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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e1311d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #68715 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/68715) diff --git a/old/68715-0.txt b/old/68715-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 6b33475..0000000 --- a/old/68715-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,8297 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Woman free, by Ellis Ethelmer - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Woman free - -Author: Ellis Ethelmer - -Release Date: August 8, 2022 [eBook #68715] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from - images generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WOMAN FREE *** - - - - - - WOMAN FREE - - - BY - ELLIS ETHELMER - - - 1893 - PUBLISHED BY THE - WOMEN’S EMANCIPATION UNION - - - _Hon. Sec._:—MRS. WOLSTENHOLME ELMY - BUXTON HOUSE, CONGLETON - - - [_PRICE FIVE SHILLINGS, POST FREE_] - - - - - WYMAN AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND REDHILL. - - “Le philosophe, en étudiant les lois de la Nature, acquiert chaque - jour la conviction que de leur violation seule naissent tous les maux - dont gémit l’humanité.” - - “The philosopher, in studying the laws of Nature, acquires more deeply - every day the conviction that from their abuse alone spring all the - evils from which humanity is groaning.” - - DR. MENVILLE DE PONSAN - (Histoire de la Femme; Vol. III., p. 3). - - - - - WOMAN FREE. - - - I. - - Source of the Light that cheers this later day, - Science calm moves to spread her sovereign sway; - Research and Reason, ranged on either hand, - Proclaim her message to each waiting land; - In truths whose import stands but part revealed, - Till man befit himself those truths to wield; - Since to high Knowledge duties high belong, - As to the poet’s power the task of worthy song. - - - II. - - And man, from every stage of slow degree, - Amendment for his previous rule may see; - His keener conscience in our fuller time - Perceives the whilom careless act a crime, - Or finds some fancied fault to progress tend,— - By wiser vision traced to truer end; - Till, growing shrewder in the growing light, - We know no lack of good but our own lack of sight. - - - III. - - Thus, sad at first, we mark each evil deed, - Of ignorance or will, bear fatal seed - Of suffering to others in its train,— - The guileless share its penalty of pain,— - And man’s worst misery ofttimes is brought - By trespass he himself nor did nor thought; - Austere the fiat, yet therefrom we learn - A purer life to frame, lest myriads mourn in turn. - - - IV. - - Deep though the teaching that this truth reveals - Of fellowship of man with all that feels, - Remains the riddle that, though inmost ken - Of humblest creatures and of rudest men - Has sense of freedom as an instinct strong,— - Resenting injury as act of wrong,— - Man listed not this monitor’s still voice, - But gave his wanton wish the guilty force of choice. - - - V. - - Dark looms the record of his earlier years,— - A troubled tale of infamy and tears; - For, of the ill by man primeval wrought, - Shows forth predominant with anguish fraught, - And long disaster to the ensuant race, - The direful course of degradation base, - Where freedom, justice, right,—at one fell blow,— - In woman’s life of slave were outraged and laid low. - - - VI. - - The inklings gleaned of prehistoric hour - Speak woman thrall to man’s unbridled power; - Than brute more gifted, he, with heinous skill, - Subdued her being to his sensual will; - Binding her fast with ties of cunning weight, - By mother’s burden forced to slavish fate; - Thus woman was, and such her man-made doom, - Ere yet the dawn of love illumed the soulless gloom. - - - VII. - - Ere Evolution, in unhasting speed, - Trained man’s regard to larger life and need; - By Art his feelings waked to functions higher, - Disclosed within his clay the veins of fire, - Taught him his pleasures of the flesh to find - But presage of the mightier joys of mind; - Evoked the soul from fume of mortal dust, - The vestal flame of love from lower flush of lust. - - - VIII. - - The eye that once could note but food or foe - Grew wise to watch the landscape’s varied glow; - To gaze beyond our earthly temporal bars, - And track the orbit of the wandering stars: - The voice erst roused by hunger or by rage - Now tells the nobler passions of the age, - Till with love’s language is uplifted love - To high and selfless thought all sensuous aim above. - - - IX. - - But not at once such life and love to know, - For progress strives through many an ebb and flow; - Man’s kindling sense, though stirred by call of Art, - Still missed the motive of her deepest heart; - ’Twas in her gracious embassy to give - A fairer faith and