet followed the drawing back of the Union right, by a right -wheel of his divisions, while keeping Preston’s division in reserve, -probably in order to be ready to repel quickly any attack upon his -left and rear by Davis, Sheridan, Wilder, or R. B. Mitchell. There was -no need to be alarmed, for no troops approached from that quarter. -He largely outflanked and outnumbered the right wing of Rosecrans. -General Garfield had brought an order to Thomas from Rosecrans to take -command of the army, which was left on the field, and to fall back -to Rossville, to form a new line, and to hold back the enemy from -Chattanooga. Thomas made his headquarters near the Snodgrass house and -directed all the movements of the Union forces for the rest of the day. -He determined to hold the present line at least until night, when -the retreat could be made with less danger. To meet the six triumphant -divisions of Longstreet, the available troops in line were Croxton’s -and part only of Connell’s brigades of Brannan’s division; Wood, with -only Harker’s brigade, and one regiment of Buell’s; his other regiments -seemed to have faded away, or been cut off in the break. With Wood’s -line were a part of John Beatty’s brigade, a part of Stanley’s, and the -Twenty-first Ohio of Sirwell’s: these were of Negley’s division, but -Negley was not with them. There were parts of the Ninth and Seventeenth -Kentucky, Forty-fourth Indiana, and Thirteenth Ohio of Van Cleve’s -division, but no division commander with them. - -The Forty-fourth Indiana of Dick’s brigade, and the Seventeenth -Kentucky of Beatty’s brigade, and both of Van Cleve’s--Barnes’s brigade -being still on the left--were the only regiments which deflected from -the fugitives, and fell in with Wood’s and Brannan’s line. - -[Illustration: CHICKAMAUGA, EVENING OF SEPTEMBER 20, 1863 - -Adapted from Fiske’s _The Mississippi Valley in the Civil War_, p. 274] - -Longstreet’s troops attacked these fragments repeatedly with tremendous -force, but were repulsed with great loss. Finally one of Hindman’s -brigades gained a position on Brannan’s right and rear, without -opposition, for no troops were there to oppose them. Negley had held -that point earlier with ample artillery and infantry supports, but he -was then in Rossville. Just at this time, when disaster again seemed -inevitable, General Gordon Granger reported to General Thomas; having -marched his troops with the true instincts of a soldier from McAffee’s -church, in front of Rossville Gap facing Ringgold, to the sound of the -battle. Thomas ordered him to the right of Brannan. Two large brigades, -Whittaker’s and John G. Mitchell’s, were commanded by the gallant -General James B. Steedman; these formed in line, charged up the hill -against that brigade which had gained the flank of Croxton, and drove -it pell-mell back down the hill with great slaughter. At this time, -Van Derveer’s brigade came from the Kelly field, where it had done -such fine service. This brigade formed on Steedman’s left and joined -in the attack. When this combined force struck the enemy the musketry -firing was heavier than any before delivered. It lasted perhaps twenty -minutes. It was immediately in the rear of Baird’s division, on -the left, about three-fourths of a mile away; could not be seen on -account of the woods, but was heard, and it was terrific. Twice Hindman -reformed at a safe distance, and tried to recapture the hill, but being -overwhelmed, abandoned any future efforts; these brigades formed in -prolongation of Brannan’s right and fought until dark. While Sheridan -was marching on the west side of Missionary Ridge towards Rossville, -Granger was marching on the east side of it towards the battle, without -other orders than a general one, given days before to support the army. -They both must have heard the firing, and should have marched to it; -if these fugitive troops could have been brought on the field with a -competent commander, what would the result have been? How could they -keep away? Would not the Confederate Army--which was so nearly used -up--have been glad to fall back to Rome? - -Hindman, in his report[24] speaks in the following words of this -desperate contest on the Union right lasting over four hours, viz.: “I -have never known Federal troops to fight so well.” General Daniel H. -Hill, who commanded a Confederate corps on the army’s right, says in -an article on the battle of Chickamauga, that he never saw the dead -so thick anywhere as he did on the slopes of Snodgrass Hill after the -attacks by Longstreet’s several divisions.[25] - -General Garfield after returning from Rossville to the field, rode -long the lines of his old brigade, now Harker’s of Wood’s division, -cheered the men with muskets and gave by his presence the evidence -that others who did not come back from the rear could have done so. -Longstreet’s report states: “Hood’s column broke the enemy’s line near -the Brotherton house, and made it wheel to the right. In making this -movement Major-General Hood fell severely and it was feared mortally -wounded by a minie ball breaking his thigh.” Law succeeded Hood in -command. Longstreet continues as follows: “About three o’clock in the -afternoon I asked the commanding general for some of the troops of the -Right Wing, but was informed by him that they had been beaten back -so badly that they could be of no service to me.”[26] The figures of -losses on the two wings given later on will show that Bragg was right. - -The forces to resist the whole Confederate Army were but five divisions -in line. The rank and file of these divisions did not know of the -condition on the right, which was very fortunate; they stood and fought -therefore defensively, and with great confidence and bravery. - -The Union line, as now formed, consisted of Thomas’s original five -divisions and such troops as Wood’s one brigade (Harker’s), a fraction -of another (Buell’s) and fractions of regiments which had drifted in, -together with Steedman’s two brigades. It stood off the Confederate -Army until dark. An attack on General Thomas’s left--organized about -three o’clock--must be mentioned, however. It is supposed that this -was made in order to prevent any of the Union troops at that point -from being sent to the right. The attack was a general one and was -easily repulsed. The divisions of Breckenridge, Liddell, Armstrong’s -dismounted cavalry, and Forrest’s artillery across the Lafayette road, -were active. Willich made the fourth charge along the length of Kelly’s -field against these troops across the Lafayette road. At half after -five o’clock all was quiet on the Union left, and confidence filled the -hearts of the troops; but the attacks by Longstreet on the Union right -lasted another hour. - -Thomas had orders from Rosecrans to draw back to Rossville; Granger -wanted him to ignore the orders and hold the field; but Thomas would -not accede to such a request, and began the movement at half past five. -His line was solid and confident, but had very little ammunition, and -no rations. He was largely outnumbered and outflanked at both right and -left; by falling back to Rossville he would gain the fugitive troops, -whom he had been unable to induce to march back to this position; he -would also gain a stronger defensive line, which would better cover -the approaches to the city. He intended to start the movement so -early in the evening that he could get the troops in the proper roads -and directions before night, when darkness would protect them from -danger of attack during the march. Boynton says: “It was in no sense -a military retreat,” it was done “because Chattanooga, and not the -Chickamauga woods, was the objective of the campaign.” Still, it may -also be said, that the Confederate Army was the objective, and that its -destruction was of more importance than the occupation of the city. It -is quite certain that General Thomas would gladly have remained on the -field, if he had been confident that he could have destroyed Bragg’s -army the next day. He did not know at that time that it was badly used -up as later events proved and the movement backwards in the face of a -very vigilant foe, who was constantly advancing in almost full force, -would have been dangerous. - -The dispositions made by General George H. Thomas--before and after -he discovered the break in the Union right--were of the highest -military character; his plan of withdrawal to Rossville was equally -scientific. In his report he says, that after the arrival of Granger’s -forces and their effective attack on the enemy’s troops on the right -of Brannan, every assault of the enemy until nightfall was repulsed -in the most gallant style by the whole line. This was the result of -his skillful placing of troops, his constant watchfulness with regard -to the movements of the enemy, and the excellent counter movements by -the Union forces. But the real cause of the preservation of the army -was the masterful formation of the five divisions remaining under -General Thomas’s command on the morning of the 20th; they were formed -in compact, double lines, protected by log breastworks and had three -or four brigades in reserve; these lines required no re-adjustment and -were not penetrated. His watchfulness of the troops--of which many -formed under his own direction on Snodgrass Hill after the break on the -right--enabled him to point out instantly where they should go, when -Granger and Steedman appeared. Let it be remembered that he was at that -time unaware of the extent of the disaster on the right. In his report -he states, “General Garfield, chief of staff of General Rosecrans, -reached this position about 4 p. m., in company with Lieutenant-Colonel -Thruston, of McCook’s staff, and Captains Gaw and Barker, of my -staff, who had been sent to the rear to bring back the ammunition, if -possible. General Garfield gave me the first reliable information -that the right and centre of our army had been driven, and of its -condition at that time. I soon after received a dispatch from General -Rosecrans, directing me to assume command of all the forces, and, with -Crittenden and McCook, take a strong position, and assume a threatening -attitude at Rossville, sending the unorganized forces to Chattanooga -for reorganization, stating that he would examine the ground at -Chattanooga, and then join me; also that he had sent out rations and -ammunition to me at Rossville.”[27] - -General Thomas, of course, knew before Garfield reached him that -disaster of some kind had occurred on the right; but he did not know -its extent, neither did he know of the departure of the many troops -and high officers from the field. When he received this dispatch from -General Rosecrans he determined to fall back and immediately formulated -his plans. To enable the troops in line to hold the positions they -occupied until the proper time to fall back, he sent two aides to -distribute some ammunition--ten rounds to the man--which Granger had -brought with him. As soon as this was done he sent Captain Willard, -an aide, to direct the division commanders to be prepared to withdraw -their commands as soon as they received orders. At 5:30 p. m. Captain -Barker carried the order to Reynolds to commence the movement. Thomas -does not indicate in his report why he wanted Reynolds to commence the -movement, but it has been shown that his division was the one best -located for the work. A brigade of Confederate troops of Liddell’s -division occupied at that time the woods on the west of the Lafayette -road, between the Union right on Snodgrass Hill and the left around -the Kelly field. It was in the rear of both Union wings. Reynolds’s -position was at the head of these woods, and his troops could fire -into the Confederate lines without danger to the backs of the Union -soldiers. Under Thomas’s direction, Turchin’s brigade moved down the -Lafayette road, and filed to the left; when his rear had cleared -the road and faced to the right on the march, he threw his brigade -upon the Confederate forces and drove them in utter defeat entirely -beyond Baird’s left. This was the fifth charge made during the day -in the same direction along this road, in and adjacent to the Kelly -field. General Thomas posted Reynolds’s two brigades, Turchin’s and -Robinson’s--formerly King’s--together with Johnson’s reserve brigade -and General Willich’s on the ridge road west of the Lafayette road, -near the Mullis farm, in order to cover McFarland’s Gap. Thomas’s -report describes best what followed: “These dispositions being made, -I sent orders to Generals Wood, Brannan, and Granger to withdraw from -their positions. Johnson’s and Baird’s division were attacked at the -moment of retiring, but, by being prepared, retired without confusion -or any serious losses. General Palmer was attacked while retiring. -* * * I then proceeded to Rossville, accompanied by Generals Garfield -and Gordon Granger, and immediately prepared to place the troops in -position at that point.”[28] - -During Baird’s withdrawal he was heavily attacked by the enemy, and -lost a great many who were taken prisoners; some of these remained too -long behind the breastworks, others took a wrong direction in falling -back. The troops which had retreated to Rossville Gap during the day -were reorganized by their officers prior to the falling back of the -main army. Negley’s division was placed directly across the gap, and -the next morning Baird’s was placed behind it; the other divisions on -the right and left (on the crest of the ridge) were stationed with -Minty’s cavalry in front of the gap, about one mile and a half on the -Ringgold road. General R. B. Mitchell’s cavalry was on the Union right -covering McFarland’s Gap, and extending his right to the Chattanooga -Creek. McCook’s Corps was in line about a mile behind him. - -On September 21, General N. B. Forrest advanced at Rossville some -Confederate cavalry close enough to throw a shell or two into a Union -wagon train and Minty’s advance Union cavalry on the Ringgold road -had a little skirmish. But the Confederate Army was not advancing; -apparently it did not intend to attack the position at this point. -In fact, General Bragg did not know of the retirement of the Union -Army until the 21st, and he did not order an advance. The Confederate -Army lay still on the field during the 21st, and most of the 22nd. -Therefore General Thomas advised General Rosecrans to concentrate the -troops at Chattanooga, and this was done on the night of September -21, in a most admirable manner under Thomas’s direction. Brannan’s -division--in order to cover and protect the movement--was posted -half way between Rossville and Chattanooga. Nearly all the infantry -and artillery were in or around the city by 7 a. m. of the 22nd. The -different organizations were marched directly to positions previously -assigned them. - -Baird’s division (now Rousseau’s), with Minty’s cavalry still in rear -of it, brought up the rear, and did not arrive in the entrenchments -around the city until late in the evening of the 22nd. General -Rousseau, who was absent from early in August, joined the army again -at Rossville on September 21, and assumed command of his old division. -General Baird was later assigned to another division at Chattanooga. - -In the forenoon of the 22nd, Cheatham’s Confederate division marched -to the neighborhood of Chickamauga station, and took a road leading -thence to the top of Missionary Ridge; it was followed by the rest of -Polk’s Corps on the 23rd. On the same day, Hill’s and Longstreet’s -corps followed on different roads and slowly formed their line on top -of the ridge. Longstreet’s and Hill’s was thrown across the valley to -the foot of Lookout; their left was on the top of Lookout Mountain and -their right on the northeast nose of Missionary Ridge, abutting on the -Tennessee River, but the main line did not reach to the river. Their -camps were principally located in the Chickamauga Valley on the east -side of the ridge, where they were protected from observation by the -Union forces. - - -WISCONSIN TROOPS AT CHICKAMAUGA - -There were five infantry regiments from Wisconsin in the battle of -Chickamauga, viz.: the First, Tenth, Fifteenth, Twenty-first, and -Twenty-fourth. The First and Twenty-first were parts of the Second -Brigade, commanded by General John C. Starkweather--formerly Colonel -of the First Wisconsin Infantry--of the First Division, commanded by -General Absalom Baird, of the Fourteenth Corps, commanded by General -George H. Thomas. They were actively engaged near the extreme left on -both days of the battle. When Baird’s division on the morning of the -19th advanced from Kelly’s house on the Lafayette road, Starkweather’s -brigade was in reserve behind the other two brigades of the division. -His brigade was formed in two lines, the first composed of the First -Wisconsin on the right and the Seventy-ninth Pennsylvania on the -left, with the Fourth Indiana Battery between the two wings. The -Twenty-first Wisconsin Infantry and Twenty-fourth Illinois Infantry -formed the rear line. Lieutenant-Colonel George B. Bingham commanded -the First, and Lieutenant-Colonel Harrison C. Hobart the Twenty-first. -Having advanced about a mile through the woods, driving the enemy’s -skirmishers, Starkweather moved to Thomas’s left by the order of the -General, in order to relieve Croxton’s brigade of Brannan’s division, -reported to be out of ammunition. General Starkweather seems to have no -sooner taken position here than the enemy attacked in such overwhelming -numbers as to force him back. He retreated to a ridge in the rear of -his left; leaving his battery temporarily in the possession of the -enemy. Very soon the enemy was struck on his flank and rear by General -Johnson’s division of McCook’s Corps and forced back; the battery was -then recovered. - -In reforming the lines late in the afternoon, Starkweather’s brigade -was placed on the left of Johnson’s division; it took part in the night -attack by the Confederate General Cleburne, and was under fire during -the whole of the battle of the 19th. On the morning of the 20th it -formed the right of Baird’s position in the woods east of the Kelly -field, and was in one of the most exposed positions; this brought it -again on the left of Johnson’s division. The Fourth Indiana Battery had -two guns in the centre of the brigade and two upon the left. General -Starkweather in his official report says: “This position was held and -retained during the whole day under repeated attacks from the enemy -in heavy columns supported with batteries, repulsing and driving the -enemy back from time to time; driving the enemy also back from the -extreme left with the artillery. * * * While holding this position the -ammunition of my first line was expended, and most of the second line, -together with all the ammunition of the battery, except three rounds -of canister.”[29] He retired with the rest of Baird’s division in the -evening of the 20th to Rossville, thence to Chattanooga on the 22nd. -In the retirement, Lieutenant-Colonel Hobart, eight other commissioned -officers, and 67 men of the Twenty-first Wisconsin were captured by the -enemy. The loss of the First Wisconsin was 188 killed, wounded, and -missing; the latter being 77. The officers killed were Captains Abner -O. Heald, and William S. Mitchell; Lieutenants James S. Richardson, and -Charles A. Searles. Of the Twenty-first the loss was 121, of these 76 -were missing. The First seems to have gone into the battle with 391, -and the Twenty-first with 369 men. - -The Tenth Wisconsin Infantry--commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel John H. -Ely--was in Scribner’s brigade of Baird’s division. The history of its -fighting is almost identical with that of the First and Twenty-first. -On the 20th the Tenth Wisconsin Infantry was immediately on the -left of Starkweather. Colonel Ely, Major McKercher and several other -officers, together with a large number of men were captured in falling -back (by orders), on the evening of the 20th. They, by mistake, took -the wrong direction, going too far to the right, as they faced the -rear, and thus ran into the enemy. Its loss was a total of 211, but -145 of these were missing. Captain J. W. Roby, who made the report -says: “Monday morning September 21st we numbered three officers and 26 -men.” Lieutenant-Colonel Ely’s name appears among those killed; the -other officers killed were Captain George M. West and Lieutenant Robert -Rennie. - -The Fifteenth Wisconsin Infantry served in the Third brigade, Davis’s -division of the Twentieth Corps. This brigade was commanded by Colonel -Hans C. Heg until he was killed on the 19th; and afterwards by Colonel -John A. Martin. This regiment fought most gallantly with Davis’s -division on the 19th, when, according to their official report, the -loss was 7 officers and 59 enlisted men killed, wounded, and missing. -It will be remembered that on the 20th General Davis’s division was -cut off on the right by the break at Wood’s division, and that it, -after some desultory fighting, retired to McFarland’s Gap. The total -loss of the Fifteenth Wisconsin Infantry was 111, of which 55 men were -captured or missing. The officers killed were Colonel Hans C. Heg, -Captains Hans Hanson, Henry Hauff, John M. Johnson, and Lieutenant -Oliver Thompson. - -The Twenty-fourth Wisconsin Infantry was in General Lytle’s brigade -of the First Division of the Twentieth Corps. This regiment, with the -brigade to which it was attached, occupied the entrenchments at Lee -and Gordon’s Mill on the afternoon of the 19th, where it relieved -General Thomas J. Wood’s division; it remained here all afternoon under -a little artillery fire from the enemy, which did no harm, however. -At 3 a. m. on the 20th it went to a point near General Rosecrans’s -headquarters, near the Widow Glenn’s house; at 10:30 a. m. it double -quicked--under a terrific fire from the enemy--to the point where -General Lytle was killed; it fought here for thirty minutes driving -the enemy, but was soon outflanked by Hindman’s troops coming toward -its left flank from the celebrated break. The official report of its -commander (Major Carl Von Baumbach), from which the foregoing facts -are gleaned, says further: “We retreated in some disorder; but quickly -reformed on a hill some 400 yards to the rear. Our brave and gallant -commander, Lieutenant-Colonel T. S. West, being among the missing, I -assumed command.” This regiment bivouaced for the night at Rossville; -its loss was 3 officers and 69 men killed and wounded, and 20 missing; -Captain Gustavus Goldsmith was killed. The Major in his report makes -especial mention of Lieutenant Thomas E. Balding, acting adjutant, for -his gallant conduct. - -The First Wisconsin Cavalry--under command of Colonel Oscar H. -LaGrange--was a part of the Second Brigade, of Colonel Edward M. -McCook’s cavalry division. During the campaign, preceding the battle, -this regiment performed the usual duties of cavalry in reconnoitering, -picketing, leading in advance of the marching column of infantry, and -generally acting with the rest of the cavalry, as the eyes of the army. -On the 19th it was stationed on the right of the army to watch the -enemy’s cavalry, which kept on the east side of the Chickamauga in the -movement back to Rossville, and thence into Chattanooga, it protected -the trains and rear of the army. Its loss was 2 men wounded and 4 -missing. - -There were three Wisconsin light batteries with the Army of the -Cumberland, in the battle of Chickamauga: the Third, Fifth, and Eighth. -The Third Battery--commanded by Lieutenant Courtland Livingston--was -attached to Van Cleve’s division of Crittenden’s Corps. Captain L. H. -Drury of this battery, was chief of artillery of the division; he was -severely wounded in a skirmish several days before the battle. This -battery followed the fortunes of its division; but there seems to be no -definite report by its commanding officer. Its losses were 2 killed, 12 -wounded and 12 missing, out of an aggregate of 119. - -The Fifth Wisconsin Battery, commanded by Captain George Q. Gardner -was attached to the First Brigade, commanded by Colonel P. Sidney Post -of General Jefferson C. Davis’s division of the Twentieth Corps. This -brigade was guarding the supply train, and was not engaged in the -battle, and this battery had no losses. The brigade commander, in his -official report, commends Captain Gardner for great zeal and ability in -the management of the battery. - -The Eighth Wisconsin Battery--commanded by Lieutenant John D. -McLean--was attached to Colonel Heg’s brigade of Davis’s division of -McCook’s Twentieth Corps. The chief of artillery of Davis’s division -reports, that the movement of the artillery in the Chickamauga woods -was not deemed practicable; therefore, this battery did not become -engaged, and had no losses. - -The Chickamauga campaign proper was now ended. It formed the second -step in the campaign from Murfreesboro to Chattanooga; the Tullahoma -campaign being the first. It is true, the city was now occupied by the -Army of the Cumberland, but its possession was not secure as long as -the Confederate Army lay within two or three miles, and held the city’s -most available lines of supply by the river and the river road, between -Bridgeport and Chattanooga. Therefore, another conflict was necessary, -which would constitute the third step in the great campaign. An -account of that struggle will include the coming of reinforcements to -the Union Army; the opening of what the men in the ranks called, “the -cracker line;” the reorganization of the Army of the Cumberland; and -an account of the four battles of Wauhatchie, Orchard Knob, Lookout -Mountain, and Missionary Ridge. But before that is attempted, it -will be necessary to make some observations on the late battle of -Chickamauga. - -The Army of the Cumberland--or rather that part of it which now -occupied the city--was reduced by the Chickamauga battle to an -estimated aggregate of 35,000. This estimate excluded perhaps the -cavalry. Its total losses, killed, wounded, and prisoners, in the -Chickamauga campaign reached 13,615. A large number of sick, besides -the wounded, were in hospitals. But the Confederate losses were at -least 5,374 more than those of the Union Army. General Longstreet, in -his book, _From Manassas to Appomatox_, claims that the Confederate -force at Chickamauga was somewhat less than 60,000 men. The Confederate -records are so defective that it is largely an estimate to give -their numbers or losses. General H. V. Boynton estimates the number -at very much more than 60,000. There is no doubt that Bragg actually -outnumbered Rosecrans on the field by several thousand troops, perhaps -in the proportion of 60,000 to 50,000. - -The Union Army captured 2,003 prisoners, and lost 4,774. Of the latter -2,500 were wounded and left on the field when the army fell back to -Rossville. The terrible fighting which took place is shown by the -number of killed and wounded on each side. Longstreet says in his book, -that Bragg’s killed and wounded amounted to 16,986, but the official -returns make them about 1,100 less, or 15,881. The official returns -of the army give the Union losses of killed and wounded 11,338. The -Confederate loss was greater in killed and wounded than at Gettysburg; -and the largest the enemy had in a single battle. Attention is called -to the fact, that the numbers engaged at Gettysburg were about 80,000 -on each side; and that the battle lasted three days. - -The killed and wounded in some battles of the war are shown in the -following table: - - Union Confederate - Shiloh, Tenn. 10,162 9,735 - Second Bull Run 10,199 9,108 - Fredericksburg, Va. 10,884 4,664 - Chancellorsville, Va. 11,368 10,746 - Gettysburg, Pa. 17,567 15,298 - Chickamauga, Ga. 11,409 15,881 - Stone’s River 9,532 9,239 - Antietam, Md. 11,657 11,234 - -In every one of these battles the Union loss was greater than the -Confederate, except at Chickamauga; yet Shiloh, Gettysburg, and Stone’s -River are recorded as Union victories. The Confederate loss at Antietam -was much smaller than that given above, which includes Harper’s Ferry, -South Mountain, Crampton’s Gap, and Shepardstown. The prisoners -captured are excluded from the above list, because only the killed and -wounded indicate the intensity of the fighting. - -The Confederate’s large losses at Chickamauga show plainly the active -musketry of the Union troops, their good marksmanship, and the -difference (in the number of casualties) between making and receiving -attacks. On the second day the Union troops remained in line and -received the attacks of the Confederates. At Gettysburg the Union -forces did the same thing during the last two days. Those on the left -at Chickamauga were protected by breastworks, and suffered but little -loss on the 20th; while they inflicted very heavy punishment on the -Confederates; for instance, Hill’s Corps of the Confederate right lost -2,990 out of 8,894; Jackson’s brigade of Cheatham’s division lost 35 -per cent. of his force, and the losses in Govan’s brigade exceeded 50 -per cent. On the Union side Steedman, while attacking the Confederate -troops--which had gained an enfilading position and were about to -attack the right flank of Brannan--lost in this assault and in the -subsequent position which his troops occupied, 1,787 out of 3,700 -in about four hours. The loss is fearful, when assaults are made on -protected lines, or on points held with difficult approaches. On the -Confederate left Benning’s brigade of Hood’s division lost 56.6 per -cent.; Gregg’s brigade of B. R. Johnson’s lost 44.4 per cent. Taking -Longstreet’s estimate of 16,986 killed and wounded, and adding to it -the number of prisoners captured, namely, 2,003, the total Confederate -loss aggregates 18,989. It is officially established that the Union -loss was 11,338 in killed and wounded; its loss in prisoners was 4,774; -but 2,500 of them were wounded and were left on the battlefield. It -is reasonable to suppose that these wounded left on the field were -reported as wounded by their company officers, and are included in the -official returns of the 11,338. - -The historian will point out sharply the immense benefit to the Union -Army derived from the log works and the compact lines of the four -divisions under General Thomas on the 20th. The conclusion is a fair -one, that the whole line ought to have been similarly fortified; -there was ample supply of timber along the line to provide for such -protection. Of the five divisions under General Thomas’s command on -the 19th and on the 20th, Brannan’s was the only one which fought -both days without works; on the 19th none of them fought behind any -entrenchments, yet they fought against six Confederate divisions, viz.: -two of Walker’s corps, two of Cheatham’s, Cleburne’s, and Stewart’s. -On the 20th Brannan was on the right and did not fight any of the -Confederate troops, which Baird’s, Johnson’s, Palmer’s, Reynolds’s, -and his own divisions had fought on the 19th. Van Derveer’s brigade -of Brannan’s division made one charge, however, along the Kelly field, -against two brigades of Breckenridge’s; then returned to the right. -But it must be noticed that Breckenridge was not in the fight of the -19th. On the 20th Baird, Johnson, Palmer, and Reynolds fought behind -breastworks all day the same divisions they had fought the day before -without breastworks, and also Breckenridge’s in addition. It is true -they were assisted a little by two brigades of Negley’s and one of Van -Cleve’s on the left of the breastworks. In addition to the Confederate -infantry divisions mentioned, there was also Forrest’s cavalry of -3,500, which would more than offset any assistance these four Union -divisions had received from other troops on the 20th. The following -table will show the losses in killed and wounded of the divisions on -both sides, with the exception of prisoners captured during the two -days of battle in and around the Kelly field. - -The figures are taken from the official returns: - - Union Confederate - Brannan--Three Brigades 1,977 Walker--Five Brigades 2,290 - Baird--Three Brigades 975 Cheatham--Five Brigades 1,843 - Johnson--Three Brigades 1,088 Cleburne--Three Brigades 1,743 - Palmer--Three Brigades 1,165 Stewart--Three Brigades 1,674 - Reynolds--Two Brigades 778 Breckenridge--Three Brigades 1,075 - ------ ------ - Total 5,983 Total 8,625 - -There were 14 Union brigades and 19 Confederate. It will be seen -that Brannan, who was not protected by works on the 20th, lost about -800 more than the highest loss of any of the Union divisions, which -were protected. That is a practical illustration of the value of the -precautions thus taken by the protected troops. Estimating Brannan’s -loss on the 20th at 900, his loss on the 19th would be 1,077. This -would reduce the total loss in the Union column above to 5,083. -Considering that the Confederate divisions mentioned above encountered -no other Union troops during the battle, except those five divisions -mentioned, it will be understood that the five Union divisions by -incurring a loss of 5,083 killed and wounded, inflicted a loss on the -enemy of 8,625. Forrest’s loss does not appear but should be added -to the latter; let this item be offset, however, by the losses to -Beatty’s Stanley’s and Barnes’s brigades in their assistance on the -left of Baird. - -We will make a similar comparison of the losses on the right of the -Union, and the left of the Confederate Army: - - Union - Steedman 1,174--Two Brigades - Sheridan 1,090 - Davis 944--Two Brigades - Wood 876--Two Brigades - Van Cleve 660 - Negley 496 - Brannan (estimate) 900 - ------ - Total 6,140 - - Confederate - Hood } - Hindman } Six Divisions, 6,881 (estimated) - Buckner } - Preston } - -The estimated Confederate loss given above has been made up in the -following manner. The official Confederate loss is given by Colonel W. -F. Fox in his _Regimental Losses in the Civil War_ as 15,881 killed and -wounded at Chickamauga, the Confederate loss of the troops opposed to -the above named Union divisions can be found by adding to 8,625--the -Confederate losses in the first table given above--the estimated loss -of the Confederate cavalry, probably enough to bring the figures to -9,000, and deducting that from 15,881, the total Confederate loss is -secured. The result makes 6, 881 killed and wounded--as given in the -last table--by the seven Union divisions mentioned above, at a cost to -the latter of 6,140 killed and wounded. Longstreet gives in his report -his loss at 7,594 killed and wounded; deducting Stewart’s loss from -this sum leaves 5,920 as the loss of the above mentioned Confederate -forces. This makes the contrast between the two tables still greater. - -These figures emphasize the deadly fighting in that great battle, -and they are more eloquent of the valor of American soldiers than -words of song or oratory. They emphasize also the value of defensive -breastworks, in comparison with fighting unprotected. - -The Union troops expended 2,650,000 musket cartridges in hitting the -15,881 Confederate killed and wounded; some of them were, however, -wounded by artillery. It appears as if it took about 150 infantry -cartridges to hit one man. The expenditure was 650,000 more cartridges -than at Stone’s River; but then 6,642 more of the Confederates were -struck at Chickamauga, which shows that the firing was much more -destructive. - -General Rosecrans states:[30] “The fight on the left after 2 p. m., -was that of the army. Never, in the history of this war at least have -troops fought with greater energy and determination. Bayonet charges, -often heard of but seldom seen, were repeatedly made by brigades and -regiments in several of our divisions.” - -At 2 p. m. on September 21, C. A. Dana, Assistant Secretary of War, -sent a dispatch from Chattanooga to the Secretary of War. It contained -the following statements: “Thomas, finding himself cut off from -Rosecrans and the right, at once brought his seven divisions into -position for independent fighting. Refusing both his right and left, -his line assumed the form of a horse-shoe posted along the slope and -crest of a partly wooded ridge. He was soon joined by Granger from -Rossville, with the brigade of McCook and division of Steedman, and -with these forces firmly maintained the fight till after dark. Our -troops were as immovable as the rocks they stood on. The enemy hurled -against them repeatedly the dense columns which had routed Davis and -Sheridan in the morning, but every onset was repulsed with dreadful -slaughter. Falling first on one and then another point of our lines, -for hours the rebels vainly sought to break them. Thomas seemed to have -filled every soldier with his own unconquerable firmness, and Granger, -his hat torn by bullets, raged like a lion wherever the contest was -hottest with the electrical courage of a Ney. * * * When night fell -this body of heroes stood on the same ground they had occupied in the -morning their spirit unbroken, but their numbers greatly diminished. -* * * The divisions of Wood, Johnson, Brannan, Palmer, Reynolds, and -Baird, which never broke at all, have lost very severely.”[31] He -should have added that they inflicted greater loss upon the enemy than -any of the other divisions. The discouraged spirit of the Confederate -Army at the close of the battle was sufficiently apparent when the -forces under Thomas’s command were able--after the arrival of General -Gordon Granger’s troops--to stop the enemy’s further successes. It is -evident that the fighting spirit was gone from Bragg’s army since, -although they discovered the falling back, they did not approach -Rossville Gap on the 21st with a considerable force, nor seriously -interfere in the backward movement to Chattanooga, not even trying to -capture a wagon, mule, or horse, although its great cavalry leader, -Forrest and his troopers, were in force close to Rossville Gap. It -was more paralyzed than the Union Army. General Daniel H. Hill, who -commanded a Confederate corps on the right in the battle, states in -the article referred to before: “There was no more splendid fighting -in ’61, when the flower of the Southern youth was in the field, than -was displayed in those bloody days of September, ’63. But it seems -to me that the _elan_ of the Southern soldier was never seen after -Chickamauga--that brilliant dash which had distinguished him was gone -forever. He was too intelligent not to know that the cutting in two -of Georgia meant death to all his hopes. * * * He fought stoutly to -the last, but, after Chickamauga, with the sullenness of despair and -without the enthusiasm of hope. That ‘barren’ victory sealed the fate -of the Southern Confederacy.”[32] - -If the Army of the Cumberland accomplished so much at Chickamauga in -spite of certain mistakes, after having penetrated to the centre of the -Confederate territory, what might not have been done, if the right of -the Union line had been properly placed and protected during the night -of the 19th, and if the disastrous order to Wood had not been issued? -The withdrawal of Wood from the line--just before Bushrod Johnson -advanced against the centre--cost the Union fighting line 10,000 men, -and caused the withdrawal, some hours later, of the Union Army to -Rossville. Whether Wood interpreted that order correctly, the fact is -that the order should never have been issued. The movement of closing -in towards the left and of throwing the right further back, should have -been done hours before. One of Mitchell’s cavalry divisions should have -been placed on the Union left during the night of the 19th. - -It must be conceded that Brannan’s division was the most active in -the battle. It was well managed, but its loss in killed and wounded -was greater than that of any other Union division. Brannan lost in -killed and wounded 1,977, with 214 missing. His division fought bravely -under his skillful management, yet he was unprotected on both days. -Negley’s loss was 496 killed and wounded, the smallest loss of all. The -following officers went through the battle with great credit, viz.: -Generals Thomas, Granger, Steedman, Brannan, Baird, Johnson, Palmer, -Reynolds; and Brigade-Commanders Hazen, Harker, Van Derveer, Croxton, -Whittaker, John C. Mitchell, Willich, and Turchin. - -If a real soldier, like Longstreet, had been in command of the -Confederate right and had found upon advancing against the Union line, -that two brigades lengths extended beyond the Union left, he would -certainly have made more out of such a condition than did Breckenridge -or Leonidas Polk. - -General D. H. Hill, in his report[33] discusses the situation as -follows: “The important results effected by two brigades on the flank -proved that, had our army been moved under cover of the woods a mile -farther to the right, the whole Yankee position would have been turned -and an almost bloodless victory gained. A simple reconnoisance before -the battle would have shown the practicability of the movement and -the advantage to be gained by it.” Hill was in command on that flank -and should have acted in accordance with his understanding of the -situation, or at least reported the facts to his superior. This was -what Rosecrans was anxious about when he hastened troops from the right -to the left. If Sheridan could have reached Thomas before Longstreet -cut him off in the act of double-quicking toward the left flank, what -would have happened? - -General Thomas’s dispositions to protect his left showed military -genius of the highest order, and General Baird greatly assisted him in -this matter. This was only one instance, however, of General Thomas’s -many equally meritorious tactics in this great battle. He rose to the -highest point in the estimation of both officers and men. - -Both days’ fighting illustrates the fact that when troops are -outflanked or attacked in the rear, however brave they may be in other -positions relative to the enemy, they will as a rule go to pieces. It -was repeatedly shown on both sides, especially on the 19th, during -the battle, that the veteran troops as well as the new regiments, -would become disheartened and confused in such a position; many of the -regiments on the left during the second day, who did not flinch when -attacked in flank and rear on the day before, then went to pieces. - -The protected troops on the Union left fought through the entire day of -the 20th, entirely unconscious that they were frequently surrounded not -only in front and rear of their own line, but that the two flanks of -the army were only about three-fourths of a mile apart, although in the -morning they were two and a half miles apart. At noon the Union right -was contracted, and thrown back against the left. The order to retreat -late in evening of the 20th came as a surprise and shock to these -troops, who had been repulsing the enemy all day with comparative ease. -Thousands of musket bearers were so stiff and sore from the two days’ -conflict and the marches over the mountains during the preceding days, -that when a regiment lying down on the evening of the 20th attempted to -rise there was a distinct creaking of bones and an accompanying groan, -slight, but perceptible. Many of them while moving back to Rossville -at night, took the desperate chance of lying down for a nap in the -woods by the roadside, intending to rest for an hour or two and then -join their regiments again before daylight; but hundreds of these awoke -to find it was already daylight and many were captured by the enemy’s -cavalry. - -The Confederate Army itself did not advance from the battlefield until -the 23rd; only a small part leaving on the 22nd. The fact is that the -Confederate Army was much more used up than the Union Army; General -Bragg said to General Longstreet on the 20th that his troops upon -his right were used up.[34] The same Confederate troops which had -penetrated the line and driven Davis, Sheridan, and others from the -field, were so roughly handled by Brannan and Granger on Snodgrass -Hill that they could not be brought forward for another attack. The -slowness with which the Confederate Army moved to their positions -around Chattanooga proves that they were practically defeated. At the -time the orders were sent to the divisions behind the log works on -the left to prepare for withdrawal, their commanders sent word back -to General Thomas that there was no reason for them to retreat; they -had been, and were at that moment repulsing easily every assault. -They did not know of the disaster to the right, caused by Wood’s -withdrawal, nor did General Baird and his brigade commanders know of -the movements of either Union or Confederate forces until after the -retreat. Many writers have expressed the opinion that the Union Army -should not have retreated. But to a soldier who was present on the -field and knew the facts--such as the absence of the commander of the -army; his order sent from the far rear to fall back to Rossville; the -absence of ammunition and rations; the utterly exhausted condition of -the rank and file by the superhuman exertions of the two days’ fighting -and the preceding hard marching; the fear that if the Union Army -remained, the Confederate Army might yet wedge its way between it and -Chattanooga, the Union commander not being aware at that time of the -exhausted and discouraged condition of the Confederate Army--it seems -that the falling back in the way and at the time it did was the correct -thing. At least it seems as if Thomas had really nothing else to do -than to fall back when the order from General Rosecrans was received. -Had General Thomas been the commander of the army, it might have been -different. - -The Union cavalry did not properly cooperate with the other arms of the -Union forces. Forrest, with his large Confederate cavalry force, was -close to the right of the Confederate Army, and did fine service; the -force was equal to the infantry in number. Forrest should have been -opposed by a division of the Union cavalry. Only one cavalry brigade -was needed at Crawfish Springs; the other cavalry brigade together -with Wilder’s mounted infantry which closed up on the right of McCook, -should have given better service at a time when it was most needed. -This was not the fault of the cavalry commander, for he only obeyed -orders from his superiors. In a dispatch to General R. B. Mitchell, -the commander of the cavalry, at 7:15 p. m. September 20, General -Rosecrans said, “Had you been on our right today you could have charged -the enemy’s flank, and done much incalculable mischief.” Why was not -his cavalry as close to the Union right flank as Forrest’s was to -the Confederate right flank? Mitchell’s cavalry was too far away to -be effective, when disaster overtook the wing: it was supposed to be -protecting, but it was farther away from Snodgrass Hill on the right -than were the forces of Gordon Granger, at McAffee’s church on the -left. - - - - -CHAPTER III - -_The Occupation and Battles of Chattanooga_ - - -When the Army of the Cumberland fell back from Chickamauga and -Rossville to Chattanooga, the first and most important thing to do -was to quickly fortify against attack. The troops marched directly to -the places assigned them, and when all were in place, the lines half -encircled the city, both flanks terminating at the river. McCook was on -the right, Thomas next, and Crittenden on the left. The troops began -at once the work of throwing up the ordinary entrenchments; these were -from time to time strengthened until satisfactory. Two forts had been -partially completed by the enemy; these were finished and occupied by -both artillery and infantry. The army was drawn in close around the -city; the point of Lookout Mountain and its slopes beyond Chattanooga -Creek were left to the enemy. This gave the Confederate Army command of -the river, the rail and wagon roads (parallel with the river), between -Chattanooga, Bridgeport, and Stevenson. The only other practicable road -to the bases of supplies was over Walden’s Ridge on the north side -of the river, a distance of 60 miles by wagon; thus it became very -difficult to furnish more than half or three-quarters rations to the -men, and only very little forage could be furnished to the animals. The -road mentioned was so steep and bad that a team of four or six mules -would consume almost the entire load of feed in bringing the load and -in returning for another. - -General Bragg deemed the occupancy of his main line along Missionary -Ridge--across the valley to Lookout Mountain, thence on the south side -of the river by small detachments at different points--to Bridgeport -sufficient to starve out the army in Chattanooga. Meanwhile he sent -Wheeler’s cavalry to the north side, in order to raid the line of -supplies. Wheeler burned 300 wagons in the Sequatchie Valley and went -on north doing what damage he could. Fearing that Bragg might follow -Longstreet’s advice and cross the river east of Chattanooga with a -large part of his army, Rosecrans soon completed an inside works of -circumvallation by which ten thousand men might be able to hold the -city, while he might be obliged to protect his base of supplies by -marching the rest of his army to meet such a situation. That Bragg -did not undertake an enterprise of this character was further proof -of the used-up condition of his army, the result of the late battle -of Chickamauga. Bragg’s reasoning regarding his ability to starve the -forces in the city was good only on the supposition that the Government -at Washington would fail to send sufficient reinforcements to protect -the rear, and to raise “The Siege of Chattanooga;” it was not more -than a semi-siege, however, and has been so called by some authors. -If Bragg’s army had occupied both sides of the river and practically -surrounded the city, as the German troops surrounded Paris in the -Franco-German War of 1871, then it could have been called a siege. Of -course the situation of the Union Army was critical, not only here -in the fortified city, but ever since it crossed the Tennessee River -during the campaign preceding the battle of Chickamauga. As before -mentioned, General Rosecrans estimated on September 23, 1863, that he -had about 35,000 troops in the entrenchments; the cavalry and Wilder’s -brigade of mounted infantry were then on the north side of the river -and guarded the crossings for a considerable distance, both above and -below. Union reinforcements had been ordered both from the east and -from the west; but Burnside, who commanded in East Tennessee, was -asking at the same time for help at Knoxville, instead of being able -to send any succor to Rosecrans. Before the battle of Chickamauga -reinforcements had been ordered from the Army of the Tennessee--at -that time on or near the Mississippi at Memphis--and from Burnside, -but none had arrived. After the great battle and the falling back -of Rosecrans, the commander did not need to urge the President and -Secretary of War to be convinced, that unless they really desired to -lose Tennessee and all that had so far been gained in the department of -the Cumberland, other troops must be sent with the greatest celerity. -Two corps from the Army of the Potomac were ordered to the battlefield; -the Eleventh commanded by General O. O. Howard, and the Twelfth under -General H. W. Slocum; both under the command of General Joseph Hooker. -General W. T. Sherman was also to reinforce the Union Army with the -Fifteenth Corps, and one division of the Seventeenth from the Army of -the Tennessee. In the meantime every exertion was made by the troops -present to hold the city at all hazards. When Wheeler captured and -burned the 300 wagons near Anderson’s cross roads, in the Sequatchie -Valley, Colonel E. M. McCook with the First Wisconsin Cavalry, the -Second and Fourth Indiana cavalry and a section of artillery started -from Bridgeport up the Sequatchie Valley. Retarded by an incessant -rain, he was in time to see the smoke only of the burning wagons; he -made a charge and drove a detachment of the enemy’s troops past the -fire upon their main body. He followed this Confederate division--which -was commanded vigorously by Martin and Wheeler--out of the valley, -captured a number of soldiers and 800 mules and saved some of the -wagons. Wheeler reached McMinnville in time to capture the garrison and -burn the supplies. He was off toward Murfreesboro before the arrival -of Crook and his command, who had taken up the pursuit. The Union -cavalry corps, commanded by R. B. Mitchell, with McCook’s division, -joined Crook at Murfreesboro and saved that place from capture. They -followed Wheeler so persistently and fought him so successfully that -they prevented the destruction of the railroad, but were unable to -save the telegraph lines. Wheeler crossed back at Rogersville to the -south of the Tennessee; Mitchell followed and captured at that point a -large amount of Confederate cotton and destroyed it. Mitchell prevented -the Confederate advance to Winchester and Decherd after having heard -at Huntsville, Alabama, that Roddey’s Confederate cavalry was moving -towards these cities, having been forced to recross the river. Bragg’s -intention was to destroy Rosecrans’s communications and to force him to -abandon Chattanooga. The maintenance of the railroad back to Nashville -was of vital importance to the Union Army. Wheeler’s loss on this raid -was according to the estimate of General Crook, 2,000 men and 6 pieces -of artillery. These fatalities made the Confederate commander more -cautious. Crook’s loss was only 14 killed and 97 wounded. Wheeler’s -raid and the Union pursuit, are specimens of the kind of warfare -which cavalry are expected to make, showing the terrible destruction -of men and horses, the untiring marches, and watchfulness necessary -in a field so extensive and difficult as that of the department of -Cumberland. It would have been much more economical and effective, if -the War Department had previously protected the railway with sufficient -infantry, as it now intended to do, than to protect it by an ordinary -force of cavalry. The Department did adopt the plan of protecting the -railway with infantry, when Hooker came with a division; this mode was -most effectively used also in 1864. - -Although the railroad from Nashville to Stevenson was being maintained -and supplies were accumulated at the latter city, yet the necessity -of hauling supplies by wagons over such an extended and precipitous -road as the one over Walden’s Ridge, and the destruction of so many -wagons by Wheeler, told heavily on the devoted troops in the entrenched -city. The rains were heavy and continuous during the early part of -October, making the roads almost impassable in some places. The trips -to Bridgeport seemed gradually to lengthen, the mules became thinner, -and so the rations had to be reduced from time to time, until men, -horses, and mules were in very sore straits. The artillery horses -and all extra horses of mounted officers, that had not already died -from starvation, were sent back to Bridgeport or Stevenson to be kept -there until the strain could be relieved sometime in the indefinite -future. Yet no thought of retreat or surrender entered the minds of the -devoted soldiers. The fact that the army in the surrounding hills was -in a worse condition--too weak to take any advantage of the situation -by aggressive movements, except those abortive cavalry raids in the -rear--undoubtedly saved the Union Army from destruction. - -In the early part of October, General Hooker arrived at Nashville with -the Eleventh and Twelfth corps. They were stationed along the railroad -to Bridgeport. The corps had come to Nashville by railroad, but were -without transportation, therefore did not supply all the relief needed -at Chattanooga. What was absolutely necessary was the restoration of -rail transportation from Stevenson to Chattanooga, and not exclusively -the protection of the railroad from the north to Bridgeport. Sufficient -reinforcements were also needed in order to enable the Union Army -to attack and destroy or drive back the enemy, who was in too close -proximity for safety; and therefore the first thing to be considered, -after the Union troops were properly fortified, was to plan means by -which the cooperation of these eastern reinforcements could be made -available. In preliminary preparation for this, a steamboat which had -been captured at Chattanooga, had been repaired and another was being -built at Bridgeport. Rosecrans ordered Hooker to bring to Bridgeport -all his command, with the exception of what was needed to protect the -railroad from Nashville to the Tennessee River. He started also the -construction of pontoons for a bridge, at some point over the river -below Chattanooga, where his troops might have to cross in order to -meet Hooker’s forces coming from Bridgeport, and also in order to -shorten the road down the river. General W. F. Smith (“Baldy Smith”) -had lately been appointed chief engineer of the Army of the Cumberland. -General Rosecrans ordered him to reconnoiter the river near Williams’s -Island, a few miles below the points of Lookout Mountain, expecting -to make of that island a steamer landing and supply depot. This last -order was issued October 19, and on that same day General Rosecrans was -relieved from the command of the Army; and General George H. Thomas -assumed command. - -Prior to this date, on October 9, a complete reorganization of the Army -of the Cumberland had been made. Many of the regiments and brigades -had been so reduced in numbers by the late battle and by sickness, -that consolidation of brigades became imperative. Besides, in order -to maintain efficiency in the army and proper discipline, a weeding -out among the general officers became a necessity. Ever since the -close of fighting at Chickamauga, there had been an undercurrent of -feeling among the majority of the officers, that certain ones, who had -failed to meet the emergencies which arose during that battle, could -not continue in command, without decided detriment to the future -operations of the army. In compliance with the President’s order of -September 28, the Twentieth and Twenty-First corps were consolidated -and called the Fourth Corps. This new corps was placed under the -command of General Gordon Granger who had particularly distinguished -himself at Chickamauga. The reserve corps was made a part of the -Fourteenth Corps. Each corps was composed of three divisions and each -division of three brigades. The following short dispatch sent to the -Secretary of War by C. A. Dana, gives a very concise and interesting -statement of what was done: - -“Fourth Corps: First Division, Palmer; First Brigade, Cruft, nine -regiments, 2,044 men; Second Brigade, Whittaker, eight regiments, 2,035 -men; Third Brigade, Colonel Grose, eight regiments, 1,968 men. Second -Division, Sheridan; First Brigade, F. T. Sherman, ten regiments, 2,385 -men; Second Brigade, Wagner, eight regiments, 2,188 men; Third Brigade, -Harker, 2,026 men. Third Division, Wood; First Brigade, Willich, nine -regiments, 2,069 men; Second Brigade, Hazen, nine regiments, 2,195 -men; Third Brigade, Samuel Beatty, eight regiments, 2,222 men. - -“Fourteenth Corps: First Division, Rousseau; First Brigade, Carlin, -nine regiments, 2,072 men; Second Brigade, King, four regiments of -regulars and four regiments of volunteers, 2,070 men; Third Brigade, -Starkweather, eight regiments, 2,214 men. Second Division, J. C. Davis; -First Brigade, J. D. Morgan, five regiments, 2,214 men [this brigade -had been in the reserve and did not take part in the late battle]; -Second Brigade, John Beatty, seven regiments, 2,460 men; Third Brigade, -Daniel McCook, six regiments, 2,099 men [this brigade had few losses in -the late battle]. Third Division, Baird; First Brigade, Turchin, seven -regiments, 2,175 men; Second Brigade, Van Derveer, seven regiments, -2,116 men; Third Brigade, Croxton, seven regiments, 2,165 men.” - -Those detachments of the reserve corps which still remained along -the Nashville and Chattanooga railroad beyond Bridgeport, were not -included. The garrison at Stevenson, Bridgeport, and Battle Creek, -under General J. D. Morgan, as above stated, were however included. -The State of Tennessee was divided into two districts, the northern, -commanded by General Robert S. Granger with headquarters at Nashville, -and the southern under General R. W. Johnson with headquarters at -Stevenson. - -General L. H. Rousseau superseded General R. S. Granger at Nashville, -in November, prior to the battles. General Starkweather relieved -Johnson at Stevenson after the battle, the latter having been assigned -in Rousseau’s place, as commander of the First Division of the -Fourteenth Corps. - -In the reorganization of the army the Wisconsin troops were distributed -as follows: The First and Twenty-First Infantry remained in -Starkweather’s Third Brigade of the First Division of the Fourteenth -Corps; the Tenth Infantry in the First Brigade of the same division -which was commanded by General W. P. Carlin. The Twenty-fourth Infantry -was in the First Brigade of Sheridan’s Division, commanded by Colonel -F. T. Sherman; the Fifteenth Infantry in Willich’s Brigade of Wood’s -Division, of the Fourth Corps. The Fifth Battery was attached to -Davis’s Division of the Fourteenth Corps; the Third, Eighth and Tenth, -and Company A of the First Wisconsin Heavy Artillery were assigned -to the Second Division of the Artillery Reserve. The Eleventh and -Twelfth corps were not reorganized prior to the battles; the Third and -Twenty-sixth Wisconsin Infantry remained in the same organization in -which they were in the Army of the Potomac--viz.: the Third in Ruger’s -Third Brigade of the First Division (Williams’s) of the Twelfth Corps; -the Twenty-sixth in the Second Brigade of the Third Division of the -Eleventh Corps. - -When General Thomas became commander of the Army of the Cumberland, -General John M. Palmer was made commander in his place of the -Fourteenth Corps, and General Charles Cruft was assigned to the command -of the First Division of the Fourth Corps, in place of Palmer. - -General James A. Garfield, chief of staff, had been elected member of -Congress from his district in Ohio; he left in order to assume his -duties and General J. J. Reynolds had been appointed chief of staff -in his place. General John M. Brannan was made chief of artillery. -These, with General W. F. Smith as chief engineer, greatly added to the -strength of the headquarters staff. - -This order of the President--which affected these local changes in the -Army of the Cumberland--was followed by a much greater consolidation on -a very much broader scale. The Army of the Tennessee--then in western -Tennessee and northern Mississippi--was placed under command of General -W. T. Sherman, who was on his way with a portion of it to Chattanooga -in order to reinforce the Army of the Cumberland. The Army of the -Ohio, under General A. E. Burnside, was at Knoxville. These three -armies had not before had a commander in common under whose orders they -could be made to cooperate. A commander-in-chief at Washington had so -far been unable to accomplish this very necessary cooperation. The -Tennessee River ran through the fields of operations of all the three -armies--less directly in the field of the Army of the Tennessee--and -the preceding lack of unity in movements jeopardized the ultimate -object of all their campaigns, namely: the re-establishment of the -former relation between the states in rebellion and the general -government. On this account the President established the Military -Division of the Mississippi, with Lieutenant-General U. S. Grant in -command. This was a virtual consolidation of the three armies; their -cooperation in that wide field was henceforth perfect. Subsequent -events showed the wisdom of this order. The Confederates never won -another battle in this department; and in fourteen months after the -organization of one command there existed no organized Confederate -force in this field, worthy of notice. There were only detachments here -and there, like Forrest’s rangers in the early spring of 1865, until -General James H. Wilson’s cavalry raid put an end to all resistance. - -After its reorganization, the Army of the Cumberland was composed -of the Fourth, Eleventh, Twelfth, and Fourteenth corps, and three -divisions of cavalry. Had General Sheridan been placed in command of -the combined cavalry, his subsequent career shows that its efficiency -would have been greatly improved; but all the changes, that might have -been beneficial, could not be thought of at once. The pending events in -this department developed some pre-eminent officers, who were indeed -very much needed; they became masterful factors in the early downfall -of the rebellion, both in the east and in the west; Sheridan was one of -these; others were Grant, Thomas, and Sherman. - -Grant reached his new command by way of Louisville, Kentucky, where he -met the Secretary of War, Edwin M. Stanton, who brought with him the -order of October 18, as well as General Grant’s commission. Grant sent -from Louisville the following telegram to Thomas, “Hold Chattanooga -at all hazards. I will be there as soon as possible. Please inform me -how long your present supplies will last, and the prospect for keeping -them up.” General Thomas answered: “Two hundred and four thousand -four hundred and sixty-two rations in storehouses; ninety thousand to -arrive tomorrow, and all the trains were loaded which had arrived at -Bridgeport up to the 16th--probably three hundred wagons. _I will hold -the town till we starve._” - -On October 19, Thomas ordered General Hooker to carry out the former -orders of General Rosecrans, namely to concentrate his forces at -Bridgeport, in order to move them to Chattanooga. - -General Grant arrived at Chattanooga on the evening of October 23, -one month after the Union troops had taken possession of the city. -On the 24th he went to Brown’s Ferry in company with Thomas and W. -F. Smith, the chief engineer; at once he recognized the necessity -and possibility of the scheme, initiated by General Rosecrans, but -conceived and planned by W. F. Smith, of placing a pontoon bridge -there and of obtaining a hold on the south side of the river at that -point, and he ordered its execution; much had already been done toward -preparing for it. General Smith was given full power to complete the -plan. The river at Chattanooga runs almost directly west opposite -the city, but soon it curves to the north and then it turns to the -south with quite a sharp bend at the foot of Lookout Mountain, from -where the river runs directly north, forming a narrow and perfect -peninsula directly opposite or west of the city. This peninsula widens -slightly at its southern end and forms a perfect shape of a human -foot; hence it is called “Moccasin Point.” Brown’s Ferry is directly -west of the city, on the western point of the neck of this peninsula, -some miles below Lookout. It is only about a mile in direct line to -Brown’s Ferry from the northern end of the bridge, at the foot of -Cameron Hill in the western outskirts of the city. From Brown’s Ferry -the river continues north, and passes Williams Island; five or more -miles from the ferry, it makes another sharp turn to the south at the -foot of Walden’s Ridge; in the course of six or seven miles from this -northern bend it flows tortuously past Kelly’s Ferry. The peninsula -thus formed, is the northern nose of Raccoon Mountain. From Brown’s -to Kelly’s Ferry is about five miles in direct line somewhat to the -southwest, and, as said before, it is one mile across to Chattanooga. -It is about five miles from Cameron Hill bridge to Brown’s Ferry, -but from where the boats for the Brown’s Ferry bridge subsequently -started, it is about nine miles, and to Kelly’s Ferry more than -fifteen, perhaps twenty miles. These figures show the value to the -transportation, of obtaining unobstructed access to Kelly’s Ferry as a -landing for steamboats bringing supplies from Bridgeport across Brown’s -Ferry, when it should come into possession of the Union Army by the -advance of Hooker, until the railroad could be repaired or put into -working order from Bridgeport to Chattanooga. The movement of troops -which accomplished this, also, gave the army a lodgment on the south -side of the river, to meet, and assist, Hooker’s forces coming from -Bridgeport, thus breaking the Confederate hold upon the river road to -Bridgeport. Under General Smith’s orders and supervision, the plans -were successfully carried out. Two flatboats and fifty pontoons, with -cars, were prepared. In these, 1,500 men under Hazen passed down the -river nine miles, and close to the Confederate pickets. They were to -land at different points in sections, the places having been pointed -out previously to the officers in command. On account of the darkness -fires were kept burning opposite these places, so that the different -sections could land at the proper points. The remainder of Turchin’s -and Hazen’s brigades--from which the men in the boats were taken--and -their batteries, were marched across the peninsula, and posted out of -sight in the woods, near Brown’s Ferry on the north side of the river. - -The infantry troops were to cross in the boats, as soon as the men -under Hazen landed on the south side, and recross to the north side. -The artillery was to move into position as soon as the boats landed, -in order to cover a retreat in case of disaster. The equipment for the -pontoon bridge was also in place and ready for use. The boats commenced -to float at 3 a. m. October 27, and they were not discovered by the -enemy until 5 a. m., when the first section had landed; a portion of -the second section, which did not land in the proper place, was fired -on by the enemy’s picket, calling forth an attack by the picket-reserve -of the enemy. But the Union troops on the north side of the ferry -crossed rapidly in the boats, pushed forward to the top of the ridge, -and in two hours they protected themselves sufficiently with timber -and abatis to hold the _tête de pont_. On the 27th the bridge was -completed at 4:30 p. m.; the work was done under some shelling from -Lookout Point. Captain P. V. Fox of the First Michigan Engineers was -the skillful superintendent of the bridge building. Twenty beeves, -six pontoons, a barge and about 2,000 bushels of corn fell into the -hands of the Union troops. The Union loss was 6 killed, 23 wounded, -and 9 missing. Six prisoners were taken from the Confederates and 6 -were killed; how many were wounded is not known. While the bridge was -being laid, General Hooker crossed the river at Bridgeport on a pontoon -bridge, and was marching up towards Chattanooga. At 3 p. m. on the -28th, his head of column reached Wauhatchie, in Lookout Valley, at the -junction of the railroad from Bridgeport, with the branch from Trenton -up the valley. The wagon road from here to Brown’s Ferry runs about -four miles, along the western base of a ridge, which here and there -has deep depressions; through one of these the railroad continued to -Chattanooga, around the nose of Lookout, close to the river; through -another the wagon road runs. General Hooker had with him Howard’s -Eleventh Corps, and Geary’s division of the Twelfth, with the exception -of one regiment left at the bridge at Bridgeport, one at Whiteside’s -and one at Shellmound; the latter two places being on the railroad -between Bridgeport and Chattanooga. - -The First Division of the Twelfth Corps, (Williams), had been left to -guard the railroad from Murfreesboro to Bridgeport. In Ruger’s brigade -of this division was the Third Wisconsin Infantry, commanded by Colonel -William Hawley. This regiment had been mustered into the service on -June 29, 1861, and had been serving with the Army of the Potomac -since that date until now, when it became a part of the Army of the -Cumberland. In the Second Brigade of the Third Division, (Schurz) of -the Eleventh Corps was the Twenty-sixth Wisconsin Infantry, commanded -by Captain Frederick C. Winkler, who was appointed Major November -17, 1863. It was exclusively a German regiment, and was mustered in -at Milwaukee on August 17, 1862. On the following October 6, it left -Wisconsin for the Army of the Potomac, in which it served until it -became a part of the Eleventh Corps under Howard and Hooker of the Army -of the Cumberland. - -Hooker’s advance troops, under General Howard, camped that night -within a mile or so of Brown’s Ferry, where they opened communication -with the troops there. Geary’s division was in the rear and camped -near Wauhatchie, three miles from Howard’s troops; thus the road -from Wauhatchie to Kelly’s Ferry--three miles to the northwest of -Wauhatchie--was controlled. About 1 a. m. on the 29th, Geary was -heavily attacked by a part of Longstreet’s troops, but not before he -had his division in line for defense. Howard was ordered to double -quick his nearest division, under command of General Carl Schurz, to -Geary’s relief. Before proceeding far, it was fired upon from the -near hills on the division’s left, but at long range. The firing -produced no great injury to Schurz’s troops. Howard detached one -brigade to deploy on these hills, and pushed on with the other; in the -meantime Steinwehr’s division, also of Howard’s, came up. Then it was -discovered that another hill, in the rear of Schurz was also occupied -by the enemy. Smith’s brigade charged it and carried it with the -bayonet against three times its number. - -Hooker says, “No troops ever rendered more brilliant service. The -name of their valiant commander is Colonel Orlando Smith of the -Seventy-third Ohio Infantry. * * * For almost three hours, without -assistance Geary repelled the repeated attacks of vastly superior -numbers, and in the end drove them ingloriously from the field.” Thus -the Lookout Valley was secured, and new communications were opened. -The loss to General Hooker’s command was 416. Longstreet practically -conceded that the Union commander had succeeded in opening this new -line of communication, but spoke lightly of it. Whittaker’s and John -G. Mitchell’s brigades were subsequently moved over to this region. -The steamboat at Chattanooga passed down on the night of the 28th; -thereafter two steamboats (one had been built at Bridgeport), made -regular trips with supplies from Bridgeport to Kelly’s Ferry. Good -roads were made from Chattanooga via Brown’s to Kelly’s Ferry and the -railroad from Bridgeport towards the east was being repaired. There was -no shortage of rations or forage after these rapid preparations were -commenced to attack the enemy in his strong positions around the city. -Hope and confidence had always inspired the Army of the Cumberland; -the rank and file had never despaired; now, they took the lead in -anticipating that the end was in sight; success in battle depends very -much on the condition of the human body and the enthusiasm of the -spirit. - -The feeble and ineffectual efforts of Longstreet to prevent the opening -of the river, and the advance of Hooker’s troops, opened the eyes of -all the general officers of the Army of the Cumberland to the weakness -of the Confederate Army, both in the ranks and among the officers. -General Longstreet, in his official report of the battle of Wauhatchie, -attributes his defeat to the jealousy of brigade officers.