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diff --git a/old/68782-0.txt b/old/68782-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 919318b..0000000 --- a/old/68782-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,6696 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The story of the Philippines, by -Adeline Knapp - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The story of the Philippines - for use in the schools of the Philippine Islands - -Author: Adeline Knapp - -Release Date: August 18, 2022 [eBook #68782] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from - images generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF THE -PHILIPPINES *** - - -[Illustration: THE WORLD ON MERCATOR’S PROJECTION.] - - - - - THE STORY - - OF - - THE PHILIPPINES - - -[Illustration: - - VIEW FROM THE CITY WALL, MANILA. -] - - - - - THE STORY - OF - THE PHILIPPINES - FOR USE IN THE SCHOOLS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS - - - BY - - ADELINE KNAPP - - Author of “How to Live,” etc. - - WITH MANY ILLUSTRATIONS - -[Illustration] - - SILVER, BURDETT AND COMPANY - NEW YORK BOSTON CHICAGO - - - - - COPYRIGHT, 1902, BY - SILVER, BURDETT AND COMPANY - - - - - PREFATORY NOTE. - - -The history of the Philippine Islands is little known to its people -to-day, for the records are few and not easy of access. Just at the -present time this knowledge is especially necessary to the Filipino -people. A knowledge of the conditions of the past is of the greatest -importance to a people desirous of planning wisely and well for the -future. - -“The Story of the Philippines” aims to teach Filipino young people the -salient facts regarding the past of their country, and, besides this, it -points out some of the things needful to the best growth and progress of -the islands. Certain chapters are devoted to matters pertaining to -geography, commerce, and government, directing attention to the main -physical features of the country and the possibilities of its successful -development, and touching upon lines of commercial and social -advancement which lie just ahead. The book shows that the Filipinos have -a past filled with the records of brave deeds and patient forbearance; -that they have a beautiful country, rich in natural resources; and that -the future development and prosperity of their islands depend largely -upon themselves. - -The volume has been prepared in order to fill a definite educational -need in the schools of the Philippine Islands, and as the first secular -history of their land to be brought within reach of Filipino school -children it should be of real value. But it is not only to the teachers -and pupils in the schools that this book is useful; it should appeal to -all who live in the Philippine Islands and all others who are interested -in them. - -The author has had access to the best historical material available in -the Philippines and in America. The book was written in the islands, and -as nearly as possible from the standpoint of the people. It is -impossible to name the many devoted friends of the islands—Filipinos and -Americans—who have helped to make this book possible. No mere words of -thanks can express the obligation of the author and publishers to them; -but their aid was given in a spirit of desire to help in the education -of Filipino young people. If the book does this, their reward will be -commensurate with the great service they have rendered. - - - - - CONTENTS. - - - CHAPTER. PAGE. - I. THE DISCOVERY OF THE ISLANDS 13 - II. EARLY SETTLEMENTS 27 - III. THE COUNTRY AND ITS PEOPLE 42 - IV. EARLY TROUBLES 52 - V. BEGINNINGS OF STRIFE 61 - VI. COLONIAL WARS AND DIFFICULTIES 70 - VII. THE SPANISH AND THE FILIPINOS 78 - VIII. A NEW BEGINNING 88 - IX. TRADE IN THE PHILIPPINES 99 - X. THE ISLANDS UNDER ARANDIA’S RULE 109 - XI. BRITISH OCCUPATION 117 - XII. TO THE END OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 124 - XIII. THE CONSTITUTION OF 1812 132 - XIV. CHANGES IN THE ISLANDS 142 - XV. EFFORTS TO KEEP PEACE 151 - XVI. THE INSURRECTION AT CAVITE 162 - XVII. THE UPRISING OF 1896 177 - XVIII. THE END OF SPANISH RULE 191 - XIX. THE BEGINNING OF AMERICAN OCCUPATION 203 - XX. CIVIL GOVERNMENT FOR THE PHILIPPINES 212 - XXI. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE ARCHIPELAGO 221 - XXII. THE FUTURE 236 - - - - - ILLUSTRATIONS. - - - PAGE. - - VIEW FROM THE CITY WALL, MANILA _Frontispiece_ - KING CHARLES I. 15 - IN THE STRAITS OF MAGELLAN 19 - MAP OF MAGELLAN’S ROUTE 20 - THE LANDING OF MAGELLAN 22 - THE TOMB OF MAGELLAN, ON THE ISLAND OF MACTAN 24 - STATUE OF SEBASTIAN DEL CANO 29 - ANCIENT FORT COMMANDING CEBU HARBOR 32 - THE MONUMENT TO LEGASPI AT CEBU CITY 35 - LEGASPI SAILING TO MANILA 38 - ABORIGINES OF MINDANAO 44 - A MORO OF JOLÓ, IN THE SULU ARCHIPELAGO 47 - ANCIENT ALPHABETS 49 - NEGRITOS IN A PRAHU 50 - PLAZA DE GOITI, MANILA 55 - CHINESE WAR JUNKS ATTACKING MANILA 57 - KING PHILIP II. 63 - THE CITY WALL AND MOAT, MANILA 66 - A MEMBER OF THE GUIANGA TRIBE OF MINDANAO 72 - WARRIORS OF MINDANAO 73 - DUTCH SHIPS ATTACKING A CHINESE TRADING JUNK 75 - FUERZA DEL PILAR, MINDANAO 81 - ST. LAZARUS HOSPITAL, MANILA 83 - A CHURCH AT MALATE 90 - THE MANILA CATHEDRAL 93 - AN OLD SPANISH FORT AT SIASSI 95 - THE ARRIVAL OF A SPANISH GALLEON 101 - THE SANTA LUCIA GATE, MANILA 104 - TAAL VOLCANO 110 - IGORROTES 113 - A STREET IN JOLÓ 114 - ROYAL GATE AND SALLY PORT IN THE CITY WALL, MANILA 119 - THE BRITISH ASSAULT ON THE WALLS OF MANILA 121 - MONUMENT TO SIMON DE ANDA ON THE MALACON, MANILA 127 - A MODERN WAR SHIP 133 - KING FERDINAND VII. 137 - A STREET IN MANILA 139 - THE MAGELLAN MONUMENT, MANILA 143 - QUEEN CHRISTINA 146 - MANILA BAY FROM THE CITY WALLS 148 - PIRATE FLEET ATTACKING A COAST TOWN 153 - THE PARIAN GATE 155 - RUINS OF MANILA CATHEDRAL AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE 157 - QUEEN ISABELLA II. AS A CHILD 158 - THE GROUNDS OF THE CAVITE ARSENAL 165 - PUMPING STATION, CARRIEDO WATERWORKS 167 - THE BRIDGE OF SPAIN 171 - FORT GENERAL WEYLER IN MINDANAO 178 - THE BRIDGE OF SAN JUAN DEL MONTE 182 - DUNGEON AT CAVITE 185 - BIAC-NA-’BATO, WHERE THE TREATY WAS MADE 195 - EMILIO AGUINALDO 199 - ADMIRAL MONTOJO 204 - GOVERNOR-GENERAL AUGUSTI 206 - THE FIRST AMERICAN FLAG RAISED IN MANILA 209 - GOVERNOR WILLIAM H. TAFT 215 - GENERAL ADNA R. CHAFFEE 217 - MAYON VOLCANO 225 - WEAVING JUSI 227 - THE FALLS OF BOTOCAN IN LUZON 230 - A RIVER SCENE ON THE ISLAND OF LUZON 233 - THE CAGAYAN DE ORO RIVER 238 - MANILA SCHOOLBOYS 241 - - COLORED MAPS - THE WORLD _Inside Front Cover_ - THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS _Inside Back Cover_ - - - - - KEY TO PRONUNCIATION OF PROPER NAMES. - - - a as in _fat_. - - ā as in _fate_. - - ä as in _father_. - - ȧ as in _|ask_. - - e as in _pen_. - - ē as in _mete_. - - ė as in _her_. - - i as in _pin_. - - ī as in _pine_. - - o as in _not_. - - oi as in _oil_, _boy_. - - ou as in _pound_, _proud_. - - ō as in _note_. - - ö as in _move_. - - u as in _tub_. - - ̤ū as in _mute_. - - ̇u as in _pull_. - -A double dot under a vowel in an unaccented syllable indicates that its -sound is almost that of the short _u_ in _but_, _tub_, etc.̤ū as ̤ä in -_America_, ̤e in _prudent_, ̤i in _charity_, ̤o in _actor_, ̤ē in _the -book_, ̤ū in _nature_. - -[Illustration] - - - - - THE STORY OF THE PHILIPPINES. - - - - - Chapter I. - THE DISCOVERY OF THE ISLANDS. - - -When Christopher Columbus (kris´to fer kō-lum´bus) discovered America, -in the year 1492, he set all Europe talking about the unknown lands that -lay beyond seas. - -At that time little was known of geography. Most people believed that -the world was flat, and that if a man were to reach the edge he could -jump off into space. Some people thought, too, that this great, flat -earth rested on the backs of four huge tortoises, and that the movements -of these creatures caused earthquakes. - -Sailors believed that somewhere in the Atlantic Ocean Satan lived. When -a ship was wrecked they thought that Satan had reached out an awful hand -and dragged the ship down into the sea. Even learned captains believed -this, and declared that they had seen ships drawn under in this manner. -To them the great, dashing waves in a storm must have looked like huge -hands, and so they made this mistake. - -The sea was full of terror to those sailors of long ago; yet they braved -it. They went forth in frail little ships, such as a modern sailor would -hardly risk a voyage in. Until a short time before Columbus’s day they -even had no compass, but were guided by the winds and the stars. They -made long voyages in their tiny ships, and little by little they began -to see that those who said that the world is round, and not flat, must -be right. - -In the year 1513, a little over twenty years after Columbus’s discovery, -a Spanish captain named Balboa (bäl bō´ä) reached Central America. With -his soldiers he crossed the Isthmus of Darien (dā rē ȧn´), and -discovered the great ocean which washes the western coast of America. -This ocean he named the “Southern Sea.” - -Men were in those days slowly groping their way across seas to the new -lands. Of course, as soon as they knew of this ocean, they wanted to -find a way to sail into it from the Atlantic Ocean. They knew that if -they could do this they would have a shorter route from Europe to the -famed “spice islands” which were believed to be in the South Seas. - -About this time there came to Spain a great soldier and sea-captain -named Ferdinand Magellan (fêrd´ī nänd m̤a jel´̤an). He was a Portuguese -noble, a clever man of much learning. While yet a very young man he -became an officer in the Portuguese navy, and fought for his king in -many far countries. - -During a war which Portugal waged in Africa, Magellan was badly wounded -in one knee, so that he was ever after lame. On his return to Portugal -from Africa, other captains of the king became jealous of his fame and -tried to belittle all that he had done. - -[Illustration: - - KING CHARLES I. -] - -They told the king untrue tales about him, and made the sovereign -believe evil against him. Among other things, they said that he was -pretending to suffer from a malady of which he had once been a victim, -but of which he was really cured. They said that he did this because he -did not wish to serve the king any longer. So they stirred up the king’s -mind against the brave captain, and Magellan was very badly treated. At -last, deeply hurt by the king’s unfairness, he left the country. He went -to Spain, and became a subject of King Charles I. - -The king of Spain gave Magellan a warm welcome. He was glad to have him -at court, and listened eagerly to what Magellan had to say about certain -rich islands that lay in the Southern Sea. Many sailors from Spain and -from Portugal had heard of these islands, and when they returned from -their voyages to the Malay Peninsula in the East, they told how they had -seen, in Malacca harbor, dusky traders from that unknown land. None of -them knew, however, just where these islands lay. - -At last King Charles I. made a compact with Magellan. He made the -captain a cavalier of Spain, and fitted out a fleet for him. Magellan -pledged himself to spend ten years trying to find the southern islands -for Spain, and the king gave to him and to his heirs the governorship of -all islands that he might discover and conquer. - -It was on August 10, 1519, that Magellan’s fleet, flying the royal -standard of Spain, left San Lucar de Barrameda (sän lö´cär dā bär rä -mā´thä). There were five ships, _La Trinidad_ (lä trē´nē däth), _San -Antonio_ (sän än tō´nē ō), _Victoria_ (vik tō´rē ä), _Santiago_ (sän tē -ä´gō), and _Concepcion_ (kōn thep´thē ōn). They sailed southward, from -San Lucar de Barrameda toward the Canary Islands, and on the 13th of -December reached Rio de Janeiro (rē´ō dā zhä nā´rō). - -From there they went along down the eastern coast of South America, -trying every opening which they thought might be a passage into the sea -they sought. They lost a good deal of time sailing up the Rio de la -Plata (rē´ō dā lä plä´tä), and at last had to come back to the Atlantic. -By this time it was late in winter, and the weather was very cold. - -By now the officers and sailors on all save Magellan’s own ship had -become rebellious. They were sure that no passage could be found into -the Southern Sea, and they wanted to go back to Spain. This rebellion -grew until Magellan had to put it down by the use of force. He was able -to win over the sailors, but the officers still made trouble, and at -last their revolt was so serious that the fleet could not go on until -this matter was ended. One captain even made an attack on _La Trinidad_, -the ship which Magellan commanded. Not until one of the rebellious -captains, with a companion, was put ashore, another killed, and a third -executed for mutiny, was order restored so that the fleet could continue -the voyage. - -But the way was long and trying. The sailors began to lose courage -again, and only the bravery and strong will of Magellan kept the fleet -together. One ship, the _Santiago_, was wrecked in a great gale, and -while off the coast of New Guinea (nö gin´nē) the crew and most of the -officers of the _San Antonio_ mutinied. They put their captain in irons -and sailed back to Spain. - -There they lodged a complaint against their captain and against -Magellan. They accused the latter of great cruelty, and raised much ill -feeling against him. Magellan’s wife and family were put into prison, -and if the cavalier himself had been in Spain, it would have gone hard -with him. - -But Magellan was very far from Spain. With the three remaining ships he -was still sailing in search of a passage into the sea which Balboa had -discovered. On the 28th day of October, 1520, the fleet reached the -seaway now known as the Straits of Magellan, between Patagonia (pat ä -gō´nē ä) and Tierra del Fuego (tē er´rä del fwā´gō). - -Hardly daring to hope that this was the passage they sought, they -entered it and sailed on. Nearly a month later, on November 26, 1520, -they passed out of the Straits and found themselves on the broad, blue -Southern Sea. This sea was so quiet, so fair and beautiful, that -Magellan at once named it the “Pacific,” or “peaceful,” Ocean. - -The longed for seaway was discovered, and they were the first to sail -through it! We may be sure that the hearts of the little company were -glad. There was no more doubt; no more grumbling; no more rebellion -against their leader. They knew, at last, that he was a great captain, -and they followed him willingly across the unknown sea. They were now -full of hope for the success of their voyage. They were eager to reach -the rich spice islands which they were sure lay before them, and the -ships sailed bravely forward over the beautiful Pacific. - -On March 16, 1521, they came to the Ladrone (lä drōne´) Islands. To -these Magellan gave the name Islas de las Velas (ēs läs dā läs vā´läs). -It was Miguel de Legaspi (mē gā´el dā lā gäth´pē) who, when he visited -them in 1564, called them the Ladrones. The expedition did not linger -here, however, but soon sailed away toward the southwest, where the -Spaniards hoped to find the spice islands which they sought. - -They held steadily to their westward course, and in due time reached -Jomohol (hō mō hōl´), now called Malhon (mäl hōn´), in the Straits of -Suragao (sö rä gä´ō), between Samar (säm´är) and Dinegat (dē nā gät´). -Here they touched, but did not remain. They sailed on along the coast of -Mindanao (mēn dä nä´ō), instead, and early in Easter week came to the -mouth of the Butuan (bö tö än´) River. - -They were nearly out of food and water by this time, so they landed to -see what supplies they could find. The chief of Butuan and his people -were at first frightened by the sight of these white strangers. The -Spaniards wore armor and carried firearms. They must have seemed strange -to those simple people, who had never before seen such men or such -weapons. The natives welcomed the strangers, and brought them fresh food -and water. They helped the Spaniards to load these on their ships, and -were in every way friendly. - -[Illustration: - - IN THE STRAITS OF MAGELLAN. -] - -Afterwards Magellan claimed the country for King Charles I. of Spain, -and raised the Spanish flag. The chief looked on during this act, and -consented to it; but it is not likely that he knew what Magellan was -doing. Then Magellan named the country the San Lazarus (sän lāth´är ůs) -Isles. - -[Illustration: - - MAGELLAN’S ROUTE. - - The Map shows the World as known about 1500. -] - -Magellan learned from the Butuan people that a rich and fertile island -called Cebu (sā´bö) lay to the north, and to this island he wished to -go. The chief of Butuan then offered to go with him and show him the -way; so, with the chief and some of his people, the fleet sailed to -Cebu. They reached harbor there April 7, 1521. - -At first the Cebuans (sā´bö äns) were very unfriendly toward the -strangers, and, but for the chief of Butuan, would have driven them -away. He answered for the Spaniards, however. He told the king of Cebu -that they wished to be friends, and at last the Spaniards were allowed -to land. - -Magellan must have had the good gift of making friends, for he soon won -over the king of Cebu just as he had won over the chief of Butuan. He -and the king swore friendship, and each drank blood drawn from the -breast of the other. This they did for a sign that thereafter they were -to be brothers. Magellan also made a treaty with the king in the name of -King Charles I. of Spain. - -There were a number of Spanish friars with the fleet. These at once -began to teach the people, and before long the king was baptized as King -Charles I. of Cebu. Many of his people were baptized also. Magellan then -promised the Cebuans to help them in a war which they were having with -the people of Mactan (mäk´tän), an island near Cebu. To keep this -promise, Magellan crossed to Mactan with forty of his men in the evening -of April 25th. He would not let any of the Cebuans go with him, as he -wished to show them how quickly Spanish soldiers would defeat such a -foe. - -[Illustration: - - _From a Painting in the Municipal School, Manila._ - - THE LANDING OF MAGELLAN. -] - -The Spanish landed at night, and as soon as it was light the people of -Mactan came down to the beach in great numbers. A fierce battle was -fought, in which the Europeans, being greatly outnumbered, were -defeated. One old Spanish account says that the Spanish soldiers sprang -into the water and swam to the ships, leaving their leader on shore. -Magellan was a skillful swordsman, and killed many of the enemy. At -last, however, a savage, who fought with a huge club, struck him a blow -that crushed both his helmet and his skull. He died, there by the sea, -on the island of Mactan, and a monument to his memory now stands on the -spot where it is supposed that he fell. - -On the right bank of the River Pasig (pä´sig), in Manila, near the -bridge of Spain, is another monument in honor of this brave nobleman and -soldier. Ferdinand Magellan ranks with the great sailors of the world. -Not even Columbus was wiser or more skillful than he. The discovery of -the passage between the two great oceans, and the long, dangerous -journey across seas to these islands, are feats that make him worthy of -a high and honorable place in the world’s history. - -After the death of Magellan, Captain Duarte Barbosa (dö är´tā bär -bo´thä) took command of the fleet. The king of Cebu had not sworn -friendship with him, however, and the chief of Butuan had gone back to -his home, so the Spanish had no strong friend in the island. The king -invited Barbosa and his men to a feast on the island, and at this feast -the captain and twenty-six of his men were killed. The Cebuans offered -to give up a Spanish sailor named Juan Serrano (hō än´ sā rä´nō) for two -cannons from one of the ships, but the Spanish would not come inshore to -bring the cannons and take their shipmate on board. They sailed away and -left him to his fate. - -[Illustration: - - THE TOMB OF MAGELLAN, ON THE ISLAND OF MACTAN. -] - -In all, thirty-two Spaniards were killed at Cebu. This left them so -short of men that they could not get the three ships away. So, as the -_Concepcion_ was the poorest of the three, they sunk her in Cebu harbor. -After doing this they made haste to get away from the scene of their ill -fortune. Captain Juan Caraballo (kär ä bäl´yō) was now made commander of -the expedition, and with less than a hundred men all told, the two ships -went on to Borneo. - - _Summary._—Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese noble, leaving his own - country because of ill treatment, became a subject of Spain. King - Charles I. fitted out a fleet for him, and Magellan agreed to spend - ten years seeking for islands in the Southern Sea, to conquer for - Spain. On August 10, 1519, the fleet sailed from San Lucar de - Barrameda, southward. Magellan sailed down the eastern coast of South - America, seeking a passage into the ocean which Balboa had discovered - and named the Southern Sea. They had many hardships. One ship was - wrecked and one deserted; but on October 28, 1520, they reached the - passage now known as the Straits of Magellan. This passage is between - Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. They sailed through the Straits, and - on November 26, 1520, entered the Southern Sea. Magellan named this - sea the Pacific Ocean. On March 16, 1521, the fleet reached the - Ladrone Islands. They did not remain long, but sailed toward the - southwest. They touched at Malhon, and went on along the coast of - Mindanao. They landed at the mouth of the Butuan River, and were well - received by the chief and his people. Magellan claimed the country for - Spain. The chief of Butuan went with the Spanish to Cebu. Magellan - swore friendship with the king of Cebu, and the latter was baptized. - Magellan, with forty Spaniards, offered to fight the people of Mactan, - who were at war with the Cebuans. Magellan was killed, however, and - the Spaniards were driven back. The new Spanish leader was killed, - with twenty-six of his men, at a feast given by the king of Cebu on - shore. The Spanish sunk one of their ships; and the other two, with - all the Spaniards left, sailed for Borneo. - - - _Questions._—What did people believe in the time of Columbus about the - shape of the earth? What did they think about the sea? What European - first saw the Pacific Ocean? How did he reach it? Who was Magellan? - How did he come to take service with the king of Spain? When did - Magellan’s fleet leave Spain? What course did it take? Tell when he - discovered the Straits. Where did Magellan go after entering the - Pacific? Give an account of his landing at Butuan. Where did he go - next? How did he die? What then became of the fleet? - -[Illustration] - - - - - Chapter II. - EARLY SETTLEMENTS. - - -In the month of September, 1522, a few weeks over three years after -Magellan’s proud fleet sailed from San Lucar de Barrameda, in Spain, a -single ship put into that port. She was seaworn and battered, with torn -sails, and timbers warped and scarred by many a storm. The people hailed -her with joy, and everywhere in Spain men were glad when they heard of -her safe home-coming. This ship was the _Victoria_, commanded by Captain -Juan Sebastian del Cano (sā bäs´tē än del kä´nō), a statue of whom now -stands in the main hall of the Palacio in Manila. She was the only one -left of the five ships that had gone out with Magellan three years -before. - -But battered and scarred as she was, the _Victoria_ was a ship to be -proud of. She had sailed clear around the world, and at that time no -other ship had ever done such a thing. No wonder, then, that everybody -was glad to see her, and was proud of her. The people were sorry when -they learned of the sad fate of Magellan, but there were still brave -captains and clever seamen in Spain, and these at once began making -plans to go to the new-found San Lazarus Isles. - -One of the expeditions that were fitted out was lost; but in 1542 a -second company left the city of Navidad (nä vē däth´) in Mexico, or New -Spain, as that country was often called. This one was commanded by a -Spanish nobleman named Ruy Lopez de Villalobos (rē lō peth´dā vēl yä -lō’bos). After a long, hard journey the expedition reached the island -now called Samar. The Spanish did not try to settle there, but Ruy Lopez -named this island Isla Filipina, in honor of Prince Philip of Spain. - -That one little fact is of interest to us, because about a year later a -certain Spanish gentleman who was writing a letter home from Mexico -spoke of the whole group of islands as Las Islas Filipinas. This name -was at once taken up in Spain. No one remembered that Magellan had named -the islands San Lazarus, but every one called them Islas Filipinas; and -so these Philippine Islands received a name which they have ever since -kept. - -The Spanish gentleman who wrote that letter was Don Miguel Lopez de -Legaspi. He was a nobleman of Spain, but for many years he lived in -Mexico. He was one of the many great men who, in early times, made -Spain’s name a proud one. He was a young man when he went to New Spain -and began to practice law. He was an honest gentleman and an able -statesman, and before many years he was made mayor of the City of -Mexico. He seems to have been a truly religious man, wise and just; a -man to trust, and one well able to lead other men. For such men there -are always high places in the world. Legaspi was, moreover, a brave -soldier and a skillful sailor. - -[Illustration: - - STATUE OF SEBASTIAN DEL CANO. - - In the Palacio, Manila. -] - -It is not strange, therefore, that the king of Spain should have known -about him. The king at this time was Philip II., for whom, when he was -prince, these islands were named. He came to the throne in 1555, and -soon after was minded to send out an expedition to settle in the country -named for him. He looked about for a man to command this expedition, and -his choice fell upon Legaspi. So he made him general of the whole force. - -There were four ships and a frigate in the new fleet, and all were -strongly armed and well stocked for the journey. The force of men -numbered 400 soldiers and sailors, carefully chosen, and fit for the -brave adventure before them. - -With the fleet there were also six friars of the Order of St. Augustine, -and the leader of these was a man after Legaspi’s own heart. His name -was Andres de Urdaneta (än´drās dā ur´dä nā´tä). He had been at one time -a captain in King Charles’s navy, and had long wanted King Charles I. to -send him on an expedition to the Pacific. But the king was weary of wars -and longed for rest. Of his own accord he left the throne, to retire -into private life; and Urdaneta took holy orders. - -When Philip II. was making ready his great expedition, he remembered his -father’s friend Urdaneta, and chose him to go with Legaspi as captain of -the spiritual forces of the fleet. These two men, Legaspi and Urdaneta, -were warm friends. It is very fitting that in the monument on the Luneta -in Manila, their figures should to-day stand side by side. When we see -this monument, we should remember the brave journey these two men made -together years ago, and the bright future which they hoped to secure for -these islands. - -This new fleet sailed from Navidad, on the coast of Mexico, on the 21st -day of November, 1564. The expedition was unlike the ones that had gone -before it. It had for its aim the setting up of Spain’s rule in the -islands, whereas the others had gone out to seek new lands and to -conquer them. The men with Legaspi meant to stay in the islands and to -make their homes there. - -Legaspi had been warned not to go first to Cebu. His advisers thought it -would be better to settle on one of the other islands and slowly to make -friends with the Cebuans before going to live among them. This, however, -was not Legaspi’s plan. He knew that the Cebuans were the very people -whom he must win over at first, if he hoped to have peace in his new -home. You see, the Spaniards as yet knew nothing about the great island -of Luzon. They had no knowledge of the size and nature of this new -country, but thought the best part of it lay to the south. - -Legaspi sailed for Cebu, but when he began to draw near to the -archipelago he sent one of his ships ahead to learn what sort of welcome -the expedition might look for from the Cebuans. The commander of this -ship brought back a gloomy report. The Cebuans had not been at all -friendly. Instead, they had caught and killed one of the men of the -landing crew from the ship, and would have killed the others had not the -Spanish pulled off from shore and gone back to their ship. - -When this report was brought to Legaspi he was very sorry. He at once, -however, made up his mind to go to Cebu and subdue the people. This he -thought was his duty toward his king; so the fleet sailed to Cebu. It -came safe into harbor, and the soldiers landed in front of the town of -Cebu on the 27th day of April, 1565. The Spanish were amazed and -delighted with the beauty and fruitfulness of the island. Weary with -their long voyage, they would gladly have made friends with the people -and been at peace in that lovely spot. - -[Illustration: - - ANCIENT FORT COMMANDING CEBU HARBOR. -] - -The people, however, would not be friends. They had driven the Spanish -from their shore once, and did not mean that the strangers should come -back to live there. The chief, King Tupas (tö´päs), was a brave and -warlike man, and with a large army he came down to the shore to beat off -the newcomers. A fierce battle was fought there by the sea, but it did -not last long. The spears and arrows of the Cebuans were of little use -against Spanish armor, while the Spanish firearms did deadly work among -the lightly-clad Cebuan warriors. After a few hours the Cebuans were -forced back from the shore, and the Spanish held the town. - -Legaspi now set to work to win the liking of the Cebuans. He believed -firmly that the king of Spain was by divine right the lawful ruler of -these islands; but for himself, he meant to govern kindly and wisely in -the name of the king. He could not do this until he had shown the people -that he and his soldiers were their friends. To this task, therefore, he -bent all his wisdom. - -So earnestly did the Spanish commander work to win over the people, that -in a very few months the whole island was in a state of peace. A little -later, Padre Urdaneta went back to Spain to report all that had been -done. King Philip II. was much pleased with the friar’s report, and made -Legaspi “governor-general of all the territory in the archipelago that -he might conquer for Spain.” - -Matters now went very quietly with the natives for several years; but -trouble came to the Spaniards from the outside. At this time there was -great rivalry between Spain and Portugal in the discovery and settlement -of new lands. In each of these countries there were many daring sailors -and brave soldiers who liked nothing better than to go on wild -adventures for their kings, to find and to claim new lands. - -So great was the rivalry between these two countries that Pope Alexander -VI., soon after the discovery of America, made a decree dividing between -them all the lands that might be discovered. The dividing line was the -meridian of Cape Verde Island. By his decree the Pope gave all heathen -lands discovered west of that line to Spain. All the lands that should -be discovered east of the meridian he gave to Portugal. Under this -ruling, as we may see by looking at a map, the Philippine Islands would -have fallen to Portugal. - -Spain, however, claimed these islands by right of discovery, and was -ready to uphold her claim by force of arms. This Legaspi had to do -before he had been long in Cebu. An expedition of Portuguese came out -against the Spanish, and, but for Legaspi’s brave defense of the island, -would have taken it from them. The Portuguese were forced to retire, -however, and though for years there was much trouble over the matter, -Portugal never made good her claim to the Philippines. - -By 1570 Legaspi had made the town of Cebu a city and the seat of -government. In the spring of this year a grandson of his, a young -Spanish captain named Juan Salcedo (säl sā´dō), came from Mexico to help -him in the islands. He was a very young man, but a good soldier, and -wise beyond his years. His grandfather was glad, indeed, to have such a -helper, and sent him out at the head of a strong force to visit all the -islands. - -The Spanish had learned by this time about the island of Luzon that lay -to the north, so Salcedo was ordered to go up there and see what it was -like. He sailed from Cebu early in the summer, and made his way -northward to the great bay of Manila. Here he found a town called -Maynila by the people who lived there, and here he landed with his -company of soldiers, all in full armor. - -[Illustration: - - THE MONUMENT TO LEGASPI AT CEBU CITY. -] - -The people of Luzon had never before seen European soldiers. They -thought that these were gods, and not men, and made haste to be friends -with them. They could not understand the firearms which the soldiers -carried, and were much afraid of them. They gave up their city at once, -and brought food and fruits as offerings to the strange visitors. -Salcedo spoke kindly to them, and when he had made them understand what -he wanted, they all swore loyalty to Spain. - -But Soliman (sō lē´män), chief of Maynila, soon saw that these huge -strangers were only men, after all. Then he was filled with sorrow to -think that he had given up his city to them, and made up his mind to win -it back. He gathered all his warriors and led them against the Spanish, -but it was of no use. Salcedo’s forces were too strong for his army, and -Soliman was defeated. He was driven out from his city again; but this -time, rather than let the Spanish have it, he set fire to it and burned -it down. - -Juan Salcedo now showed himself to be kind as well as brave. When he had -taken Soliman prisoner, he did not punish him for breaking his oath of -fealty to Spain. He forgave him freely, and let him take the oath again. -Then he let him go on ruling his people in the name of the king of -Spain. - -After this Salcedo passed on through Luzon, claiming the country for -Philip II. He visited those parts now known as Laguna (lä gö´nä), -Pangasinan (pän gäsē nän´), and the Camarines (cäm ä rē´nēs). He took -the city of Cainta (kä ēn´tä), where a Moro chief ruled, and then went -to what is now Ilocos Sur (ēl ō´cos sör). One of his captains, named -Martin de Goiti (mär´tin dā go ē´tē), he left at Maynila with a small -force to guard the camp. Goiti also conquered the people of Pampanga -(päm pän´gä). Later Salcedo sent a messenger to his grandfather, -Governor-General Legaspi, asking him to come at once to Maynila. - -During all the time that Salcedo was taking Maynila and bringing the -country under the rule of Spain, Legaspi was busy in the Visayas (vis -ä´yäs). He had been in the country five years or more, and had done much -to make peace with the people. The chief of Cebu had accepted baptism, -with many of the Cebuans, and one of his daughters was married to a -Spaniard. There was great good feeling between the two races, and the -Cebuans looked upon the Spanish as friends. Well pleased, therefore, -with the way things were going in Cebu, Legaspi went on a tour through -all the Visayan group. - -Legaspi was at Iloilo on the island of Panay (pän ī´) when this -messenger found him and told him all that Salcedo had done in Luzon. -Legaspi was much pleased at the news. He saw at once that Maynila was -the place of all others on the islands in which to set up the -government, and he made ready to go to Luzon. He could do this all the -more easily because of the way he had managed things in the Visayas. All -the native chiefs were still in power, and Legaspi left them to rule as -they had always done, save that they now ruled in the name of the king -of Spain. The governor-general was able, therefore, to leave behind him -a quiet, orderly government, and to give his mind freely to the new work -before him. - -The journey northward was made in safety, and early in March of the year -1571, Legaspi and his party reached Cavite (kä vē´tā). Here they were -met by the Tagal (tā´gäl) chief, Lacondola (lä con dō´lä), rajah or king -of Tondo (ton´dō), who is sometimes also spoken of as Rajah Matanda (mä -tän´dä) or the “old Rajah.” - -Lacondola welcomed Legaspi as the lawful ruler, and told him that he and -his people were loyal to the king of Spain. The party then went on to -Maynila, and here also Legaspi was greeted as the king’s representative. -Soliman, the former king of Maynila, was never a really willing subject -of Spain. But he was a nephew of Lacondola, and the old Rajah’s counsel -had great weight with him; so he never rebelled against the new ruler. - -[Illustration: - - LEGASPI SAILING TO MANILA. -] - -Legaspi now declared King Philip the overlord of that whole country, and -made Maynila the capital. He changed the spelling of the name to -_Manila_. This word is made up of two Tagal words—_may_, which means “to -have,” and _nila_, a kind of tree that once grew thickly around the -city—and _Maynila_ means that there were many nila trees there. - -Lacondola and Soliman joined forces with Martin de Goiti, to help -strengthen the new rule in the islands. The country now known as -Batangas (bä tän´gäs) Province was then ruled by several chiefs who were -usually at war with the Tagals and other tribes. They and their people -had come from Borneo and had intermarried with the Negritos (nā -grē´tōs). They were great hunters and good fighters, but would not yield -to the Spaniards; so, with the aid of other tribes, the Spaniards drove -them from the