fate to all that live, - Neglecting none,—yet man, ’twixt lust and pride, - Due portion in the boon to woman still denied. - - - X. - - Æons of wrong ere history was born, - With added ages passed in slight and scorn, - Maintained the chains of primal womanhood, - And clogged in turn man’s power of greater good; - Egypt or Greece in vain sought heavenly light - While woman’s soul was held from equal flight,— - Her path confined by man to sordid end, - As subjugated wife, or hireling transient friend. - - - XI. - - Marriage—which might have been a mateship sweet, - Where equal souls in hallowed converse meet, - Each aiding each the higher truths to find, - And raising body to the plane of mind,— - Man’s baser will restrained to lower grade, - And woman’s share a brainless bondage made; - Her only hope of thought or learning wide, - Some freer lot to seek than yoke forlorn of bride. - - - XII. - - Yet, as hetaira,—comrade, chambermate,— - (The ambiguous word bespoke her dubious state), - She, craving mental food, might but be guest - By paying with her body for the quest; - Conceding that, might lead a learned life,— - A licence vetoed to the legal wife,— - Might win great wealth, or build a lasting fame, - Not due to her the guilt that left the tinge of shame. - - - XIII. - - What guilt was there, apportion it aright - To him who fixed the gages of the fight; - Blame man, who, reckless of the woman’s fate, - In greed for meaner pleasure lost the great; - Blame him, the vaunted sage, who knew her mind - Peer to his own in skill and wit refined, - Yet left the after-ages to bemoan - The waste of woman worth that dawned and die unknown. - - - XIV. - - And deep the shame on man’s insensate heart - For later woman doomed to hideous part; - Poor lostling, bowed with worse than brutal woes,— - To her not even dealt the brute’s repose; - Her sweetness sullied, and her frame disgraced, - Soul scarce might light her temple fair defaced,— - Its chastest sanctities coerced to give - For painful bread to eat, for piteous chance to live. - - - XV. - - While such her fate in lands of cultured creed, - Judge woman’s griefs with man of barbarous breed; - Slave to his lust, and tiller of his soil, - Crippled and crushed by cruelty and toil; - Yet still her heart a gentle mien essayed, - By deeper passion, holier impulse, swayed; - Care for her wretched offspring rarely swerved, - And mother-love alone the infant oft preserved. - - - XVI. - - Thus woman’s life, in low or high estate, - Man fettered with a more than natural weight - Of sexual function,—disproportioned theme - And single basis in his female scheme; - He strove to quench her flash of quicker fire, - That crossed his lordship or his low desire; - Her one permitted end to serve his race, - Her individual soul forbidden breathing place. - - - XVII. - - Scarce other seemed that soul than sentient tomb - Of human energy debarred to bloom; - Her spirit, pining in its durance drear, - Leaves legacy of many a burning tear - For aspirations crushed, and aims denied, - And instincts thwarted by man’s purblind pride; - Her every wish made subject to the nod - Of him whose mad conceit proclaimed himself her God. - - - XVIII. - - So stood at halt, through years of sterile change, - His narrowed brain and her restricted range; - And man intelligent and woman free, - Was union which the world had yet to see; - For time to come reserved the golden sight - Of glorious harvest from the natural right, - To her as amply as to him assigned - To compass power unknown in body and in mind. - - - XIX. - - Happy the epoch destined to show - What force of good from that free fate shall flow; - The artificial limits to efface - Of laws and forms that womanhood debase; - Even our own imperfect hour may prove - The ecstasy of earnest souls that move - In dual union of unselfish strife - To reach by mutual love to true and equal life. - - - XX. - - Yet slow, so slowly, gleams the gathering light, - And lingers still the hovering shade of night; - Though part undone the wrong that we confess, - Repentance cannot instant bring redress; - Nor woman, tortured by her thraldom long, - At once stand forth emancipate and strong; - Her pain persistent, though she calm suppress - Her rancour for the past, with sweet forgivingness. - - - XXI. - - For carnal servitude left cruel stain, - And galls that fester from the fleshly chain; - Unhealed the scars of man’s distempered greed, - The wounds of blind injustice still they bleed; - Recurrent suffering lets her not forget - The aimless payments of a dismal debt,— - Survival from dim age of man’s abuse - Of functions immature, profaned by savage use. - - - XXII. - - Her girlhood’s helpless years through cycles long - Had been a martyrdom of sexual wrong, - For little strength or choice might child oppose - To shield herself