[35] The -Confederate troops, making the attack on General Geary, were withdrawn -from the east side of Lookout, but they returned immediately before -daylight on the night of the attack. General Longstreet gave reasons -for this action; he showed that it was not good military tactics to -keep a large force on that side of the mountain, where its only line of -retreat was around the slope of Lookout; if it were defeated, it would -be exposed to the fire of the Union troops at and opposite Chattanooga. -These reasons were sound and foreshadowed the ease with which Hooker’s -forces, on November 24, drove the enemy so easily and captured Lookout -Mountain. It was after this defeat, that Bragg (for reasons unknown), -sent Longstreet’s Corps toward Knoxville to assist in defeating -Burnside. Bragg hoped that it could be returned in time to assist in -the battle, that he knew must be fought at Chattanooga. Longstreet took -with him the two divisions of McLaws and Hood, and Alexander’s cavalry. -Wheeler’s cavalry passed him on the road; it was supposed to do certain -things that it failed to do. Longstreet recommended that Bragg’s army -should be drawn back in a strong position behind the Chickamauga, after -the departure of Longstreet’s troops in November; his reason for this -recommendation was, that in its present position it could be reached -in twenty minutes by the Union Army. Bragg seemed to be blind, however, -to the events so rapidly transpiring in Chattanooga; he did not seem -to realize that the troops Longstreet had fought at Wauhatchie, were -reinforcements from the East to the Union Army. - -In the meantime the Confederate batteries on Lookout Mountain and -Missionary Ridge sent an occasional artillery shot into the Union -lines. The pickets of the two armies held their lines close to each -other in the valley and watched each other’s movements, firing whenever -a soldier on his beat became visible. There being no good reason for -this desultory and ineffectual warfare, an agreement was finally -reached, that the pickets should fire only when advances of troops -became apparent; henceforth, an officer could with impunity ride along -the picket line in plain view of the opposite pickets. - -As soon as Grant became aware of Longstreet’s departure for East -Tennessee, he prepared for an attack on Bragg’s army in order to keep -him from detaching more troops against Burnside and to compel him to -return those already sent. He ordered General Thomas to assault the -north end of Missionary Ridge; the order was given November 7; but on -account of the utter lack of animals--caused not only by the great loss -in the recent battles, but also by the death of a large number from -starvation since the occupation of the city--it was finally decided by -Grant, Thomas, and Smith, that nothing but a defensive attitude would -be feasible until General Sherman’s forces could arrive. The necessity -for aggressive operations, on account of Bragg’s boldness in taking -such a desperate chance as to send a large force commanded by his -ablest general away from his weak little army, increased the activity -of the Union Army in its preparation for battle, and thus was opened -a way for the relief of Burnside; the hope was that he could hold out -until help arrived. - -It is to be presumed, that Bragg had implicit confidence that the Union -Army would not dare to attack such a strong position as Bragg’s army -then held. General Grant at once wrote the facts of the situation to -Burnside and urged him to maintain his attitude at Knoxville, until -a battle could be fought at Chattanooga and a detachment sent to his -assistance. Not waiting for Sherman, he formulated his plans; and thus -knew before the latter’s arrival, just where he should place Sherman, -what his part of the attack should be, and that he should march -immediately on his approach directly to the north end of Missionary -Ridge. Grant planned furthermore that Hooker should attack Lookout -Mountain from his position in Lookout Valley; the one should attack the -right of the Confederate Army and the other the left. Sherman arrived -at Bridgeport, with his leading division, on November 15. Arriving at -Chattanooga ahead of his troops, he with Grant, Thomas, and Smith, -looked over the entire situation and learned how, and by what route, he -could reach his point of attack. It had become apparent to the Union -commanders, that Bragg’s line did not reach the immediate river hills, -at the north end of Missionary Ridge, but was deflected to the east, -along the third hill to the south of the river, with a deep depression -between it and the next hill to the north. This made necessary a much -stronger position than the supposed location at Bragg’s right flank, -and stronger forces and dispositions were needed. Grant announced his -plan to his generals on the 18th and expected the attacks could be made -on the 21st; a rain storm delayed, however, the arrival of Sherman’s -troops. When they did arrive at Brown’s Ferry the high water had broken -the bridge, which delayed the crossing. When the bridge was repaired, -Sherman crossed it in plain view of the enemy’s signal station on the -point of Lookout Mountain; he marched into the woods behind a series of -hills on the north side of the river; these hills concealed his march -all the way to the mouth of Chickamauga Creek, where Davis’s division -of the Fourteenth Corps had been placed to cover his movement, and to -protect the bridge there, after Sherman’s troops had again crossed to -the south side. The crossing at the Chickamauga was also protected by -artillery, placed on the heights north of the river. After crossing at -the mouth of the Chickamauga, Sherman was to follow Missionary Ridge as -far as the railroad tunnel. This seemed to be the principal point of -attack; the plan further contemplated that all the forces available -should be converged toward General Sherman’s position. Therefore -Howard’s Eleventh Corps was taken from Hooker’s position and replaced -by Whittaker’s and Grose’s brigades of the Fourth Corps; the Eleventh -Corps was placed on the left of the Army of the Cumberland south of the -river, looking towards Sherman’s position perhaps four miles further -east. Thomas was to cooperate by moving his troops to his left, so -that he could join with Sherman’s right, when the latter should push -the Confederate forces back to the tunnel. The combined forces should -then advance against the enemy, with the object in view of sweeping the -Confederate Army into the south Chickamauga Creek, which runs on the -opposite side of Missionary Ridge. General Hooker was to hold Lookout -Valley with Geary’s division and the two brigades of Whittaker and -Grose, and Howard’s corps was to be in readiness to act with either -Sherman or Thomas, as circumstances should dictate. The plan was a fine -one, because, if that flank could be defeated, the Confederate line of -retreat could be easily cut off. - -Colonel Long with his brigade of cavalry moved to Sherman’s left. When -Sherman should sweep the ridge, he was ordered to cross the Chickamauga -and raid the rear of the Confederate Army. This attack was to begin -on the 22nd, but was postponed on account of the fact that two of -Sherman’s divisions had not been able to cross Brown’s Ferry bridge, on -account of a break. To avoid any further delay, Thomas suggested that -Howard’s Corps be sent to General Sherman in place of the two delayed -divisions, and that the latter be ordered to report to General Hooker, -whose combined forces should immediately attack Lookout Mountain in -order to divert the attention of the enemy from Sherman’s contemplated -attack; this suggestion was in part approved by General Grant. - -A singular thing happened on November 22. General Ewing’s division -of Sherman’s troops had come into Lookout Valley at Trenton from -Bridgeport; Bragg’s rear was thus threatened. The movement of some -of Bragg’s troops to avert this calamity together with the former -withdrawal of Longstreet’s Corps for Knoxville, produced the -impression in the Confederate Army, that the whole was going to fall -back. Deserters who came into the Union line reported this impression. -Bragg also notified the Union commander to remove all non-combatants -from the city; this was on the 20th. General Grant ordered Thomas to -make a reconnoisance in front of Chattanooga in order to test the truth -of this report, and to find out whether Bragg was really falling back, -and if so, Thomas should prevent him from doing it undisturbed. The -Army of the Cumberland was nearest to the enemy and in readiness to -do this with the most celerity. It seems that General Bragg had such -confidence in the strength of his position on the top of Missionary -Ridge, about 500 feet high, that he was willing not only to send away -Longstreet, but actually started other forces to follow him. The latter -he recalled, however, in time to take part in the battle. He supposed, -and with good reason, that Missionary Ridge could not be taken by -assault; and even if Lookout should become untenable on account of -the capture of the valley of Chattanooga, he would be safe in his -entrenchments on Missionary Ridge. This must have been his conclusion, -and he must have known that the Army of the Cumberland was receiving -considerable reinforcements. Bragg’s lines were altogether too long. -When the object of holding Lookout Mountain no longer existed, after -the reopening of the river and railroad route to Bridgeport, he should -have withdrawn from there and from Chattanooga Valley; he should either -have concentrated on Missionary Ridge or taken Longstreet’s advice -and fallen back to Dalton, behind the second ridge, southeast of -Chattanooga, where he was finally driven. - -Fortunately for the success of the Union movements, Bragg did not do -the things that an abler general would have done. He stood stolidly -in his original line along its whole length until the opening of the -battle of Missionary Ridge. It has been stated, that Bragg expected -Grant when he discovered the departure of Longstreet for East -Tennessee, would send forces to support Burnside. - -In pursuance of the order to make a reconnoisance, Thomas ordered -Granger, who commanded the Fourth Corps, to advance a division of his -corps towards Orchard Knob November 23, about noon. This elevation of -land is located about half way between the city and Missionary Ridge, -at the left of Thomas’s line. Between the Union line and this knob was -a growth of trees and bushes. These concealed the formation of the -troops for a while only from the enemy. Wood’s division was deployed -in front of Fort Wood. Sheridan’s division formed next on the right -and rear of Wood. Howard’s Corps was massed in the rear of these two -divisions. General Baird’s division fell, in echelon, at the right -of Sheridan. General Johnson’s division (formerly Rousseau’s) of the -Fourteenth Corps stood with arms in the entrenchments, ready to move -in any direction. This really placed the latter in echelon with Baird. -It is said the enemy looked upon these movements as a parade for -display or to obtain wood for fires, when seeing them from the top of -Missionary Ridge. The Confederates had a line of rifle-pits along the -base of Orchard Knob, following Citico Creek for a mile or more. - -With Willich’s and Hazen’s brigades in front and Beatty’s in reserve, -General Wood moved forward about 2 p. m. His troops pushed back easily -whatever was in their front. Willich struck Orchard Knob squarely on -his front, and soon captured it, clearing it of the enemy’s lines. -Hazen met more resistance from the Confederates who were perhaps more -numerous or better fighters, although the hill he attacked was not so -high as Orchard Knob. He carried the hill, however, and captured the -Twenty-eighth Alabama Regiment and its flag. This advanced line gave -a good position for further advances, and was held; the rest of the -troops on the right moving up to and extending the line far to the -right. General Wood fortified his line over Orchard Knob, and General -Howard formed his corps on its left. The summit of this Knob gave -a splendid outlook over the field between it and Missionary Ridge, -and gave a fine view of the ridge itself. It afforded an opportunity -for Grant and Thomas to view later on the whole subsequent movements -against the enemy. General Wood lost 125 men killed and wounded in this -battle of Orchard Knob. The Fifteenth Wisconsin of Willich’s brigade -took part in this engagement; its losses were not reported until after -the battle of the 25th, when its commander reported 6 men slightly -wounded in both engagements. Wood occupied this position until 3:15 -p. m. on the 25th, when he moved forward with the rest of the army to -the assault on Missionary Ridge. Bridge’s Illinois Battery occupied an -epaulment in Wood’s line on Orchard Knob. - -The taking of Orchard Knob had a most important bearing on the attack -that General Hooker made on Lookout Mountain the next day. It caused -Bragg to withdraw Walker’s division from that point to strengthen his -right, which Bragg thought to be menaced by this advance to Orchard -Knob. These troops prolonged Bragg’s line towards Sherman’s front but -did not reach it. The Confederate general, Stevenson, signalled from -the top of Lookout to Bragg that night that if an attack was intended -by Grant, it would be delivered on Lookout Mountain. This is what -actually occurred. Another of Sherman’s divisions crossed Brown’s Ferry -on the 23rd; the bridge was again broken, however, leaving Osterhaus’s -division still on the left bank. This gave General Sherman only three -divisions besides General Davis’s of the Fourteenth Corps, with which -to operate at the designated place on Missionary Ridge. General Thomas -informed General Hooker of the proximity of Osterhaus’s troops and -directed, that if they did not get over to Sherman, he should have them -join him and “take the point of Lookout Mountain.” This division was at -that time in command of General Charles R. Woods, one of its brigade -commanders. How sagacious was General Thomas in seeing immediately the -advantage that should be taken of a mere accident, like the breaking of -a pontoon bridge! It looks as though Thomas had made this suggestion -to Hooker, without having beforehand a distinct understanding with -General Grant; for he told General Hooker later, that Grant still hoped -Woods’s (Osterhaus’s) division could cross in time to participate in -Sherman’s movement, but if it could not the mountain should be taken -if practicable. Hooker, finding that there was little possibility of -the bridge being quickly repaired, made preparations for the advance -against the mountain. It will be observed further on, that this -accident resulted in modifying the original plans very materially, -as the taking of Orchard Knob had already done. The left of Bragg’s -line was turned, but not his right; this movement was a result of the -accidents to the Brown’s Ferry pontoon bridge. General Grant showed his -broad mind in this affair as well as in other changes he made in his -original plan, at a later date. - -[Illustration: CHATTANOOGA AND VICINITY, NOVEMBER, 1863 - -Adapted from Fiske’s _The Mississippi Valley in the Civil War_, p. 288] - - -THE BATTLE OF LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN - -At 4 p. m. on November 24, 1863, one of the most spectacular battles of -the war commenced. General Hooker’s force consisted of the following: -Osterhaus’s division of the Fifteenth Corps, Cruft’s (formerly -Palmer’s) of the Fourth; Geary’s of the Twelfth--with the exception of -such regiments from the last two divisions as were required to protect -the communications with Bridgeport and Kelly’s Ferry; battery K of the -First Ohio, and battery I of the First New York of the Eleventh Corps, -having sufficient horses for but one battery; a part of the Second -Kentucky Cavalry, and Company K of the Fifteenth Illinois Cavalry. The -aggregate number of this force was 9,681. The foregoing statement of -the forces is taken from General Hooker’s official report[36], which -is remarkably well written, clear in statement and full of essential -facts. “At this time the enemy’s pickets formed a continuous line along -the right bank of Lookout Creek, with the reserves in the valley, while -his main force was encamped in a hollow half way up the slope of the -mountain. The summit itself was held by three brigades of Stevenson’s -division, and those were comparatively safe, as the only means of -access from the next [that is, from the valley in which Hooker’s troops -were located] for a distance of 20 miles up the valley was by two or -three trails, admitting to the passage of but 1 man at a time; and even -these trails were held at the top by rebel pickets.” - -The top of Lookout Mountain at this point consists of a perpendicular -crest, or palisade of rocks which rises out of the main body of the -mountain about a hundred feet. From the foot of this crest the mountain -slopes by a gradual descent but with a very broken surface on all sides -to the valleys on the east, west, and to the river on the north. An -army could operate on this slope only below the crest, from the west -to the east, or on the side of Chattanooga, around the northern slope, -under the crest. Hooker’s army did not cross the top of the crest; -but by taking the slope, the Confederate troops occupying the top, -were forced to retreat by the only wagon road reaching to the top -on the Chattanooga side. The slope on that side is less precipitous -than on the west side where Hooker was. At the foot of the slope on -the Chattanooga side flows the Chattanooga Creek and on the west side -Lookout Creek, both flowing north, practically parallel with the trend -of the mountain, and emptying into the Tennessee River, which runs -west at the foot of the northern slope. Hooker continues his report -as follows: “On the northern slope midway between the summit and the -Tennessee, a plateau or belt of arable land, encircles the crest. -There, a continuous line of earth-works had been thrown up, while -redoubts, redans, and pits appeared lower down the slope to repel an -assault from the direction of the river.” - -Geary commenced his movements as instructed, crossed the creek at 8 -o’clock a. m., “captured the entire picket of 42 men posted to defend -it, marched directly up the mountain until his right rested on the -palisades, and headed down the valley.” The Confederate Walthall was in -command of the troops immediately opposed to Geary, and Moore’s brigade -near the Craven house on the eastern, or northeastern slope. General -Stevenson was there in command of all the Confederate troops on the -mountain. He placed sharpshooters along the western edge of the crest, -and wherever there was depression enough, the artillery by raising the -trails of the gun carriages did some execution until Geary’s troops -reached the foot of the palisades. The Confederate troops located -on the western slope, moved into position, facing Lookout Creek, in -order to prevent the Union troops crossing at the bridge; but this -disposition subjected them to a flank enfilading fire from Geary’s -troops. The other Union troops moved up the Creek, crossed behind -Geary’s line, and joined on his left. The batteries had been placed on -elevated points, so as to enfilade the route by which the enemy had to -march down the slope, and on other points, by which the Confederates -had to retreat if they were driven back. The Union line advanced, the -artillery opened. The rout of the enemy was complete, many prisoners -were taken, and many were killed and wounded. At noon when Geary’s -advance rounded the northern slope, his flags were plainly visible from -Chattanooga. There had been a fog all morning, which greatly favored -Hooker’s movements, preventing the Confederates on top of the crest -from directing their shots satisfactorily. As the Union flags appeared -on the sky line of the northern slope, and were visible at Chattanooga, -this fog settled down upon the lower stretches of the slope and -revealed the Confederate lines badly broken and in flight with the -compact ranks of the Union soldiers triumphantly advancing with flags -flying and muskets glistening in the sun. It was a glorious sight to -the Union troops, then in line in front of the works at Chattanooga. -The picture presented was a “battle above the clouds,” for the fog -obscured all that part of the mountain which was below the conquering -lines of Hooker. General Stevenson says in his report, with regard -to this affair: “Finding that the fog was becoming so dense that the -troops on the northern part of the mountain [meaning Pettus’s brigade -on the crest] could not see the enemy moving upon Walthall, I gave -orders for Pettus with my only disposable force to move down and report -to Brigadier-General Jackson. He started at 12:30 o’clock and reached -the scene of action a little past 1 o’clock. * * * This position was -held by Moore, Walthall, and Pettus until about 8 p. m.”[37] - -Stevenson had six brigades in his command; four of these took part -in the fight on the mountain, the other two were placed between -Chattanooga Creek and the road up the slope, in order to guard the -line of retreat on the east side of the mountain against any advance -from Chattanooga. Stevenson reports, that he lost only 380 in his -three brigades; he does not state the number of troops he had on the -mountain. Hooker rested at 2 o’clock p. m. after passing the point. The -settling down of the fog shut off his view of the Chattanooga Valley -and prevented his seeing sufficiently the topography to justify him -in advancing down into the valley that same evening. He formed his -lines on the eastern slope; his right was at the palisades, and his -left was near the mouth of Chattanooga Creek. This line he fortified, -and reported the fact to the department commander. In this position -he enfiladed the enemy’s line in the Chattanooga Valley, and also had -communication across the mouth of the creek with the Union forces in -the city. At 5:15 p. m. General Carlin’s brigade of Johnson’s division -of the Fourteenth Corps, reported to General Hooker after having -crossed the mouth of the creek by ferry; he was placed on the right of -the line relieving Geary’s troops, which were almost exhausted with -fatigue. During the night the enemy withdrew entirely, leaving behind -20,000 rations, and the camp and garrison equipage of three brigades. -General Thomas reported, that Hooker captured 500 or 600 prisoners. The -Eighth Kentucky Infantry scaled the crest about daylight on the 25th -and hoisted the United States flag amid wild and prolonged cheers from -the whole army. - -At ten o’clock a. m. on the 25th, leaving two regiments to hold the -mountain, Hooker started towards Rossville, across Chattanooga Creek -and the valley, with Osterhaus’s division of the Fifteenth Corps -in the lead. Thus the left of the Confederate Army was completely -turned, while the right still held its own. Hooker was too far from -the Confederate line of retreat to menace it. To have turned the -right first would have been better. Hooker was delayed four hours by -a destroyed bridge in crossing Chattanooga Creek. The Tenth Wisconsin -Infantry of Carlin’s brigade of Johnson’s division of the Fourteenth -Corps participated in this engagement; it was detached from the -brigade, and held a fort south of the Crutchfield house on the east -side of the mountain; its losses were not reported. - -While these operations were occurring on Lookout Mountain under the -command of Hooker, Sherman advanced across the Tennessee River at -the mouth of the Chickamauga with three divisions of the Army of the -Tennessee, and one division (Davis’s) of the Army of the Cumberland, -on the morning of the 24th, against the other or extreme right wing -of the Confederate line on Missionary Ridge. He advanced and formed -his lines on the north end of the ridge; a brigade of Howard’s Corps -moved to the left at 9 a. m. on the same day and communicated with -Sherman about noon. Later Howard joined Sherman with his two divisions -and formed on his right. Carlin’s brigade rejoined his division on the -25th, which was then in the valley half way to Missionary Ridge and on -the right of Thomas’s line. Palmer’s and Granger’s corps were held in -readiness by Thomas to advance to the foot of the ridge, as soon as -Hooker should get into position at Rossville. It was after 2 p. m. that -General Hooker effected a crossing of Chattanooga Creek and advanced -as above stated. At noon General Sherman was heavily engaged with -the enemy in his position, and finding it to be very strong was not -making any headway against it. General Baird was, therefore, ordered to -march his division within supporting distance of Sherman, and to move -promptly. - -He reported to Sherman, but the latter told him he could not find room -for him and could not make use of his troops. General Baird marched -back a distance of about two miles, and arrived at the left of General -Thomas’s line at 2:30 p. m.; he was ordered to fall in on the left of -Wood, the left division of Grangers Fourth Corps. - -It will be well at this time to take a rapid view of the entire lines -of the Union and the Confederate armies, as they stood facing each -other, arms in hand, at 3 o’clock p. m. on November 25, 1863, just -before they grappled in a struggle for life and death, and for the -permanent possession of the stronghold of the Middle West. So many -changes having occurred in the previous three or four days in the Union -Army, and equally as many and more important changes occurring on the -Confederate side, makes it necessary to pause, just before describing -the great spectacular battle of Missionary Ridge, and try to get at -least a bird’s-eye view of the position of the numerous divisions and -corps. - -General Osterhaus had again taken command of his own division, -relieving General Charles R. Woods; General Cruft, and General Geary -were near enough with their troops to the ridge at Rossville to form -the extreme right of the Union line. There was an interval between -Geary’s left and Johnson’s right, where Carlin stood after coming -from Lookout. Johnson had only two brigades, Carlin on the right, and -Stoughton (John H. King’s successor) on the left; Starkweather had been -left in the works around the city. Hooker’s and Thomas’s troops were -without reserves. Sheridan’s three brigades, F. T. Sherman’s, Harkers’s -and Wagner’s were next to the left of Johnson; then Wood’s three -brigades, Hazen’s, Willich’s, and Beatty’s; the latter appeared in two -lines, being the last in Thomas’s section, and forming the left flank -of the line; and then Baird’s three brigades, Turchin’s, Van Derveer’s -and Phelps’s. - -A mile and a half to the left of General Thomas’s line lay Sherman’s -right flank, with no troops in the interval. The latter’s line -was composed from right to left of the following brigades, viz.: -Buschbeck’s, Ewing’s Matthies’s, Corse’s and A. Smith’s; Raum, was -behind Matthies, and two brigades of J. E. Smith’s were in reserve -behind the centre. Behind this line, a half mile in the fortified line -lay from left to right the brigades of Loomis, Cockerill, Alexander, -and Lightburn, and Schurz’s division. Sherman thus had six divisions. -The Confederate line from its right, which faced Sherman, was as -follows by divisions: Cleburne, Stevenson, Gist, Cheatham, Anderson, -Bate, and Stewart. Stewart held the left of Bragg’s line, and his -troops were the first to encounter those of Hooker on their way to -Rossville from Lookout Mountain. General Hardee commanded the right -wing, consisting of the following four divisions: Cheatham, Cleburne, -Stevenson, and Walker; General Breckenridge was in charge of the left -wing, which was composed of Bate, Stewart, and Anderson. Cheatham’s -division faced Baird, Anderson’s Wood; Bate’s Sheridan, and Stewart’s -Johnson. Cleburne’s division reached the front of Sherman’s line on -the afternoon of the 24th while marching from the Confederates’ left. -Before the fight of the 25th occurred, Cheatham’s, Stevenson’s, and -Walker’s divisions had prolonged Bragg’s line to within three-quarters -of a mile of the tunnel; Smith’s brigade of Cleburne’s division held -Tunnel Hill on the 25th against Sherman; the rest of the division was -not heavily engaged, but it had the assistance of Brown’s and Cumming’s -brigades of Stevenson’s division, and Maney’s of Walker’s. Tunnel -Hill was not captured by Sherman’s troops until after the retreat of -these Confederate forces on the evening of the 25th, the result of the -successful assault in the centre by Thomas. - -The whole Confederate line on the left across the Chattanooga Valley -was abandoned; Stewart withdrew to the top of the ridge before Hooker -reached Rossville. It must be noticed, that General Thomas’s line -in the centre, contained only four divisions of the Army of the -Cumberland, namely two of the Fourth Corps, and two of the Fourteenth; -one division (Davis’s) of the Fourteenth Corps was with Sherman on the -left, and one (Cruft’s) was with Hooker on the right. Hooker had three -divisions and Sherman six. - -Starkweather’s brigade of Johnson’s division was left to hold the -original works around Chattanooga; and did so during the assault of the -rest of the troops upon Missionary Ridge. - -At 1 p. m. on the 12th, C. A. Dana, Assistant Secretary of War, who -was in Chattanooga, sent this dispatch to the Secretary of War at -Washington, “In our front here [meaning Thomas’s front], Confederate -rifle-pits are fully manned, preventing Thomas gaining ridge.” At -4:30 p. m. he sent another dispatch showing how misleading the former -dispatch was: “Glory to God. The day is decisively ours. Missionary -Ridge has just been carried by a magnificent charge of Thomas’s troops, -and rebels routed.” The reader must not lay much stress on the time -given, at which the various movements were made; this is a mere guess -in most instances. Seldom did an officer think of looking at his watch, -at the moment any orders were given to make an important movement. -The original Army of the Cumberland, referred to by Dana, were the -troops General Grant thought would not fight, because they had been so -roughly handled at Chickamauga.[38] It was quite a natural conclusion. -The entire Union Army was in line at about 3:30 p. m., ready for any -commands which might be given by Grant, Thomas, Sherman and Hooker. -The array of soldiers in the Union ranks from the three armies, those -of the Potomac, the Cumberland, and the Tennessee, was formidable, -commanded by such heroes as Grant, Thomas, Sherman, Hooker, Sheridan, -and Howard. Thomas’s four divisions had about 18,000 in rank and file, -Hooker’s about 9,000, and Sherman’s about 24,000. - -It is not likely that Bragg had more than 30,000; but his position -was sufficiently strong to almost equal Grant’s advantage in numbers. -The Confederate Army was concentrated on a 500 feet ridge, which had -a very steep and rough surface, sloping towards the Union lines at an -angle of about forty-five degrees. This ridge had a fortified line on -the top, manned by veteran infantry and artillery, and a thinner line -of infantry at its foot in a series of deep rifle-pits; in front of -the latter was a swarm of skirmishers. The army was still in command -of Braxton Bragg, a commander of great experience; and of two wing -commanders, Hardee a veteran of the old regular army, and Breckenridge -a former vice-president of the United States. Its division commanders -were, as a rule, soldiers of the old regular United States Army, and -were very capable officers. That army had two months before (or thought -it had) won the battle of Chickamauga, and it was now fighting--at -least in the centre where Thomas’s troops faced them--the same troops -they claimed to have defeated a short time ago. It had every advantage -of position at this time, and it had success in the past to fire -the hearts of its soldiers, and arouse in them confidence in their -ability to hurl back their old foe, who had the audacity to assault so -formidable a stronghold. - -Standing on any of the Union forts at Chattanooga, especially on Fort -Negley or Fort Wood, or better still on Orchard Knob, where Grant and -Thomas remained during the 25th, one would have not only a rear view -of the Union Army as it stood, but also a front view of most of the -Confederate force. From the top of Missionary Ridge, where Bragg had -his headquarters, the whole panorama was magnificent. The lines of -blue, and their array of glittering muskets, could be seen from there -in front. The backs of the troops were turned on Chattanooga. “Their -faces were to the foe.” Bragg had a view of them which Grant and Thomas -missed, and if he could have had an hour undisturbed by the conflicting -emotions aroused in him by the pending conflict, if he could have -watched through his field-glass the valorous mien, the confident air, -and the evident determination of these veteran soldiers, to “feed fat -the ancient grudge” against the old foes they had met at Mill Springs, -Perryville, Stone’s River, and Chickamauga, he would surely have -read in these characteristics the doom of the defeat which an hour -later overwhelmed him and his little army, and from which it never -sufficiently recovered to win another battle. Had he been half as much -of a philosopher, as he was a soldier, he would have foreseen, what -afterwards was expressed by one of his ablest generals (D. H. Hill), -that the holding of Chattanooga “sealed the fate of the confederacy.” - -The living, moving lines of soldiers, presented to the view of the -two opposing commanders, stationed at vantage points above the valley -in which the Union Army was then formed, although a most interesting -picture, was more impressive because of its background of magnificent -mountains, rivers, and hills. On the west rose great Lookout Mountain, -1,500 feet above the level of the valley; while across the valley, -east of Lookout, Missionary Ridge stretched from the north to the -South, rising 500 feet and crowned by the lines of grey soldiers, every -movement of whom could be seen from Orchard Knob. - -General Grant’s most excellent plan on the 24th was that Thomas’s -troops should bear to the left, join with the right of Sherman after -his forces had advanced to the tunnel, through which the railroad from -Chattanooga to East Tennessee ran, and together they should make an -assault with the whole union line. Thomas’s troops were in line until -3:30 p. m. on the 25th, waiting for Sherman to capture the hill over -the tunnel. General Sherman had begun the fight early in the morning -of the 25th by advancing Corse’s brigade; the latter moved down the -southern slope of the second hill which had been gained the day -before, and under a galling fire advanced against Cleburne’s fortified -position. This position was very strong, however, and Corse could not -drive the enemy from the hill. Then other brigades were brought up, -but they did not succeed in loosening Cleburne’s firm hold. General -Grant observing this from Orchard Knob sent the rest of Howard’s Corps -to Sherman’s aid at 10 a. m. Howard had two divisions, Steinwehr’s and -Schurz’s. It was evident, that Bragg endeavored most vigorously to keep -Sherman from turning his right. Had Sherman succeeded in his effort, he -would have been in Bragg’s rear and able to menace his line of retreat -at Chickamauga station, which was immediately in the rear of the right -flank. There was no evidence, however, that Bragg was weakening his -lines in front of Thomas; although he had already sent the forces, -which Hooker had defeated the day before on Lookout, to his right wing; -and these proved to be amply able to hold so strong a natural fortress -without any further reinforcements. When General Sherman received -Howard’s two divisions, he renewed his efforts to take Tunnel Hill; he -made a charge and received one in return, which broke some of John E. -Smith’s brigades. - -It appears that Grant did not contemplate any attack by Thomas on the -centre, when he at noon ordered Baird to report to Sherman; for with -Baird’s he had already detached nearly half of Thomas’s troops to -Sherman and Hooker. With Baird gone, Thomas had only eight brigades -to Sherman’s seven divisions; General Hooker had seven brigades as -far from General Thomas’s right, as General Sherman’s were from the -latter’s left. - -General Grant and General Thomas were together when these orders were -given on the 25th; they were in accordance with Grant’s original -plan, that Bragg’s defeat should be accomplished by Sherman’s turning -the enemy’s right. Grant must therefore have consulted with Thomas -concerning this maneuver. Whether General Thomas expressed his opinion -on the 25th with regard to making the attack in some other place than -at Sherman’s line, is not known; but it will be seen, that the success -of the day pivoted around Thomas, because of the invincible position -of the enemy at Tunnel Hill, and the valor of the old Army of the -Cumberland. This is no disparagement to General Grant’s original idea; -his plans were generally correct and successful, and this one was fine -in conception, but it shows definitely, that the “best laid schemes, -o’mice and men, gang aft a’gley.” - -General Grant boldly made his third deviation from his original outline -planned for the battle. Seeing the improbability of Sherman advancing -his present line to join with Thomas’s left, as contemplated, he -ordered an independent assault by Thomas’s troops alone; this order -was given at 3 p. m. This section of the Union line was covered by two -lines of skirmishers; and was confronted by something less than four -divisions of the enemy, namely, a part of Stewart’s on the Confederate -left, which was facing Hooker’s line under General Breckenridge’s -personal direction. The signal for the advance was to be six shots -from a battery (perhaps Bridge’s), on Orchard Knob. General Grant’s -report will best tell what occurred, viz.: “Thomas was accordingly -directed to move forward his troops, constituting our center, * * * -with a double line of skirmishers thrown out, followed in easy -supporting distance by the whole force, and carry the rifle-pits at -the foot of Missionary Ridge, and when carried to reform his lines, on -the rifle-pits with a view to carry the top of the ridge. These troops -moved forward, drove the enemy from the rifle-pits at the base of the -ridge like bees from a hive--stopped but a moment until the whole -were in line--and commenced the ascent of the mountain from right to -left almost simultaneously, following closely the retreating enemy, -without further orders. They encountered a fearful volley of grape -and canister from near thirty pieces of artillery and musketry from -still well-filled rifle-pits on the summit of the ridge. Not a waver, -however, was seen in all that long line of brave men. Their progress -was steadily onward until the summit was in their possession.”[39] - -When the summit was reached by the Union troops, the scene of confusion -and flight of the Confederate forces, down the eastern slope of the -ridge, was wonderful to behold. - -General Thomas in his report,[40] says: “Our troops advancing steadily -in a continuous line, the enemy, seized with panic, abandoned the works -at the foot of the hill and retreated precipitately to the crest, where -they were closely followed by our troops, who, apparently inspired -by the impulse of victory, carried the hill simultaneously at six -different points, and so closely upon the heels of the enemy, that many -of them were taken prisoners in the trenches. We captured all their -cannon and ammunition before they could be removed or destroyed.” - -In the meantime Hooker was advancing toward Thomas’s right with his -line stretched across the ridge, at right angles to it. Stewart’s -troops, seeing their left threatened by Hooker, tried to escape down -the eastern slope toward Ringgold, but encountering there Osterhaus’s -troops, moved northward along the base; here they ran into Johnson’s -division, and more than a thousand were captured. After General Baird’s -division had gained the summit, Stewart wheeled his division to the -left, across the crest, and advanced toward the troops, resisting -General Sherman. He had not advanced far before he met Cheatham’s -forces in line across the crest; the contest here lasted until after -dark. During the night all the Confederate forces retreated across the -Chickamauga, burned the bridges, and continued their flight to Taylor’s -Ridge, near Ringgold, the nearest heights across the Chickamauga -Valley, sixteen miles in a straight line southeast. General Sheridan, -after halting a few moments on top of the ridge to reform his troops, -pushed on to Chickamauga Creek; he captured 300 prisoners, 13 cannon, -and a train of 12 wagons. - -Mr. C. A. Dana sent a dispatch to the Secretary of War at 10 a. m. -November 26, which contained the following paragraph: “The storming of -the ridge by our troops was one of the greatest miracles in military -history. No man who climbs the ascent by any of the roads that wind -along its front can believe that 18,000 men were moved up its broken -and crumbling face unless it was his fortune to witness the deed. It -seems as awful as a visible interposition of God. Neither Grant, nor -Thomas intended it. Their orders were to carry the rifle-pits along -the base of the ridge, and capture their occupants; but when this was -accomplished, the unaccountable spirit of the troops bore them bodily -up those impracticable steeps, over the bristling rifle-pits on the -crest, and the thirty cannon enfilading every gully.” - -General Grant says in his report that he intended the lines should be -readjusted and ascend the ridge if they were successful at the base. -The reports of the corps and division commanders indicate that some of -them misunderstood the orders. The men advanced without special orders, -however, when they found the position at the foot of the ridge too much -exposed to the plunging fire of the enemy. In some instances they were -even called back to the foot after proceeding part way up the hill. -The assault was made, however, and was so successful, that no one was -court-martialed; no one was bold enough to repudiate the responsibility -for its initiation. General Grant did not hesitate to modify his -original plans from time to time, when inevitable circumstances showed -him that some other movement than the one laid down was essential to -success. This characteristic is the quality of a great general. - -The artillery also under command of General Brannan did fine service -during the assault. The large guns in Forts Wood, Sherman, Cheatham, -and battery Rousseau directed their fire first upon the Confederate -line at the foot of the ridge, as did four light batteries in front -of Chattanooga. When the Union line was ascending the ridge, this -artillery turned their shots to the entrenched Confederate line on top. -The enemy’s artillery and musketry seemed largely to have over-shot the -Union lines; the records do not show that the Union troops suffered -as heavy losses during the time they were under fire, as the enemy’s -apparently advantageous position would warrant. It is also probable -that the audacity of the blue coats in assaulting the top of the ridge -surprised the Confederates and induced nervousness, wild shooting, -terror, confusion, and flight. - -The Union troops did not advance up the ridge as if on parade; but -conformed more or less to the contour of the ground; the line appeared -to an onlooker as a zigzag one; but the standards were always where -they ought to be, and there were no stragglers. They did not fire -their muskets to any extent while advancing, although they received -a constant wild fire from the enemy. It was an assault by the musket -bearers, and it is not likely they received many orders from their -officers. As soon as the Union troops gained the crest at one point, -although it appeared as if the six different points were gained -simultaneously, it greatly assisted the rest of the troops, who were -so near the crest. The Confederates began to fall back as soon as the -first Union troops gained the top. General Bragg tried to send his -troops from a less threatened point to one more in danger, but his -attempt failed, because his men saw better than he seemed to do that -all was lost when one point was carried. This observation applies -only of course to the isolated line on the right and left of Bragg’s -headquarters, which was attacked by General Thomas’s troops. His troops -further to the right, beyond an unoccupied space--such as Cheatham’s -division--were not affected that way, because they turned on left -wheel, and attacked Baird’s division on the crest. - -The Union troops, which were called back to the foot of the ridge by -those officers who thought their orders carried them only thus far, -caused Bragg to believe that they had been repulsed by the fire of -his troops; he rode along his line congratulating them, when he was -informed that his line was broken further to the right, and the Union -forces had crowned the ridge. The victory was gained too late in the -evening to ensure an effective pursuit. The enemy had all night, after -crossing the Chickamauga, in which to move undisturbed his troops and -wagon trains; he made the distance between himself and the pursuing -force as great as possible before morning. General Grant was apparently -justified in waiting for Hooker to arrive at Rossville before he -ordered Thomas’s advance, but he was not justified in waiting so long -as he did for Sherman’s expected capture of Tunnel Hill. Yet who could -hope or believe that Thomas’s troops could successfully assault so -formidable a position as they did? Hooker was delayed four hours in -crossing Chattanooga Creek. If Grant had sent Howard’s Corps at 10 a. m. -on the 25th to Rossville in Hooker’s place, instead of sending it -to Sherman, and as soon as it was in position, ordered Thomas, Howard, -and Sherman to advance in unison, the same result would have occurred -at one or two o’clock as was secured much later, and then the four and -a half or five hours of daylight would have been sufficient to injure -the Confederate Army very greatly before it could have crossed the -Chickamauga. But it is very easy to look back and criticise. On the -battlefield there may be reasons, apparent to a commander, why these -supposable movements could not be made that are not so palpable to a -historian, who may lose sight of all the complex situations, the inside -knowledge of the commander, and his fearful responsibility to the -country. - -The pursuit was taken up on the morning of the 26th by General Hooker’s -troops and Palmer’s Fourteenth Corps. Hooker attacked the enemy in a -strong position at Ringgold Gap on Taylor’s Ridge; he lost heavily -without inflicting corresponding injury on the enemy. The Fourth -Corps was marched back to the city on the morning of the 26th to make -preparations for the relief of Burnside at Knoxville. - -On the 27th, the pursuit was abandoned at Ringgold, twenty-three miles -by rail south of Chattanooga. General Grant telegraphed from that place -at 2 p. m. to General Halleck at Washington, D. C.: “I am not prepared -to continue pursuit further.” The official reports neither give the -strength of the Union Army nor of the Confederate Army. At the time of -the attack on Missionary Ridge the Union Army outnumbered largely the -Confederate Army. A large part of this disparity in numbers was offset -by the extraordinarily strong position of the Confederate forces, -and the fact that the Union Army was the aggressor. Could Bragg have -commanded the resources that Grant did, he would have gladly availed -himself of them in order to outnumber the Union Army; no false notions -of chivalry prevented either army from availing itself of any great -advantage in battle, which is habitually taken where war is waged. The -Confederate boast at the beginning of the war that one Confederate -could out-fight five Yankees--as all northern troops were called by the -Confederates--was rather incompatible with their complaint after the -war, that they were crushed only by weight of numbers. - -Military skill will sometimes win battles against numbers; this was not -the case in the battles around Chattanooga, however. Bragg does not -give his losses in his official report; but he lost to the Union Army -in prisoners 6,142 men, 42 pieces of artillery, 69 gun carriages, and -7,000 stands of small arms. He destroyed much other material before and -during his flight. - -The Union less was 5,286 killed and wounded, and 330 missing. -These losses seem small compared with other battles of less -importance--Chickamauga for instance; but it must be remembered that -the sacrifice for the continued possession of Chattanooga by the Union -Army includes also all the losses of the conflicts of the Tullahoma -campaign, of Chickamauga, Wauhatchie, Lookout Mountain, Orchard Knob, -and Missionary Ridge. When it is considered how much these battles -meant, in their causal effect on the final suppression of the -rebellion itself, their value becomes apparent. - - -WISCONSIN TROOPS IN THE BATTLE OF MISSIONARY RIDGE - -Wisconsin’s part in the battle of Missionary Ridge was important and -honorable. The First and Twenty-first Infantry were in Starkweather’s -brigade of Johnson’s division. This brigade had lost heavily at -Chickamauga; it was assigned to remain in Chattanooga in order to hold -the works, while the army was assaulting the ridge. This duty was -cheerfully and thoroughly done, although it deprived the brigade of the -glory of charging up the ridge. - -The Tenth Infantry remained on detached duty holding a fort south of -the Crutchfield house, on the side of Lookout Mountain, and did not -ascend the ridge. - -The Fifteenth Infantry was attached to Willich’s brigade of Wood’s -division of Granger’s fourth corps; it was commanded by Captain John A. -Gordon. In the ascent of the ridge it was in the reserve line of the -brigade, therefore its loss was nominal; the entire loss during the -battles was 6 men wounded. General Willich speaks of the regiment in -high terms in his report. It consisted only of 130 men. - -Before coming to the Army of the Cumberland the Fifteenth Infantry had -distinguished itself. On October 19, 1862, Major Quincy McNeill of the -Second Illinois Cavalry wrote to the Governor of Wisconsin, from Island -Number Ten, that there was no braver man in the service than Captain -John A. Gordon. - -The Eighteenth Infantry came with Sherman’s troops of the Army of the -Tennessee; it was commanded by Colonel Gabriel Bouck and attached -to the First Brigade (Alexander’s), of the Second Division (General -John E. Smith’s), of the Seventeenth Corps. This infantry regiment -was engaged with Sherman’s troops on the extreme left; its losses are -not reported. It was organized at Milwaukee in February, 1862, and -was mustered in March. It proceeded to Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee, -and became a part of the Army of the Tennessee on April 5, 1862. This -regiment was heavily engaged in the battle at that place on April -6; also in the battle of Corinth and other engagements prior to its -coming to Chattanooga. The Eighteenth Infantry was noted for the size -of its men; it was said that Company G of this regiment averaged by -actual weight 160 pounds to the man. At the battle of Pittsburg Landing -on April 6, 1862, this regiment was in the left brigade of General -Prentiss’s division; it was then commanded by its first colonel, J. -S. Alban. It formed for battle only thirty rods from its tents, and -fifteen minutes later the Confederate line was upon it. The enemy -outflanked and overpowered it; Alban was wounded, and carried from the -field, dying soon afterwards; the Lieutenant-Colonel was also wounded -and Major Crane was killed. All this occurred one week after the -regiment left its camp of organization in Wisconsin. Captain Gabriel -Bouck, Company E, Second Wisconsin Infantry was made Colonel of the -Eighteenth on April 22, 1862. - -The Twenty-fourth Infantry was attached to Francis T. Sherman’s Brigade -of Sheridan’s division of the Fourth Corps, and was commanded by Major -Carl Von Baumbach. His official report is a vivid account of how the -top of the ridge was gained, “My regiment advanced in admirable line -of battle up to the first pits of the enemy. Upon reaching the first -line, the men were pretty much exhausted, and unable to move for some -time. In about five minutes, however, we moved over the first pits -of the enemy, but after advancing beyond the first line, the line of -battle was not regular. The men took advantage of all obstacles, in -the way, for shelter, and thus advanced toward the top of the ridge. -The fighting was fierce and severe, but owing to the formation of the -ground my men were able to screen themselves partially, from the deadly -volleys, that were being hurled at us, at every step of our advance. In -the course of the ascent my men had to rest several times on account -of exhaustion. But at length we succeeded in gaining the crest of the -ridge, after two hours steady fighting * * * I would most respectfully -mention Adjutant Arthur McArthur, Jr., for his bravery. When the color -sergeant was exhausted he carried the flag in front of the regiment, -cheering the men to follow him up the ridge.” - -The loss of the Twenty-fourth is given as 31 killed and wounded. -Captain Howard Greene and Lieutenant Robert J. Chivas were killed. -Captain Richard H. Austin and Lieutenant Thomas E. Balding were -wounded. Major Von Baumbach commended especially the bravery of the -latter two. - -The Twenty-sixth Infantry, still in the second brigade of Schurz’s -division of the Eleventh Corps, was commanded by Major F. C. Winkler; -this regiment followed the movements of its brigade and on November 25, -was with Sherman on the extreme left. Its losses are not reported. - -The Third, Eighth, and Tenth light batteries were in the First Brigade -of the Second Division of the artillery reserve. Company C of the first -heavy artillery was in the Second Brigade of the same division. - -The Eighth Battery did excellent service on the evening of the 24th, -when Carlin’s brigade crossed Chattanooga Creek at its mouth and joined -Hooker. Lieutenant O. German, commanding the battery, placed two -sections near the mouth of the creek on its right bank, and shelled the -Confederate position and the road up the east of the mountain. On the -25th, after the infantry had taken Missionary Ridge it ascended to the -crest. Losses, none. - -The Fifth Battery was part of the artillery which was so placed as -to cover the pontoon bridge at the mouth of the Chickamauga, where -Sherman’s troops crossed on the 24th. - -The Twelfth Battery was placed on a hill near the location of the Fifth -Battery. - -The Sixth and Twelfth batteries were attached officially to the Second -Division of the Seventeenth Corps; therefore they were on the left with -Sherman during the 25th. Their losses are not reported. - -There is no report from the Tenth Battery, which was stationed -at Harrison’s Landing, about twelve miles up the river, east of -Chattanooga; a section of this battery reported to Colonel Eli Long (of -the cavalry) at Calhoun, Tennessee. - -Battery C of the First Regiment of Wisconsin Heavy Artillery was -mustered in October 1, 1863; it was sent directly to Chattanooga and -assigned to Fort Wood. - -The Sixth Wisconsin Battery was mustered into service at Racine, -Wisconsin, October 2, 1861. It did not leave the State until March -15, 1862, when it went to St. Louis. It took part in the siege of -Island Number Ten, the siege and battle of Corinth, and the siege of -Vicksburg. This battery came to Chattanooga with the Fifteenth Corps -under Sherman. - -The Tenth Wisconsin Light Battery was mustered into the service -at Milwaukee on February 10, 1862, with Captain Yates V. Beebe as -commander. It left the State March 18 and went to St. Louis. From there -it joined the Army of the Tennessee and took part in the battle of -Corinth. On September 14, 1862, it arrived at Nashville, and took part -in the battle of Stone’s River. It did active duty in various locations -until the date of the battles around Chattanooga. - -The Twelfth Wisconsin Battery was organized and equipped at Jefferson -Barracks, Missouri. It did service in both Tennessee and Mississippi -until coming to Chattanooga with General Sherman. - -The Army of the Cumberland--as reorganized prior to the battles around -Chattanooga--with General Thomas in command, was now in permanent -possession of Chattanooga. The Confederate Army took up its winter -quarters at Dalton, Georgia, on the railway twenty-eight miles -southeast of Chattanooga, across two mountain ranges. The assignment of -General Grant as commander of the Division of the Mississippi--giving -him command of all the forces, operating in the States of Kentucky, -Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi--which so greatly -contributed to the victories in the battles around Chattanooga, insured -also the permanent holding of that city. - -Whatever was accomplished by Rosecrans during the four months of the -campaign, beginning on June 23 at Murfreesboro, and ending on October -19, 1863 at Chattanooga, was done by him and his Army of the Cumberland -alone. He could not get any cooperation from the East or West. The -President and General Halleck at Washington, seemed to be in earnest -by the wording of their dispatches, as published in the _Rebellion -Record_, in urging and commanding Burnside in east Tennessee and the -Army of the Tennessee on the Mississippi to join with Rosecrans prior -to the battle of Chickamauga; for reasons not apparent to the reader -of present history, no reinforcements came. It is pathetic to read the -official record of those days, which gives an account of the struggles, -the marches, the battles, the sacrifices, the patient endurance by the -musket bearers of extreme fatigue, and the cheerfulness with which the -soldiers endured all. They faced death without a thought of their real -heroism. To one who went through the campaign and came out alive and -unwounded it is incomprehensible, that all did not die. - -It is true other armies, such as those of the Potomac, the Tennessee, -and the one in Missouri had campaigns at the same time and were -equally exposed to the hazards of war; but none of them marched over a -territory so mountainous and so difficult; none of them fought battles -in so perilous a region or with more deadly effect, than the soldiers -in the battle of Chickamauga. Had the Union Army been really defeated -and had it lost Chattanooga, the army could hardly have recovered -from the disaster, without the quick aid of large reinforcements, -which were too far away at that time to be available in an emergency. -Burnside was besieged at Knoxville, and the Army of the Tennessee so -far away, that it took weeks to get it to Chattanooga. It will be -of great interest to the future student of the military history of -the War between the States to follow the subsequent campaigns of the -Western armies after Grant became commander-in-chief, and Sherman was -assigned to the command in the West, with headquarters at Chattanooga. -He will apprehend how all the armies worked together, and how soon -the rebellion itself was crushed, although its soldiers fought to the -bitter end. - - - - -INDEX - - -[Armies, Battles, Corps, Creeks, Forts, Gaps, Islands, Losses, -Mountains, Rivers, and Wars are grouped under those respective heads; -Regiments are grouped under the caption of their respective States.] - - Adams, Gen. Daniel W., at Chickamauga, 99, 100, 104. - - Alabama, 8-10; - troops in, 33, 232; - 28th Infantry, 191. - - Alexander, Col. E. Porter, at Knoxville, 181. - - Alexander, Col. Jesse I., at Missionary Ridge, 205, 226. - - Alexander’s Bridge, near Chickamauga, 69, 72, 77. - - Alpine (Ga.), 61, 63, 72-75. - - Anderson, Gen. Patton, at Missionary Ridge, 205. - - Anderson, Gen. Robert, in Kentucky, 15. - - Anderson’s Cross Roads (Tenn.), 159. - - ARMIES-- - Cumberland, 1, 3, 5, 8, 13, 15, 164, 177, 178, 201, 206-208, 226, - 232; - organization, 12, 19, 20, 24, 25, 28; - commander, 16; - reorganized, 164, 169, 170, 231; - reinforced, 135, 189; - retreats, 155; - at Murfreesboro, 4, 5, 11; - in Chickamauga campaign, 52-154; - at Chattanooga, 186; - courage of, 22, 180, 214; - personnel, 25-27, 33. - Mississippi, 12. - Ohio, 15, 169. - Potomac, 4, 158, 177, 178, 208, 233. - Tennessee (Confederate), 1, 33; - organized, 33-39; - in Chickamauga campaign, 52-154; - on Missionary Ridge, 202-222. - Tennessee (Union), 4, 5, 158, 159, 169, 201, 208, 226, 231-233. - - Armstrong, Gen. Frank C., at Chickamauga, 117. - - Atlanta (Ga.), capture, 3, 5, 10. - - Austin, Capt. Richard H., wounded, 229. - - - Baird, Gen. Absalom, of regular army, 23; - commands division, 19, 21, 166; - in Chickamauga campaign, 60, 65, 66, 68; - at battle of Chickamauga, 79, 81-103, 107, 108, 111, 112, 115, 122, - 126-129, 139-142, 145, 152; - withdraws, 123, 125, 129; - at Rossville, 124; - Orchard Knob, 190; - Missionary Ridge, 202-205, 213, 216, 221; - commended, 148, 149. - - Balding, Lieut. Thomas E., 132; - wounded, 229. - - Barker, Capt. John D., aide to Thomas, 120, 122. - - Barnes, Gen. Sidney M., at Chickamauga, 104, 107, 109, 113, 142. - - Bate, Gen. William B., at Missionary Ridge, 205. - - Battle Creek (Tenn.), 60, 167. - - BATTLES-- - Antietam, 137. - Bull Run, 15, 137. - Carnifex Ferry, 12. - Chancellorsville, 4, 137. - Chickamauga, mentioned, 14, 17, 