country. There were other chiefs ruling in the districts -about Manila Bay; but these showed themselves friendly to Spain, and -were left in office, to govern in the name of the king. - -The work of putting the country in order now went on rapidly. In June, -1571, Legaspi formed the City Council of Manila, and began to lay the -foundation for a wise and just rule in these islands. He made a plan for -Manila, and had the city laid out in squares and streets just as we see -it to-day inside the walls. He also set the people to work building -these walls for a defense against the wild tribes. The walls were -nineteen years in building, and to-day, after more than three hundred -years, they are still strong and beautiful, to show how well the Tagal -people builded. The fort at the mouth of the Pasig River was also begun -at this time. - -Governor-General Legaspi was a strong, wise ruler for this country. He -was a man far ahead of his times and of his people, “a good man among -men, and a great man among statesmen.” If his plans for the Philippines -had been carried out, the history of the islands would be very different -from what it is to-day. If those who came after him had been as wise and -as kind as he, the Filipinos would have been a happy, contented people. - -But dark days came all too soon to the colony. On the 20th day of -August, 1572, Legaspi died, worn out by the hard labors of his active, -useful life. He was buried in the Augustine Chapel of San Fausto, in -Manila, and another sort of rule soon began in the islands. - - _Summary._—The _Victoria_, commanded by Juan Sebastian del Cano, - reached Spain in September, 1522. She was the first ship to sail - around the world. Twenty years later Ruy Lopez de Villalobos commanded - an expedition which went to Samar. He named this island “Isla - Filipina,” and later Legaspi gave the name “Islas Filipinas” to the - entire archipelago. Miguel de Legaspi commanded an expedition sent out - by King Philip II. to settle in the islands. With him came the - Augustine friar P. Urdaneta. This fleet left Navidad, Mexico, November - 21, 1564. The Spanish went to Cebu, conquered the people, and then - began to make friends with them and to build up the government. Later - the Spanish had trouble with the Portuguese, who came to claim the - country, but were driven away. In 1570, Juan Salcedo came out. He went - to Luzon, took Maynila, and then sent a messenger to Legaspi to tell - him to come there. Legaspi was in the Visayas, pacifying the country, - but he at once went to Maynila. He was well received by Lacondola and - Soliman, and set up his capital in Maynila. He formed the City - Council, made a plan for the city, and had work begun on the walls. He - began a wise and humane rule in the islands, but died, in August, - 1572, before he was able to carry out many of his plans. - - - _Questions._—When did the _Victoria_ return to Spain? What had she - done? How did the Islas Filipinas get their name? Who was Miguel de - Legaspi? Who was Urdaneta? When did Legaspi’s expedition start? Where - did it sail from? How was he received in Cebu? Who was Juan Salcedo? - Tell of his work in Luzon. When did Legaspi come to Manila? Who - received him? When was the City Council founded? What sort of man was - Legaspi? When did he die? - -[Illustration] - - - - - Chapter III. - THE COUNTRY AND ITS PEOPLE. - - -Before we go farther with this story of the Philippines, let us look, -for a little while, at the country itself, and the people who live in -it. - -Men who are wise in science tell us that there must have been in the -Pacific Ocean, some thousands of years ago, a great body of land that -has now sunk out of sight. We do not know when it sank; but after it did -so there must have been, one after another, a great many volcanic -eruptions that broke up the sunken continent into smaller tracts of -land. Many of these eruptions took place under water, and with the -overflow of lava the separate tracts grew larger. - -Later still this sunken land began slowly to rise from the sea. In some -places this change is still going on. New islands have come up out of -the sea within the memory of people who are still alive, and there have -been, within modern times, great changes on some of the Philippine -Islands. The whole group is of volcanic origin, but there are now very -few active volcanoes left in the country. Of these Mayon (mī ōn´), in -the southern part of Luzon, is the largest. This is said to be the most -beautiful volcano in the world. Its form is a perfect cone. Taal (tä´äl) -volcano, which is on an island in Lake Bombon (bôm´bôn), is also a -famous volcano. - -There are over 1,200 islands in the archipelago, but we do not know -exactly how many there are. They have never been counted. Some of them -are hardly more than bits of rock showing above the sea, while Luzon, -the largest, is 480 miles long. - -On all of the islands there are large mountains. Great peaks rise, in -some cases to a height of 7,000 or 8,000 feet, covered to the very top -with forests of mighty trees. The finest building timber in the world -will some day come from these islands. Teak, ebony, mahogany, and cedar -trees grow here, besides rubber and camphor trees, and many others for -which there is great demand in all the markets of the world. Fine fruit -trees of many sorts are also found. When there are good roads in the -islands over which to haul logs, and modern mills and machinery to make -them into lumber, the timber trade of the Philippines will be a great -industry. - -There are now about eight millions of people in the Philippines. How -many were here when the Spanish came we do not know. The larger part of -the people in the islands are of the Malay (mā´lā) race. These were not -the first dwellers in the country, but came from the Malay Peninsula, -and it is likely that they had not been here more than two or three -hundred years when the Spanish came. They are the people whose lives and -acts make up most of what we call the “history” of the islands, and they -are the people usually meant by the term “Filipinos.” - -[Illustration: - - ABORIGINES OF MINDANAO. -] - -Up in the mountains, living in nearly as wild a state as when the -Spanish came, we still find the aborigines. This is a word which means -the first dwellers in a country. It is thought that the first people who -lived in the northern islands were the Aetas, or Negritos. A race called -the Indonesians (in dō nā´sē äns) are the aborigines of the great island -of Mindanao. - -The Negritos are dying out. They are a small, timid people, with thick -lips and flat noses. Their hair is like curly wool. They hunt and fight -with bows and arrows, and are very quick and active. Their chief food is -fish, and the brown mountain rice which they plant and harvest. Even if -taken when children and brought up in a city, they do not grow to like -civilized life, but run away and go back to the mountains as soon as -they have the chance. - -An important tribe of wild people in these islands are the Igorrotes (ig -ō rō´tēs), of whom there are many on Luzon. The Igorrotes are the finest -and strongest of all the wild tribes in the country. They are very -brave, and are good fighters, using in warfare a short, broad knife, -which they wield with deadly skill. They never submitted to the -Spaniards, and were badly used by that people. The Spaniards always made -war upon them, and at one time tried to put an end to all of the tribe -in Luzon. They burned their villages and killed all who fell in their -power. They could not conquer them, however, and the Igorrotes have -always hated the Spanish fiercely. - -The civilized Filipino people spring from none of these wild tribes. As -we have said, they are Malays, and came here from the great Malay -Peninsula. The Malays, from earliest times, were a sea-going folk, -daring sailors, and skillful in managing their boats. They went boldly -to sea in tiny crafts, with only the stars to guide them, taking risks -such as no Europeans dared to take. They overran the islands of the -South Pacific, going even as far as the island of Madagascar. They -settled in the Philippines, drove the natives back into the mountains, -and made their homes along the coasts and on the rich plains. They had a -written alphabet of their own when the Spanish came, and were far ahead, -even then, of the native races. - -The Malays who settled in the island of Mindanao were converted to the -Moslem faith by some Arabian missionaries who came to that island as -early as the twelfth or thirteenth century. From Mindanao this religion -was carried to the island of Sulu (sö l´ö), and it is now the faith of -the people of the entire Sulu archipelago. The people who held to this -religion were called Moros by the Spanish, and by this name they are -still known. - -There are many tribes in the islands, both of the aborigines and of the -Malay people. In early days these tribes were more separate than at -present, and had little to do with one another, save when there was war -among them. Each had its own language, and even now a great many -dialects are spoken in the islands. This fact, among others, has helped -to keep the tribes apart and to prevent them from becoming a strong, -united people. - -We see, from what has been said, that the dwellers in the Philippine -Islands are not strictly a people in the sense that the Spanish or the -English are a people. Even the Malay folk in the islands have been, from -the very first, split up into many tribes, having little in common. -Under some methods of government these tribes might have been united; -but Spanish rule was not of a sort to bind them together. Rather, it set -tribes against one another, and used some to help conquer others. It did -not draw them together in a strong national life such as has made the -United States of America a great and powerful nation. - -[Illustration: - - A MORO OF JOLÓ, IN THE SULU ARCHIPELAGO. -] - -The United States has been settled by people from many countries. These -people have gone to America from nearly every nation on earth; but the -different races have become one strong American people by reason of a -common interest in the good government of their country, and a common -desire for its welfare. Each State has its own life and government, but -all are united to form the great country of which each is a part, and to -support the Federal Government which binds the States together. - -When the Filipino people have learned thus to stand together, a new day -will dawn for these islands. When the people all speak one language, and -when young and old can read and write that language, the country will be -more united, and will begin to know something of that national life -which other countries enjoy. The people will then be united; they will -know how to govern their land wisely and justly. They will understand, -as they have not done before, the relation one nation bears to others in -the world, and will be able to develop the great wealth of their -country. - -The two great tribes of Malay Filipinos are the Tagals and the Visayans. -The Tagals live in southern Luzon, the Visayans in the group of islands -called the Visayas, which lie south of Luzon and north of Mindanao. -There are, besides, many lesser peoples in the islands, so that, as we -have seen, there could be no common national life. - -The tribes were governed by great chiefs or kings, who ruled through -small chiefs and dattos. Each of these was at the head of about a -hundred families whom he stood for in the tribal council, and for whom -he was spokesman before the great chief. The small chief was called the -head of a hundred. It was a simple, but effective, form of government, -and suited the people. Legaspi and Salcedo made no changes in it, except -to declare the king of Spain the ruler of all the tribes. They had the -great chiefs swear loyalty to Spain, and then left them to govern for -the king. - -[Illustration: - - ANCIENT ALPHABETS IN USE IN THE ARCHIPELAGO WHEN THE SPANISH CAME. - - Among the Moros of Mindanao and Sulu there are still in use words that - were obsolete in the Arabic in the time of Mohammed. -] - -[Illustration: - - NEGRITOS IN A PRAHU. -] - -Later, however, when Legaspi and Salcedo were gone, many evils crept in. -The great chiefs were put out of power, and little by little -self-government was taken from the people. They came at last to have no -voice in the ordering of their own lives, and no one to speak for them -to their unknown ruler in Spain. - - _Summary._—The Philippine Islands are believed to be part of a great - continent that once lay in the South Pacific Ocean. This continent - sank. Afterwards a slow upheaval brought the islands up from the sea. - The Aetas, or Negritos, were the earliest inhabitants of the country. - The Indonesians of Mindanao are also aborigines. The Igorrotes are a - wild tribe of Luzon and the Visayas, who have from the first been - enemies of Spain. The Spanish treated them cruelly and won their - hatred. The civilized Filipinos are of Malay origin, and came here - from the Malay Peninsula. Those who settled in Mindanao were converted - to the Mohammedan faith in the twelfth or thirteenth century by - Arabian missionaries; and they are called Moros. The people of the - islands are broken up into many tribes, and this has hindered their - becoming a united people. The tribal form of government was simple, - and so well suited to the country that Legaspi made little change in - it. The Spanish who came after him, however, took all self-government - from the people. - - - _Questions._—What are we taught of the origin of the Philippine - Islands? Who are the aborigines? What is the origin of the civilized - Filipinos? How did the Moslem faith come into the country? Describe - the early form of government. - -[Illustration] - - - - - Chapter IV. - EARLY TROUBLES. - - -Until the beginning of the nineteenth century, when Mexico became -independent of Spain, the Philippine Islands were governed for Spain by -that country. This worked great hardship in the islands. Mexico herself -was a dependency of Spain, and so the Philippines really became a -dependency of a dependency. All laws for the country were made in -Mexico, and in this way the islanders were removed one step farther from -the foreign ruler who was their king. - -The High Court of Mexico appointed the governor-general, and at the same -time that it did so named the man who should succeed him. This it did in -order that there might be no time lost in filling the office when it -became vacant. When Legaspi died, therefore, his successor was already -appointed, and at once took up the duties of his office. - -The new governor-general was named Guido de Lavazares (wē´dō dā lä vä -thär´ās), and he was a very different sort of man from Legaspi. He was -more warlike and less wise, and he liked to meddle in matters which did -not concern him. During his term of office, he went to the aid of a king -of Borneo who had been dethroned by his rebellious subjects, and helped -the king to regain his throne. - -He was so elated with his success in doing this that he became -ambitious. He so far forgot common sense that he wanted King Philip to -let him and his Philippine forces make war on China and conquer that -country for Spain. He could not have done this, and the king of Spain -was too sensible to let him try. Later, however, the governor-general -had all he wished of fighting the Chinese. - -After Legaspi’s death his grandson, Juan Salcedo, went on with the work -of setting up Spanish rule in the islands. He passed through the -northern part of Luzon, and wherever he went told the people that Philip -II. was their king. He made it a point always to make friends with the -great chief of any tribe to which he went. This chief he would win over -to swear fealty to Spain. Then Salcedo would leave him to rule as -before, only in the name of the king. - -He promised to help the chiefs against their enemies, and was ready, -with his soldiers, to fight their battles whenever they needed him. In -turn he trusted them to be loyal to the king, and to keep their people -from rebelling. He did not try to improve the country in any way, or to -teach the people anything that would help them to make it better. His -one idea was to win territory for his king. This, indeed, was all that -the king wanted him to do. - -Spain wanted much territory, a wide dominion, more than she wanted loyal -subjects. It was this greed for power and for wealth that caused her -downfall, and in the end lost for her the rich country which she had -gained at great cost. - -Salcedo, after all, was a far better man and kinder to the people than -were most of those who came after him. He had much of that wise -kindliness which made Legaspi a good ruler. He took the country by -force, but he was not a tyrant. He did not oppress the people, nor did -he make unwise laws to govern them. - -He made his headquarters in Ilocos Sur, meaning to rule the northern -provinces from there. He had, however, hardly settled down when news -reached him of a great danger that threatened Manila. Gathering all his -forces he marched southward as fast as his army could travel, to help -Martin de Goiti, who was still in charge of Manila, to defend the city. -It was this same danger, which so alarmed Salcedo, that gave Guido de -Lavazares his wish to fight the Chinese. It was a most unexpected -danger, and came without warning upon the colony. - -At about the time when Legaspi was founding his capital at Manila, a -Chinese pirate named Li-ma-hong (lē mä hong´) was sailing the waters of -the China Sea. He led a large force of men as lawless as himself, and, -as time went on, he became the terror of sea-going folk all about there. -He grew so bold, and his pirate fleet so strong, that he dared to attack -even the great war junks of China. At last the Chinese Government -declared him an outlaw, and put a price on his head. After this the -China Sea was not a safe place for him, so he made up his mind to go -somewhere else. - -[Illustration: - - PLAZA DE GOITI, MANILA. -] - -He had captured the crew of a trading junk, and from these men he -learned about the Philippine Islands. What they told him pleased him so -much that he decided to go to Manila, take the city, and set up a -kingdom of his own on Luzon. He felt certain of success in this -undertaking; for he had a fleet of sixty-two armed junks and a force of -4,000 fighting men. In his company were many tradesmen as well as -soldiers, and many women went with the fleet. He also had plenty of -supplies, and Li-ma-hong was sure that, once he had taken the country, -he could set up a colony. - -He took with him, on his own junk, the crew of the captured junk, to -pilot the way, and with his fleet sailed for Luzon. In November, 1574, -they reached the north coast of that island. Here some of the pirates, -who went ashore for supplies, sacked and burned a village and killed -many of the Filipinos. Those who escaped made their way to where Salcedo -was, and told him what had happened. Thus it came about that the Spanish -captain learned of Li-ma-hong’s scheme before the pirate reached Manila. - -Leaving the northern part of Luzon, the Chinese kept on along the coast -toward Manila. Before they came to the bay, however, the fleet was -caught in a typhoon. Several of the junks and some 200 men were lost in -the storm. Still, Li-ma-hong thought he had a force strong enough to -take Manila, so they went on. The pirate commander landed an army of -1,500 men before Manila, and sent them up to take the city. - -[Illustration: - - CHINESE WAR JUNKS ATTACKING MANILA. -] - -They were led by a Japanese named Sioco (sē ō´kō), whom Li-ma-hong had -made his lieutenant, and in a few hours a savage fight was waging -between the Spanish and the Chinese. The Spanish force was small, but -well armed, and every man knew that he was fighting for life against a -cruel foe. No mercy was to be looked for from those wild pirates, and no -quarter was asked or given. Even the aged governor-general bore arms in -the fight, for every man was needed. The first Spaniard killed was brave -Martin de Goiti, but he was not the last. The little garrison was nearly -destroyed before their fortune turned and the pirates were driven back. -The Japanese leader Sioco was killed, and after that the Chinese fell -back and reëntered their junks. - -A few days later Li-ma-hong himself led a second attack. But meanwhile -native troops had been gathered, and again the pirates were beaten. This -time the fleet retired to the mouth of the Agno River, and Li-ma-hong -set up his kingdom in what is now the province of Pangasinan. Here the -Chinese built temples and began to plant crops and engage in trade. They -felt very secure, and if they had been let alone the pirates would no -doubt have been prosperous; but punishment was at hand for them. - -Juan Salcedo, with his soldiers, had reached Manila, and soon afterwards -a war junk from China came into harbor, looking for Li-ma-hong. This war -junk was sent by the emperor, who had learned of the mischief the pirate -was doing in the Philippines. The captain had orders to find Li-ma-hong -and bring him to justice, and he meant to do this if he could. - -The junk joined the Spanish in an expedition by water, while another -force of Spanish and Filipino soldiers went forward to engage the -pirates on land. When these attacking forces arrived, Li-ma-hong saw -that he must retreat for his life, so he played a trick upon the enemy -and upon some of his own soldiers. - -He told off some of his men to go forward against the enemy, and make -the latter believe that they were the main body of the Chinese. The -trick was successful. When the Spanish and native troops made the -attack, the pirates, after a show of fighting, began to fall back toward -the mountains. The enemy gave chase and furnished Li-ma-hong the chance -for which he was watching. With all his fleet he slipped down the river, -keeping under cover of the reeds and tall grass, gained the sea and -fled, leaving his soldiers at the mercy of the foe. - -The Chinese thus meanly deserted by their leader did not wait to be -killed, but retreated in earnest to the mountains. Here they took refuge -with the Igorrotes, and here they spent the rest of their lives. They -married women from among the Igorrotes, and from them are descended -those people who are to-day known as the Igorrote-Chinese. - -It was some time before peace and a sense of safety were restored in -Manila. Work was pushed more rapidly on the city walls, which were still -building, and upon Fort Santiago. Other troops of Spanish were sent from -Mexico to make the defense of the city stronger, but long before they -came Salcedo went back to his work in the north. He died of fever in -Ilocos Sur a year or two later. - -Captain Salcedo was still a young man, but twenty-seven years old, at -the time of his death (March 11, 1576). Had he lived longer, he would -doubtless have become a great statesman, for he showed much tact and -wisdom in his dealings with the people. He was honestly mourned by both -the Spanish and the native soldiers of his army. A few years after his -death, his bones were brought to Manila and laid to rest beside those of -his grandfather, Miguel de Legaspi. - - _Summary._—Up to the beginning of the nineteenth century the - Philippine Islands were governed as a dependency of Mexico. The High - Court of Mexico named the governor-general and made laws for the - country. Legaspi was succeeded by Guido de Lavazares. After Legaspi’s - death Salcedo went to Ilocos Sur to carry on his work of subjecting - the country to Spain. In 1574 the Chinese pirate Li-ma-hong made an - attack on Manila, meaning to take the city and set up a kingdom there. - Driven back from the city, he retreated to the mouth of the Agno River - and settled there with his pirate band. A Chinese war junk came to the - help of the Spanish, and Li-ma-hong was forced to flee. He escaped, - deserting some of his own soldiers whom he had sent inland. In 1576 - Juan Salcedo died in Ilocos Sur. - - - _Questions._—Describe the government of the archipelago previous to - the nineteenth century. Who succeeded Legaspi? What sort of man was - he? What did Salcedo do after Legaspi’s death? What was his method in - dealing with the people? Give an account of Li-ma-hong’s invasion. - When did Juan Salcedo die? - -[Illustration] - - - - - Chapter V. - BEGINNINGS OF STRIFE. - - -For the first two hundred years, as we have said, the Spanish colony in -the Philippines was governed from Mexico. A Supreme Court, or Audencia, -like that of Mexico, was set up in Manila. This court tried cases and -settled law questions for the whole archipelago. The Mexican code of law -was in force here, and the officials in the islands tried to make the -government as much as possible like that of Mexico. - -This, however, was a very different country from Mexico. The Filipinos -were a very different people from the native Mexicans. What worked well, -therefore, for one country and one people, did not suit at all for the -other. Often, in these islands, right and justice were hindered by the -very laws made to help them. The men who framed these laws did not know -the islands or the Filipinos, so they could not understand why the code -that was good for Mexico should fail here. - -Soon still other troubles arose. The rulers who came after Legaspi did -away, one by one, with the native forms of government. There were no -longer any tribal councils in which the heads of groups could speak for -their people. The native kings and chiefs were set aside, and the people -then had no representatives. There was nothing to check the power of the -governor-general. He had full control over the lives and liberties of -the people, and no one could call him to account but the king of Spain. - -In name the ancient office of head of a hundred still lived in the -office of “cabeza de barangay” (cäbā´thä dā bär än’gī), which the -Spanish kept up. The office itself, however, was no longer high or -honorable. The chief duty of the cabeza de barangay came to be the -raising of money among the people for the government. If the people were -poor, if times were bad, if the crops had failed, still this money must -be raised. The government looked to the barangay chief to get it, in one -way or another. Often, when the people were unable to pay, his property -was taken, and many a headman of a village was stripped of all he had by -the officers of government. In time, therefore, the office fell into -such disgrace that no self-respecting Filipino would take it. At last a -law had to be passed compelling service as cabeza de barangay. - -Very early in the history of the colony there began to be strife among -the Spanish authorities. The bitter misunderstanding between Church and -State arose almost at once, and it continued through all the years of -Spanish rule in the islands. Soon after its formation, the Supreme -Court, too, became a party in the quarrels of the powers. Each of these -three parties was determined to control matters, and the result was very -bad for the colony. At times, indeed, the quarrel was so sharp that -affairs in the country were at a standstill, and ruin threatened the -colony. - -[Illustration: - - KING PHILIP II. -] - -So matters went on until the year 1587, when they became so bad that the -Bishop of Manila sent a secret messenger to Spain to lay complaint -before the king. This messenger was a friar named Alonzo Sanchez -(älon´thō sän’cheth). He went first to Mexico and laid his case before -the viceroy, who sent him on to Spain. There he gained a hearing from -King Philip II., who promised to look into the matter. - -The king then put the case in charge of one of his ministers, who -studied it with great care, and at last made a report which was the -basis of a royal decree. In this decree the king gave attention to a -good many things that were wrong in the islands, and made some definite -laws in regard to them. - -The decree did away altogether with the Supreme Court, and appointed -justices of the peace in its place. It set forth plainly just what -should be the field of action of the State and what of the Church. It -gave the governor-general full power to do as he liked in matters -regarding all distant and unexplored parts of the country. In what he -did in such places he need not consult even the king’s will. If, -however, he wished to undertake a war, or any expedition that must be -paid for out of the royal treasury, he must first submit his plans to a -council made up of the Bishop of Manila and the chief military captains -in the islands. - -The decree also forbade the making of any more slaves in the islands. -All slaves held by Spaniards were to be set free at once. All between -the ages of ten and twenty years, held by Filipinos, were to be freed at -the latter age, and all over twenty years old were to be set free in -five years. - -Arrangement was made for a tribute to be raised from among the people. -The money so gathered was to be divided in a fixed ratio between the -Church, the State, and the army. All begging friars—and of these many -had come to the country—were ordered to leave the Philippines, and forty -Augustine friars were sent out to Manila. - -A new governor-general was sent to the islands, with instructions to -carry out the decree. This official was Don Gomez Perez Desmarinas (gö -meth´ pā reth´ des mär ē´näs). He was a man of great energy and force of -character, and no doubt meant to be just and fair. He did not, however, -get along well with the Bishop of Manila, and before long the trouble -between Church and State broke out again. This time the bishop decided -to go, himself, to Spain, and see whether some understanding could not -be had by which peace could be kept. - -Bishop Salazar (säl ä thär´) was then seventy-eight years old. He was an -Augustine friar, and had been parish priest of Manila. In 1581, when -Pope Gregorio XIII. founded the See of Manila, Salazar was made bishop; -but he now felt that the Church must have still greater authority in the -islands. One object of his visit to Spain was to get the consent of the -king and of the Pope that Manila should be made an archbishopric. In -this he succeeded. The Pope issued a bull dated August 14, 1595, -creating the Archbishopric of Manila, and Salazar was made the first -archbishop. He died, however, before official notice reached him of his -new dignity. - -News traveled slowly in those days, but in the course of time the -emperor of Japan heard that a colony of Europeans had settled in the -Philippine Islands. He seems to have thought that Japan had some -interest in these islands; for in 1593 he sent an ambassador to Manila. -The name of this ambassador was Farranda Kieman (fä rän´dä kī ā´män). - -His coming was the cause of some anxiety to the Spanish. As soon as he -landed in Manila he waited upon Governor-General Desmarinas with his -message. This was a demand upon the Spanish in the Philippines to -surrender, and to declare themselves to be vassals of Japan. If they did -not do this, Kieman told Desmarinas, the emperor would send war junks to -take the country by force. - -To all this the governor-general replied with great politeness, but very -firmly. He told the ambassador that he and the other Spanish colonists -were already subjects of a great king, in whose name he ruled, and that -he could not yield the country to Japan. At the same time his king -wished to be on good terms with the emperor, whose power and greatness -were so well known, and the governor-general hoped a treaty could be -made between the two rulers. Such a treaty, he pointed out, would be a -great help to both countries. - -[Illustration: - - THE CITY WALL AND MOAT, MANILA. -] - -Farranda Kieman thought that all this was reasonable, and soon -afterwards envoys were sent from Manila to the court of Japan. They were -well received, and a treaty was made for trade and mutual defense -between Japan and the Philippines. However, the ship on which the envoys -were returning home was wrecked, and they and the treaty were lost. - -In May, 1593, another envoy, Fray Pedro Bautista (pā´drō bä ö tēs´tä), -was sent to Japan, and a new treaty was made. A copy of this was sent -back to Manila, but the friar envoy asked permission to stay in Japan. -His request was granted; he stayed in Japan, and began preaching to the -people. Some years later the fruit of this act, which at the time seemed -so slight, came back to Manila in a way most unexpected. - -In the meantime Governor-General Desmarinas was busy in Manila. He was -anxious to see the city walls finished, and kept the people at work on -this great task. The fort at the mouth of the river was completed, and -the walls of the city already made a noble showing. The Cathedral of -Manila and the Santa Polenciana (sän´tä pō len´sē ä´nä) College of -Orphans were built, and many other good buildings were completed. -Desmarinas had also brought the provinces of Zambales (thäm bä´lēs) and -the Camarines under Spanish rule. - -In the autumn of 1593, a native king of Fernate (fer nä´tē), one of the -Molucca Islands, came to Manila to ask for help against the Dutch -sailors who made trouble on his island. Desmarinas gathered a large -fleet, and on October 6th started with the native king for Fernate. -While on the way, the Chinese oarsmen on the governor-general’s galley -rose in revolt one night, took the galley, and killed the -governor-general. Some of the Spanish troops on board escaped by jumping -overboard. After the death of Desmarinas, the Chinese put the rest of -the Spanish ashore and went off with the galley. - -This sad event broke up the expedition. The fleet returned to Manila and -Don Luis (lö´is) Perez Desmarinas, a son of the dead official, took up -the government. He ruled quietly until 1596, when his successor, Don -Francisco Tello de Guzman (frän sēs´kō tėl´lō dā gäth´män), came to -Manila. - -In the year 1598, King Philip II. of Spain being dead, his son, King -Philip III., again set up the Supreme Court in Manila. This was done -with great pomp and show. There was a long procession in the streets of -Manila, and high civic and religious ceremonies. The court was given the -same powers as the court of Mexico and of Lima, in Peru, and during -Spanish rule was never again done away with. - - _Summary._—The code of laws by which Mexico was ruled was made the - code of the Philippines as well. This arrangement was not a good one. - The ruler who came after Legaspi did away with the native chiefs and - kings. Only the office of head of a hundred was left, and that had so - little honor that no self-respecting Filipino cared to take it. Early - in the history of the colony began the strife between authorities - which, during the rule of Spain, caused most of the trouble in the - colony. At last Bishop Salazar of Manila sent a messenger to Spain. - The result was a royal decree defining the official field of the State - and of the Church. Gomez Perez Desmarinas was made governor-general, - and came to Manila. He did not get along well with the Bishop of - Manila, and later the bishop went, himself, to Spain. He succeeded in - getting Manila made an archbishopric, and was himself appointed - archbishop, but died before the official notice reached him. In 1593 - the emperor of Japan sent an ambassador to Manila to demand tribute - from the Spanish colony. This the governor-general declined to give, - but a treaty was made with Japan. In that same year the king of - Fernate came to Manila seeking help against the Dutch. - Governor-General Desmarinas raised a fleet to go to Fernate, but while - on the way was killed by the Chinese oarsmen on board his galley. His - son Luis Perez Desmarinas succeeded him in office until 1596, when a - new governor-general came out. In 1598 the Supreme Court was again set - up by order of King Philip III. of Spain. - - - _Questions._—What code of laws was put in use in the Philippines? What - changes in government did Legaspi’s successors make? Why did Bishop - Salazar send a messenger to Spain? What was the result of the - messenger’s visit? When was Manila made an archbishopric? Who came to - Manila to get help from the Spanish? What did the governor-general do? - How did he die? Who reinstated the Supreme Court? When was it done? - -[Illustration] - - - - - Chapter VI. - COLONIAL WARS AND DIFFICULTIES. - - -From now on trouble came thick and fast upon the Spanish colony in the -Philippines. Some of it was due to the wild and troubled times through -which all the civilized world was passing, but most of it was caused by -the short-sighted folly of the home government. - -In 1599, when Antonio Morga (än tō´nē ō mor´gä) was governor-general, -the first real attempt was made to occupy Mindanao and the Sulu -archipelago. For this purpose an expedition started from Manila under -the leadership of Estevan Roderigues (es´tā vän rō dārēg´ēs), a -Portuguese nobleman, who had received permission from Spain to set up a -colony in Mindanao. He was to be governor of that island, and, from his -headquarters there, was to try to conquer the Moros of Sulu, who had -never submitted to Spain’s rule. - -This expedition was a sad mistake, and failed from the beginning. The -Mindanao Mohammedans resisted all efforts of the Spanish to land, and -Roderigues lost his life in the very first battle. His body was taken to -Manila for burial. Several other expeditions were sent out, from time to -time, to punish the Moros and force a settlement upon the island; but -none of them succeeded. - -The efforts of the Spanish only aroused the anger and hatred of these -people. For two hundred and fifty years after that Moro pirates harried -the shores of all the islands where the Spanish dwelt. They killed and -robbed both Europeans and Filipinos; they burned towns and villages, and -carried off the people to be their slaves. For fear of them the coasts -were deserted. No one dared live near the sea; fishermen dared not -follow their calling, nor farmers till their fields. Traders dared not -come to the island ports to buy or to sell, and the coastwise trade of -the country was all but ruined. - -While the Spanish were busy trying to gain a foothold in the south, -there came to Manila two visitors who were the innocent cause of still -more trouble in the country. These were two high mandarins of China, who -reached the city in the year 1603. Their story was that the emperor of -China had heard that there existed, near the city of Cavite, a great -mountain of pure gold. The emperor, they said, could hardly believe this -to be true; so he had sent them to see this mountain, that they might -come back and tell him about it. - -At that time Bravo de Acuña (brä´vō dā ä kön yä) was governor-general. -He received the mandarins politely, and sent them with an escort to -Cavite, to see for themselves that no such mountain was there. The -visitors were royally entertained during their stay in Manila, and at -last went home with their report to their emperor. - -[Illustration: - - A MEMBER OF THE GUIANGA TRIBE OF MINDANAO. -] - -This visit caused a great fright in Manila, for the Spanish at once -suspected that there was a plot behind it for the Chinese to seize the -city. They believed, or pretended to believe, that the mandarins had -come merely to spy out the land and prepare the way. At once the city -was made ready against invasion. The garrisons were increased, new ones -were formed, and every Spaniard armed himself. The Filipinos were much -excited over the stories told of coming trouble; while the Chinese, -suspected and insulted by all, could not but understand that some danger -threatened them. - -At last the Chinese, wild with fear, took matters into their own hands. -They began to fortify places outside the city, and one evening opened -the battle by firing upon some Filipinos inside the city walls. They -followed up this act by crossing the river and making a savage attack on -Binondo (bē nón´dō), then only a small village on the river bank. After -that they gathered their forces at Tondo, and kept up the siege of -Binondo all that night. - -[Illustration: - - WARRIORS OF MINDANAO. -] - -Next morning a strong force of Spanish marched out against them. This -force was led by Luis Perez Desmarinas, and in it were the pick of all -the young Castilian gentlemen in the country. The best of the Spanish -soldiery were there also, as well as a body of native troops. These -troops were Pampangans, who were then the best trained of the Filipino -soldiers. - -On the other hand were thousands of frightened Chinese, ready to fight -to the death, and there was awful work in the streets of Binondo that -day. Neither side gave or got any quarter, and by night, of all those -brave young Spanish gentlemen scarce one was left alive. - -But at last the Chinese gave way. They had neither weapons to carry on -war, nor food to help them withstand a siege. They began, therefore, to -fall back toward the interior; but they were hotly chased, and as they -fled nearly 25,000 of them were killed. It was sad business, and all the -more sad because it is likely that neither side really knew what the -fighting was about. - -Besides trouble with the Moros in the south and with the Chinese in the -north, the colony had much to bear from Spain’s old-time foe, the Dutch. -At this time there were really very few Spanish in the islands. There -had been less than a thousand when the battle with the Chinese was -fought. Many were killed on that fatal day, so that in the new trouble -the Spaniards would have fared ill, had it not been that the army of the -colony now numbered many Filipino soldiers in its ranks. - -From the end of the sixteenth century down to the year 1763, there was -war between Spain and the Dutch, and this war caused much hardship in -the islands. It was Spain’s short-sighted method in dealing with her -colonies to restrict their trade whenever it was likely to interfere -with that of her home merchants. So harsh were the measures by which she -held in check the trade of her colonies that she kept all her -dependencies poor, so that in the end the mother country lost more than -she gained. - -At this time the Philippine merchants were allowed to trade only with -Mexico. Once a year, usually in July, a state galleon left Manila -carrying goods to that country. The goods were sold in Mexico, and the -money and other goods were sent back by galleon to Manila. - -[Illustration: - - DUTCH SHIPS ATTACKING A CHINESE TRADING JUNK. -] - -The galleons also carried the mail, and great sums of money which Mexico -sent over to meet the expenses of the island government. They were -always rich prizes, and Spain’s enemies knew this all too well. They -would lie in wait for them, to capture and despoil them. The Dutch -ships, in particular, often did this. From first to last they captured a -good many of the royal galleons. - -Every capture meant calamity to the islands. It meant for Manila -merchants the loss of a whole year’s business. To the State and to the -Church it meant loss of income, of salaries, and of money to carry on -all public work. To the natives it meant harder and longer tasks, deeper -poverty, heavier burdens which they must endure in raising the extra -tribute, and heavier taxes by which the loss was made good. - -For a hundred and fifty years there was fighting over the royal -galleons. At one time, when Spain and England were at war, there were -six years during which no galleon reached Manila. The country was in -such sore straits that even the Chinese revolted, and the Spanish were -nearly starved. - -Spain, however, seemed to learn no lesson from these experiences. She -went on as of old, sending one galleon a year, richly laden, at the -mercy of the enemy, “putting all her eggs into one basket,” as the -saying is, and when the “one basket” came to mishap all was lost. - -Besides keeping a lookout for the galleons, the Dutch ships were wont to -lie in wait outside Manila harbor, to catch Chinese and Japanese trading -junks coming into port. In this way they often captured rich prizes, and -made still greater drain upon the islands. It was necessary for the -colony to raise large sums of money and many bodies of fighting men to -go against these ships in order to protect the harbor from them. Many -battles were fought with the Dutch in Philippine waters, and many times -the efforts of the natives brought victory to the Spanish side. - -But it was a hard and bitter experience. The colony lived in a state of -constant danger and of real want from this source. Not until the middle -of the eighteenth century, when peace was made with Holland, had the -people of these islands any security of life or commerce. - - _Summary._—In 1599 the first real attempts were made to settle in - Mindanao. An expedition was sent south, but failed, and its leader was - killed. The Spanish only stirred up the Moros against themselves, so - that the pirates came north and laid waste the coast towns. In 1603 - two Chinese mandarins came to Manila, looking for a mountain of gold - which they had heard was near Cavite. This visit awakened a fear that - the Chinese meant to seize Manila, and the city was made ready against - invasion. The Chinese of Manila were driven by abuse to make an attack - on some natives, and the Spanish then fell upon them, killing over - 25,000. The Spanish themselves lost the pick of their soldiers and - cavaliers that day. Owing to Spain’s war with the Dutch, the islands - at this time, and for many years after, suffered great losses and - hardships. The Dutch used to lie in wait to capture the galleons that - carried merchandise and money back and forth between Manila and - Mexico. Whenever a galleon was lost, the whole country suffered; but - the weight fell heaviest upon the natives, who, by extra tribute and - taxes, had to make the loss good. - - - _Questions._—Tell about the first expedition to settle Mindanao. What - did the Moros do to avenge what they deemed Spanish invasion? Give an - account of the battle against the Chinese. What led up to this battle? - How was trade carried on between the islands and Mexico? What was the - result of the capture of a galleon by Spain’s enemies? Why was Spain’s - restriction of her colonies’ trade a bad thing for her? - -[Illustration] - - - - - Chapter VII. - THE SPANISH AND THE FILIPINOS. - - -At the time when Spain took the Philippine Islands and began to rule -them, every country in Europe was busy setting up colonies in the newly -discovered parts of the world. If the king owed something to a -troublesome subject, or wished to reward or please a favorite, an easy -way to pay the debtor or help the favorite was to make him a governor or -other official in some far-off new colony. In turn the governor thought -it only fair to make his colony as profitable to the Crown as he could. -That he had no right to oppress other peoples in order to do this was a -matter about which he never thought. - -It is hard for us, who live in an age when the rights of man are upheld, -to remember that there was once a time when no one in power thought very -much about these rights. Statesmen had not then learned that a mother -country owes a duty to her colonies. They thought only of the help that -a colony should give toward supporting the home government. England for -many years held this idea about America. She put great hardships upon -her colonies there. She taxed them very unjustly, and put unfair limits -to their trade. The Americans, however, knew that no government had a -right to oppress even its own colonies. When the king of England went -too far in his unjust rule, the people rebelled. They threw off the yoke -of England just as, some years later, Mexico threw off the yoke of -Spain, and became independent. - -The Philippine Islands suffered beyond what was the usual fate of -colonies, even at that time. They were far out of the regular routes of -ocean travel. The people there knew nothing at all of the ideas of human -liberty that were even then setting the world thinking. Then, too, they -were ruled by a people who were behind the rest of the world in -accepting these ideas. Spain, blinded by her own pride and folly, has -been slowest of all European nations to listen to the gospel of human -rights. She ruled her colonies cruelly long after other nations came to -see that they owed a duty to their dependencies, and as a result Spain -lost her colonies at just the time when she most needed their help. - -The Philippines, moreover, were not ruled from Spain direct. They were, -as has been said, a dependency of Mexico, and Mexico was in turn a -dependency of Spain. It happened, therefore, that even when the islands -had officials who might have been glad to help the people, these -officials were themselves in a hard place. They had two masters over -them. Spain looked to Mexico for the royal dues from the islands, and -Mexico, in turn, looked to the governor-general, who must see to it that -his colony was profitable to the Crown. - -So, we see, there was a great burden laid upon the archipelago, and this -burden the people had to carry. For three hundred and eighty years the -Filipinos were subjects of Spain. They submitted to her rule because -there was never a time when, without outside help, they could throw off -that rule. But they never were, in their hearts, willing subjects. -During all the time the Spanish were in the islands there was never a -very long period when the people were not somewhere in revolt. - -On Luzon, on Bohol (bō hōľ), on Samar, Leyte (lā´ē tā), Mindanao, and in -the Sulu Islands, there was one uprising after another during the -seventeenth century. In Cebu it was needful, always, for Spain to keep a -strong armed force, and it was often necessary to send the troops from -Cebu to put down trouble in the other islands. The love of liberty dies -hard from the human heart; and while there was at no time a general -revolt of the people, the frequent revolts of different tribes kept the -Spanish busy. - -Yet at no time did the Filipinos go to war to gain national -independence. They were not united enough for that. It is a part of the -pity of it all that this should have been so. It is sad to think of all -the suffering and want the people bore, and of all the lives that were -lost in their small battles. It is sadder still to remember that the aim -of these battles was not to win independence from Spain, but to secure -only such decent treatment as is the right of every human being. - -[Illustration: - - FUERZA DEL PILAR, MINDANAO. -] - -It will be remembered that the friar whom Governor-General Desmarinas -sent to make a treaty with Japan stayed in that country. He set up -missions there, and both he and other friars who came over from Manila -preached to the people. In time the emperor learned of this. He asked -about the new teachers, and was told that this was Spain’s way of -getting a hold on another country. Spanish friars would go into a -country to teach the people religion, and later Spain would send her -soldiers to protect the friars and their converts. After that, his -advisers told the emperor, it was only a matter of time when Spain would -come to rule the country. - -The emperor was alarmed to hear all this. He ordered the friars back to -Manila, and forbade any one to teach Christianity in his country. The -missionary friars defied him, however, and later some were put to death -with their Japanese converts. But other friars came from Manila, and in -1633 the emperor became angry, and did a dreadful thing. - -He gathered in his own country a band of 150 people who were lepers. He -loaded them into a ship and sent them to Manila. The commander of the -ship bore to the governor-general a message which made a sensation in -Manila. The message set forth the fact that the emperor did not allow -Christians to come to Japan. Since, however, the priests of Manila -seemed very fond of such people as these lepers, he sent this shipload -as a present to them. - -We may imagine the rage of the Manila officials over this “present.” -Some of them were for taking the ship outside the harbor and sinking her -with her load. Others advised sending her back to Japan. The friars, -however, to whom the lepers had been sent, claimed them. They begged the -governor-general to have mercy on the poor creatures, and at last he -relented. - -[Illustration: - - ST. LAZARUS HOSPITAL, MANILA. -] - -The lepers were brought ashore with much ceremony, and kept in Manila. -As soon as possible a hospital was built for them, and they were taken -to it. This hospital was named St. Lazarus Hospital. It still exists in -Manila, though the present building is not the one put up for those -first lepers. - -In putting down the revolts of the people against tyranny, the Spanish -had, from time to time, lost many troops. Many were also killed in the -great battle with the Chinese, of which we have read, and in the wars -with the Moros still other Spanish lives were lost. The Moro pirates -from the south were a source of great danger, as we have already seen. -In 1635 the Spanish were forced to build a fort at Zamboanga (sämbō -än´gä) to keep these pirates in check. Garrisons were also stationed at -several places in Sulu for the same purpose. The Spanish, however, never -really controlled the Sulu archipelago. The soldiers were never safe -more than a day’s march from their forts, and they lived in constant -danger of attack from the Moros. - -In one way and another the army of the colony was much weakened, and an -uprising of the Chinese, in 1634, made great trouble. This uprising took -place in Laguna Province. Enraged by official oppression 30,000 Chinese -rose in rebellion. So strong were they, that they held their own against -the Spanish for nearly a year. Indeed, they might not have been -conquered at all but for the help of the native troops, who fought with -the Spanish. Over 6,000 Chinese were killed in this revolt. - -In November 1645, happened one of the worst earthquakes Manila has ever -known. Every public building in the city, save one monastery and two -churches, was destroyed. The governor-general nearly lost his life in -the wreck of his palace, and over 600 people were killed in Manila. - -It became necessary to rebuild the city, and then the Spanish found that -there was a great lack, not only of soldiers, but of laborers. The need -became so great that, in 1649, Governor-General Diego Fajardo (dē ā´gō -fä häŕdō) made a bad mistake. He began to force the people into military -service, and also compelled them to work upon the arsenal at Cavite. - -The people had borne much. Patient as they were, this injustice was more -than they would endure, and they became deeply angry. Rebellion spread -like wildfire through a number of the islands, and there was almost, -though not quite, a general revolt. It began on Samar, and was led by a -Filipino named Sumoroy (sö mō roy´). At the head of a large force he -attacked the Spanish and the friars. He led his army down the coast of -Samar, burning towns and churches. Many of the priests and Spanish on -the island were killed, and the rebellion grew. - -Troops were at once sent out against the rebels, and the governor of -Samar sent messengers to demand Sumoroy’s head. The messengers did not -return, but the rebels sent back the head of a pig to the governor. The -revolt spread to other islands. Soon the people of Masbate (mäs bä´tē) -and Leyte, of Cebu, Caraga (cä rä´gä) and Zamboanga, were in arms. The -trouble even reached Manila, and the officials there became alarmed. - -Governor-General Fajardo had not dreamed that his act of injustice would -work so much mischief. Now, greatly concerned, he sent General Lopez -Azaldegin (ä thäl´dā gin) to Samar. This officer had all the forces that -could be raised, and full authority to put down the rebels as he saw -fit. - -A great many battles were fought up and down Samar, and at last Sumoroy -was driven back into the mountains. The Spanish carried on the war with -savage cruelty. They severely punished all rebels whom they caught, and -showed mercy to none. When they found that Sumoroy had escaped to the -mountains, they raided his home and tortured his mother to death. - -By such outrages they hoped to frighten the people into submission. By -threats and torture they tried to make his people betray Sumoroy, and at -last they succeeded. He was captured and turned over to the enemy. -General Azaldegin had the rebel leader’s head struck off and stuck upon -a pole. It was then sent about among the islands to teach the people -what treatment rebels might expect from Spain. - -Thus the rebellion was quelled for a time. The people had gained nothing -by it, but it had kindled a fire in their hearts. This fire was not -quenched; it only waited, hidden, ready to blaze up again when the right -moment should come. - - _Summary._—The early idea of a colony was that it should be only a - source of income to the mother country. This idea was held by other - countries than Spain; but Spain clung to the idea long after other - nations gave it up. She did not listen to the gospel of the rights of - man, and in time she lost most of her colonies. Her policy in the - Philippines kept the natives rebellious. For three hundred and eighty - years the Filipinos were ruled by her, but in their hearts they never - consented to that rule. There was one revolt after another, the people - trying by this means to gain decent treatment. In 1633, angered by the - efforts of friars to convert his people, the emperor of Japan sent a - “present” to the priests at Manila. This “present” was a shipload of - 150 lepers. After some debate the priests persuaded the - governor-general to let the lepers land, and St. Lazarus Hospital was - built for them. The colony was now much weakened by wars, and in 1634 - a revolt of the Chinese in Laguna was nearly successful. It was only - put down by native help. The great earthquake of 1645 nearly destroyed - Manila, and 600 people were killed in the city. Laborers and soldiers - were now so scarce that Governor-General Fajardo tried to compel the - people to serve in the army and work on the arsenal at Cavite. This - led to a revolt which took all the forces the Spanish could muster to - put it down. - - - _Questions._—What was the early idea of what a colony should be? How - were the American colonies driven to revolt? How did Spain treat her - colonies? Why did not the islands throw off her yoke? Why did the - Japanese emperor send lepers to Manila? What caused the rebellion on - Samar? Who led it? How was it put down? - -[Illustration] - - - - - Chapter VIII. - A NEW BEGINNING. - - -The story of the colony at this time is a sad one. Bad management, -dishonesty, and cruelty at last brought the country to such a pass that -both Mexico and Spain were weary. The king even thought of giving up the -colony, hopeless of ever receiving any benefit from it. The islands were -a drain upon the treasury rather than a help to it, and it looked as if -things would never be any better. - -In the year 1653, however, a new beginning was planned. The country was -to be given another chance. To this end a new governor-general and a new -archbishop were sent out from Mexico. These two men, it was thought, -could work peacefully together. It was hoped that they would bring -better days to the islands. The governor-general, Sabinino Manrique de -Lara (säbē nē´nō män´rēk dā lä´rä), was an honest, pious man. The new -archbishop was wise and just, and seems to have had a sincere desire to -help the country. - -The archbishop was charged by the Pope with the task of cleansing the -land from the evil acts that had made so much sorrow. When the ship -reached Manila, before any one else was allowed to land, the archbishop -went ashore. He landed alone, knelt at once, and blessed the soil. The -governor-general then landed, and prayers were offered for the good of -the country. - -Some days afterwards, in the open air, outside the city walls, a solemn -service was held. Archbishop Problete (prō blā´ tā) then went through -the ceremony of purifying the land. He blessed the colony and declared -it clean of all the evil done there. From that day peace and good-will -were to be upon all the people. - -After this, things went better for several years. There was peace and -good understanding between Church and State, so that both worked for the -good of the country. Governor-General Lara allowed the archbishop a -voice in matters of State, and yielded to him in many ways. He even -permitted him to veto, or forbid, orders which the governor-general -himself approved. These privileges the Churchman seems not to have -abused. - -But more than mere words and public services were needed to cleanse the -land. Evil and oppression had worked wrong that was not to be undone in -any easy way. The rebellion of 1649 was not yet forgotten, nor were -there lacking people ready to make trouble to gain their own ends. Here -and there, every little while, conflict broke out anew, but always in a -small way. It was never grave enough to cause fear in Manila. It was -enough, however, to keep the people restless, and the Spanish soldiers -on the alert. - -[Illustration: - - A CHURCH AT MALATE. - - The oldest church building in Manila. -] - -The commander of the Spanish forces in the Visayas was Captain Gregorio -de Castillo. Weary of putting down the frequent small revolts, he at -last hit upon a plan to end the trouble. He issued a notice promising -that all rebels who would come into camp and lay down their arms would -be forgiven. - -In spite of past lessons, many of the Filipinos trusted to this promise. -A large number of them came and gave up their weapons. When too late -they saw what a mistake they had made. They were taken to Manila as -prisoners, and were not pardoned. Instead, most of them were punished. -Some were put to death; others were sent to the galleys; only a few were -set free. - -We may be sure that the memory of this false dealing rankled in the -hearts of the people. In 1660 rebellion broke out with fresh force. This -time the Pampangans were in the uprising. This people had from the first -been loyal to Spain. They were among the best of her native soldiers, -and had always helped to keep her enemies out of the country. For reward -the government set them, with many others, to cutting timber for the -arsenal. This work all were compelled to do without pay. - -From Pampanga the revolt swept through other provinces of Luzon. It took -more definite shape than any other uprising had done, and gained -strength. A Filipino named Malong was at the head of the movement. He -was a real leader, and he at once began to raise an army. The Ilocans -and Cacaygans joined him, and in a little while 40,000 men had been -enrolled. They were not well armed, nor were they well supplied with -food; but they marched through the country, making war on the Spanish. - -Again, however, effort failed because it was not united. The tribes -could not grasp the idea of real union. The people had no clear thought -of a national life together. So they fought among themselves as well as -against the common enemy, and their warfare came to naught. They could -not long resist the trained Spanish troops, and in time the rebellion -was put down. The army was scattered, and its leaders became outlaws in -the mountains. - -While Governor-General Lara was in office another Chinese invasion -threatened. A Mongol chief named Koxinga (kox in´gä), who had been -driven from his own country by the Tartars, was the leader of it. When -the Tartars overran China, about the middle of the seventeenth century, -Koxinga and many of his followers refused to submit. They went to -Formosa, drove out the Dutch people, and settled there. Later Koxinga -laid a plan to take the Philippine Islands and set up his kingdom there. - -Koxinga’s chief adviser was an Italian friar named Riccio (rē´ chē ō). -This friar he had made a high mandarin, or nobleman. He now sent him to -Manila, dressed in the garb of his office, to demand tribute from the -Philippine Government. - -Naturally this demand caused amaze and alarm in Manila. The Spaniards -were aghast at the idea of a Catholic priest demanding tribute from a -Catholic country, in the name of a heathen ruler. Later the authorities -at Rome called the friar to account for his conduct. At this time, -however, the Spanish were at a loss how to act. They did not dare send -the priest-mandarin away, nor could they give him any answer. They -therefore kept him waiting in Manila while they made up their minds what -to do. - -[Illustration: - - THE MANILA CATHEDRAL. -] - -As was usual, when trouble arose, the government thought that the -Chinese in Manila were plotting to take the city. They felt sure that -these men would be ready to help Koxinga when he came, so everything was -made ready for another attack upon the Chinese in Luzon. - -All government troops, both Spanish and native, were collected at -Manila. The forts at Yligan (ē´lēgän), at Calamianes (cäl ä mē än´ēs), -and at Zamboanga, were torn down and the soldiers brought to Luzon. Only -the fort at Caraga, Mindanao, was left standing. This one they did not -dare to give up; the soldiers there were all that kept the Moros from -destroying the settlements on that coast. - -When the Chinese saw the Spaniards making ready for war, they knew from -past experience that it meant trouble for them. As usual, therefore, -they began the trouble themselves. They attacked the Spanish, and the -latter at once began fighting the Chinese wherever they found them. - -This time the Spanish meant to kill every Chinaman in the country. They -hunted out all who hid, and cut them down. Not one whom they caught was -spared. Not one of all in the islands would have been spared if the -country could have gotten along without them. Some one remembered, -however, before it was too late, that if all the Chinese were killed -there would be no one left to carry on the small trades of the country. -Because bootmakers and tailors and small shopkeepers were needed, -therefore about 5,000 Chinamen were spared, and these were permitted to -remain in Manila. - -After peace was made, Riccio was allowed to go back to Formosa, to tell -Koxinga what had been done. He found the chieftain getting ready to come -to Manila with an army to take the country, and Riccio told him what had -happened. - -Koxinga’s rage was great when he heard his mandarin’s story. He planned -to go at once to the islands to punish this wicked cruelty to his -countrymen. He fell ill, however, and died of fever before he could -start. Thus Manila escaped the fate that must almost surely have fallen -upon the city if the Chinese chief and his great army had reached the -bay. - -[Illustration: - - AN OLD SPANISH FORT AT SIASSI. -] - -The foolish attack upon the Chinese took so many Spanish soldiers from -the southern islands that the Moros now had free swing along the coasts -of Mindanao and the Visayas. Other troubles came up in Manila, and soon -evil and sorrow were as active and as real as though the islands had -never been cleansed by book and ceremony. Not even these can stay the -results of cruelty and evil in men’s lives. - -Poor Governor-General Lara, in spite of his wish to be a good leader in -the Philippines, made many enemies. These men began to accuse him of -dishonesty in office. They charged him with disloyalty to the king, and -he was put into prison. He was also made to pay a fine equal to $60,000, -Mexican money. Afterwards he was set free, but he never got over the -effects of his disgrace. Filled with sorrow and shame, he went back to -Spain and became a friar. - -In 1663 Diego Salcedo became governor-general. He was no sooner in -office than the good understanding between the Church and the State came -to an end. Salcedo treated Archbishop Problete very harshly, and took -from him many of the privileges granted him by Lara. Great strife grew -out of this, and the government was soon in as bad order as it had ever -been. - -At last the archbishop became ill and died. Salcedo then behaved in a -very unseemly manner. He made a great feast, and would not allow the -usual mourning services to be held for the archbishop. This conduct came -to the ears of the authorities at home, and the governor-general was -punished as he deserved. He was put into prison to await the sailing of -the galleon that should take him to Mexico for further punishment. He -was sent to Mexico later, but died at sea on his way there. - -All this was a sad end to the new rule that was to have done so much -good in the country. No good, however, can grow out of injustice and -cruelty. These people may have meant well, but they did not do right. -They had not set up rules of fairness and truthful dealing in the -islands, so all their cleansing with words came to naught. - - _Summary._—In 1653 a new governor-general and a new archbishop were - sent out to Manila. The land was blessed and pronounced clean of all - the evil that had been done there. There was now to be a new state of - things. For some years matters went better at Manila. There was peace - between the Church and the State. Later, however, revolt broke out - here and there in the Visayas. To quiet the natives they were promised - forgiveness if they would come in and lay down their weapons. The - Spanish general who made this promise broke his word. Those who came - and surrendered were severely punished, and only a few were pardoned. - After this the government tried to make the natives work without pay, - cutting timber for the arsenal. This made trouble, and there was a - rebellion which came near to being general, but which was finally put - down. A threatened invasion by Koxinga, a Chinese chief from Formosa, - led to a general slaughter by the Spanish of the Chinese in Manila. - Only 5,000 Chinese were left alive in the islands. Governor-General - Lara made enemies who accused him of dishonesty. He was put in prison - and fined. He was set free later, but felt the disgrace so keenly that - he went back to Spain and took holy orders. He was succeeded by Diego - Salcedo, who soon quarreled with the archbishop. When the latter died, - Salcedo behaved in a way so unseemly that he was sent out of the - country in disgrace. He died at sea, on his way to Mexico. - - - _Questions._—What great change was made in 1653? What did the new - officials do? How did the new government succeed? What promise did - Captain Gregorio de Castillo make to the rebels in the Visayas? How - did he keep it? What led to the revolt of 1660? Give an account of - this uprising. Who was Koxinga? What envoy did he send to Manila? How - was this envoy received? What action did the Spanish take in regard to - his demands? - -[Illustration] - - - - - Chapter IX. - TRADE IN THE PHILIPPINES. - - -The Spanish galleons which used to sail the Pacific Ocean between Manila -and Mexico have been the subject of many a romance. The world never -tires of reading the stories written about them. They seem to belong to -the age of romance and poetry. The galleons come, however, pretty close -to modern times. The last one left Manila for Mexico in 1811, and the -last one for Manila sailed from Acapulco in 1815. - -These ships were in shape something like a half-moon. They were very -high at bow and stern, short from fore to aft, and very wide. They were -of about 1,500 tons burden, with light draught. They usually had four -decks, and always carried big guns. - -The galleons were the Spanish mail ships, and the only carriers for -trade between the islands and Mexico. This trade with Mexico was the -colony’s only source of income. The local government had no money of its -own. It could not act independently; all that it brought in tribute and -taxes to the royal treasury belonged to the Crown, to be disposed of at -the king’s will. - -Not only were the islands governed through Mexico, but all their trade -was with that country. So severe were the laws that restricted their -trade, that the people were not allowed to go even to China and Japan to -buy goods. They might buy only such goods as Chinese and Japanese -traders brought to Manila. - -Once a year, usually in July, a galleon left Manila laden with goods -from the islands. These were sold in Mexico, and the money which they -brought, or an equal value in Mexican goods, was sent back on the return -galleon. We have seen how great were the risks which these ships ran in -making their voyages. The enemies of Spain often captured them, while -some were lost at sea and never again heard from. It was not all -romance, the life of those who sailed and manned the galleons. Often -there was greed and cruelty to contend with, rather than poetry and -story to be lived. Always there was danger, and it was not the spirit of -adventure, but the desire for gain that sent these men to sea. - -The many risks which the galleons ran made shipping ventures uncertain. -Nor was this the greatest ill which the Manila merchants had to bear. -The merchants of Spain were always jealous of them, for they were afraid -that the island trade with China and with Mexico would hurt their own -business. So they were always clamoring for laws that should keep Manila -merchants from dealing with those countries. - -By the beginning of the eighteenth century very harsh laws had been made -governing all shipments. Goods might be shipped only in bales of a -certain size and weight, and only a limited number of bales might be -sent by each galleon. Nor did the restrictions end here. There were some -goods in which Manila merchants might not deal at all. They could ship -no woven stuffs save the finest linen. If the goods sent to Mexico by -the Philippine Government brought more than a certain amount in Mexico, -the full sum could not be sent back in money. The islands must take the -surplus in Mexican goods. - -[Illustration: - - THE ARRIVAL OF A SPANISH GALLEON. -] - -So business suffered, and each year the country grew poorer. At the same -time the men who ruled the country grew very rich. One acting -governor-general, in less than two years of service, got together a -fortune of $250,000. There were other officials, as well, who managed to -take home with them to Spain sums nearly as large. - -All this, of course, worked hardship in the islands. Money was very -scarce. Merchants became bankrupt and had to go out of business. Often -the government itself had no money with which to pay for public work. -The army, too, suffered. The soldiers had no barracks, but lived as they -could, and wherever they found shelter. Often there were long periods -when no rations were issued to them, and they begged their food from -house to house. When their demands were not granted, they would take by -force what they wished, and this led to great evil. - -A large army was needed to control the people and to enforce payment of -tribute. This tribute was collected from the natives for the support of -the government. Those who had not yet been baptized were taxed only a -small sum; those who belonged to the Church paid more. - -Few, however, paid in money. Nearly all paid in kind—in goods which they -made, or produce which they raised from the land. All tribute in goods -was kept in the royal storehouses until the galleon was about to sail. -Then the goods were sent to Mexico, to be sold. Sometimes, however, some -of these goods were traded for merchandise brought to the islands by -Chinese dealers. - -A certain per cent. of the price which the shipments brought in Mexico -was sent back to Manila to pay government expenses. Usually, however, -this fixed percentage was not sufficient to meet these expenses. It was -needful, then, to increase it by a further sum from the royal treasury. -This additional