19-21, 30, 34, 37, 81, 126, 157, - 207, 224, 233; - not a failure, 52; - described, 67-124; - criticized, 13, 135-150. - Corinth, 12, 32, 227, 231. - Crampton’s Gap, 137. - Dug Gap, 65-69. - Fredericksburg, 137. - Gettysburg, 4, 136-138. - Guy’s Gap, 44, 46. - Harper’s Ferry, 137. - Hoover’s Gap, 2, 43, 44. - Island Number Ten, 29, 32. - Iuka, 12. - Leet’s Tanyard, 65. - Liberty Gap, 2, 42, 43. - Lookout Mountain, mentioned, 135, 181, 212, 224; - described, 192-201. - Middle Creek, 14. - Mill Springs, 15, 16, 210. - Missionary Ridge, mentioned, 2, 135, 189, 192, 193; - described, 201-222. - Orchard Knob, mentioned, 135, 224; - described, 189-194. - Perryville, 3, 16, 20, 22, 28-35, 210. - Pittsburg Landing, 226, 227. - Rich Mountain, 12. - Ringgold Gap, 222, 223. - Shepardstown, 137. - Shiloh, 31, 34, 35, 50, 137. - South Mountain, 137. - Stone’s River, 1, 2, 11, 13, 16, 22, 28-37, 137, 144, 210, 231. - Vicksburg, 5. - Tunnel Hill, 185, 186, 206, 211-214, 221. - Wauhatchie, mentioned, 135, 224; - described, 176-182. - - Baumbach. See Von Baumbach. - - Beatty, Gen. John, at Chickamauga, 93, 99, 104, 113, 142; - at Chattanooga, 166. - - Beatty, Gen. Samuel, at Chattanooga, 166; - at Orchard Knob, 190; - at Missionary Ridge, 204. - - Beebe, Capt. Yates V., commands battery, 231. - - Bellefont (Ala.), 57. - - Benning, Gen. Henry L., at Chickamauga, 97, 138. - - Benton Barracks (Mo.), 30. - - Bingham, Col. George B., in Tullahoma campaign, 28; - at Chickamauga, 127. - - Bloody Pond, at Chickamauga, 80. - - Bouck, Col. Gabriel, commands regiment, 226, 227. - - Bowling Green (Ky.), 2, 3, 6, 11, 16. - - Boynton, Gen. H. V., cited, 85, 108, 109, 118, 136. - - Bradyville (Tenn.), 41, 43. - - Bragg, Gen. Braxton, Confederate commander, 2, 33, 34; - at Tullahoma, 39, 40; - at Chattanooga, 54, 55; - plans, 57, 183, 189; - evacuates Chattanooga, 63, 64, 67; - at Lafayette, 65, 66, 68; - reinforced, 66, 67, 76, 98; - at Chickamauga, 58, 62, 69-80, 85, 87, 99, 116, 117, 119; - size of army, 136; - after Chickamauga, 124, 146, 151, 156-161; - line near Chattanooga, 181-194; - at Missionary Ridge, 205-213, 220-224; - reports, 49, 67. - - Brannan, Gen. John M., of regular army, 23; - commands division, 17, 24, 66; - in Tullahoma campaign, 41; - at Chickamauga, 82-96, 103-115, 119, 127, 138-142, 151; - withdraws, 123, 125; - chief of artillery, 169; - at Missionary Ridge, 219; - commended, 148; - reports, 85, 86. - - Breckenridge, Gen. John C., at Chickamauga, 82, 90, 96-100, 104, 110, - 117, 140, 141, 148; - Missionary Ridge, 205, 209, 214; - characterized, 34, 35. - - Bridge, Lyman, commands Illinois battery, 192, 214. - - Bridgeport (Ala.), railway junction, 6, 7, 28, 52-54, 56, 59, 60, 159, - 162, 163, 166, 171-174, 176, 177, 180, 184, 187, 189, 194; - supply station, 134; - road to, 156; - steamboat at, 179; - Bragg at, 19, 49; - Gordon, 83; - garrisoned, 167; - troops cross at, 176. - - Broomtown Valley (Ala.), 63. - - Brotherton, ----, house near Chickamauga, 80, 81, 91, 92, 116. - - Brown, Gen. John C., at Missionary Ridge, 206. - - Brown’s Ferry (Tenn.), fortified, 172-176; - captured, 178; - bridge at, 179, 185, 187, 192, 194. - - Buckner, Gen. Simon B., in East Tennessee, 59; - reinforces Bragg, 60, 67, 70; - in Chickamauga campaign, 66, 68; - at Chickamauga, 97, 98, 142; - characterized, 35. - - Buel, C. C., and Johnson, Robert U., _Battles and Leaders of Civil - War_, 74, 116, 147. - - Buell, Gen. D. C., Confederate officer, 2, 3, 11, 16, 28, 31, 32; - at Chattanooga, 50. - - Buell, Gen. George P., at Chickamauga, 106, 113, 117. - - Burnside, Gen. Ambrose E., in East Tennessee, 59, 66, 67, 158, 232, - 234; - at Knoxville, 169, 181-184, 189, 223. - - Buschbeck, Col. Adolphus, at Missionary Ridge, 204. - - - Calhoun (Tenn.), 230. - - Cameron Hill, at Chattanooga, 173. - - Camp Dick Robinson (Ky.), 15. - - Caperton’s Ferry (Ala.), location, 57, 59; - crossed, 60, 61. - - Carlin, Gen. William P., commands brigade, 43, 201; - at Chickamauga, 108; - Chattanooga, 166, 167; - Lookout Mountain, 200; - Missionary Ridge, 202, 204. - - Carpenter, Capt. Stephen J., commands battery, 32. - - _Century Magazine_, cited, 74. - - Chapin, Col. Alfred R., commands regiment, 28. - - Chattanooga (Tenn.), location, 55; - importance of, 3, 7-9, 39, 51, 71, 119, 134; - railway terminus, 6, 177; - in 1862, 50; - held by Confederates, 49, 52-54, 58, 63; - evacuated, 63; - Union army - enters, 64; - Union troops at, 72, 76, 77, 109, 112, 135, 181, 188, 200, 210, 219, - 225, 227, 230, 231, 234; - troops withdraw to, 125, 129, 133, 146, 152; - siege of, 156-163; - steamboat built, 179; - Union forts at, 209; - battles near, 2, 5, 31, 155-234; - permanently occupied, 232; - Rosecrans retires to, 121; - reports from, 144, 210. - - Chattanooga Valley, 54, 188, 189, 199-201, 206. - - Cheatham, Gen. Benjamin F., at Chickamauga, 86, 89, 96, 97, 138, 139, - 141; - advances, 125; - at Missionary Ridge, 205, 217, 220. - - Chickamauga campaign, 51-154. See also Battles: Chickamauga. - - Chickamauga Station, 125, 212. - - Chickamauga Valley, topography, 11, 126, 217. See also Creeks: - Chickamauga. - - Chivas, Lieut. Robert J., killed, 229. - - Christiana (Tenn.), 41. - - Cincinnati _Gazette_, cited, 52. - - Clarksville (Tenn.), 20. - - Cleburne, Gen. Patrick R., commands division, 43; - in Chickamauga campaign, 58, 66, 68; - at battle of Chickamauga, 82, 89, 90, 96, 97, 100-102, 128, 139, - 141; - at Missionary Ridge, 205, 212; - report, 101; - characterized, 100. - - Cockerill, Col. Joseph R., at Missionary Ridge, 205. - - Columbus (Ky.), 32. - - Connell, Col. John M., at Chickamauga, 106, 113. - - Colquitt, Gen. Peyton H., killed, 102. - - CORPS-- - 4th, formation, 165, 170; - officers, 168; - at Missionary Ridge, 186, 203, 206; - Orchard Knob, 189, 190; - Lookout Mountain, 194; - Chattanooga, 222; - Wisconsin troops in, 168, 225, 227. - 11th, comes to Chattanooga, 159, 170; - at Nashville, 162; - Wauhatchie, 177, 178; - Orchard Knob, 190, 191; - Missionary Ridge, 186, 187; - Wisconsin troops in, 168, 177, 178, 229. - 12th, reinforces Chattanooga, 159, 170; - at Nashville, 162; - Wauhatchie, 177, 178; - Lookout Mountain, 194; - Wisconsin troops in, 168, 177. - 14th, formation, 12, 17, 19; - commanders, 12, 168; - officers of, 21, 24; - medical director, 110; - in Tullahoma campaign, 43-47; - at Decherd, 53; - advances, 56, 57, 60, 65, 76; - at Chickamauga, 76-79, 86, 88; - reorganized, 165, 166, 170; - at Orchard Knob, 190, 191; - Lookout Mountain, 200; - Missionary Ridge, 185, 193, 206; - pursues enemy, 222; - Wisconsin troops in, 28, 30, 127, 167, 168, 201. - 15th, reinforces Chattanooga, 159; - at Lookout Mountain, 194, 201; - Wisconsin troops in, 231. - 17th, portion sent to Chattanooga, 159; - Wisconsin troops in, 226, 230. - 20th, formation, 12, 18; - commander, 17, 23; - medical director, 110; - in Tullahoma campaign, 46, 47; - at Winchester, 53; - Alpine, 74, 75; - advances, 56-61, 76; - at Chickamauga, 73, 76-79, 86-88; - Wisconsin troops in, 29, 30, 32, 33, 59, 130, 131, 133, 134; - merged in 4th Corps, 165. - 21st, formation, 12, 18; - commander, 17; - in Tullahoma campaign, 43, 45, 46; - at McMinnville, 53; - advances, 56-64; - at Chickamauga, 70, 73, 74, 78, 86-88; - Wisconsin troops in, 31, 133; - merged in 4th Corps, 165. - Cavalry, 18, 31. - Reserve, 19, 83, 165. - For Confederate Corps, see names of commanders. - - Corse, Col. John M., at Missionary Ridge, 204, 211, 212. - - Cowan (Tenn.), 47. - - Crane, Maj. Josiah W., killed, 227. - - Craven, ----, house on Lookout Mountain, 197. - - Crawfish Springs (Ga.), 71, 78-80, 82, 87, 93, 99, 153. - - CREEKS-- - Big Crow, 53. - Chattanooga, 124, 155, 196, 199-202, 222, 229. - Chickamauga, 60, 64, 66, 69, 70, 73, 76, 81, 82, 119, 133, 181, 185, - 201; - described, 71; - crossed, 72, 78, 79, 85, 99, 187, 230; - retreat across, 217, 221, 222. - Citico, 190. - Island, 61. - Lookout, 195-197. - McBride’s, 44. - South Chickamauga, 186. - - Crittenden, Senator John, son of, 17. - - Crittenden, Gen. Thomas L., commands division, 12; - at Hoover’s Gap, 43; - in Tullahoma campaign, 45; - Chickamauga campaign, 63, 64, 68, 69; - at battle of Chickamauga, 70, 72, 73, 76, 78, 82, 84, 86, 87, 91, - 94, 95, 109, 121, 133; - at Chattanooga, 155; - characterized, 17. - - Crook, Gen. George, cavalry raid, 160, 161. - - Croxton, Gen. John T., at Chickamauga, 84, 85, 113, 114, 127; - at Chattanooga, 166; - commended, 148. - - Cruft, Gen. Charles, at Chattanooga, 165, 168; - Lookout Mountain, 194; - Missionary Ridge, 201, 203, 206. - - Crutchfield, ----, house on Lookout Mountain, 201, 225. - - Cumming, Gen. Alfred, at Missionary Ridge, 206. - - - Dalton (Ga.), Confederates at, 189, 232. - - Dana, C. A., assistant secretary of war, reports, 144, 145, 165, 207, - 217. - - Daniels, Col. Edward, cavalry officer, 30. - - Danville (Ky.), 15. - - Davis, Gen. Jefferson C., of regular army, 23; - commands division, 18; - in Tullahoma campaign, 43, 47; - Chickamauga campaign, 59; - battle of Chickamauga, 86, 87, 93, 95, 96, 106, 107, 109, 111, - 130-134, 142, 145, 151; - at Chattanooga, 166, 168; - Missionary Ridge, 185, 193, 201, 206; - characterized, 108. - - Davis’s Cross Roads (Ga.), 65, 68. - - Decherd (Tenn.), 52, 53, 160. - - Deshler, Gen. James, killed, 102. - - Dick, Gen. George F., at Chickamauga, 113. - - Drury, Capt. Lucius H., chief of artillery, 20, 31; - wounded, 133. - - Dyer, ----, house near Chickamauga, 81. - - - Eaglesville (Tenn.), 41. - - Ector, Gen. Matthew D., at Chickamauga, 85. - - Ely, Col. John H., at Chickamauga, 129; - captured, 130. - - Ewing, Gen. Hugh, at Trenton, 187; - Missionary Ridge, 204. - - - Fairfield (Tenn.), 44. - - Forrest, Gen. Nathan B., cavalry commander, 33; - raiding, 69, 146, 170; - in Chickamauga campaign, 69; - at battle of Chickamauga, 73, 82-85, 89, 95, 117, 140, 141, 153, - 154; - Rossville, 124; - characterized, 35, 36. - - FORTS: - Cheatham, 219; - Donelson, 16, 20, 35; - Henry, 16; - Leavenworth, 32; - Negley, 209; - Riley, 32; - Rosecrans, 6; - Sherman, 219; - Sumter, 15; - Wood, 190, 209, 219, 230. - - Fox, Capt. P. V., builds bridge, 176. - - Fox, Col. W. F., _Regimental Losses in Civil War_, 142. - - Frankfort (Ky.), 2. - - Franklin (Tenn.), 6. - - Furay, W. S., war correspondent, 51, 52. - - - Gallatin (Tenn.), 20. - - GAPS: - Bellbuckle, 40. - Cooper’s, 60, 63, 68, 75. - Crampton’s, 137. - Dug, 65, 66, 68, 72. See also Battles: Dug Gap. - Frick’s, 63. - Guy’s, 40, 44, 46. - Hoover’s, 2, 40, 42, 43. - Liberty, 2, 40, 42, 46. - McFarland’s, 71, 93, 109, 110, 123, 124, 131. - Rossville, 19, 76, 81, 83, 109, 114, 124, 146. - Ringgold, 222. - Stevens’s, 60, 63-65, 68, 71-74. - Winston’s, 61, 75. - - Gardner, Capt. George Q., commands Wisconsin battery, 32, 133, 134. - - Garfield, Gen. James A., at Chickamauga, 110, 112, 115, 120, 123; - leaves army, 168, 169; - commended, 48; - characterized, 13, 14. - - Gaw, Capt. W. B., at Chickamauga, 120. - - Geary, Gen. John W., at Wauhatchie, 177, 178, 180; - Lookout Mountain, 186, 194, 196-198, 200; - Missionary Ridge, 201-204. - - Georgia, boundary, 9; - soldiers from, 10; - Union troops in, 146, 232. - - German, Lieut. Obadiah, at Missionary Ridge, 229. - - Gist, Gen. State Rights, at Chickamauga, 98; - Missionary Ridge, 205. - - Glass’s Mill (Ga.), 70. - - Glenn, Widow ----, house near Chickamauga, 78-81, 131. - - Goldsmith, Capt. Gustavus, killed, 132. - - Gordon. See Lee and Gordon’s Mill. - - Gordon, Capt. John A., 225, 226. - - Govan, Gen. Daniel C, at Chickamauga, 98, 102, 138. - - Granger, Gen. Gordon, commands reserve, 19; - in Tullahoma campaign, 41, 44, 46; - at Chickamauga, 83, 114, 115, 118, 119, 121, 144, 151, 154; - withdraws, 123; - commended, 145, 148; - commands corps, 165; - at Orchard Knob, 189, 190; - Missionary Ridge, 202, 203, 225; - characterized, 21, 22. - - Granger, Gen. Robert S., commands brigade, 19; - at Nashville, 167. - - Grant, Gen. Ulysses S., at Vicksburg, 4, 5; - Shiloh, 31, 50; - captures Fort Donelson, 16, 35; - takes command at Chattanooga, 170-172, 207, 232; - plans, 182, 183, 185-189, 193, 194, 211-214, 218, 221, 222; - watches battle, 191; - at Missionary Ridge, 208-212; - reports, 215, 223; - commander-in-chief, 234; - genius of, 219. - - Greene, Capt. Howard, killed, 229. - - Gregg, Gen. David M., at Chickamauga, 138. - - Grose, Col. William, at Chickamauga, 93, 104, 111; - Chattanooga, 165; - Lookout Mountain, 186. - - Gross, Surgeon Ferdinand H., at Chickamauga, 110. - - - Halleck, Gen. H. W., commander-in-chief, 66, 67, 223, 232. - - Hanson, Capt. Hans, killed, 131. - - Hardee, Gen. William J., before the war, 15; - commands corps, 34, 40; - at Missionary Ridge, 205, 208; - characterized, 35. - - Harker, Gen. Charles G., at Chickamauga, 94, 113, 116, 117; - Chattanooga, 165; - Missionary Ridge, 204; - commended, 148. - - Harrison’s Landing (Tenn.), 230. - - Hauff, Capt. Henry, killed, 131. - - Hawley, Col. William, of Third Wisconsin, 177. - - Hazen, Gen. William B., in Chickamauga campaign, 58, 60, 61, 62, 64; - at battle of Chickamauga, 104, 107; - at Chattanooga, 166; - Brown’s Ferry, 174, 175; - Orchard Knob, 190, 191; - Missionary Ridge, 204; - commended, 148. - - Heald, Capt. Abner O., killed, 129. - - Heg, Col. Hans C., brigade commander, 29; - at Chickamauga, 59, 134; - killed, 87, 108, 130, 131. - - Helm, Gen. Ben Hardin, at Chickamauga, 99; - killed, 100. - - Hill, Gen. Daniel H., at Chickamauga, 70, 79, 89, 97, 102, 110, 116, - 126, 138; - cited, 73, 74, 146-149, 210. - - Hindman, Gen. Thomas C., in Chickamauga campaign, 66, 68; - at Chickamauga battle, 82, 96, 97, 113, 115, 132, 142; - report, 115, 116. - - Hiram College (Ohio), instructor, 14. - - Hobart, Col. Harrison C., commands regiment, 30; - at Chickamauga, 127; - captured, 129. - - Hood, Gen. John B., Confederate officer, 6; - at Chickamauga, 82, 96-98, 116, 138, 142; - wounded, 116; - at Knoxville, 181. - - Hooker, Gen. Joseph, at Chancellorsville, 4; - reinforces Chattanooga, 159, 161-163; - brings troops, 172, 174, 176; - at Wauhatchie, 177-180; - Lookout Mountain, 181, 184, 186, 187, 192-200, 212; - pursues Confederates, 201-208, 222; - at Missionary Ridge, 213, 214; - report, 186, 187. - - Howard, Gen. O. O., reinforces Chattanooga, 159; - at Wauhatchie, 177, 178; - Orchard Knob, 190, 191; - Missionary Ridge, 186, 187, 202, 208, 212, 222. - - Humphreys, Gen. Benjamin, at Chickamauga, 97. - - Huntsville (Ala.), 28, 160. - - - Illinois, troops from, 25; - 24th Infantry, 127; - 2nd Cavalry, 226; - 15th Cavalry, 194. - - Indiana, troops from, 25; - 29th Infantry, 42; - 39th Infantry, 42; - 44th Infantry, 114; - 2nd Cavalry, 159; - 4th Cavalry, 159; - 4th Battery, 127, 128. - - ISLANDS: - Number Ten, 29, 32, 226, 231; - Williams, 164, 173. - - Iuka (Miss.), 32. - - - Jackson, Gen. John K., at Chickamauga, 89, 138; - Lookout Mountain, 199. - - Jay’s Mill (Ga.), 73, 82, 83. - - Jefferson Barracks (Mo.), 231. - - Johnson, Gen. Bushrod R., Confederate officer, 69, 70; - at Chickamauga, 96, 97, 105, 106, 138, 147. - - Johnson, Capt. John M., killed, 131. - - Johnson, Gen. Richard W., commands division, 18, 43, 59, 201, 206, - 225; - of regular army, 23; - at Chickamauga, 86, 89, 91, 92, 100, 111, 128, 139-141, 145; - withdraws, 123; - at Stevenson, 167; - Orchard Knob, 190; - Lookout Mountain, 200; - Missionary Ridge, 204, 205; - commended, 148; - report, 42. - - Johnson, Robert U. See Buel and Johnson. - - Johnston, Gen. Albert S., Confederate officer, 15. - - Johnston, Gen. Joseph E., reinforces Bragg, 66. - - - Kansas, forts in, 32; - troops from, 25. - - Kelly’s farm, at Chickamauga, 71, 74, 78, 80-82, 85, 91, 92, 100, 103, - 105, 106, 114, 118, 122, 127, 128, 140; - charges at, 93, 122, 123. - - Kelly’s Ferry (Tenn.), 173, 174, 178-180, 194. - - Kenosha, troops from, 30. - - Kentucky, troops in, 15, 232; - troops from, 3, 25; - 8th Infantry, 200; - 9th Infantry, 113; - 17th Infantry, 113; - 2nd cavalry, 194; - senator, 34; - railroad through, 6; - Confederates evacuate, 16. - - Kershaw, Gen. Joseph B., at Chickamauga, 96, 97, 105. - - King, Gen. John H., brigade commander, 24; - at Chickamauga, 92, 100, 123; - Chattanooga, 166; - successor, 204. - - Knoxville (Tenn.), operations at, 158, 169, 184, 187, 189, 234; - Burnside at, 223. - - - Lafayette (Ga.), 63; - Bragg retreats to, 64-67, 71-74, 77; - road from, 72, 76, 78, 79, 82, 88, 91-95, 99, 103, 110, 118, 122, - 123, 127. - - LaGrange, Col. Oscar H., commands cavalry, 20, 31; - at Chickamauga, 132. - - Law, Gen. Evander M., at Chickamauga, 96, 97, 105, 116. - - Lee, Gen. Robert E., 4; - before the war, 15; - in Virginia, 67; - surrenders, 10, 52. - - Lee and Gordon’s Mill, at Chickamauga, 64, 65, 68-79, 82, 87, 92, 131. - - Leet’s Tanyard (Tenn.), skirmish at, 65. - - Lexington (Ky.), 15. - - Liddell, Gen. St. John R., at Chickamauga, 86, 98, 117, 122. - - Lightburn, Gen. Joseph A. J., at Missionary Ridge, 205. - - Lilly, Capt. Eli, artillery officer, 58. - - Lincoln, President Abraham, call for troops, 27; - orders, 165, 169, 170, 232; - persistence, 38. - - Livingston, Lieut. Courtland, commands battery, 31; - at Chickamauga, 133. - - Long, Col. Eli, cavalry officer, 187, 230. - - Longstreet, Gen. James, reinforces Bragg, 66, 70, 80; - advances, 126; - at Chickamauga, 95-98, 104, 106, 112, 113, 116, 118, 143, 148, 149; - Wauhatchie, 178-182; - advises Bragg, 156, 189; - goes to Knoxville, 181, 182, 187, 189; - estimates losses, 138; - reports, 116, 151, 180, 181; - _From Manassas to Appomatox_, 135, 136. - - Lookout Valley, Union army in, 54, 60-62, 75, 176; - opened, 179, 184, 186, 187; - Confederates in, 195. - - Loomis, Col. John M., at Missionary Ridge, 205. - - LOSSES: - in Tullahoma campaign, 48, 49; - at Chickamauga, 135-137, 141-144, 148; - at Missionary Ridge, 224. - - Louisville (Ky.), Union troops at, 2, 3, 6, 8, 16, 27-29, 31, 50; - Grant at, 171. - - Louisville and Chattanooga Railroad, 20. - - Lumley’s Stand (Tenn.), 42. - - Lyon, Col. William P., commands regiment, 20. - - Lytle, Gen. William H., at Chickamauga, 87; - killed, 80, 109, 131. - - - McAffee’s Church, at Chickamauga, 83, 114, 154. - - McArthur, Adj. Arthur Jr., commended, 228. - - McCook, Gen. Alexander D., commands division, 12, 45, 63, 72, 74; - in Tullahoma campaign, 42; - at Chickamauga, 73-75, 78, 86, 87, 91-95, 109, 110, 121, 128, 153; - Rossville, 124; - Chattanooga, 155; - staff-officer of, 120; - characterized, 17, 23. - - McCook, Gen. Daniel, at Chickamauga, 83, 84, 144; - Chattanooga, 144. - - McCook, Col. Edward M., at Chickamauga, 132; - cavalry raid, 159, 160. - - McDonald, ----, house near Chickamauga, 81. - - McKercher, Maj. Duncan, captured, 130. - - McLaws, Gen. Lafayette, at Chickamauga, 97; - Knoxville, 181. - - McLean, Lieut. John D., artillery officer, 33; - at Chickamauga, 134. - - McLemore’s Cove, near Chickamauga, 60, 63-65, 68, 70-75, 78. - - McMinnville (Tenn.), railroad junction, 39, 53, 56, 60; - captured, 159. - - McNeill, Maj. Quincy, at Island Number Ten, 226. - - Manchester (Tenn.), pikeroad to, 39; - operations near, 42-46. - - Maney, Gen. George, at Missionary Ridge, 206. - - Marshall, Gen. Humphrey, Confederate officer, 14. - - Martin, Gen. John A., replaces Heg, 108, 130. - - Martin, Gen. William T., cavalry officer, 159. - - Maryland, Confederates invade, 4. - - Matthies, Gen. Charles L., at Missionary Ridge, 204. - - Meade, Gen. George C., at Gettysburg, 4. - - Memphis (Tenn.), troops from, 158. - - Michigan, troops from, 25; - 1st Engineers, 176. - - Mill Springs (Ky.), 15, 16. - - Miller, Col. J. McClelland, at Liberty Gap, 42. - - Millersburg (Tenn.), 42. - - Milwaukee, troops muster at, 27, 28, 30, 177, 226, 231. - - Minnesota, troops from, 25. - - Minty, Gen. Robert H. G., in Chickamauga campaign, 57, 61, 62; - at battle of Chickamauga, 72, 77; - withdraws, 125; - at Rossville, 124. - - Mississippi, troops from, 66, 70, 98; - troops in, 169, 231; - Union troops, 232. - - Missouri, troops from, 25; - Wisconsin troops in, 30; - Union army, 233. - - Mitchell, Gen. John G., at Chickamauga, 114; - Wauhatchie, 179; - commended, 148. - - Mitchell, Gen. O. M., in Alabama, 28. - - Mitchell, Gen. Robert B., cavalry officer, 18, 41, 42; - at Chickamauga, 83, 99, 112, 147, 153, 154; - Rossville, 124; - raiding, 160. - - Mitchell, Capt. William S., killed, 129. - - Moccasin Point, fortified, 173. - - Moore, Gen. John C., at Lookout Mountain, 197, 199. - - Morgan, Gen. James D., commands division, 19; - at Chickamauga, 83; - Chattanooga, 166, 167. - - MOUNTAINS-- - Cumberland, 7-9, 47-49, 52-55. - Horse, 40. - Horseshoe Ridge, 107, 111. - Lookout, 51-55, 60, 62, 76, 155, 156, 172, 173, 176, 204, 205, 211, - 225; - crossed, 63, 64, 68; - Confederates on, 63, 126, 180-185, 187-189, 192-194; - described, 195, 196. - See also Battles: Lookout Mountain. - Missionary Ridge, 55, 56, 63, 81, 93, 109, 115, 126, 156, 182-186, - 190, 209, 211, 230; - Confederates on, 188-191. - See also Battles: Missionary Ridge. - Pigeon, 55, 65, 69, 71. - Raccoon, 173. - Sand, 53-55, 59, 62. - Taylor’s Ridge, 217, 222. - Walden’s Ridge, 54, 55, 58, 156, 161, 173. - - Mullis, ----, farm near Chickamauga, 123. - - Murfreesboro (Tenn.), Union troops at, 1, 2, 4-8, 11, 14, 28-30, 39, - 44, 232; - advance from, 46-48, 134; - railroad centre, 6, 52, 160. - - - Nashville (Tenn.), troops at, 20, 30-32, 231; - railroad terminus, 3, 6, 9, 160-163. - - Nashville and Chattanooga railroad, 3, 9, 166. - - Negley, Gen. James S., takes command, 17; - in Tullahoma campaign, 47; - Chickamauga, 60, 65, 66, 68; - at battle of Chickamauga, 78, 79, 82, 87, 93, 94, 100, 105, 107, - 108, 113, 114, 140, 142, 148; - Rossville, 124; - report, 110. - - New Madrid (Mo.), 31. - - New York, 1st Infantry, 194. - - Nickles, Lieut. Robert J., killed, 69. - - North Carolina, invaded, 10. - - Northwest Territory, troops from, 25. - - - Ohio, troops from, 14, 25; - 1st Infantry, 194; - 13th Infantry, 113; - 15th Infantry, 42; - 21st Infantry, 113; - 73d Infantry, 179; - representative in Congress, 168. - - Orchard Knob, captured, 190, 192, 194; - vantage point, 209, 211, 212; - battery on, 214. - See also Battles: Orchard Knob. - - Oshkosh, troops from, 29. - - Osterhaus, Gen. Peter J., crosses the Tennessee, 192, 193; - at Lookout Mountain, 194; - Missionary Ridge, 203, 216; - pursues enemy, 201. - - - Paducah (Ky.), 16. - - “Paint Rock,” steamboat, 58. - - Palmer, Gen. John M., commands division, 18, 58, 194; - in Tullahoma campaign, 41; - at Chickamauga, 78, 86, 91, 92, 96, 102, 104, 107, 111, 139-141, - 145; - withdraws, 123; - commended, 148; - promoted, 168; - at Chattanooga, 165; - Missionary Ridge, 202; - pursues enemy, 222; - characterized, 21. - - Patterson, Gen. Robert, 15. - - Pegram, Gen. John, in Chickamauga campaign, 69. - - Pelham (Tenn.), 57. - - Pennsylvania, Confederates invade, 4; - troops from, 25; - 77th Infantry, 42; - 79th Infantry, 44, 127. - - Perkins, Surgeon Jabez, at Chickamauga, 110. - - Pettus, Gen. Edmund W., at Lookout Mountain, 199. - - Phelps, Col. Edward H., at Missionary Ridge, 204. - - Pikeville (Tenn.), 55. - - Pinney, Capt. Oscar F., 31. - - Pittsburg Landing, 226. - - Poe, ----, house near Chickamauga, 81, 92. - - Polk, Gen. Leonidas, commands corps, 33, 40, 68, 69; - at Chickamauga, 70, 72, 95, 97-100, 148; - advances, 126; - characterized, 35. - - Pond Spring (Ga.), 78. - - Pope, Gen. John, at Island Number Ten, 32. - - Post, Col. Philip Sidney, in Tullahoma campaign, 43; - at Chickamauga, 133. - - Prentiss, Gen. B. M., 227. - - Preston, Gen. William, at Chickamauga, 96, 97, 112, 142. - - - Racine, troops from, 31, 231. - - Raum, Col. Green B., at Missionary Ridge, 204. - - _Rebellion Records_, cited, 42, 48, 49, 67, 75, 84, 85, 90, 101, 115, - 117, 121, 123, 129, 144, 145, 148, 151, 180, 195, 215, 216, 232. - - Reed’s Bridge, near Chickamauga, 69, 72, 73, 76, 82-85. - - Rennie, Lieut. Robert, killed, 130. - - Reynolds, Gen. Joseph J., commands division, 17, 44; - in Tullahoma campaign, 44; - Chickamauga campaign, 58, 66; - at battle of Chickamauga, 82, 86, 91-96, 103-107, 111, 139-141, 145; - withdraws, 122, 123; - made chief of staff, 166; - commended, 148. - - Richardson, Lieut. James S., killed, 129. - - Richmond (Va.), 4, 10, 49, 52, 67. - - Ringgold (Ga.), 64, 69, 70, 74, 77, 114, 216, 217, 223; - road from, 124. - - RIVERS-- - Cumberland, 7, 15. - Duck, 7, 39, 40. - Elk, 7, 40, 47. - Hiawassie, 56, 59. - Little, 75. - Mississippi, 4, 31, 158, 232. - Ohio, 25. - Sequatchie, 54, 55. - Tennessee, 7-9, 52-54, 71, 126, 196; - described, 54; - valley of, 58; - bends, 172; - bridged, 163; - crossed, 19, 59-62, 157, 160, 176, 201; - Confederates command, 155, 156; - armies on, 169. - - Robertson, Gen. Jerome B., at Chickamauga, 97. - - Robinson, Col. Milton S., at Chickamauga, 123. - - Roby, Capt. J. W., at Chickamauga, 130. - - Roddey, Gen. Philip D., cavalry leader, 160. - - Rogersville (Ala.), 160. - - Rome (Ga.), 61, 64, 75, 115. - - Rosecrans, Gen. William S., commands army, 1-3, 14, 16; - characterized, 12, 13; - plans, 11, 13, 40, 51, 57; - at Winchester, 52; - in Chickamauga campaign, 55, 58, 59, 62, 64, 67; - orders, 83, 103, 104, 106, 118, 152, 153, 172; - at battle of Chickamauga, 72-80, 88, 93, 99, 104, 109, 112, 120, - 121, 131, 136, 144, 149, 154; - retreats to Chattanooga, 125; - defends Chattanooga, 157, 158, 160; - reinforced, 158, 159; - relieved, 164; - results, 232; - reports, 48, 84, 89, 144. - - Rossville (Ga.), Union troops at, 19, 63, 76; - during battle of Chickamauga, 108, 109, 112, 114-116, 118; - withdrawal to, 119, 121, 123, 129, 132, 133, 136, 147, 151, 152, - 155; - abandoned, 125; - advance from, 144; - in Chattanooga campaign, 201-206; - Hooker at, 221, 222. - See also Gaps: Rossville. - - Rousseau, Gen. Lovell H., commands division, 17, 28, 44, 47, 190; - on furlough, 21; - rejoins army, 125; - at Chattanooga, 166; - Nashville, 167. - - Rousseau Battery, 219. - - Ruger, Gen. Thomas H., at Chattanooga, 168; - guarding railway, 177. - - - St. Louis, Wisconsin troops at, 31, 32, 231. - - Salem (Tenn.), 41. - - Scandinavians, as Wisconsin soldiers, 29. - - Schurz, Gen. Carl, at Wauhatchie, 177, 178; - Missionary Ridge, 205, 212, 229. - - Scribner, Gen. Benjamin F., commands brigade, 28; - at Chickamauga, 100, 129. - - Searles, Lieut. Charles A., killed, 129. - - Sequatchie Valley, described, 31; - troops in, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60; - raided, 156, 159. - - Sheffield, Col. James L., at Chickamauga, 97. - - Shelbyville (Tenn.), 40, 42; - captured, 44, 46. - - Shellmound (Tenn.), 59, 177. - - Shenandoah Valley, war in, 15. - - Sheridan, Gen. Philip H., West Point graduate, 17; - commands division, 47, 56, 60; - at Chickamauga, 87, 93-96, 107-111, 115, 142, 145, 149, 151; - Chattanooga, 165, 167; - Orchard Knob, 190, 217; - Missionary Ridge, 204, 205, 208, 227; - commended, 170, 171; - characterized, 22. - - Sherman, Col. Francis T., at Chattanooga, 165, 167; - Missionary Ridge, 204, 227. - - Sherman, Gen. William T., reinforces Chattanooga, 159, 183-185, 187; - commands Western army, 169, 234; - at Chattanooga, 231; - Tunnel Hill, 206, 211, 213, 221; - Missionary Ridge, 186, 187, 192, 193, 201-205, 208, 212-214, 217, - 222, 226, 229, 230; - March to the Sea, 5, 10; - commended, 171; - _Memoirs_, 207. - - Sirwell, Col. William, at Chickamauga, 113. - - Slocum, Gen. H. W., reinforces Rosecrans, 159. - - Smith, Gen. A., at Missionary Ridge, 204. - - Smith, Gen. James A., at Missionary Ridge, 205. - - Smith, Gen. John E., at Missionary Ridge, 204, 213, 226. - - Smith, Col. Orlando, at Wauhatchie, 179. - - Smith, Gen. Preston, at Chickamauga, 89; - killed, 90. - - Smith, Gen. W. F., chief engineer, 164, 169, 172, 174, 183, 184. - - Snodgrass, ----, house near Chickamauga, 107, 112, 116. - - Snodgrass Hill, battle at, 81, 120, 122, 151, 154. - - South Carolina, invaded, 10. - - Stanley, Gen. David S., commands cavalry, 18, 46; - of regular army, 23; - on furlough, 61; - at Chickamauga, 93, 100, 113. - - Stanley, Col. Timothy R., at Chickamauga, 142. - - Stanton, Edwin M., secretary of war, 171, 217. - - Starkweather, Col. John C., brigade commander, 28, 69; - at Chickamauga, 101, 126-130; - at Chattanooga, 166, 204, 206, 225; - Stevenson, 167; - report, 128, 129. - - Steedman, Gen. James B., commands division, 19; - at Chickamauga, 83, 114, 117, 120, 138, 142, 144; - commended, 148. - - Steinwehr, Gen. Adolph von, at Wauhatchie, 188; - Missionary Ridge, 212. - - Stevenson, Gen. Carter L., on Lookout Mountain, 192, 195, 197, 199; - at Missionary Ridge, 205, 206; - report, 198, 199. - - Stevenson (Ala.), railroad junction, 28, 52, 53, 56, 59; - supplies at, 7, 161-163; - garrison, 57, 166; - road to, 156; - headquarters, 167. - - Stewart, Gen. A. P., Confederate officer, 44; - at Chickamauga, 96, 97, 104, 105, 139, 141, 143; - Missionary Ridge, 205, 206, 214, 216, 217. - - Stoughton, Gen. William L., at Missionary Ridge, 204. - - Stovall, Gen. Marcellus A., at Chickamauga, 99, 100, 104. - - Summerville (Ga.), 63, 75. - - Sweet, Col. Benjamin J., 20; - wounded, 29. - - - Tennessee, actions in, 27; - in two districts, 167; - barrens of, 39-41; - railway in, 6; - forts, 16; - Union troops, 169, 231, 232; - troops from, 10, 25, 66. - - Thedford’s Ford (Ga.), 70. - - Thomas, Gen. George H., commands corps, 12, 63, 64; - in Tullahoma campaign, 43, 47; - at Chickamauga, 22, 72, 74, 75, 78, 79, 82-84, 88, 91-94, 103-117, - 120, 121, 127; - denominated “Rock of Chickamauga”, 82; - protects his corps, 139; - withstands attacks, 144-146; - withdraws, 112, 118-126, 152, 153; - at Chattanooga, 155, 232; - commands army, 164, 168; - besieged, 171, 172; - plans for advance, 183, 184, 186, 187, 193, 218; - reconnoisance, 188, 189; - at Orchard Knob, 190, 191; - Missionary Ridge, 202-215, 220-222; - reports, 119-121, 123, 200, 216; - commended, 148, 149, 171; - characterized, 14, 15, 81. - - Thompson, Lieut. Oliver, killed, 121. - - Thruston, Gen. Gates P., at Chickamauga, 110, 122. - - Thurman’s (Tenn.), 57. - - Tracy City (Tenn.), 56. - - Trenton (Ga.), troops at, 61, 176, 187. - - Triune (Tenn.), 41. - - Tullahoma (Tenn.), 1, 6; - advance toward, 14; - fighting near, 45, 47; - Bragg at, 52, 53, 98; - campaign for, 28, 30, 39-50, 134, 224. - - Turchin, Gen. John B., commands cavalry, 18, 19; - at Chickamauga, 92, 93; - withdraws, 122, 123; - at Chattanooga, 166; - Brown’s Ferry, 175; - Missionary Ridge, 204; - commended, 148. - - - Valley Head (Ala.), 55, 61. - - Van Cleve, Gen. Horatio P., commands division, 18, 60; - in Tullahoma campaign, 43; - at Chickamauga, 78, 86, 88, 93-95, 97, 104, 107-109, 113, 133, 140, - 142. - - Van Derveer, Col. Ferdinand, at Chickamauga, 93, 103, 106, 111, 114, - 140; - Chattanooga, 166; - Missionary Ridge, 204; - commended, 148. - - Van Horne, Thomas B., _Army of the Cumberland_, 110. - - Vicksburg (Miss.), siege of, 231. - - Viniard, ----, house near Chickamauga, 81. - - Virginia, troops from, 54, 66, 70, 78. - - Vittetoe, ----, house near Chickamauga, 81. - - Von Baumbach, Maj. Carl, at Chickamauga, 132; - Missionary Ridge, 227-229. - - - Wagner, Gen. George D., in Chickamauga campaign, 58, 60-62; - at Chattanooga, 165; - Missionary Ridge, 204. - - Walker, Gen. W. H. T., Confederate officer, 68, 69; - at Chickamauga, 77, 82, 85, 89, 96-98, 102, 110, 139, 141; - Lookout Mountain, 192; - Missionary Ridge, 205, 206. - - Walthall, Gen. Edward C., at Chickamauga, 98; - Lookout Mountain, 197, 199. - - WARS: - Mexican, 15, 17, 21, 34, 35; - Indian, 15. - - Wartrace (Tenn.), 40, 42. - - Washington (D. C.), orders from, 4, 67. - - Wauhatchie (Tenn.), 61; - action at, 176-180. - - West, Captain George M., killed, 130. - - West, Col. Theodore S., commands regiment, 30; - at Chickamauga, 132. - - West Point (N. Y.) Military Academy, graduates, 12, 15-17, 21-23, 35. - - West Virginia, troops in, 8. - - Wheeler, Gen. Joseph, cavalry commander, 33, 181; - at Chickamauga, 70, 79, 99; - raiding, 156, 159-161. - - Whiteside (Tenn.), 177. - - Whittaker, Gen. Walter C., at Chickamauga, 83, 114; - Chattanooga, 165; - Wauhatchie, 179; - Lookout Mountain, 186; - commended, 148. - - Wilder, Gen. John T., brigade commander, 44; - in Tullahoma campaign, 43, 44; - Chickamauga campaign, 58, 60, 62, 64; - at battle of Chickamauga, 72, 77, 82, 97, 109, 111, 153; - at Chattanooga, 158. - - Willard, Capt. J. P., aide to Thomas, 122. - - Williams, Gen. Alpheus S., at Chattanooga, 168; - guarding railway, 177. - - Willich, Gen. August, in Tullahoma campaign, 42, 43; - at Chickamauga, 93, 111, 118; - withdraws, 123; - at Chattanooga, 164, 165; - Orchard Knob, 190, 191; - Missionary Ridge, 204, 225, 226; - commended, 148. - - Wilson, Col. Claudius C., at Chickamauga, 85. - - Wilson, Gen. James H., cavalry raid, 170. - - Winchester (Tenn.), 52, 53, 160. - - Winkler, Maj. Frederick C., commands regiment, 177; - at Missionary Ridge, 229. - - Wisconsin, troops from, 25; - in army of Cumberland, 27-33; - in Tullahoma campaign, 44, 50; - at Dug Gap, 69; - Chickamauga, 126-134; - reinforce Chattanooga, 177, 178; - at Missionary Ridge, 225-232; - 1st Infantry, 27-29, 44, 69, 126-129, 167, 225; - 2nd infantry, 227; - 3rd Infantry, 168, 177; - 10th Infantry, 27-29, 50, 69, 126, 129, 130, 167, 201, 225; - 13th Infantry, 20; - 15th Infantry, 27, 29, 59, 87, 126, 130, 131, 167, 191, 192, 225, - 226; - 18th Infantry, 226, 227; - 21st Infantry, 20, 27, 29, 30, 44, 69, 126-129, 167, 225; - 24th Infantry, 27, 30, 126, 131, 132, 167, 227-229; - 26th Infantry, 168, 177, 178, 229; - 1st Cavalry, 20, 27, 30, 50, 132, 133, 159; - 1st Heavy Artillery, 168, 230; - 3rd Battery, 20, 27, 31, 133, 168, 229; - 5th Battery, 27, 31, 32, 133, 168, 230; - 6th Battery, 230, 231; - 8th Battery, 32, 33, 133, 134, 168, 229, 230; - 10th Battery, 168, 229-231; - 12th Battery, 230, 231. - - Wolseley, Field-Marshal Sir G. J., Viscount, commends American - officer, 36. - - Wood, Gen. S. A. M., at Chickamauga, 101. - - Wood, Gen. Thomas J., of regular army, 23; - commands divisions, 18, 58; - at Chickamauga, 80, 87, 93-96, 104-107, 109, 111, 113, 116, 117, - 131, 142, 145, 147, 152; - withdraws, 123; - at Chattanooga, 165, 168; - Orchard Knob, 190-192; - Missionary Ridge, 203-205, 225. - - Woodbury (Tenn.), 41. - - Woods, Gen. Charles R., at Lookout Mountain, 193; - relieved, 203. - - - Zollicoffer, Gen. Felix K., 15. - - - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[1] Nineteen miles southeast of Murfreesboro. - -[2] Thirteen miles south of Murfreesboro, five west of Hoover’s Gap. - -[3] Forty miles south of Murfreesboro. - -[4] A small village, but a few miles southwest of Murfreesboro. - -[5] A village eight miles east of Shelbyville, on the railroad. - -[6] _Rebellion Records_, Serial No. 34, p. 483. - -[7] _Rebellion Records_, Serial No. 34; p. 408. - -[8] _Ibid._, p. 584. - -[9] The above quotations are taken from some letters of W. S. Furay, a -former war correspondent, published in the Cincinnati _Gazette_ of 1888. - -[10] Sixteen miles southeast of Tullahoma, near Decherd. - -[11] Thirteen miles southeast of Tullahoma on railway. - -[12] Forty miles southeast of Murfreesboro and thirty-five miles -northeast of Tullahoma. - -[13] Lee and Gordon’s Mill is twelve miles south of Chattanooga, on -the Chickamauga River, where the Lafayette and Chattanooga wagon -road crosses that stream. Ringgold is fifteen miles southeast of -Chattanooga, on the east of Chickamauga, and is a railway station. - -[14] _Rebellion Records_, Serial No. 52, p. 530. In General Halleck’s -report (_Id._, Serial No. 50, p. 34), he says, that the abandonment of -Chattanooga without defense gave plausibility to these reports by spies -and deserters, that Lee was being reinforced from Bragg. - -[15] _Id._, Serial No. 51, p. 27. - -[16] See Robert U. Johnson and C. C. Buel (eds.), _Battles and Leaders -of the Civil War_ (N. Y., 1884-87), vol. 3. - -[17] _Rebellion Records_, Serial No. 50, p. 54. - -[18] Rosecrans’s report in _Rebellion Records_, Serial No. 50, p. 56. - -[19] _Ibid._, p. 400. - -[20] _Id._, Serial No. 51, p. 177. - -[21] _Ibid._, p. 154. - -[22] _Ibid._, p. 162. - -[23] See General Thruston’s report in Thomas Budd Van Horne, _History -of the Army of the Cumberland_ (Cincinnati, 1875), vol. i, p. 373; also -General Negley’s statement, p. 376. - -[24] _Rebellion Records_, Serial No. 51, p. 305. - -[25] See _Battles and Leaders of the Civil War_, vol. 3. - -[26] _Rebellion Records_, Serial No. 51, p. 289. - -[27] _Id._, Serial No. 50, p. 253. - -[28] _Ibid._, p. 254. - -[29] _Rebellion Records_, Serial No. 50, p. 301. - -[30] _Ibid._, p. 60. - -[31] _Ibid._, p. 194. - -[32] See _Battles and Leaders of the Civil War_, vol. 3, p. 662. - -[33] _Rebellion Records_, Serial No. 51, p. 143. - -[34] See General Longstreet’s report in _Ibid._, p. 287. - -[35] _Rebellion Records_, Serial No. 51, p. 287. - -[36] _Id._, Serial No. 55, p. 315. - -[37] _Ibid._, p. 720. - -[38] _Memoirs of General William T. Sherman, by himself_ (N. Y., 1875), -vol. 1, p. 362. - -[39] _Rebellion Records_, Serial No. 55, p. 34. - -[40] _Ibid._, p. 96. - - - - -TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES: - - - Italicized text is surrounded by underscores: _italics_. - - Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. - - Inconsistencies in hyphenation have been standardized. - - Archaic or variant spelling has been retained. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CHATTANOOGA CAMPAIGN *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The Chattanooga Campaign</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em;'>With especial reference to Wisconsin's participation therein</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Michael Hendrick Fitch</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: August 28, 2022 [eBook #68855]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: David E. Brown and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CHATTANOOGA CAMPAIGN ***</div> - -<div class="figcenter hide"><img src="images/coversmall.jpg" width="450" alt="" /></div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<h1>THE CHATTANOOGA CAMPAIGN</h1> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_0"></span></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i004.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">The Chattanooga Campaign</span><br /> - -Adapted from Fiske’s <i>The Mississippi Valley in the Civil War</i>, p. 260</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_title.jpg" alt="" /></div> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<div class="titlepage"> -<p class="center"><span class="u"><span class="smcap">Wisconsin History Commission: Original Papers, No. 4</span></span></p> - -<p><span class="xlarge">THE CHATTANOOGA CAMPAIGN</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="large">With especial reference to Wisconsin’s<br /> -participation therein</span></p> - -<p><span class="large">BY MICHAEL HENDRICK FITCH</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="smcap">Lieutenant-Colonel of the Twenty-first Wisconsin Infantry</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Brevet Colonel of Volunteers, Author of “Echoes<br /> -of the Civil War as I hear Them”</span></p> - -<p>WISCONSIN HISTORY COMMISSION<br /> -MARCH, 1911</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="center">TWENTY-FIVE HUNDRED COPIES PRINTED<br /> -<br /> -Copyright, 1911<br /> -THE WISCONSIN HISTORY COMMISSION<br /> -(in behalf of the State of Wisconsin)</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p>Opinions or errors of fact on the part of the respective authors of the Commission’s -publications (whether Reprints or Original Narratives) have not been modified or -corrected by the Commission. For all statements, of whatever character, the Author -alone is responsible.</p> -</div> -<p class="center">DEMOCRAT PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTER</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap">Contents</span></h2> -</div> - -<table> - -<tr><td class="tdr" colspan="2"><small>PAGE</small></td></tr> - -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Wisconsin History Commission</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_ix"> ix</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Introduction</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_xi"> xi</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td colspan="2"><span class="smcap">The Chattanooga Campaign</span>:</td></tr> - -<tr><td>     Chapter I. The Preliminary Campaign</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_1"> 1</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>         Organization</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_11"> 11</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>         Organization of the Confederate Army</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_33"> 33</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>         The advance of the Union Army</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_39"> 39</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>     Chapter II. The Chickamauga Campaign and Battle</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_51"> 51</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>         The Confederate line on September 20</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_95"> 95</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>         The Confederate attack upon the Union right</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_104"> 104</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>         Wisconsin troops at Chickamauga</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_126"> 126</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>     Chapter III. The occupation and battles of Chattanooga    </td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_155"> 155</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>         The Battle of Lookout Mountain</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_194"> 194</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>         Wisconsin troops in the Battle of Missionary Ridge</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_225"> 225</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Index</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_235"> 235</a></td></tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap">Maps</span></h2> -</div> - -<table> -<tr><td class="tdr" colspan="2"><small>PAGE</small></td></tr> - -<tr><td>The Chattanooga Campaign</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_0"> <i>Frontispiece</i></a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Chickamauga, September 19, 1863</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_82"> 82</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Chickamauga, morning of September 20, 1863</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_98"> 98</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>The fatal order to Wood, at Chickamauga</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_112"> 112</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Chickamauga, evening of September 20, 1863</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_114a"> 114</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Chattanooga and Vicinity, November, 1863</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_194"> 194</a></td></tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_ix">[ix]</span> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap">Wisconsin History Commission</span></h2> -</div> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>(Organized under the provisions of Chapter 298, -Laws of 1905, as amended by Chapter 378, -Laws of 1907 and Chapter 445, Laws of -1909)</p> -</div> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - -<p>FRANCIS E. McGOVERN<br /> - -    <i>Governor of Wisconsin</i></p> - -<p>CHARLES E. ESTABROOK<br /> - -    <i>Representing Department of Wisconsin, Grand -Army of the Republic</i></p> - -<p>REUBEN G. THWAITES<br /> - -    <i>Superintendent of the State Historical Society of -Wisconsin</i></p> - -<p>CARL RUSSELL FISH<br /> - -    <i>Professor of American History in the University of -Wisconsin</i></p> - -<p>MATTHEW S. DUDGEON<br /> - -    <i>Secretary of the Wisconsin Library Commission</i></p> - -<hr class="tiny" /> - -<p><i>Chairman</i>, <span class="smcap">Commissioner Estabrook</span><br /> -<i>Secretary and Editor</i>, <span class="smcap">Commissioner Thwaites</span><br /> -<i>Committee on Publications</i>, <span class="smcap">Commissioners Thwaites and Fish</span></p> -</div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_x">[x]</span></p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xi">[xi]</span> - -<h2 class="nobreak">INTRODUCTION</h2> -</div> - -<p>After the battle of Gettysburg in the East, and -the siege of Vicksburg in the West, attention was -riveted during the later summer and autumn of -1863 on the campaign around Chattanooga. -Seated on the heights along the southern border -of Tennessee, that city commanded highways -running through the very heart of the Confederacy. -The result at Gettysburg had demonstrated -that no Southern army could invade the -North; the Union victory at Vicksburg determined -that the Mississippi should run unhindered -to the sea. The battles of Chickamauga, Lookout -Mountain, and Missionary Ridge not only decided -that Kentucky and Tennessee should -remain in the Union, but they opened the way for -Sherman’s advance on Atlanta and his March to -the Sea, which cut the Confederacy in two and -made Lee’s surrender a necessity.</p> - -<p>The War between the States saw no more stubborn -fighting than raged on September 19th and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xii">[xii]</span> -20th around the old Cherokee stronghold of -Chickamauga. Two months later, occurred the -three days’ battle around the hill city of Chattanooga. -In all these events, the citizen soldiers of -Wisconsin played a conspicuous part, which is -herein described by a participant and student of -these famous contests. In these battles the reputations -of officers were made and unmade, and -from them emerged the great generals who were -to carry the Union arms to complete victory—Thomas, -Sherman, Sheridan, and Grant.</p> - -<p>Colonel Fitch, the author of this volume, began -his service July 16, 1861, as Sergeant-Major of -the Sixth Wisconsin; he was commissioned First-Lieutenant -in October following, and in the succeeding -April was appointed Adjutant of the -Twenty-first; he became, in succession, Major -and Lieutenant-Colonel of that regiment, and in -March, 1865, was brevetted Colonel of Volunteers -“for gallant and meritorious services during -the war.” He served chiefly with the Army of -Potomac, Army of Virginia, Army of Ohio, and -Army of Cumberland. He commanded his regiment -from July 1, 1864; and on the March to the -Sea; and in the Carolinas headed a wing of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiii">[xiii]</span> -brigade, consisting of the Twenty-first Wisconsin, -the Forty-second Indiana, and the One Hundred-and-fourth -Illinois. Later, he was assigned -to the command of the Second Brigade of the -Fourteenth Army Corps. He now lives at -Pueblo, Colorado.</p> - -<p>The maps illustrating the text are adaptations -from John Fiske’s <i>The Mississippi Valley in the -Civil War</i> (Boston, 1900), which we are permitted -to use through the generosity of the publishers, -Houghton Mifflin Company.</p> - -<p>The Commission is also under obligations to -the editorial staff of the Wisconsin Historical Society -for having seen the volume through the press. -The index was compiled by Dr. Louise Phelps -Kellogg, a member of that staff; the proof-reading -has been the work chiefly of Misses Annie A. -Nunns and Daisy G. Beecroft.</p> - -<p class="right">R. G. T.</p> -<p>WISCONSIN HISTORICAL LIBRARY<br /> -<span class="indentleft">MARCH, 1911</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[1]</span></p> - -<p class="ph2">The Chattanooga Campaign</p> - -<hr class="tiny" /> - -<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER I<br /> - -<i>The Preliminary Campaign</i></h2> -</div> - -<p>The Union Army of the Cumberland, commanded -by Major-General William S. Rosecrans, -was, in June, 1863, encamped at Murfreesboro, -Tennessee, thirty-two miles south of Nashville. -It had been lying here since January 5, -1863, having marched from the adjacent field of -Stone’s River. The Confederate Army of the -Tennessee, was, at the same time, in camp near -Tullahoma, forty miles south of Murfreesboro. -The Confederates had been defeated at Stone’s -River, and had fallen back to Tullahoma at the -same time the Union forces had taken up their -camp at Murfreesboro.</p> - -<p>I will designate the campaign of the latter army, -beginning on June 23, 1863, by marching from<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[2]</span> -Murfreesboro, as the “Chattanooga Campaign of -1863.” The various engagements in that campaign, -beginning with Hoover’s<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> and Liberty gaps<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> -on June 24, down to that of Missionary -Ridge, at Chattanooga, on November 25, are incidents -of that campaign, and necessary parts of -it. A description of the campaign immediately -preceding, which started when General Rosecrans -assumed command of the army of the Cumberland -at Bowling Green, Kentucky, in October, -1862, and ended with the victory of the Union -forces in the battle of Stone’s River, and the occupation -of Murfreesboro—would give a preliminary -historical setting.</p> - -<p>In fact, a full history of the Chattanooga -campaign may well include the entire movements -of the army under General Buell, from -October 1, 1862, when it marched out of Louisville, -Kentucky, in pursuit of Bragg’s army. -The latter was then supposed to be in the vicinity -of Frankfort, the capital of that State, engaged<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[3]</span> -in the inglorious occupation of coercing the legislature -to pass an ordinance of secession. It was -also trying to recruit its ranks from the young citizens -of Kentucky, and was restocking its commissary -from the rich farms of the blue-grass region. -Buell found it, on October 8, at Perryville, -seventy-five miles southeast of Louisville. He -drove it out of Kentucky, and then marched -to Bowling Green, on the railroad between Louisville -and Nashville, where in the same month he -was superseded, as commander, by Rosecrans.</p> - -<p>The Atlanta campaign, immediately following -that of Chattanooga—beginning on May 4, 1864, -and ending in the capture of Atlanta on September -8 of that year—gives a subsequent historical -setting: a connection in time as well as in space, -to the operations of the Army of the Cumberland -in 1863. By referring to these several important -military campaigns of the war, the reader may obtain -a synchronous perspective of the most important -events in the Middle West, in the department -occupied by that army.</p> - -<p>A larger setting can be given to this campaign -for the capture of Chattanooga, by framing it into<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[4]</span> -the two military fields of the Potomac on the east, -and the Tennessee on the west. The Army of -the Potomac was opposed to General Lee’s forces. -It operated generally between Washington, -D. C., and Richmond, Virginia, the latter being -the objective. At the time the Army of the -Cumberland marched out of Murfreesboro, Lee -had taken advantage of the defeat of the army -under Hooker from May 1 to 3, 1863, at Chancellorsville, -Virginia, and invaded Maryland and -Pennsylvania. He was decisively defeated in -the battle of Gettysburg, on July 3 following, by -Major-General George C. Meade, which closed -his campaigning into the North. The old field -north of Richmond was reoccupied by the Army -of the Potomac, then in command of Meade, as -successor to Hooker. It was the latter who, in -October, brought the Eleventh and Twelfth corps -from the Army of the Potomac to the Army of -the Cumberland, at Chattanooga.</p> - -<p>On the west of the Army of the Cumberland, -was the field of the Army of the Tennessee. Its -task was the opening of the Mississippi River. -At this time, General U. S. Grant was in command,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[5]</span> -and had his army at Vicksburg. That -stronghold surrendered to him on July 4. Thus -the great river was opened. This left the greater -part of the Army of the Tennessee free to cooperate -in the autumn with the Army of the Cumberland -in the battles around Chattanooga; and from -that date to assist in the Atlanta campaign, and -the March to the Sea, the following year.</p> - -<p>It will thus be seen that victory crowned all -three of the great armies during the time of the -Chattanooga campaign. The confidence and discipline -of the Union forces, increased at this time; -the discovery, by the governing powers at Washington, -of those of the general officers who displayed -the most ability; the placing of such officers -in the command of the Union armies; and the -gradual weakening of the secession armies, were -the principal factors contributing to the final end -of the war. The resulting campaigns of 1864 -and the early part of 1865, sufficed to crush the -most powerful rebellion in history.</p> - -<p>During its long occupancy of Murfreesboro, the -Army of the Cumberland had been somewhat recruited; -its equipment was restored to its former<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[6]</span> -condition; and it had also been very much improved, -as well as reorganized. During this time -the formidable Fortress Rosecrans was built at -Murfreesboro, so that a small force might continue -to hold the place after the army moved on. -This fort proved of great value during the -Hood campaign against Franklin and Nashville, -in November and December, 1864. Nashville -had to be permanently occupied. In fact, the -line of railway running from Louisville through -Kentucky and Tennessee to Chattanooga, through -Bowling Green, Nashville, Murfreesboro, Tullahoma, -and Bridgeport, formed the line for -carrying supplies, as well as the line of operations. -This line, about three hundred and forty -miles long, had to be defended and kept open, as -the Union Army advanced. As part of it—if -not the whole—lying in southern Kentucky and -Tennessee, was in the enemy’s country, it was -necessary to build and man as the army advanced, -a line of forts and block houses, for the protection -of this railroad from Nashville to Chattanooga.</p> - -<p>By glancing at a good map, the reader can -see the immense difficulty involved in the maintenance<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[7]</span> -and defense of this line of supplies consisting -of but a single-track railroad. The task required -the services of about a fourth of the entire -army. The field of operations contained no -navigable rivers parallel with the line of advance, -upon which gunboats might assist the army in its -conflicts with the enemy, and by which the railroad -could be assisted in carrying supplies. Two -somewhat important streams traversed the field, -or rather ran at right angles to it—the Cumberland, -on which Nashville is located; and the -Tennessee, flowing past Chattanooga. These -run westward from the Cumberland Mountains, -and for very small craft plying for limited distances -only, were navigable within the field of the -Army of the Cumberland. But they were of -practically no use to the Union Army, except at -Chattanooga after its occupation—when for a -time, supplies were thus transported from Bridgeport -and Stevenson pending the repairing of the -railway from those places. There were also two -smaller streams in southern Tennessee, running at -right angles to the line of operation, called the -Duck and the Elk. It was necessary that the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[8]</span> -Union commander consider these in his advance -from Murfreesboro, for they were fordable only -in places, and not even there when floods were -rampant. They were bridged on the main wagon -roads, but these bridges were easily destroyed by -the enemy. In its campaigns from Louisville, -Kentucky, to Chattanooga, the Army of the -Cumberland did not have any assistance from the -navy.</p> - -<p>In this sketch, it is not necessary to give a tedious -account of the most difficult natural obstacles, -such as streams, mountains, and distances. These -are apparent upon the study of any good map. -But mention must be made, that the Union Army -faced a chain of mountains lying between it and -Chattanooga, at the northwestern edge of which -then lay the Confederate Army. This is the -plateau of the Cumberland Mountains, extending -in a southwest direction from West Virginia to -northern Alabama, and covering what is known as -East Tennessee. This plateau is about 2,200 -feet above tidewater.</p> - -<p>Chattanooga is the commercial gateway -through which run both the Tennessee River and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[9]</span> -the railways from north, east, and south. It lies -near the junction of the boundary line between -Alabama and Georgia, with the south line of -Tennessee, at the eastern edge of the Cumberland -Mountains, where the Tennessee River, flowing -westward, cuts through the range. It is in a direct -southeast line from Nashville. The occupation -of Chattanooga by the Union Army cut the Confederacy -asunder. Hence, the struggle for this -position became a fierce one. It cost both sides -strenuous campaigns, an immense number of lives, -and the destruction of an incalculable amount of -property. Its possession by a Union Army was -an inhibition of any serious Confederate invasion -into Middle Tennessee or Kentucky. The object -of the Chattanooga campaign was, therefore, -the capture of that city; and ultimately, the destruction -of the Confederate Army. Should the -capture of the city be accomplished, but the army -of the Confederate escape, Chattanooga could be -made the sub-base of a new campaign, which -would effectually dismember the Confederacy, -and greatly hasten its downfall. Such was the -Union theory, and this actually occurred.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[10]</span>Followed by the “March to the Sea,” the Atlanta -campaign dismembered the enemy’s domain -and made possible the end of the war. Lee’s surrender -would not have occurred at the time it did -(April, 1865), if the homes of his soldiers in the -Carolinas, Georgia, Tennessee, and Alabama -had not been invaded by the Western armies of -the Union; and his rear threatened by Sherman’s -troops. These results were made possible only -by the capture and continued possession of Chattanooga.</p> - -<p>After Sherman had marched through Georgia -and South Carolina, and penetrated North Carolina, -with a large part of the old Army of the -Cumberland and troops from other armies, thousands -of Lee’s army deserted, and lined the roads -leading back to their homes. When captured -and paroled, as they were in immense numbers, by -Sherman’s “bummers,” they invariably said that -they left Lee when Richmond was abandoned; -and would not longer fight for a Confederacy that -could not defend their homes. Love of home is -greater than love of country; unless the state or -nation can protect the homes from invasion and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[11]</span> -desecration, there is little incentive for its volunteers -to fight for the abstract principles of patriotism.</p> - -<p>A description of the contour of the field, from -Murfreesboro to the Chickamauga, would be only -an interminable and profitless account; it being a -tangle of flat and rolling land, from Murfreesboro -to the gaps in the first hills, where the enemy -was met; and thenceforth steep mountains and -deep valleys. But the grand strategy subsequently -adopted by Rosecrans, depended so entirely -upon this contour, that when each separate -movement or battle shall hereafter be described, -a somewhat minute account of the country contiguous -to that particular military event will be -given.</p> - -<h3>ORGANIZATION</h3> - -<p>After the battle of Stone’s River and while -lying at Murfreesboro, the Army of the Cumberland -was reorganized. As previously stated, -Rosecrans joined it as the successor of Buell, at -Bowling Green, in October, 1862. Stone’s -River was the army’s first battle under Rosecrans.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[12]</span> -In that, the army was called the Fourteenth Corps, -Department of the Cumberland; and it was divided -into three divisions—the centre, right, and -left wings. General George H. Thomas commanded -the centre, General Alexander McD. -McCook the right, and General Thomas L. Crittenden -the left. In the new organization, the -command was called the Army of the Cumberland, -and divided into three corps, the Fourteenth, -the Twentieth, and the Twenty-first. -Thomas was assigned to the command of the -Fourteenth, General McCook to the Twentieth, -and Crittenden to the Twenty-first.</p> - -<p>Rosecrans came to the Army of the Cumberland -with considerable prestige. He was then -forty-three years old, having graduated from West -Point in 1842. As brigadier-general he had -gained the battle of Rich Mountain, Virginia, in -July, 1861; won the battle of Carnifex Ferry, -Virginia, in September of the same year; as commander -of the Army of the Mississippi was victorious -in the battles of Iuka in September, 1862, and -of Corinth in October following. He came to the -Army of the Cumberland with a record of unbroken<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[13]</span> -successes behind him. He was genial, -and had untiring industry. His heart and head -were devoted to the Union cause. His troops -saw him frequently. He was a lover of approbation, -and had the confidence of his generals, -and the love of his rank and file. The men affectionately -nicknamed him “Old Rosy,” and that -was his usual cognomen with the whole army. -He was a strategist of high order. A study of his -Chattanooga campaign will show his eminent ability, -in so maneuvering as to compel the enemy to -fight in the open. When an engagement was thus -brought on, and the actual combat occurred, he -lacked (in those which he fought with the Army -of the Cumberland) the proper supervision of his -line of battle. He too implicitly relied upon his -subordinates. During the whole of the Chattanooga -campaign his strategy was of the first order; -but at both Stone’s River and Chickamauga, -the right of his line was too attenuated; in both -engagements, disaster occurred to this part of his -troops.</p> - -<p>The chief of staff to Rosecrans was General -James A. Garfield, who was then thirty-one years<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[14]</span> -old, brainy and very energetic. Although not a -graduate of West Point, he was possessed of decided -military instincts. Before the war he was -an instructor in, and later president of, Hiram College, -Ohio; and later was a member of the Ohio -Senate. Entering the army as lieutenant-colonel -of an Ohio regiment, he defeated Humphrey Marshall -in the battle of Middle Creek, Eastern Kentucky, -January 10, 1862, and was that year promoted -to be a brigadier-general. Able and conscientious -as an officer, he was perhaps rather too -democratic and academic to become a typical soldier. -He became very nervous at the delay in -moving from Murfreesboro, and instituted an inquiry -into the reasons, both for and against an earlier -advance on Tullahoma. A majority of the -subordinate generals in the Army of the Cumberland -supported General Rosecrans in his delay. -Later on, notice will be taken of Garfield’s service -in the battle of Chickamauga, and his retirement -to a seat in Congress.</p> - -<p>Next to Rosecrans, the most important figure -among the subordinate commanders was Thomas. -He was then forty-seven years old, and a graduate<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[15]</span> -of West Point in 1840. Between that time and -the Civil War, he served in the war with Mexico, -and against the Indians in the West. At the beginning -of the War between the States he was -major of the Second Cavalry, of which Albert -Sidney Johnston was colonel, Robert E. Lee lieutenant-colonel, -and William J. Hardee senior -major. Thomas was the only field officer of that -regiment who remained loyal to the Union. He -was commissioned colonel of the regiment, reorganized -it, and during the first battle of Bull -Run served in General Patterson’s detachment, -in the Shenandoah Valley. He was commissioned -brigadier-general in August, 1861, and was -sent to Kentucky to serve in the then Army of the -Ohio (afterwards the Army of the Cumberland), -under General Robert Anderson of Fort Sumter -fame. Thomas organized the first real little -army of that department at camp Dick Robinson, -Kentucky, between Danville and Lexington; and -in January, 1862, with this force defeated the -Confederate troops under Zollicoffer, at Mill -Springs, Kentucky, on the Cumberland River. -This force and this place were then the extreme<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[16]</span> -right of the Confederate line of defense, of which -Forts Donelson and Henry, in Tennessee, and -Paducah, Kentucky, constituted the left. This -line was fortified, and extended through Bowling -Green. A month after General Thomas had -turned its right at Mill Springs, General Grant -also turned its left, by capturing both Forts Donelson -and Henry. This necessitated the establishment -of a new Confederate line farther south, -the evacuation of Kentucky, and the eventual loss -to the Confederates of Middle Tennessee. Just -before the battle of Perryville, Kentucky, the -President offered General Thomas, on September -29, 1862, the command of the Army of the Cumberland -at Louisville, but he declined it. Buell -was in command of the army during the battle of -Perryville; after which he was superseded by -Rosecrans. Thomas was a soldier, pure and -simple, having never resigned from the army after -his graduation from the Military Academy. He -had shown great ability in the recent battle of -Stone’s River, as well as in every position in -which he was placed, prior to that battle. It -will be seen, further on, what important movements<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[17]</span> -he directed in the battle of Chickamauga, -which saved the Army of the Cumberland from -imminent disaster.</p> - -<p>General McCook, who commanded the Twentieth -Corps, belonged to the younger class of West -Point graduates, of which General Sheridan was -a type. He graduated in 1853, and was thirty-two -years old in April, 1863. He was a handsome -man, of striking presence, and commanded -with some dramatic effect.</p> - -<p>General Crittenden, commanding the Twenty-first -Corps, was then a year older than Rosecrans—forty-four -years. He was not a graduate of -West Point, but had served as a volunteer in the -Mexican War. He was a son of U. S. Senator -John J. Crittenden, of Kentucky.</p> - -<p>The Fourteenth Corps was made up of four -divisions. These were commanded respectively -by Major-General Lovell H. Rousseau, Major-General -James S. Negley, Brigadier-General -John M. Brannan, and Major-General Joseph J. -Reynolds. Each of these divisions contained -three brigades, and three light field batteries.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[18]</span> -The brigades were generally composed of four -regiments, but sometimes of five.</p> - -<p>The Twentieth Corps contained three divisions, -commanded respectively by Brigadier-General -Jefferson C. Davis, Brigadier-General Richard -W. Johnson, and Major-General Philip H. -Sheridan. These were made up of brigades of -four and five regiments of infantry and three batteries -of artillery.</p> - -<p>The Twenty-first Corps likewise was organized -into three divisions, commanded by Brigadier-General -Thomas J. Wood, Major-General -John M. Palmer, and Brigadier-General Horatio -P. Van Cleve, each with three brigades and -several batteries. The artillery of each division -of the army was commanded by a chief of artillery.</p> - -<p>All of the cavalry were organized into a separate -corps, commanded by Major-General David -S. Stanley. This was divided into two divisions; -the First was composed of two brigades, and commanded -by Brigadier-General Robert B. Mitchell; -the Second, also of two brigades, was commanded -at first by Brigadier-General John B. Turchin.