sum was called the “Real Situado” (rā´äl sē tö´ä dō). - -One galleon a year was not enough to meet the needs of merchants who -wished to ship goods to Mexico. In 1724, therefore, a royal decree was -made public that thereafter two galleons of 500 tons each would be sent. -This decree, however, limited the number of merchants who might ship -goods, and the amount which each might send. It also fixed the amount in -cash that might be taken in payment. All values over this amount must be -taken in Mexican goods. - -A few years later this decree was revoked. Only one galleon a year was -to be sent, and new and more severe restrictions were put upon all -shipments. It became more and more difficult, as time went on, for the -merchants of Manila to carry on trade. - -During the eighteenth century no foreign merchants were allowed to do -business in Manila. Spain, in fact, did all that she could to kill trade -and industry in the islands. At the same time she compelled those who -ruled the country to enforce payment of the last penny’s value of -tribute that could be drained from the country. - -The governor-general at this time (1754–1759) was Pedro de Arandia (dā ä -rän´dē ä). He was one of the most able and enterprising officials the -islands had thus far had. He tried to make a good many reforms in the -country, and to build up its commerce. He is said to have died of worry -and regret that he could not rule the land as he thought right, and at -the same time be at peace with those about him who were also in -authority. - -[Illustration: - - THE SANTA LUCIA GATE, MANILA. -] - -Arandia showed himself to be something of a statesman. He made reforms -in the army, and tried to bring the wild tribes to acknowledge Spain’s -rights in the islands. At the same time he did many dishonest things. He -made a great fortune for himself while in office. Perhaps he was sorry -for his dishonesty afterwards, for when he died he left his fortune to -religious institutions. In those days men saw no wrong or absurdity in -devoting ill-gotten wealth to carrying on good works. - -It was Arandia who formed the first real military body in the country. -This was a regiment made up of five companies of Filipino soldiers and -four companies of Europeans. The latter Arandia had brought with him -from Mexico. He called the whole corps the “King’s Regiment,” and took -great pride in it. As troops came in from the provinces they were added -to the regiment, until at last it numbered about 2,000 soldiers in two -battalions of ten companies each. In October of 1754 the soldiers, for -the first time in the history of the islands, were quartered in -barracks. They were also, both officers and men, paid regularly every -two weeks. - -In 1755 the Chinese question came up again. This time it was decided to -send home all those Chinese who would not be baptized. They were given a -few months to wind up their business, and a day was set when they should -leave the islands. All who accepted baptism were allowed to remain, and -a good many did this. Over 2,000, however, were sent out of the country -on June 30, 1755. - -Need now arose for shops and for small traders to carry on business in -place of these Chinese. To supply this need a trading company of Spanish -and half-Spanish was formed in Manila. This trading company was in -existence for some years, but was never very successful. It could not -buy on as good terms as the Chinese had been able to make, nor could it -sell to such good advantage. It received a great deal of aid from the -government, but finally made a bad failure and went out of business. - -The ruling which sent the Chinese out of the islands worked other harm -to the business of the country. Not only were there none to do the work -which the Chinese had done, but their going was a direct money loss to -the government. The Chinese had been heavily taxed, and when they were -sent away a shortage of $30,000 in the tax receipts followed as a direct -result. This made money so scarce in Manila that a petition was sent to -Spain asking for a reduction of the royal dues. These royal dues were -the amount which the colony had each year to raise for the king, and the -government was now scarcely able to collect it from the people. - -But Spain was in great need of money. Wars with other nations had almost -emptied her treasury, and the petition for reduction was refused. A -decree was passed, however, which made things a little easier for the -merchants. The islands must pay the full amount of the royal dues, but -merchants might send by the galleon more goods and goods of a finer -quality than before. They might also bring back more Mexican goods. In -this way they could make more money, and thus the country was better -able to raise the sums demanded. - - _Summary._—The only trading ships that carried shipments of goods from - Manila were the Spanish galleons. The entire trade of the islands was - with Mexico, and was restricted by very severe laws. A galleon sailed - but once a year, and the amount of goods which could be sent by her - was limited by law. The great risks which the galleons ran made - shipments uncertain of return, and business was at a disadvantage. In - 1724 a decree was made public allowing two galleons a year, of 500 - tons each, to be sent. The number of merchants who could ship goods - was now limited, and the amount that each could send. Later this - decree was revoked. Only one galleon could be sent, and more severe - restrictions were put upon shipments. No foreign merchants were - allowed to do business in Manila. In 1754 Pedro de Arandia became - governor-general. He made many improvements in the army, and tried to - build up trade. He formed the first real military body in the islands, - and called it the “King’s Regiment.” In 1755 a law was made that all - Chinese who refused baptism should be sent out of the country on June - 30. Over 2,000 were sent away on that day. This made a dearth of - traders, and a trading company of Spanish and half-Spanish was formed. - It was never a success, however. The departure of these Chinese cost - the country a loss of $30,000 in taxes that year. This made times so - hard that the colony prayed the king for a reduction in the royal - dues. Their petition was refused, but some of the restrictions in - regard to shipments by the galleon were made lighter. Merchants could - ship more and better goods. This made matters easier, and the country - could better meet the demands of the Crown. - - - _Questions._—What were the Spanish galleons? How often did they sail? - When did the last one leave Manila for Mexico? Why were such severe - restrictions put upon the trade of the islands? What were some of - these restrictions? What improvements did Governor-General Arandia - make in the army? Give an account of the decree expelling the Chinese - from the islands. What effect followed the departure of the Chinese? - -[Illustration] - - - - - Chapter X. - THE ISLANDS UNDER ARANDIA’S RULE. - - -It was while Pedro de Arandia was governor-general that the famous -overflow of Taal volcano took place. At that time the crater of Taal was -torn open so that it measured more than a mile and a half across, and -from this awful opening poured down a broad stream of melted lava, -killing and destroying everything that it touched. It rushed down the -side of the mountain and fell hot and hissing into the lake. Great -clouds of steam arose from the heated waters, and such a shower of ashes -and stones fell as made the people think the world was coming to an end. - -For six months terrible storms raged in that part of Luzon. The volcano -broke out on the 15th day of May, 1754, and it was then that the boiling -lava began to flow. Huge stones shot up from the crater and fell into -the lake, or were hurled down upon the land. Darkness reigned, and the -people were filled with terror. - -This state of things lasted until about the second day of June. Then, -suddenly, a mighty column of smoke arose from the mountain, thick, -black, and awful. Higher and higher it mounted, until it spread over the -sky, and the sun shone through it with a sickly yellow light. - -[Illustration: - - TAAL VOLCANO. -] - -This smoke poured out for nearly all the time until July 10. On that day -heavy showers of mud, black as ink, began to fall. Terrible sounds were -heard, as of cannon being fired off inside the mountain. The land -trembled, and great waves from the lake dashed against the shore. Dead -fish, alligators, and snakes were cast up on shore, and the town of -Balili (bä lē´lē) was soon a swamp of black, liquid mud. - -Then fire began to pour out of the crater. It lasted until September 25, -when there was another great shower of stones. The people of Taal were -driven from their homes and fled for their lives. Then, writes Fray -Francisco Venenchillo (ven en chēl´yō), who, through these dreadful -weeks of disasters, kept a daily journal of all that he observed, “a -fearful storm of thunder and lightning began, and never stopped until -December 4.” - -In the meanwhile the volcano was still in eruption, and awful things -kept happening. Lake Bombon rose and swept over the town of Taal. On -November 14 inky darkness settled over the country. This lasted for two -days, during which, even as far away as Manila, candles were needed at -noonday. During these two days, fire and lava poured out steadily from -the mountain. At last, on December 2, began a two days’ hurricane. It -wiped out the town of Taal, and then all was quiet. - -In all, the trouble lasted for six months and seventeen days. The towns -of Taal, Sananan (sän ä´nän), Sala (sä´lä), and Lipa (lē´pä) were wholly -ruined, and great harm was done in towns fifteen miles distant from the -volcano. It was a marvelous event, and traces of it are still to be seen -in all the country around Lake Bombon. - -Never since then has there been such an overflow from Taal volcano. The -ruins of the old town of Taal may still be seen just where the Pansipit -(pän sē´pit) River enters the lake, but they are being overgrown by -grasses and flowers. In a few years they will be quite hidden. The -present town of Taal is farther up the river. It is noted for the fine -sugar produced there. This sugar is well known, and commands a good -price in foreign markets. Excellent cotton stuffs are also made there. - -When Governor-General Arandia had formed his new King’s Regiment, he at -once found work for it to do. Besides the regiment he collected a body -of good native troops and began a campaign against the Igorrotes. The -Spanish had never been able to subdue these people. In Arandia’s day -they were still as wild and savage as when the Europeans first came to -the islands. Arandia set out to conquer them or to kill every one of -them that could be found. - -The war was carefully planned. About 1,100 soldiers were sent against -them, and these soldiers waged a warfare as savage, as cruel, as the -wild tribes themselves could have carried on. The Igorrotes were -surprised in their villages and given no quarter. Their towns were -burned down, and women and children were killed without mercy. Growing -crops were destroyed, and the land was laid waste wherever an Igorrote -home was found. - -But in spite of this cruelty the Spanish could not conquer the people. -Instead, the King’s Regiment was driven back again and again, and -whenever the Igorrotes took a Spaniard prisoner, they avenged upon him -the wrongs of their tribe. The attempt was at last given up. The -Igorrotes could not be subdued, nor could they be coaxed into swearing -loyalty to Spain. - -Arandia then sought to bargain with them. In 1758 a decree was passed -that was meant not only for them, but for the other heathen tribes. The -decree read that those who would accept baptism need pay no tribute or -tax for the rest of their lives. The Igorrotes were not caught by this -offer. As a matter of fact, they gave themselves no trouble to pay -tribute or tax, anyway, so the offer had no attraction for them. - -[Illustration: - - IGORROTES. -] - -At this same time Arandia had still another trouble on his hands, but -one for which he was not to blame. A few years before, in 1749, the -sultan of Sulu was deposed from his throne during a rebellion. Being in -name, at least, a vassal of Spain, he came to Manila to ask Spanish aid -in regaining his rights. - -[Illustration: - - A STREET IN JOLÓ. -] - -The acting governor-general at that time was the Bishop of Nuevo Segovia -(nö ā´vō sā gō´vē ä). This worthy gave the sultan a warm welcome and -showed him high honor. The Moro ruler was urged to accept baptism, and -at last did so, with several of his suite. After that he and a large -number of followers were kept in great style in Manila. The sultan was -known as Ferdinand I., and great attention was paid him as rightful -ruler of the Sulu archipelago. But for some reason nothing was done to -help him recover his lost throne. - -Finally, however, he was told that he was to be taken to Sulu. In fact, -with a large Spanish escort, the party did go as far as Zamboanga. There -the sultan and his people, with a prince of Sulu who had come to -Mindanao to greet him, were thrown into prison. To explain this, it was -charged that the sultan had written disloyal letters to friends in Sulu. -In one of these letters, it was claimed, he had said that he had not -acted of his own free will in accepting baptism. These letters had been -intercepted at Zamboanga, and were declared to be treasonable. - -The sultan was taken back to Manila as a prisoner, and this act at once -drove the Moros to fresh fury. Again there was war all along the -southern coast. It was pressed with great cruelty on both sides, and -many lives were lost. The trouble lasted for some years, but the Spanish -gained neither power nor territory by all this waste of lives and money. - -When Arandia came into office he wished to send the sultan back to Sulu -and restore to him his rights. In this, however, he was opposed by the -clergy. Had he persisted in trying to do this it would have made great -strife; so he yielded. Ferdinand I. stayed on in Luzon, but was not kept -in confinement. His son, his daughter, and several chiefs of his people -were with him in the city; but he was none the less a prisoner, and -remained such until the British took Manila in 1762. In 1763 the English -commander sent him to Sulu and reseated him on his throne. As for the -Moros of the Sulu archipelago, they never again trusted the Spanish. - - _Summary._—In the year 1754 there was a terrible eruption of Taal - volcano. It began on May 15 and lasted for over six months. During - this time the mountain poured out fire and lava. Awful showers of mud - and stones fell, and there were terrible hurricanes. The towns of - Taal, Sananan, Sala, and Lipa were wholly ruined, and great harm was - done in places fifteen miles away. During Arandia’s term of office, - war was waged against the Igorrotes, to conquer or to kill them all. - This war was carried on with great cruelty, but the Igorrotes were not - to be subdued, and it was given up. Later they were offered freedom - from taxation if they would accept baptism, but they refused it. In - 1749 the sultan of Sulu came to Manila seeking aid to put down a - rebellion of his people. He was well received, and was persuaded to - let himself be baptized. Afterwards it was claimed that he had written - treasonable letters home, and he was kept a prisoner in Manila. - Arandia tried to have him restored to his rights, but could not. The - sultan was sent back in 1763 by the British, who then held Manila. - This treatment of the sultan greatly enraged the Moros against the - Spanish. - - - _Questions._—When was the great overflow of Taal volcano? Give an - account of it. Who decided to conquer the Igorrotes? Describe this war - and its results. Why did the sultan of Sulu come to Manila? How was he - treated by the Spanish? Who finally reseated him on his throne? - -[Illustration] - - - - - Chapter XI. - BRITISH OCCUPATION. - - -In the latter part of the year 1761 war was begun between Spain and -France on the one hand, and England on the other. Spain and France were -first to declare this war, but England carried on her part in it with -great vigor. The English took Havana, and an English fleet under Admiral -Cornish (k̤or´nish) was sent to the Pacific with orders to take the -Philippine Islands. - -With a fleet of thirteen vessels Admiral Cornish entered Manila Bay on -the evening of September 22, 1762. The ships anchored off Cavite, and -next day Cornish sent to demand the surrender of the city. This was, of -course, refused by Archbishop Rojo (rō´hō), who was then acting -governor-general of the city. - -The archbishop’s forces at that time consisted of a small part of the -King’s Regiment, not more than about 600 men and officers, and 80 pieces -of artillery. The English troops, who were landed under command of -General Draper (drā´per), numbered one regiment of British infantry, two -companies of artillery, 2,200 Sepoys from India, and 3,000 seamen—in -all, 6,380 men. - -Nevertheless, in spite of the inequality of the two armies, the Spanish -Churchman defied the second demand to surrender. A part of the Spanish -force went bravely out to fight the landing English, but with what -success it is easy to guess. They were driven back into the city, and -the enemy landed in full force. The British encamped around Manila, at -Malate (mä lä´tā), Santiago, and San Juan. On the 24th of September they -began to bombard the city. - -At this time one of the royal galleons was expected at Manila. This was -the _Philipina_, carrying a very rich cargo and a large sum of money for -the government. Some of the English ships went out to lie in wait for -her. They missed her; for the Spanish friars managed to reach her first, -and by their aid she gained a place of safety. The British, however, -brought in another galleon, the _Trinidad_, from which they took -$2,500,000. - -A nephew of the archbishop was on board the _Trinidad_, and was captured -with the ship. When the English learned who he was, they sent him to -Manila with an escort, and turned him over to his uncle. The escort then -started back to the ship, but was attacked and killed by Filipinos. The -natives cut off the head of the English officer, and refused to give it -up. - -The British were greatly angered by this outrage, and they now stormed -the city in earnest. The Spanish had by now got together a large native -force, which was sent against the enemy. They could not stand against -the British regulars, however, and were soon beaten back. The enemy’s -artillery made great breaches in the walls, and on October 5 General -Draper and his army forced a way into the city. By another day the -following terms of surrender were agreed upon: - -[Illustration: - - ROYAL GATE AND SALLY PORT IN THE CITY WALL, MANILA. -] - -The Spanish were to have full religious freedom; private property was to -be held safe; the Supreme Court was to keep order, and free trade was to -be allowed. The Spanish were to pay the British an indemnity of -$4,000,000. These terms were signed, and the British flag floated over -Manila. - -The English and Sepoy troops, turned loose in the city, did great -mischief and destroyed much public property. The archbishop then went to -General Draper and begged him to put a stop to this. The general issued -orders forbidding violence and pillage by his soldiers. He himself shot -and killed one Sepoy whom he saw attack a Filipino. - -But while the British were in possession of Manila, they were not -without opposition. It was the law in the archipelago that if at any -time the country should be without a governor-general, the Supreme Court -should govern. This law one of the justices of the court now tried to -put in force. Simon de Anda y Salazar (sē´mōn dā än´dä ē säl ä thär´), -the justice in question, pretended to think that the Spanish could have -held Manila but for the weakness of the archbishop. Refusing to listen -to reason, he gathered a band of Filipinos whom he promised to lead -against the English. With a few of them he fled in a prahu to Bulacan -the night before the city surrendered. He took with him some of the -stamped paper of the government. This would, he knew, be a help to him -in a plan which he meant to carry out. - -Now, ignoring the fact that Archbishop Rojo was the acting -governor-general, Simon de Anda began an absurd fight against the -English. He claimed the right, as a justice of the Supreme Court, to act -as governor-general. On the stamped paper he wrote a proclamation -ordering the British to leave Manila. He sent this proclamation to -General Draper, who ignored it and declared Anda a nuisance. - -After this Anda raised a small army, and fought several battles with the -British. They only served to keep the country stirred up, so that -neither the Spanish nor the British could go about their affairs in -peace. General Draper, meanwhile, was busy restoring the sultan of Sulu -to his throne. Anda had become a hindrance to peace, while at the same -time he had no power to carry on effective warfare. Seeing this, the -Chinese of Pampanga made a plot to kill him. - -[Illustration: - - THE BRITISH ASSAULT ON THE WALLS OF MANILA. -] - -Simon de Anda was told of this plot, and his rage was great. He -collected all his Filipinos and marched against the Chinese. He had real -war at last, and the Spanish accounts say that 8,000 Chinese were slain. - -In the meantime the war in Europe was over. By the Peace of Paris, made -February 10, 1763, it was settled that Manila should be restored to -Spain. The British commander made ready to turn over the city to the -Spanish and go home, but at once a new difficulty arose. - -Simon de Anda was in command of whatever Spanish army there was in the -islands at this time. Therefore, when a notice was sent to the -archbishop for the “Commander-in-Chief of the Spanish forces,” the -archbishop sent it on to Anda. This notice was to the effect that Anda -should take over the city from the English; but he refused to receive -the notice. He declared that he should have been addressed as -“Captain-General,” and would recognize no other style of address. On -this foolish plea he kept up war with the English until January, 1764, -in spite of the peace between his country and England. All that the -British wished was that Anda should let them hand the city over to him -and depart. This, however, he would not do. - -On January 30, 1764, Archbishop Rojo died. There was still, however, no -one to whom to give up Manila, for several men at once claimed the right -to act as governor-general. - -At last the Spanish Government sent out from Mexico a new -governor-general. As soon as he reached Manila he sent word to the -British commander that he was ready to take over the city, and he -arranged that Simon de Anda should be the one actually to receive the -city back. It was turned over to Anda for the governor-general, and the -English left the country. Only $1,000,000 was paid of the $4,000,000 war -indemnity agreed upon, but the English received a bill upon the Madrid -treasury for the remainder of that sum. - - _Summary._—In the latter part of 1761 war began between France and - Spain on the one hand, and England on the other. In September, 1762, a - British fleet came to Manila and took that city. Archbishop Rojo, who - was acting governor-general, surrendered the city. Simon de Anda, a - justice of the Supreme Court, opposed the surrender of Manila. He fled - to Bulacan, gathered a native army, and issued a proclamation ordering - the British to leave the islands. This proclamation was not heeded. - Several ineffective battles were fought, and strife continued between - the English and Anda’s forces. The Chinese made a plot to kill Anda, - and he fought them with his army. When peace was declared in Europe, - it was decided that Manila should be given back to Spain. Simon de - Anda, as commander of the Spanish army in the Philippines, should have - received the city from the English. He claimed not to have been - properly addressed, and refused to accept the notice telling him of - the treaty of peace. He kept up the war against the British until - January, 1764. The archbishop died on January 30, 1764. Several men - now claimed the right to act as governor-general. At last the home - government sent out a new governor-general, who took over the city, - and the English left the islands. - - - _Questions._—What countries were at war against England in 1761? What - did the English do? When and how was Manila taken by the British? Who - was Simon de Anda? On what did he base his claim to a right to act for - the country? When was peace made? Why did Anda refuse to take over the - city? How long did he keep up the war? How was the matter finally - settled? - -[Illustration] - - - - - Chapter XII. - TO THE END OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. - - -While the British were in Manila, and for several years after they left -the country, the islands were very unquiet. There were many small -uprisings among the people, who hoped, in this time of unrest, to gain -some of the rights which they felt were theirs. - -One of these uprisings was led by a native named Silan (sē´län). This -man was not quite sane, and made many pretensions, such as that he was -the earthly representative of divine power. Many of Simon de Anda’s -followers deserted him to join Silan’s army, and for a time Silan was -very successful against the Spanish. He turned the vicar-general of -Ilocos Sur out of his house, and made the Augustine friars pay tribute -to support the rebel forces. His brain was weak, however, and success -seemed wholly to destroy his reason. He came to think that he was more -than human, and then, of course, he began to make mistakes. - -At last Silan joined with the British against his own country. This -opened the eyes of the Filipinos to his real nature. They saw that he -was ready to betray them instead of leading them against their enemies, -and at once they turned from him. In May, 1763, he was killed by a -half-caste named Vicos (vē´kōs), and the rebellion which he had led died -out. - -There were other revolts in Luzon, however. Everywhere the people were -ready, on any pretext, to take up arms against authority. They refused -to pay tribute, and resented all demands of Spain upon them. Small riots -kept breaking out in the provinces, and the loyal troops were constantly -marching about the island in pursuit of rebels. In all this petty -warfare the Spanish lost 70 Europeans and 140 native soldiers, and fully -10,000 natives were slain. By the year 1765, however, the Spanish had -the country again under control, and some degree of peace settled over -the land. - -There was still political strife in Manila, even though the people were -no longer in revolt. This strife at last became very serious. A bitter -quarrel also existed between the Augustine friars on the one hand, and -the members of the Society of Jesus on the other. - -The Augustines were the first order of friars to send priests to the -islands. From earliest times the Augustine friars had been concerned in -the welfare of the people. Like all other leaders in the islands, they -made many mistakes, but they also did many wise and good things. An -Augustine friar had first (in 1595) taught the Filipinos the art of -weaving, and as early as 1610 the Archbishop of Manila, an Augustine -friar, had founded the College of Santo Tomas. - -The Jesuits also had a college in Manila, San José College, founded by -them in 1601. This Society had among its members many fine scholars. It -had done much for education in the islands, and the Jesuit priests were -nearly all men learned in law and matters of government. - -Each party to this quarrel between the orders accused the other of -cruelty to the natives. Each declared that the other was hindering the -government in its rule, instead of helping to keep the peace. At last -the trouble became so serious that, in 1768, the Jesuits left the -archipelago. It was thought best for the peace of the country that they -should go, and they remained away for ninety-one years. In 1859 the -Society again came to the islands and took up its work among the people. - -At the time the Jesuits left, Governor-General José Raon (hō sā´ rä ōn´) -was accused by the other Orders of favoring this Society. He was charged -with telling the Jesuits state secrets, and on this charge was disgraced -and sent home. Soon afterwards Simon de Anda, who was in Spain during -this time, was made governor-general, and came back to Manila. - -Anda took up the reins of government, confident that he was just the man -to rule these islands. In this, however, he was mistaken. He was -headstrong and imprudent. He was unwilling to forgive his enemies or to -be advised by his friends. Indeed, his hasty temper and his lack of good -sense before long turned his friends from him. He quarreled with the -officers of the State, of the army, and of the Church, and his rule was -a stormy one. He soon wore himself out, and in 1776 he died in the -hospital of San Juan de Dios, at Cavite. - -[Illustration: - - MONUMENT TO SIMON DE ANDA ON THE MALACON, MANILA. -] - -At this time new ideas of human rights and liberties were stirring the -whole world. In Europe people were growing bolder and freer in their -protests against tyranny. In America the colonies had begun the eight -years’ war that was to free them from England’s unjust rule. In Mexico -was growing the discontent that only ended when Mexico had thrown off -the yoke of Spain. Everywhere the people were demanding freedom; but in -the Philippine Islands a plan was forming to take from the natives still -more of the little liberty they had. - -In the year 1778 Don José Basco y Vargas (hō sā´ bäs´ cō ē vär´ gäs) -became governor-general of the archipelago. He found business at a low -ebb, and the country very poor. The treasury was nearly empty; the -people had no money, and the industries of the country were almost at a -standstill. - -Vargas was in some ways a wise man. He saw that farming, and not trade, -was the work that alone could bring prosperity to these islands. -Farming, however, was neglected. The country could be very rich if the -people would but give their attention to raising the crops that grow so -readily here. Rice, cocoanuts, hemp, coffee, tea, sugar—all of which are -things that the whole world uses—could be grown here, so that the -islands under cultivation would rank with the rich countries of the -earth. - -All this Vargas understood. He saw that great sums of money could be -made off the land, and he resolved that it should be done. But, like -others who had been in office before him, his thought was for Spain, -instead of for the people. He cared nothing that the Filipinos, too, -should share in whatever good might come to the country. - -There can, however, be no real prosperity in a country unless it is -shared by all the people in it. One class cannot always go on getting -good things while another goes without. This fact Vargas forgot. His -plan for improving things concerned itself only with the good that -should result to the royal treasury. He gave no thought to the effect -the plan might have on the people. - -Tobacco had been grown in the Visayas from the beginning of Spanish -rule. The Spaniards brought the seed with them from Mexico, and the -plant was taken into China from these islands. Up to the time when -Vargas came, the crop had never been a large one here, but under the -system which he started it soon became the most important industry in -the country. - -In 1781 the growing and selling of tobacco on the island of Luzon was -made a government monopoly. This meant that no man might raise or sell a -single leaf of tobacco without first having permission from the -government. - -Before this, any man who wished to do so might raise as much tobacco as -he could, and might sell it when and as he pleased. All this was now -changed. The farmers on Luzon who had good tobacco land were compelled -to raise this crop, or else forfeit the use of their land and its -products for a term of years. If a man refused to plant tobacco, his -land was taken from him for three years, and another man might cultivate -it. A law was also passed compelling the tobacco planters and laborers -to work on the crop whenever labor was needed. - -The way in which the plan worked was very simple. The government made a -contract with a planter for his crop. The price to be paid was based -upon an estimate of what the land was likely to yield. If at harvest -time the crop was less than this estimate, the planter had to pay a -heavy fine. If, on the other hand, it was larger than had been -estimated, he could not keep a single leaf for his own use; it must all -be turned over to the officials, and what the government did not use was -destroyed. - -This was very hard, and the power given to tobacco inspectors made it -harder still. These officers had authority to look wherever they saw fit -for hidden tobacco. They might search the house of a tobacco grower, or -even the persons of himself and his family, if they suspected him of -hiding a few leaves for his own use. This worked much evil, and more -than one inspector, in the early days of the system, was killed by an -angry planter whose home and family he thus molested. - -The new system of tobacco-growing worked well for the authorities. Never -before had the treasury been so well filled. The royal dues were -promptly paid, and for the first time in the history of Spain’s rule -here, the colony seemed likely to become profitable to the Crown. The -home government was delighted, and Vargas was much praised. The tobacco -monopoly, however, laid a heavy hand upon the most useful class of -Spain’s Filipino subjects. It oppressed the farmers and the land-owners. -These are the people, in every country, who are most deeply interested -in good government. They are the mainstay of national order and -prosperity. When this class in any land suffers, no other can long -remain prosperous. - -It was late in the day, moreover, for such a system to be inaugurated. -It belonged to a less enlightened age in the history of mankind, and in -the end it cost Spain more than it ever profited her. The Filipino -people were coming out of the darkness in which they had so long been -kept. They were learning that mere blind revolt would help them none, -and this knowledge was in itself of great worth. It is not in human -nature to bear patiently such wrongs as they now suffered, and the wrath -of the people smoldered, ready to break out at any moment. Whenever it -did blaze up, there was trouble for Spaniards and Filipinos alike. - - _Summary._—The presence of the British in the islands was a signal for - further revolts of the people. There were uprisings all over the - island of Luzon after the British left, and the Spanish forces were - kept busy marching after rebels. It is estimated that some 10,000 - natives lost their lives in these uprisings. A bitter quarrel between - the Augustine friars and the Jesuits resulted in the Jesuits leaving - the country in 1768. Governor-General Raon fell into disgrace at about - the same time, and was removed from office. He was succeeded by Simon - de Anda, whose rule was not successful. In 1778 Don José Basco y - Vargas became governor-general. He made the growing of tobacco in - Luzon a government monopoly. This system brought money into the royal - treasury, but worked great hardship for the farmers. - - - _Questions._—Give an account of Silan’s revolt. What was the cause of - the trouble between the Augustine friars and the Jesuits? When did the - Jesuits leave the country? Who succeeded José Raon as - governor-general? What system of tobacco culture did he introduce? How - did this system affect the country? - -[Illustration] - - - - - Chapter XIII. - THE CONSTITUTION OF 1812. - - -In the year 1800, Spain, while still a proud nation, was no longer a -powerful one. In earlier centuries she had led the world in commerce, in -the arts, and in science. She had known wise and far-sighted rulers, and -her scholars had been among the greatest in the world. Europe, when any -new enterprise was talked of, waited for Spain to take the lead in -action regarding it. - -But, little by little, Spain fell behind other countries in the march of -progress. Other nations improved their navies and their merchant ships, -while Spain still clung to the old galleons of hundreds of years ago. -She made no progress in her merchant service, nor much in her naval -strength. Other nations were seeking trade and new chances for -prosperity; Spain still kept her markets closed to the outside world. In -the year 1800 she even passed a law forbidding foreigners to live in the -Philippine Islands. Such a law could not be fully enforced at that stage -of the world’s progress, but Spain did succeed in keeping the port of -Manila closed to outside commerce. - -[Illustration: - - A MODERN WAR SHIP. -] - -Her colonies might not even trade freely with one another. Mexico might -not send to the Philippines for goods, lest the Mexicans should buy less -from Spain. Merchants in the Peninsula looked with great jealousy upon -the growing trade between the Philippines and America. Foreign merchants -could not do business in Manila, and every effort was made to limit the -nature of the trade in that port. Cuba, Porto Rico, and other Spanish -colonies suffered, as well, from the harsh restrictions which the mother -country put upon their trade. - -The government of the Philippine Islands had grown to be of the very -worst sort. Many of the high officials were mere adventurers from Spain. -They had no higher idea of right than their own wills; they neither -loved nor understood the people, and they could not command the good -will or the respect of the Filipinos. Many of the latter were superior -in character and in education to the men who ruled the country, and the -people were held in check by fear rather than by loyalty. - -The government system of tobacco-growing early became a great source of -trouble. Constant watching, heavy fines, imprisonment, even whipping, -came to be necessary in order to hold the people to work on the tobacco -crop, and much evil and injustice were done against the people by the -officials who enforced these measures. - -As was to be expected, the people often rebelled. Serious riots happened -among the tobacco growers in northern Luzon in 1807, and again in 1814. -In these there was great loss of life among both Spanish and Filipinos. -Moreover, to add to the evil of forcing the people to grow tobacco, the -government was very slow in paying the planters. Year after year these -men were compelled either to raise tobacco or to give up their land, -while they could get scarcely any return for their work. When at last -the government made payment, it paid in treasury notes. These the people -were forced by necessity to sell for almost nothing, to speculators who -went about buying them up. - -The islands suffered much from all these bad conditions, and the people -became impatient and rebellious over the injustice heaped upon them. The -American Revolution had had a marked effect upon all Europe. It had -awakened ideas of liberty in the common people everywhere, and had set -the whole world thinking about the rights of man. The freedom of this -one country helped to insure the liberties of all other lands. Even in -the far-off Philippines the echo was heard of the demand for that -justice and decent treatment which is every man’s right. - -In England, in France, and in Germany, men were asking for a voice in -their own government, and their demand was winning a hearing. Besides -this, the people of Mexico had now begun the struggle which ended at -last in their throwing off Spain’s yoke. - -By the year 1810 it was plain that it would no longer be possible to -carry on the colony’s trade by means of the galleons to Mexico. The -Spanish Cortes (cor´tās), therefore, passed a decree discontinuing these -ships, and Manila merchants were given permission to fit out private -ships, under the Spanish flag, for trade with America. The last state -galleon left Manila for Acapulco in 1811. That same year saw the start -of the first newspaper in the Philippines, and the beginning of an -effort by the young men of Manila to bring about a better understanding -between the colony and the mother country. - -About this time the cause of political liberty began to win a hearing in -Spain. The Liberal Party was in power there, and a strong feeling for -popular government was winning its way in the country. In 1809 the -Supreme Council in Spain convened the famous Cortes de Cadiz, in which -were assembled delegates from all Spain’s colonies—Cuba, Venezuela, the -Philippines, etc. The Cortes some time later passed what is known in -history as the Act of Constitution of 1812. It gave to each of the -colonies the right to send one or more representatives to the Cortes. - -The Filipino delegate who signed this Act of Constitution was Ventura de -Los Reyes (ven tö´rä dā los rī’es). The Act was sworn to by the proper -officials in Manila in 1813, but soon afterwards was suspended. It came -into force again, however, a few years later, and in 1820 the Cortes -again admitted representatives from the Philippines. There were -seventeen of these representatives, and they took part in the -parliamentary debates of 1822–1823. - -A short time afterwards the Constitution was again suspended by act of -Ferdinand VII. A little later King Ferdinand died, and again two -Filipino deputies sat in the Cortes. Filipino members also sat in the -Cortes during the reign of Isabella II., but upon the opening of -Parliament in 1837 it was voted to exclude them. Thus the dream of the -Filipinos, of representation in the government, came to naught. - -All this gave the people a taste of political freedom. The men who -represented the islands in the Spanish Cortes came back to Manila full -of the idea of equal rights for all. They preached this doctrine to the -people, and their words found ready hearers. Soon, on Luzon, a group of -young Filipinos and Mestizos gathered. Their aim was to bring about real -reforms in the government, and to secure greater peace, prosperity, and -liberty to the people. The discontent of the Filipinos began to be of a -more intelligent sort, and to have a definite purpose. The people were -coming to a clearer idea of what they wanted, and of the nature of the -reforms needed in the country. - -[Illustration: - - KING FERDINAND VII. -] - -At this time, too, foreigners began to do business in Manila. England, -by force of arms, had gained the right to trade with this port, and “the -shut door” was no longer possible. Mexico had obtained her freedom from -Spain, and the islands were now governed direct from the Peninsula. The -independence of Mexico had a marked influence on the Filipinos in Luzon. -They began to feel that they too might strike for their rights. They had -no idea of winning independence, but they felt that they must have -greater liberty. To meet this growing discontent more troops were asked -for, and were sent from Spain. The King’s Regiment was reorganized from -these, and a force of 10,000 men was kept in and about Manila. - -In the Visayas matters were different. The people there were farther -from the capital. They knew little or nothing of the changes and the -differences brought about by the Constitution of 1812. They had no idea -of the meaning of the word “equality” as between themselves and their -rulers. Most of them had never heard of the Constitution of 1812. They -did not dream that political equality had ever been thought of for them. - -The colony was at this time troubled outwardly as well as within. Spain -and England were at war, and the English were a source of danger and -anxiety to the archipelago. Several expeditions had to be raised to -fight off the British from various places on the islands, where they had -set up headquarters. The Moros and the wild tribes of Mindanao were also -giving trouble. They even came as far north as Manila, and carried off -men and women into captivity in the south. - -Nevertheless, during all these troubled years, a number of useful works -were undertaken and carried out by the government. In 1817 a royal -decree was issued commanding that schools for Filipino boys and girls -should be opened in all the convents. In 1820 the duties were taken off, -for ten years, from the natural and manufactured products of the islands -sent to Spain, and an effort was made to revive the dying commerce of -the country. - -[Illustration: - - A STREET IN MANILA. -] - -In this same year there was a great cholera epidemic in Manila. Many -natives, some 30,000, the accounts say, died of it; but only one -foreigner, an Englishman. The people got the idea that the foreigners -had caused this epidemic by poisoning the water of the wells. They rose -against the foreign residents, and killed all the English and French -before the authorities could control them. There was a feeling among the -Spanish in Manila that Governor-General Folgueras (fol gö ër´äs) had not -been as prompt as he might have been in quelling this uprising. It was -openly stated that he had made no effort to subdue the mob until the -English and the French residents were killed. - -To defend himself against this accusation the governor-general made -certain criticisms of the Spanish-American forces in the islands. He -charged them with disloyalty, recommending that they be withdrawn, and -replaced by a larger force to be sent from Spain. He represented to the -home government that this was necessary, because the Spanish-American -troops could not be depended upon. - -In 1822 a new governor-general, Señor Juan Antonio Martinez (än tō´nē ō -mär tē´neth), was sent out. With him came many officers and soldiers -from the Peninsula. Following the advice of Folgueras, Martinez sent a -number of persons to Spain, on the pretext that they had conspired -against the government. - -All this provoked a revolt of a part of the King’s Regiment, led by -Captain Novales (nō väl´ēs), a Spanish-American. A fierce battle was -fought in the streets of Manila on the night of June 1, 1823, and -Folgueras was slain. However, order was finally restored in the -regiment. The leaders of the revolt were executed, and, as usual, the -authorities seemed to think that the matter needed no further attention. - - _Summary._—At the beginning of the nineteenth century Spain was no - longer a great world power. The government of the Philippines was full - of evil, and the people had but little justice. The tobacco monopoly - had become a source of much trouble, and the people were often in - rebellion because of it. Ideas of liberty were growing among other - nations, and the Filipinos, too, were becoming restless under - oppression. In 1811 the last state galleon for Acapulco left Manila. - The first newspaper in the Philippines was started in 1811. In 1812 - the Spanish Cortes passed the Constitution of 1812, giving Spanish - colonies representation in the Cortes. The Constitution was sworn to - in Manila in 1813. It was afterwards suspended, but came again into - force a few years later, and in 1820 the Cortes again admitted - Filipino representatives. In 1837, however, these islands were finally - denied representation. The enemies of Spain gave the islands much - trouble during these early years of the century, and the Moros and - wild tribes of Mindanao were also in arms. In 1817 schools for - Filipino boys and girls were ordered to be opened in all the convents. - In 1820 duties were taken off, for ten years, from natural and - manufactured products of the islands sent to Spain. In that year a - great cholera epidemic raged in Manila. In 1823 occurred the revolt of - a part of the King’s Regiment in Manila. - - - _Questions._—What were some of the reasons why Spain fell from her - early position as a great world power? What effect had the government - monopoly of tobacco-growing upon the country? How did the freedom of - America affect other peoples in the world? Why were the state galleons - to Mexico discontinued? When did the last galleon leave Manila? What - was the Constitution of 1812? Give an account of its history in the - islands. What led up to the revolt headed by Captain Novales in 1823? - -[Illustration] - - - - - Chapter XIV. - CHANGES IN THE ISLANDS. - - -Don Juan Antonio Martinez was governor-general of the Philippines from -1822 to 1825. During his term of office he had much to contend with, -both from the foes of the people and from the foes of Spain. It was -during his rule that the Constitution of 1812 was done away with. The -revolt headed by Captain Novales was no sooner quelled than danger again -threatened from the pirates of Sulu. These came against Manila, and so -daring had they grown that they even captured and carried away the -Padre-Provincial of the Recoletos and a number of other members of that -order of friars. The captives were taken to Joló, where they were held -in ransom for the sum of $10,000. This money was raised in Manila, and -the friars were released. - -After this outrage, Martinez sent Captain Alonzo Morgado (ä lon´thō mor -gä´dō), with the sea forces of the Philippines, to carry on warfare -against the southern pirates. Morgado succeeded in driving them back -from Manila, and really punished them very severely. It was not, -however, until the year 1862, when the Spanish brought steam gunboats -into use against them, that these pirates ceased to be a menace to the -people of Luzon and the Visayas. - -[Illustration: - - THE MAGELLAN MONUMENT, MANILA. -] - -Still the desire for greater political freedom grew among the young -Filipino men. New teachers arose among them from time to time, and the -spirit of discontent spread farther and farther. In the year 1828 -another revolt took place. It was headed by two brothers, -Spanish-Americans, both officers in the Spanish force in the -Philippines. - -This revolt was put down, as all others had been; but it now became -clear that, if peace was to be kept, the Spanish-American soldiers must -go. Most of them had come from Mexico, which country was now independent -of Spain, and they held ideas of liberty that were dangerous to Spanish -rule in the Philippines. A large body of troops was now brought from -Spain, and Spanish soldiers always after, while Spain ruled, made up the -foreign force in the islands. - -In this same year, 1828, a royal order was issued commanding the -cultivation and protection of cotton in the islands. The seeds of this -plant had years before been brought over from Mexico, and the friars had -tried to persuade the people to grow cotton; but they had not been very -successful. The people did not yet know how useful cotton could be to -them, or how great an industry cotton-growing in the islands might -become. Now, however, the matter was given careful attention. Machinery -was brought over for making thread and cloth from the cotton fiber, and -every effort was made to protect and encourage the new venture. - -Don Mariano Ricafort (mä rē ä´nō rē´kä fort), the governor-general at -that time, made a law forbidding foreigners to go into the provinces to -buy goods or land. As early as 1809 an English firm had been allowed to -do business in Manila, and a number of foreigners were at this time in -the city. The government tried to keep them as much as possible within -the city, and to prevent them from mingling with the people in the -provinces. - -Ricafort also tried to make the Filipinos understand that the Spanish -were their friends, and that the government made laws for their help and -protection. But the people had become very distrustful. Even the Church -seemed no longer able to reassure them, or to keep peace as it had done -in the past. There were small revolts, here and there in the islands, -which the government was forced to put down. A rebellion in Bohol was -only quelled after serious trouble, and at last more troops were sent -out from Spain. - -It had become necessary for Spain to yield to the demands of other -countries, and open the port of Manila to foreign vessels. These could -now enter the harbor, but they were compelled to pay double the regular -port duties. It was growing harder and harder, in fact, for Spain to -rule the islands in the old despotic fashion. - -Moreover, in the mother country itself a party had risen that was -honestly anxious to give the archipelago a good government. The leaders -of this party listened gladly to the reports of educated Filipinos, and -tried to learn the true state of affairs. These leaders, however, were -almost powerless to bring about reforms, because of dissensions arising -among the Filipinos themselves. - -Few of the natives could read or speak the Spanish language. This fact -alone made it hard to help them; for still fewer Spanish ever took the -trouble to learn the native tongues. The people, therefore, were for the -most part ignorant even of those laws which gave them rights and -privileges. There were always those in power whose interests were best -served by this ignorance, and they took no pains to teach the people -what the laws were. - -[Illustration: - - QUEEN CHRISTINA. -] - -The country was now sunk in deep poverty, and the condition of the -Filipinos was sad indeed. In 1836 the greed and bad government of Queen -Christina (kristē´na) of Spain had emptied the royal treasury, and she -greatly needed money. She tried to have her officers wring more from the -Philippines and her other colonies, but this they could not do. The -colonies, richly as nature had gifted them, were almost drained of their -wealth. - -The queen, therefore, agreed with Louis Philippe (lö´ē fil ēp´) of -France to hand over Cuba to France for the sum of 30,000,000 reals. In -the agreement to this effect there was also a clause offering to sell -Porto Rico and the Philippine Islands to France for 10,000,000 reals -more. If this agreement had gone through, it might have made a great -change in the history of these islands; but it came to naught. - -The queen sent her minister, Comparvano (kom pärvä´nō), to France, to -confer with the French king and his advisers, and there the Spaniard -learned for the first time of the clause about the Philippine Islands. -The French king wanted to bargain over this clause. He said that in view -of all the trouble in the archipelago, and for various other reasons, -the price named was too high. In fact, he refused to pay more than -7,000,000 reals, and declared that 10,000,000 reals was an outrageous -price. Rather than pay it he would put the contract in the fire. - -The Spanish minister asked to see the contract. After looking at it, he -said quietly, “Your Majesty is right; it is outrageous.” And taking the -king at his word, he laid the paper on the fire. He meant that the price -was outrageously small—not large, as the king had declared. He did a -daring thing, but his courage saved Spain from the disgrace of such a -poor bargain as the queen would have made. - -The following year trouble broke out anew in the Philippines. For the -first time in the history of the Church in the islands the people -demanded that the Spanish friars should be replaced by native priests. -They were loyal to the Church; but they were determined to have men of -their own blood to minister its offices to them. This trouble had been -growing for years, and now that it was given open expression it became -serious indeed. - -In 1841 a very grave insurrection broke out in Tayabas (tē ä´bäs). It -was headed by a native named Apolinario de la Cruz (ä pöl ē när´ē ō dā -lä kröth), who styled himself “king of the Tagals.” He claimed -supernatural powers, and by false representations succeeded in raising a -following of some 3,000 Filipinos. With these he went to war against the -friars. He murdered the alcalde of Tayabas Province, and made the people -believe that when they attacked the Spanish, the earth would open and -swallow up the foe. - -[Illustration: - - MANILA BAY FROM THE CITY WALLS. -] - -The Spaniards could muster but about 400 soldiers, and as many more -coast guards and irregular forces. They marched out against Apolinario -and his followers, however, and defeated them, although there was great -loss of life on both sides. In Manila at this time was a regiment of -Tagal soldiers from Tayabas. These soldiers mutinied, and would have -joined Apolinario, but were shot down by the Spanish troops before they -could leave the garrison. - -Apolinario himself was of unsound mind, and when his followers began to -see this, they fell away from him. If the revolted Tagal regiment had -succeeded in joining him, his defeat might have been delayed; but in the -end he must have been overcome. In all such encounters with the -Filipinos, the Spaniards had the advantage of better organization. The -troops were well drilled and trained to obey, and their leaders were -skilled in warfare. With no army organization and no outside aid the -Filipino people were helpless to maintain their rights. Nevertheless, it -is not in the nature of brave men to submit tamely to injustice or -oppression, and it is no matter for surprise that though each new revolt -was promptly put down, the spirit of liberty constantly urged the people -on to new attempts to gain some measure of freedom. From now on, these -attempts became more frequent and more desperate. - - _Summary._—Trouble continued to increase in the islands. There was - great danger from the southern pirates, and it had become clear that - Spanish-American soldiers could no longer be used in the army. These - soldiers sided with the people against the government. Large bodies of - troops were brought from Spain, and the army was put upon a new - footing. In 1828 a royal order was issued, commanding the growing and - protection of cotton. Foreigners were forbidden to go into the - provinces to buy land or to trade with the people. The government now - tried to make the people understand that it was their friend, but the - Filipinos had grown very distrustful. In 1836 Queen Christina offered - to sell the Philippine Islands to France; but her ambassador, - Comparvano, whom she sent to arrange the matter, burned the contract - when he learned its contents. In 1837 the Filipinos demanded that - native priests should replace the Spanish friars. In 1841 an - insurrection headed by Apolinario de la Cruz, who called himself “king - of the Tagals,” broke out. This was put down with great loss of life - on both sides. - - - _Questions._—Why were Spanish-American soldiers no longer useful in - the army in the Philippines? Whom did the southern pirates capture and - carry away from Manila? In what year was the growing of cotton - commanded? To whom did Queen Christina offer to sell the islands? Who - was the “king of the Tagals”? Give an account of the revolt which he - headed. - -[Illustration] - - - - - Chapter XV. - EFFORTS TO KEEP PEACE. - - -The situation in the archipelago was now very grave indeed, and the -authorities in Manila began to see that something must be done to meet -the ever-growing discontent of the people. A little more liberty given -at this time might have changed that discontent to gratitude. If the -people could have believed that the Spaniards desired their good, they -might have worked with the Europeans for the benefit of the whole -country. - -But there was lack of trust and understanding on both sides, and because -of this still harsher laws were made by the Spanish in their efforts to -put down rebellion. One of these laws provided for a rigid examination -of all books printed in the native tongues. Such books as did not please -the authorities were condemned and burned. With regard to all books -printed in the Tagal language, this censorship was kept up until the end -of Spanish rule. - -Efforts were also made to keep the islands from closer communication -with the outside world. In 1849 a royal order again forbade foreigners -to go into the provinces. In this year the governor-general, Narciso de -Claveria (när sē´sō dā clä vā´rē ä), organized a police force for Manila -and the provinces. This force was called “The Order of Safety for -Manila.” During Claveria’s term of office a very good reform was made in -trading privileges. The alcalde of a province had before that had the -sole right to trade with the people of his province. Under the new law, -however, any Spaniard or Filipino who wished to do so might trade freely -in the provinces. - -The people in the islands still had serious trouble with the pirates -from Mindanao and the Sulu archipelago. These pirates had regular -fleets, and a military force as strong as that of the Spaniards -themselves, and they had become a source of constant danger to commerce -and to the liberty of the people. So great damage did they do, that for -four years the government was obliged to remit all tribute in the island -of Negros, one of the richest of the agricultural islands. The ravages -of these pirates had made the people so poor that they were scarcely -able to procure the necessaries of life. - -The danger from this source at last became so great that trade between -the islands was at a standstill. The merchants of Manila therefore took -action in self-defense, and brought steamboats over from Europe. These -were safe, as the pirates, in their slower-going ships, could not -overtake them; but the towns lying along the coast were still subject to -raids. In 1848 Governor-General Claveria sent out an expedition to the -islands of Balanguengui, a group in the Sulu archipelago, where most of -the pirates had their homes. This expedition destroyed the towns of the -pirates, burned their ships, and took many captives. - -[Illustration: - - PIRATE FLEET ATTACKING A COAST TOWN. -] - -Two or three years later Governor-General Urbiztondo (ur bēth ton´dō) -went with an expedition against the pirates, and made a strong attack on -the city of Joló. This expedition consisted of four regiments of -artillery and a native battalion drawn from among the people of Cebu. -This island had suffered greatly from piratic raids, and it is said that -the wives of these Cebuans declared that they would not receive their -husbands back again if they ran away from the foe. This threat may have -had some effect, for the men fought with great bravery and gave the -pirates such a severe punishment that there were no further attacks for -several years. - -Some years later, in 1860, when Don Fernando de Norzagaray (nor thä -gä´iī) was governor-general, eighteen steam gunboats were sent out from -Spain. With these the Spanish forces in the archipelago were able -completely to defeat the pirates and to put an end to the outrages that -had cost the islands so much in property and in lives. - -In 1854 there was an uprising in Nueva Ecija (nö ā´vä ā thē’hä). This -uprising was headed by a Spanish-Mestizo named Cuesta (kö ēs´tä), a -young man of great ability and promise. He had been educated in Spain, -and while there had been received at court, and had even been shown -great favor by Queen Isabella. He had been much with members of the -Liberal Party, then gaining strength in Spain, and had caught the new -ideas of political freedom and human rights. - -Cuesta came home with an earnest desire to help his people. He was made -commandante of carabineros in Nueva Ecija, but before he had been long -in command he incited his troops to rebellion. They attacked the Spanish -officials in the province, and made war upon the friars. The revolt was -put down, however, and Cuesta, with several others, was executed. Still -others, who had been concerned in the uprising, were banished from the -country. - -All these things increased the anxiety of the Spanish over the situation -in the Philippines. Young Filipino men were discouraged from going to -Spain; students in the seminarios who desired to leave these schools and -finish their education in Spain were refused permission to do so. The -country was poor and was overrun with bandits. Natives guilty of minor -offenses against the law were treated so severely that they took to the -jungle, becoming outlaws. Everywhere oppression and tyranny ruled, with -all the evils that these bring in their train. - -[Illustration: - - THE PARIAN GATE. -] - -The tobacco monopoly was killing all other agricultural enterprise, and -the Chinese control of the trades and small business industries was -keeping the people from earning money at these. The Filipinos had for -some years realized the evil of allowing the Chinese thus to monopolize -the trades and minor occupations, but they were powerless at that time -to prevent such monopoly. They could not conduct this business for -themselves; the Spanish had never been a trading people, and the -islanders had had no chance to learn business methods from them. - -The Spanish government in the islands had always been military, but in -1860 a civil government was formed for the province of Manila. Civil -government is government by laws upheld by civil, or citizen, officials, -instead of by military force. It punishes offenders through the courts, -instead of by armed power. - -In this same year, by command of the governor-general, the Parian, the -great building where nearly all the Chinese in Manila were quartered, -was destroyed. This act of the government was bitterly opposed by the -Chinese and by some others; but it was carried out, in spite of great -difficulties. The only reminder of the Parian now left is the Parian -Gate, which gives entrance to the walled city near the point where the -building once stood. - -These years were marked, as well, by numerous severe earthquakes and -volcanic eruptions. One or two new volcanoes were formed, and there were -great disturbances in Luzon and the islands near by. In 1863 came the -great earthquake of Manila—the severest that the country has ever known. -Thousands of people were killed in the city and the surrounding country. -The cathedral was destroyed, and the city was reduced to a mere mountain -of ruins. Only the great wall, St. Augustine Church, and a few other -structures withstood the shock. - -After this, trouble deepened for the country. The treasury was drained -to rebuild the city; the land was pinched to the last possible limit to -raise tribute for the Crown; and the people were nearly desperate. The -government could not meet its payments, but insisted upon the tobacco -crop being cultivated each year; and great quantities of tobacco had to -be sold to raise money for the needs of the moment. In 1864 lightning -set fire to the general storehouse of tobacco and caused a loss of -$2,000,000 to the colonial treasury. - -[Illustration: - - RUINS OF MANILA CATHEDRAL AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE. -] - -In 1867 the “Guardia Civil” was formed, for the purpose of capturing the -bandits who overran the country. These bandits had come to be as great a -source of danger as the pirates had been, and in 1869 the peril of the -situation was increased by a proclamation made by Governor-General -Torre. This proclamation offered free pardon to all bandits who should -present themselves to the government within three months. This was a -great opportunity for the ill-disposed people of the provinces. Hundreds -of them became bandits and entered upon a three months’ term of robbery -and outrage, sure of pardon at any time they might present themselves -before the governor. It became necessary to organize a special guard, -which was called “Torre’s Guard,” to go against this great mob of -outlaws. - -[Illustration: - - QUEEN ISABELLA II. AS A CHILD. -] - -But in spite of murmurings, discontent, and suffering among the people, -the work of building up the city, and of making improvements in and -about Manila, went steadily on. The palace was rebuilt, work was begun -upon the cathedral, and many public works were undertaken. In 1865 a -municipal school, in charge of the Sisters of Charity, was founded, and -a normal school for teachers was opened in Manila under the charge of -the Jesuits, who had returned to the country in 1859, after an absence -of nearly one hundred years. The civil government, which had recently -been formed in Manila Province, supported this school. - -In 1868 Queen Isabella II. of Spain was deposed, and the government that -followed her was of a revolutionary nature, founded on republican -principles. While this government prevailed, an Assembly of Filipinos -and Mestizos was formed in Manila. Its members, who were persons born in -the islands, hoped to bring about certain reforms in the local -government. They had the power of voting reforms for the colony, subject -to the will of the home government. They outlined many reforms which -were needed in the islands, and tried to gain for them the attention of -the home government. But the influence of the conservative party, both -at home and in the colony, prevailed. It was not long before the -monarchy was again in power, and then this Philippine Assembly died. - -The Filipinos had had a taste of self-government, and it was hard for -them to go back into bondage. It was not possible that they should again -submit patiently to the oppression which they had borne for so many -years. The spark which Spain herself had kindled no power on earth could -extinguish, and the little fire of liberty burned on, waiting for the -moment when it should burst into a great flame. - - _Summary._—The situation in the Philippines was becoming desperate. - There was lack of trust between the Spanish and the Filipinos, and - this kept them from understanding or helping one another. More and - more severe measures were taken by the rulers to keep down revolt. By - the middle of the century the ravages of pirates along the coast had - nearly killed all trade. The merchants of Manila now brought steam - trading ships from Spain, and these, being swifter than the craft of - the pirates, escaped capture; but towns along the coast were still - subject to raids. In 1848 an expedition went against the pirates and - punished them severely. Other expeditions followed up the work of that - one, and at last, in 1860, eighteen steam gunboats were sent from - Spain. With the aid of these the Spanish forces were able to put an - end to piracy in those seas. - - In 1854 there was a serious uprising, headed by a young Spanish - Mestizo named Cuesta. This was put down, and a number of Filipinos who - had taken part in it were executed. This uprising greatly increased - the anxiety of the government in the islands. In 1860 a civil - government was founded for Manila Province. In this same year the - Parian, the building where the Chinese lived within the walled city, - was destroyed. In 1863 a great earthquake in Manila killed thousands - of people and reduced the city to ruins. In 1867 the Guardia Civil was - formed, and efforts were made to capture and punish the bandits who - overran the country. Much work was done during this and succeeding - years toward rebuilding the city. In 1865 a normal school for teachers - was opened in Manila. In 1868 Queen Isabella II. was deposed, and for - a time the government in Spain was revolutionary in character. While - this government was in power, the more enlightened Filipinos and - Mestizos in Manila tried hard to bring about reforms at home; but the - new order was short-lived, and the monarchy was soon restored to power - in Spain. - - - _Questions._—Why were the merchants of Manila forced to bring - steamships from Spain? Give an account of the different expeditions - against the pirates. Who was Cuesta? What was the result of the revolt - which he headed? When was the Parian destroyed? When was the great - earthquake of Manila? For what purpose was the Guardia Civil formed? - When was Queen Isabella II. deposed? What was the character of the - government that succeeded her? What effect had this government on the - Filipino people? - -[Illustration] - - - - - Chapter XVI. - THE INSURRECTION AT CAVITE. - - -In 1872 took place what is now known as the Cavite insurrection. This -uprising had in itself no real importance; it only gained importance -because of the attention which was paid to it. The cause of the revolt -was the desire of the people for native priests. There was a party among -the native clergy whose leaders were demanding that the friars should be -forbidden to act as parish priests, and should be made to give up -certain benefits to which they were not entitled. - -The native party had some right on its side in these demands. A treaty -had been made at Trent, some years before, defining the positions and -rights of the clergy in the islands. Under this treaty the friars were -not entitled to act as parish priests. They asked this privilege from -the Pope, however, and it was granted them. As a result the Filipino -clergy could act only in inferior positions, as assistants and lay -readers. They enjoyed but few of the rights and dignities of their -calling. - -The leader of the clergy who were demanding their rights was a priest -named José Burgos (hō sā´ bur´gōs). He was native born, and a man of -great strength and dignity of character. It is not believed that he, or -the priests who were among his followers, really incited the revolt at -Cavite. He had, however, many enemies, and these succeeded in making him -appear to be guilty. - -But whatever the origin of the uprising, it went wrong through a mistake -about signals. A number of the native soldiery were concerned in the -affair, and were to have aided the plotters in Manila. It was agreed -that certain men in Manila should get everything ready, and send up a -rocket, by which signal those at Cavite would know that the time had -come to act. It happened, however, that one night in the latter part of -January a _fiesta_ was held in one of the suburbs of Manila. Fireworks -were set off, and these the soldiers at Cavite mistook for the signal of -attack. They therefore seized the arsenal at Cavite, and attacked the -Europeans living in and about the town. - -When it was too late to undo their action, they discovered the mistake. -Their friends at Manila had no idea what was taking place. They did not -come to the aid of the revolters at Cavite, and when they learned the -news, there was no time to gather their forces. The loyal troops were -called out, and the trouble was put down in two days. - -All might even yet have gone well with the country if this matter could -have been allowed to rest right there. The government, however, saw fit -to regard this uprising as of grave importance. All who were suspected -of a part in it were severely punished; many were shot, and three of the -native priests were garrotted. These priests were Dr. Burgos, Dr. -Mariano Gomez (mä rē ä´nō gō´meth), and Dr. Jacinto Zamora (hä sēn´tō -thä mō´rä). As to their guilt, there will always be a doubt, and to this -day the native clergy declare that these men were innocent of planning -the revolt. - -These executions made the people desperate. The secret societies which -had been forming all over Luzon had up to this time been merely local -lodges of the great society of Freemasons. Now they were turned into -political societies, with a definite aim, and that aim was to win -greater liberty for the Filipinos. These societies afterwards played a -very important part in the history of the islands. - -Shortly after the uprising at Cavite, another revolt occurred in -Zamboanga; but this was put down with the help of the Moros. After the -Cavite insurrection, the native regiment of artillery was disbanded, and -a regiment of artillery from the Peninsula was brought to the islands. - -In spite of all these disturbances, considerable public work was done -during the next few years. The ports