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[19]</span> -Prior to the battle of Chickamauga, Turchin -was assigned to an infantry brigade. These -cavalry brigades were much larger than the infantry -brigades, for they contained five or six regiments. -Generally there was a battery attached -to each brigade of cavalry.</p> - -<p>On June 8, 1863, a reserve corps was organized, -with Major-General Gordon Granger in command. -It contained three divisions, commanded -by Brigadier-General James D. Morgan, Brigadier-General -Robert S. Granger, and Brigadier-General -Absalom Baird, respectively. The last-named -was afterwards transferred to the First Division, -Fourteenth Corps, being succeeded by -General James B. Steedman. It was the duty of -this reserve corps to guard the communications in -the rear of the army; but it was also subject, in -emergency, to be ordered to the front, as will be -seen further on—for example, when General -Granger with three brigades, marched from -Bridgeport, Alabama, to Rossville Gap, Georgia, -and assisted very greatly in the battle of September -20, at Chickamauga. In this reserve corps -should also be included certain miscellaneous<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[20]</span> -troops, scattered in forts along the line of the Louisville -& Chattanooga railroad, such as Nashville, -Clarksville, and Gallatin, Tennessee. At this -time Colonel Benjamin J. Sweet of the Twenty-first -Wisconsin Infantry was in command of the -forces at Gallatin. He had been wounded severely -in the battle of Perryville, Kentucky, on -October 8, 1862, and was not able to endure active -service at the front.</p> - -<p>The First Brigade of the Third Division, reserve -corps, was stationed at Fort Donelson, Tennessee, -and commanded by Colonel William P. -Lyon, of the Thirteenth Wisconsin Infantry, that -regiment being a part of the garrison. The First -Wisconsin Cavalry, commanded by Colonel Oscar -H. LaGrange, was attached to the Second -Brigade of the First Division of the cavalry corps. -Captain Lucius H. Drury, of the Third Wisconsin -Battery, was chief of artillery to the Third Division -of the Twenty-first Corps.</p> - -<p>This organization of the Army of the Cumberland -remained substantially the same, until after -the battle of Chickamauga. Sometime in the -latter part of July, or first part of August, General<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[21]</span> -Rousseau received leave of absence, and General -Absalom Baird was assigned on August 24 to -command the First Division of the Fourteenth -Corps in his stead. Baird remained in command -of this division until after the battle of Chickamauga, -when Major-General Lovell H. Rousseau -again took the command. Rousseau was -a loyal Kentuckian, who at the very beginning -of hostilities had raised a regiment for the service -of the Union. He was then forty-five years old -and had served in the Mexican War. He -was a spectacular officer of great bravery, who is -entitled to much credit for his unflinching devotion -to the Union, under circumstances which -made other men desert our cause.</p> - -<p>Major-General John M. Palmer of Illinois, a -lawyer of eminence in his State, was an officer of -more than usual ability. He was not a West -Point graduate, and was forty-six years old.</p> - -<p>General Granger was then forty-two years old, -a graduate of West Point in the class of 1845, -and had fought in the Mexican War. It will be -noticed that many of the general officers of the -Army of the Cumberland served in the Mexican<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[22]</span> -War. The experience they then acquired in the -field, in actual campaigning, and by some of -them in actual battle, undoubtedly served to give -to the Army of the Cumberland much of its <i>esprit -de corps</i>, and its general success in winning battles -and in holding the territory over which it marched. -General Granger was an unusually able and gallant -officer. Later on, it will be told what important -service he rendered General Thomas in -the battle of Chickamauga.</p> - -<p>Major-General Philip H. Sheridan was then -thirty-two years old. He graduated at West -Point, rather low in his class, in 1853. At the -outbreak of the war he was promoted to a -captaincy. In May, 1862, he was commissioned -colonel of cavalry in the volunteer service, and -brigadier-general of volunteers July 1, 1862, being -made a major-general on December 31, 1862. -He had commanded a division in the battle of -Perryville, Kentucky, in October, 1862, and was -at Stone’s River December 31, 1862, to January -3, 1863. He is entitled to this special notice -more for what he became, than for what he had -done prior to the Chattanooga campaign. He<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[23]</span> -had as yet shown no extraordinary ability as a -commander. His age was the same as that of his -corps commander, General McCook, and they -graduated in the same class at West Point.</p> - -<p>Generals Absalom Baird, John M. Brannan, -Jefferson C. Davis, Thomas J. Wood, R. W. -Johnson, and David S. Stanley were all officers -of the old regular army, soldiers by profession, -whose minds were not distracted from their duties -in the field by politics or academic proclivities. -They were brave and always at the front, working -for success with military spirit. All of them -served faithfully until the close of the war. Davis, -Wood, and Stanley afterwards commanded corps—commanded -them ably and with notably unassuming -manners. There was no taint about these -officers of “playing to the galleries.” They were -not expecting applause, and did their work without -brass bands or reporters to sound their achievements -to the country. Such were the officers of -this great central army.</p> - -<p>What of the musket bearers? Who were -they? Where did they come from? Were -they soldiers by profession or merely citizens in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[24]</span> -arms for a special purpose? I have already said -that very many of the general officers of the Army -of the Cumberland were of the regular army. -The United States regular army was represented -only, however, by one brigade of the regular -troops, namely, the Third Brigade of the First Division -of the Fourteenth Corps, commanded by -Brigadier-General John H. King. Thus almost -the entire rank and file of the army were volunteers. -The regiments were filled and officered -by the executives of the different states. The men -were mustered into the service of the General -Government as volunteers for three years or during -the war. These volunteers were citizens of the -states, and each company elected its officers among -those who had originally enlisted as privates. -The musket bearers were men from all callings -in life—farmers, mechanics, merchants, teachers, -students, and laborers. They were the voters -who made up the political divisions of the townships, -counties, and states, whose ultimate power -lay in their voting franchise which they shared -with the men, who—for various reasons—remained -at their homes during the war. The volunteer-regiments<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[25]</span> -which composed the Army of -the Cumberland were mostly from the states of -Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Kentucky, -Wisconsin, and Minnesota; Pennsylvania had -three infantry and two cavalry regiments; Missouri -had two regiments, and Kansas one; Tennessee -was represented by several regiments. The -great bulk of the troops came, however, from the -states north of the Ohio River—the Northwest -Territory. No drafted men in the army partook -in the Chattanooga Campaign of 1863. These -volunteers sought the service and understood what -it involved. Very few of them knew what regimentation -meant, and the great majority had never -before handled a musket. But they were young -and teachable. They readily learned the drill, -and became good marksmen. These soldiers realized -very soon that a clean musket, plenty of ammunition, -and obedience to orders, composed the -military moral code of efficiency. By the laws -of their states, they were entitled to vote for officers -and affairs at home, and to have their votes counted, -just as if they had been cast at home. The soldiers -received during the prolonged war as many<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[26]</span> -furloughs as were compatible with the exigencies -at the front, and thus they were occasionally enabled -to visit the folks at home during their strenuous -service. The intelligence of the private soldier -was often superior to that of his officer. Nevertheless -he obeyed faithfully that officer’s commands, -because he fully understood that discipline -could be maintained only by implicit obedience -and the object of his service, viz: the suppression -of a rebellion be accomplished. Many of these -volunteers enlisted directly from the public schools, -which they were attending. They had been -taught the history of their country; how its independence -from the tyranny of a foreign power had -been gained by the valor and patriotism of Washington -and his volunteers, that by the discipline and -perseverance of the revolutionary soldiers the sovereignty -of a foreign king had been transferred to -the citizens of their native land; that a new foe was -now trying to dismember the nation, and that the -corner stone of the Union was the principle, that -all power is derived from the people. These volunteers -were convinced that no power had the -right to protect the maintenance and perpetuation<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[27]</span> -of slavery. They were soldiers therefore until the -Union was re-established; and they tacitly resolved -to fight until slavery was abolished. Such -was the personnel of the Army of the Cumberland.</p> - -<p>Wisconsin was well and ably represented in this -army by the following organizations, viz: The -First, Tenth, Fifteenth, Twenty-first, and Twenty-fourth -volunteer infantry; the First Cavalry; -and the Third, Fifth, and Eighth light batteries.</p> - -<p>The First Wisconsin Infantry was a noted regiment -in more than one way. It served as the only -three-months regiment from Wisconsin, and was -organized under President Lincoln’s first call for -75,000 men. It was mustered out after the -ninety days’ service August 21, 1861, and reorganized -under the second call for three years’ service. -This second mustering was completed October -19, 1861. The regiment proceeded from -Milwaukee to Louisville, Kentucky, and the volunteers -served during the next three years in the -Army of the Cumberland. It was active in various -parts of Tennessee during the first year of its service,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[28]</span> -marching as far as Bridgeport, Alabama, to -which place it returned during the campaign of -Tullahoma. John C. Starkweather was its first -colonel. He was made commander of the brigade -when it was reorganized at Murfreesboro, and -Lieutenant-Colonel George B. Bingham commanded -the regiment. This regiment had fought -in both the battles of Perryville and Stone’s River. -It was assigned to the Second Brigade of the First -Division of the Fourteenth Corps.</p> - -<p>The Tenth Wisconsin Infantry was mustered -into the service October 14, 1861, at Milwaukee. -Alfred R. Chapin was its first colonel. Proceeding -to Louisville, Kentucky, it became part of the -future Army of the Cumberland, and advanced -with General O. M. Mitchell’s forces to Stevenson -and Huntsville, Alabama, in the spring and -summer of 1862. The regiment returned to -Louisville in September with Buell’s army and -engaged in the battles of Perryville and Stone’s -River. When the reorganization at Murfreesboro -took place this regiment became a part of -Scribner’s Brigade of Rousseau’s Division of the -Fourteenth Corps. Almost side by side with the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[29]</span> -First and Twenty-first infantries, it took part in all -engagements.</p> - -<p>The Fifteenth Wisconsin Infantry was a Scandinavian -regiment, and its first colonel was Hans -C. Heg. It was mustered into the service on February -14, 1862, at Madison. It had taken part in -the siege of Island Number Ten. It did not join -the Army of the Cumberland until just before the -battle of Perryville, in which it took active part, as -in the battle of Stone’s River. In the reorganization -at Murfreesboro, it became a part of the Third -Brigade—and was commanded by its colonel, -Hans C. Heg, of the First Division, Twentieth -Corps.</p> - -<p>The Twenty-first Wisconsin Infantry was organized -at Oshkosh, in August, 1862, and on September -11, 1862, it joined the Army of the Cumberland -at Louisville, Kentucky. Benjamin J. -Sweet was its first colonel; he was so severely -wounded in the battle of Perryville as to be disabled -for further field service. This regiment was -brigaded with the First Wisconsin Infantry at -Louisville, and served also in the battles of -Perryville and Stone’s River. At the time of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[30]</span> -the reorganization at Murfreesboro it was commanded -by Lieutenant-Colonel Harrison C. Hobart, -and it was assigned to the Second Brigade of -the First Division of the Fourteenth Corps.</p> - -<p>The Twenty-fourth Wisconsin Infantry was -mustered into the service at Milwaukee, August -21, 1862. It proceeded to Louisville, where it -became a part of the Army of the Cumberland. -This regiment engaged in the battles of Perryville -and Stone’s River, and was assigned to the First -Brigade, Third Division, Twentieth Corps in the -reorganization at Murfreesboro; its commander -was Lieutenant-Colonel Theodore S. West.</p> - -<p>The First Wisconsin Cavalry was mustered into -the service at Kenosha, on March 8, 1862, with -Edward Daniels as its first colonel. It was sent -to Benton Barracks, near St. Louis. There and -in various parts of Missouri its first year of service -was performed. On June 14, 1863, at Nashville, -it was made a part of the Army of the Cumberland, -with which it was from that time identified -until the close of its service. This regiment’s -activity in the Tullahoma campaign, the Chickamauga -campaign, and in pursuit of Confederate<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[31]</span> -cavalry in the Sequatchie Valley on October 2, -1863, and along the line of communication during -the battles around Chattanooga is mentioned in -more appropriate places, relating to the general -movements of the army. It was commanded by -Colonel Oscar H. LaGrange, and assigned to the -Second Brigade, First Division, Cavalry Corps, -during the reorganization.</p> - -<p>The Third Wisconsin Light Battery was mustered -into the service at Racine, Wisconsin, October -10, 1861. Lucius H. Drury was its first captain. -The regiment went first to Louisville, then -to Nashville, whence it marched with Buell’s -army in order to reinforce General Grant at Shiloh. -It was engaged in the battles of Perryville and -Stone’s River. The regiment was assigned to the -Third Brigade, Third Division of the Twenty-first -Corps, and was commanded by Lieutenant -Courtland Livingston.</p> - -<p>The Fifth Wisconsin Battery was mustered into -the service at Racine, October 1, 1861. Oscar -F. Pinney was its first captain. March 16, -1862, it arrived at St. Louis. Afterwards it proceeded -to New Madrid, Missouri (on the Mississippi<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[32]</span> -River), and became a part of General John -Pope’s army, in the reduction of Island Number -Ten. It was also active at the siege of Corinth, -and marched about two hundred miles from Iuka, -Mississippi, to Nashville, Tennessee, where the -regiment joined the forces of General Buell. On -the northward march in September, 1862, these -forces engaged in the battles of Perryville and -Stone’s River; the service of the Fifth Wisconsin -Battery was of the most active and valuable kind. -It was commanded by Captain George Q. Gardner, -and was assigned to the First Brigade, First -Division, of the Twentieth Corps.</p> - -<p>The Eighth Wisconsin Battery was mustered -into the service on January 8, 1862, and moved to -St. Louis on March 8, 1862. Its first captain -was Stephen J. Carpenter. It formed a part of -the force that moved to Forts Leavenworth and -Riley, Kansas, in April and May, 1862, whence -it moved to Columbus, Kentucky, and finally -took part in the campaign at Corinth and Iuka, -Mississippi. From there it marched to Nashville, -and Louisville, engaging in the battles of -Perryville and Stone’s River. It was commanded<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[33]</span> -by John D. McLean, lieutenant, and -was assigned to the Third Brigade, First Division -of the Twentieth Corps.</p> - -<h3>ORGANIZATION OF THE CONFEDERATE ARMY</h3> - -<p>The Confederate Army which confronted the -Army of the Cumberland on June 24, 1863, was -officially called the Army of the Tennessee. It -was divided into four corps—two of infantry and -two of cavalry. General Leonidas Polk commanded -one infantry corps, and General William -J. Hardee the other. The cavalry corps -were commanded by General Joseph Wheeler, -and General N. B. Forrest. In addition to the -artillery, attached to the regular corps, there was -also a reserve artillery. In General Bragg’s return -of the “aggregate present” of his army in the field -on June 20, 1863, his figures are 55,070. His reserve -troops were not included in this statement; -they were scattered throughout the districts of Tennessee -and northern Alabama.</p> - -<p>At this same date the return of the Army of the -Cumberland was 71,409 of all arms—exclusive<span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[34]</span> -of the reserve corps—as “aggregate present.” It -will be noticed later on, that the Confederates -greatly increased their numbers prior to the battle -of Chickamauga, but that the Union Army received -no reinforcements; on the contrary, it lost -heavily by sickness as the army advanced.</p> - -<p>General Bragg was at that time forty-six years -old. He had distinguished himself in the Mexican -War. He commanded the Confederate -Army in both the battles of Perryville and Stone’s -River. He did not win either of these, having -in both of them abandoned the field to the Union -forces.</p> - -<p>Perhaps the most distinguished officer in -Bragg’s army was Major-General John C. Breckenridge. -He was more distinguished, however, -as a politician, than as a military leader. He -was forty-two years old. Before the war he had -been a member of Congress, vice-president of the -United States, and in 1860 the presidential candidate -of the Southern democrats. At the breaking -out of the war, he was a United States Senator -from Kentucky. He was a Confederate officer -at Shiloh in April, 1862, and commanded the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[35]</span> -right wing of the Southern forces at Stone’s River.</p> - -<p>General Leonidas Polk was fifty-seven years -old in 1863. He was a bishop of the Episcopal -church. He graduated from West Point in -1827, but resigned his commission in the army in -the same year. He entered the Confederate -Army as a major-general, but was soon promoted -to lieutenant-general.</p> - -<p>General William J. Hardee was forty-seven -years old at this time. He graduated from West -Point in the class of 1838. He served with distinction -in the Mexican War. He entered the -Confederate service as colonel, commanded a corps -at Shiloh in 1862; was appointed lieutenant-general -in October, 1862; and commanded the left -wing of the Southern Army at Perryville.</p> - -<p>General Simon Bolivar Buckner, another officer -in the Confederate Army, was forty years old, -and a West Pointer. He surrendered Fort Donelson -to General Grant in February, 1862.</p> - -<p>Of the two Confederate cavalry commanders, -General Nathan B. Forrest was by far the -greater. He was a rough, uneducated man, but -of great force as a partisan leader. When Lord<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[36]</span> -Wolseley was at the head of the British Army, he -said of Forrest that he was the ablest cavalry -leader that was produced by our War between the -States. He was personally brave, possessed a -fine physique, and had sufficient magnetism to inspire -the soldiers of his command to great activity -and endurance. During the war twenty-nine -horses were shot under him, and he took active part -in thirty-one encounters, it has been stated. He -was wounded several times.</p> - -<p>The rank and file of the Confederates were -made up of the citizens of the Southern states, in -much the same manner that the Union Army was -composed of Northern citizens. They fought -with a certain fanaticism, for what they deemed -their rights. It is singular, that at the beginning -of the war, so universal a desire to dissolve the -Union seized the great majority of the white people -of the South, although they might not be slave -owners. They made most efficient soldiers and -suffered many hardships, unknown to the soldiers -of the Union Army. The martial temperament, inherited -as well as acquired through personal habits, -was more predominant in the South than in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[37]</span> -the North. The Southerners lived largely a -country-life before the war; they rode horseback, -hunted with hounds, and had become more familiar -with firearms than the Northerners. The -practice of duelling continued longer with them -than with the men of the North, who were not -as fiery tempered as those of the South. These -traits made them soldiers by nature; they liked -to serve in the field, and were therefore difficult -to conquer. They seemed more lithe and active, -than the staid volunteers from the colder North. -They have claimed, that they were largely outnumbered; -that is true in the aggregate, but not -so true on the firing line. The battles of Stone’s -River and Chickamauga illustrate these facts. -The numbers in both armies were quite evenly -matched. During the last year of this war -there was little difference in the fighting qualities -of the veteran regiments on both sides. The rebellion -was put down according to the rules of -warfare, and whatever that result may have cost -in numbers, it was worth the price. Not every -revolt against authoritative power has been suppressed -by superior numbers, not even that of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[38]</span> -thirteen colonies against England’s. At first, the -power of England seemed so overwhelming, that -scarcely any one expected that colonial independence -could be gained. Foreign nations did not -believe that this rebellion could be suppressed, -notwithstanding the superiority in numbers of the -Union Army.</p> - -<p>The wonderful thing about it is, that Lincoln -persevered to the end, against discouragements -and disasters which seemed, at the time, to be insurmountable. -Fortunately there was no compromise, -the rebellion was simply crushed, no terms -were made; and no promises given to embarrass the -reconstruction. Of course, it required large armies -and grim determination to reach the goal. The -great fact is, not that the Union armies outnumbered -the Confederate forces, but that the Union itself -was restored. The war was merciless; all wars -are. Mercy, pity, and the extension of the hand -of helpfulness came after the war was over, not -while it was going on. Each side did all it could -to fight and win its battles. The North had the -larger number of citizens from which to draw, and -of course, availed itself of that advantage. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[39]</span> -South would have put larger armies into the field if -it could have done so; it did use every available -man, however, and fought its best. The South -might have conquered the Union by overwhelming -forces, could such have been secured, but available -men were lacking. At all events, the rebellion -was crushed by means of legitimate warfare, -and the Union was restored.</p> - -<h3>THE ADVANCE OF THE UNION ARMY</h3> - -<p>The Confederate Army, commanded by General -Braxton Bragg, lay in front of Tullahoma,<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> -where Bragg had his headquarters. There was a -large entrenched camp at the junction of the Nashville -& Chattanooga railroad. This camp and -the McMinnville branch was each a secondary -depot for commissary stores, while the base of supplies -was at Chattanooga. Its front was covered -by the defiles of the Duck River, a deep narrow -stream edged by a rough range of hills, which -divides the “Barrens” from the lower level of -Middle Tennessee. The Manchester Pike<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[40]</span> -passes through these hills at Hoover’s Gap, nineteen -miles south of Murfreesboro, ascending -through a long and difficult canon to the “Barrens”. -The Wartrace road runs through Liberty -Gap, thirteen miles south of Murfreesboro and -five miles west of Hoover’s. There were other -passes through these hills, but the enemy held all -of them. Bragg’s main position was in front of -Shelbyville, about twenty-eight miles southwest of -Murfreesboro, and was strengthened by a redan -line extending from Horse Mountain, located a -little to the north of Shelbyville, to Duck River on -the west, covered by a line of abatis. The road -from Murfreesboro to Shelbyville was through -Guy’s Gap, sixteen miles south of Murfreesboro. -Polk’s corps was at Shelbyville, Hardee’s held -Hoover’s, Liberty, and Bellbuckle gaps, all in -the same range of hills. It was not wise to move -directly against the entrenched line at Shelbyville, -therefore Rosecrans’s plan was to turn the Confederate -right and move on to the railroad bridge, -across Elk River, nine miles southeast of Tullahoma. -To accomplish this, it was necessary to -make Bragg believe that the advance would be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[41]</span> -by the Shelbyville route. The following dispositions -were therefore made: General Granger’s -command was at Triune on June 23, fifteen miles -west of Murfreesboro; some infantry and cavalry -advanced that same day toward Woodbury -seventeen miles to the east of Murfreesboro; -simultaneously Granger sent General Mitchell’s -cavalry division on the Eaglesville and Shelbyville -Pike, seventeen miles southwest of Murfreesboro, -in order to make an attack on the enemy’s -cavalry, and to drive the enemy’s infantry guards -on their main line. General Granger, with his -own infantry troops and Brannan’s division, -moved—with ten days rations—to Salem.<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p> - -<p>On June 24, Granger moved to Christiana, a -small village a few miles southwest of Murfreesboro, -south of Salem, towards Shelbyville. On -the same day Palmer’s division, and a brigade of -cavalry, were ordered to move to the vicinity of -Bradyville, fourteen miles southeast of Murfreesboro; -his advance columns were to seize the head of -the defile leading up to the “Barrens” by an obscure<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[42]</span> -road to Manchester thirty-five miles southeast, -and by way of Lumley’s Stand seven miles -east of Hoover’s Gap. General Mitchell accomplished -his work after a sharp and gallant -fight. McCook’s corps advanced on the Shelbyville -road, and turning to the left, six miles out, -moved two divisions via Millersburg, a small village -eleven miles south of Murfreesboro. By -advancing on the road to Wartrace<a id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> he seized and -held Liberty Gap.</p> - -<p>Five companies of the Thirty-ninth Indiana -mounted infantry opened the fight for Liberty -Gap on June 24; they were followed by Willich’s -brigade. General R. W. Johnson, in his -report<a id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> says: “Here I placed at the disposal of -General Willich a portion of the Second Brigade, -Colonel Miller commanding, who sent the -Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania and the Twenty-ninth -Indiana to the right of the Fifteenth Ohio, -then to change direction to the left, sweeping the -hillside on which the Confederates were posted. -This movement was handsomely executed. As<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[43]</span> -soon as the change to the left had been made, -General Willich ordered his entire line forward. -Under his own eye and management, the Confederates -were driven at every point, their camps -and camp equipages falling into our hands, and -Liberty Gap was in our possession.” The next -morning Carlin’s and Post’s brigades of Davis’s -division came to Johnson’s support. The Confederates -attacked quite fiercely, but were repulsed, -and finally retired. The enemy here was -Cleburne’s division; he reported a loss of 121.</p> - -<p>General Thomas advanced on the Manchester -Pike with the Fourteenth Corps in order to make -an attempt to take possession of Hoover’s Gap. -Major-General Crittenden was to leave Van -Cleve’s division of the Twenty-first Corps at -Murfreesboro, concentrate at Bradyville, fourteen -miles southeast of Murfreesboro, and there await -orders. All these movements were executed -with success in the midst of a continuous rain, -which so softened the surface of the roads, as to -render them next to impassable. The advance of -the Fourteenth Corps on Hoover’s Gap, June 24, -was Wilder’s brigade of mounted infantry, of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[44]</span> -Reynolds’s division; it was followed by the other -two brigades of the same division. Wilder struck -the enemy’s pickets within two miles of his camp -at Murfreesboro and drove them through Hoover’s -Gap to McBride’s Creek. The two rear -brigades moved up and occupied the Gap. Soon -afterwards Wilder’s brigade was attacked by a -portion of Stewart’s division; this brought the rest -of Reynolds’s division, and eventually the regular -brigade of Rousseau’s division to his assistance.</p> - -<p>On June 25 and 26, Rousseau’s, Reynolds’s, -and Brannan’s divisions cooperated in an advance -on the enemy; after a short resistance the enemy -fled to Fairfield, five miles southwest of Hoover’s -Gap, towards which place the Union pickets had -advanced.</p> - -<p>The First and the Twenty-first Wisconsin infantry -were actively engaged at Hoover’s Gap, -but suffered no casualties. The Seventy-ninth -Pennsylvania, in the same brigade, lost twelve -men, one wounded. General John T. Wilder’s -brigade lost sixty-one men killed and wounded.</p> - -<p>On June 27, Gordon Granger captured Guy’s -Gap and the same evening took Shelbyville,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[45]</span> -the main Confederate Army having retreated. -The Union headquarters reached Manchester -on June 27. Here the Fourteenth Corps concentrated -during the night. Part of McCook’s arrived -on the 25th; the rest of it did not reach Manchester -before the night of the 29th. The troops -and animals were very jaded. Crittenden’s -Twenty-first Corps was considerably delayed. -The troops encountered continuous rains and bad -roads, and the last division did not arrive at Manchester -before June 29, although an order to march -there speedily was received on the 26th. On arrival -it was badly worn out.</p> - -<p>The forces were at last concentrated on the -enemy’s right flank, about ten miles northeast -of Tullahoma. During the incessant rain of -June 30, an effort was made to form them into -position in anticipation of an attack by the -enemy. The wagons and horses could scarcely -traverse the ground, which was quite swampy. -Fortunately the enemy’s forces suffered likewise. -What was trial and hardship to one of -the armies—on account of the weather—was -equally detrimental to the other side. That<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[46]</span> -army which could overcome quickly and victoriously -the climatic conditions, had the best chances -to win in the martial contest. In forming a line -at Manchester to resist an attack, the Fourteenth -Corps occupied the centre, with one division in -reserve, the Twentieth Corps on the right and -the Twenty-first on the left. The last two corps -had each one division in reserve. The Union -Army was on the right flank of the Confederate -line of defense, and of course expected to be attacked. -But it was not.</p> - -<p>In the meantime Stanley’s cavalry, supported -by General Gordon Granger’s infantry and all -troops under Granger’s direction, had attacked -the enemy at Guy’s Gap—sixteen miles south of -Murfreesboro and five miles west of Liberty -Gap—and had driven the Confederate troops -back to their entrenchments. Then, finding that -the enemy’s main army had fallen back, Stanley -captured the gap by a direct and flank movement -with only three pieces of artillery. The cavalry -unexpectedly captured Shelbyville with a number -of prisoners, a quantity of arms, and the -commissary stores. The reports of this cavalry<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[47]</span> -battle show the retreat of the enemy to Tullahoma -forty miles southeast of Murfreesboro, where it -was supposed that he intended to make a stand. -But on July 1, General Thomas ascertained that -the enemy had retreated during the night from -Tullahoma. Some Union divisions occupied -Tullahoma about noon that same day, while -Rousseau’s and Negley’s divisions pushed on by -way of Spring Creek overtaking late in the afternoon -the rear guard, with which these divisions -had a sharp skirmish.</p> - -<p>On July 2, the pursuit was made by the Fourteenth -and Twentieth corps. The bridge over -the Elk River had been burned by the enemy -while retreating. The stream had risen and the -cavalry could barely ford the river. On -July 3, Sheridan’s and Davis’s divisions of the -Twentieth Corps, having succeeded in crossing -the Elk River, pursued the enemy to Cowan, on -the Cumberland plateau, eighteen miles southeast -of Tullahoma. Here it was learned that the -enemy had crossed the mountains; and that only -cavalry troops covered its retreat. Meanwhile -the Union Army halted to await needed supplies,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[48]</span> -which had to be hauled by wagon from Murfreesboro -over miserable roads. These supplies had -to be stored at the railway station, nearest to the -probable battlefield; and before the army could -advance over the Cumberland plateau—where a -battle would probably soon ensue—the railway -had to be repaired. General Rosecrans in his -official report says: “Thus ended a nine days’ -campaign, which drove the enemy from two fortified -positions and gave us possession of Middle -Tennessee, conducted in one of the most extraordinary -rains ever known in Tennessee at that -period of the year, over a soil that became almost -a quicksand.”<a id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> He claims—perhaps justly—that -it was this extraordinary rain and bad roads, -which prevented his getting possession of the -enemy’s communications, and debarred him -from forcing the Confederate Army to fight a disastrous -battle. He speaks very highly of James -A. Garfield, his chief of staff, saying: “He -possesses the instincts and energy of a great commander.”</p> - -<p>The Union losses during the “Tullahoma<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[49]</span> -Campaign”—thus named in the official record—were -as follows: 14 officers killed, and -26 wounded; 71 non-commissioned officers and -privates killed, and 436 wounded; 13 missing. -Total, 85 killed, 462 wounded, and 13 missing. -1,634 prisoners were taken, some artillery and -small arms of very little value; 3,500 sacks of -corn and cornmeal were secured.</p> - -<p>On July 3, General Braxton Bragg sent the following -dispatch from Bridgeport, Alabama—twenty-eight -miles directly west from Chattanooga—to -Richmond, Virginia: “Unable to obtain -a general engagement without sacrificing my -communications, I have, after a series of skirmishes, -withdrawn the army to this river. It is -now coming down the mountains. I hear of no -formidable pursuit.”<a id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> The Confederate Army -crossed the mountains to the Tennessee River -and on July 7, 1863, encamped near Chattanooga. -The Union Army went into camp -along the northwestern base of the Cumberland -plateau. The object of the Army of the Cumberland -for the ensuing campaign was Chattanooga;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[50]</span> -the Tullahoma campaign was only a small -part of the greater one which had yet to take place.</p> - -<p>In the Tullahoma campaign the Tenth Wisconsin -Infantry lost 3 enlisted men, wounded, -and the First Wisconsin Cavalry 2 enlisted -men. All the Wisconsin troops bore their full -share of the fatigues of the campaign, but only the -losses mentioned were reported.</p> - -<p>There was one feature of the Tullahoma campaign -that was very peculiar. A part of the -Union Army had the previous year passed over -this same region, while marching to the relief of -Grant at Shiloh. Now returning by the way of -Chattanooga, where Buell had marched on his -way back to Louisville, they again came to this -section of the country where the inhabitants mostly -sympathized with the South. They were surprised -and shocked in 1862 when the hated -Yankees invaded their towns and farms. The -Confederate authorities told them, that another invasion -would never occur, that they could plant -their crops and pursue their business without fear. -Therefore, when their country was again overrun -by the Union Army in 1863, their confidence in -the Confederate generals was quite shaken.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[51]</span> - -<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER II<br /> - -<i>The Chickamauga Campaign and Battle</i></h2> -</div> - -<p>A distinguished Confederate general—speaking -of the importance of the city of Chattanooga -to the Confederacy—said: “As long as we held -it, it was the closed doorway to the interior of -our country. When it came into your [the -Union’s] hands the door stood open, and however -rough your progress in the interior might be, it still -left you free to march inside. I tell you that when -your Dutch general Rosecrans commenced his -forward movement for the capture of Chattanooga -we laughed him to scorn; we believed that -the black brow of Lookout Mountain would -frown him out of existence; that he would dash -himself to pieces against the many and vast natural -barriers that rise all around Chattanooga; and that -then the northern people and the government at -Washington would perceive how hopeless were -their efforts when they came to attack the real<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[52]</span> -South.” With regard to the claim that Chickamauga -was a failure for the Union arms, he said: -“We would gladly have exchanged a dozen of -our previous victories for that one failure.” It is -correctly said, that even Richmond was but an -outpost, until the success of the Union armies—in -the centre of the Confederacy—left Lee’s legions -nowhere to go, when they were expelled from -Richmond.<a id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> This was accomplished or made possible -only by the operations of the Army of the -Cumberland in the Chattanooga Campaign of -1863.</p> - -<p>After the retreat of the Confederate Army of -the Tennessee from the region about Tullahoma, -across the Cumberland Plateau to Chattanooga, -Rosecrans established his headquarters at Winchester, -Tennessee.<a id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> He began the repair of the -railroad back to Murfreesboro and forward -to Stevenson, Alabama, ten miles southeast -of Bridgeport and eight miles north of the Tennessee -River. The three corps were put into<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[53]</span> -camp in their normal order. The Twentieth -Corps occupied the country adjacent to Winchester; -the Fourteenth Corps the region near to -Decherd;<a id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> the Twenty-first Corps occupied the -country near McMinnville.<a id="FNanchor_12" href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> Detachments were -thrown forward as far as Stevenson. The -campaign had so far been mere child’s play, -compared with what lay before the army in the -next movement against Chattanooga and the Confederate -Army. The straight line of the plateau -is thirty miles across from Winchester to the -Tennessee River; the distance is perhaps forty -miles by the available roads. The railroad after -reaching the summit of the plateau followed -down Big Crow Creek to Stevenson, then turned -sharply up the valley of the Tennessee, crossing -the river at Bridgeport to the South side; then -winding among numerous hills, which constitute -the south end of the Sand Mountain, continued -around the northern nose of Lookout Mountain, -close to the river bank, into Chattanooga.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[54]</span> -Bridgeport is on the Tennessee River twenty-eight -miles in a straight line west of Chattanooga. -Just opposite, towards the northern nose of Sand -Mountain, on the north side of the river, is the -southern end of Walden’s Ridge which extends -northward from the river, and parallel with the -plateau, from which it is separated by the Sequatchie -River and Valley. In short the Cumberland -Mountains are here a series of ridges and valleys -which run from northeast to southwest in a -uniform trend, parallel with each other. The -Tennessee River rises in southwestern Virginia, -and runs between the Cumberland Plateau and -Sand Mountain; but between Chattanooga and -Bridgeport it cuts a zigzag channel towards the -west, between Sand Mountain and Walden’s -Ridge, which is the name given to that portion of -the ridge lying on the north of the river. What -the Army of the Cumberland intended to do was -to cross the ridge, called the Cumberland Plateau, -then the river, and the Sand Mountain into Lookout -Valley and then the Lookout Ridge, in order -to reach the Chattanooga Valley south of Chattanooga. -Such a movement would force Bragg to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[55]</span> -march out of the city to defend his communications. -These ridges are all linked together at -different places. Sand and Lookout at Valley -Head, Alabama; the Cumberland Plateau and -Walden’s at the head of Sequatchie Valley and -River. Pigeon Mountain is a spur of Lookout -Ridge. Chattanooga is located on the south side -of the river, between the northern nose of Lookout -and Missionary Ridge. The latter is a separate -and low ridge about three miles southeast of -Chattanooga. Without a map it will be difficult -for the reader to perceive the rugged and almost -impassable field of operations, which General -Rosecrans faced, while his army lay at the northwestern -base of the Cumberland Plateau, waiting -for suitable preparation for the intended campaign.</p> - -<p>There was an alternative line of advance open -to Rosecrans, namely to cross the plateau into the -Sequatchie Valley, or to march around the head -of the valley at Pikeville, then over Walden’s -Ridge, and thus attack Chattanooga directly -from the north; or, to cross the river above -and to the east of Chattanooga, at the north end<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[56]</span> -of Missionary Ridge, that is, at the mouth of -the Hiawassie River. This last route would have -exposed his line of retreat or communications, and -he therefore chose to operate at his right and enter -into the valley south of Chattanooga.</p> - -<p>Early in August the railroad was repaired to -Stevenson and Bridgeport; also the branch to -Tracy City on the plateau.</p> - -<p>Sheridan’s division of the Twentieth Corps was -pushed forward to Stevenson and Bridgeport. -The commissary and quartermaster-stores were accumulated -at Stevenson as rapidly as possible. -By the 8th of August these supplies were sufficient -in quantity to justify a distribution of them -to the different commands, preparatory to an advance -across the river and over the difficult ridges, -that lay at almost right angles to the line of movement. -The advance of the main army began -August 16.</p> - -<p>The Fourteenth Corps crossed along the railroad -line, or near to it. Its advance was soon at -Stevenson and some of it at Bridgeport. The -Twenty-first Corps—which formed the left of the -army at McMinnville—crossed by the way of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[57]</span> -Pelham, a small village on the plateau, to Thurman’s -in the Sequatchie Valley. Minty’s cavalry -covered the left flank by way of Pikeville, a village -at the head of Sequatchie Valley. The Twentieth -Corps also came to Stevenson and its vicinity, -but by another route—to the right—than that taken -by the Fourteenth, namely, via Bellefont, ten miles -southwest of Stevenson, and Caperton’s Ferry, -which is the river point nearest to Stevenson.</p> - -<p>All these crossings of the plateau were made -without resistance by the enemy, although there -were small Confederate cavalry outlooks here and -there, which fell back when the Union troops appeared. -It seemed as if Bragg desired to have the -Union Army advance as far as possible from its -base of supplies into the mountain gorges and over -a long and difficult line of communications. That -course would afford him a better chance, as his -army being reinforced would be in better condition -to successfully attack and destroy the Union -Army.</p> - -<p>In order to save the hauling of full forage for -the animals, General Rosecrans had delayed his -movement until the corn should be sufficiently ripe.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[58]</span> -No detail seemed wanting in the preparations for -the difficult campaign. Enough ammunition was -provided for at least two battles, and twenty-five -days rations for the troops were hauled in wagons.</p> - -<p>The Tennessee River had to be crossed by the -different corps; in order to conceal this movement -and deceive the enemy at Chattanooga, Hagen’s -brigade of Palmer’s division, and Wagner’s of -Wood’s of the Twenty-first Corps, accompanied -by Wilder’s mounted infantry of Reynolds’s division, -crossed Walden’s Ridge from the Sequatchie -Valley into the valley of the Tennessee. -These troops made ostentatious demonstrations -upon Chattanooga from the north side of the river. -Wilder—with four guns of Lilly’s battery—appeared -suddenly before Chattanooga, threw some -shells into the city, sunk the steamer “Paint Rock,” -lying at the city landing, then ascending the river, -feigned to examine the crossings, making frequent -inquiry as to their difficulty and the character -of the country. On the other side of the river -east of Chattanooga, General Cleburne was sent -by Bragg to make preparations for defending the -crossings against the supposed advance of Rosecrans’s<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[59]</span> -army. He fortified the ferry crossings. -General Buckner—who commanded in East Tennessee -against the forces of Burnside—expressed -as his opinion on August 21, that General Rosecrans -would cross above the mouth of Hiawassie -River—a stream flowing northwards—and transfer -his forces into Tennessee on its south bank, -some thirty-five miles northeast of Chattanooga. -Buckner’s army was at the point mentioned.</p> - -<p>Rosecrans’s intention was, however, to cross at -Caperton’s Ferry—near Bridgeport and not far -from Stevenson—and at Shellmound; these places -are from twenty to forty miles below and to the -west of Chattanooga. On August 20 at daybreak, -Heg’s brigade, of Davis’s division of the -Twentieth Corps, in which served the Fifteenth -Wisconsin Infantry, crossed in pontoon boats at -Caperton’s Ferry, drove away the enemy’s cavalry -and occupied the southern bank. Here a twelve -hundred feet pontoon bridge was soon completed, -and Davis’s division of the Twentieth Corps, -crossed and advanced to the foot of Sand Mountain, -preceded by cavalry. Johnson’s division -of the same corps crossed the following day<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[60]</span> -on the same bridge. Sheridan’s division of the -Twentieth Corps crossed at Bridgeport on a -bridge constructed by them of pontoons and tressels; -it was 2,700 feet long. Baird’s—formerly -Rousseau’s—and Negley’s divisions of the Fourteenth -Corps followed Sheridan’s division. The -Twenty-first Corps marched down the Sequatchie -Valley and crossed at Battle Creek, nine -miles up the river from Bridgeport. Hazen’s, -Wagner’s, and Wilder’s brigades were, as before -mentioned, in the Tennessee Valley to the north -of Chattanooga, and did not cross with their corps. -The whole movement across the river began on -August 29 and ended on September 4. The -Third brigade of Van Cleve’s division of the -Twenty-first Corps was left at McMinnville as a -garrison. The railway was protected by the reserve -corps; the Fourteenth Corps was ordered to -concentrate in Lookout Valley and to send immediate -detachments to seize Cooper’s and Stevens’s -gaps of Lookout Mountain, the only passable -routes to McLemore’s Cove, down which runs the -west Chickamauga Creek in a northeasterly direction, -towards Chattanooga. The Twentieth<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">[61]</span> -Corps was to move to Valley Head at the head of -Lookout Valley, and seize Winston’s Gap forty -miles south of Chattanooga. The Twenty-first -Corps with the exception of Hazen’s and Wagner’s -infantry and Minty’s cavalry—which were -still north and east of Chattanooga—were to -march to Wauhatchie, at the lower end of Lookout -Valley, near Lookout Mountain, and to communicate -with the Fourteenth Corps at Trenton -in the same valley, and threaten Chattanooga by -way of the Tennessee River via the nose of Lookout -Mountain. The cavalry crossed at Caperton’s -and at a ford near Island Creek, in Lookout -Valley, from which point they reconnoitered -towards Rome, Georgia, fifty-five miles south -of Chattanooga, via Alpine. This last mentioned -hamlet is forty-two miles south of -Chattanooga. In the absence of Major-General -Stanley—the chief of cavalry—its movements -were not prompt. If the reader will refer to a -good topographical map of the region around -Chattanooga, he will see how sagacious these -movements were, and what grand strategy they -displayed. The Army of the Cumberland was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[62]</span> -stretched in line through the whole length of Lookout -Valley, between Sand Mountain and Lookout -Mountain, on the south side of the Tennessee -River; it faced east towards the Chattanooga -Valley, with only one range between them and -the Confederate line of retreat and supplies; while -on the northeast side of Chattanooga was a Union -force of several brigades to prevent any counter -movement by the Confederates upon the Union -line of supplies.</p> - -<p>After crossing the Tennessee River, Rosecrans -continued his feints to make Bragg think that the -real movement was the feigned one. He had sent -Wagner’s infantry, and Wilder’s and Minty’s -cavalry brigades to report to Hazen with a force -amounting to about 7,000. Hazen caused the -enemy to believe that the whole army was there, -intending to cross the river above Chattanooga. -This was done by extensive firings, marchings, -countermarchings, and by bugle calls, at widely -separated points; while Wilder moved his artillery -continuously across openings in sight from the -opposite bank.</p> - -<p>The Confederates occupied in force the point<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[63]</span> -of Lookout Mountain at Chattanooga. To carry -this by an attack of the Twenty-first Corps seemed -too risky; therefore the original movement was -continued, namely, against the line south of Chattanooga, -over Lookout Ridge, south of the point -where it was held in force. The cavalry was ordered -to advance on the extreme right to Summerville, -in Broomtown Valley, a village eighteen -miles south of Lafayette, Georgia. McCook -was to support this movement by a division thrown -forward to the vicinity of Alpine forty-two miles -southwest of Chattanooga. These movements -were made on September 8 and 9.</p> - -<p>General Thomas crossed his corps over Frick’s, -Cooper’s, and Stevens’s gaps of Lookout Mountain, -to McLemore’s Cove.</p> - -<p>These movements forced Bragg to evacuate -Chattanooga on September 8. Then Crittenden -with the Twenty-first Corps and its trains marched -the same day around the point of Lookout and -camped that night at Rossville, at the gap through -Missionary Ridge, five miles south of Chattanooga. -Through this gap runs the wagon road -from Lafayette to Chattanooga.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[64]</span>General Rosecrans claimed to have evidence -that Bragg was moving towards Rome, and had -therefore ordered Crittenden to hold Chattanooga -with one brigade, call all the troops of Hazen’s -command across from the north side of the river, -an follow the enemy’s retreat vigorously.</p> - -<p>On September 11, Crittenden was ordered to -advance as far as Ringgold, but not farther, and -to make a reconnoisance as far as Lee and Gordon’s -Mill.<a id="FNanchor_13" href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> Crittenden’s report as well as other -evidence convinced General Rosecrans that Bragg -had only gone as far as Lafayette—twenty-five -miles south of Chattanooga—and then halted. -General Crittenden’s whole corps was therefore -sent to Lee and Gordon’s Mill, where he found -Bragg’s rear guard. He was ordered to communicate -with General Thomas, who by that time -had reached the eastern foot of Lookout Mountain -in McLemore’s Cove, at the eastern base of -Stevens’s gap. Wilder’s mounted brigade followed -and covered the Twenty-first Corps in its<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[65]</span> -movements to Lee and Gordon’s Mill, and had a -severe fight with the enemy at Leet’s tan yard, five -miles to the southeast. Although Bragg made -his headquarters at Lafayette in his retreat from -Chattanooga, his rear guard did not get beyond -Lee and Gordon’s Mill.</p> - -<p>On September 10 Negley’s division of the -Fourteenth Corps marched—after having crossed -the ridge—from the foot of Stevens’s Gap, across -McLemore’s Cove, towards Dug Gap in the -Pigeon Mountains and then directly towards Lafayette. -Dug Gap is six miles west of Lafayette. -Negley found this gap heavily obstructed, but -Baird’s division came to his support on the morning -of September 11. They became convinced by -some sharp skirmishing, which occurred on the -11th, that the enemy’s forces were advancing; -and therefore fell back from Davis’s cross roads to -a good position near the foot of Stevens’s Gap. -These two officers are entitled to great credit for -their coolness and skill in withdrawing their divisions -from a very perilous trap. The forces of the -enemy would have been overwhelming in their -immediate front, if the Confederates had been<span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[66]</span> -more expeditious and made the attack on the afternoon -of September 10 or on the morning of the -11th. Hindman, Buckner, and Cleburne, with -several divisions were there, but failed to cooperate -in an attack at the right time. The obstructions -placed in the gap by the Confederates favored -Negley and Baird.</p> - -<p>On September 12 Reynolds’s and Brannan’s -divisions following over the mountain closed up -to Negley and Baird. Bragg’s army was at -Lafayette, near Dug Gap, in force. Having official -information that Longstreet was coming from -Virginia with large reinforcements, and having -already received troops from Mississippi and the -eastern part of Tennessee, Bragg halted in his retreat. -He was preparing to give battle to the -Union forces at the first good opportunity.</p> - -<p>Two divisions of Joseph E. Johnston’s troops -from Mississippi and Buckner’s Corps from Tennessee—where -Burnside’s forces were—had joined -Bragg before he moved north from Lafayette -to Chickamauga, where he was joined by three -divisions of Longstreet’s Corps from Virginia on -the 18th, if not earlier. At the same time Halleck,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[67]</span> -chief of the army at Washington, D. C., -telegraphed Rosecrans September 11, 1863, as -follows: “It is reported here by deserters that a -part of Bragg’s army is reinforcing Lee. It is important -that the truth of this should be ascertained -as early as possible.”<a id="FNanchor_14" href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p> - -<p>The fact stands out in bold relief, that the Confederate -Government at Richmond hastened reinforcements -to General Bragg; while the Washington -Government sent none to Rosecrans, although -Burnside was in the eastern part of Tennessee -with 16,000 troops, and was at that time at -leisure. Because the force, lately in his front, had -reinforced Bragg at Lafayette, Burnside did -not obey Halleck’s order to join Rosecrans; on the -contrary, he drove Buckner’s force, which united -with Bragg; thus Burnside enabled Buckner’s men -to take part against the Union Army in the battle -of Chickamauga.</p> - -<p>Bragg in his official report, says: “During the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[68]</span> -9th it was ascertained that a column, estimated -at from 4,000 to 8,000 had crossed Lookout -Mountain into the cove by way of Cooper’s -and Stevens’s gaps. Thrown off his guard by -our rapid movement, apparently in retreat, when -in reality we had concentrated opposite his center, -and deceived by the information, by deserters and -others sent into his lines, the enemy pressed on his -columns to intercept us, and thus exposed himself -in detail.”<a id="FNanchor_15" href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> He says further that he ordered -Hindman, Cleburne, and Buckner to join -and attack the forces—Negley and Baird—at -Davis’s cross roads, near Dug Gap; but because -Dug Gap was obstructed by felled timber, which -required twenty-four hours to remove, and because -Buckner, when he joined Hindman, wanted to -change the plans, Negley and Baird had been allowed -to move back in a position not wise to follow. -Bragg drew Buckner, Hindman, and Cleburne -back to Lafayette and prepared to move in -order to attack Crittenden at Lee and Gordon’s -Mill. Polk’s and Walker’s corps were moved -immediately in that direction.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">[69]</span>The only Wisconsin troops in the affair at Dug -Gap on September 10 and 11 were the First, -Tenth, and Twenty-first Infantry. Lieutenant -Robert J. Nickles of the First Wisconsin Infantry, -aide to General J. C. Starkweather, commanding -the brigade, was killed when reconnoitering -alone the enemy’s skirmishers. This was the -only casualty to the Wisconsin troops.</p> - -<p>On September 12, General Leonidas Polk was -ordered to attack Crittenden the next day, at Lee -and Gordon’s Mill. Polk would not attack -however, without reinforcements. Bragg spent -the next five days getting his army in position along -the west Chickamauga Creek, and on its east side -from the north end of Pigeon Mountains to Reed’s -Bridge. Brigadier-General B. R. Johnson, who -had been holding Ringgold on the east side of the -Chickamauga with one brigade, moved on the -18th to Reed’s Bridge on the west Chickamauga; -this caused his force to become the extreme right -of Bragg’s line. While Forrest’s and Pegram’s -cavalry covered the extreme right at Reed’s -Bridge, Walker’s Corps formed on the left of B. -R. Johnson’s, opposite Alexander’s Bridge; Buckner’s<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">[70]</span> -was next to Thedford’s Ford; Polk’s opposite -Lee and Gordon’s Mill, and Hill’s Corps was -on the extreme left, near Glass’s Mill. Wheeler’s -Cavalry protected the left flank, and was ordered -to annoy the troops in McLemore’s Cove so much -that Bragg’s movement would not be discovered. -With B. R. Johnson’s movement from Ringgold -came two brigades—just arrived from Mississippi—and -three of Longstreet’s from Virginia. -The other two brigades from Virginia came on -the 19th in time to take active part, the Confederate -Army being in position on the east side of -west Chickamauga Creek; and Crittenden’s Corps -near Lee and Gordon’s Mill on the west side. -Bragg was finally ready for attack; and on the -night of the 17th issued his order of battle, -namely, that each body of troops should cross the -creek at the nearest practicable bridge or ford, turn -to the left, and sweep up the Chickamauga towards -Lee and Gordon’s Mill. This would -bring the troops upon the left flank of Crittenden’s -forces. Leonidas Polk was to attack in front, -across the stream, while Hill was ordered to prevent -the Union forces in McLemore’s Cove from<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">[71]</span> -reinforcing Crittenden. It will be seen how -Bragg’s plan of attack failed completely. The -Chickamauga Creek or River rises at the head of -McLemore’s Cove, and runs northeast, emptying -into the Tennessee River about five miles above -Chattanooga. Therefore, to retreat to Chattanooga, -or to cut off the Union Army from it, the -Confederate Army had to cross on the west side -of Chickamauga. The road from Lafayette -to Chattanooga—on which the Confederates -marched—runs on the east side of and parallel -with Pigeon Mountains and the river, and crosses -the river at Lee and Gordon’s Mill. The road on -which the Union troops at Stevens’s gap marched, -runs down the cove on the west side of the river and -Pigeon Mountains, past Crawfish Springs, near -which it branches to McFarland’s Gap and to -Kelly’s farm on the Lafayette road, three miles -north of Lee and Gordon’s; this distance is about -sixteen miles. The Pigeon Mountains dwindle -away into the level country some miles south of -Lee and Gordon’s.</p> - -<p>The order of battle issued by Bragg on September -17, was not immediately executed, on account<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[72]</span> -of some resistance made by Wilder’s mounted -infantry and Minty’s cavalry at Reed’s and -Alexander’s bridges.</p> - -<p>The activity of Minty and Wilder, and the -bold front shown by the troops of Crittenden at -and about Lee and Gordon’s Mill, prevented a -serious attack by General Leonidas Polk, who was -in front of that position. These facts together -with the affair at Dug Gap and the presence -of McCook’s Corps at Alpine caused the Confederate -Army to hesitate; thus General Rosecrans -was given time to concentrate his whole army—not -Crittenden’s Corps only—at Chickamauga, across -the Lafayette road, between the Confederate -Army and Chattanooga. Bragg’s plan was to attack -Crittenden’s left and rear, throwing it back -upon the centre—General Thomas’s—before Crittenden -could be reinforced, and then to thrust -his army between Rosecrans and Chattanooga. -Rosecrans’s plan was to prevent such a disaster. -Late in the afternoon of September 18, the first -Confederate troops crossed the Chickamauga towards -the west; this movement was still going on<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">[73]</span> -on the morning of the 19th, when something unexpected -happened to Bragg’s Army.</p> - -<p>About two-thirds of the Confederate Army -had crossed and was facing towards Lee and -Gordon’s Mill, when at 9 o’clock a brisk engagement -commenced with Forrest’s cavalry on the -right of the Confederate line at Jay’s Mill, near -Reed’s Bridge.</p> - -<p>While these movements of the Confederate -Army were being inaugurated from Lafayette -down on the east side of Chickamauga, the Union -Army, at the foot of Stevens’s Gap in the cove and -McCook’s Twentieth Corps, twenty miles away -near Alpine, had to get together and join Crittenden’s -Twenty-first Corps at Lee and Gordon’s -Mill.</p> - -<p>While waiting to receive sufficient information -to convince him that Bragg had halted at Lafayette, -Rosecrans had on September 11 or 12 greatly -widened the distance between his corps. It was a -very dangerous maneuver to face Bragg, and had -a more enterprising general been in command of -the Confederate Army, the result would probably -have been fatal for the Union forces. General D.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[74]</span> -H. Hill says in a <i>Century Magazine</i> article, that -Bragg was confused by the rapid movements of -the Union Corps; the presence of McCook’s -Corps, south of Lafayette, at Alpine, held Bragg -for a while at that place. He was not well informed -as to the movements of Rosecrans’s -Army.<a id="FNanchor_16" href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p> - -<p>Bragg, by failing to attack the detached Fourteenth -Corps nearest him in McLemore’s Cove, -and afterwards to march towards the more distant -detached Twenty-first Corps at Lee and Gordon’s -gave the Union commander an opportunity to -concentrate, and place his united army across the -road from Lafayette to Chattanooga, at Kelly’s -farm between Rossville and Lee and Gordon’s -Mill. How was this movement done?</p> - -<p>While it took Bragg five days—from September -12 to 17—to concentrate his army from Lafayette -and Ringgold near Lee and Gordon’s, it -required the same length of time for McCook to -march his corps from the vicinity of Alpine to connect -it with Thomas at the foot of Stevens’s Gap<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">[75]</span> -in the cove. There was a distance of forty miles -from flank to flank of the Union Army, that is, -from Alpine to Lee and Gordon’s. But McCook -marched fifty-seven miles by the route he took in -order to connect with Thomas. General Rosecrans -in his official report says: “He [General -McCook] had, with great prudence, already -moved his trains back to the rear of Little River, on -the mountain, but unfortunately, being ignorant of -the mountain road, moved down the mountain at -Winston’s Gap, down Lookout Valley to Cooper’s -Gap, up the mountain, and down again, closing -up with General Thomas on the 17th.”<a id="FNanchor_17" href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p> - -<p>Looking back at this scattering of Rosecrans’s -forces by the sending of McCook’s Corps to Alpine—twenty -miles southwest of Lafayette—one can -understand that such tactics were serious mistakes. -General Rosecrans thought himself justified for the -movement upon the supposed correctness of the information -he had received, namely, that Bragg’s -Army was in full retreat towards Rome, Georgia. -It is apparent, however, that a reconnoisance of the -cavalry to Alpine and Summerville would have<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[76]</span> -accomplished the same result as the corps of infantry -which was sent. The alternative before Rosecrans, -when he discovered the retreat of the Confederate -Army, was to concentrate the Fourteenth -and Twentieth corps at Chattanooga, occupy -Rossville Gap with a strong outpost, well entrenched, -and Lookout Mountain with another entrenched -detachment; he could then have waited -for further developments. It is hardly probable -that Bragg would have attacked him after having -received his reinforcements, but would perhaps -have fallen back on his line of supplies at some -point in the rear. Before that could have occurred, -however, the reinforcements that Rosecrans afterwards -received would have been able to protect -his line of communications.</p> - -<p>By the evening of the 17th the Union troops -were substantially within supporting distance, but -not yet in line to resist an attack by the enemy upon -Crittenden at Lee and Gordon’s, but orders were -immediately given to move the Fourteenth and -Twentieth corps towards the northeast, down the -west Chickamauga River, in order to cover the -Lafayette road, somewhere near Crittenden’s<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[77]</span> -Corps. The position of the troops and narrowness -of the roads retarded the march.</p> - -<p>It must be kept in mind, that the movements -which Rosecrans made after he discovered that -Bragg had halted at Lafayette, were for the purpose -of concentrating upon Chattanooga; and that -the route Rosecrans took after the junction of the -Fourteenth and Twentieth corps was perhaps the -shortest route he could take to Chattanooga, while -he could at the same time watch the enemy. He -encountered Bragg’s force at Chickamauga and -was forced to fight there. This was, therefore, -the battle for Chattanooga. He gained his point—the -military occupancy of Chattanooga—but it -required two battles to win it; those of Chickamauga -and the three days fight immediately -around Chattanooga.