of Legaspi, Tacloban, and Leyte -were opened to foreign commerce in 1873–1874, and in 1875 the famous -Bridge of Spain across the Pasig River, in Manila, was built and thrown -open for public use. The opening of the Suez Canal was a helpful thing -to the commerce of the Philippines, and under wise and just government -there might have been a time of prosperity for the country. - -[Illustration: - - THE GROUNDS OF THE CAVITE ARSENAL. -] - -In 1877 Don Domingo Moriones y Morillo (dō min´gō mō rē ō´nās ē mō -rēl´yō) became governor-general. When he arrived in Manila, the King’s -Regiment, the mainstay of the Spanish forces in the islands, was in -revolt. This revolt had been kept a secret by the retiring -governor-general, for fear of the result if the natives should learn the -truth. The new governor-general caused the regiment to be drawn up in -line and numbered. When this had been done, every tenth man was told off -to be shot next morning. Moriones was afterwards persuaded to spare many -of these men, but the ringleaders were all shot; some others were put -into prison for long terms, and about fifty of them were sent back to -Spain in disgrace. - -The term of office upon which he entered with such vigor was marked by a -number of very good acts on the part of the governor-general. His name -should be remembered with gratitude in Manila, for it was he who caused -the public waterworks to be built. Over a hundred years before, a -patriotic governor-general, Don Fernando Carriedo (fer nän´dō cä rē -ā´dō), had left a fund to provide the city with a suitable water supply. -This money was to be kept at interest until the fund grew large enough -for the purpose, and it had increased so much that work should have been -begun a good many years before. But those having the money in charge -were not willing to give it up, and it was only after a bitter struggle -that Governor-General Moriones was able to get Carriedo’s wishes carried -out. This enterprise was a great blessing to the city of Manila, as the -value of a pure water supply cannot be over-estimated. - -Moriones also did what he could to get appropriations from the treasury -to pay off the tobacco growers, whose condition was at this time pitiful -indeed. They had not been paid for some years, while at the same time -they were not allowed to grow any other crop by which they might -maintain themselves. In 1881 this tobacco monopoly, which had worked -such wrong to the people, was ended by royal decree of King Alfonso XII. - -[Illustration: - - PUMPING STATION, CARRIEDO WATERWORKS. -] - -In 1880 there was a violent earthquake in Manila. The disturbances -lasted from the 14th of July to the 25th of the same month, and did a -great deal of damage in the city, causing loss of property and life. The -people were reduced to such a state of terror that they dared not live -in the better class of houses in Manila, but took to the nipa huts in -the suburbs. These houses were less dangerous because of their light -structure. - -This same year cable communication was set up between Spain and Manila. - -In 1881 Governor-General Primo de Rivera (prē´mō dā rē vā´rä) came to -office. One of the first things he did was to organize an expedition -against the Igorrotes of northern Luzon; but, like all other attempts to -subdue these people, this expedition was a failure. The Spanish soldiers -who took part in it left behind them among the Igorrotes such a record -for cruelty and violence that to this day most of these people hate the -sight of a white man. - -There was trouble enough for the people during Rivera’s rule. In 1882 a -cholera epidemic broke out in Manila, and in less than three months -30,000 people died in the city and its suburbs and throughout the -province. There were also several typhoons of unusual violence, and a -terrifying eruption of Mayon volcano, which lasted for many months. - -In 1883 Joaquin Jovellar y Soler (hō ä kēn´ hō vāl´här ē sō´lėr), who -had won a name for himself as the “peacemaker” in Cuba, became -governor-general of the Philippines. He was well received by the -Spanish, and made some attempt to bring about reforms in the country. -The old-time tribute, the cause of so many revolts among the people, was -replaced by the “cedula personal,” or paper of identity, which every -inhabitant above eighteen years of age was compelled to have. During his -time, there were small outbreaks among the people, and threats of a -general insurrection, which led to more troops being sent out from the -Peninsula. It became necessary now to have Spanish troops almost -altogether, as the native soldiers could not be depended upon to fire on -their own people. - -By now there was coming to the front in the islands a considerable body -of thoughtful young men. These were beginning to demand greater liberty -for the Filipinos. In the Visayas, Graciano Lopez Jaena (grä seä´no -lō´peth hä ā nä) had become a teacher of the people. This man has been -called the “John the Baptist of the Visayas.” - -The people in that part of the country were in a position even more -hopeless than were those in Luzon. They knew little or nothing of what -was going on in the northern islands. They had no leaders of their own, -but were dominated by different parties among their rulers. These -parties were constantly quarreling among themselves and with the -government at home. Between these factions the people lay like corn -between the millstones, crushed almost beyond hope of ever attaining the -smallest human rights. - -Jaena was born in Jaro, near Iloilo, and was a student in the seminario -there. Like many young men of his time, he had the desire to go to Spain -and finish his studies. The friars had taken alarm at the number of -young Filipino men who were doing this, and they refused Jaena -permission to leave his studies at the seminario. They claimed that, as -he was one of their students, they had a right to dictate how he should -dispose of his life, and where he should pursue his studies. An action -so arbitrary and unjust as this was not to be borne by a young man of -any spirit. Jaena left the seminario without the permission of his -teachers, went to Manila, and from there to Spain. - -In Madrid he made the acquaintance of a number of members of the Liberal -Party, who listened willingly to what the young man had to say, and made -great efforts to get him an audience with the Ministers of State. For a -time he was well received in Spain, but the Liberal Party fell into -discredit at court, and Jaena was unable to gain a hearing for any of -the reforms that were so dear to his heart. He lived in great poverty in -Madrid, forced to do menial work to maintain himself. He was never able -to get back to his own country, for which he suffered so much, but died -in Madrid while still a comparatively young man. He left a great many -writings which are well known throughout the Visayas. His name is as -much honored in that part of the country as is the name of Rizal -everywhere in the Philippines. - -Dr. José Rizal y Mercado (rē thäl´ ē mer kä´dō) will never be forgotten -while there are patriotic Filipinos left to keep his memory alive. He -was a native of Calamba (kä läm´bä), in Laguna Province, and was born in -the early sixties. He was graduated from the Jesuit College in Manila, -and from there he went to Europe, where he studied medicine. He was -graduated from Madrid University as Doctor of Medicine and Philosophy. - -Afterwards he went to Paris and to several German universities, from one -of which he took another degree. In Germany he became greatly interested -in the socialistic movement of the day. He mingled freely with the -German students, among whom he was very popular, and shared in their -ideas of human rights and political liberty. He was a true Catholic, but -he longed to see his country freed from the narrow rule which had made -civil government in the Philippines a farce. - -[Illustration: - - THE BRIDGE OF SPAIN. -] - -The influence of the Orders in the islands had become known even in -Spain as a hurtful thing for the country. As far back as the year 1870 -the Spanish Minister of State, in a formal report, had recommended that -the friars be removed from charge of the schools in the islands. Now the -demand was becoming general that their places should be taken by secular -priests who were natives of the country. - -Rizal believed that it would be necessary to send the Orders out of the -Philippines before the country could ever be prosperous. While abroad he -wrote a novel entitled “Nolle me Tangere,” in which he showed plainly -the attitude of the friars and the people toward one another. This novel -was written in the Spanish language, but was published in Germany. While -Rizal was living as a student in France, he wrote another political -novel, “El Filibustero.” - -Later he returned to the islands, and there did notable work in his -profession of medicine. He became actively interested in the condition -of the country, as well. In his own town he led a party which demanded -of the Dominican Order that it show title deeds to a large tract of -agricultural land of which it had possession. This brought down upon him -the opposition of the friars, and he found it wise to return to Europe. -In his absence his relatives and many of the chief families with whom he -had been friendly in his town were persecuted, and driven from the lands -which they had rented from the religious Orders. Their holdings were -given to Spaniards, and they received no compensation for their losses. - -In 1893 Rizal went to Hong-Kong, meaning to settle there and practise -his profession. A little later he was given to understand that it would -be safe for him to come back to Manila, and he came. When he reached the -customs house at Manila, his baggage was rigidly searched, and it was -claimed that among his effects were found a number of disloyal -pamphlets. Among these were some proclamations which it was claimed he -had written for the purpose of starting a revolt among the natives. - -It is not common sense to believe that Rizal had any of these things in -his trunk, and it is now generally understood that they were placed -there by those who did the searching. His enemies demanded that he -should be executed as a traitor, but the governor-general would not give -him up to them. Instead he was banished to northern Mindanao, where for -four years he lived very quietly. He practised medicine there among the -people, and many foreigners came from over the sea to consult him. He -performed several remarkable operations upon the eyes during these -years. - -Then the Cuban troubles broke out, and, to prove his loyalty to Spain, -Dr. Rizal asked permission to go to Cuba as an army doctor in the -Spanish forces. This favor was granted him July 28, 1896. He went up to -Manila by way of Cebu, just at the time of the outbreak of 1896. He was -the idol of the people; everywhere his countrymen were talking about -him, and looking to him as a leader; his name brought them hope and -strengthened their courage. By them he was regarded as the future -liberator of the race, and to them he represented the promise of -liberty. - -All this so alarmed his enemies that they declared it dangerous to have -him in Manila. He was at once put on board the Spanish cruiser -_Castilla_, and from there transferred to the mail steamer _Isla de -Panay_, bound for Barcelona. He carried letters of recommendation to the -Ministers of War and of the Colonies, which were sent to him by General -Blanco with a personal letter. - -His enemies were determined to have his life, and he was cabled at -Barcelona to return at once to the islands. Certain accusations were -made against him, and he was thrown into prison at the Fortress of -Montjierat (mont-hē ā´rät) in Spain, until a steamer should return to -the islands. Then he was sent back to Manila, a state prisoner, isolated -from all but his jailers. - -He was brought to trial for sedition and rebellion before a -court-martial of eight captains, with a lieutenant-colonel presiding; -but there was no testimony against him. How could there be? The facts -show that it was quite impossible for Rizal to have had anything to do -with the revolution of 1896. He had been a prisoner of state, in -seclusion, for years. He had had no communication with the people of -Luzon, and there was nothing to show that he had taken any part in the -revolt. But he had been condemned beforehand, and of all the cruel acts -of Governor-General Polavieja (pō lä vē ā´hä), the cruelest was his -decree for the execution of this man. - -There were but a few days between Rizal’s sentence and his death. He was -engaged to marry Miss Josephine Taufer, the adopted daughter of an -American gentleman who had been a patient of Rizal’s in Hong-Kong, and -to her he was married on the day of his execution. He was shot at six -o’clock in the morning of December 30, 1896, and an immense crowd -gathered on the Luneta to witness that terrible sacrifice. - -His widow joined the insurgents. She was present at the battle of Silang -(sē läng´), and fled with the rest before the Spanish, tramping through -twenty-three villages on her way to the northern provinces. She was at -last banished from the country by Governor-General Polavieja. During the -American occupation she returned for a time to the islands whose welfare -was so dear to her martyred husband. Later she went to Hong-Kong, where -she died, in March, 1902. - -The name of José Rizal is now hailed with honor. The government has made -the anniversary of his birth a public holiday, and it is observed yearly -in the public schools of the archipelago. Thus is his memory kept alive. -His unselfish love for his native country should be remembered and -shared by the Filipino boys and girls now growing up to work for the -good of the land for which he hoped and dared so much. - - _Summary._—The Cavite insurrection, which took place in 1872, while - not in itself of great importance, was the real beginning of the - rebellion of 1896. It failed through a mistake in regard to signals. - The Spanish authorities overrated the importance of this uprising, and - those whom they accused of being concerned in it were punished with - great severity. This course drove the people to desperation. Other - uprisings took place, and there was great disturbance in the country. - Many good public works went on, however. The Carriedo waterworks were - built and put in operation, and an effort was made to raise money to - pay off the tobacco growers. In 1881 the tobacco monopoly was done - away with by royal decree of Alfonso XII. - - In 1882 came the great cholera epidemic in Manila. During the time it - raged, 30,000 people died in the city and province. During these - years, teachers of the people began to rise in the Visayas, as well as - in Luzon. Jaena, the Visayan patriot, was in Spain, trying to obtain - justice for his people. Later, Dr. José Rizal began writing of the - wrongs of his country. He came back to Manila, after an absence of - some years, but was banished to Mindanao. When the trouble in Cuba - began, he volunteered to go there as a surgeon in the Spanish army. He - sailed from Manila to Barcelona, expecting to go from there to Cuba. - At Barcelona, on the strength of despatches from Manila, he was thrown - into prison, and later was sent back to Manila. His enemies there - secured his trial on a false charge of sedition, and he was sentenced - to death and executed. - - - _Questions._—What was the main cause of the Cavite insurrection of - 1872? Who was Don Fernando Carriedo? When were the Manila waterworks - completed? When was the tobacco monopoly ended? Who was Jaena? Give an - account of Dr. Rizal and his work. - -[Illustration] - - - - - Chapter XVII. - THE UPRISING OF 1896. - - -When the Jesuits left Manila in 1768, the missions which they had -founded were given to the Recoletos. In 1859 the Jesuits came back to -the islands. These missions, for which the Society had worked so hard in -years gone by, were returned to it, and other places were made for the -Recoletos. This was done at the expense of the native priests, and the -people resented it. The feeling was growing among them that the native -clergy were not fairly treated, and the installing of friars in their -places increased that feeling. - -It would be unjust to the Spanish Orders to overlook the good they did -in early years in this country. They helped the people in many ways. To -them is due the credit of introducing chocolate, coffee, cotton, and -tobacco into the islands. They taught the people to weave, and to make -many things of use. But too great power fell into their hands, and they -did not keep pace with the times. Besides this, the people had now come -to believe that their spiritual leaders should be men of their own race. - -[Illustration: - - FORT GENERAL WEYLER IN MINDANAO. -] - -Moreover, a feeling of national life, such as they had never before -known, was awakening among the Filipinos. The many languages spoken -among them, and the tribal differences which existed in the country, did -more than anything else to keep the Filipino people in subjection. Not -until they are a united people, with one language, and with a common -desire for the welfare of their country, can they take the place which -they should hold among the peoples of the world. This the more -enlightened among them were coming to see, and were making a steady -effort to unite the tribes in a demand for reform. - -In this effort the secret societies, of which mention has been made, -played a large part. These societies were in the beginning Masonic -lodges. The first of them in the Philippines was founded at Cavite in -1860. Only Spaniards were members at the outset, but in time Filipinos -and Mestizos were admitted. Later the members began to take an interest -in politics, and little by little the Masonic lodges came to be the -gathering places of thinkers and reformers. None of these societies had -as yet any idea of revolt against the mother country; but the people -were bent upon securing reforms in the government of the islands. - -It was impossible to get justice in any court in the archipelago. Every -public officer knew that good service and an honorable record would not -serve to keep him in office if anyone who had more influence than he -wished his position. Corruption, bribery, and dishonesty were the order -in the government. All classes were taxed to the utmost limit, and the -country was in a state of wretchedness through misrule. The Filipinos -themselves had no rights which anyone seemed bound to respect. - -The people remembered with bitterness those noble words of the Cortes -which declared, in the Constitution of 1812: “The countries and -provinces of America and Asia are and ought always to have been an -integral part of the Spanish monarchy. Their natives and free -inhabitants are equal in rights and privileges to those of the -Peninsula.” What the reformers sought was not separation from the mother -country. They desired only that Filipinos should be recognized as among -her citizens, and entitled to the rights which this declaration of the -Cortes said were theirs. - -After the revolt at Cavite, a new secret society was formed, known as -the Katipunan (kä tē pö´nän) or Association of the Sons of the Country. -One of the passwords of this society was “Gom-bur-za.” This word is made -up of a part of the name of each one of the native padres executed -because of that trouble at Cavite—Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora. The -Katipunan was composed of the common people. It numbered many thousands -of members, who stood ready to give their lives for the good of the -Philippines, and it was probably more responsible than any other one -thing for the great uprising of 1896. - -In 1895 trouble broke out among the Moros in the south, and in that year -the Spanish began what is known as the Marauit (mär ä wēt´) campaign in -Mindanao. This was an expedition against the Moros, under the command of -Governor-General Blanco himself. This campaign proved a great surprise -to the Moros, who were finally overpowered by a division of the Spanish -troops commanded by Brigadier-General Gonzales Parrado (pä rä´dō). The -campaign lasted for three months, and was a complete success. - -After this, in order that the government might keep order there, it was -decided to settle the country in the Marauit district with families from -Luzon and the other northern islands. This decision hastened the -downfall of the Spanish in the Philippines. At first the Filipino people -were invited to go and live in this conquered territory, but no one -accepted the invitation. It sounded smooth and fair; but it meant -leaving friends and home and security for peril, hardship, and doubtful -adventure. So, as the unwillingness of the people was seen, the -invitation was made more urgent, and took the form of an order. This -order, however, was only sent to provinces where the secret societies -were supposed to be strongest. It caused great dissatisfaction among the -Filipinos, who quickly understood its meaning. Many left their homes and -went to live in the mountains to avoid trouble. - -The government now made still greater effort, and in 1895 and 1896 there -was a systematic persecution of the people to get them to go south. This -persecution proved too much for even Filipino patience, and in the -spring of 1896 the Katipunan sent a petition to Japan, asking the Mikado -to annex the Philippine Islands to Japan. It is said that 5,000 -Filipinos signed this petition. The emperor of Japan sent the petition -to Spain, and in this way the names of all these petitioners became -known to the government. The powers at Manila, however, did not dare to -act at once, but waited their time; and the punishment, when it came, -was all the more severe for the delay. - -[Illustration: - - THE BRIDGE OF SAN JUAN DEL MONTE. -] - -At this time all the Spaniards in Manila knew that some great uprising -was planned among the people. The government, however, realized the -mistake that had been made in paying too much attention to the revolt at -Cavite, and it now made the greater mistake of not paying enough -attention to this trouble. - -On July 5, 1896, an officer of the Guardia Civil reported that over -14,000 men in the valley of Pasig were pledged to revolt. Still nothing -was done about this by the Spanish until a month later, when a large -number of revolutionary flags and ammunition were found at Taal. -Governor-General Blanco then ordered some arrests to be made. - -By this time the Katipunan had its plans nearly completed. There was to -have been an uprising on the 20th of August; but, on the night before, -the plot was discovered by Father Mariano Gil (mä rē ä´nō zhēl), an -Augustine friar, the parish priest at Tondo. The authorities then -realized for the first time that the Katipunan was a political society, -and Governor-General Blanco cabled the fact to Madrid. - -The garrison at Manila numbered only 1,500 men, many of whom were -natives and not to be depended upon for help; so that General Blanco did -not dare to take the field against the rebels. Nevertheless, arrests -were made daily, and the prisons were full to overflowing. Among the -prisoners were some of the leading Filipinos of Luzon, many of whom were -merely suspected of disloyalty to the government. - -Much time was lost by the Spanish because General Blanco was unwilling -to use force until every honorable means of bringing about peace had -been exhausted. He felt, moreover, that his army was too small to -justify an advance against the rebels, and so he cabled to Madrid for -help. In return he got word that 2,000 men, two gunboats, and large -stores of arms and ammunition were to be sent at once. - -By August 30 the uprising was in full force. The rebels were gathered at -San Juan del Monte, a suburb of Manila, where the first battle was -fought. This took place between the Filipinos under command of Sancho -Valenzuela (sän´kō väl ān thu ā´lä) and three others, and some native -cavalry and members of the Guardia Civil. The Filipinos were driven -back, and on that day martial law was proclaimed in Manila and in the -provinces about the bay. Later the rebel leaders at San Juan were shot -on the Luneta. This was the first of many executions which took place -from week to week afterwards, until the green lawn of the Luneta was -saturated with patriot blood. - -Now there was war in earnest between the Spanish and the Filipinos. The -rebellion was growing daily, and the cream of Manila society was in the -jails. Governor-General Blanco was still inclined to look upon the -uprising as merely local, and not to regard it seriously; but he was -constantly urged to severe measures by certain of his advisers. They -desired that all rebels caught should be put to death at once, and there -seemed no length to which their vindictive spirit was not willing to go. -The newspapers of Manila were forbidden to speak of the uprising, or to -use the words “rebellion” or “rebel.” The matter was treated as of -slight importance, and the natives engaged in the insurrection were -spoken of as bandits. This was also the tone which Governor-General -Blanco adopted in all the despatches which he sent to the home -government. - -Province after province declared with the rebels, until all southern -Luzon was in revolt. Cavite Province had become the center of the -uprising, and Emilio Aguinaldo (ä mēl´ē ō äg wē näl´dō), formerly a -schoolmaster at Cavite, came to the front as a leader. He was a native -of the city of Cavite, born March 22, 1869, and at this time was about -twenty-seven years old. - -[Illustration: - - DUNGEON AT CAVITE. -] - -By the middle of September, troops to the number of 6,000 had been sent -up from Zamboanga and southern stations to aid the government at Manila. -Nearly two-thirds of these were natives, however, and the Spaniards felt -that they had good reason to distrust their loyalty. The rebels were in -great force about Silang, Imus (ē´ mus), and Novaleta (nō vä lā´tä), and -there were uprisings in Tarlac (tär´läk), Pangasinan, Laguna, Morong, -and Tayabas. - -On October 1 a steamer arrived from Spain with a battalion of marines, -which was warmly welcomed by the Spaniards. The next day came another -steamer with more troops, and after that a large number of men came, -until, before the trouble was over, there were 28,000 Spanish soldiers -in the islands. These, however, were raw drafts. The trouble in Cuba had -taken all of Spain’s fighting men, and she had nothing to send to the -Philippines but boys. These young soldiers were undrilled, without -uniforms, and but poorly armed. - -The Filipinos were no better off than the Spanish troops. They were -hardier, but they were even more poorly armed. They had some rifles, but -most of their guns were made of gas or water pipe wrapped with telegraph -wire. They had cannon made from boiler tubes and from old bells and -other metal. But they were determined and courageous, and were fighting -for what was dearer to them than life—the decent treatment to which -every free man is entitled at the hands of his government. - -The Spanish treated all Filipinos captured with great cruelty. From time -to time suspects were sent in from the provinces, bound hand and foot; -they were hauled up from the holds of vessels with chain and hook, and -discharged as cargo, like bales of hemp. - -The rainy season set in, and General Blanco had not the force at his -command which his successor had afterwards. The native troops were not -to be depended upon, and it was almost impossible for the few Spanish -soldiers to get about the country. He contented himself, therefore, with -keeping the rebels out of Manila. - -In December, 1896, the governor-general went back to Spain. At that time -the total European force in the islands was 10,000 men. They held the -arsenals at Cavite, and the city of Manila; but the rebels were strongly -entrenched throughout the peninsula of Cavite and in Laguna Province. -“At that time,” says Forman, the historian, “I was informed by the -secretary of the military court that there were 4,700 individuals -awaiting trial by court-martial.” - -General Camilo Polavieja was sent out to the Philippines as -governor-general in Blanco’s stead. He arrived in June, 1896, and at -once set to work to put down the rebellion. He was an energetic military -leader, a man who had himself risen from the ranks. He had been in Cuba, -and his experience there enabled him to see at once how serious was the -state of things in the Philippines. On the ship with him came 500 -troops, under command of General Lachambre (lä chäm´brā), and on another -ship 1,500 more. Others quickly followed, so that in a short time, as we -have stated before, there were 28,000 fighting Europeans in the islands. - -It was now the dry season, and General Lachambre at once took the field -against the rebels in Cavite Province. The Filipinos at this time -expressly declared that they were fighting, not Spain, but the dominion -of the Spanish friars. Their battle cry was, “Long live Spain! Down with -the priests!” The campaign was conducted very well on the part of the -Spanish. Their troops were better armed than the Filipinos, and were -well commanded, while the rebels had no trained military officers to -plan their battles. The Filipinos were driven from Imus, and later from -Silang; and although the Spanish met with great losses, in time the -rebels, unable to hold any one place, were driven up to Laguna Province. -By the middle of March every rebel band of importance had been -scattered. - -Polavieja cabled for more troops to be sent from Spain. He wanted these -to garrison the districts which he had taken from the rebels, as his -army corps was needed in the northern provinces, to which the Filipinos -had been driven back. But there were already 200,000 Spanish soldiers in -Cuba, and more were needed there. The Spanish government, therefore, -refused to send any more troops to the Philippines. - -The newspapers at Madrid made light of the trouble in the islands, and -criticised the governor-general’s rule. Polavieja then cabled that he -was broken down in health and should be obliged to resign. Through much -of the campaign he was so ill that he could not sit his horse, and was -obliged to direct the campaign from Parañaque (pä rän yä´kē), where he -remained until after the capture of San Francisco and the driving back -of the rebels into the mountains. - -In April, 1897, he went back to Spain. General Lachambre followed, to -receive great praise for the good work he had done in the Philippines. -Polavieja himself arrived in Spain blind, physically disabled, and -really ill; but he had accomplished a great deal in the islands, and had -gotten the rebellion well in hand. - -The next governor-general was Primo de Rivera, who had held that office -before, from the years 1880 to 1883. He reached Manila on the 23d of -April, and went to the front on the 29th day of that month. - - _Summary._—The growth of secret societies in the islands, and the - rebellious attitude of many of the people, led Spain to adopt a new - measure. It was decided to settle the Marauit district, in Mindanao, - with Filipinos from Luzon. Invitations, amounting really to orders, to - go and live in this district were sent out among the people living in - provinces where the secret societies were supposed to be strongest. - Because of these invitations many Filipinos left their homes and went - to live in the mountains, to avoid trouble. The government then began - trying to force people to go south to live. In 1896 the Katipunan sent - a petition to the emperor of Japan, asking him to annex the islands to - Japan. The emperor sent this petition to Spain. The government now - awoke to a knowledge of how serious was the revolt in the islands. - Many arrests were made, and soon the jails in Manila were filled with - prisoners. - - By August 30 the uprising was in full force, and the first battle was - fought at San Juan del Monte, on that day. Troops were now sent from - Spain, while from all over the islands fighting men gathered to the - aid of the Filipino leaders. By December, 1896, there were 10,000 - European troops in the islands. They held the arsenal at Cavite, and - the city of Manila; but the Filipinos held strong positions in the - Cavite peninsula and in Laguna Province. Governor-General Blanco went - back to Spain, and General Camilo Polavieja was sent out in his stead. - The new governor-general carried on the war with great vigor. He sent - for more troops, until there were 28,000 Spanish soldiers in the - country. The Spanish succeeded in driving the Filipinos back from - their strong places, but were too few to do more than hold them in - check. The home government refused to send more troops to the - Philippines, as all Spain’s armed force was needed in Cuba. - Governor-General Polavieja was taken very ill, and went back to Spain. - General Lachambre followed, soon after. The next governor-general was - Primo de Rivera, who reached Manila April 23, 1897. - - - _Questions._—What were the secret societies that now grew up in the - islands? What plan did the government make for settling the Marauit - district? Give an account of the petition sent by the Katipunan to - Japan. When was the first battle fought in the uprising of 1896? - Outline the progress of this uprising. - -[Illustration] - - - - - Chapter XVIII. - THE END OF SPANISH RULE. - - -One of the first things that General Primo de Rivera did after his -arrival, for the second time, in the islands, was to issue a -proclamation offering amnesty to all who would lay down their arms. Many -of the Filipinos who were in revolt accepted the offer, and pledged -allegiance to Spain. - -They were driven to this step by their fears. The Filipino forces were -weakened and discouraged. General Polavieja had carried on the campaign -against them with such savage cruelty that the people were filled with -terror. No quarter had been given by the Spanish, and in Cavite Province -alone over 30,000 Filipinos had lost their lives. Aguinaldo had left -Cavite, which province was now cleared of the Filipino forces, and had -joined General Llaneras (lyän ār´äs), who was leading the Filipinos in -the north, beyond Pampanga. - -The state of the country at this time was pitiful. No crops had been -planted; there was no food for the people; their young carabaos had been -killed; the rice and camotes were all gone. War had reduced the country -to a wilderness. Everywhere the authorities were seeking to put down the -rebellion, but their cruel measures actually made rebels of the people. -The Filipino priests and curates were put in chains, were flogged and -tortured, to make them tell what they might have learned, through the -confessional, of the secret societies and the movements of the people. - -The Spanish campaign in Manila was being conducted by General Monet -(Mō´nāt), and there, too, no mercy was shown to natives so unfortunate -as to be captured. In Pangasinan General Nuñez (nön´yeth) was fighting -the rebels. The war was waged with bitterness; no quarter was given on -either side, and the natives lost no opportunity to avenge the -punishment which the Spaniards visited upon them. - -By this time the rainy weather was telling severely on the unseasoned -Spanish soldiers. There was much sickness among them, so that the -military hospitals were full. The soldiers had not been paid for several -months, and they were bitterly discontented. - -The Filipinos, too, were suffering severely. They were poorly fed and -poorly armed; but they kept up a constant petty warfare that was very -trying to the Spanish, although it was useless, so far as gaining any -real end was concerned. They now held two places, Angat (än´gät) and San -Mateo, in Bulacan Province. These had been fortified securely, and they -were by nature such fortresses that it would have been almost impossible -for the Spanish to dislodge any force from them. The Filipinos were not, -however, strong enough to make any effective warfare against the enemy, -but had to content themselves with holding these two places and -harassing the Spanish as much as they could. - -On the 2d of July, 1897, the governor-general issued an edict commanding -all who were concerned in the rebellion to report themselves to the -Spanish authorities by July 10. The edict also ordered all officers, -military and civil, to prevent the people from leaving the towns or -villages, except to till the fields, to look after their farm -properties, or do their daily work. All who were allowed to go out on -such business must be provided with passes stating where they were -going, by what road they should travel, when they should return, and -what was their errand. Any Filipino staying out over time, or found on -any road or in any place not mentioned in the pass, was to be treated as -a rebel. The edict also declared that after July 10 all persons would be -obliged to prove their identity by “cedula personal,” together with the -pass. Anyone who failed to observe these orders, it was declared, would -be tried by court-martial. - -This measure was so outrageous and so unnecessary that it had an effect -on the people exactly opposite to what the governor-general hoped for. -Those Filipinos who had been neutral were made angry by it. It enraged -the rebels and drove many others into the insurgent camp. - -The rebels themselves responded by a document calling upon all Filipinos -to rise in defense of the country. This document demanded that the -friars should be expelled, and that land seized by them should be -returned to the towns to which it belonged; that all livings and -parishes should be divided equally between the Spanish and the native -priests. It asked for representation by Filipinos in Parliament; for -freedom of the press; for religious toleration; and for more just laws -in the islands. It demanded that there should be equal terms and pay for -Spanish and native civil servants; that no citizen should be banished -from the Philippines; and that there should be equal punishment for -Spaniards and Filipinos who should offend against the laws of the land. -It declared that the war would be prolonged until Spain was compelled to -grant the demands of the people. To these demands Aguinaldo added an -appeal to the people to join the rebellion. Many Filipinos responded, -and the force of the rebels was greatly increased. - -General Primo de Rivera now began to urge the home government to grant -some of the demands made by the Filipinos. The authorities at Madrid -were coming to see that something must be done. The war in Cuba had so -drained the resources of Spain that she had neither men nor money to -expend in punishing the rebel Filipinos, and it was therefore decided to -make some concessions to their demands. - -In August, 1897, Señor Pedro Alisandro Paterno (äl ē sän´drō pä ter´nō), -a Filipino, educated in Europe, a man of means and position in Manila, -was made the agent of Spain to try to arrange terms of peace with the -rebel leaders. He visited Aguinaldo in the mountains of Bulacan -Province. There he talked with the Filipino leader, and was given power -to act in his name. Aguinaldo stated to Señor Paterno the terms on which -peace could be made. It must always be a matter of regret that these -terms were never made public, either by the Filipinos or by the -Spaniards. In the disputes that afterwards arose, the Spanish government -denied the claims made by the Filipinos, and declared that the terms of -peace had included nothing of what the Filipinos stated had been agreed -upon. It will, therefore, never be certainly known what these terms -were. - -[Illustration: - - BIAC-NA-’BATO, WHERE THE TREATY WAS MADE. -] - -Certain reforms in the government were demanded. These reforms were -opposed by the friars, whose power was lessened by them. The friars -endeavored to prevent the government from yielding the terms, whatever -they may have been, and succeeded in prolonging the trouble for several -months. - -At last, however, Señor Paterno was given authority to act for the -captain-general of the forces in the islands, representing the Spanish -government. On September 19 he had a meeting with Aguinaldo and his -generals, and an agreement was entered into. This conference took place -at Biac-na-’bato (bē äk´nä´bä tō), a mountain fastness not far from the -famous sulphur springs, near Angat, in the province of Bulacan. - -Here was made what is now known to history as the treaty of -Biac-na-’bato. It was made between Aguinaldo and the other Filipino -generals on the one hand, and Señor Paterno, acting for the Spanish -government, on the other. By its terms the Filipinos agreed to deliver -up their arms, all ammunition, etc., to the Spaniards. They were to give -up all places held by them, and to cease, for three years, all plotting -against the Spanish authority. These three years the government should -have for bringing about the reforms demanded and promised. Aguinaldo and -thirty-four others of the insurgent leaders promised to leave the -country, not to return until they were given permission by the Spanish -government. - -The government, on its side, agreed to pay the rebels $1,000,000, -Mexican, as indemnity, and to reimburse the Filipinos not in arms, but -who had suffered by the war, in the sum of $700,000, Mexican. This -latter sum was to be paid in three equal installments, the last one to -be paid in six months after the _Te Deum_ should be sung in token that -peace was secured. - -After this treaty had been signed, Aguinaldo and his thirty-four -companions were taken to Sual (sö´äl), on the coast, under an escort of -Spanish officers. Here they and their escort had a feast, and great good -feeling towards Spain was expressed by the Filipino military leaders. -Then the exiles were taken on board the steamship _Uranus_ (ö rä´nus), -for Hong-Kong. They sailed on December 27, 1897, with an escort of -Spaniards of high rank. When they reached port, they were handed a draft -on the Bank of Hong-Kong for $400,000, Mexican, the first installment on -the sum agreed to be paid them. - -In the meantime there was rejoicing in Manila and in Madrid. General -Primo de Rivera received great commendation, and was publicly thanked by -the government. On every side were words of praise for his success as a -peacemaker. The Queen Regent presented him with the Grand Cross of San -Fernando and a pension of 10,000 pesetas a year. - -The people now looked to see the promised reforms carried out; but, -instead, the government seemed to forget that any promises had been -made. The Filipinos had laid down their arms, and there were about two -months of quiet. Seven thousand of the troops were sent back to Spain, -and General Primo de Rivera evidently thought that he had broken the -back of the revolt. Business was resumed in Manila. The Spaniards went -on with their pleasures, and matters in Luzon seemed, on the surface, to -be as usual; but trouble was still in store for the islands. - -Persons who had taken part in the rebellion were arrested, on slight -charges, from time to time, and put into prison; others were openly -insulted and regarded with suspicion, as rebels against the country. -There were many executions, and instead of the general pardon which was -taken for granted as a part of the treaty of peace, only a few pardons -were bestowed. Time went on. No steps were taken toward making the -reforms, and the Filipinos began to see that the government had once -more deceived them. - -At this time the Seventy-fourth Regiment of native infantry was in -garrison at Cavite. This was a very old regiment in the Philippines. For -many years it had been known as the First Regiment of the Visayas. In -1886 it was thought that by making the native regiments a part of the -Spanish army another tie would be formed between the islands and Spain. -So these were all numbered in line with the Spanish regiments, and the -First Visayas became the Seventy-fourth Regiment of infantry. - -Early in 1898, companies of armed men, whom the government called -ladrones, were infesting the province. The country was in an unsettled -state, and some of these companies—really insurgents who had taken up -arms again—came into Cavite Province. On March 24, the Seventy-fourth -Regiment was ordered out against them; but, to the surprise of -everybody, it refused to go. The soldiers declared that they were ready -to fight the enemies of Spain or of the islands, but that they would not -march against their own people. Eight corporals were called out of the -regiment, and the men were again ordered to advance, on penalty of death -to all. All refused, and the entire regiment was sent to the barracks to -await sentence. By morning it had deserted in a body. On the following -day another regiment joined them. - -On March 25 occurred in Manila one of the most senseless of the many -tragedies which marked Spanish rule in the islands. This is known as the -massacre of Calle de Camba (käl´yā dā käm´bä). A number of Visayan -soldiers, in a public house on this street, fell into a discussion of -matters of no especial importance; but they got to talking loudly, and -became excited over their talk. Some one overheard them and reported to -the police. - -[Illustration: - - EMILIO AGUINALDO. -] - -Without stopping to ask any questions, a band of the Guardia Civil came -and raided the place. They shot down a large number of the people, and -made between sixty and seventy of them prisoners. Some of these latter -were men who had not been in the building at all, but were merely -passing in the street and were taken along with the rest. Next morning -the whole company of sixty-two were taken out to the cemetery and shot. -The rebellion now flamed up again, and among the insurgents were two -battalions of well-trained veteran soldiers. - -On the 3d of April, 1898, a party of 5,000 natives made a raid on the -city of Cebu. The leaders were armed with rifles, but the rank and file -had only bolos. The Spanish fled before them, and the natives cut the -cable to Manila, so that the refugees could not communicate with the -garrison there. A gunboat came in from Mindanao that afternoon, however, -and two small boats were sent to Iligan (ē lē gän´) and Iloilo for -troops. These arrived two or three days later, and were followed by -reënforcements from Manila. The rebels were forced out of the city on -the 8th of April, and sustained a crushing defeat. After that the -Spanish chased them back into the mountains, where they took refuge. - -This new movement was more serious than any that had gone before. All -trust in Spain was swept away. The earlier leaders had desired reform, -but the Filipinos now in the field sought first of all vengeance for the -wrongs which had been heaped upon them. - -It had been understood in connection with the treaty of Biac-na-’bato -that General Primo de Rivera would stay in the islands and see that the -reforms were carried out. Instead of his doing this, however, the home -government recalled him early in 1898, and appointed in his place -General Basilio Augusti (bä sē´li ō au gus´tē), a stranger to the -Philippines. He arrived in the islands early in April, and in the second -week of that month Primo de Rivera left Manila for Spain. Before he -reached Madrid, Spain’s disaster in Manila had taken place, and the -islands were fated never again to come under Spain’s rule. - - _Summary._—One of Primo de Rivera’s first acts was to offer amnesty to - all Filipinos who would lay down their arms and pledge their - allegiance to Spain. This was a good move, and many accepted the - offer. Later, however, another edict was issued, which forbade people - to leave their towns or villages without passes stating their - business, the roads they might travel, and the time when they should - return. All persons were also required to prove identity by “cedula - personal.” This measure was so unreasonable and so severe that it - enraged the people, and the rebellion blazed up anew. The rebels - issued a proclamation calling upon the people to join them, and - stating their grievances and demands. The governor-general advised the - authorities in Spain to grant some of these demands. In August, 1897, - Pedro A. Paterno, a Filipino, was sent in behalf of Spain to confer - with the Filipino leaders. He met them at Biac-na-’bato, and there a - treaty was arranged. War was to cease; and the rebel leaders would - leave the country and give up all plotting against Spanish authority. - The government agreed to pay certain sums to the revolutionists; to - reimburse Filipinos not in rebellion, who had suffered from the war; - and to grant the reforms demanded by the rebels. - - When this treaty had been signed, the thirty-five rebel leaders were - escorted to Sual, whence they sailed for Hong-Kong, on December 27, - 1897, with an escort of Spaniards of high rank. At Hong-Kong they were - handed a draft for $400,000, Mexican, the first installment of a sum - agreed to be paid them. Business now went on in Manila. Many of the - Spanish troops were sent home; but no steps were taken toward the - promised reforms, and the people began to see that they had again been - deceived. On March 24, 1898, the Seventy-fourth Regiment of native - infantry revolted when ordered to go against certain Filipinos who had - taken up arms in Cavite Province. Next day this regiment deserted in a - body, and on the following day another regiment joined them. On March - 25 occurred the massacre of Calle de Camba. All trust in Spain was now - at an end, and the people again began arming themselves. Contrary to - the understanding claimed under the treaty of Biac-na-’bato, a new - governor-general, Basilio Augusti, was sent out, and Primo de Rivera - left Manila in April, 1898. - - - _Questions._—What was the edict that caused the rebellion to break out - afresh? What proclamation did the patriot leaders issue? What did - Rivera advise the government to do? What was the treaty of - Biac-na-’bato? How was this treaty kept on the part of Spain? - -[Illustration] - - - - - Chapter XIX. - THE BEGINNING OF AMERICAN OCCUPATION. - - -In the month of April, 1898, war was declared between the United States -and Spain. The cause of this war was the feeling of the people of the -United States in regard to the way in which Spain was treating the -people of Cuba and Porto Rico. These were the only colonies left of the -many Spain had once possessed in the New World. - -For years Spain had oppressed and ill-treated the Cubans until human -nature could no longer bear such bitter injustice, and the people rose -against it. Spain poured her armies into the island, and the means which -she used to put down the rebellion were contrary to humane ideas among -civilized people. The United States more than once protested against -them. Spain, however, paid no attention to these protests. She did not -show in any way what the American Declaration of Independence calls “a -decent respect for the opinions of mankind.” Instead, she continued her -barbarous course in Cuba until other nations began to feel that the -United States, as the nearest neighbor of that unhappy country, should -interfere. - -[Illustration: - - ADMIRAL MONTOJO. -] - -At last, during the night of February 15, 1898, the United States -battle-ship _Maine_, while lying in Havana harbor, was blown up. A mine -had been placed in the harbor exactly where the battle-ship was allowed -to anchor. This mine had exploded, and, as a result, 266 lives were lost -of the 353 officers and men who were on the ship. - -A court was held to inquire into this awful event, but it was not -possible to say where the blame for the catastrophe belonged. It was -evident, however, that the state of affairs in Cuba was becoming -dangerous to other nations, and was no longer to be borne. The President -of the United States, in a special message to Congress, stated plainly -that the war in Cuba must end. Congress then passed a resolution to -declare war against Spain if that nation did not at once take her army -out of Cuba and restore peace there. As Spain refused to do this, war -was declared, first by the United States, and then by Spain. - -At this time Commodore George Dewey was in command of the South Pacific -squadron of the United States. This fleet, which numbered ten ships, was -lying in the harbor of Hong-Kong. As that harbor is under English -control, and as Great Britain was friendly to both Spain and the United -States, she was compelled to treat both nations fairly. To allow the -fleet of one of these nations to remain in the harbor would have been -unfair to the other one; so Commodore Dewey was notified that his ships -must leave Hong-Kong. At the same time he received orders from his own -government to go in search of the Spanish fleet and to capture or -destroy it. - -This fleet, as Dewey knew, was in Manila harbor; and, obeying orders, he -at once set out for Manila. The Spanish ships, seven in number, with ten -small gunboats, were anchored off Cavite. Commodore Dewey entered Manila -harbor under cover of the night, and when day broke on Sunday, May 1, -1898, his ships lay at anchor in front of Manila. - -At six o’clock that morning began the famous battle of Manila Bay. By -half-past seven the Spanish flagship was in flames, and the commander of -the fleet, Admiral Montojo (mon tō´hō) was forced to take refuge on -another ship of the fleet, the _Isla de Cuba_. By noon of that day the -Spanish fleet was wholly destroyed, and the admiral and all survivors -had fled into Manila. The Americans had sustained no loss of life, and -only a slight injury to one of the ships, the _Boston_. - -They next opened fire on the arsenal and fort at Cavite, and kept this -up until a flag of truce was shown. By sunset Cavite was under control -of the United States, and the Stars and Stripes floated over the town -and the forts at Cañcao (kän kä´ō), Punta (pön´tä), and Sangley -(säng´li). - -[Illustration: - - GOVERNOR-GENERAL AUGUSTI. -] - -Commodore Dewey now demanded the surrender of Manila, which was refused -by Governor-General Augusti. Dewey refrained from taking the city by -force, but declared the port blockaded. On the following day he demanded -control of the telegraph station, and on this being refused he ordered -the cable cut. The officials in Manila had just time to send the dire -news to Spain before this order was carried out. - -Admiral Dewey—for his government at once rewarded him by promoting him -to the rank of admiral—now held the key to the situation in the -Philippines. He was in possession of the island of Corregidor (kōr-räg´ē -dör), of the arsenal at Cavite, the city of Cavite, and the surrounding -country. His fleet lay in the harbor, ready at any moment to force the -surrender of Manila; but he was awaiting instructions from home and the -arrival of land forces, for which he had asked, before completing his -victory. - -The Filipinos in arms had taken fresh courage on the approach of the -Americans, and had closed in about Manila, so that the Spaniards were -literally prisoners within the city limits. Outside, in Manila Bay, the -American fleet lay, cutting off all chance of escape by sea. - -In the meantime the Filipino leader, Emilio Aguinaldo, had come to -Cavite from Hong-Kong, with a number of his companions in exile. They -had been given arms from the arsenal by Admiral Dewey, and Aguinaldo had -the admiral’s permission to organize his countrymen into an army. It was -intended that this army should act with the American forces, when the -latter should be ready to take the city and occupy the islands. -Aguinaldo, however, took advantage of this opportunity to attempt to -organize a dictatorial government, with himself at the head. Out of his -misguided ambition to rule, great trouble grew, for Filipinos and -Americans alike. The country, already suffering from a long period of -misrule and warfare, was plunged into still deeper misery. The Americans -were seriously hampered in their efforts to restore order, and the -establishment of peace was hindered. - -The first reënforcements sent out to Admiral Dewey from America reached -Manila Bay in June, 1898, and were landed on the 30th day of that month. -Others followed very soon, and on the 25th of July General Wesley -Merritt (wes´li mer´it), the first American governor-general of Manila, -joined Admiral Dewey. On August 7 these two officers together demanded -the surrender of the city, and again on August 9; but the Spaniards -refused both demands. - -On the 13th of August the Americans made a final demand, and on -receiving a third refusal they sent their land forces against Manila. At -the same time the fleet began the bombardment of the forts and trenches -south of the city. The walled city and the business district of Binondo -were purposely spared, as it was not the wish of the Americans to do any -more damage than was necessary. The battle was very short, lasting -hardly more than an hour. At the end of that time the Spaniards yielded -to superior force, and a white flag was hoisted in token of their -capitulation. - -A few hours later the Spanish and the American commanders met, terms -were arranged, and Manila and the Philippine archipelago were -surrendered to the United States. The Spanish flag, which floated over -Fort Santiago, was hauled down, and the Stars and Stripes took its -place. - -In the meantime, on the day before, August 12, 1898, a protocol of peace -had been signed between Spain and the United States. Such a protocol is -an agreement between two nations who are at war with each other to cease -fighting until terms of permanent peace can be arranged. By the terms of -the protocol it was agreed, among other things, that the United States -government was to occupy and hold Manila Bay and the city and harbor of -Manila until a treaty of peace should be made between that government -and Spain. It was also agreed that Spain and the United States should -each appoint not more than five commissioners, to meet in Paris at a -date not later than October 1. These commissioners were to arrange terms -of peace, and in the meantime all fighting between the two nations -should be suspended. - -The commissioners were chosen by the two countries, and met in Paris as -had been agreed. It was not until the 10th of December, however, that -they succeeded in arranging terms. A treaty of peace was completed and -signed in Paris on that date. It was ratified in Washington on the 10th -of February, 1899, by the President of the United States and a -representative of the Queen Regent of Spain. - -[Illustration: - - THE FIRST AMERICAN FLAG RAISED IN MANILA. -] - -Under this treaty of peace Spain, as had been planned in the protocol, -gave up all claim to Cuba; she ceded to the United States Porto Rico and -all of her other islands in the West Indies, and also the island of -Guam, one of the Ladrone group in the Pacific. Besides this, she ceded -“the archipelago known by the name of the Philippine Islands,” which for -over three hundred years had been one of her richest colonies. The -United States was to pay Spain the sum of $20,000,000, gold, within -three months after this ratified treaty was exchanged between the two -nations. - -Other matters were dealt with in the treaty, but this transfer of the -Philippine archipelago is the point which vitally interests us now. It -is because of the facts which have been set forth in these chapters that -the United States is now in possession of the Philippines, and that this -history of the country is written in the English language. - -But the real history of the Philippine Islands has only begun. The -events that make up the past record of this beautiful land have been but -a sad preface to the future which we hope may be hers. The Filipino -people have had much to bear. They have been shut away from the rest of -the world, and from a knowledge of the world’s progress. They have been -governed by unjust laws until the great mass of the people, left to -themselves, would scarcely know how to go about to rule their own lives. -But they have a history; they have a country; they have a future. It is -not the policy of the United States either to forget these things or to -let the people themselves forget them. As the late President McKinley -expressed it—the United States desires not conquest, but a benevolent -assimilation of these islands, that they may become one country and one -united, prosperous, and happy people. - - _Summary._—In April, 1898, war was declared between the United States - and Spain. Commodore George Dewey, in command of the American squadron - in the Pacific, being ordered to go in search of the Spanish fleet in - the Pacific, and capture or destroy it, sailed for the Philippine - Islands, where he knew the fleet to be. He entered Manila Bay under - cover of night, April 30, and at daybreak on May 1 his ships lay at - anchor off Cavite. At six o’clock that same morning the battle of - Manila Bay was begun. By noon the Spanish fleet was destroyed, and the - admiral and all survivors had fled into the city. By sunset Cavite was - taken. Two months later, American troops arrived in Manila Bay, and on - August 13 the city of Manila surrendered to the Americans. On February - 10, 1899, a treaty of peace was signed between the United States and - Spain. Under this treaty, Spain ceded the Philippine Islands to the - United States. - - - _Questions._—When was war declared between the United States and - Spain? What causes led up to this war? Why did Dewey have to leave - Hong-Kong harbor? What were his orders? How did he carry them out? - When did Manila surrender to the Americans? When did the first body of - American troops arrive? When was the treaty of peace signed? What were - the terms of that treaty relating to the Philippine Islands? - -[Illustration] - - - - - Chapter XX. - CIVIL GOVERNMENT FOR THE PHILIPPINES. - - -The United States is often spoken of as a free country. Its people are -free because they have a voice in the making and upholding of their -government. There are strong laws in the land to protect their freedom. -No man and no state can be really free without such laws. If a man would -enjoy liberty, and freedom from the power of evil, he must obey the laws -of goodness. So a people must honor and uphold the laws of the state, if -the state is to be strong enough to protect their liberties. We can -easily see that if there were no laws, and each man were free to do as -he pleased, no man’s life or property would be safe. Every man would -have to take care of himself, and the land where such a condition -existed would cease to be a civilized country. Laws are made for the -protection of a people, and without them there would be an end to -liberty and progress. - -For a great many years the government in the Philippine Islands was by -force of arms. It was not a government in which the people had any -voice. They were ruled by laws made by a power outside of themselves, -and often these laws were against their interests and welfare. It is -hard to make a people uphold such laws. The government that tries to do -this will always, in the end, have to call in force to its aid. A -government cannot long rule, however, by force alone. Even a military -government, to be successful, must be based upon just laws. It must -recognize and uphold what is just and right. - -At the beginning of American rule in these islands, a good many reforms -had to be made at once. It was necessary to set the country in order, so -that business might go on, justice might be done, and safety insured to -the people. Life and property were in danger, and even among themselves -the people hardly knew who were their friends and who were their foes. -The country needed wise, just laws, strongly upheld, to bring about -peace, order, and safety. At that time a military rule was the best form -of government to meet this need, and military rule was therefore set up -in the islands. - -This government made many changes in the country. Courts were -established, and every effort was made to carry out the laws with -justice to all. Many prisoners who had been for years wrongfully -imprisoned were released from jail. Steps were taken at once to open -schools where the children might be taught; and many other reforms were -made that, in time, will show good results in the country. They are of a -sort that will make this a much richer and happier land. This is what -the United States wishes to do. It is a great and powerful nation, and -other nations expect it to build up a good government in these islands. -The government at Washington has declared that the aim of American rule -in the Philippines is to prepare the people for self-government and to -teach them what true liberty really is. - -In January, 1899, the President of the United States appointed a body of -men wise in government to come to the Philippine Islands from America. -These men were to learn all that they could about the country and its -people, in order that they might recommend a just form of government for -the country. They had to find out what were the ideas of the Filipino -people in regard to government, and to study the needs of the country, -before they could make any recommendations. - -The commissioners came to Manila early in April, 1899, and began work at -once. They traveled about the country to see what it was like. They held -meetings in Manila and elsewhere, and invited leading Filipinos to come -and meet with them. They did this in order to ask them about matters of -interest to the country and its people. They promised the people that -just laws should be established in the country, and the government is -keeping that promise. - -The members of the commission saw that good schools are a great need in -the country. An attempt was made to provide these at once, and the -commander of the army established a great many schools, with soldiers as -teachers. It was seen, however, that to make the schools what the people -needed would require experienced teachers. These could not be provided -immediately; but a couple of years later hundreds of trained American -teachers were brought to the islands. In time, when there are enough -trained Filipino teachers to carry on the work, this country will have a -school system as good as any in the world. The American Government has -pledged itself to bring education to these islands, and to see that the -people have justice and fair treatment in all that touches their lives. -It will not cease its efforts until the Filipinos are as able to -maintain themselves securely in their rights and liberties as are the -Americans. - -[Illustration: - - GOVERNOR WILLIAM H. TAFT. -] - -The president of the first Philippine commission was the Hon. Jacob -Schurman, and this commission is known as the Schurman Commission. The -members did the work which they were sent here to do, and made a full -report to Congress. This report sets forth all that the commission had -learned about the country. The views of the Filipinos who appeared -before the commission are given in their own words, which were written -down at the time. The report was printed, in order that both Filipinos -and Americans might know all that had been said and done. - -In April, 1900, a new commission was appointed to come to the islands -and do further work. This commission was known as the Taft Commission, -its president being the Hon. William H. Taft. To its members was given -the task of forming a government for the country. - -A central government was set up in Manila in September, 1900. Central -government means the government for the whole country. The government of -provinces, towns, and barrios is called local government. The local -government is carried on by the provincial governors, by presidentes, -alcaldes, and lesser officers. These have authority in their own -districts, subject to that of the central government. - -The central government at Manila was what is called a military -government—that is, the commander of the army in the islands was -governor-general of the country. He was the executive, or officer whose -business it is to execute, or carry out, the laws of a land. As we have -seen, the government in Spanish times was almost wholly a military -government. It was a different sort of military government, however, -from that in which Americans believe. Americans believe that even armed -force is only for upholding the law. It can never, justly, be law in -itself. - -The executive of a country is, as we have said, the official who -executes the laws. In the United States the President is the executive. -The laws are framed by men whom the people elect to do the work. The men -thus elected become what is called a legislative, or law-making, body. -The chief legislative body in the United States is Congress. When the -central government was set up here in the Philippines, in September, -1900, the executive, or governor, was Major-General MacArthur, commander -of the army. The Taft Commission acted as the legislative body, and had, -as well, some executive powers. - -[Illustration: - - GENERAL ADNA R. CHAFFEE. -] - -This government remained in force until July 4, 1901. At that time -Major-General Adna R. Chaffee succeeded Major-General MacArthur as -commander of the army, and Judge Taft, president of the commission, was -made governor of the islands. All the authority formerly held by the -military governor and the commission now passed to Governor Taft. - -The new government was not military, but civil. Under a civil government -the law is maintained through the courts and police powers. Only when -the country, or a section of it, is in a state of rebellion is the -military power called upon to act. Even then it does not act for itself, -but as an arm of the civil government, to carry out the laws. The civil -government in the Philippines was set up July 4, 1901, the anniversary -of American independence. On that day Governor Taft was formally -inaugurated, or established, in office. - -September 1, 1901, three Filipino members were added to the commission. -They were Dr. T. H. Pardo de Tavera and Señor Benito Legardo, of Manila, -and Señor José Luzuriaga, of Negros. The American members, besides -President (now Governor) Taft, were Hon. Luke E. Wright, Hon. Henry C. -Ide, Hon. Bernard Moses, and Hon. Dean Worcester. Besides carrying on -the present government, the commissioners were charged with the task of -planning a permanent government for the islands. To do this it was -necessary to have the aid of Filipino members, and the gentlemen thus -added to the commission were a great help to the Americans in drawing up -a form of government suitable to the country. - -The plan which has been made and submitted to Congress is somewhat as -follows: - -There should be a governor and four heads of departments. These should -be appointed by the President of the United States. There should also be -a body to be called the Executive Council. This council would be made up -of the governor, the four heads of departments, and four other members, -to be appointed by the President. Members of the council should be both -Filipinos and Americans. Besides the council there should be an -assembly, of not more than thirty representatives, all to be elected by -the Filipino people. The members of this assembly should serve for two -years. Under such a government the Executive Council and the Assembly -would have the power to elect two delegates to represent the interests -of the islands and of the Filipino people before Congress. These -delegates would be residents of the islands. - -Such a system would give the Filipino people what is called a -representative government—that is, they would have a voice in making -their own laws. In time they would have just as much self-government as -they could fit themselves for. The report of the commission to Congress -recommends that such a government be begun here January 1, 1904. If this -is done, the success of the government must depend to a great extent -upon the efforts and faithfulness of the Filipino people themselves. - - _Summary._—At the beginning of American rule in the Philippines, the - government was military. The commander of the army in the islands was - also governor-general. In January, 1899, the President of the United - States appointed a commission to come to the archipelago and study the - country. This commission is known as the Schurman Commission. The - commissioners came to Manila early in April, 1899. They held meetings - in Manila and elsewhere, and invited leading Filipinos to come and - talk with them on matters of government and the needs of the country. - They spent the year in learning all that they could about the islands, - and then made a report to Congress. During this year, schools were - opened in many parts of the archipelago, and certain needed reforms - were made in the courts. In April, 1900, a new commission, known as - the Taft Commission, was appointed. It was charged with the task of - forming a government for the country. The government continued for - another year to be military, but on July 4, 1901, civil government was - set up, and Hon. William H. Taft, president of the commission, became - the first civil governor. Three Filipino members were added to the - commission the following September. The civil government proceeded to - draw up plans for a permanent government in the islands, and submitted - them to the President and Congress. - - - _Questions._—Why is the United States often called a free country? Why - can there be no real liberty where there is no law? What are some of - the changes Americans have made in this country? When was the first - Philippine commission appointed? What did it do? What was the second - commission called? What sort of government was established here in - September, 1900? When was the civil government begun? Who was made - first civil governor? When were the first Filipino commissioners - appointed? How does the form of government recommended by the - commission give the Filipinos a voice in making their own laws? - -[Illustration] - - - - - Chapter XXI. - PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE ARCHIPELAGO. - - -One of the things which history should teach us is how to make the -future better than the past has been. History teaches people about the -brave deeds done by their ancestors, and about what has been suffered -for the good of the land by those who have passed away. It is well for a -people to consider from time to time what manner of country theirs has -been. Only by doing this can they know how to serve its interests, and -to secure for it the best future that is possible. - -For the Philippine Islands a very bright future may be hoped. How soon -prosperity and happiness will come to the country depends, however, more -largely upon its own people than upon any outside influence. The -Americans in the Philippines can only advise and teach; the actual work -of building up the country, and of making it a power in the Orient, must -be done by the Filipinos. - -Let us take a look at the country as it is to-day, and learn something -of its nature and of its resources. Of all the islands, Luzon is the -largest, and, at the present time, the most important. It is a -delightful place, with lofty mountains, fertile plains, and beautiful -rivers. But beautiful as it is to-day, it possesses possibilities which, -if developed, will make it indeed what the Spanish were wont so proudly -to call it, “the Pearl of the Orient.” - -On the west coast of Luzon are two important bays, Lingayen (lin gī ān´) -and Manila, with several smaller ones, as Subig (sö´big), Balayan (bä -lī´än), Batangas, and Tyabas, on the west and south. On the northern -side most of the great mountain