</p> - -<p>During the 18th Minty’s cavalry, in position -east of Reed’s Bridge, was attacked by Bushrod -Johnson’s troops coming from Ringgold, and -Wilder’s mounted infantry at Alexander’s, by -Walker’s Corps. Both were holding bridges, but -were driven back into the Lafayette road. General -Rosecrans’s plan, as given in orders, was that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[78]</span> -General Thomas on his way down the cove road -passing Crawfish Springs, near the battlefield, -should post General Negley’s division there, relieving -two divisions of Crittenden’s Corps. With -the remainder of his corps, he was to march by -way of Widow Glenn’s house to the Lafayette -road, and take position at Kelly’s farm, across -this road. General Crittenden was to move -Palmer’s and Van Cleve’s divisions, relieved -by Negley, to the left of his line, and with -them prolong his left, from the left of Wood’s -division, so as to cover that part of the Lafayette -road, near Lee and Gordon’s. McCook’s Corps -was to follow General Thomas and take temporary -position at Crawfish Springs, protecting the -right of the Union line, and to keep his corps -mainly in reserve.</p> - -<p>The cavalry was to close on McCook’s right, -and to watch the crossings of the Chickamauga in -that region.</p> - -<p>The Union movements began on the morning of -the 18th, but were so slow, that McCook’s Corps -only reached Pond Spring at dark, and bivouaced -there for the night. Crittenden’s two divisions<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">[79]</span> -reached their positions on the Lafayette road near -midnight. In view of the accumulated evidence, -that the enemy was crossing his forces over the -Chickamauga below Lee and Gordon’s on the -18th, General Thomas pushed forward his corps, -uninterruptedly during the night. He halted his -leading division—Negley’s—at the assigned position -near Crawfish Springs, where his corps rested -for two hours at midnight and made coffee. From -there on Baird’s division was in the lead, and -General Thomas and staff rode with General -Baird at the head of the column. This was a -weird night-march. The utmost secrecy was -kept. If the enemy—who was just across the -river not far away—had discovered the movement, -he would perhaps also have marched in the night -and occupied the place for which General Thomas -was aiming. General Hill’s Corps and Wheeler’s -Cavalry of the Confederate Army were on -the east side of the Chickamauga, in order to prevent -the Fourteenth and Twentieth corps from -making this march. To deceive the enemy campfires -were left burning in the camps in the early -evening; in fact all along the road southwest of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">[80]</span> -Crawfish Springs, frequent fires were kindled. -Soon after leaving Crawfish Springs the column -deflected to the right into an obscure cross-country -road, which led to Kelly’s farm. Along the -windings of this road, some of the hardest fights -of the 19th and 20th took place. A pond afterwards -known as “bloody pond” was passed soon -after leaving Crawfish Springs; to the left, and -a short distance from this pond, General William -H. Lytle was killed September 20. Still further -on was the place where the fatal blunder of the -20th occurred—at about 11 a. m.—near Brotherton’s -house; General T. J. Wood, obeying his -interpretation of an order from General Rosecrans, -having withdrawn from the line, let in Longstreet’s -troops.</p> - -<p>This road runs almost entirely through thick -hardwood timber, but about half way between -Crawfish Springs and Kelly’s farm, there was a -little dwelling in the midst of a clearing, known -as Widow Glenn’s. Here the next day, General -Rosecrans lifted the name of the widow from the -depths of utter obscurity to the heights of national -fame, by making her home his headquarters. In<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[81]</span> -fact, the whole region from Missionary Ridge, on -the left of the marching column as far as Rossville -Gap (four miles to the northwest) to the -Chickamauga on the east, was densely wooded -and covered with heavy undergrowth. A few -small farms scattered through this woodland were -tilled by the obscurest of backwoodsmen, who -lived in small log cabins or small frame buildings. -Their names would never have been known, even -in Chattanooga nine miles away, had it not been -for the accidental fighting there of the greatest -battle of the west. Widow Glenn’s, Kelly’s -farm, Snodgrass Hill, McDonald’s, Poe’s, -Brotherton’s, Dyer’s, Vittetoe’s, and Viniard’s -were suddenly made historical by the battle of -Chickamauga.</p> - -<p>General George H. Thomas was a very sedate -man. There was about him, at all times, the very -atmosphere of solid merit and reserved strength. -As he rode beside General Baird, attended by -the two staff corps, there was no indication -that he was conscious of his high position. His -modesty was always conspicuous. No one in -the long line of troops stretching for miles<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[82]</span> -behind could see in this unpretentious officer -the true hero of the coming conflict, who would -be known in the future as the “Rock of -Chickamauga.” After Negley’s division was -left in position near Crawfish, there remained in -the marching column the three divisions of Baird, -Brannan, and Reynolds. Baird’s and Brannan’s -had three brigades each, but Reynolds’s had only -two; Wilder’s was mounted and operated as cavalry, -wherefore it was not always with its division.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i099.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Chickamauga, September 19, 1863</span><br /> -Adapted from Fiske’s <i>The Mississippi Valley in the Civil War</i>, p. 266</p> - -<p>About daylight on September 19, Baird’s division -filed across the Lafayette road near Kelly’s -log house, stacked arms, and commenced to prepare -breakfast. Forrest’s Confederate cavalry -lay at that time in the neighborhood of Jay’s Mill, -one mile to the east, near Reed’s Bridge; Hood’s -and Walker’s corps were further up, or west towards -Lee’s and Gordon’s and within a mile and -a half of Crittenden’s left. The stream was in -many places easily fordable. The whole Confederate -Army was across the Chickamauga at -sunrise with the exception of Hindman’s, Breckenridge’s, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[83]</span>and Cleburne’s divisions. Thomas made -temporary headquarters under a large tree by the -roadside; while waiting for the closing up of the -rear division, he lay down on some blankets, and -told his aide not to let him sleep more than an hour. -General Gordon Granger, who commanded -the reserve corps, had been ordered by Rosecrans -on September 13 to bring three brigades of -this corps—which happened then to be at -Bridgeport, Alabama, guarding that point of the -Union line of supplies—to the Rossville Gap. -His duty was to guard the approaches from the -south and east and to <i>generally support the main -army</i>. He moved with his usual energy and arrived -at the gap on September 14, although the -distance is about thirty-five miles. He brought -with him two brigades of Steedman’s division, -viz.: Mitchell’s and Whittaker’s, and Daniel McCook’s -brigades of James D. Morgan’s division. -Granger’s presence in the front of Rossville Gap at -McAffee’s Church with Whittaker’s brigade, and -his sending Daniel McCook’s and Mitchell’s -brigades towards Jay’s Mill and Reed’s Bridge, -assisted greatly in postponing the crossing of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[84]</span> -Confederate forces until the 18th and thus preventing -an attack on Crittenden’s left flank.</p> - -<p>On the morning of the 19th McCook’s brigade -was bivouacing somewhere near Reed’s Bridge. -McCook rode over to where Thomas was, and -said hurriedly he must speak to him. He told -General Thomas that a Confederate brigade had -crossed at Reed’s Bridge and that his (own) -brigade had then burned this bridge, thus this detached -brigade could be captured, if General -Thomas would send forces enough to do it. At -that moment the head of Brannan’s division was -approaching in rear of the line of Baird’s division -to take position on the latter’s left. Thomas ordered -Brannan to reconnoitre in that direction with -two brigades and to attack any force met. His -advance brigade—Croxton’s—encountered very -soon Forrest’s cavalry, about 7:30 or 8 a. m. (some -reports say 9 a. m.) and drove it more than half -a mile. “This vigorous movement disconcerted -the plans of the enemy to move on our left and -opened the battle of the 19th September,” says -General Rosecrans in his official report.<a id="FNanchor_18" href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> Forrest<span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[85]</span> -was in that place as a defense of Bragg’s right -flank. The sudden musketry of Croxton’s attack -on Forrest far to the right of the Confederate -commanders startled them and gave them the first -intimation, that Bragg’s order did not meet the -situation.</p> - -<p>General H. V. Boynton says that, at the time -the isolated Confederate brigade was reported as -on the west side of Chickamauga, early in the -morning of September 19, two-thirds of the Confederate -Army were on the west side.</p> - -<p>It was 6:30 a. m. when Brannan left Kelly’s -and moved north; he took the Reed’s Bridge road -for the capturing of the isolated brigade. It was -between 8 and 9 a. m., before the enemy was -struck.</p> - -<p>General Forrest called immediately for assistance. -Ector’s and Wilson’s infantry brigades of -Walker’s Corps returned down the stream and -drove Croxton. This brought Brannan with his -two remaining brigades forward; he in turn drove -back the Confederate force. Brannan in his report<a id="FNanchor_19" href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> -says, that his troops came upon a strong force<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">[86]</span> -of the enemy, consisting of two divisions instead -of the supposed brigade. Very soon Baird’s division -was sent in on the right of Brannan; this at first -drove the Confederate force that was attacking -Brannan, but in turn it was attacked directly on its -right flank and rear by Liddell’s division, which -threw it into temporary confusion. In the meantime -McCook’s Corps arrived on the field. R. -W. Johnson’s division of that corps was sent in, -at noon, on Baird’s right; it struck Cheatham’s -division on its right flank, driving it back in confusion. -Johnson’s was overlapped and in immediate -danger, when General John M. Palmer’s division -of Crittenden’s Corps, relieved the right of his division; -Crittenden had very wisely dispatched Palmer’s -division toward the sound of the firing and this -burst upon the enemy. Palmer’s right was soon -overlapped when Van Cleve from Crittenden’s -Corps came to the rescue, but later in the day he -also was beaten back. Then Reynolds’s division -of Thomas’s corps advanced on the left of Palmer’s -division, and two brigades of Van Cleve’s -division came in on Palmer’s right. Davis’s division -of McCook’s Corps attacked most opportunely and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">[87]</span> -drove the enemy, but was compelled somewhat -to give way. In this attack Colonel Hans C. -Heg of the Fifteenth Wisconsin Infantry was -mortally wounded. In the meantime Crittenden’s -remaining division under Wood attacked the -Confederates and turned the tide. Lee and -Gordon’s Mill was at that moment uncovered, -all of Crittenden’s Corps having marched towards -the left. About 3 o’clock p. m. McCook was ordered -to send his remaining division (Sheridan’s) -to support the line near Wood and Davis, and to -place Lytle’s brigade at Lee and Gordon’s as the -extreme right. This stayed the Confederate advance -in that section.</p> - -<p>Lytle’s brigade was considered sufficient -at that time to hold a point against which Bragg -was, at first, directing his whole force. This -point—at Lee and Gordon’s—was the left of -the Union Army on the 18th; at noon on the 19th -it was the right.</p> - -<p>Negley’s division, which had been posted near -Crawfish Springs the night before, was then the -only Union division which did not partake in the -battle at first, but arrived in accordance with orders<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">[88]</span> -on the field about 4:30 p. m. He was ordered to -the place, from which Van Cleve had been driven, -in order to attack; he drove the enemy steadily, -while Thomas was driving him on the Confederate -right; these movements continued until night.</p> - -<p>It can readily be perceived that the battle of the -19th was more or less a haphazard fight, neither -side being aware of the position of the other. The -undergrowth of the woods was so dense in most -places, that opposed sides could not perceive each -other until they were within a few yards, except by -the firing. It was unfortunate that Rosecrans was -not present with Thomas, when the latter’s corps -crossed the Lafayette road. Before an attack was -made, the Twenty-first Corps, being the nearest -one to the Fourteenth, should have been formed -on the right of the Fourteenth, both in a compact -line, and with a brigade for each division -in reserve; and the Twentieth Corps—when it -closed up on the right of the Twenty-first in the -same compact order—should have advanced -swiftly upon the Confederates, some of whom -were still crossing the river, and some with their -right flanks to the Union line of attack. It is possible<span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">[89]</span> -that such an attack would have driven the -Confederates into the river in great confusion; but -an attack by only one division (Brannan’s) on -Forrest’s cavalry beyond the Confederate right -flank, simply notified the Confederate commanders, -and gave them ample time to wheel their divisions -into the proper direction, and signalled them -where to attack. General Rosecrans in his report -does not mention a night fight that occurred on the -extreme Union left. In fact, he says, there was -no firing after dark. Just as it began to grow -dark, however, Cleburne’s division of Hill’s Corps -arrived from across the river. He boldly and -characteristically marched through the defeated -and prostrated divisions of Walker and Cheatham, -was joined by two brigades of Cheatham’s division, -Jackson’s, and Preston Smith’s, and then attacked -with great fierceness the Union troops under -R. W. Johnson and Baird; they covered Johnson’s -front and lapped over on Baird. It was too dark -to recognize friend from foe, and it was more or -less a hand-to-hand contest. Finally the attack -was repulsed, the Union troops holding the field.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[90]</span> -The Confederate general, Preston Smith, and two -of his staff officers were killed.</p> - -<p>Some idea of the severity of the fighting on the -19th—the charging and falling back of both -sides; the difficulty in keeping alignments; the impossibility -of officers identifying friend or foe; the -losing of artillery batteries and single pieces, their -recapture; and the awful slaughter in both armies—can -be obtained only by reading official reports -in serial numbers 50 and 51 of <i>Rebellion Records</i>. -Its intensity can be estimated from the following -data. Breckenridge’s division was not in the -fight of September 19, but fought on the 20th -only; his loss in killed and wounded was 1,075. -Cleburne was in the night fight of the 19th, and -was as active as Breckenridge on the 20th; his -loss was 1,743 in killed and wounded. The -total difference of 668 does not give an accurate -comparison of the two days’ fighting, but does give -some idea of the awful slaughter. The battle of -the 19th was fought without breastworks; it was a -square stand-up fight; nearly every division engaged -on both sides, first attacked, then drove its -opponent, and after falling back in some disorder,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[91]</span> -reformed, and again advanced, until the day and -part of the night were gone.</p> - -<p>The surgeon-general of the Union Army reported -that about 4,500 wounded were treated after -this battle of the 19th. The loss in killed and -wounded must, therefore, have reached 6,000, but -the Union reports do not separate the losses of the -19th from the total.</p> - -<p>Late in the afternoon of the 19th, Brannan’s -division was withdrawn from the left and placed -in reserve, or rather in echelon at the right of Reynolds, -near Brotherton’s house, at the right of -Thomas’s line.</p> - -<p>During the night of the 19th the lines of both -armies were readjusted. That of the Union Army -was drawn back. Palmer of Crittenden’s Corps -and Johnson of McCook’s, who had reported to -General Thomas the day before, were ordered to -remain under his direction. He placed his troops -in a compact line—facing east with the Lafayette -road in his rear—around Kelly’s farm, but some -distance in the woods. The divisions were in the -following order from left to right: Baird, Johnson, -Palmer, Reynolds, and Brannan; Brannan was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">[92]</span> -drawn back so far, however, that he could be available -as a reserve and at the same time close enough -to advance quickly to the front line. The right -and left were both refused. Baird had no reserve; -but Johnson and Palmer had each a brigade -in reserve. Each division was formed in two -lines, and both were protected by hastily thrown -up log breastworks. The artillery was in battery -between brigades; this line was not broken during -the battle of the 20th. Reynolds’s line crossed the -Lafayette road at Poe’s house, near Brotherton’s, -and from there to Lee and Gordon’s neither of the -armies was in possession of the road. Reynolds -had Turchin’s brigade in line and King’s in reserve. -Baird’s left did not reach to the Lafayette -road. Kelly Field, which was a parallelogram -about half a mile long and a quarter of a mile wide, -was the storm centre of battle during September -20. Besides the immense fighting along the main -line of log works, there were five different charges, -in rear of the main line from the south to the north -side by five different Union brigades. These -charges were made against the Confederate troops, -which had turned on the left of Baird’s line and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">[93]</span> -gained his rear. The brigades of Stanley, Van -Derveer, Gross, Willich, and Turchin made these -charges.</p> - -<p>The right of the Union line on the 20th—from -Brannan’s right—was neither compact nor protected. -During the night of the 19th, or early -morning of the 20th, the four divisions of Sheridan, -Davis, Wood, and Van Cleve had been moved to -the eastern slope of Missionary Ridge, a mile or -more from the Lafayette road, in order to cover the -road leading from Crawfish Springs to McFarland’s -Gap, west of Rosecrans’s headquarters. -General Rosecrans says he rode the line about -daylight, and that he suggested certain changes to -McCook, especially that he keep close to the left, -which was not done, however, in time to prevent -disaster. Negley of the Fourteenth Corps, who -was in line on the right adjoining Brannan, was ordered -to proceed to Thomas’s left, but only two -brigades, John Beatty’s and Stanley’s, arrived, one -at a time; both were driven away by the enemy. -John Beatty’s brigade—which at 8:30 a. m. was -placed on the left of Baird, so as to reach the Lafayette -road—was not fortified; its thin line was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">[94]</span> -swept away at the first attack by the enemy. -Negley was expected to fill this gap with his whole -division, and Thomas sent request after request for -Negley’s division. There was so much re-adjustment -going on at the wrong time, and much of it -not going on at any time in the troops under McCook -and Crittenden on the 20th, that it is difficult -now to try to place them up to 11 a. m. Wood, -with his two brigades from the reserve, relieved -Negley’s two remaining brigades in the front line, -next to Brannan’s about 9:30 a. m., his brigade being -a little withdrawn in echelon. This was done -to enable Negley to take position on Baird’s left. -About 11 a. m. Van Cleve marched to the rear of -Wood and had his men lie down. All these -troops on the right—from Reynolds’s right to -Sheridan’s the extreme right of the Union Army—were -very thinly drawn out, and did no good in the -day’s fight, with the exception of one full brigade -of Wood’s, namely, Harker’s, one regiment of -Buell’s brigade, and a few regiments from other -divisions, which will be mentioned further on. -The troops had done excellent service the day before; -but future events will show that they seemed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">[95]</span> -to be paralyzed, by not having been well fortified -and compactly placed the night before. This -mistake had been corrected to some extent, when -the disaster came. On the 20th the troops faced -Longstreet, a most sagacious general, who was exceedingly -energetic in taking advantage of every -defect of his opponent’s line and every blunder in -his maneuvers.</p> - -<p>McCook had Davis’s and Sheridan’s divisions -still on his extreme right. Crittenden had Van -Cleve’s and Wood’s, although the latter was in the -early morning supposed to be in reserve. Wood -came into the front line as stated, but Van Cleve -seems not to have found a place there on the 20th.</p> - -<h3>THE CONFEDERATE LINE ON SEPTEMBER 20</h3> - -<p>The Confederate line was in admirable formation -on the morning of the 20th, at a distance of -400 to 1,000 yards east of the Lafayette road. -From its right to its left it may be described as follows: -General Leonidas Polk commanded the -right wing which was formed as follows: Forrest’s -cavalry on the extreme right, 3,500 strong, a large<span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">[96]</span> -part of it dismounted; and next to him Breckenridge’s -division. The cavalry and two infantry -brigades of Breckenridge’s extended beyond -Baird’s left; next in line came Cleburne’s division, -in reserve behind Breckenridge was Walker’s two -divisions of five brigades.</p> - -<p>General Longstreet commanded the left wing -of the Confederate Army. This began at Cleburne’s -left with Stewart’s division opposite Palmer’s -and Reynolds’s; then came B. R. Johnson’s -opposite Brannan’s and Wood’s; next in line came -Hindman’s, just opposite to Davis, and Sheridan’s, -and in reserve behind Hindman’s was Preston’s. -In reserve behind B. R. Johnson’s were Law’s or -Hood’s—until Hood was wounded—and Kershaw’s -five brigades in both. Cheatham’s five -brigades were in reserve behind Stewart’s right, but -fought only the Union left, both on the 19th and -20th. At 3:30 p. m. Cheatham went to the extreme -right of the Confederate Army. The -strength of the whole Confederate formation lay -in its reserves; they were used with consummate -ability. The only reserves on the right wing of -the Union Army at the time of the Confederate assault<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">[97]</span> -was Van Cleve’s division—which as an organized -division did not fight on the 20th—and -Wilder’s mounted brigade.</p> - -<p>Longstreet had brought with him from Virginia -two divisions of Hood’s Corps—McLaws’s and -Law’s. Of McLaws’s division only Kershaw’s -and Humphreys’s brigades arrived in time to take -part in the battle of Chickamauga. Law had -three brigades in his division. These were Robertson’s, -Benning’s, and another, later commanded -by Colonel James L. Sheffield.</p> - -<p>Bushrod R. Johnson’s division belonged to -Buckner’s Corps from East Tennessee. Buckner’s -Corps included also Stewart’s and Preston’s -divisions. These were not together during the -battle, but were presumably under direct command -of General Longstreet. The condition of Leonidas -Polk’s old corps, was almost similar. Cheatham’s -division of five brigades, and Hindman’s of -three brigades—of Polk’s former corps—were separated, -and operated in different parts of the field. -Daniel H. Hill’s Corps consisted of Cleburne’s -and Breckenridge’s divisions; these acted together, -commanded by Hill in person. General W. H.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">[98]</span> -T. Walker’s Corps was composed of his old division, -commanded by General State Rights Gist, -and Liddell’s division consisting of two brigades—Govan’s -and Walthall’s.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i117.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Chickamauga, morning of September 20, 1863</span><br /> -Adapted from Fiske’s <i>The Mississippi Valley in the Civil War</i>, p. 268</p> - -<p>It will be understood that the Confederate forces -were large, strongly organized, well officered, and -extremely well placed on the field. Since falling -back from Tullahoma the following reinforcements -had joined Bragg: Walker’s five brigades -from Mississippi, Buckner’s six brigades from East -Tennessee, and Hood’s five brigades from Virginia, -besides a large amount of artillery. The -coming of General Longstreet from Virginia was -a distinct assistance to the Confederate Army. -He was a genuine soldier of great ability, and -capable of commanding his soldiers, clearly shown -when he handled the left Confederate wing on the -20th. The contrast between him and Leonidas -Polk was very much in evidence on the 20th. -Longstreet was exceedingly strong, while Polk -was very weak. The Confederate right overlapped -the Union left and had the Union right -been as compactly drawn towards its left as it -should have been, the Confederate left would also<span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">[99]</span> -have overlapped that flank. The Confederate -Army facing the Union forces on the morning -of the 20th was made up of eleven divisions of -infantry, and two of cavalry. General Rosecrans -had no cavalry on his left, and Wheeler’s Confederate -cavalry was at first on the east side of the -Chickamauga and afterwards on the west side, -watching Mitchell’s Union horsemen near Crawfish -Springs.</p> - -<p>General Rosecrans had 141 regiments of infantry, -18 of cavalry, and 36 batteries. Bragg had -173 infantry regiments, 11 of cavalry—which -were dismounted and fought as infantry—28 cavalry -regiments, and 50 batteries.</p> - -<p>The Union front of battle on the morning of the -20th, was about two and a half miles in length. -Although Bragg had ordered the attack to be -commenced on his right at daylight, and to be -continued towards the left, yet it was 9:30 o’clock -before Breckenridge advanced his three brigades, -Adams’s, Stovall’s, and Helm’s against the left of -Baird’s and John Beatty’s thin line beyond. -Adams’s brigade on the right crossed the Lafayette -road, and Stovall struck Beatty. The latter<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">[100]</span> -had to give way, but inflicted terrible punishment -on the enemy.</p> - -<p>Part of Stovall’s brigade came against the regular -brigade, but made no impression. Helm, -the left of Breckenridge’s line, attacked the right -of the regulars’, Scribner’s line. The Confederate -line was shattered and went to pieces. -Helm, in bravely trying to rally his men was -killed; two of Helm’s colonels were also killed, -and two others wounded.</p> - -<p>Adams’s brigade was gaining the rear of -King, when Stanley’s brigade of Negley’s long -delayed division came into the Kelly field, and -formed at right angles with the road and the -Union line swept to the north, past King’s left, -charged into the woods upon Adams’s brigade, -and drove it away. Sometime during their attacks -Adams was wounded and taken prisoner. Breckenridge’s -attack was a failure, but the firing by the -infantry and the artillery was terrific while it -lasted. Cleburne’s division advanced while -Breckenridge was still in the fight; his attack covered -part of Baird’s and Johnson’s. Cleburne -was a very capable officer; brave to the utmost;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">[101]</span> -still his attack completely failed. Polk’s brigade -of that division assaulted Starkweather. With regard -to this attack Polk states in his official report<a id="FNanchor_20" href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> -“My line from right to left, soon became furiously -engaged, the enemy pouring a most destructive fire -of canister and musketry into my advancing line—so -terrible indeed, that my line could not advance -in face of it, but lying down, partially protected by -the crest of the hill, we continued the fight for an -hour and a half.”</p> - -<p>Cleburne states in his report<a id="FNanchor_21" href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> “Polk’s brigade -and the right of Wood’s encountered the heaviest -artillery fire I have ever experienced. I was now -within short canister range of a line of log breastworks, -and a hurricane of shot and shell swept the -woods from the unseen enemy in my front.” This -charge was also a failure, but most destructive to -the Confederates. Wood reported<a id="FNanchor_22" href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> a loss in his -brigade of 96 killed and 680 wounded. The -great disparity of the wounded, in comparison with -the killed, showed that the Confederate lines did<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">[102]</span> -not get very close to the Union boys. The Union -forces were so pleased with having repulsed so -forceful an attack, that they sent forward a strong -skirmish line. General Hill—who was forming -from the reserves a stronger second attack—paused, -and concluded he would have to resist an -attack from the Union line.</p> - -<p>Walker’s reserve corps of two divisions of five -brigades was therefore moved forward and distributed -along the broken points of the first line. During -the day successive charges were made from -Palmer’s position to the Union left, by ten Confederate -brigades along the Union line, which, however, -they could not penetrate, nor could they -get very close to the breastworks. Colquitt, -commander of one of these brigades, fell as -well as several of his officers, and General Deshler -of Cleburne’s division was killed. Govan of -Walker’s troops gained the rear of Baird’s division -by marching around Baird’s left and driving away -the thin unprotected Union line at that point. -This second advance—which was actually another -phase of the continuous attack from 9:30 to nearly -noon—had extended its right much further beyond<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">[103]</span> -the Union left, and by a wide left wheel it -had straddled the Lafayette road. One brigade -on the right of the road, another on the left, boldly -threw out skirmishers and advanced towards General -Reynolds’s rear, beyond the Kelly house. It -was a very threatening and dangerous situation. -The Confederate line in front—from Baird around -to Brannan—opened a heavy fire upon the barricades. -It looked for a while, as if the movement -would succeed in destroying the heretofore invincible -line of General Thomas’s troops; but Thomas -saw every movement and knew the weakness of -the left beyond Baird. Brannan had a reserve -brigade—Fred Van Derveer’s—and this arrived -just in time to form in front of the Confederate brigades -in the Kelly field. It changed front under -fire, charged the Confederate line, broke it, and -finally drove it clear of the Union left. Then the -reserve brigade returned to a point near the Kelly -house. Van Derveer’s brigade had come, at this -time, with an order from General Rosecrans to -Brannan, to report his whole division to General -Thomas. It was under the supposition -that Brannan had done so, that Rosecrans soon after<span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">[104]</span> -issued the fatal order to Wood to close up on -Reynolds. But the enemy had gained the line, -where Beatty had before stood. Palmer sent -his reserve brigade (Grose’s), in accordance -with General Thomas’s order; his brigade formed -double lines, and with cheers they charged into -the woods and the enemy was driven away. -Then Barnes, of Van Cleve’s division, was placed -on or near the left; the Union left was henceforth -safe.</p> - -<h3>THE CONFEDERATE ATTACK UPON THE UNION RIGHT</h3> - -<p>About 11 o’clock the successive attacks of the -Confederate divisions from the left to the right -had reached Longstreet’s wing; they were continued -with a charge by Stewart upon Reynolds’s -position; it involved Hazen or Palmer, who had -been transferred to the right of Reynolds and to -the left of Brannan. This was the beginning of -the general assault on the Union right, which came -so near being disastrous to General Rosecrans’s -army. This attack of Stewart’s took place at the -time when Adams and Stovall of Breckenridge’s<span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">[105]</span> -division were entering the open Kelly field upon -the Confederate right. General Stewart acknowledges, -in his report, that his charge was repulsed -with great slaughter. The division next to Stewart -took up the assault. It was Bushrod R. Johnson’s -supported by Law and Kershaw. Just before -this attack an aide of General Thomas had come to -General Rosecrans to ask again for support on the -left. In riding close to the line between General -Reynolds’s and General Brannan’s divisions he -observed that the latter—Brannan being in echelon -with Reynolds—did not make a continuous line, -but a broken one. The position of General Brannan -was nevertheless just as effective, and perhaps -more so, than if he had been in the main line. -General Thomas J. Wood’s division, which had -just replaced Negley’s division, was next to the -right of Brannan but in the main line; it joined, -however, its left to Brannan’s right; wherefore the -aide reported to General Rosecrans that Reynolds’s -right was unprotected. Brannan had been -ordered to go to General Thomas’s left, but on account -of being threatened with an attack on his -front he remained with two of his brigades, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">[106]</span> -sent Van Derveer’s, his reserve brigade. Rosecrans -dictated at once an order to Wood, “to -close upon Reynolds as fast as possible and support -him.” Thereupon Wood withdrew from the line, -and marched to the rear of Brannan, just as the -Confederate charge, under B. R. Johnson, reached -its old front. Rosecrans issued his order to Wood -supposing that Brannan had gone with his whole -division to the Kelly field. Brannan reported what -action he had taken, and that Reynolds had approved -it. Rosecrans gave his approval instantly; -but the fatal order had been issued to Wood some -minutes before, and consequently his division was -moving out, just as the eight brigades made the attack. -Longstreet had massed these brigades opposite -the Union centre. They were formed in -three lines, lapped over the right of Brannan and -the left of Davis—whose division was on the right -of Wood—and moved close to the gap; they widened -the awful space left by Wood; the attack -struck Wood’s rear brigade (Buell’s) and shattered -it. Brannan who was a very able commander -threw back his right, but lost a part of Connell’s -brigade in this movement. With great skill<span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">[107]</span> -and considerable deliberation he re-established his -line on the Horse Shoe Ridge, near the Snodgrass -house, on a line nearly perpendicular to the one -from which he had retreated. Although Wood’s -division was subjected to a heavy attack, he—with -the aid of General Thomas, who had just come -from the left wing—succeeded in establishing his -remaining troops in prolongation of Brannan’s new -line, and in reaching towards, but not entirely, -Reynolds’s right, which retired slightly. Hazen’s -brigade of Palmer’s division filled up the gap between -Reynolds and Wood, thus making the -Union line a nearly continuous one from Snodgrass -Hill to the left of Baird, where Barnes’s brigade -had taken position. The shape of the line -was that of a very flattened crescent, with the convex -side towards the enemy; it was greatly shortened, -however, by the losses of the 19th, and the -cutting off on the right of two whole divisions, -Davis’s and Sheridan’s, a part of Wood’s, and -some of Van Cleve’s. These were now beyond -the Confederate line and were attacked by heavy -forces while on the march, driving them from the -field. Negley with his remaining brigade was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">[108]</span> -caught in the gap from whence he drifted towards -Brannan. General H. V. Boynton said about -this affair on this part of the field: “Negley, -gathering up much artillery, was ordered by -General Thomas to post it on the crest overlooking -the field in front of Baird’s left, but -instead he took it to Brannan’s right. This -was a good position for it and it could have been -of great service there later, when the Confederate -line made an advance to that point, but he retired -with it in haste toward Rossville, ordering all the -artillery to follow him, before he was attacked.”</p> - -<p>Jefferson C. Davis was a fine and brave officer. -He had only two brigades, Carlin’s and Heg’s; -the latter was commanded by Martin, for Colonel -Heg had been mortally wounded the day before. -These brigades had done some wonderful fighting -on the day before, when they were greatly reduced. -After the break they could not stand against the -Confederate charge, wherefore they drifted -towards Rossville. Davis and Sheridan were -both on the move by the left flank closing up -toward the left, when the Confederate charge -struck them. Van Cleve with his remaining<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">[109]</span> -brigades in motion—Barnes had gone to the -left—was thrown into disorder by the rapid -dash of some artillery through the ranks, while -a portion of them rallied with Wood. General -Lytle of the Sheridan brigade was killed -while trying to rally his troops. These divisions -and brigades went back, together with Wilder’s -mounted brigade, carrying with them Generals -Rosecrans, McCook, and Crittenden, who at that -time were to the right of the break. The line of -their retreat was through McFarland’s Gap in Missionary -Ridge, south of Rossville. These troops -did not go further back than to Rossville, but -Rosecrans, McCook, and Crittenden kept on to -Chattanooga. Boynton says, that Sheridan’s division -was in good order when it arrived at Rossville. -Davis tried his best to reform his troops -near to McFarland’s Gap; he did march them -back to the field, but reached it too late in the -evening. In the neighborhood of the two gaps, -McFarland’s and Rossville, were some ten thousand -fugitive troops; the way was open for them to -have been led either to the right or to the left of the -Union line. But who was there who had rank and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">[110]</span> -authority enough to lead them, while their army -and corps commanders were still further to the rear? -James A. Garfield, Gates P. Thruston, chief of -McCook’s staff, Surgeons Gross and Perkins, -medical directors of the Fourteenth and Twentieth -corps, rode back and joined General Thomas. -Sheridan was requested by Thruston, the adjutant-general -and chief of staff to General McCook, at -McFarland’s Gap—by a message from General -Thomas—to march to the latter’s relief, but he -insisted on marching back to Rossville and from -there taking the Lafayette road to the left flank of -the army.<a id="FNanchor_23" href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> This was a most out of the way road -to the battlefield. Sheridan wanted to report -quickly to General Thomas when the break occurred -and was doing that by way of Rossville. -It was dark before he arrived near to the left; the -Union troops had then begun the backwood movement.</p> - -<p>After the second attack on the left by Walker’s -and Hill’s corps, Breckenridge again came in behind<span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">[111]</span> -Baird, but was repulsed by Van Derveer, -Grose, and Willich. All was quiet on the left, -while heavy firing continued on the right, when -General Thomas rode over to the right to look at -matters there. This occurred during the adjustment -after the break, and he placed what remained -of Wood’s on the left of Brannan, the latter having -taken his position prior to that on Horse Shoe -Ridge. General Thomas did not return to the -left until about 5:30 p. m.</p> - -<p>There had been no intimation to the four commanders -on the left—Baird, Johnson, Palmer, and -Reynolds—that everything had not gone well -with the right. They could get no message -from Thomas for two or three hours. At this -juncture, fearing another assault by the Confederate -lines, and supposing that Thomas had been -cut off from them, Palmer, Johnson, and Reynolds -consulted with Baird and proposed that General -Palmer, as the senior and ranking officer, be -placed in command of their four divisions and -march them off the field. General Baird refusing -to join them, prevented this calamity. Had -this been done, the Confederate right wing,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">[112]</span> -confronting them, could have advanced unimpeded -in the rear of the Union troops on Snodgrass -Hill, about three-quarters of a mile directly in -the rear of the Union left. In view of what happened -later in the evening with regard to the successful -falling back, it is not necessary to state -what a probable disaster General Baird prevented.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i133.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">The Fatal Order to Wood, at Chickamauga</span><br /> -Adapted from Fiske’s <i>The Mississippi Valley in the Civil War</i>, p. 270</p> - -<p>Longstreet followed the drawing back of the -Union right, by a right wheel of his divisions, -while keeping Preston’s division in reserve, probably -in order to be ready to repel quickly any attack -upon his left and rear by Davis, Sheridan, -Wilder, or R. B. Mitchell. There was no need -to be alarmed, for no troops approached from that -quarter. He largely outflanked and outnumbered -the right wing of Rosecrans. General Garfield -had brought an order to Thomas from Rosecrans -to take command of the army, which was -left on the field, and to fall back to Rossville, to -form a new line, and to hold back the enemy from -Chattanooga. Thomas made his headquarters -near the Snodgrass house and directed all the -movements of the Union forces for the rest of the -day. He determined to hold the present line at<span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">[113]</span> -least until night, when the retreat could be made -with less danger. To meet the six triumphant -divisions of Longstreet, the available troops in line -were Croxton’s and part only of Connell’s brigades -of Brannan’s division; Wood, with only -Harker’s brigade, and one regiment of Buell’s; -his other regiments seemed to have faded away, -or been cut off in the break. With Wood’s line -were a part of John Beatty’s brigade, a part of -Stanley’s, and the Twenty-first Ohio of Sirwell’s: -these were of Negley’s division, but Negley was -not with them. There were parts of the Ninth -and Seventeenth Kentucky, Forty-fourth Indiana, -and Thirteenth Ohio of Van Cleve’s division, -but no division commander with them.</p> - -<p>The Forty-fourth Indiana of Dick’s brigade, -and the Seventeenth Kentucky of Beatty’s brigade, -and both of Van Cleve’s—Barnes’s brigade -being still on the left—were the only regiments -which deflected from the fugitives, and fell in -with Wood’s and Brannan’s line.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="Page_114a"><img src="images/i137.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Chickamauga, evening of September 20, 1863</span><br /> -Adapted from Fiske’s <i>The Mississippi Valley in the Civil War</i>, p. 274</p> - -<p>Longstreet’s troops attacked these fragments repeatedly -with tremendous force, but were repulsed -with great loss. Finally one of Hindman’s brigades<span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">[114]</span> -gained a position on Brannan’s right and -rear, without opposition, for no troops were there to -oppose them. Negley had held that point earlier -with ample artillery and infantry supports, but -he was then in Rossville. Just at this time, -when disaster again seemed inevitable, General -Gordon Granger reported to General Thomas; -having marched his troops with the true instincts of -a soldier from McAffee’s church, in front of Rossville -Gap facing Ringgold, to the sound of the -battle. Thomas ordered him to the right of -Brannan. Two large brigades, Whittaker’s and -John G. Mitchell’s, were commanded by the gallant -General James B. Steedman; these formed -in line, charged up the hill against that brigade -which had gained the flank of Croxton, and drove -it pell-mell back down the hill with great slaughter. -At this time, Van Derveer’s brigade came -from the Kelly field, where it had done such fine -service. This brigade formed on Steedman’s -left and joined in the attack. When this combined -force struck the enemy the musketry firing -was heavier than any before delivered. It lasted -perhaps twenty minutes. It was immediately in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">[115]</span> -the rear of Baird’s division, on the left, about three-fourths -of a mile away; could not be seen on account -of the woods, but was heard, and it was terrific. -Twice Hindman reformed at a safe distance, -and tried to recapture the hill, but being -overwhelmed, abandoned any future efforts; -these brigades formed in prolongation of Brannan’s -right and fought until dark. While Sheridan -was marching on the west side of Missionary -Ridge towards Rossville, Granger was marching -on the east side of it towards the battle, without -other orders than a general one, given days before -to support the army. They both must have -heard the firing, and should have marched to it; -if these fugitive troops could have been brought -on the field with a competent commander, what -would the result have been? How could they -keep away? Would not the Confederate Army—which -was so nearly used up—have been glad -to fall back to Rome?</p> - -<p>Hindman, in his report<a id="FNanchor_24" href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> speaks in the following -words of this desperate contest on the Union -right lasting over four hours, viz.: “I have<span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">[116]</span> -never known Federal troops to fight so well.” -General Daniel H. Hill, who commanded a Confederate -corps on the army’s right, says in an article -on the battle of Chickamauga, that he never -saw the dead so thick anywhere as he did on the -slopes of Snodgrass Hill after the attacks by -Longstreet’s several divisions.<a id="FNanchor_25" href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></p> - -<p>General Garfield after returning from Rossville -to the field, rode long the lines of his old brigade, -now Harker’s of Wood’s division, cheered the men -with muskets and gave by his presence the evidence -that others who did not come back from -the rear could have done so. Longstreet’s report -states: “Hood’s column broke the enemy’s line -near the Brotherton house, and made it wheel to -the right. In making this movement Major-General -Hood fell severely and it was feared mortally -wounded by a minie ball breaking his -thigh.” Law succeeded Hood in command. -Longstreet continues as follows: “About three -o’clock in the afternoon I asked the commanding -general for some of the troops of the Right Wing, -but was informed by him that they had been beaten<span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">[117]</span> -back so badly that they could be of no service to -me.”<a id="FNanchor_26" href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> The figures of losses on the two wings -given later on will show that Bragg was right.</p> - -<p>The forces to resist the whole Confederate -Army were but five divisions in line. The rank -and file of these divisions did not know of the -condition on the right, which was very fortunate; -they stood and fought therefore defensively, and -with great confidence and bravery.</p> - -<p>The Union line, as now formed, consisted of -Thomas’s original five divisions and such troops -as Wood’s one brigade (Harker’s), a fraction -of another (Buell’s) and fractions of regiments -which had drifted in, together with Steedman’s -two brigades. It stood off the Confederate Army -until dark. An attack on General Thomas’s left—organized -about three o’clock—must be mentioned, -however. It is supposed that this was made -in order to prevent any of the Union troops at that -point from being sent to the right. The attack -was a general one and was easily repulsed. The -divisions of Breckenridge, Liddell, Armstrong’s -dismounted cavalry, and Forrest’s artillery across<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">[118]</span> -the Lafayette road, were active. Willich made -the fourth charge along the length of Kelly’s field -against these troops across the Lafayette road. At -half after five o’clock all was quiet on the Union -left, and confidence filled the hearts of the troops; -but the attacks by Longstreet on the Union right -lasted another hour.</p> - -<p>Thomas had orders from Rosecrans to draw -back to Rossville; Granger wanted him to ignore -the orders and hold the field; but Thomas would -not accede to such a request, and began the movement -at half past five. His line was solid and -confident, but had very little ammunition, and no -rations. He was largely outnumbered and outflanked -at both right and left; by falling back to -Rossville he would gain the fugitive troops, whom -he had been unable to induce to march back to this -position; he would also gain a stronger defensive -line, which would better cover the approaches to -the city. He intended to start the movement so -early in the evening that he could get the troops -in the proper roads and directions before night, -when darkness would protect them from danger -of attack during the march. Boynton says: “It<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">[119]</span> -was in no sense a military retreat,” it was done “because -Chattanooga, and not the Chickamauga -woods, was the objective of the campaign.” Still, -it may also be said, that the Confederate Army -was the objective, and that its destruction was of -more importance than the occupation of the city. -It is quite certain that General Thomas would -gladly have remained on the field, if he had been -confident that he could have destroyed Bragg’s -army the next day. He did not know at that time -that it was badly used up as later events proved -and the movement backwards in the face of a very -vigilant foe, who was constantly advancing in almost -full force, would have been dangerous.</p> - -<p>The dispositions made by General George H. -Thomas—before and after he discovered the -break in the Union right—were of the highest -military character; his plan of withdrawal to -Rossville was equally scientific. In his report he -says, that after the arrival of Granger’s forces and -their effective attack on the enemy’s troops on the -right of Brannan, every assault of the enemy until -nightfall was repulsed in the most gallant style by -the whole line. This was the result of his skillful<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">[120]</span> -placing of troops, his constant watchfulness -with regard to the movements of the enemy, and -the excellent counter movements by the Union -forces. But the real cause of the preservation of -the army was the masterful formation of the five -divisions remaining under General Thomas’s command -on the morning of the 20th; they were -formed in compact, double lines, protected by log -breastworks and had three or four brigades in reserve; -these lines required no re-adjustment and -were not penetrated. His watchfulness of the -troops—of which many formed under his own direction -on Snodgrass Hill after the break on the -right—enabled him to point out instantly where -they should go, when Granger and Steedman appeared. -Let it be remembered that he was at that -time unaware of the extent of the disaster on the -right. In his report he states, “General Garfield, -chief of staff of General Rosecrans, reached this -position about 4 p. m., in company with Lieutenant-Colonel -Thruston, of McCook’s staff, and Captains -Gaw and Barker, of my staff, who had been -sent to the rear to bring back the ammunition, if possible. -General Garfield gave me the first reliable<span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">[121]</span> -information that the right and centre of our army -had been driven, and of its condition at that time. I -soon after received a dispatch from General Rosecrans, -directing me to assume command of all the -forces, and, with Crittenden and McCook, take a -strong position, and assume a threatening attitude -at Rossville, sending the unorganized forces to -Chattanooga for reorganization, stating that he -would examine the ground at Chattanooga, and -then join me; also that he had sent out rations and -ammunition to me at Rossville.”<a id="FNanchor_27" href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p> - -<p>General Thomas, of course, knew before Garfield -reached him that disaster of some kind had -occurred on the right; but he did not know its extent, -neither did he know of the departure of the -many troops and high officers from the field. -When he received this dispatch from General -Rosecrans he determined to fall back and immediately -formulated his plans. To enable the -troops in line to hold the positions they occupied -until the proper time to fall back, he sent two aides -to distribute some ammunition—ten rounds to the -man—which Granger had brought with him. As<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">[122]</span> -soon as this was done he sent Captain Willard, an -aide, to direct the division commanders to be prepared -to withdraw their commands as soon as they -received orders. At 5:30 p. m. Captain Barker -carried the order to Reynolds to commence the -movement. Thomas does not indicate in his report -why he wanted Reynolds to commence the -movement, but it has been shown that his division -was the one best located for the work. A brigade -of Confederate troops of Liddell’s division occupied -at that time the woods on the west of the Lafayette -road, between the Union right on Snodgrass -Hill and the left around the Kelly field. -It was in the rear of both Union wings. Reynolds’s -position was at the head of these woods, -and his troops could fire into the Confederate -lines without danger to the backs of the Union -soldiers. Under Thomas’s direction, Turchin’s -brigade moved down the Lafayette road, and -filed to the left; when his rear had cleared the -road and faced to the right on the march, he threw -his brigade upon the Confederate forces and drove -them in utter defeat entirely beyond Baird’s left. -This was the fifth charge made during the day in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">[123]</span> -the same direction along this road, in and adjacent -to the Kelly field. General Thomas posted Reynolds’s -two brigades, Turchin’s and Robinson’s—formerly -King’s—together with Johnson’s reserve -brigade and General Willich’s on the ridge road -west of the Lafayette road, near the Mullis farm, -in order to cover McFarland’s Gap. Thomas’s report -describes best what followed: “These dispositions -being made, I sent orders to Generals -Wood, Brannan, and Granger to withdraw from -their positions. Johnson’s and Baird’s division -were attacked at the moment of retiring, but, by being -prepared, retired without confusion or any serious -losses. General Palmer was attacked while -retiring. * * * I then proceeded to Rossville, -accompanied by Generals Garfield and Gordon -Granger, and immediately prepared to place the -troops in position at that point.”<a id="FNanchor_28" href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></p> - -<p>During Baird’s withdrawal he was heavily attacked -by the enemy, and lost a great many who -were taken prisoners; some of these remained -too long behind the breastworks, others took a -wrong direction in falling back. The troops which<span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">[124]</span> -had retreated to Rossville Gap during the day -were reorganized by their officers prior to the falling -back of the main army. Negley’s division -was placed directly across the gap, and the next -morning Baird’s was placed behind it; the other -divisions on the right and left (on the crest of -the ridge) were stationed with Minty’s cavalry -in front of the gap, about one mile and a half on -the Ringgold road. General R. B. Mitchell’s -cavalry was on the Union right covering McFarland’s -Gap, and extending his right to the Chattanooga -Creek. McCook’s Corps was in line -about a mile behind him.</p> - -<p>On September 21, General N. B. Forrest advanced -at Rossville some Confederate cavalry close -enough to throw a shell or two into a Union -wagon train and Minty’s advance Union cavalry -on the Ringgold road had a little skirmish. But -the Confederate Army was not advancing; apparently -it did not intend to attack the position at -this point. In fact, General Bragg did not know -of the retirement of the Union Army until the 21st, -and he did not order an advance. The Confederate -Army lay still on the field during the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">[125]</span> -21st, and most of the 22nd. Therefore General -Thomas advised General Rosecrans to concentrate -the troops at Chattanooga, and this was done -on the night of September 21, in a most admirable -manner under Thomas’s direction. Brannan’s -division—in order to cover and protect the movement—was -posted half way between Rossville -and Chattanooga. Nearly all the infantry and -artillery were in or around the city by 7 a. m. of -the 22nd. The different organizations were -marched directly to positions previously assigned -them.</p> - -<p>Baird’s division (now Rousseau’s), with Minty’s -cavalry still in rear of it, brought up the -rear, and did not arrive in the entrenchments -around the city until late in the evening of the -22nd. General Rousseau, who was absent from -early in August, joined the army again at Rossville -on September 21, and assumed command of his -old division. General Baird was later assigned -to another division at Chattanooga.</p> - -<p>In the forenoon of the 22nd, Cheatham’s Confederate -division marched to the neighborhood of -Chickamauga station, and took a road leading<span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">[126]</span> -thence to the top of Missionary Ridge; it was followed -by the rest of Polk’s Corps on the 23rd. On -the same day, Hill’s and Longstreet’s corps followed -on different roads and slowly formed their -line on top of the ridge. Longstreet’s and Hill’s -was thrown across the valley to the foot of Lookout; -their left was on the top of Lookout Mountain -and their right on the northeast nose of Missionary -Ridge, abutting on the Tennessee River, -but the main line did not reach to the river. Their -camps were principally located in the Chickamauga -Valley on the east side of the ridge, where -they were protected from observation by the Union -forces.</p> - -<h3>WISCONSIN TROOPS AT CHICKAMAUGA</h3> - -<p>There were five infantry regiments from Wisconsin -in the battle of Chickamauga, viz.: -the First, Tenth, Fifteenth, Twenty-first, and -Twenty-fourth. The First and Twenty-first -were parts of the Second Brigade, commanded by -General John C. Starkweather—formerly Colonel -of the First Wisconsin Infantry—of the First Division, -commanded by General Absalom Baird, of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">[127]</span> -the Fourteenth Corps, commanded by General -George H. Thomas. They were actively engaged -near the extreme left on both days of the -battle. When Baird’s division on the morning of -the 19th advanced from Kelly’s house on the Lafayette -road, Starkweather’s brigade was in reserve -behind the other two brigades of the division. -His brigade was formed in two lines, the -first composed of the First Wisconsin on the right -and the Seventy-ninth Pennsylvania on the left, -with the Fourth Indiana Battery between the two -wings. The Twenty-first Wisconsin Infantry -and Twenty-fourth Illinois Infantry formed the -rear line. Lieutenant-Colonel George B. Bingham -commanded the First, and Lieutenant-Colonel -Harrison C. Hobart the Twenty-first. Having -advanced about a mile through the woods, driving -the enemy’s skirmishers, Starkweather moved -to Thomas’s left by the order of the General, in -order to relieve Croxton’s brigade of Brannan’s -division, reported to be out of ammunition. General -Starkweather seems to have no sooner taken -position here than the enemy attacked in such -overwhelming numbers as to force him back. He<span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">[128]</span> -retreated to a ridge in the rear of his left; leaving -his battery temporarily in the possession of the enemy. -Very soon the enemy was struck on his -flank and rear by General Johnson’s division of -McCook’s Corps and forced back; the battery was -then recovered.</p> - -<p>In reforming the lines late in the afternoon, -Starkweather’s brigade was placed on the left of -Johnson’s division; it took part in the night attack -by the Confederate General Cleburne, and was -under fire during the whole of the battle of the -19th. On the morning of the 20th it formed the -right of Baird’s position in the woods east of the -Kelly field, and was in one of the most exposed -positions; this brought it again on the left of Johnson’s -division. The Fourth Indiana Battery had -two guns in the centre of the brigade and two -upon the left. General Starkweather in his official -report says: “This position was held and -retained during the whole day under repeated attacks -from the enemy in heavy columns supported -with batteries, repulsing and driving the enemy -back from time to time; driving the enemy also -back from the extreme left with the artillery.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">[129]</span> -* * * While holding this position the ammunition -of my first line was expended, and most of -the second line, together with all the ammunition -of the battery, except three rounds of canister.”<a id="FNanchor_29" href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> -He retired with the rest of Baird’s division in the -evening of the 20th to Rossville, thence to Chattanooga -on the 22nd. In the retirement, Lieutenant-Colonel -Hobart, eight other commissioned officers, -and 67 men of the Twenty-first Wisconsin -were captured by the enemy. The loss of the -First Wisconsin was 188 killed, wounded, and -missing; the latter being 77. The officers killed -were Captains Abner O. Heald, and William S. -Mitchell; Lieutenants James S. Richardson, and -Charles A. Searles. Of the Twenty-first the -loss was 121, of these 76 were missing. The -First seems to have gone into the battle with 391, -and the Twenty-first with 369 men.</p> - -<p>The Tenth Wisconsin Infantry—commanded -by Lieutenant-Colonel John H. Ely—was in -Scribner’s brigade of Baird’s division. The history -of its fighting is almost identical with that of -the First and Twenty-first. On the 20th the Tenth<span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">[130]</span> -Wisconsin Infantry was immediately on the left -of Starkweather. Colonel Ely, Major McKercher -and several other officers, together with a -large number of men were captured in falling -back (by orders), on the evening of the 20th. -They, by mistake, took the wrong direction, going -too far to the right, as they faced the rear, and -thus ran into the enemy. Its loss was a total -of 211, but 145 of these were missing. Captain -J. W. Roby, who made the report says: “Monday -morning September 21st we numbered three -officers and 26 men.” Lieutenant-Colonel Ely’s -name appears among those killed; the other officers -killed were Captain George M. West and -Lieutenant Robert Rennie.</p> - -<p>The Fifteenth Wisconsin Infantry served in the -Third brigade, Davis’s division of the Twentieth -Corps. This brigade was commanded by Colonel -Hans C. Heg until he was killed on the 19th; -and afterwards by Colonel John A. Martin. -This regiment fought most gallantly with Davis’s -division on the 19th, when, according to their official -report, the loss was 7 officers and 59 enlisted -men killed, wounded, and missing. It will be remembered<span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">[131]</span> -that on the 20th General Davis’s division -was cut off on the right by the break at Wood’s -division, and that it, after some desultory fighting, -retired to McFarland’s Gap. The total loss of -the Fifteenth Wisconsin Infantry was 111, of -which 55 men were captured or missing. The -officers killed were Colonel Hans C. Heg, Captains -Hans Hanson, Henry Hauff, John M. -Johnson, and Lieutenant Oliver Thompson.</p> - -<p>The Twenty-fourth Wisconsin Infantry was -in General Lytle’s brigade of the First Division -of the Twentieth Corps. This regiment, with -the brigade to which it was attached, occupied the -entrenchments at Lee and Gordon’s Mill on the -afternoon of the 19th, where it relieved General -Thomas J. Wood’s division; it remained here all -afternoon under a little artillery fire from the -enemy, which did no harm, however. At 3 a. m. -on the 20th it went to a point near General Rosecrans’s -headquarters, near the Widow Glenn’s -house; at 10:30 a. m. it double quicked—under a -terrific fire from the enemy—to the point where -General Lytle was killed; it fought here for thirty -minutes driving the enemy, but was soon outflanked<span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">[132]</span> -by Hindman’s troops coming toward its -left flank from the celebrated break. The official -report of its commander (Major Carl Von -Baumbach), from which the foregoing facts are -gleaned, says further: “We retreated in some -disorder; but quickly reformed on a hill some 400 -yards to the rear. Our brave and gallant commander, -Lieutenant-Colonel T. S. West, being -among the missing, I assumed command.” This -regiment bivouaced for the night at Rossville; its -loss was 3 officers and 69 men killed and -wounded, and 20 missing; Captain Gustavus -Goldsmith was killed. The Major in his report -makes especial mention of Lieutenant Thomas E. -Balding, acting adjutant, for his gallant conduct.</p> - -<p>The First Wisconsin Cavalry—under command -of Colonel Oscar H. LaGrange—was a -part of the Second Brigade, of Colonel Edward -M. McCook’s cavalry division. During the campaign, -preceding the battle, this regiment performed -the usual duties of cavalry in reconnoitering, -picketing, leading in advance of the marching -column of infantry, and generally acting with the -rest of the cavalry, as the eyes of the army. On<span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">[133]</span> -the 19th it was stationed on the right of the army -to watch the enemy’s cavalry, which kept on the -east side of the Chickamauga in the movement -back to Rossville, and thence into Chattanooga, it -protected the trains and rear of the army. Its loss -was 2 men wounded and 4 missing.</p> - -<p>There were three Wisconsin light batteries -with the Army of the Cumberland, in the battle -of Chickamauga: the Third, Fifth, and Eighth. -The Third Battery—commanded by Lieutenant -Courtland Livingston—was attached to Van -Cleve’s division of Crittenden’s Corps. Captain -L. H. Drury of this battery, was chief of artillery -of the division; he was severely wounded in a skirmish -several days before the battle. This battery -followed the fortunes of its division; but there -seems to be no definite report by its commanding -officer. Its losses were 2 killed, 12 wounded -and 12 missing, out of an aggregate of 119.</p> - -<p>The Fifth Wisconsin Battery, commanded by -Captain George Q. Gardner was attached to the -First Brigade, commanded by Colonel P. Sidney -Post of General Jefferson C. Davis’s division -of the Twentieth Corps. This brigade was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">[134]</span> -guarding the supply train, and was not engaged -in the battle, and this battery had no losses. The -brigade commander, in his official report, commends -Captain Gardner for great zeal and ability -in the management of the battery.</p> - -<p>The Eighth Wisconsin Battery—commanded -by Lieutenant John D. McLean—was attached -to Colonel Heg’s brigade of Davis’s division of -McCook’s Twentieth Corps. The chief of artillery -of Davis’s division reports, that the movement -of the artillery in the Chickamauga woods was not -deemed practicable; therefore, this battery did -not become engaged, and had no losses.</p> - -<p>The Chickamauga campaign proper was now -ended. It formed the second step in the campaign -from Murfreesboro to Chattanooga; the -Tullahoma campaign being the first. It is true, -the city was now occupied by the Army of the -Cumberland, but its possession was not secure as -long as the Confederate Army lay within two or -three miles, and held the city’s most available lines -of supply by the river and the river road, between -Bridgeport and Chattanooga. Therefore, another -conflict was necessary, which would constitute<span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">[135]</span> -the third step in the great campaign. An account -of that struggle will include the coming of -reinforcements to the Union Army; the opening of -what the men in the ranks called, “the cracker -line;” the reorganization of the Army of the -Cumberland; and an account of the four battles of -Wauhatchie, Orchard Knob, Lookout Mountain, -and Missionary Ridge. But before that is attempted, -it will be necessary to make some observations -on the late battle of Chickamauga.</p> - -<p>The Army of the Cumberland—or rather that -part of it which now occupied the city—was reduced -by the Chickamauga battle to an estimated -aggregate of 35,000. This estimate excluded -perhaps the cavalry. Its total losses, killed, -wounded, and prisoners, in the Chickamauga campaign -reached 13,615. A large number of sick, -besides the wounded, were in hospitals. But the -Confederate losses were at least 5,374 more than -those of the Union Army. General Longstreet, -in his book, <i>From Manassas to Appomatox</i>, -claims that the Confederate force at Chickamauga -was somewhat less than 60,000 men. The Confederate -records are so defective that it is largely<span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">[136]</span> -an estimate to give their numbers or losses. General -H. V. Boynton estimates the number at -very much more than 60,000. There is no doubt -that Bragg actually outnumbered Rosecrans on the -field by several thousand troops, perhaps in the -proportion of 60,000 to 50,000.</p> - -<p>The Union Army captured 2,003 prisoners, -and lost 4,774. Of the latter 2,500 were -wounded and left on the field when the army fell -back to Rossville. The terrible fighting which -took place is shown by the number of killed and -wounded on each side. Longstreet says in his -book, that Bragg’s killed and wounded amounted -to 16,986, but the official returns make them about -1,100 less, or 15,881. The official returns of the -army give the Union losses of killed and wounded -11,338. The Confederate loss was greater in -killed and wounded than at Gettysburg; and the -largest the enemy had in a single battle. Attention -is called to the fact, that the numbers engaged -at Gettysburg were about 80,000 on each side; -and that the battle lasted three days.</p> - -<p>The killed and wounded in some battles of the -war are shown in the following table:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">[137]</span></p> - -<table> -<tr><td> </td><td class="tdc"> Union    </td><td class="tdc">Confederate</td></tr> -<tr><td>Shiloh, Tenn.</td><td class="tdr"> 10,162    </td><td class="tdr"> 9,735    </td></tr> -<tr><td>Second Bull Run</td><td class="tdr"> 10,199    </td><td class="tdr"> 9,108    </td></tr> -<tr><td>Fredericksburg, Va.</td><td class="tdr"> 10,884    </td><td class="tdr"> 4,664    </td></tr> -<tr><td>Chancellorsville, Va.    </td><td class="tdr"> 11,368    </td><td class="tdr"> 10,746    </td></tr> -<tr><td>Gettysburg, Pa.</td><td class="tdr"> 17,567    </td><td class="tdr"> 15,298    </td></tr> -<tr><td>Chickamauga, Ga.</td><td class="tdr"> 11,409    </td><td class="tdr"> 15,881    </td></tr> -<tr><td>Stone’s River</td><td class="tdr"> 9,532    </td><td class="tdr"> 9,239    </td></tr> -<tr><td>Antietam, Md.</td><td class="tdr"> 11,657    </td><td class="tdr"> 11,234    </td></tr> -</table> - -<p>In every one of these battles the Union loss was -greater than the Confederate, except at Chickamauga; -yet Shiloh, Gettysburg, and Stone’s River -are recorded as Union victories. The Confederate -loss at Antietam was much smaller than that -given above, which includes Harper’s Ferry, South -Mountain, Crampton’s Gap, and Shepardstown. -The prisoners captured are excluded from the -above list, because only the killed and wounded -indicate the intensity of the fighting.</p> - -<p>The Confederate’s large losses at Chickamauga -show plainly the active musketry of the Union -troops, their good marksmanship, and the difference -(in the number of casualties) between making -and receiving attacks. On the second day the -Union troops remained in line and received the attacks -of the Confederates. At Gettysburg the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">[138]</span> -Union forces did the same thing during the last -two days. Those on the left at Chickamauga -were protected by breastworks, and suffered -but little loss on the 20th; while they inflicted very -heavy punishment on the Confederates; for instance, -Hill’s Corps of the Confederate right lost -2,990 out of 8,894; Jackson’s brigade of Cheatham’s -division lost 35 per cent. of his force, and the -losses in Govan’s brigade exceeded 50 per cent. -On the Union side Steedman, while attacking the -Confederate troops—which had gained an enfilading -position and were about to attack the right -flank of Brannan—lost in this assault and in the -subsequent position which his troops occupied, -1,787 out of 3,700 in about four hours. The loss -is fearful, when assaults are made on protected -lines, or on points held with difficult approaches. -On the Confederate left Benning’s brigade of -Hood’s division lost 56.6 per cent.; Gregg’s brigade -of B. R. Johnson’s lost 44.4 per cent. Taking -Longstreet’s estimate of 16,986 killed and wounded, -and adding to it the number of prisoners captured, -namely, 2,003, the total Confederate loss -aggregates 18,989. It is officially established<span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">[139]</span> -that the Union loss was 11,338 in killed and -wounded; its loss in prisoners was 4,774; but 2,500 -of them were wounded and were left on the -battlefield. It is reasonable to suppose that these -wounded left on the field were reported as wounded -by their company officers, and are included in -the official returns of the 11,338.</p> - -<p>The historian will point out sharply the immense -benefit to the Union Army derived from -the log works and the compact lines of the four -divisions under General Thomas on the 20th. The -conclusion is a fair one, that the whole line ought -to have been similarly fortified; there was ample -supply of timber along the line to provide for such -protection. Of the five divisions under General -Thomas’s command on the 19th and on the 20th, -Brannan’s was the only one which fought both days -without works; on the 19th none of them fought -behind any entrenchments, yet they fought against -six Confederate divisions, viz.: two of Walker’s -corps, two of Cheatham’s, Cleburne’s, and Stewart’s. -On the 20th Brannan was on the right and -did not fight any of the Confederate troops, which -Baird’s, Johnson’s, Palmer’s, Reynolds’s, and his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">[140]</span> -own divisions had fought on the 19th. Van Derveer’s -brigade of Brannan’s division made one -charge, however, along the Kelly field, against -two brigades of Breckenridge’s; then returned to -the right. But it must be noticed that Breckenridge -was not in the fight of the 19th. On the 20th -Baird, Johnson, Palmer, and Reynolds fought behind -breastworks all day the same divisions they -had fought the day before without breastworks, -and also Breckenridge’s in addition. It is true -they were assisted a little by two brigades of Negley’s -and one of Van Cleve’s on the left of the -breastworks. In addition to the Confederate infantry -divisions mentioned, there was also Forrest’s -cavalry of 3,500, which would more than offset -any assistance these four Union divisions had received -from other troops on the 20th. The following -table will show the losses in killed and -wounded of the divisions on both sides, with the -exception of prisoners captured during the two -days of battle in and around the Kelly field.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">[141]</span>The figures are taken from the official returns:</p> - -<table> -<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2">Union</td><td class="tdc" colspan="2"> Confederate</td></tr> -<tr><td>Brannan—Three Brigades    </td><td class="tdr"> 1,977  </td><td>   Walker—Five Brigades</td><td class="tdr"> 2,290</td></tr> -<tr><td>Baird—Three Brigades </td><td class="tdr"> 975  </td><td>   Cheatham—Five Brigades</td><td class="tdr"> 1,843</td></tr> -<tr><td>Johnson—Three Brigades</td><td class="tdr"> 1,088  </td><td>   Cleburne—Three Brigades</td><td class="tdr"> 1,743</td></tr> -<tr><td>Palmer—Three Brigades</td><td class="tdr"> 1,165  </td><td>   Stewart—Three Brigades</td><td class="tdr"> 1,674</td></tr> -<tr><td>Reynolds—Two Brigades</td><td class="tdr"> 778  </td><td>   Breckenridge—Three Brigades    </td><td class="tdr"> 1,075</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdr" colspan="2">———  </td><td class="tdr" colspan="2"> ———</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdc">Total</td><td class="tdr"> 5,983  </td><td class="tdc"> Total</td><td class="tdr"> 8,625</td></tr> -</table> - -<p>There were 14 Union brigades and 19 Confederate. -It will be seen that Brannan, who was not -protected by works on the 20th, lost about 800 -more than the highest loss of any of the Union divisions, -which were protected. That is a practical -illustration of the value of the precautions thus -taken by the protected troops. Estimating Brannan’s -loss on the 20th at 900, his loss on the 19th -would be 1,077. This would reduce the total -loss in the Union column above to 5,083. Considering -that the Confederate divisions mentioned -above encountered no other Union troops during -the battle, except those five divisions mentioned, -it will be understood that the five Union divisions -by incurring a loss of 5,083 killed and wounded, -inflicted a loss on the enemy of 8,625. Forrest’s -loss does not appear but should be added to the latter; -let this item be offset, however, by the losses to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">[142]</span> -Beatty’s Stanley’s and Barnes’s brigades in their -assistance on the left of Baird.</p> - -<p>We will make a similar comparison of the losses -on the right of the Union, and the left of the Confederate -Army:</p> - -<table> -<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="3">Union</td></tr> -<tr><td>Steedman</td><td class="tdr"> 1,174</td><td>—Two Brigades</td></tr> -<tr><td>Sheridan</td><td class="tdr"> 1,090</td><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td>Davis</td><td class="tdr"> 944</td><td>—Two Brigades</td></tr> -<tr><td>Wood</td><td class="tdr"> 876</td><td>—Two Brigades</td></tr> -<tr><td>Van Cleve</td><td class="tdr"> 660</td><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td>Negley</td><td class="tdr"> 496</td><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td>Brannan (estimate)</td><td class="tdr"> 900</td><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdr" colspan="2">———</td><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdc">Total</td><td class="tdr"> 6,140</td><td> </td></tr> -</table> -<p> </p> -<table> -<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="3">Confederate</td></tr> -<tr><td>Hood</td><td rowspan="4"><img src="images/brace.png" alt="" /></td><td class="tdl" rowspan="4">Six Divisions, 6,881 (estimated)</td></tr> -<tr><td>Hindman</td></tr> -<tr><td>Buckner</td></tr> -<tr><td>Preston</td></tr> -</table> - -<p>The estimated Confederate loss given above has -been made up in the following manner. The official -Confederate loss is given by Colonel W. F. -Fox in his <i>Regimental Losses in the Civil War</i> -as 15,881 killed and wounded at Chickamauga, -the Confederate loss of the troops opposed to the -above named Union divisions can be found by -adding to 8,625—the Confederate losses in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">[143]</span> -first table given above—the estimated loss of the -Confederate cavalry, probably enough to bring the -figures to 9,000, and deducting that from 15,881, -the total Confederate loss is secured. The result -makes 6, 881 killed and wounded—as given in the -last table—by the seven Union divisions mentioned -above, at a cost to the latter of 6,140 killed and -wounded. Longstreet gives in his report his loss -at 7,594 killed and wounded; deducting Stewart’s -loss from this sum leaves 5,920 as the loss of the -above mentioned Confederate forces. This -makes the contrast between the two tables still -greater.</p> - -<p>These figures emphasize the deadly fighting in -that great battle, and they are more eloquent of the -valor of American soldiers than words of song or -oratory. They emphasize also the value of defensive -breastworks, in comparison with fighting -unprotected.</p> - -<p>The Union troops expended 2,650,000 musket -cartridges in hitting the 15,881 Confederate killed -and wounded; some of them were, however, -wounded by artillery. It appears as if it took -about 150 infantry cartridges to hit one man. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">[144]</span> -expenditure was 650,000 more cartridges than at -Stone’s River; but then 6,642 more of the Confederates -were struck at Chickamauga, which shows -that the firing was much more destructive.</p> - -<p>General Rosecrans states:<a id="FNanchor_30" href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> “The fight on the -left after 2 p. m., was that of the army. Never, -in the history of this war at least have troops fought -with greater energy and determination. Bayonet -charges, often heard of but seldom seen, were -repeatedly made by brigades and regiments in several -of our divisions.”</p> - -<p>At 2 p. m. on September 21, C. A. Dana, Assistant -Secretary of War, sent a dispatch from -Chattanooga to the Secretary of War. It contained -the following statements: “Thomas, finding -himself cut off from Rosecrans and the right, -at once brought his seven divisions into position for -independent fighting. Refusing both his right -and left, his line assumed the form of a horse-shoe -posted along the slope and crest of a partly wooded -ridge. He was soon joined by Granger from -Rossville, with the brigade of McCook and division -of Steedman, and with these forces firmly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">[145]</span> -maintained the fight till after dark. Our troops -were as immovable as the rocks they stood on. The -enemy hurled against them repeatedly the dense -columns which had routed Davis and Sheridan in -the morning, but every onset was repulsed with -dreadful slaughter. Falling first on one and then -another point of our lines, for hours the rebels -vainly sought to break them. Thomas seemed -to have filled every soldier with his own unconquerable -firmness, and Granger, his hat torn by bullets, -raged like a lion wherever the contest was hottest -with the electrical courage of a Ney. * * * -When night fell this body of heroes stood on the -same ground they had occupied in the morning -their spirit unbroken, but their numbers greatly -diminished. * * * The divisions of Wood, -Johnson, Brannan, Palmer, Reynolds, and Baird, -which never broke at all, have lost very -severely.”<a id="FNanchor_31" href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> He should have added that they inflicted -greater loss upon the enemy than any of the -other divisions. The discouraged spirit of the -Confederate Army at the close of the battle was -sufficiently apparent when the forces under<span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">[146]</span> -Thomas’s command were able—after the arrival -of General Gordon Granger’s troops—to stop the -enemy’s further successes. It is evident that the -fighting spirit was gone from Bragg’s army since, -although they discovered the falling back, they did -not approach Rossville Gap on the 21st with a -considerable force, nor seriously interfere in the -backward movement to Chattanooga, not even trying -to capture a wagon, mule, or horse, although -its great cavalry leader, Forrest and his troopers, -were in force close to Rossville Gap. It was -more paralyzed than the Union Army. General -Daniel H. Hill, who commanded a Confederate -corps on the right in the battle, states in the -article referred to before: “There was no more -splendid fighting in ’61, when the flower of the -Southern youth was in the field, than was displayed -in those bloody days of September, ’63. -But it seems to me that the <i>elan</i> of the Southern soldier -was never seen after Chickamauga—that brilliant -dash which had distinguished him was gone -forever. He was too intelligent not to know -that the cutting in two of Georgia meant death to -all his hopes. * * * He fought stoutly to the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">[147]</span> -last, but, after Chickamauga, with the sullenness of -despair and without the enthusiasm of hope. That -‘barren’ victory sealed the fate of the Southern -Confederacy.”<a id="FNanchor_32" href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a></p> - -<p>If the Army of the Cumberland accomplished -so much at Chickamauga in spite of certain mistakes, -after having penetrated to the centre of the -Confederate territory, what might not have been -done, if the right of the Union line had been properly -placed and protected during the night of the -19th, and if the disastrous order to Wood had not -been issued? The withdrawal of Wood from -the line—just before Bushrod Johnson advanced -against the centre—cost the Union fighting line -10,000 men, and caused the withdrawal, some -hours later, of the Union Army to Rossville. -Whether Wood interpreted that order correctly, -the fact is that the order should never have been issued. -The movement of closing in towards the left -and of throwing the right further back, should have -been done hours before. One of Mitchell’s cavalry -divisions should have been placed on the Union -left during the night of the 19th.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">[148]</span>It must be conceded that Brannan’s division was -the most active in the battle. It was well managed, -but its loss in killed and wounded was -greater than that of any other Union division. -Brannan lost in killed and wounded 1,977, -with 214 missing. His division fought bravely -under his skillful management, yet he was unprotected -on both days. Negley’s loss was 496 -killed and wounded, the smallest loss of all. The -following officers went through the battle with -great credit, viz.: Generals Thomas, Granger, -Steedman, Brannan, Baird, Johnson, Palmer, -Reynolds; and Brigade-Commanders Hazen, -Harker, Van Derveer, Croxton, Whittaker, John -C. Mitchell, Willich, and Turchin.</p> - -<p>If a real soldier, like Longstreet, had been in -command of the Confederate right and had found -upon advancing against the Union line, that two -brigades lengths extended beyond the Union left, -he would certainly have made more out of such a -condition than did Breckenridge or Leonidas Polk.</p> - -<p>General D. H. Hill, in his report<a id="FNanchor_33" href="#Footnote_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> discusses the -situation as follows: “The important results effected<span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">[149]</span> -by two brigades on the flank proved that, -had our army been moved under cover of the -woods a mile farther to the right, the whole Yankee -position would have been turned and an almost -bloodless victory gained. A simple reconnoisance -before the battle would have shown the -practicability of the movement and the advantage -to be gained by it.” Hill was in command on that -flank and should have acted in accordance with his -understanding of the situation, or at least reported -the facts to his superior. This was what Rosecrans -was anxious about when he hastened troops -from the right to the left. If Sheridan could have -reached Thomas before Longstreet cut him off in -the act of double-quicking toward the left flank, -what would have happened?</p> - -<p>General Thomas’s dispositions to protect his left -showed military genius of the highest order, and -General Baird greatly assisted him in this matter. -This was only one instance, however, of General -Thomas’s many equally meritorious tactics in this -great battle. He rose to the highest point in the -estimation of both officers and men.</p> - -<p>Both days’ fighting illustrates the fact that when<span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">[150]</span> -troops are outflanked or attacked in the rear, however -brave they may be in other positions relative -to the enemy, they will as a rule go to pieces. It -was repeatedly shown on both sides, especially on -the 19th, during the battle, that the veteran troops -as well as the new regiments, would become disheartened -and confused in such a position; many -of the regiments on the left during the second day, -who did not flinch when attacked in flank and rear -on the day before, then went to pieces.</p> - -<p>The protected troops on the Union left fought -through the entire day of the 20th, entirely unconscious -that they were frequently surrounded not -only in front and rear of their own line, but that the -two flanks of the army were only about three-fourths -of a mile apart, although in the morning -they were two and a half miles apart. At noon -the Union right was contracted, and thrown back -against the left. The order to retreat late in -evening of the 20th came as a surprise and shock to -these troops, who had been repulsing the enemy all -day with comparative ease. Thousands of musket -bearers were so stiff and sore from the two -days’ conflict and the marches over the mountains<span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">[151]</span> -during the preceding days, that when a regiment -lying down on the evening of the 20th attempted -to rise there was a distinct creaking of bones and an -accompanying groan, slight, but perceptible. -Many of them while moving back to Rossville at -night, took the desperate chance of lying down for -a nap in the woods by the roadside, intending -to rest for an hour or two and then join their regiments -again before daylight; but hundreds of these -awoke to find it was already daylight and many -were captured by the enemy’s cavalry.</p> - -<p>The Confederate Army itself did not advance -from the battlefield until the 23rd; only a small -part leaving on the 22nd. The fact is that the -Confederate Army was much more used up than -the Union Army; General Bragg said to General -Longstreet on the 20th that his troops upon his right -were used up.<a id="FNanchor_34" href="#Footnote_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> The same Confederate troops -which had penetrated the line and driven Davis, -Sheridan, and others from the field, were so roughly -handled by Brannan and Granger on Snodgrass -Hill that they could not be brought forward -for another attack. The slowness with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">[152]</span> -which the Confederate Army moved to their positions -around Chattanooga proves that they were -practically defeated. At the time the orders were -sent to the divisions behind the log works on the -left to prepare for withdrawal, their commanders -sent word back to General Thomas that there was -no reason for them to retreat; they had been, -and were at that moment repulsing easily every assault. -They did not know of the disaster to the -right, caused by Wood’s withdrawal, nor did -General Baird and his brigade commanders know -of the movements of either Union or Confederate -forces until after the retreat. Many writers have -expressed the opinion that the Union Army should -not have retreated. But to a soldier who was -present on the field and knew the facts—such -as the absence of the commander of the army; his -order sent from the far rear to fall back to Rossville; -the absence of ammunition and rations; the -utterly exhausted condition of the rank and file by -the superhuman exertions of the two days’ fighting -and the preceding hard marching; the fear that if -the Union Army remained, the Confederate Army -might yet wedge its way between it and Chattanooga,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">[153]</span> -the Union commander not being aware -at that time of the exhausted and discouraged condition -of the Confederate Army—it seems that the -falling back in the way and at the time it did was -the correct thing. At least it seems as if Thomas -had really nothing else to do than to fall back -when the order from General Rosecrans was received. -Had General Thomas been the commander -of the army, it might have been different.</p> - -<p>The Union cavalry did not properly cooperate -with the other arms of the Union forces. Forrest, -with his large Confederate cavalry force, was close -to the right of the Confederate Army, and did -fine service; the force was equal to the infantry -in number. Forrest should have been opposed by -a division of the Union cavalry. Only one cavalry -brigade was needed at Crawfish Springs; -the other cavalry brigade together with Wilder’s -mounted infantry which closed up on the right of -McCook, should have given better service at a time -when it was most needed. This was not the fault -of the cavalry commander, for he only obeyed -orders from his superiors. In a dispatch to General -R. B. Mitchell, the commander of the cavalry,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">[154]</span> -at 7:15 p. m. September 20, General Rosecrans -said, “Had you been on our right today you -could have charged the enemy’s flank, and done -much incalculable mischief.” Why was not his -cavalry as close to the Union right flank as Forrest’s -was to the Confederate right flank? Mitchell’s -cavalry was too far away to be effective, -when disaster overtook the wing: it was supposed -to be protecting, but it was farther away from -Snodgrass Hill on the right than were the forces -of Gordon Granger, at McAffee’s church on the -left.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">[155]</span> - -<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER III<br /> - -<i>The Occupation and Battles of Chattanooga</i></h2> -</div> - -<p>When the Army of the Cumberland fell back -from Chickamauga and Rossville to Chattanooga, -the first and most important thing to do was to -quickly fortify against attack. The troops marched -directly to the places assigned them, and when all -were in place, the lines half encircled the city, -both flanks terminating at the river. McCook was -on the right, Thomas next, and Crittenden on the -left. The troops began at once the work of throwing -up the ordinary entrenchments; these were from -time to time strengthened until satisfactory. Two -forts had been partially completed by the enemy; -these were finished and occupied by both artillery -and infantry. The army was drawn in close -around the city; the point of Lookout Mountain -and its slopes beyond Chattanooga Creek were -left to the enemy. This gave the Confederate -Army command of the river, the rail and wagon<span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">[156]</span> -roads (parallel with the river), between Chattanooga, -Bridgeport, and Stevenson. The only -other practicable road to the bases of supplies was -over Walden’s Ridge on the north side of the -river, a distance of 60 miles by wagon; thus it became -very difficult to furnish more than half or -three-quarters rations to the men, and only very little -forage could be furnished to the animals. The -road mentioned was so steep and bad that a team -of four or six mules would consume almost the entire -load of feed in bringing the load and in returning -for another.</p> - -<p>General Bragg deemed the occupancy of his -main line along Missionary Ridge—across the valley -to Lookout Mountain, thence on the south side -of the river by small detachments at different -points—to Bridgeport sufficient to starve out the -army in Chattanooga. Meanwhile he sent -Wheeler’s cavalry to the north side, in order to -raid the line of supplies. Wheeler burned 300 -wagons in the Sequatchie Valley and went on -north doing what damage he could. Fearing -that Bragg might follow Longstreet’s advice and -cross the river east of Chattanooga with a large<span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">[157]</span> -part of his army, Rosecrans soon completed an inside -works of circumvallation by which ten thousand -men might be able to hold the city, while he -might be obliged to protect his base of supplies -by marching the rest of his army to meet such a -situation. That Bragg did not undertake an enterprise -of this character was further proof of the used-up -condition of his army, the result of the late battle -of Chickamauga. Bragg’s reasoning regarding -his ability to starve the forces in the city was good -only on the supposition that the Government at -Washington would fail to send sufficient reinforcements -to protect the rear, and to raise “The Siege -of Chattanooga;” it was not more than a semi-siege, -however, and has been so called by some -authors. If Bragg’s army had occupied both -sides of the river and practically surrounded the -city, as the German troops surrounded Paris in the -Franco-German War of 1871, then it could have -been called a siege. Of course the situation of -the Union Army was critical, not only here in -the fortified city, but ever since it crossed the -Tennessee River during the campaign preceding -the battle of Chickamauga. As before mentioned,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">[158]</span> -General Rosecrans estimated on September -23, 1863, that he had about 35,000 troops -in the entrenchments; the cavalry and Wilder’s -brigade of mounted infantry were then on the -north side of the river and guarded the crossings -for a considerable distance, both above and -below. Union reinforcements had been ordered -both from the east and from the west; but Burnside, -who commanded in East Tennessee, was -asking at the same time for help at Knoxville, -instead of being able to send any succor to Rosecrans. -Before the battle of Chickamauga reinforcements -had been ordered from the Army -of the Tennessee—at that time on or near the -Mississippi at Memphis—and from Burnside, -but none had arrived. After the great battle and -the falling back of Rosecrans, the commander did -not need to urge the President and Secretary of -War to be convinced, that unless they really desired -to lose Tennessee and all that had so far been -gained in the department of the Cumberland, other -troops must be sent with the greatest celerity. -Two corps from the Army of the Potomac were -ordered to the battlefield; the Eleventh commanded<span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">[159]</span> -by General O. O. Howard, and the -Twelfth under General H. W. Slocum; both under -the command of General Joseph Hooker. -General W. T. Sherman was also to reinforce the -Union Army with the Fifteenth Corps, and one -division of the Seventeenth from the Army of the -Tennessee. In the meantime every exertion was -made by the troops present to hold the city at all -hazards. When Wheeler captured and burned -the 300 wagons near Anderson’s cross roads, in the -Sequatchie Valley, Colonel E. M. McCook with -the First Wisconsin Cavalry, the Second and -Fourth Indiana cavalry and a section of artillery -started from Bridgeport up the Sequatchie Valley. -Retarded by an incessant rain, he was in time to -see the smoke only of the burning wagons; he made -a charge and drove a detachment of the enemy’s -troops past the fire upon their main body. He followed -this Confederate division—which was commanded -vigorously by Martin and Wheeler—out -of the valley, captured a number of soldiers and -800 mules and saved some of the wagons. -Wheeler reached McMinnville in time to capture -the garrison and burn the supplies. He was off<span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">[160]</span> -toward Murfreesboro before the arrival of Crook -and his command, who had taken up the pursuit. -The Union cavalry corps, commanded by R. B. -Mitchell, with McCook’s division, joined Crook -at Murfreesboro and saved that place from capture. -They followed Wheeler so persistently -and fought him so successfully that they prevented -the destruction of the railroad, but were unable to -save the telegraph lines. Wheeler crossed back at -Rogersville to the south of the Tennessee; Mitchell -followed and captured at that point a large -amount of Confederate cotton and destroyed it. -Mitchell prevented the Confederate advance to -Winchester and Decherd after having heard at -Huntsville, Alabama, that Roddey’s Confederate -cavalry was moving towards these cities, having -been forced to recross the river. Bragg’s intention -was to destroy Rosecrans’s communications -and to force him to abandon Chattanooga. The -maintenance of the railroad back to Nashville -was of vital importance to the Union Army. -Wheeler’s loss on this raid was according to -the estimate of General Crook, 2,000 men and 6 -pieces of artillery. These fatalities made the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">[161]</span> -Confederate commander more cautious. Crook’s -loss was only 14 killed and 97 wounded. -Wheeler’s raid and the Union pursuit, are specimens -of the kind of warfare which cavalry are -expected to make, showing the terrible destruction -of men and horses, the untiring marches, and -watchfulness necessary in a field so extensive and -difficult as that of the department of Cumberland. -It would have been much more economical and -effective, if the War Department had previously -protected the railway with sufficient infantry, as it -now intended to do, than to protect it by an ordinary -force of cavalry. The Department did -adopt the plan of protecting the railway with infantry, -when Hooker came with a division; this -mode was most effectively used also in 1864.</p> - -<p>Although the railroad from Nashville to Stevenson -was being maintained and supplies were accumulated -at the latter city, yet the necessity of -hauling supplies by wagons over such an extended -and precipitous road as the one over Walden’s -Ridge, and the destruction of so many wagons by -Wheeler, told heavily on the devoted troops in the -entrenched city. The rains were heavy and continuous<span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">[162]</span> -during the early part of October, making -the roads almost impassable in some places. The -trips to Bridgeport seemed gradually to lengthen, -the mules became thinner, and so the rations had to -be reduced from time to time, until men, horses, -and mules were in very sore straits. The artillery -horses and all extra horses of mounted officers, -that had not already died from starvation, were -sent back to Bridgeport or Stevenson to be kept -there until the strain could be relieved sometime -in the indefinite future. Yet no thought of retreat -or surrender entered the minds of the devoted -soldiers. The fact that the army in the surrounding -hills was in a worse condition—too weak to -take any advantage of the situation by aggressive -movements, except those abortive cavalry raids in -the rear—undoubtedly saved the Union Army -from destruction.</p> - -<p>In the early part of October, General Hooker -arrived at Nashville with the Eleventh and -Twelfth corps. They were stationed along the -railroad to Bridgeport. The corps had come to -Nashville by railroad, but were without transportation, -therefore did not supply all the relief<span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">[163]</span> -needed at Chattanooga. What was absolutely -necessary was the restoration of rail transportation -from Stevenson to Chattanooga, and not -exclusively the protection of the railroad from the -north to Bridgeport. Sufficient reinforcements -were also needed in order to enable the Union -Army to attack and destroy or drive back the -enemy, who was in too close proximity for safety; -and therefore the first thing to be considered, after -the Union troops were properly fortified, was to -plan means by which the cooperation of these -eastern reinforcements could be made available. -In preliminary preparation for this, a steamboat -which had been captured at Chattanooga, had -been repaired and another was being built at -Bridgeport. Rosecrans ordered Hooker to bring -to Bridgeport all his command, with the exception -of what was needed to protect the railroad -from Nashville to the Tennessee River. He -started also the construction of pontoons for a -bridge, at some point over the river below Chattanooga, -where his troops might have to cross -in order to meet Hooker’s forces coming from -Bridgeport, and also in order to shorten the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">[164]</span> -road down the river. General W. F. Smith -(“Baldy Smith”) had lately been appointed -chief engineer of the Army of the Cumberland. -General Rosecrans ordered him to reconnoiter the -river near Williams’s Island, a few miles below the -points of Lookout Mountain, expecting to make of -that island a steamer landing and supply depot. -This last order was issued October 19, and on that -same day General Rosecrans was relieved from -the command of the Army; and General George -H. Thomas assumed command.</p> - -<p>Prior to this date, on October 9, a complete reorganization -of the Army of the Cumberland had -been made. Many of the regiments and brigades -had been so reduced in numbers by the late battle -and by sickness, that consolidation of brigades became -imperative. Besides, in order to maintain -efficiency in the army and proper discipline, a -weeding out among the general officers became a -necessity. Ever since the close of fighting at -Chickamauga, there had been an undercurrent of -feeling among the majority of the officers, that certain -ones, who had failed to meet the emergencies -which arose during that battle, could not continue<span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">[165]</span> -in command, without decided detriment to the future -operations of the army. In compliance with -the President’s order of September 28, the Twentieth -and Twenty-First corps were consolidated -and called the Fourth Corps. This new corps -was placed under the command of General Gordon -Granger who had particularly distinguished -himself at Chickamauga. The reserve corps was -made a part of the Fourteenth Corps. Each corps -was composed of three divisions and each division -of three brigades. The following short dispatch -sent to the Secretary of War by C. A. Dana, gives -a very concise and interesting statement of what -was done:</p> - -<p>“Fourth Corps: First Division, Palmer; First -Brigade, Cruft, nine regiments, 2,044 men; -Second Brigade, Whittaker, eight regiments, -2,035 men; Third Brigade, Colonel Grose, eight -regiments, 1,968 men. Second Division, Sheridan; -First Brigade, F. T. Sherman, ten regiments, -2,385 men; Second Brigade, Wagner, eight regiments, -2,188 men; Third Brigade, Harker, 2,026 -men. Third Division, Wood; First Brigade, -Willich, nine regiments, 2,069 men; Second<span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">[166]</span> -Brigade, Hazen, nine regiments, 2,195 men; -Third Brigade, Samuel Beatty, eight regiments, -2,222 men.</p> - -<p>“Fourteenth Corps: First Division, Rousseau; -First Brigade, Carlin, nine regiments, 2,072 men; -Second Brigade, King, four regiments of regulars -and four regiments of volunteers, 2,070 men; -Third Brigade, Starkweather, eight regiments, -2,214 men. Second Division, J. C. Davis; First -Brigade, J. D. Morgan, five regiments, 2,214 -men [this brigade had been in the reserve and -did not take part in the late battle]; Second -Brigade, John Beatty, seven regiments, 2,460 -men; Third Brigade, Daniel McCook, six regiments, -2,099 men [this brigade had few losses -in the late battle]. Third Division, Baird; -First Brigade, Turchin, seven regiments, 2,175 -men; Second Brigade, Van Derveer, seven regiments, -2,116 men; Third Brigade, Croxton, seven -regiments, 2,165 men.”</p> - -<p>Those detachments of the reserve corps -which still remained along the Nashville and -Chattanooga railroad beyond Bridgeport, were -not included. The garrison at Stevenson,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">[167]</span> -Bridgeport, and Battle Creek, under General J. D. -Morgan, as above stated, were however included. -The State of Tennessee was divided into two districts, -the northern, commanded by General Robert -S. Granger with headquarters at Nashville, and -the southern under General R. W. Johnson with -headquarters at Stevenson.</p> - -<p>General L. H. Rousseau superseded General -R. S. Granger at Nashville, in November, prior to -the battles. General Starkweather relieved -Johnson at Stevenson after the battle, the latter -having been assigned in Rousseau’s place, as commander -of the First Division of the Fourteenth -Corps.</p> - -<p>In the reorganization of the army the Wisconsin -troops were distributed as follows: The First -and Twenty-First Infantry remained in Starkweather’s -Third Brigade of the First Division of -the Fourteenth Corps; the Tenth Infantry in the -First Brigade of the same division which was -commanded by General W. P. Carlin. The -Twenty-fourth Infantry was in the First Brigade -of Sheridan’s Division, commanded by Colonel -F. T. Sherman; the Fifteenth Infantry in Willich’s<span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">[168]</span> -Brigade of Wood’s Division, of the Fourth -Corps. The Fifth Battery was attached to -Davis’s Division of the Fourteenth Corps; the -Third, Eighth and Tenth, and Company A of the -First Wisconsin Heavy Artillery were assigned -to the Second Division of the Artillery Reserve. -The Eleventh and Twelfth corps were not reorganized -prior to the battles; the Third and -Twenty-sixth Wisconsin Infantry remained in the -same organization in which they were in the Army -of the Potomac—viz.: the Third in Ruger’s -Third Brigade of the First Division (Williams’s) -of the Twelfth Corps; the Twenty-sixth in the -Second Brigade of the Third Division of the -Eleventh Corps.</p> - -<p>When General Thomas became commander of -the Army of the Cumberland, General John M. -Palmer was made commander in his place of the -Fourteenth Corps, and General Charles Cruft -was assigned to the command of the First Division -of the Fourth Corps, in place of Palmer.</p> - -<p>General James A. Garfield, chief of staff, had -been elected member of Congress from his district -in Ohio; he left in order to assume his duties and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">[169]</span> -General J. J. Reynolds had been appointed chief -of staff in his place. General John M. Brannan -was made chief of artillery. These, with General -W. F. Smith as chief engineer, greatly added -to the strength of the headquarters staff.</p> - -<p>This order of the President—which affected -these local changes in the Army of the Cumberland—was -followed by a much greater consolidation -on a very much broader scale. The Army of -the Tennessee—then in western Tennessee and -northern Mississippi—was placed under command -of General W. T. Sherman, who was on his way -with a portion of it to Chattanooga in order to -reinforce the Army of the Cumberland. The -Army of the Ohio, under General A. E. -Burnside, was at Knoxville. These three armies -had not before had a commander in -common under whose orders they could be made -to cooperate. A commander-in-chief at Washington -had so far been unable to accomplish -this very necessary cooperation. The Tennessee -River ran through the fields of operations of all the -three armies—less directly in the field of the Army -of the Tennessee—and the preceding lack of unity<span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">[170]</span> -in movements jeopardized the ultimate object of -all their campaigns, namely: the re-establishment -of the former relation between the states in rebellion -and the general government. On this account -the President established the Military Division -of the Mississippi, with Lieutenant-General -U. S. Grant in command. This was a virtual -consolidation of the three armies; their cooperation -in that wide field was henceforth perfect. -Subsequent events showed the wisdom of this order. -The Confederates never won another battle -in this department; and in fourteen months after -the organization of one command there existed no -organized Confederate force in this field, worthy -of notice. There were only detachments here -and there, like Forrest’s rangers in the early spring -of 1865, until General James H. Wilson’s cavalry -raid put an end to all resistance.</p> - -<p>After its reorganization, the Army of the -Cumberland was composed of the Fourth, -Eleventh, Twelfth, and Fourteenth corps, and -three divisions of cavalry. Had General Sheridan -been placed in command of the combined -cavalry, his subsequent career shows that its efficiency<span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">[171]</span> -would have been greatly improved; -but all the changes, that might have been beneficial, -could not be thought of at once. The -pending events in this department developed some -pre-eminent officers, who were indeed very much -needed; they became masterful factors in the -early downfall of the rebellion, both in the east -and in the west; Sheridan was one of these; others -were Grant, Thomas, and Sherman.</p> - -<p>Grant reached his new command by way of -Louisville, Kentucky, where he met the Secretary -of War, Edwin M. Stanton, who brought with -him the order of October 18, as well as General -Grant’s commission. Grant sent from Louisville -the following telegram to Thomas, “Hold Chattanooga -at all hazards. I will be there as soon as -possible. Please inform me how long your -present supplies will last, and the prospect for -keeping them up.” General Thomas answered: -“Two hundred and four thousand four hundred -and sixty-two rations in storehouses; ninety thousand -to arrive tomorrow, and all the trains were -loaded which had arrived at Bridgeport up to the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">[172]</span> -16th—probably three hundred wagons. <i>I will -hold the town till we starve.</i>”</p> - -<p>On October 19, Thomas ordered General -Hooker to carry out the former orders of General -Rosecrans, namely to concentrate his forces at -Bridgeport, in order to move them to Chattanooga.</p> - -<p>General Grant arrived at Chattanooga on the -evening of October 23, one month after the Union -troops had taken possession of the city. On the -24th he went to Brown’s Ferry in company with -Thomas and W. F. Smith, the chief engineer; -at once he recognized the necessity and possibility -of the scheme, initiated by General Rosecrans, but -conceived and planned by W. F. Smith, of placing -a pontoon bridge there and of obtaining a hold -on the south side of the river at that point, and he -ordered its execution; much had already been -done toward preparing for it. General Smith -was given full power to complete the plan. The -river at Chattanooga runs almost directly west opposite -the city, but soon it curves to the north and -then it turns to the south with quite a sharp bend -at the foot of Lookout Mountain, from where the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">[173]</span> -river runs directly north, forming a narrow and -perfect peninsula directly opposite or west of the -city. This peninsula widens slightly at its southern -end and forms a perfect shape of a human -foot; hence it is called “Moccasin Point.” -Brown’s Ferry is directly west of the city, on the -western point of the neck of this peninsula, some -miles below Lookout. It is only about a mile in -direct line to Brown’s Ferry from the northern end -of the bridge, at the foot of Cameron Hill in the -western outskirts of the city. From Brown’s -Ferry the river continues north, and passes Williams -Island; five or more miles from the ferry, -it makes another sharp turn to the south at the foot -of Walden’s Ridge; in the course of six or seven -miles from this northern bend it flows tortuously -past Kelly’s Ferry. The peninsula thus formed, -is the northern nose of Raccoon Mountain. From -Brown’s to Kelly’s Ferry is about five miles in direct -line somewhat to the southwest, and, as said -before, it is one mile across to Chattanooga. It is -about five miles from Cameron Hill bridge to -Brown’s Ferry, but from where the boats for the -Brown’s Ferry bridge subsequently started, it is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">[174]</span> -about nine miles, and to Kelly’s Ferry more than -fifteen, perhaps twenty miles. These figures -show the value to the transportation, of obtaining -unobstructed access to Kelly’s Ferry as a landing -for steamboats bringing supplies from Bridgeport -across Brown’s Ferry, when it should come into -possession of the Union Army by the advance of -Hooker, until the railroad could be repaired or -put into working order from Bridgeport to Chattanooga. -The movement of troops which accomplished -this, also, gave the army a lodgment on -the south side of the river, to meet, and assist, -Hooker’s forces coming from Bridgeport, thus -breaking the Confederate hold upon the river road -to Bridgeport. Under General Smith’s orders -and supervision, the plans were successfully carried -out. Two flatboats and fifty pontoons, with -cars, were prepared. In these, 1,500 men under -Hazen passed down the river nine miles, and close -to the Confederate pickets. They were to land -at different points in sections, the places having -been pointed out previously to the officers in command. -On account of the darkness fires were -kept burning opposite these places, so that the different<span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">[175]</span> -sections could land at the proper points. -The remainder of Turchin’s and Hazen’s -brigades—from which the men in the boats were -taken—and their batteries, were marched across -the peninsula, and posted out of sight in the -woods, near Brown’s Ferry on the north side of -the river.</p> - -<p>The infantry troops were to cross in the boats, -as soon as the men under Hazen landed on the -south side, and recross to the north side. The artillery -was to move into position as soon as the -boats landed, in order to cover a retreat in case of -disaster. The equipment for the pontoon bridge -was also in place and ready for use. The boats -commenced to float at 3 a. m. October 27, and -they were not discovered by the enemy until 5 -a. m., when the first section had landed; a portion -of the second section, which did not land in the -proper place, was fired on by the enemy’s picket, -calling forth an attack by the picket-reserve of the -enemy. But the Union troops on the north side -of the ferry crossed rapidly in the boats, pushed -forward to the top of the ridge, and in two hours -they protected themselves sufficiently with timber<span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">[176]</span> -and abatis to hold the <i>tête de pont</i>. On the 27th -the bridge was completed at 4:30 p. m.; the work -was done under some shelling from Lookout -Point. Captain P. V. Fox of the First Michigan -Engineers was the skillful superintendent of -the bridge building. Twenty beeves, six pontoons, -a barge and about 2,000 bushels of corn fell -into the hands of the Union troops. The Union -loss was 6 killed, 23 wounded, and 9 missing. -Six prisoners were taken from the Confederates -and 6 were killed; how many were wounded is -not known. While the bridge was being laid, -General Hooker crossed the river at Bridgeport on -a pontoon bridge, and was marching up towards -Chattanooga. At 3 p. m. on the 28th, his head -of column reached Wauhatchie, in Lookout Valley, -at the junction of the railroad from Bridgeport, -with the branch from Trenton up the valley. -The wagon road from here to Brown’s -Ferry runs about four miles, along the western -base of a ridge, which here and there has deep -depressions; through one of these the railroad -continued to Chattanooga, around the nose of -Lookout, close to the river; through another the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">[177]</span> -wagon road runs. General Hooker had with him -Howard’s Eleventh Corps, and Geary’s division -of the Twelfth, with the exception of one regiment -left at the bridge at Bridgeport, one at Whiteside’s -and one at Shellmound; the latter two -places being on the railroad between Bridgeport -and Chattanooga.</p> - -<p>The First Division of the Twelfth Corps, -(Williams), had been left to guard the railroad -from Murfreesboro to Bridgeport. In Ruger’s -brigade of this division was the Third Wisconsin -Infantry, commanded by Colonel William Hawley. -This regiment had been mustered into the -service on June 29, 1861, and had been serving -with the Army of the Potomac since that date -until now, when it became a part of the Army of -the Cumberland. In the Second Brigade of the -Third Division, (Schurz) of the Eleventh Corps -was the Twenty-sixth Wisconsin Infantry, commanded -by Captain Frederick C. Winkler, who -was appointed Major November 17, 1863. It -was exclusively a German regiment, and was -mustered in at Milwaukee on August 17, 1862. -On the following October 6, it left Wisconsin for<span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">[178]</span> -the Army of the Potomac, in which it served until -it became a part of the Eleventh Corps under -Howard and Hooker of the Army of the Cumberland.</p> - -<p>Hooker’s advance troops, under General Howard, -camped that night within a mile or so of -Brown’s Ferry, where they opened communication -with the troops there. Geary’s division was -in the rear and camped near Wauhatchie, three -miles from Howard’s troops; thus the road -from Wauhatchie to Kelly’s Ferry—three miles -to the northwest of Wauhatchie—was controlled. -About 1 a. m. on the 29th, Geary was -heavily attacked by a part of Longstreet’s troops, -but not before he had his division in line for defense. -Howard was ordered to double quick his -nearest division, under command of General Carl -Schurz, to Geary’s relief. Before proceeding far, -it was fired upon from the near hills on the division’s -left, but at long range. The firing produced -no great injury to Schurz’s troops. Howard -detached one brigade to deploy on these hills, -and pushed on with the other; in the meantime -Steinwehr’s division, also of Howard’s, came up.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">[179]</span> -Then it was discovered that another hill, in the -rear of Schurz was also occupied by the enemy. -Smith’s brigade charged it and carried it with the -bayonet against three times its number.</p> - -<p>Hooker says, “No troops ever rendered more -brilliant service. The name of their valiant commander -is Colonel Orlando Smith of the Seventy-third -Ohio Infantry. * * * For almost -three hours, without assistance Geary repelled the -repeated attacks of vastly superior numbers, and in -the end drove them ingloriously from the field.” -Thus the Lookout Valley was secured, and -new communications were opened. The loss to -General Hooker’s command was 416. Longstreet -practically conceded that the Union commander -had succeeded in opening this new line of -communication, but spoke lightly of it. Whittaker’s -and John G. Mitchell’s brigades were subsequently -moved over to this region. The steamboat -at Chattanooga passed down on the night of -the 28th; thereafter two steamboats (one had been -built at Bridgeport), made regular trips with supplies -from Bridgeport to Kelly’s Ferry. Good -roads were made from Chattanooga via Brown’s<span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">[180]</span> -to Kelly’s Ferry and the railroad from Bridgeport -towards the east was being repaired. There was -no shortage of rations or forage after these rapid -preparations were commenced to attack the enemy -in his strong positions around the city. Hope and -confidence had always inspired the Army of the -Cumberland; the rank and file had never -despaired; now, they took the lead in anticipating -that the end was in sight; success in battle depends -very much on the condition of the human body and -the enthusiasm of the spirit.</p> - -<p>The feeble and ineffectual efforts of Longstreet -to prevent the opening of the river, and the -advance of Hooker’s troops, opened the eyes of -all the general officers of the Army of the Cumberland -to the weakness of the Confederate Army, -both in the ranks and among the officers. General -Longstreet, in his official report of the battle -of Wauhatchie, attributes his defeat to the jealousy -of brigade officers.<a id="FNanchor_35" href="#Footnote_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> The Confederate -troops, making the attack on General Geary, were -withdrawn from the east side of Lookout, but -they returned immediately before daylight on the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">[181]</span> -night of the attack. General Longstreet gave -reasons for this action; he showed that it was not -good military tactics to keep a large force on that -side of the mountain, where its only line of retreat -was around the slope of Lookout; if it were defeated, -it would be exposed to the fire of the -Union troops at and opposite Chattanooga. -These reasons were sound and foreshadowed the -ease with which Hooker’s forces, on November -24, drove the enemy so easily and captured Lookout -Mountain. It was after this defeat, that -Bragg (for reasons unknown), sent Longstreet’s -Corps toward Knoxville to assist in defeating -Burnside. Bragg hoped that it could be returned -in time to assist in the battle, that he knew must be -fought at Chattanooga. Longstreet took with -him the two divisions of McLaws and Hood, and -Alexander’s cavalry. Wheeler’s cavalry passed -him on the road; it was supposed to do certain -things that it failed to do. Longstreet recommended -that Bragg’s army should be drawn back -in a strong position behind the Chickamauga, after -the departure of Longstreet’s troops in November; -his reason for this recommendation was, that in its<span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">[182]</span> -present position it could be reached in twenty minutes -by the Union Army. Bragg seemed to be -blind, however, to the events so rapidly transpiring -in Chattanooga; he did not seem to realize that -the troops Longstreet had fought at Wauhatchie, -were reinforcements from the East to the Union -Army.</p> - -<p>In the meantime the Confederate batteries on -Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge sent an -occasional artillery shot into the Union lines. -The pickets of the two armies held their lines -close to each other in the valley and watched each -other’s movements, firing whenever a soldier on -his beat became visible. There being no good -reason for this desultory and ineffectual warfare, -an agreement was finally reached, that the pickets -should fire only when advances of troops became -apparent; henceforth, an officer could with impunity -ride along the picket line in plain view of -the opposite pickets.</p> - -<p>As soon as Grant became aware of Longstreet’s -departure for East Tennessee, he prepared for an -attack on Bragg’s army in order to keep him from -detaching more troops against Burnside and to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">[183]</span> -compel him to return those already sent. He ordered -General Thomas to assault the north end of -Missionary Ridge; the order was given November -7; but on account of the utter lack of animals—caused -not only by the great loss in the recent -battles, but also by the death of a large number -from starvation since the occupation of the city—it -was finally decided by Grant, Thomas, and -Smith, that nothing but a defensive attitude would -be feasible until General Sherman’s forces could -arrive. The necessity for aggressive operations, -on account of Bragg’s boldness in taking such a -desperate chance as to send a large force commanded -by his ablest general away from his weak -little army, increased the activity of the Union -Army in its preparation for battle, and thus was -opened a way for the relief of Burnside; the -hope was that he could hold out until help arrived.</p> - -<p>It is to be presumed, that Bragg had implicit -confidence that the Union Army would not dare -to attack such a strong position as Bragg’s army -then held. General Grant at once wrote the -facts of the situation to Burnside and urged him<span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">[184]</span> -to maintain his attitude at Knoxville, until a -battle could be fought at Chattanooga and a detachment -sent to his assistance. Not waiting for -Sherman, he formulated his plans; and thus knew -before the latter’s arrival, just where he should -place Sherman, what his part of the attack should -be, and that he should march immediately on his -approach directly to the north end of Missionary -Ridge. Grant planned furthermore that Hooker -should attack Lookout Mountain from his position -in Lookout Valley; the one should attack the right -of the Confederate Army and the other the left. -Sherman arrived at Bridgeport, with his leading -division, on November 15. Arriving at Chattanooga -ahead of his troops, he with Grant, Thomas, -and Smith, looked over the entire situation and -learned how, and by what route, he could reach his -point of attack. It had become apparent to the -Union commanders, that Bragg’s line did not reach -the immediate river hills, at the north end of Missionary -Ridge, but was deflected to the east, along -the third hill to the south of the river, with a deep -depression between it and the next hill to the -north. This made necessary a much stronger<span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">[185]</span> -position than the supposed location at Bragg’s right -flank, and stronger forces and dispositions were -needed. Grant announced his plan to his generals -on the 18th and expected the attacks could be -made on the 21st; a rain storm delayed, however, -the arrival of Sherman’s troops. When they did -arrive at Brown’s Ferry the high water had broken -the bridge, which delayed the crossing. When the -bridge was repaired, Sherman crossed it in plain -view of the enemy’s signal station on the point of -Lookout Mountain; he marched into the woods -behind a series of hills on the north side of the -river; these hills concealed his march all the -way to the mouth of Chickamauga Creek, where -Davis’s division of the Fourteenth Corps had been -placed to cover his movement, and to protect the -bridge there, after Sherman’s troops had again -crossed to the south side. The crossing at the -Chickamauga was also protected by artillery, -placed on the heights north of the river. After -crossing at the mouth of the Chickamauga, Sherman -was to follow Missionary Ridge as far as the -railroad tunnel. This seemed to be the principal -point of attack; the plan further contemplated<span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">[186]</span> -that all the forces available should be converged -toward General Sherman’s position. Therefore -Howard’s Eleventh Corps was taken from Hooker’s -position and replaced by Whittaker’s and -Grose’s brigades of the Fourth Corps; the Eleventh -Corps was placed on the left of the Army of -the Cumberland south of the river, looking towards -Sherman’s position perhaps four miles further -east. Thomas was to cooperate by moving -his troops to his left, so that he could join -with Sherman’s right, when the latter should push -the Confederate forces back to the tunnel. The -combined forces should then advance against the -enemy, with the object in view of sweeping the -Confederate Army into the south Chickamauga -Creek, which runs on the opposite side of Missionary -Ridge. General Hooker was to hold -Lookout Valley with Geary’s division and the two -brigades of Whittaker and Grose, and Howard’s -corps was to be in readiness to act with either Sherman -or Thomas, as circumstances should dictate. -The plan was a fine one, because, if that flank -could be defeated, the Confederate line of retreat -could be easily cut off.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_187">[187]</span>Colonel Long with his brigade of cavalry -moved to Sherman’s left. When Sherman should -sweep the ridge, he was ordered to cross the Chickamauga -and raid the rear of the Confederate -Army. This attack was to begin on the 22nd, but -was postponed on account of the fact that two of -Sherman’s divisions had not been able to cross -Brown’s Ferry bridge, on account of a break. To -avoid any further delay, Thomas suggested that -Howard’s Corps be sent to General Sherman in -place of the two delayed divisions, and that the -latter be ordered to report to General Hooker, -whose combined forces should immediately attack -Lookout Mountain in order to divert the attention -of the enemy from Sherman’s contemplated attack; -this suggestion was in part approved by General -Grant.</p> - -<p>A singular thing happened on November 22. -General Ewing’s division of Sherman’s troops had -come into Lookout Valley at Trenton from -Bridgeport; Bragg’s rear was thus threatened. -The movement of some of Bragg’s troops to -avert this calamity together with the former withdrawal -of Longstreet’s Corps for Knoxville, produced<span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">[188]</span> -the impression in the Confederate Army, -that the whole was going to fall back. Deserters -who came into the Union line reported -this impression. Bragg also notified the Union -commander to remove all non-combatants from -the city; this was on the 20th. General Grant -ordered Thomas to make a reconnoisance in -front of Chattanooga in order to test the truth -of this report, and to find out whether Bragg -was really falling back, and if so, Thomas -should prevent him from doing it undisturbed. -The Army of the Cumberland was nearest to -the enemy and in readiness to do this with the -most celerity. It seems that General Bragg had -such confidence in the strength of his position -on the top of Missionary Ridge, about 500 feet -high, that he was willing not only to send -away Longstreet, but actually started other forces -to follow him. The latter he recalled, however, -in time to take part in the battle. He supposed, -and with good reason, that Missionary Ridge -could not be taken by assault; and even if Lookout -should become untenable on account of the -capture of the valley of Chattanooga, he would<span class="pagenum" id="Page_189">[189]</span> -be safe in his entrenchments on Missionary Ridge. -This must have been his conclusion, and he must -have known that the Army of the Cumberland -was receiving considerable reinforcements. -Bragg’s lines were altogether too long. When -the object of holding Lookout Mountain no -longer existed, after the reopening of the river and -railroad route to Bridgeport, he should have withdrawn -from there and from Chattanooga Valley; -he should either have concentrated on Missionary -Ridge or taken Longstreet’s advice and fallen -back to Dalton, behind the second ridge, southeast -of Chattanooga, where he was finally driven.