ranges sweep down to the sea, sending -out spurs of land that form little coves or harbors; while on the south -coast lies the safely sheltered harbor of Sorsogon (sȯr sō gōn´). - -The mountains in the western part of the island are broken up into -practically three ranges, none more than thirty or forty miles long, and -all known by one name, Sierra de Ilocos (sē e´rä dā ē lō´cos). Short -spurs of hills run out from all these, so that there is very little -level land in this section. A plain of small extent lies about Vigan (vē -gän´), and there is also the valley of the Abra (ä´brä), which is long -and narrow. East of the central cordillera and stretching out toward the -Sierra Madres (mä´drās) hills, is a beautiful valley over a hundred -miles long, and in some parts very wide. Through it runs the Rio Grande -de Cagayan (kä gī än´), with several smaller streams emptying into it. - -Here is some of the best tobacco land in the country, and tobacco is -about the only crop raised. It was made the main crop during the years -of government monopoly, so that the cultivation of rice, of cocoa, and -of all the native products was driven out. This has been a great -misfortune to the country. The land is adapted to a variety of crops. It -is rich and fertile, and could be made to raise nearly all the food -crops needed by its inhabitants. The people have come, however, to -depend entirely upon one crop, and in years when the tobacco crop fails -there is great need in the country. - -Another great valley, the finest and richest in Luzon, stretches from -the bay of Lingayen to Manila Bay. It has some 3,000 square miles of -fine farming land. The provinces of Pangasinan, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, -Pampanga, and Manila lie in this valley. It is a well watered region. -The Rio Grande, the Chico, the Agno, and the Dagupan rivers flow through -it, besides numerous smaller streams. - -In the central part of the plain rises Mount Arayat (ä rī ät´), a -volcanic mountain which in a clear day can be seen from Manila. It is -claimed that this mountain rose suddenly from the plain in a single -night, during some earthquake disturbance in the year 1700. We find this -statement made in apparent good faith by some scientific authorities. We -know that the mountain is of volcanic origin, and that it was formed -only a few hundred years ago; but there is no reliable record of when it -made its appearance, or of how long it was in forming. - -Southward, in Batangas Province, is Lake Bombon. In the middle of this -lake is Taal volcano, whose many eruptions have in times past worked -destruction in that neighborhood. The lake, also, is of volcanic origin. -There must once have been a great mountain here, which sank during some -upheaval, forming the lake and the present volcano of Taal. - -The country all about the lake is very fertile, and under good -cultivation. The principal crop there is coffee, of which an excellent -quality is grown; and formerly it was produced in very great quantities. -Rice, Indian corn, cotton, and all kinds of vegetables common to the -tropics, grow there in great abundance. These can be made a source of -profit in supplying the markets of Manila. There is a great deal of alum -about Taal volcano, and it is said that a good quality of iron is found -in the mountains of this province. - -In Laguna Province is Bay (bī) Lake, or Laguna de Bay. This is a body of -fresh water, with an outlet by the Pasig River, which flows down to -Manila Bay. Light draft steamers run up the Pasig and through the lake, -and on this beautiful waterway is a constant throng of craft, going up -and down with produce for the different ports. - -There is very fine timber in the island of Luzon, particularly in -Tayabas, Camarines Norte, and Ilocos Norte. Some gold has been found in -the mountains about these provinces, and specimens of many other -minerals have been brought to Manila. - -In Camarines Sur lies the valley of the Vigan, in which are several -small lakes. There are large rice fields here, and the quality of the -rice is very fine. Large quantities of it are sent to Manila. - -One of the richest and most fertile parts of the whole island is Albay -(äl bī´) Province, in the southeastern corner. This is a particularly -beautiful part of the island. Here is Mayon volcano, which is called by -scientists the most beautiful volcano in the world. It is the most -perfectly formed and symmetrical, but it is no more desirable a neighbor -than are volcanoes anywhere. In past years it has wrought great -destruction in the country, but of late has been quiet, and seems to be -on its good behavior. - -[Illustration: - - MAYON VOLCANO. -] - -The rich volcanic soil of this district will produce almost anything -that can be made to grow in a tropical country. Very fine hemp grows -here, probably the best that the islands produce. Cocoa, coffee, sugar, -and rice all do well. Cocoanuts, bananas, all the fruits and vegetables -of the islands, grow in Albay, with scarcely any cultivation. The -climate is mild, and very healthful, and near Tibi are hot sulphur -springs which are said to cure rheumatism and numerous other ills. - -The most important of the smaller islands lying out from Luzon are -Mindoro (mēn dō´rō) and Masbate (mäs bä´tā). These are small and very -mountainous. Mindoro is deeply wooded, but only a little is known of the -interior of the island. - -The great bay of Manila is twenty miles long and thirty-two miles wide. -It has a depth in some places of seventy feet. It is entered by two -channels, one on either side of Corregidor Island. The main one is -called the Boca Grande (bō´kä grän´dā); the other, which is smaller, the -Boca Chica (bō´kä chē´kä). The bay is so large that it is more like an -inland sea than a bay; in fact, it is too large to afford secure -anchorage for vessels during great storms. - -The Visayas form the second large division of the Philippine -archipelago. This is a group of islands, six in number, which lie -between Luzon and Mindanao. They are very thickly populated. The Visayan -people seem almost a distinct race—different from those of Luzon, and -from their neighbors of Mindanao. They speak a language of their own, -and are inclined to regard themselves as a separate people. Now that new -conditions prevail in the islands, and there is better communication -between the Visayas and Luzon, much of this feeling of separation among -the people will probably soon be overcome. It is to be hoped that it -will be. The people of the Philippines must come to feel that they are -one people, with common interests, and that all must work together to -develop the whole country. - -Iloilo, the principal city of the Visayas, is on the island of Panay. It -is an open seaport, and will in time become a very important city. It -was destroyed during the insurrection, but is now rapidly building up -again. Under good management it will some day be one of the main -shipping centers of the archipelago. - -[Illustration: - - WEAVING JUSI. -] - -Iloilo Province is a great sugar and rice growing district. It is, -besides, noted for the fine fabrics which its people make. This is the -center for the manufacture of the cloth known as jusi. The women -manufacture also most exquisite piña cloth. Some of this is of so fine a -quality that it has to be woven in closed rooms, for the slightest -breeze would serve to break the delicate threads of which it is made. -Very beautiful silk and cotton goods are also made in this province. -Since the American occupation there has come to be a large demand in -America for these goods, so that the people engaged in the industry are -kept very busy. - -The island of Negros, which lies to the southeast of Panay, is an -important agricultural island. A great deal of sugar is grown here, and -there is much wealth in the island. Many of the large sugar estates are -owned by Filipinos. Considerable modern machinery has been introduced -into the island. Steel plows are in use, and in many places sugar is -manufactured by improved modern methods. All of these things have helped -to make Negros very prosperous. If the planters here would combine and -introduce machinery for refining their own sugar they would come in time -to an even greater measure of prosperity and independence than they now -enjoy. Rice, hemp, and some tobacco are raised in Negros, and fine -cocoanuts and bananas grow wild. - -The island of Cebu is little more than the top of a mountain rising from -the sea. A good deal of historic interest centers here, however. The -city of Cebu was the first seat of Spanish government, and remained the -capital of the archipelago until Legaspi went to Luzon and set up his -government in Manila. Cebu was made an open seaport by the Spanish, and -although its exports are not large now, when the resources of this -island are developed the city will become an important shipping center. -There is a large Malay population in the island. There are no rivers or -valleys; the land is broken up into small farms, and hemp is the -principal crop. The island produces also a good deal of copra and raw -sugar, and the people raise most of their own foodstuffs. - -Bohol, Leyte, and Samar are all volcanic islands. They are mountainous, -and subject to frequent earthquakes and similar disturbances. There is -not much agricultural land in Bohol, and the soil is poor and thin; but -a good deal of hemp is raised, and some cocoa. The people are fishermen -and sailors, and earn their living from the sea. Although Bohol is much -smaller than Cebu, it has a larger population. - -Leyte ships more hemp than does any other of the Visayan islands. There -are several good harbors on this island, but Tacloban is the chief -shipping point. Very little is known of the interior of Leyte, for the -country has not been developed. - -Samar is the largest of the Visayan islands, but has the smallest -population. It is a very mountainous country, wind-swept and beaten upon -by the sea. It lies directly in the track of the northeast monsoons, -which visit it with great fury. Its chief port, Catbalogan, is well -sheltered and a safe harbor. - -Between the north of Samar and the southern end of Luzon lies the famous -Strait of San Bernardino. This is one of the principal entrances into -the archipelago from the Pacific Ocean. It has been the scene of many a -famous sea battle, for here the Dutch and the English ships used to lie -in wait for the galleons of Spain which brought treasure from Mexico to -the Philippines and carried out rich freights for Acapulco. - -Next in size to Luzon is the island of Mindanao. It was on the north -coast of this island that Magellan made his first landing in the -Philippines. There are four great mountain ranges in Mindanao, with many -high peaks. The island is rich in vast forests, and some day the world -will draw its main supply of fine building lumber from them. - -[Illustration: - - THE FALLS OF BOTOCAN IN LUZON. -] - -Although Mindanao is of volcanic formation, and has even within historic -times undergone great changes, there is only one active volcano in the -island. This is Mount Apo (ä´pō), a few miles from the coast of Davao -(dä vä´ō) Gulf. The mountain has three peaks. The top is covered with -sulphur, which sometimes gleams white as snow in the sunshine and at -other times makes Apo look like a mountain of gold. - -There are a number of fine rivers and lakes on Mindanao. The best port -in the island is Balanag (bä lä-näg´), in the Gulf of Davao. The harbor -of Zamboanga is very good, and there is a still better harbor at -Lindangan (lēn dän´gän). Nowhere on the island, however, are there such -sheltered harbors as are found on the southern coast of Luzon. - -Very few storms visit this part of the archipelago. The typhoons only -touch one corner of it in the far northeast. The climate of Mindanao is -more healthful than it has in the past been supposed to be. The soil is -very rich and fertile, and almost any tropical crop can be readily grown -there. Hemp, sugar-cane, tobacco, coffee, cocoa, rice, Indian corn, and -many other things are raised, and all do well; but the island is -backward as regards development. No serious attempt has ever been made -to build up its agriculture or its commerce. There are many tribes -living among its mountains whose names, even, are not known to the -civilized people of the archipelago. There are few Malays in Mindanao, -and their manufactures and industries have never been encouraged. Some -gold has been found in the hills, and silver is plentiful. Coal has also -been discovered in the mountains. - -It is likely, however, that when Mindanao is opened up and its resources -are better known, it will be found that its wealth consists less in -minerals than in vegetable growths. We already know that the vegetation -of the island, little as it has been developed, surpasses that of Luzon -and the Visayas. The soil is of excellent quality, and the rains are so -abundant and the climate is so favorable that the entire island is -covered with vegetation. In the forests are found India rubber vines, -mahogany, ironwood, teak, ebony, and other trees of great value. There -are immense tangles of bamboo and rattan; hemp and banana trees grow -well, and cloves, nutmegs, and cinnamon. - -This great island is divided into seven districts—Zamboanga, Misamis, -Suragao (sö rä gä´ō), Davao, Cottabato (kot tä bä´tō), Basilan (bäs ē -län´), and Lanay (län ī´). Although the population is small in -comparison with the great extent of the island, seventeen different -dialects are spoken among its people. Zamboanga is the capital town of -Mindanao. It has a good port, although somewhat open to the sea, and in -the river Masdong, three miles to the southeast, is safe anchorage, -protected from all winds. - -South of Mindanao lies the Sulu archipelago. It is made up of four -groups. The population of this archipelago is estimated at between -20,000 and 30,000; but so very little is known about it that this -estimate is not likely to be correct. Joló, the capital city, on the -island of Sulu, is the residence of the sultans. It is a beautiful town, -clean and well-kept. It has a good port, and a line of steamers runs -direct from Joló to Singapore, and another to Manila. The vegetation of -this archipelago is very like that of Mindanao. There is abundance of -teak, mahogany, cedar, and other highly prized woods. Horses, cattle, -buffaloes, and goats are plentiful. The people of Joló manufacture fine -knives and chisels. The pearl fisheries of the archipelago are also very -important. - -[Illustration: - - A RIVER SCENE ON THE ISLAND OF LUZON. -] - -Lying far off to the west, with the Sulu Sea on one side and the China -Sea on the other, with Borneo on the south and the island of Mindoco to -the north, is the long, narrow island of Palaúan (päl ä-wän´). The -Spanish called it Paragua (pär´a gwā). This island is inhabited chiefly -by the wild tribes. There are some 10,000 or more of the native -Christian population, and perhaps 10,000 Moros. - -Palaúan, on account of its geographical position, is very important to -the archipelago. It will become important also from a commercial point -of view, as it forms, with the island Balabac (bäl´ä bäk), the Strait of -Balabac. At certain times of the year sailing vessels are compelled to -pass through this strait to enter the archipelago. - -The rattan grown in this island is very fine. It is the best that comes -to Manila, and the trade in it is enormous. The tree from which gum -mastic is obtained grows there in great abundance, as well as other -trees producing resin. The island has fine pasture lands, with large -numbers of cattle, carabao, goats, and wild hogs; and there are found -the famous edible birds’ nests so much prized by the Chinese that they -sometimes pay for them twice their weight in silver. The island has not -been very well explored, but it is said to be rich in minerals. - -South of Palaúan lies the little island of Balabac. It is only -thirty-six miles long and eight or ten wide, with a population of 3,000 -or 4,000. Its only town is Balabac. Its forest growths are like those of -Palaúan, and there is said to be an abundant deposit of coal there. - - _Questions._—Name some of the principal rivers of Luzon. Where is the - best tobacco land in this island? Where does the finest hemp grow? - What minerals are found on Luzon? Where is Laguna de Bay? What is its - outlet? Where on Luzon is the best timber found? How large is Manila - Bay? - - What are the Visayas? What is the principal city of this group? Where - is it? What are its manufactures? What are the principal products of - Negros? Why is Cebu of interest historically? What is the principal - crop on this island? What sort of soil has Bohol? How do the people - live there? What is the principal crop on Leyte? What is its chief - city? Which is the largest of the Visayan islands? How does its - population compare with that of the other islands of the group? What - sort of country is it? Where is the Strait of San Bernardino? Why is - it famous? - - Where is Mindanao? Where, on Mindanao, did Magellan first land? Are - there any active volcanos on the island? What sort of climate has - Mindanao? Is it a well watered country? What are its products? What is - its capital city? Has it any good harbors? Where is the Sulu - archipelago? What is its capital city? What sort of town is it? What - do the people manufacture? Where is Palaúan? Where is the Strait of - Balabac? Why is this strait important? Where is the island of Balabac? - -[Illustration] - - - - - Chapter XXII. - THE FUTURE. - - -We have now learned something of the different islands of the Philippine -archipelago and of the possibilities that lie in them. Much has been -done in the past to make this country a source of income to the Spanish -crown; much, however, remains to be done, to make of the islands a -country whose prosperity shall help the people themselves. - -The wealth of a country is not to be estimated by the amount of its -exports, or by the number of its great buildings, fine harbors, or -splendid cities. A nation may have all of these while the people -themselves are poor. The United States is a great and rich nation, not -because of the value of its national possessions, but because the great -mass of the people are fairly well off. There can be no real prosperity -in a country unless the people themselves share it; there can be no just -government if that government is considered as something apart from the -people. The people must have a part in it before it can be a good -government. - -But before a people can take any real part in the government of a -civilized land, they must understand something of the principles on -which good government is based. They must know something of the world’s -history and of the government of other countries. They must have a -common language, and must be a united people, all ready to work for the -common good. That country can never prosper which is divided by a -feeling of race difference, or by jealousies that make hard feeling -among its people. - -It is because the United States has learned these things by experience -that it has opened public schools in the Philippine Islands. It seeks to -have all the people learn English, because only by means of a common -language can the Americans and the Filipinos come to understand one -another; only by means of such a language can the different peoples -among the Philippines come into real harmony. - -The time is coming, too, when English will be the language of the whole -commercial world. Already the people of other great countries know that -they must learn to speak it for business uses, and it is taught as a -matter of course in most of the schools of Europe. - -[Illustration: - - THE CAGAYAN DE ORO RIVER. -] - -A people must have even more than a common language, common interests, -and modern education, to become a prosperous people. Not only must men -be wise enough to take part in their own government, but they must have -control of the trades and industries and commercial ventures of their -own land. So long as the commercial business of a country is almost -wholly carried on by foreigners, that country will never become rich. It -is not meant by this that foreigners should not be allowed to do -business in the country; that is an idea which belongs to dark ages of -the world’s history. But there should be no need for them in the -country. The people should have such patriotic pride in the welfare of -their own land as to conduct its business themselves. - -Nevertheless, wherever there is a demand for anything in the commercial -world, there will surely, in time, be a supply. There must be merchants -in the Philippine Islands. There must be tradesmen, artisans, mechanics, -workers in wood, iron, and leather, and followers of the arts and crafts -known to civilization. If the Filipino people do not take up these lines -of work, and carry them out well and wisely, outsiders will come in and -monopolize them. They have already come to the archipelago. Moreover, -they will continue to come, from China and Japan, from India and Ceylon, -and from all the countries of Europe, if the people of the country do -not themselves learn to take their places. So long as the foreigners are -here, there will be nothing for the native people to do but to work as -laborers, or as clerks and servants. - -The great resource of the Philippine Islands must always be agriculture. -When modern methods of farming are adopted here, and modern machinery -has taken the place of the wooden implements and the out-of-date tools -now in use; when we have large sugar mills and refineries in place of -the small and primitive ones now here, we shall see great progress made. - -With peace in the country, and good government making every man secure -in his right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, farm work -will be very different here. Nearly the entire population of the -archipelago ought then to draw a good living from the land. When all the -good land is brought under cultivation, the crops raised in the islands -ought to increase tenfold over what are now grown. - -Before much can be accomplished, however, a great deal of government -work must be carried out. This the Americans have in view; already some -millions of dollars have been set aside by the civil government to make -roads, harbors, and bridges, and for public works of many sorts in the -archipelago. A day of hope seems opening, not merely for the Americans -to whom the task has fallen of carrying on the work, but for the whole -Filipino people. They and the Americans must work together to bring the -promises of this day into full fruitage. - -No word about the islands can be complete unless it touches upon the -wonderful beauty of this country. This is a great part of the good -inheritance of the people. It ought to quicken the pleasure and pride of -every Filipino in his beautiful land. Its lofty mountains, its lovely -plains and noble rivers, the rich verdure that clothes the country, all -go to make up beautiful pictures everywhere. There is much that can and -must be done to make the cities and towns more fit and beautiful places -for people to live in; but for the outside country nature has done great -things. - -The banana plants and the nipa and cocoanut palms are beautiful as well -as useful. So are the great mango trees and the fields of growing rice. -In all nature there is nothing more graceful than the giant bamboos that -grow by every stream. Their beauty is of a very perfect sort. This plant -does more than delight the eye; of all tropical growths it is the most -useful to man. In a little composition which was written by a Chinese -schoolboy in his own country, a fine account is given of the many uses -to which the bamboo can be put. He says: - -[Illustration: - - MANILA SCHOOLBOYS. -] - -“We have a bamboo hedge in our grounds, and nothing could be better. I -am writing with a bamboo-handled pencil; I have seen bamboo masts on -vessels. On the whole, the bamboo is one of the most precious -possessions of China. Its tapering stalks supply joists for houses, ribs -for sails, shafts for spars, tubes and buckets for water, fishing-rods, -and the handles and ribs of our fans. The great bamboo, split, makes an -excellent roof. Rafts are made of the bamboo; baskets are woven of it. -The Chinaman sits in a bamboo chair at a bamboo table; and he may rest -himself, in the heat of the day, beneath the bamboo tree, with a bamboo -hat upon his head. When I have been all about the edges of the world, -and have seen all kinds of strange people, I ask nothing better than to -come back home and sit under the shade of a bamboo veranda, and when my -life is finished, to go to heaven from a bamboo bed.” - -To how many other uses than even these do the Filipino people put -bamboo! They make the sails of ships from it; they build bridges of it; -boats, rafts, water-pipes, scaffolds for building houses, and all kinds -of baskets and furniture. Indeed this plant, with the India rubber plant -and the bijuca, would enable almost any Filipino to build and furnish a -house that would answer all the needs of the climate. - - * * * * * - -We have now studied the main facts in the history of these islands. The -Story of the Philippines has many sad chapters, but there need be no -more such. The Filipino people have been patient under trial. They have -been forbearing through much injustice and misrule. They have been brave -and patriotic always. Now we may hope that a new day has dawned upon the -land. What this day will bring forth depends, to a great extent, upon -the Filipino boys and girls who are now growing up. They must learn to -be good citizens. They must be able, when they are men and women, to -take a wise part in governing the country. - -The night before José Rizal was shot, he said to a friend: “What is -death to me? I have sown; others are left to reap.” - -Rizal would have been glad to see this new day. He would have been glad -to see schoolhouses opening everywhere in the country, for he knew that -knowledge is power. The seeds which he helped to sow are those of -liberty, justice, and peace. The Filipino people must be wise enough to -cherish these seeds into strong, healthy growth. If they do this the -country will surely reap the harvest which he foresaw, of peaceful days, -full of hope and happiness. - - - - - INDEX. - - - Acuña, Bravo de, 71. - - Aetas, 44. - - Agriculture, 239. - - Aguinaldo, Emilio, 184, 194, 196, 207. - - Albay Province, 224. - - Alexander VI., Pope, 33. - - Alfonso XII. of Spain, 167. - - Alum, 224. - - American, fleet, 204; - occupation, 203; - Revolution, 135; - teachers, 214, 215. - - Anda, Simon de, 120–122, 126. - - Apo, Mount, 231. - - Arandia, Pedro de, 103, 105, 109, 112, 113. - - Arayat, Mount, 223. - - Archbishopric of Manila created, 65. - - Arsenal, Cavite, 165, 205, 206. - - Artillery regiment, Spanish, 164. - - Assembly, Filipino, recommended, 218, 219. - - Augusti, Governor-General, 201, 206. - - Augustines, 30, 64, 125. - - Azaldegin, General Lopez, 85, 86. - - - Balabac, 234. - - Balanguengui Islands, 152. - - Balboa, 14, 17. - - Bamboo, 232, 241, 242. - - Bandits, 157, 158. - - Barbosa, Captain Duarte, 23. - - Barcelona, 173. - - Bautista, Fray Pedro, 67. - - Biac-na-’bato, 195; - treaty of, 196, 200. - - Birds’ nests, edible, 234. - - Bishop of Manila, 63–65. - - Blanco, Governor-General, 173, 181, 183, 184, 186. - - Bohol, 229. - - Bombon, Lake, 111, 223. - - _Boston_, U. S. cruiser, 205. - - Bridge of Spain, 23, 164, 171. - - British in Manila, 117–122. - - Burgos, Dr. José, 163, 164, 180. - - Butuan, chief of, 19, 21, 23. - - - Cabeza de barangay, 62. - - Cable cut, 206. - - Calle de Camba, massacre of, 199. - - Canary Islands, 16. - - Cañcao, 205. - - Caraballo, Juan, 25. - - Carabaos, 192, 234. - - Castillo, Captain Gregorio, 91. - - Cathedral, Manila, 67, 93, 156, 157, 159. - - Cavite Arsenal, 165, 205, 206. - - Cavite, insurrection of, 162, 182. - - Cebu, 228; - King Charles I. of, 21; - King Tupas of, 32, 37; - raid on, 200; - women of, 153. - - “Cedula personal,” 168, 193. - - Censorship of native books, 151. - - Chaffee, Major-General, 217. - - Charles I., King, 15, 16, 19, 21. - - China, emperor of, 71. - - Chinese in Manila, 56–59, 72, 105, 106, 155. - - Cholera in Manila, 138, 168. - - Christina, Queen, 146. - - Church and State, relations between, 62–65, 89. - - Civil government, American, 217; - Spanish, 156. - - Claveria, Governor-General, 152. - - Coffee, 224, 225. - - Columbus, 13, 14. - - Commission, Schurman, 214, 215; - Taft, 216, 217. - - Commissioners, Filipino, 218. - - Comparvano, Spanish Minister, 147. - - _Concepcion_, the, 16, 25. - - Congress, 217, 218. - - Constitution of 1812, 136, 138, 180. - - Corregidor Island, 206, 226. - - Cortes, de Cadiz, 135, 180; - Spanish, 135, 136. - - Cotton, 144. - - Cuba ceded to United States, 209. - - Cuesta, Filipino leader, 154. - - - Dattos, 48. - - Davao Gulf, 231. - - Del Cano, Juan Sebastian, 27, 29. - - Delegates to Congress, Filipino, 219. - - Desmarinas, Gomez Perez, 64, 65, 67; - Luis Perez, 68, 73. - - Dewey, Admiral George, 204–207. - - Draper, British general, 117, 119, 121. - - Dutch, the, 74, 75, 76, 229. - - - Earthquakes, 84, 156, 167. - - Education, 138, 214, 237. - - “El Filibustero,” 172. - - English language, 237. - - Executive, 216; - Council, 218. - - - Fajardo, Governor-General, 84, 85. - - Ferdinand VII., 136. - - Fernate, king of, 67. - - Filipino, Assembly, 159; - clergy, 162; - commissioners, 218; - people, 44, 45, 48, 214. - - Folgueras, Governor-General, 140. - - Foreigners in trade, 103, 137, 145, 239. - - Forests, 232, 233. - - Forman, John, historian, 187. - - Freemasons, 164. - - Friars, 64, 82, 125, 147, 162, 169, 171, 177, 187. - - - Galleons, 75, 76, 99–103, 135. - - Gil, Padre Mariano, 183. - - Goiti, Martin de, 36, 39, 54, 57, 70. - - Gold, 224, 231. - - Gomez, Dr. Mariano, 164. - - Government, central, 216; - civil, 156, 217; - form of, recommended, 218. - - Guam, 209. - - Guardia Civil, 157, 182, 184, 199. - - Guzman, Don Francisco Tello de, 68. - - - Head of a hundred, 48, 62. - - Hemp, 225, 228, 229, 231, 232. - - History of Philippines, 210, 221. - - Holland, peace with, 77. - - Hot Springs, 226. - - - Ide, Hon. Henry C., 218. - - Igorrote-Chinese, 59. - - Igorrotes, 45, 112, 113, 168. - - Iloilo, 227. - - Insurrection of Cavite, 162, 182. - _See_ Revolts. - - Iron, 224. - - Isabella II., 158, 159. - - _Isla de Cuba_, 205. - - _Isla de Panay_, 173. - - Islas Filipinas, named, 28. - - - Jaena, Graciano Lopez, 169, 170. - - Japan, emperor of, 65, 82, 181. - - Jesuits, 126, 159, 177. - - Joló, 114, 153, 232; - a Moro of, 47. - - Jomohol, 18. - - Jusi weaving, 227. - - - Katipunan, 180, 181, 183. - - Kieman, Farranda, 65, 66. - - King of the Tagals, the, 148, 149. - - King’s Regiment, the, 105, 137, 140, 166. - - Koxinga, 92–94. - - - Lachambre, General, 187. - - Lacondola, 37–39. - - Ladrone Islands, 18, 209. - - Ladrones, bands of, 198. - - Laguna de Bay, 224. - - Lara, Governor-General, 88, 90. - - _La Trinidad_, 16, 17. - - Lavazares, Governor-General, 52, 57. - - Laws, object of, 212. - - Legardo, Sr. Benito, 218. - - Legaspi, Miguel Lopez de, 18, 28–40, 52. - - Legaspi, port of, 164. - - Legislative bodies, 217. - - Leyte, port of, 164, 229. - - Liberal Party, 135, 170. - - Li-ma-hong, 54, 56–59. - - Lingayen, bay of, 222. - - Llaneras, General, 191. - - Louis Philippe, 146, 147. - - Luneta, the, 30, 184. - - Luzon, 34, 37, 136, 222. - - - MacArthur, Major-General, 217. - - Machinery, improved, 228. - - Mactan, island of, 21. - - Magellan, Ferdinand, 14–24, 229; - Straits of, 17, 19. - - _Maine_, the, 204. - - Malhon, 18. - - Malong’s revolt, 91. - - Mandarins in Manila, 71. - - Mango trees, 240. - - Manila, 137, 145, 207, 208; - archbishopric of, 65; - cathedral, 67, 93, 156, 157, 159. - - Manila Bay, 207, 222, 226; - battle of, 205. - - Marauit campaign, 180. - - Martinez, Governor-General, 140, 142. - - Masbate, 226. - - Matanda, Rajah, 37. - - Maynila, 34, 38. - - Mayon volcano, 168, 225. - - McKinley, President, 210. - - Merritt, Gen. Wesley, 207. - - Mexico, 79, 128, 137; - High Court of, 52. - - Military government, 213. - - Mindanao, 18, 70, 229–232. - - Mindoro, 226. - - Monet, General, 192. - - Montjierat, fortress of, 174. - - Montojo, Admiral, 204, 205. - - Morga, Governor-General, 70. - - Morgado, Capt. Alonzo, 142. - - Moriones, Governor-General, 164, 166. - - Moro pirates, 71, 94, 138, 142, 152. - - Moros, 46, 47, 70, 180. - - Moses, Hon. Bernard, 218. - - Municipal school, 159. - - - Native clergy, 147, 162, 177, 192. - - Navidad, 28, 30. - - Negritos, 44, 50. - - Negros, 152, 228. - - “Nolle me Tangere,” 172. - - Normal school, 159. - - Norzagaray, Governor-General, 154. - - Novales, Captain, 140. - - Nuevo Segovia, Bishop of, 113. - - Nuñez, General, 192. - - - Order of Safety, the, 152. - - Outlaws, 155. - - - Palaúan, 234. - - Pampangans, revolt of, 91. - - Parado, General Gonzales, 181. - - Parian, the, 156; - gate, 155, 156. - - Paris, peace of, 121. - - Paterno, Sr. Pedro A., 194–196. - - Peace, Commission, 208; - of Paris, 121; - treaty of, 208–210. - - Pearl fisheries, 234. - - Philip II., King, 28, 29, 30, 63, 68. - - Philip III., King, 68. - - Piña cloth, 227. - - Pirates, Chinese, 54–59; _see_ Moro. - - Polavieja, Governor-General, 174, 187, 191. - - Pope Alexander VI., 33. - - Porto Rico, 203, 209. - - President of U. S., 204, 209, 214, 216, 218. - - Prisoners released by U. S., 213. - - Problete, Archbishop, 89, 96. - - Protocol of peace, 208. - - Punta, 205. - - - Raon, Governor-General, 126. - - “Real Situado,” 103. - - Recoletos, 177. - - Reformers in Spain, 145. - - Report of Schurman Commission, 215. - - Representative government, 219. - - Revolts— - Sumoroy’s, 85, 86. - Malong’s, 91. - Silan’s, 124. - Luzon, 136. - Novales’, 140. - Bohol, 145. - Tayabas, 148. - Tagal regiment, 148. - Cuesta’s, 154. - Cavite, 162. - Zamboanga, 164. - Seventy-fourth Regiment, 198. - - Reyes, Ventura de Los, 136. - - Ricafort, Governor-General, 144, 145. - - Riccio, friar-mandarin, 92–94. - - Rio de Janeiro, 16. - - Rivera, Governor-General, 168, 189, 191, 194, 197, 201. - - Rizal, Dr. José, 170–175, 243; - his widow, 174. - - Roderigues, Estevan, 70. - - Rojo, Archbishop, 117, 120, 122. - - Royal dues, 106. - - - St. Lazarus Hospital, 83. - - Salazar, Archbishop, 65. - - Salazar, Simon de Anda y, 117, 120–122, 126. - - Salcedo, Governor-General, 96. - - Salcedo, Juan, 34–37, 51, 53, 54, 58, 59, 61. - - _San Antonio_, 16, 17. - - San Bernardino Strait, 229. - - Sanchez, Alonzo, 63. - - Sangley, 205. - - San Fausto Chapel, 40. - - San José College, 126. - - San Juan del Monte, 182, 183. - - San Lazarus Islands, 19. - - San Lucar Barrameda, 16, 27. - - _Santiago_, 16, 17. - - Santo Tomos, 125. - - Schools in the Philippines, 138, 213, 214, 237. - - Schurman, Hon. Jacob, 215; - Commission, 214. - - Secret societies, 164, 179. - - Self-government, 159, 213, 214. - - Sepoy troops, 118, 120. - - Serrano, Juan, 23. - - Seventy-fourth Regiment, revolt of the, 198. - - Silan, revolt of, 124, 125. - - Silang, battle of, 174. - - Sioco, Japanese pirate, 57. - - Soldiers as teachers, 214. - - Soler, Governor-General, 168. - - Soliman, chief of Maynila, 36, 38, 39. - - South Pacific squadron, 204. - - Spanish-Americans, 144. - - Spanish Cortes, 135, 136. - - Spanish, fleet, 205; - friars, 162, 169, 171, 177, 187; - troops, 186, 188. - - Steam gunboats, 152. - - Steel plows, 228. - - Strait, of Balabac, 234; - of San Bernardino, 229. - - Students, Filipino, 154, 169, 241. - - Study of English, 237. - - Sual, 196. - - Suez canal, 164. - - Sultan of Sulu, 113, 115. - - Sulu archipelago, 232. - - Sumoroy’s revolt, 85, 86. - - Supreme Court, 61, 62, 68, 119, 120. - - Suragao, 18; - district, 232. - - Taal, town of, destroyed, 111; - volcano, 109, 223. - - Tacloban, 164, 229. - - Tagals, 48; - king of the, 148, 149. - - Taufer, Miss Josephine, 174. - - Tavera, Dr. Pardo de, 218. - - _Te Deum_ sung in Manila, 196. - - Tibi, 226. - - Tobacco, inspectors, 130; - land, 222, 228; - monopoly, 129, 130, 134, 155, 167. - - Torre, Governor-General, 158. - - Torre’s guard, 158. - - Trade, 99–107; - control of, 135; - restrictions on, 74, 100, 101. - - Treaty of Paris, 121; - of Peace, 208; - of Trent, 162. - - Trent, treaty of, 162. - - _Trinidad, La_, 16. - - _Trinidad_, galleon captured by British, 118. - - Typhoons, 231. - - - United States, 203–210, 212, 214, 216, 236. - - _Uranus_, island steamer, 197. - - Urbiztondo, Governor-General, 153. - - Urdaneta, Padre Andres de, 30, 33, 42. - - - Valenzuela, Sancho, 183. - - Vargas, Don José, Basco y, 128, 130. - - Venenchillo, Fray Francisco, 111. - - Vicos, 125. - - _Victoria_, 16, 17. - - Vigan, 222, 224. - - Villalobos, Ruy Lopez de, 28. - - Visayans, 48. - - Visayas, the, 226. - - - War, declaration of, 203. - - Worcester, Hon. Dean, 218. - - Wright, Hon. Luke E., 218. - - - Zamboanga, 231. - - Zamora, Dr. Jacinto, 164. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - The World and Its People - - -A series of geographical readers that describe the countries and the -inhabitants of all parts of the world; graded to suit the needs of young -people from primary to high school age; prepared by well-informed -writers who combine entertainment with instruction; and filled with a -wealth of maps and illustrations: a series of recognized value as a -preparation for the regular text-books, and a supplement to them. - - Book I. FIRST LESSONS - Edited by LARKIN DUNTON, LL.D. 160 pages 36 cents - - Book II. GLIMPSES OF THE WORLD - Edited by LARKIN DUNTON, LL.D. 160 pages 36 cents - - Book III. OUR OWN COUNTRY - By MINNA C. SMITH. 222 pages 50 cents - - Book IV. OUR AMERICAN NEIGHBORS - By FANNIE E. COE. 332 pages 60 cents - - Book V. MODERN EUROPE - By FANNIE E. 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