</p> - -<p>Fortunately for the success of the Union movements, -Bragg did not do the things that an abler -general would have done. He stood stolidly in -his original line along its whole length until the opening -of the battle of Missionary Ridge. It has -been stated, that Bragg expected Grant when -he discovered the departure of Longstreet for East -Tennessee, would send forces to support Burnside.</p> - -<p>In pursuance of the order to make a reconnoisance, -Thomas ordered Granger, who commanded -the Fourth Corps, to advance a division of his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">[190]</span> -corps towards Orchard Knob November 23, about -noon. This elevation of land is located about -half way between the city and Missionary Ridge, -at the left of Thomas’s line. Between the Union -line and this knob was a growth of trees and -bushes. These concealed the formation of the -troops for a while only from the enemy. Wood’s -division was deployed in front of Fort Wood. -Sheridan’s division formed next on the right and -rear of Wood. Howard’s Corps was massed in the -rear of these two divisions. General Baird’s division -fell, in echelon, at the right of Sheridan. -General Johnson’s division (formerly Rousseau’s) -of the Fourteenth Corps stood with arms in the -entrenchments, ready to move in any direction. -This really placed the latter in echelon with Baird. -It is said the enemy looked upon these movements -as a parade for display or to obtain wood for fires, -when seeing them from the top of Missionary -Ridge. The Confederates had a line of rifle-pits -along the base of Orchard Knob, following Citico -Creek for a mile or more.</p> - -<p>With Willich’s and Hazen’s brigades in front -and Beatty’s in reserve, General Wood moved<span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">[191]</span> -forward about 2 p. m. His troops pushed back -easily whatever was in their front. Willich struck -Orchard Knob squarely on his front, and soon captured -it, clearing it of the enemy’s lines. Hazen -met more resistance from the Confederates who -were perhaps more numerous or better fighters, although -the hill he attacked was not so high as Orchard -Knob. He carried the hill, however, and -captured the Twenty-eighth Alabama Regiment -and its flag. This advanced line gave a good -position for further advances, and was held; -the rest of the troops on the right moving up -to and extending the line far to the right. General -Wood fortified his line over Orchard Knob, and -General Howard formed his corps on its left. -The summit of this Knob gave a splendid outlook -over the field between it and Missionary Ridge, -and gave a fine view of the ridge itself. It afforded -an opportunity for Grant and Thomas to -view later on the whole subsequent movements -against the enemy. General Wood lost 125 men -killed and wounded in this battle of Orchard -Knob. The Fifteenth Wisconsin of Willich’s -brigade took part in this engagement; its losses<span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">[192]</span> -were not reported until after the battle of the 25th, -when its commander reported 6 men slightly -wounded in both engagements. Wood occupied -this position until 3:15 p. m. on the 25th, when he -moved forward with the rest of the army to the -assault on Missionary Ridge. Bridge’s Illinois -Battery occupied an epaulment in Wood’s line on -Orchard Knob.</p> - -<p>The taking of Orchard Knob had a most important -bearing on the attack that General Hooker -made on Lookout Mountain the next day. It -caused Bragg to withdraw Walker’s division from -that point to strengthen his right, which Bragg -thought to be menaced by this advance to Orchard -Knob. These troops prolonged Bragg’s line towards -Sherman’s front but did not reach it. The -Confederate general, Stevenson, signalled from -the top of Lookout to Bragg that night that if an attack -was intended by Grant, it would be delivered -on Lookout Mountain. This is what actually occurred. -Another of Sherman’s divisions crossed -Brown’s Ferry on the 23rd; the bridge was again -broken, however, leaving Osterhaus’s division still -on the left bank. This gave General Sherman<span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">[193]</span> -only three divisions besides General Davis’s of the -Fourteenth Corps, with which to operate at the -designated place on Missionary Ridge. General -Thomas informed General Hooker of the proximity -of Osterhaus’s troops and directed, that if they -did not get over to Sherman, he should have them -join him and “take the point of Lookout Mountain.” -This division was at that time in command -of General Charles R. Woods, one of its brigade -commanders. How sagacious was General -Thomas in seeing immediately the advantage that -should be taken of a mere accident, like the -breaking of a pontoon bridge! It looks as though -Thomas had made this suggestion to Hooker, -without having beforehand a distinct understanding -with General Grant; for he told General -Hooker later, that Grant still hoped Woods’s (Osterhaus’s) -division could cross in time to participate -in Sherman’s movement, but if it could not -the mountain should be taken if practicable. -Hooker, finding that there was little possibility of -the bridge being quickly repaired, made preparations -for the advance against the mountain. It will -be observed further on, that this accident resulted<span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">[194]</span> -in modifying the original plans very materially, as -the taking of Orchard Knob had already done. -The left of Bragg’s line was turned, but not his -right; this movement was a result of the accidents -to the Brown’s Ferry pontoon bridge. General -Grant showed his broad mind in this affair as well -as in other changes he made in his original plan, -at a later date.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i219.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Chattanooga and Vicinity, November, 1863</span><br /> -Adapted from Fiske’s <i>The Mississippi Valley in the Civil War</i>, p. 288</p> - -<h3>THE BATTLE OF LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN</h3> - -<p>At 4 p. m. on November 24, 1863, one of the -most spectacular battles of the war commenced. -General Hooker’s force consisted of the following: -Osterhaus’s division of the Fifteenth Corps, -Cruft’s (formerly Palmer’s) of the Fourth; -Geary’s of the Twelfth—with the exception -of such regiments from the last two divisions -as were required to protect the communications -with Bridgeport and Kelly’s Ferry; battery K of -the First Ohio, and battery I of the First New -York of the Eleventh Corps, having sufficient -horses for but one battery; a part of the Second -Kentucky Cavalry, and Company K of the Fifteenth -Illinois Cavalry. The aggregate number<span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">[195]</span> -of this force was 9,681. The foregoing statement -of the forces is taken from General Hooker’s official -report<a id="FNanchor_36" href="#Footnote_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a>, which is remarkably well written, -clear in statement and full of essential facts. “At -this time the enemy’s pickets formed a continuous -line along the right bank of Lookout Creek, with -the reserves in the valley, while his main force was -encamped in a hollow half way up the slope of -the mountain. The summit itself was held by -three brigades of Stevenson’s division, and those -were comparatively safe, as the only means of access -from the next [that is, from the valley in -which Hooker’s troops were located] for a distance -of 20 miles up the valley was by two or -three trails, admitting to the passage of but 1 -man at a time; and even these trails were held at -the top by rebel pickets.”</p> - -<p>The top of Lookout Mountain at this point consists -of a perpendicular crest, or palisade of rocks -which rises out of the main body of the mountain -about a hundred feet. From the foot of this crest -the mountain slopes by a gradual descent but with -a very broken surface on all sides to the valleys on<span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">[196]</span> -the east, west, and to the river on the north. An -army could operate on this slope only below -the crest, from the west to the east, or on the side -of Chattanooga, around the northern slope, under -the crest. Hooker’s army did not cross the top of -the crest; but by taking the slope, the Confederate -troops occupying the top, were forced to retreat -by the only wagon road reaching to the top on the -Chattanooga side. The slope on that side -is less precipitous than on the west side where -Hooker was. At the foot of the slope on -the Chattanooga side flows the Chattanooga Creek -and on the west side Lookout Creek, both flowing -north, practically parallel with the trend of the -mountain, and emptying into the Tennessee River, -which runs west at the foot of the northern slope. -Hooker continues his report as follows: “On the -northern slope midway between the summit and -the Tennessee, a plateau or belt of arable land, -encircles the crest. There, a continuous line of -earth-works had been thrown up, while redoubts, -redans, and pits appeared lower down the slope -to repel an assault from the direction of the river.”</p> - -<p>Geary commenced his movements as instructed,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">[197]</span> -crossed the creek at 8 o’clock a. m., “captured the -entire picket of 42 men posted to defend it, marched -directly up the mountain until his right rested -on the palisades, and headed down the valley.” -The Confederate Walthall was in command of -the troops immediately opposed to Geary, and -Moore’s brigade near the Craven house on the eastern, -or northeastern slope. General Stevenson was -there in command of all the Confederate troops on -the mountain. He placed sharpshooters along -the western edge of the crest, and wherever there -was depression enough, the artillery by raising the -trails of the gun carriages did some execution -until Geary’s troops reached the foot of the -palisades. The Confederate troops located on -the western slope, moved into position, facing -Lookout Creek, in order to prevent the Union -troops crossing at the bridge; but this disposition -subjected them to a flank enfilading fire from -Geary’s troops. The other Union troops moved -up the Creek, crossed behind Geary’s line, and -joined on his left. The batteries had been -placed on elevated points, so as to enfilade the -route by which the enemy had to march down<span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">[198]</span> -the slope, and on other points, by which the Confederates -had to retreat if they were driven back. -The Union line advanced, the artillery opened. -The rout of the enemy was complete, many prisoners -were taken, and many were killed and -wounded. At noon when Geary’s advance -rounded the northern slope, his flags were plainly -visible from Chattanooga. There had been a fog -all morning, which greatly favored Hooker’s -movements, preventing the Confederates on top of -the crest from directing their shots satisfactorily. -As the Union flags appeared on the sky line of the -northern slope, and were visible at Chattanooga, -this fog settled down upon the lower stretches -of the slope and revealed the Confederate lines -badly broken and in flight with the compact -ranks of the Union soldiers triumphantly advancing -with flags flying and muskets glistening -in the sun. It was a glorious sight to the Union -troops, then in line in front of the works at Chattanooga. -The picture presented was a “battle -above the clouds,” for the fog obscured all that -part of the mountain which was below the conquering -lines of Hooker. General Stevenson says<span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">[199]</span> -in his report, with regard to this affair: “Finding -that the fog was becoming so dense that the troops -on the northern part of the mountain [meaning -Pettus’s brigade on the crest] could not see the -enemy moving upon Walthall, I gave orders for -Pettus with my only disposable force to move -down and report to Brigadier-General Jackson. -He started at 12:30 o’clock and reached the -scene of action a little past 1 o’clock. * * * -This position was held by Moore, Walthall, and -Pettus until about 8 p. m.”<a id="FNanchor_37" href="#Footnote_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></p> - -<p>Stevenson had six brigades in his command; -four of these took part in the fight on the mountain, -the other two were placed between Chattanooga -Creek and the road up the slope, in order to guard -the line of retreat on the east side of the mountain -against any advance from Chattanooga. Stevenson -reports, that he lost only 380 in his three -brigades; he does not state the number of troops -he had on the mountain. Hooker rested at -2 o’clock p. m. after passing the point. The -settling down of the fog shut off his view of the -Chattanooga Valley and prevented his seeing<span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">[200]</span> -sufficiently the topography to justify him in advancing -down into the valley that same evening. -He formed his lines on the eastern slope; his right -was at the palisades, and his left was near the -mouth of Chattanooga Creek. This line he -fortified, and reported the fact to the department -commander. In this position he enfiladed the -enemy’s line in the Chattanooga Valley, and also -had communication across the mouth of the creek -with the Union forces in the city. At 5:15 p. m. -General Carlin’s brigade of Johnson’s division of -the Fourteenth Corps, reported to General Hooker -after having crossed the mouth of the creek by -ferry; he was placed on the right of the line relieving -Geary’s troops, which were almost exhausted -with fatigue. During the night the -enemy withdrew entirely, leaving behind 20,000 -rations, and the camp and garrison equipage of -three brigades. General Thomas reported, that -Hooker captured 500 or 600 prisoners. The -Eighth Kentucky Infantry scaled the crest about -daylight on the 25th and hoisted the United States -flag amid wild and prolonged cheers from the -whole army.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">[201]</span>At ten o’clock a. m. on the 25th, leaving two -regiments to hold the mountain, Hooker started -towards Rossville, across Chattanooga Creek and -the valley, with Osterhaus’s division of the Fifteenth -Corps in the lead. Thus the left of the -Confederate Army was completely turned, while -the right still held its own. Hooker was too far -from the Confederate line of retreat to menace it. -To have turned the right first would have been -better. Hooker was delayed four hours by a destroyed -bridge in crossing Chattanooga Creek. -The Tenth Wisconsin Infantry of Carlin’s -brigade of Johnson’s division of the Fourteenth -Corps participated in this engagement; it was -detached from the brigade, and held a fort south -of the Crutchfield house on the east side of the -mountain; its losses were not reported.</p> - -<p>While these operations were occurring on Lookout -Mountain under the command of Hooker, -Sherman advanced across the Tennessee River -at the mouth of the Chickamauga with three -divisions of the Army of the Tennessee, and -one division (Davis’s) of the Army of the Cumberland, -on the morning of the 24th, against the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">[202]</span> -other or extreme right wing of the Confederate -line on Missionary Ridge. He advanced and -formed his lines on the north end of the ridge; a -brigade of Howard’s Corps moved to the left at 9 -a. m. on the same day and communicated with -Sherman about noon. Later Howard joined -Sherman with his two divisions and formed on his -right. Carlin’s brigade rejoined his division on -the 25th, which was then in the valley half way to -Missionary Ridge and on the right of Thomas’s -line. Palmer’s and Granger’s corps were held in -readiness by Thomas to advance to the foot of the -ridge, as soon as Hooker should get into position -at Rossville. It was after 2 p. m. that General -Hooker effected a crossing of Chattanooga Creek -and advanced as above stated. At noon General -Sherman was heavily engaged with the enemy in -his position, and finding it to be very strong was -not making any headway against it. General -Baird was, therefore, ordered to march his division -within supporting distance of Sherman, and to -move promptly.</p> - -<p>He reported to Sherman, but the latter told -him he could not find room for him and could not<span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">[203]</span> -make use of his troops. General Baird marched -back a distance of about two miles, and arrived -at the left of General Thomas’s line at 2:30 p. m.; -he was ordered to fall in on the left of Wood, the -left division of Grangers Fourth Corps.</p> - -<p>It will be well at this time to take a rapid view -of the entire lines of the Union and the Confederate -armies, as they stood facing each other, arms -in hand, at 3 o’clock p. m. on November 25, 1863, -just before they grappled in a struggle for -life and death, and for the permanent possession -of the stronghold of the Middle West. So many -changes having occurred in the previous three or -four days in the Union Army, and equally as -many and more important changes occurring on the -Confederate side, makes it necessary to pause, just -before describing the great spectacular battle of -Missionary Ridge, and try to get at least a bird’s-eye -view of the position of the numerous divisions -and corps.</p> - -<p>General Osterhaus had again taken command -of his own division, relieving General Charles R. -Woods; General Cruft, and General Geary -were near enough with their troops to the ridge at<span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">[204]</span> -Rossville to form the extreme right of the Union -line. There was an interval between Geary’s left -and Johnson’s right, where Carlin stood after -coming from Lookout. Johnson had only two -brigades, Carlin on the right, and Stoughton -(John H. King’s successor) on the left; Starkweather -had been left in the works around the -city. Hooker’s and Thomas’s troops were without -reserves. Sheridan’s three brigades, F. T. Sherman’s, -Harkers’s and Wagner’s were next to the -left of Johnson; then Wood’s three brigades, Hazen’s, -Willich’s, and Beatty’s; the latter appeared -in two lines, being the last in Thomas’s -section, and forming the left flank of the line; and -then Baird’s three brigades, Turchin’s, Van Derveer’s -and Phelps’s.</p> - -<p>A mile and a half to the left of General -Thomas’s line lay Sherman’s right flank, with no -troops in the interval. The latter’s line was composed -from right to left of the following brigades, -viz.: Buschbeck’s, Ewing’s Matthies’s, Corse’s -and A. Smith’s; Raum, was behind Matthies, -and two brigades of J. E. Smith’s were in reserve -behind the centre. Behind this line, a half mile<span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">[205]</span> -in the fortified line lay from left to right the -brigades of Loomis, Cockerill, Alexander, and -Lightburn, and Schurz’s division. Sherman thus -had six divisions. The Confederate line from -its right, which faced Sherman, was as follows -by divisions: Cleburne, Stevenson, Gist, Cheatham, -Anderson, Bate, and Stewart. Stewart -held the left of Bragg’s line, and his troops were -the first to encounter those of Hooker on their way -to Rossville from Lookout Mountain. General -Hardee commanded the right wing, consisting of -the following four divisions: Cheatham, Cleburne, -Stevenson, and Walker; General Breckenridge -was in charge of the left wing, which -was composed of Bate, Stewart, and Anderson. -Cheatham’s division faced Baird, Anderson’s -Wood; Bate’s Sheridan, and Stewart’s -Johnson. Cleburne’s division reached the front -of Sherman’s line on the afternoon of the 24th -while marching from the Confederates’ left. -Before the fight of the 25th occurred, Cheatham’s, -Stevenson’s, and Walker’s divisions had prolonged -Bragg’s line to within three-quarters of a -mile of the tunnel; Smith’s brigade of Cleburne’s<span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">[206]</span> -division held Tunnel Hill on the 25th -against Sherman; the rest of the division was not -heavily engaged, but it had the assistance of -Brown’s and Cumming’s brigades of Stevenson’s -division, and Maney’s of Walker’s. Tunnel -Hill was not captured by Sherman’s troops until -after the retreat of these Confederate forces on the -evening of the 25th, the result of the successful assault -in the centre by Thomas.</p> - -<p>The whole Confederate line on the left across -the Chattanooga Valley was abandoned; Stewart -withdrew to the top of the ridge before -Hooker reached Rossville. It must be noticed, -that General Thomas’s line in the centre, contained -only four divisions of the Army of the -Cumberland, namely two of the Fourth Corps, -and two of the Fourteenth; one division (Davis’s) -of the Fourteenth Corps was with Sherman on -the left, and one (Cruft’s) was with Hooker on -the right. Hooker had three divisions and Sherman -six.</p> - -<p>Starkweather’s brigade of Johnson’s division -was left to hold the original works around Chattanooga; -and did so during the assault of the rest of -the troops upon Missionary Ridge.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">[207]</span>At 1 p. m. on the 12th, C. A. Dana, Assistant -Secretary of War, who was in Chattanooga, sent -this dispatch to the Secretary of War at Washington, -“In our front here [meaning Thomas’s -front], Confederate rifle-pits are fully manned, -preventing Thomas gaining ridge.” At 4:30 -p. m. he sent another dispatch showing how misleading -the former dispatch was: “Glory to -God. The day is decisively ours. Missionary -Ridge has just been carried by a magnificent -charge of Thomas’s troops, and rebels routed.” -The reader must not lay much stress on the time -given, at which the various movements were made; -this is a mere guess in most instances. Seldom -did an officer think of looking at his watch, at the -moment any orders were given to make an important -movement. The original Army of the Cumberland, -referred to by Dana, were the troops -General Grant thought would not fight, because -they had been so roughly handled at Chickamauga.<a id="FNanchor_38" href="#Footnote_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> -It was quite a natural conclusion. -The entire Union Army was in line at about<span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">[208]</span> -3:30 p. m., ready for any commands which -might be given by Grant, Thomas, Sherman and -Hooker. The array of soldiers in the Union -ranks from the three armies, those of the Potomac, -the Cumberland, and the Tennessee, was formidable, -commanded by such heroes as Grant, -Thomas, Sherman, Hooker, Sheridan, and Howard. -Thomas’s four divisions had about 18,000 -in rank and file, Hooker’s about 9,000, and Sherman’s -about 24,000.</p> - -<p>It is not likely that Bragg had more than -30,000; but his position was sufficiently strong to -almost equal Grant’s advantage in numbers. The -Confederate Army was concentrated on a 500 feet -ridge, which had a very steep and rough surface, -sloping towards the Union lines at an angle of -about forty-five degrees. This ridge had a -fortified line on the top, manned by veteran infantry -and artillery, and a thinner line of infantry -at its foot in a series of deep rifle-pits; in -front of the latter was a swarm of skirmishers. -The army was still in command of Braxton -Bragg, a commander of great experience; and of -two wing commanders, Hardee a veteran of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_209">[209]</span> -old regular army, and Breckenridge a former vice-president -of the United States. Its division commanders -were, as a rule, soldiers of the old -regular United States Army, and were very -capable officers. That army had two months before -(or thought it had) won the battle of Chickamauga, -and it was now fighting—at least in the -centre where Thomas’s troops faced them—the -same troops they claimed to have defeated a short -time ago. It had every advantage of position -at this time, and it had success in the past to fire the -hearts of its soldiers, and arouse in them confidence -in their ability to hurl back their old foe, -who had the audacity to assault so formidable a -stronghold.</p> - -<p>Standing on any of the Union forts at Chattanooga, -especially on Fort Negley or Fort Wood, -or better still on Orchard Knob, where Grant and -Thomas remained during the 25th, one would -have not only a rear view of the Union Army as it -stood, but also a front view of most of the Confederate -force. From the top of Missionary -Ridge, where Bragg had his headquarters, the -whole panorama was magnificent. The lines of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_210">[210]</span> -blue, and their array of glittering muskets, could -be seen from there in front. The backs of the -troops were turned on Chattanooga. “Their -faces were to the foe.” Bragg had a view of -them which Grant and Thomas missed, and if -he could have had an hour undisturbed by -the conflicting emotions aroused in him by the -pending conflict, if he could have watched -through his field-glass the valorous mien, the -confident air, and the evident determination of -these veteran soldiers, to “feed fat the ancient -grudge” against the old foes they had met at -Mill Springs, Perryville, Stone’s River, and -Chickamauga, he would surely have read in these -characteristics the doom of the defeat which -an hour later overwhelmed him and his little army, -and from which it never sufficiently recovered to -win another battle. Had he been half as much of -a philosopher, as he was a soldier, he would have -foreseen, what afterwards was expressed by one of -his ablest generals (D. H. Hill), that the holding -of Chattanooga “sealed the fate of the confederacy.”</p> - -<p>The living, moving lines of soldiers, presented<span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">[211]</span> -to the view of the two opposing commanders, stationed -at vantage points above the valley in which -the Union Army was then formed, although a -most interesting picture, was more impressive because -of its background of magnificent mountains, -rivers, and hills. On the west rose great Lookout -Mountain, 1,500 feet above the level of the valley; -while across the valley, east of Lookout, -Missionary Ridge stretched from the north to the -South, rising 500 feet and crowned by the lines -of grey soldiers, every movement of whom could -be seen from Orchard Knob.</p> - -<p>General Grant’s most excellent plan on the 24th -was that Thomas’s troops should bear to the left, -join with the right of Sherman after his forces -had advanced to the tunnel, through which the -railroad from Chattanooga to East Tennessee -ran, and together they should make an assault with -the whole union line. Thomas’s troops were in -line until 3:30 p. m. on the 25th, waiting for -Sherman to capture the hill over the tunnel. -General Sherman had begun the fight early in the -morning of the 25th by advancing Corse’s brigade; -the latter moved down the southern slope of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">[212]</span> -second hill which had been gained the day before, -and under a galling fire advanced against Cleburne’s -fortified position. This position was very -strong, however, and Corse could not drive the -enemy from the hill. Then other brigades were -brought up, but they did not succeed in loosening -Cleburne’s firm hold. General Grant observing -this from Orchard Knob sent the rest of Howard’s -Corps to Sherman’s aid at 10 a. m. Howard -had two divisions, Steinwehr’s and Schurz’s. -It was evident, that Bragg endeavored most -vigorously to keep Sherman from turning his right. -Had Sherman succeeded in his effort, he -would have been in Bragg’s rear and able to -menace his line of retreat at Chickamauga station, -which was immediately in the rear of the -right flank. There was no evidence, however, -that Bragg was weakening his lines in front -of Thomas; although he had already sent -the forces, which Hooker had defeated the day -before on Lookout, to his right wing; and these -proved to be amply able to hold so strong a natural -fortress without any further reinforcements. -When General Sherman received Howard’s two<span class="pagenum" id="Page_213">[213]</span> -divisions, he renewed his efforts to take Tunnel -Hill; he made a charge and received one in -return, which broke some of John E. Smith’s -brigades.</p> - -<p>It appears that Grant did not contemplate any -attack by Thomas on the centre, when he at noon -ordered Baird to report to Sherman; for with -Baird’s he had already detached nearly half of -Thomas’s troops to Sherman and Hooker. With -Baird gone, Thomas had only eight brigades to -Sherman’s seven divisions; General Hooker had -seven brigades as far from General Thomas’s -right, as General Sherman’s were from the latter’s -left.</p> - -<p>General Grant and General Thomas were together -when these orders were given on the 25th; -they were in accordance with Grant’s original -plan, that Bragg’s defeat should be accomplished -by Sherman’s turning the enemy’s right. Grant -must therefore have consulted with Thomas concerning -this maneuver. Whether General Thomas -expressed his opinion on the 25th with regard -to making the attack in some other -place than at Sherman’s line, is not known;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">[214]</span> -but it will be seen, that the success of the day -pivoted around Thomas, because of the invincible -position of the enemy at Tunnel Hill, and the -valor of the old Army of the Cumberland. This -is no disparagement to General Grant’s original -idea; his plans were generally correct and successful, -and this one was fine in conception, but it -shows definitely, that the “best laid schemes, -o’mice and men, gang aft a’gley.”</p> - -<p>General Grant boldly made his third deviation -from his original outline planned for the battle. -Seeing the improbability of Sherman advancing -his present line to join with Thomas’s left, as contemplated, -he ordered an independent assault by -Thomas’s troops alone; this order was given at 3 -p. m. This section of the Union line was covered -by two lines of skirmishers; and was confronted by -something less than four divisions of the enemy, -namely, a part of Stewart’s on the Confederate -left, which was facing Hooker’s line under General -Breckenridge’s personal direction. The signal -for the advance was to be six shots from a battery -(perhaps Bridge’s), on Orchard Knob. General -Grant’s report will best tell what occurred, viz.:<span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">[215]</span> -“Thomas was accordingly directed to move forward -his troops, constituting our center, * * * -with a double line of skirmishers thrown out, followed -in easy supporting distance by the whole -force, and carry the rifle-pits at the foot of Missionary -Ridge, and when carried to reform his -lines, on the rifle-pits with a view to carry the top -of the ridge. These troops moved forward, -drove the enemy from the rifle-pits at the base of -the ridge like bees from a hive—stopped but a -moment until the whole were in line—and commenced -the ascent of the mountain from right to -left almost simultaneously, following closely the -retreating enemy, without further orders. They -encountered a fearful volley of grape and canister -from near thirty pieces of artillery and musketry -from still well-filled rifle-pits on the summit of the -ridge. Not a waver, however, was seen in all -that long line of brave men. Their progress was -steadily onward until the summit was in their possession.”<a id="FNanchor_39" href="#Footnote_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a></p> - -<p>When the summit was reached by the Union -troops, the scene of confusion and flight of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">[216]</span> -Confederate forces, down the eastern slope of the -ridge, was wonderful to behold.</p> - -<p>General Thomas in his report,<a id="FNanchor_40" href="#Footnote_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> says: “Our -troops advancing steadily in a continuous line, the -enemy, seized with panic, abandoned the works -at the foot of the hill and retreated precipitately to -the crest, where they were closely followed by our -troops, who, apparently inspired by the impulse of -victory, carried the hill simultaneously at six different -points, and so closely upon the heels of -the enemy, that many of them were taken prisoners -in the trenches. We captured all their cannon -and ammunition before they could be removed or -destroyed.”</p> - -<p>In the meantime Hooker was advancing toward -Thomas’s right with his line stretched across -the ridge, at right angles to it. Stewart’s troops, -seeing their left threatened by Hooker, tried to escape -down the eastern slope toward Ringgold, but -encountering there Osterhaus’s troops, moved -northward along the base; here they ran into Johnson’s -division, and more than a thousand were captured. -After General Baird’s division had gained<span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">[217]</span> -the summit, Stewart wheeled his division to the -left, across the crest, and advanced toward the -troops, resisting General Sherman. He had not advanced -far before he met Cheatham’s forces in line -across the crest; the contest here lasted until after -dark. During the night all the Confederate -forces retreated across the Chickamauga, burned -the bridges, and continued their flight to Taylor’s -Ridge, near Ringgold, the nearest heights across -the Chickamauga Valley, sixteen miles in a -straight line southeast. General Sheridan, after -halting a few moments on top of the ridge to reform -his troops, pushed on to Chickamauga Creek; -he captured 300 prisoners, 13 cannon, and a train -of 12 wagons.</p> - -<p>Mr. C. A. Dana sent a dispatch to the Secretary -of War at 10 a. m. November 26, which contained -the following paragraph: “The storming -of the ridge by our troops was one of the greatest -miracles in military history. No man who climbs -the ascent by any of the roads that wind along its -front can believe that 18,000 men were moved up -its broken and crumbling face unless it was his -fortune to witness the deed. It seems as awful as a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">[218]</span> -visible interposition of God. Neither Grant, nor -Thomas intended it. Their orders were to carry -the rifle-pits along the base of the ridge, and capture -their occupants; but when this was accomplished, -the unaccountable spirit of the troops bore -them bodily up those impracticable steeps, over the -bristling rifle-pits on the crest, and the thirty cannon -enfilading every gully.”</p> - -<p>General Grant says in his report that he intended -the lines should be readjusted and ascend -the ridge if they were successful at the base. The -reports of the corps and division commanders indicate -that some of them misunderstood the orders. -The men advanced without special orders, however, -when they found the position at the foot of -the ridge too much exposed to the plunging fire of -the enemy. In some instances they were even -called back to the foot after proceeding part way -up the hill. The assault was made, however, and -was so successful, that no one was court-martialed; -no one was bold enough to repudiate the responsibility -for its initiation. General Grant did not -hesitate to modify his original plans from time to -time, when inevitable circumstances showed him<span class="pagenum" id="Page_219">[219]</span> -that some other movement than the one laid down -was essential to success. This characteristic -is the quality of a great general.</p> - -<p>The artillery also under command of General -Brannan did fine service during the assault. The -large guns in Forts Wood, Sherman, Cheatham, -and battery Rousseau directed their fire first upon -the Confederate line at the foot of the ridge, as -did four light batteries in front of Chattanooga. -When the Union line was ascending the ridge, -this artillery turned their shots to the entrenched -Confederate line on top. The enemy’s artillery -and musketry seemed largely to have over-shot -the Union lines; the records do not show that -the Union troops suffered as heavy losses during -the time they were under fire, as the enemy’s apparently -advantageous position would warrant. -It is also probable that the audacity of the blue -coats in assaulting the top of the ridge surprised the -Confederates and induced nervousness, wild -shooting, terror, confusion, and flight.</p> - -<p>The Union troops did not advance up the ridge -as if on parade; but conformed more or less to the -contour of the ground; the line appeared to an onlooker<span class="pagenum" id="Page_220">[220]</span> -as a zigzag one; but the standards were always -where they ought to be, and there were no -stragglers. They did not fire their muskets to any -extent while advancing, although they received -a constant wild fire from the enemy. It was an -assault by the musket bearers, and it is not likely -they received many orders from their officers. As -soon as the Union troops gained the crest at one -point, although it appeared as if the six different -points were gained simultaneously, it greatly -assisted the rest of the troops, who were so near the -crest. The Confederates began to fall back as soon -as the first Union troops gained the top. General -Bragg tried to send his troops from a less threatened -point to one more in danger, but his attempt -failed, because his men saw better than he seemed -to do that all was lost when one point was carried. -This observation applies only of course to the isolated -line on the right and left of Bragg’s -headquarters, which was attacked by General -Thomas’s troops. His troops further to the right, -beyond an unoccupied space—such as Cheatham’s -division—were not affected that way, because<span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">[221]</span> -they turned on left wheel, and attacked Baird’s -division on the crest.</p> - -<p>The Union troops, which were called back to -the foot of the ridge by those officers who thought -their orders carried them only thus far, caused -Bragg to believe that they had been repulsed -by the fire of his troops; he rode along his -line congratulating them, when he was informed -that his line was broken further to the -right, and the Union forces had crowned the -ridge. The victory was gained too late in the -evening to ensure an effective pursuit. The enemy -had all night, after crossing the Chickamauga, in -which to move undisturbed his troops and wagon -trains; he made the distance between himself and -the pursuing force as great as possible before morning. -General Grant was apparently justified in -waiting for Hooker to arrive at Rossville before -he ordered Thomas’s advance, but he was not justified -in waiting so long as he did for Sherman’s -expected capture of Tunnel Hill. Yet who -could hope or believe that Thomas’s troops could -successfully assault so formidable a position as -they did? Hooker was delayed four hours in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">[222]</span> -crossing Chattanooga Creek. If Grant had sent -Howard’s Corps at 10 a. m. on the 25th to Rossville -in Hooker’s place, instead of sending it to -Sherman, and as soon as it was in position, ordered -Thomas, Howard, and Sherman to advance in -unison, the same result would have occurred at -one or two o’clock as was secured much later, -and then the four and a half or five hours -of daylight would have been sufficient to injure -the Confederate Army very greatly before it -could have crossed the Chickamauga. But it is -very easy to look back and criticise. On the battlefield -there may be reasons, apparent to a commander, -why these supposable movements could -not be made that are not so palpable to a historian, -who may lose sight of all the complex situations, -the inside knowledge of the commander, and his -fearful responsibility to the country.</p> - -<p>The pursuit was taken up on the morning of the -26th by General Hooker’s troops and Palmer’s -Fourteenth Corps. Hooker attacked the enemy -in a strong position at Ringgold Gap on Taylor’s -Ridge; he lost heavily without inflicting corresponding -injury on the enemy. The Fourth Corps<span class="pagenum" id="Page_223">[223]</span> -was marched back to the city on the morning of -the 26th to make preparations for the relief of -Burnside at Knoxville.</p> - -<p>On the 27th, the pursuit was abandoned at -Ringgold, twenty-three miles by rail south of -Chattanooga. General Grant telegraphed from -that place at 2 p. m. to General Halleck at Washington, -D. C.: “I am not prepared to continue -pursuit further.” The official reports neither -give the strength of the Union Army nor of the -Confederate Army. At the time of the attack -on Missionary Ridge the Union Army outnumbered -largely the Confederate Army. A large -part of this disparity in numbers was offset by -the extraordinarily strong position of the Confederate -forces, and the fact that the Union -Army was the aggressor. Could Bragg have -commanded the resources that Grant did, he -would have gladly availed himself of them in -order to outnumber the Union Army; no false -notions of chivalry prevented either army from -availing itself of any great advantage in battle, -which is habitually taken where war is waged. -The Confederate boast at the beginning of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_224">[224]</span> -war that one Confederate could out-fight five -Yankees—as all northern troops were called by -the Confederates—was rather incompatible with -their complaint after the war, that they were -crushed only by weight of numbers.</p> - -<p>Military skill will sometimes win battles against -numbers; this was not the case in the battles -around Chattanooga, however. Bragg does not -give his losses in his official report; but he lost to -the Union Army in prisoners 6,142 men, 42 -pieces of artillery, 69 gun carriages, and 7,000 -stands of small arms. He destroyed much other -material before and during his flight.</p> - -<p>The Union less was 5,286 killed and wounded, -and 330 missing. These losses seem small compared -with other battles of less importance—Chickamauga -for instance; but it must be remembered -that the sacrifice for the continued possession -of Chattanooga by the Union Army includes -also all the losses of the conflicts of the Tullahoma -campaign, of Chickamauga, Wauhatchie, -Lookout Mountain, Orchard Knob, and Missionary -Ridge. When it is considered how much -these battles meant, in their causal effect on the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">[225]</span> -final suppression of the rebellion itself, their value -becomes apparent.</p> - -<h3>WISCONSIN TROOPS IN THE BATTLE OF MISSIONARY -RIDGE</h3> - -<p>Wisconsin’s part in the battle of Missionary -Ridge was important and honorable. The First -and Twenty-first Infantry were in Starkweather’s -brigade of Johnson’s division. This brigade had -lost heavily at Chickamauga; it was assigned to -remain in Chattanooga in order to hold the works, -while the army was assaulting the ridge. This -duty was cheerfully and thoroughly done, although -it deprived the brigade of the glory of -charging up the ridge.</p> - -<p>The Tenth Infantry remained on detached duty -holding a fort south of the Crutchfield house, on -the side of Lookout Mountain, and did not ascend -the ridge.</p> - -<p>The Fifteenth Infantry was attached to Willich’s -brigade of Wood’s division of Granger’s -fourth corps; it was commanded by Captain John -A. Gordon. In the ascent of the ridge it was in -the reserve line of the brigade, therefore its loss<span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">[226]</span> -was nominal; the entire loss during the battles was -6 men wounded. General Willich speaks of -the regiment in high terms in his report. It consisted -only of 130 men.</p> - -<p>Before coming to the Army of the Cumberland -the Fifteenth Infantry had distinguished itself. -On October 19, 1862, Major Quincy McNeill -of the Second Illinois Cavalry wrote to the Governor -of Wisconsin, from Island Number Ten, that -there was no braver man in the service than Captain -John A. Gordon.</p> - -<p>The Eighteenth Infantry came with Sherman’s -troops of the Army of the Tennessee; it was commanded -by Colonel Gabriel Bouck and attached -to the First Brigade (Alexander’s), of the Second -Division (General John E. Smith’s), of the Seventeenth -Corps. This infantry regiment was engaged -with Sherman’s troops on the extreme left; -its losses are not reported. It was organized at -Milwaukee in February, 1862, and was mustered -in March. It proceeded to Pittsburg Landing, -Tennessee, and became a part of the Army -of the Tennessee on April 5, 1862. This regiment -was heavily engaged in the battle at that place on<span class="pagenum" id="Page_227">[227]</span> -April 6; also in the battle of Corinth and other -engagements prior to its coming to Chattanooga. -The Eighteenth Infantry was noted for the size of -its men; it was said that Company G of this regiment -averaged by actual weight 160 pounds to the -man. At the battle of Pittsburg Landing on -April 6, 1862, this regiment was in the left brigade -of General Prentiss’s division; it was then -commanded by its first colonel, J. S. Alban. It -formed for battle only thirty rods from its -tents, and fifteen minutes later the Confederate line -was upon it. The enemy outflanked and overpowered -it; Alban was wounded, and carried from -the field, dying soon afterwards; the Lieutenant-Colonel -was also wounded and Major Crane was -killed. All this occurred one week after the regiment -left its camp of organization in Wisconsin. -Captain Gabriel Bouck, Company E, Second -Wisconsin Infantry was made Colonel of the -Eighteenth on April 22, 1862.</p> - -<p>The Twenty-fourth Infantry was attached to -Francis T. Sherman’s Brigade of Sheridan’s division -of the Fourth Corps, and was commanded -by Major Carl Von Baumbach. His official report<span class="pagenum" id="Page_228">[228]</span> -is a vivid account of how the top of the ridge -was gained, “My regiment advanced in admirable -line of battle up to the first pits of the enemy. Upon -reaching the first line, the men were pretty much -exhausted, and unable to move for some time. In -about five minutes, however, we moved over the -first pits of the enemy, but after advancing beyond -the first line, the line of battle was not regular. -The men took advantage of all obstacles, in the -way, for shelter, and thus advanced toward the -top of the ridge. The fighting was fierce and severe, -but owing to the formation of the ground -my men were able to screen themselves partially, -from the deadly volleys, that were being hurled -at us, at every step of our advance. In the course -of the ascent my men had to rest several times on -account of exhaustion. But at length we succeeded -in gaining the crest of the ridge, after two hours -steady fighting * * * I would most respectfully -mention Adjutant Arthur McArthur, Jr., -for his bravery. When the color sergeant was -exhausted he carried the flag in front of the regiment, -cheering the men to follow him up the -ridge.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_229">[229]</span>The loss of the Twenty-fourth is given as 31 -killed and wounded. Captain Howard Greene -and Lieutenant Robert J. Chivas were killed. -Captain Richard H. Austin and Lieutenant -Thomas E. Balding were wounded. Major Von -Baumbach commended especially the bravery of -the latter two.</p> - -<p>The Twenty-sixth Infantry, still in the second -brigade of Schurz’s division of the Eleventh -Corps, was commanded by Major F. C. Winkler; -this regiment followed the movements of its -brigade and on November 25, was with Sherman -on the extreme left. Its losses are not reported.</p> - -<p>The Third, Eighth, and Tenth light batteries -were in the First Brigade of the Second Division -of the artillery reserve. Company C of the first -heavy artillery was in the Second Brigade of the -same division.</p> - -<p>The Eighth Battery did excellent service on the -evening of the 24th, when Carlin’s brigade crossed -Chattanooga Creek at its mouth and joined -Hooker. Lieutenant O. German, commanding -the battery, placed two sections near the mouth of -the creek on its right bank, and shelled the Confederate<span class="pagenum" id="Page_230">[230]</span> -position and the road up the east of the -mountain. On the 25th, after the infantry had -taken Missionary Ridge it ascended to the crest. -Losses, none.</p> - -<p>The Fifth Battery was part of the artillery -which was so placed as to cover the pontoon -bridge at the mouth of the Chickamauga, where -Sherman’s troops crossed on the 24th.</p> - -<p>The Twelfth Battery was placed on a hill near -the location of the Fifth Battery.</p> - -<p>The Sixth and Twelfth batteries were attached -officially to the Second Division of the Seventeenth -Corps; therefore they were on the left with -Sherman during the 25th. Their losses are not -reported.</p> - -<p>There is no report from the Tenth Battery, -which was stationed at Harrison’s Landing, about -twelve miles up the river, east of Chattanooga; a -section of this battery reported to Colonel Eli -Long (of the cavalry) at Calhoun, Tennessee.</p> - -<p>Battery C of the First Regiment of Wisconsin -Heavy Artillery was mustered in October 1, -1863; it was sent directly to Chattanooga and assigned -to Fort Wood.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_231">[231]</span>The Sixth Wisconsin Battery was mustered -into service at Racine, Wisconsin, October 2, -1861. It did not leave the State until March 15, -1862, when it went to St. Louis. It took part in -the siege of Island Number Ten, the siege and battle -of Corinth, and the siege of Vicksburg. This -battery came to Chattanooga with the Fifteenth -Corps under Sherman.</p> - -<p>The Tenth Wisconsin Light Battery was mustered -into the service at Milwaukee on February -10, 1862, with Captain Yates V. Beebe as commander. -It left the State March 18 and went to -St. Louis. From there it joined the Army of the -Tennessee and took part in the battle of Corinth. -On September 14, 1862, it arrived at Nashville, -and took part in the battle of Stone’s River. It -did active duty in various locations until the date -of the battles around Chattanooga.</p> - -<p>The Twelfth Wisconsin Battery was organized -and equipped at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri. It -did service in both Tennessee and Mississippi until -coming to Chattanooga with General Sherman.</p> - -<p>The Army of the Cumberland—as reorganized -prior to the battles around Chattanooga—with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_232">[232]</span> -General Thomas in command, was now in permanent -possession of Chattanooga. The Confederate -Army took up its winter quarters at Dalton, -Georgia, on the railway twenty-eight miles southeast -of Chattanooga, across two mountain ranges. -The assignment of General Grant as commander -of the Division of the Mississippi—giving him -command of all the forces, operating in the States -of Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, and -Mississippi—which so greatly contributed to the -victories in the battles around Chattanooga, insured -also the permanent holding of that city.</p> - -<p>Whatever was accomplished by Rosecrans -during the four months of the campaign, beginning -on June 23 at Murfreesboro, and ending on -October 19, 1863 at Chattanooga, was done by -him and his Army of the Cumberland alone. He -could not get any cooperation from the East or -West. The President and General Halleck at -Washington, seemed to be in earnest by the wording -of their dispatches, as published in the <i>Rebellion -Record</i>, in urging and commanding Burnside -in east Tennessee and the Army of the Tennessee -on the Mississippi to join with Rosecrans<span class="pagenum" id="Page_233">[233]</span> -prior to the battle of Chickamauga; for reasons -not apparent to the reader of present history, no -reinforcements came. It is pathetic to read the -official record of those days, which gives an account -of the struggles, the marches, the battles, the -sacrifices, the patient endurance by the musket -bearers of extreme fatigue, and the cheerfulness -with which the soldiers endured all. They -faced death without a thought of their real -heroism. To one who went through the campaign -and came out alive and unwounded it is incomprehensible, -that all did not die.</p> - -<p>It is true other armies, such as those of the Potomac, -the Tennessee, and the one in Missouri had -campaigns at the same time and were equally -exposed to the hazards of war; but none of -them marched over a territory so mountainous -and so difficult; none of them fought battles -in so perilous a region or with more deadly -effect, than the soldiers in the battle of Chickamauga. -Had the Union Army been really defeated -and had it lost Chattanooga, the army -could hardly have recovered from the disaster, -without the quick aid of large reinforcements,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_234">[234]</span> -which were too far away at that time to be -available in an emergency. Burnside was besieged -at Knoxville, and the Army of the Tennessee -so far away, that it took weeks to get it -to Chattanooga. It will be of great interest to -the future student of the military history of the -War between the States to follow the subsequent -campaigns of the Western armies after Grant became -commander-in-chief, and Sherman was assigned -to the command in the West, with headquarters -at Chattanooga. He will apprehend how -all the armies worked together, and how soon the -rebellion itself was crushed, although its soldiers -fought to the bitter end.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_235">[235]</span> -<h2 class="nobreak">INDEX</h2> -</div> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p>[Armies, Battles, Corps, Creeks, Forts, Gaps, Islands, Losses, -Mountains, Rivers, and Wars are grouped under those respective -heads; Regiments are grouped under the caption of their respective -States.]</p> -</div> - -<p> </p> - -<p> -Adams, Gen. Daniel W., at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Alabama, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>-<a href="#Page_10">10</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">troops in, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">28th Infantry, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Alexander, Col. E. Porter, at Knoxville, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Alexander, Col. Jesse I., at Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Alexander’s Bridge, near Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Alpine (Ga.), <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>-<a href="#Page_75">75</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Anderson, Gen. Patton, at Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Anderson, Gen. Robert, in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Anderson’s Cross Roads (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<span class="smcap">Armies</span>—<br /> -<span class="indent1">Cumberland, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>-<a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">organization, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">commander, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">reorganized, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">reinforced, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">retreats, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">at Murfreesboro, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">in Chickamauga campaign, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>-<a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">at Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">courage of, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">personnel, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>-<a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Mississippi, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Ohio, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Potomac, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Tennessee (Confederate), <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">organized, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>-<a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">in Chickamauga campaign, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>-<a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">on Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>-<a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Tennessee (Union), <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>-<a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Armstrong, Gen. Frank C., at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Atlanta (Ga.), capture, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Austin, Capt. Richard H., wounded, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Baird, Gen. Absalom, of regular army, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_236">[236]</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">commands division, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">in Chickamauga campaign, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at battle of Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>-<a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>-<a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>-<a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">withdraws, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Rossville, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Orchard Knob, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>-<a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">commended, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Balding, Lieut. Thomas E., <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">wounded, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Barker, Capt. John D., aide to Thomas, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Barnes, Gen. Sidney M., at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bate, Gen. William B., at Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Battle Creek (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<span class="smcap">Battles</span>—<br /> -<span class="indent1">Antietam, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Bull Run, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Carnifex Ferry, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Chancellorsville, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Chickamauga, mentioned, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>-<a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">not a failure, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">described, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>-<a href="#Page_124">124</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">criticized, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>-<a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Corinth, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Crampton’s Gap, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Dug Gap, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>-<a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Fredericksburg, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Gettysburg, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>-<a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Guy’s Gap, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Harper’s Ferry, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Hoover’s Gap, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Island Number Ten, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Iuka, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Leet’s Tanyard, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Liberty Gap, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Lookout Mountain, mentioned, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">described, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>-<a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Middle Creek, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Mill Springs, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Missionary Ridge, mentioned, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">described, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>-<a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Orchard Knob, mentioned, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">described, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>-<a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Perryville, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>-<a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Pittsburg Landing, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</span><span class="pagenum" id="Page_237">[237]</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Rich Mountain, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Ringgold Gap, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Shepardstown, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Shiloh, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">South Mountain, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Stone’s River, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>-<a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Vicksburg, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Tunnel Hill, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>-<a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Wauhatchie, mentioned, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">described, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>-<a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Baumbach. See Von Baumbach.<br /> -<br /> -Beatty, Gen. John, at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Beatty, Gen. Samuel, at Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">at Orchard Knob, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Beebe, Capt. Yates V., commands battery, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bellefont (Ala.), <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Benning, Gen. Henry L., at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Benton Barracks (Mo.), <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bingham, Col. George B., in Tullahoma campaign, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Bloody Pond, at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bouck, Col. Gabriel, commands regiment, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bowling Green (Ky.), <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Boynton, Gen. H. V., cited, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bradyville (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bragg, Gen. Braxton, Confederate commander, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">at Tullahoma, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">plans, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">evacuates Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Lafayette, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">reinforced, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>-<a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">size of army, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">after Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>-<a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">line near Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>-<a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>-<a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>-<a href="#Page_224">224</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">reports, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Brannan, Gen. John M., of regular army, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">commands division, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">in Tullahoma campaign, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>-<a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>-<a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>-<a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">withdraws, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">chief of artillery, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">commended, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">reports, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Breckenridge, Gen. John C., at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>-<a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_238">[238]</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">characterized, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Bridge, Lyman, commands Illinois battery, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bridgeport (Ala.), railway junction, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>-<a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>-<a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">supply station, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">road to, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">steamboat at, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Bragg at, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Gordon, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">garrisoned, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">troops cross at, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Broomtown Valley (Ala.), <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Brotherton, ——, house near Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Brown, Gen. John C., at Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Brown’s Ferry (Tenn.), fortified, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>-<a href="#Page_176">176</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">captured, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">bridge at, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Buckner, Gen. Simon B., in East Tennessee, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">reinforces Bragg, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">in Chickamauga campaign, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">characterized, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Buel, C. C., and Johnson, Robert U., <i>Battles and Leaders of Civil War</i>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Buell, Gen. D. C., Confederate officer, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Buell, Gen. George P., at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Burnside, Gen. Ambrose E., in East Tennessee, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">at Knoxville, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>-<a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Buschbeck, Col. Adolphus, at Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Calhoun (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Cameron Hill, at Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Camp Dick Robinson (Ky.), <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Caperton’s Ferry (Ala.), location, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">crossed, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Carlin, Gen. William P., commands brigade, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Lookout Mountain, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Carpenter, Capt. Stephen J., commands battery, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<i>Century Magazine</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Chapin, Col. Alfred R., commands regiment, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Chattanooga (Tenn.), location, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">importance of, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>-<a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">railway terminus, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">in 1862, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">held by Confederates, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>-<a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">evacuated, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Union army enters, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</span><span class="pagenum" id="Page_239">[239]</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Union troops at, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">troops withdraw to, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">siege of, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>-<a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">steamboat built, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Union forts at, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">battles near, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>-<a href="#Page_234">234</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">permanently occupied, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Rosecrans retires to, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">reports from, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Chattanooga Valley, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>-<a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Cheatham, Gen. Benjamin F., at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">advances, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Chickamauga campaign, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>-<a href="#Page_154">154</a>. See also Battles: Chickamauga.<br /> -<br /> -Chickamauga Station, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Chickamauga Valley, topography, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>. See also Creeks: Chickamauga.<br /> -<br /> -Chivas, Lieut. Robert J., killed, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Christiana (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Cincinnati <i>Gazette</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Clarksville (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Cleburne, Gen. Patrick R., commands division, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">in Chickamauga campaign, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at battle of Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>-<a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">report, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">characterized, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Cockerill, Col. Joseph R., at Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Columbus (Ky.), <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Connell, Col. John M., at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Colquitt, Gen. Peyton H., killed, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<span class="smcap">Corps</span>—<br /> -<span class="indent1">4th, formation, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">officers, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">at Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">Orchard Knob, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">Lookout Mountain, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">Wisconsin troops in, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">11th, comes to Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">at Nashville, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">Wauhatchie, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">Orchard Knob, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">Wisconsin troops in, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">12th, reinforces Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">at Nashville, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">Wauhatchie, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">Lookout Mountain, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">Wisconsin troops in, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">14th, formation, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">commanders, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">officers of, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">medical director, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">in Tullahoma campaign, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>-<a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">at Decherd, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</span><span class="pagenum" id="Page_240">[240]</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">advances, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>-<a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">reorganized, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">at Orchard Knob, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">Lookout Mountain, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">pursues enemy, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">Wisconsin troops in, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">15th, reinforces Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">at Lookout Mountain, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">Wisconsin troops in, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">17th, portion sent to Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">Wisconsin troops in, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">20th, formation, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">commander, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">medical director, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">in Tullahoma campaign, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">at Winchester, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">Alpine, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">advances, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>-<a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>-<a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>-<a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">Wisconsin troops in, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">merged in 4th Corps, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">21st, formation, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">commander, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">in Tullahoma campaign, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">at McMinnville, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">advances, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>-<a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>-<a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">Wisconsin troops in, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">merged in 4th Corps, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Cavalry, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Reserve, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">For Confederate Corps, see names of commanders.</span><br /> -<br /> -Corse, Col. John M., at Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Cowan (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Crane, Maj. Josiah W., killed, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Craven, ——, house on Lookout Mountain, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Crawfish Springs (Ga.), <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>-<a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<span class="smcap">Creeks</span>—<br /> -<span class="indent1">Big Crow, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>-<a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">described, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">crossed, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">retreat across, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Citico, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Island, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Lookout, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>-<a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">McBride’s, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">South Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Crittenden, Senator John, son of, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_241">[241]</span><br /> -<br /> -Crittenden, Gen. Thomas L., commands division, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">at Hoover’s Gap, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">in Tullahoma campaign, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Chickamauga campaign, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at battle of Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">characterized, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Crook, Gen. George, cavalry raid, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Croxton, Gen. John T., at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">commended, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Cruft, Gen. Charles, at Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">Lookout Mountain, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Crutchfield, ——, house on Lookout Mountain, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Cumming, Gen. Alfred, at Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Dalton (Ga.), Confederates at, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Dana, C. A., assistant secretary of war, reports, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Daniels, Col. Edward, cavalry officer, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Danville (Ky.), <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Davis, Gen. Jefferson C., of regular army, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">commands division, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">in Tullahoma campaign, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Chickamauga campaign, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">battle of Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>-<a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">characterized, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Davis’s Cross Roads (Ga.), <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Decherd (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Deshler, Gen. James, killed, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Dick, Gen. George F., at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Drury, Capt. Lucius H., chief of artillery, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">wounded, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Dyer, ——, house near Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Eaglesville (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Ector, Gen. Matthew D., at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Ely, Col. John H., at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">captured, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Ewing, Gen. Hugh, at Trenton, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Fairfield (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_242">[242]</span><br /> -<br /> -Forrest, Gen. Nathan B., cavalry commander, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">raiding, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">in Chickamauga campaign, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at battle of Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>-<a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Rossville, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">characterized, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="smcap">Forts</span>:<br /> -<span class="indent1">Cheatham, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Donelson, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Henry, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Leavenworth, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Negley, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Riley, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Rosecrans, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Sherman, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Sumter, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Wood, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Fox, Capt. P. V., builds bridge, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Fox, Col. W. F., <i>Regimental Losses in Civil War</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Frankfort (Ky.), <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Franklin (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Furay, W. S., war correspondent, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Gallatin (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<span class="smcap">Gaps</span>:<br /> -<span class="indent1">Bellbuckle, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Cooper’s, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Crampton’s, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Dug, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>. See also Battles: Dug Gap.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Frick’s, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Guy’s, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Hoover’s, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Liberty, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">McFarland’s, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Rossville, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Ringgold, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Stevens’s, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>-<a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>-<a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Winston’s, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Gardner, Capt. George Q., commands Wisconsin battery, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Garfield, Gen. James A., at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">leaves army, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">commended, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">characterized, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Gaw, Capt. W. B., at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Geary, Gen. John W., at Wauhatchie, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">Lookout Mountain, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>-<a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>-<a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Georgia, boundary, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_243">[243]</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">soldiers from, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Union troops in, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -German, Lieut. Obadiah, at Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Gist, Gen. State Rights, at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Glass’s Mill (Ga.), <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Glenn, Widow ——, house near Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>-<a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Goldsmith, Capt. Gustavus, killed, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Gordon. See Lee and Gordon’s Mill.<br /> -<br /> -Gordon, Capt. John A., <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Govan, Gen. Daniel C, at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Granger, Gen. Gordon, commands reserve, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">in Tullahoma campaign, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">withdraws, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">commended, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">commands corps, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Orchard Knob, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">characterized, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Granger, Gen. Robert S., commands brigade, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">at Nashville, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Grant, Gen. Ulysses S., at Vicksburg, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">Shiloh, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">captures Fort Donelson, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">takes command at Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>-<a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">plans, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>-<a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>-<a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">watches battle, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>-<a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">reports, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">commander-in-chief, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">genius of, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Greene, Capt. Howard, killed, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Gregg, Gen. David M., at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Grose, Col. William, at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Lookout Mountain, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Gross, Surgeon Ferdinand H., at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Halleck, Gen. H. W., commander-in-chief, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Hanson, Capt. Hans, killed, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Hardee, Gen. William J., before the war, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">commands corps, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">characterized, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Harker, Gen. Charles G., at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">commended, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Harrison’s Landing (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Hauff, Capt. Henry, killed, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Hawley, Col. William, of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Hazen, Gen. William B., in Chickamauga campaign, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_244">[244]</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at battle of Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Brown’s Ferry, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Orchard Knob, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">commended, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Heald, Capt. Abner O., killed, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Heg, Col. Hans C., brigade commander, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">killed, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Helm, Gen. Ben Hardin, at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">killed, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Hill, Gen. Daniel H., at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">cited, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>-<a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Hindman, Gen. Thomas C., in Chickamauga campaign, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga battle, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">report, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Hiram College (Ohio), instructor, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Hobart, Col. Harrison C., commands regiment, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">captured, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Hood, Gen. John B., Confederate officer, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>-<a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">wounded, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Knoxville, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Hooker, Gen. Joseph, at Chancellorsville, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">reinforces Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>-<a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">brings troops, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Wauhatchie, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>-<a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Lookout Mountain, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>-<a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">pursues Confederates, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>-<a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">report, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Howard, Gen. O. O., reinforces Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">at Wauhatchie, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Orchard Knob, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Humphreys, Gen. Benjamin, at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Huntsville (Ala.), <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Illinois, troops from, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">24th Infantry, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">2nd Cavalry, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">15th Cavalry, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Indiana, troops from, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">29th Infantry, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">39th Infantry, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">44th Infantry, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">2nd Cavalry, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">4th Cavalry, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">4th Battery, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="smcap">Islands</span>:<br /> -<span class="indent1">Number Ten, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Williams, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Iuka (Miss.), <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Jackson, Gen. John K., at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_245">[245]</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Lookout Mountain, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Jay’s Mill (Ga.), <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Jefferson Barracks (Mo.), <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Johnson, Gen. Bushrod R., Confederate officer, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Johnson, Capt. John M., killed, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Johnson, Gen. Richard W., commands division, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">of regular army, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>-<a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">withdraws, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Stevenson, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Orchard Knob, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Lookout Mountain, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">commended, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">report, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Johnson, Robert U. See Buel and Johnson.<br /> -<br /> -Johnston, Gen. Albert S., Confederate officer, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Johnston, Gen. Joseph E., reinforces Bragg, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Kansas, forts in, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">troops from, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Kelly’s farm, at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>-<a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">charges at, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Kelly’s Ferry (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>-<a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Kenosha, troops from, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Kentucky, troops in, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">troops from, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">8th Infantry, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">9th Infantry, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">17th Infantry, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">2nd cavalry, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">senator, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">railroad through, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Confederates evacuate, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Kershaw, Gen. Joseph B., at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.<br /> -<br /> -King, Gen. John H., brigade commander, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">successor, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Knoxville (Tenn.), operations at, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">Burnside at, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Lafayette (Ga.), <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">Bragg retreats to, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>-<a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>-<a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">road from, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>-<a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -LaGrange, Col. Oscar H., commands cavalry, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Law, Gen. Evander M., at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Lee, Gen. Robert E., <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_246">[246]</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">before the war, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">in Virginia, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">surrenders, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Lee and Gordon’s Mill, at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>-<a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Leet’s Tanyard (Tenn.), skirmish at, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Lexington (Ky.), <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Liddell, Gen. St. John R., at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Lightburn, Gen. Joseph A. J., at Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Lilly, Capt. Eli, artillery officer, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Lincoln, President Abraham, call for troops, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">orders, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">persistence, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Livingston, Lieut. Courtland, commands battery, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Long, Col. Eli, cavalry officer, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Longstreet, Gen. James, reinforces Bragg, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">advances, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>-<a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Wauhatchie, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>-<a href="#Page_182">182</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">advises Bragg, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">goes to Knoxville, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">estimates losses, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">reports, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1"><i>From Manassas to Appomatox</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Lookout Valley, Union army in, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>-<a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">opened, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Confederates in, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Loomis, Col. John M., at Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<span class="smcap">Losses</span>:<br /> -<span class="indent1">in Tullahoma campaign, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>-<a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>-<a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Louisville (Ky.), Union troops at, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>-<a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">Grant at, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Louisville and Chattanooga Railroad, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Lumley’s Stand (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Lyon, Col. William P., commands regiment, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Lytle, Gen. William H., at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">killed, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -McAffee’s Church, at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.<br /> -<br /> -McArthur, Adj. Arthur Jr., commended, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.<br /> -<br /> -McCook, Gen. Alexander D., commands division, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">in Tullahoma campaign, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>-<a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>-<a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Rossville, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">staff-officer of, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">characterized, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -McCook, Gen. Daniel, at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_247">[247]</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -McCook, Col. Edward M., at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">cavalry raid, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -McDonald, ——, house near Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.<br /> -<br /> -McKercher, Maj. Duncan, captured, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br /> -<br /> -McLaws, Gen. Lafayette, at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">Knoxville, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -McLean, Lieut. John D., artillery officer, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -McLemore’s Cove, near Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>-<a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>-<a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.<br /> -<br /> -McMinnville (Tenn.), railroad junction, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">captured, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -McNeill, Maj. Quincy, at Island Number Ten, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Manchester (Tenn.), pikeroad to, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">operations near, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>-<a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Maney, Gen. George, at Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Marshall, Gen. Humphrey, Confederate officer, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Martin, Gen. John A., replaces Heg, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Martin, Gen. William T., cavalry officer, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Maryland, Confederates invade, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Matthies, Gen. Charles L., at Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Meade, Gen. George C., at Gettysburg, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Memphis (Tenn.), troops from, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Michigan, troops from, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">1st Engineers, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Mill Springs (Ky.), <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Miller, Col. J. McClelland, at Liberty Gap, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Millersburg (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Milwaukee, troops muster at, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Minnesota, troops from, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Minty, Gen. Robert H. G., in Chickamauga campaign, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">at battle of Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">withdraws, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Rossville, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Mississippi, troops from, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">troops in, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Union troops, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Missouri, troops from, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">Wisconsin troops in, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Union army, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Mitchell, Gen. John G., at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">Wauhatchie, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">commended, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Mitchell, Gen. O. M., in Alabama, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Mitchell, Gen. Robert B., cavalry officer, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_248">[248]</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Rossville, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">raiding, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Mitchell, Capt. William S., killed, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Moccasin Point, fortified, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Moore, Gen. John C., at Lookout Mountain, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Morgan, Gen. James D., commands division, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="smcap">Mountains</span>—<br /> -<span class="indent1">Cumberland, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>-<a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>-<a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>-<a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Horse, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Horseshoe Ridge, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Lookout, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>-<a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">crossed, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">Confederates on, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>-<a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>-<a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>-<a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">described, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">See also Battles: Lookout Mountain.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>-<a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">Confederates on, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>-<a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">See also Battles: Missionary Ridge.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Pigeon, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Raccoon, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Sand, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>-<a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Taylor’s Ridge, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Walden’s Ridge, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Mullis, ——, farm near Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Murfreesboro (Tenn.), Union troops at, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>-<a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>-<a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">advance from, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>-<a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">railroad centre, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Nashville (Tenn.), troops at, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>-<a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">railroad terminus, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>-<a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Nashville and Chattanooga railroad, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Negley, Gen. James S., takes command, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">in Tullahoma campaign, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at battle of Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Rossville, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">report, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -New Madrid (Mo.), <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.<br /> -<br /> -New York, 1st Infantry, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Nickles, Lieut. Robert J., killed, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_249">[249]</span><br /> -<br /> -North Carolina, invaded, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Northwest Territory, troops from, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Ohio, troops from, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">1st Infantry, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">13th Infantry, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">15th Infantry, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">21st Infantry, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">73d Infantry, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">representative in Congress, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Orchard Knob, captured, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">vantage point, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">battery on, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">See also Battles: Orchard Knob.</span><br /> -<br /> -Oshkosh, troops from, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Osterhaus, Gen. Peter J., crosses the Tennessee, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">at Lookout Mountain, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">pursues enemy, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Paducah (Ky.), <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.<br /> -<br /> -“Paint Rock,” steamboat, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Palmer, Gen. John M., commands division, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">in Tullahoma campaign, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>-<a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">withdraws, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">commended, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">promoted, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">pursues enemy, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">characterized, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Patterson, Gen. Robert, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pegram, Gen. John, in Chickamauga campaign, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pelham (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pennsylvania, Confederates invade, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">troops from, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">77th Infantry, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">79th Infantry, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Perkins, Surgeon Jabez, at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pettus, Gen. Edmund W., at Lookout Mountain, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Phelps, Col. Edward H., at Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pikeville (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pinney, Capt. Oscar F., <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pittsburg Landing, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Poe, ——, house near Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Polk, Gen. Leonidas, commands corps, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>-<a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">advances, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">characterized, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Pond Spring (Ga.), <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pope, Gen. John, at Island Number Ten, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_250">[250]</span><br /> -<br /> -Post, Col. Philip Sidney, in Tullahoma campaign, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Prentiss, Gen. B. M., <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Preston, Gen. William, at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Racine, troops from, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Raum, Col. Green B., at Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<i>Rebellion Records</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Reed’s Bridge, near Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>-<a href="#Page_85">85</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Rennie, Lieut. Robert, killed, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Reynolds, Gen. Joseph J., commands division, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">in Tullahoma campaign, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Chickamauga campaign, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at battle of Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>-<a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>-<a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>-<a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">withdraws, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">made chief of staff, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">commended, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Richardson, Lieut. James S., killed, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Richmond (Va.), <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Ringgold (Ga.), <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">road from, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="smcap">Rivers</span>—<br /> -<span class="indent1">Cumberland, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Duck, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Elk, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Hiawassie, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Little, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Mississippi, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Ohio, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Sequatchie, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Tennessee, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>-<a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>-<a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">described, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">valley of, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">bends, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">bridged, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">crossed, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>-<a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">Confederates command, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent2">armies on, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Robertson, Gen. Jerome B., at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Robinson, Col. Milton S., at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Roby, Capt. J. W., at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Roddey, Gen. Philip D., cavalry leader, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Rogersville (Ala.), <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_251">[251]</span><br /> -<br /> -Rome (Ga.), <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Rosecrans, Gen. William S., commands army, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>-<a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">characterized, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">plans, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Winchester, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">in Chickamauga campaign, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">orders, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at battle of Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>-<a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">retreats to Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">defends Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">reinforced, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">relieved, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">results, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">reports, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Rossville (Ga.), Union troops at, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">during battle of Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>-<a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">withdrawal to, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">abandoned, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">advance from, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">in Chattanooga campaign, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>-<a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Hooker at, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">See also Gaps: Rossville.</span><br /> -<br /> -Rousseau, Gen. Lovell H., commands division, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">on furlough, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">rejoins army, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Nashville, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Rousseau Battery, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Ruger, Gen. Thomas H., at Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">guarding railway, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -St. Louis, Wisconsin troops at, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Salem (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Scandinavians, as Wisconsin soldiers, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Schurz, Gen. Carl, at Wauhatchie, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Scribner, Gen. Benjamin F., commands brigade, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Searles, Lieut. Charles A., killed, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Sequatchie Valley, described, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">troops in, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">raided, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Sheffield, Col. James L., at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Shelbyville (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">captured, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Shellmound (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Shenandoah Valley, war in, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Sheridan, Gen. Philip H., West Point graduate, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_252">[252]</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">commands division, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>-<a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>-<a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Orchard Knob, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">commended, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">characterized, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Sherman, Col. Francis T., at Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Sherman, Gen. William T., reinforces Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>-<a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">commands Western army, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Tunnel Hill, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>-<a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>-<a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">March to the Sea, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">commended, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1"><i>Memoirs</i>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Sirwell, Col. William, at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Slocum, Gen. H. W., reinforces Rosecrans, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Smith, Gen. A., at Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Smith, Gen. James A., at Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Smith, Gen. John E., at Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Smith, Col. Orlando, at Wauhatchie, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Smith, Gen. Preston, at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">killed, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Smith, Gen. W. F., chief engineer, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Snodgrass, ——, house near Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Snodgrass Hill, battle at, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.<br /> -<br /> -South Carolina, invaded, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Stanley, Gen. David S., commands cavalry, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">of regular army, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">on furlough, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Stanley, Col. Timothy R., at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Stanton, Edwin M., secretary of war, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Starkweather, Col. John C., brigade commander, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>-<a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Stevenson, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">report, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Steedman, Gen. James B., commands division, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">commended, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Steinwehr, Gen. Adolph von, at Wauhatchie, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Stevenson, Gen. Carter L., on Lookout Mountain, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">at Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">report, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Stevenson (Ala.), railroad junction, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">supplies at, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>-<a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">garrison, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">road to, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">headquarters, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Stewart, Gen. A. P., Confederate officer, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_253">[253]</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Stoughton, Gen. William L., at Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Stovall, Gen. Marcellus A., at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Summerville (Ga.), <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Sweet, Col. Benjamin J., <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">wounded, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Tennessee, actions in, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">in two districts, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">barrens of, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>-<a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">railway in, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">forts, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Union troops, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">troops from, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Thedford’s Ford (Ga.), <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Thomas, Gen. George H., commands corps, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">in Tullahoma campaign, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>-<a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>-<a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>-<a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">denominated “Rock of Chickamauga”, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">protects his corps, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">withstands attacks, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>-<a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">withdraws, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>-<a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">commands army, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">besieged, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">plans for advance, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">reconnoisance, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Orchard Knob, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>-<a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>-<a href="#Page_222">222</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">reports, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>-<a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">commended, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">characterized, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Thompson, Lieut. Oliver, killed, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Thruston, Gen. Gates P., at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Thurman’s (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Tracy City (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Trenton (Ga.), troops at, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Triune (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Tullahoma (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">advance toward, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">fighting near, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Bragg at, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">campaign for, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>-<a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Turchin, Gen. John B., commands cavalry, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">withdraws, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Brown’s Ferry, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">commended, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Valley Head (Ala.), <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Van Cleve, Gen. Horatio P., commands division, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">in Tullahoma campaign, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>-<a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>-<a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Van Derveer, Col. Ferdinand, at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_254">[254]</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">commended, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Van Horne, Thomas B., <i>Army of the Cumberland</i>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Vicksburg (Miss.), siege of, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Viniard, ——, house near Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Virginia, troops from, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Vittetoe, ——, house near Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Von Baumbach, Maj. Carl, at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>-<a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Wagner, Gen. George D., in Chickamauga campaign, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>-<a href="#Page_62">62</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Walker, Gen. W. H. T., Confederate officer, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>-<a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Lookout Mountain, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Walthall, Gen. Edward C., at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">Lookout Mountain, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="smcap">Wars</span>:<br /> -<span class="indent1">Mexican, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Indian, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Wartrace (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Washington (D. C.), orders from, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Wauhatchie (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">action at, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>-<a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -West, Captain George M., killed, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br /> -<br /> -West, Col. Theodore S., commands regiment, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -West Point (N. Y.) Military Academy, graduates, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>-<a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>-<a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.<br /> -<br /> -West Virginia, troops in, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Wheeler, Gen. Joseph, cavalry commander, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">raiding, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>-<a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Whiteside (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Whittaker, Gen. Walter C., at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Wauhatchie, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Lookout Mountain, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">commended, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Wilder, Gen. John T., brigade commander, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">in Tullahoma campaign, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Chickamauga campaign, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at battle of Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Willard, Capt. J. P., aide to Thomas, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_255">[255]</span><br /> -<br /> -Williams, Gen. Alpheus S., at Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">guarding railway, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Willich, Gen. August, in Tullahoma campaign, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">withdraws, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Orchard Knob, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">commended, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Wilson, Col. Claudius C., at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Wilson, Gen. James H., cavalry raid, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Winchester (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Winkler, Maj. Frederick C., commands regiment, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">at Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Wisconsin, troops from, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">in army of Cumberland, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>-<a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">in Tullahoma campaign, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Dug Gap, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>-<a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">reinforce Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>-<a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">1st Infantry, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>-<a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>-<a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">2nd infantry, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">3rd Infantry, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">10th Infantry, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>-<a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">13th Infantry, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">15th Infantry, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">18th Infantry, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">21st Infantry, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>-<a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">24th Infantry, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>-<a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">26th Infantry, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">1st Cavalry, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">1st Heavy Artillery, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">3rd Battery, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">5th Battery, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">6th Battery, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">8th Battery, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">10th Battery, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>-<a href="#Page_231">231</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">12th Battery, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Wolseley, Field-Marshal Sir G. J., Viscount, commends American officer, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Wood, Gen. S. A. M., at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Wood, Gen. Thomas J., of regular army, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">commands divisions, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>-<a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>-<a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">withdraws, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">at Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Orchard Knob, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>-<a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="indent1">Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>-<a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -Woodbury (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Woods, Gen. Charles R., at Lookout Mountain, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;<br /> -<span class="indent1">relieved, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Zollicoffer, Gen. Felix K., <a href="#Page_15">15</a>. -</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1">FOOTNOTES:</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> Nineteen miles southeast of Murfreesboro.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">[2]</a> Thirteen miles south of Murfreesboro, five west of Hoover’s Gap.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">[3]</a> Forty miles south of Murfreesboro.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">[4]</a> A small village, but a few miles southwest of Murfreesboro.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="label">[5]</a> A village eight miles east of Shelbyville, on the railroad.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6" class="label">[6]</a> <i>Rebellion Records</i>, Serial No. 34, p. 483.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7" class="label">[7]</a> <i>Rebellion Records</i>, Serial No. 34; p. 408.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8" class="label">[8]</a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 584.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9" class="label">[9]</a> The above quotations are taken from some letters of W. S. -Furay, a former war correspondent, published in the Cincinnati -<i>Gazette</i> of 1888.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10" class="label">[10]</a> Sixteen miles southeast of Tullahoma, near Decherd.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11" class="label">[11]</a> Thirteen miles southeast of Tullahoma on railway.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12" class="label">[12]</a> Forty miles southeast of Murfreesboro and thirty-five miles northeast -of Tullahoma.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13" class="label">[13]</a> Lee and Gordon’s Mill is twelve miles south of Chattanooga, -on the Chickamauga River, where the Lafayette and Chattanooga -wagon road crosses that stream. Ringgold is fifteen miles southeast -of Chattanooga, on the east of Chickamauga, and is a railway station.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_14" href="#FNanchor_14" class="label">[14]</a> <i>Rebellion Records</i>, Serial No. 52, p. 530. In General -Halleck’s report (<i>Id.</i>, Serial No. 50, p. 34), he says, that the -abandonment of Chattanooga without defense gave plausibility to -these reports by spies and deserters, that Lee was being reinforced -from Bragg.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_15" href="#FNanchor_15" class="label">[15]</a> <i>Id.</i>, Serial No. 51, p. 27.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_16" href="#FNanchor_16" class="label">[16]</a> See Robert U. Johnson and C. C. Buel (eds.), <i>Battles and -Leaders of the Civil War</i> (N. Y., 1884-87), vol. 3.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_17" href="#FNanchor_17" class="label">[17]</a> <i>Rebellion Records</i>, Serial No. 50, p. 54.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_18" href="#FNanchor_18" class="label">[18]</a> Rosecrans’s report in <i>Rebellion Records</i>, Serial No. 50, p. 56.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_19" href="#FNanchor_19" class="label">[19]</a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 400.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_20" href="#FNanchor_20" class="label">[20]</a> <i>Id.</i>, Serial No. 51, p. 177.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_21" href="#FNanchor_21" class="label">[21]</a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 154.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_22" href="#FNanchor_22" class="label">[22]</a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 162.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_23" href="#FNanchor_23" class="label">[23]</a> See General Thruston’s report in Thomas Budd Van Horne, -<i>History of the Army of the Cumberland</i> (Cincinnati, 1875), -vol. i, p. 373; also General Negley’s statement, p. 376.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_24" href="#FNanchor_24" class="label">[24]</a> <i>Rebellion Records</i>, Serial No. 51, p. 305.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_25" href="#FNanchor_25" class="label">[25]</a> See <i>Battles and Leaders of the Civil War</i>, vol. 3.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_26" href="#FNanchor_26" class="label">[26]</a> <i>Rebellion Records</i>, Serial No. 51, p. 289.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_27" href="#FNanchor_27" class="label">[27]</a> <i>Id.</i>, Serial No. 50, p. 253.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_28" href="#FNanchor_28" class="label">[28]</a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 254.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_29" href="#FNanchor_29" class="label">[29]</a> <i>Rebellion Records</i>, Serial No. 50, p. 301.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_30" href="#FNanchor_30" class="label">[30]</a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 60.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_31" href="#FNanchor_31" class="label">[31]</a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 194.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_32" href="#FNanchor_32" class="label">[32]</a> See <i>Battles and Leaders of the Civil War</i>, vol. 3, p. 662.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_33" href="#FNanchor_33" class="label">[33]</a> <i>Rebellion Records</i>, Serial No. 51, p. 143.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_34" href="#FNanchor_34" class="label">[34]</a> See General Longstreet’s report in <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 287.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_35" href="#FNanchor_35" class="label">[35]</a> <i>Rebellion Records</i>, Serial No. 51, p. 287.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_36" href="#FNanchor_36" class="label">[36]</a> <i>Id.</i>, Serial No. 55, p. 315.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_37" href="#FNanchor_37" class="label">[37]</a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 720.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_38" href="#FNanchor_38" class="label">[38]</a> <i>Memoirs of General William T. Sherman, by himself</i> -(N. Y., 1875), vol. 1, p. 362.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_39" href="#FNanchor_39" class="label">[39]</a> <i>Rebellion Records</i>, Serial No. 55, p. 34.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_40" href="#FNanchor_40" class="label">[40]</a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 96.</p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="transnote"> -<p class="ph1">TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES:</p> - -<p>Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.</p> - -<p>Inconsistencies in hyphenation have been standardized.</p> - -<p>Archaic or variant spelling has been retained.</p> -</div></div> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CHATTANOOGA CAMPAIGN ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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