from force of sensual foes; - Impending motherhood might win no rest - Or refuge sacred from the satyr quest; - Unripe maternity, untimely birth, - The woman’s constant dole in those dark days of earth. - - - XXIII. - - Action repeated tends to rhythmic course, - And thus the mischief, due at first to force, - Brought cumulative sequence to the race, - Till habit bred hereditary trace; - On woman falls that heritage of woe, - And e’en the virgin feels its dastard blow,— - For, long ere fit to wield maternal cares, - Abnormal fruits of birth her guiltless body bears. - - - XXIV. - - Misread by man, this sign of his misdeed - Was held as symptom of her nubile need, - And on through history’s length her tender age - Has still been victim to his adult rage; - He, by his text, with irony serene, - Banned her resultant “manner” as “unclean”; - The censure base upon himself recoils, - Yet leaves the woman wan and cumbered in his toils. - - - XXV. - - Vicarious punishment for manhood’s crime - Takes grievous toll of all her active prime; - The hap, in educated woman’s fate, - Is instinct with antipathy and hate; - Reason confirming tells, no honest claim - Could ever cause such gust of inward shame, - Nor act of normal wont might man blaspheme - To make of Nature’s need a vile opprobrious theme. - - - XXVI. - - Thoughts like to these are breathings of the truth - To whoso ponders deep the tale of ruth; - The futile mannish pleas that would explain - The purport of her periodic pain, - All bear unconscious witness to the wrong - In blindness born, in error fostered long,— - The spurious function growing with the years, - Till almost natural use the morbid mode appears. - - - XXVII. - - Grievous the hurt to woman, which to right - Is instant duty of our stronger sight; - From off her weary shoulders, bruised and worn, - To lift the cross in longtime misery borne; - Until, reintegrate in frame and mind, - A speedy restitution she shall find, - From every trammel of man’s mastery freed, - Nor held by his behest from fullest life and deed. - - - XXVIII. - - And soon may pass her suffering, for the ill - By man begot lies subject to our skill; - All human malady may be allayed - With human forethought, human action’s aid; - Ours then the fault, since, given in our hand - Is power the evil hazard to command; - For Nature, kindly wise our woes to shape, - In very pang of pain both prompts and points escape. - - - XXIX. - - So woman shall her own redemption gain, - Instructed by the sting of bootless pain; - With Nature ever helpful to retrieve - The injury we heedlessly achieve, - From seed of act, by recent woman sown, - Already guerdon rich in hope is shown;— - Such faculty her new-found presence decks, - The sage physician, she, and saviour of her sex. - - - XXX. - - With purer phase of life proves woman less - The burden of the wasting weariness; - And thus, in rank refined or rude have grown - Maidens in whom the weakness was not known; - Hale woman and true mother have they been, - Yet never have the noisome habit seen: - Not to neglectful man to greatly care - How such immunity all womanhood might share. - - - XXXI. - - Her intellect alert the harm shall heal, - And ways of wholesomeness and strength reveal; - The saving truth she wins with studious thought - More swiftly to her daughter shall be taught,— - How body still is supple unto mind, - By dint of soul is fleshly form inclined, - And woman’s will shall work of man atone, - The deed his darkness wrought be by her light undone. - - - XXXII. - - No longer drilled deformity to nurse, - And woo, when slow to appear, the absent curse, - Her counter-effort, helped by Nature’s grace, - Shall quell the “custom’s” last abhorrent trace; - Its morbid usurpation shall refute,— - Not more to woman natural than to brute;— - A needless noyance with a baseless claim, - The lingering mark of man’s unthinking guilt and shame. - - - XXXIII. - - Her body, saved from enervating drain, - Shall lend a newer vigour to the brain; - Wide shall she roam in realms of untold thought, - Which ages since her shackled instinct sought; - For oft her prison had the yearnings heard, - In murmurings scarce rendered into word;— - Promptings which man suspicious strove to choke, - Lest that her soul should rise and break his timeworn yoke. - - - XXXIV. - - For autocrats of old, with treacherous guile, - Had bribed the villain’s soul by sensual wile; - To meanest man a lower drudge assigned,— - With gift of female thrall cajoled the hind; - The stolid churl his servitude forgave - Whilst he in turn was master to a slave; - Through every rank the sexual serfdom ran, - And woman’s life was bound in vassalage to man. - - - XXXV. - - Then, fearing that the slave herself might guess - The knavery of her forced enchainedness, - A subtle fiction mannish brain designed - To dominate her conscience and her mind,— - Inhuman dogmas did his genius frame, - Investing them with sanctimonious name - Of “woman’s duty”; and the fetish base - E’en to this reasoned day uplifts its impious face. - - - XXXVI. - - By cant condoned, man fashioned woman’s “sphere,” - And mapped out “natural” bounds to her career; - His sapience—should she dare any deed - In contravention of his code—decreed - On soul or body penalties condign, - In part dubbed civil law, and part divine: - Misguided man,—confused in self-deceit - His unisexual wit and pious pretext meet. - - - XXXVII. - - Obeisance yet his caste of sex demands;— - In legislative script the verbiage stands - How lowest boor is lordly “baron” styled, - And highest bride as common “feme” reviled; - The tardier fear that grants the clown a share - In his own governance, denies it her; - And British matrons are, by man-made rules, - In solemn statute ranked with infants, felons, fools. - - - XXXVIII. - - The crass injustice early man displayed, - His own crude infancy of brain betrayed; - His riper judgment scorns the childish use, - And cries to all his bygone freaks a truce; - Enactments that long blemished legal page - Shall fade as figments of a foolish age, - Till saner years have every bond erased - Which selfish law of man on life of woman placed. - - - XXXIX. - - Till like with him in human right she stands, - Her will an equal power of rule commands; - Her voice, in council and in senate heard, - To stern debate brings harmonising word; - In mutual stress each sex the other cheers, - Since one are made their hopes and one their fears; - “Self-reverent each, and reverencing each,”— - The theme that truer man and freer woman teach. - - - XL. - - For but a slave himself must ever be, - Till she to shape her own career be free;— - Free from all uninvited touch of man, - Free mistress of her person’s sacred plan; - Free human soul; the brood that she shall bear, - The first—the truly free, to breathe our air; - From woman slave can come but menial race, - The mother free confers her freedom and her grace. - - - XLI. - - By her the progress of our future kind, - Their stalwart body and their spacious mind; - For, folded in her form each human mite - Has its first home, its sustenance and light; - Hers the live warmth that fans its spirit flame, - Her generous sap supplies its fleshly frame, - And e’en the juice,—the fullborn infant’s food, - Is yet a blanched form of woman’s living blood. - - - XLII. - - Strange wisdom by her unkenned craft is taught - While yet the embryo in her womb is wrought; - For, long ere entering on our tumult rife, - It learns from her the needful art of life; - Unconscious teacher, she, yet all she knows - Of dark experience to her infant flows, - And brands him, ere he rest upon her knee, - Offshoot of slavish race, not scion of the free. - - - XLIII. - - To either sex the bondage and the pain, - They seek to live a freeman’s life in vain; - For man or woman can but act the part, - When ’tis not freeborn blood that fills the heart: - Strive as he may, the modern man, at best, - Is tyrant, differing somewhat from the rest; - Nor woman thraldom-bred can surely know - Where lies her richest gift, or how its wealth to show. - - - XLIV. - - Thus learn we that in woman rendered free - Is raised the rank of all humanity; - The despot is the fullfruit of the slave;— - To form the freeman, equable and brave, - Habit of freedom must spontaneous come - As life itself, and from the selfsame womb; - Life, liberty, and love,—lien undefiled,— - The freeborn mother’s heirloom to her freeborn child. - - - XLV. - - So shall her noble issue, maid or boy, - With equal freedom equal fate enjoy; - Together reared in purity and truth, - Through plastic childhood and retentive youth; - Their mutual sports of sinew and of brain - In strength alike the sturdy comrades train; - Of differing sex no thought inept intrudes, - Their purpose calmly sure all errant aim excludes. - - - XLVI. - - For soul, not sex, shall to each life assign - What destiny to fill, or what decline; - Through years mature impartial range shall reach, - And wider wisdom, juster ethics, teach; - Conformed to claims of intellect and need, - The tempered numbers of their high-born breed; - Not overworn with childward pain and care, - The mother—and the race—robuster health shall share. - - - XLVII. - - Nor blankly epicene, as scoffers say, - The necessary sequence of that day; - For not by vapid imitation low, - Or aping falser sex shall truer grow; - Nor modish mind may fathom Nature’s range, - Or fix the fleeting scope of human change; - Can singer blind the rainbow’s tints compare?— - The brain enslaved from birth the freeman’s powers declare? - - - XLVIII. - - Work we in faith, secure that precious seed - Shall bear due fruit for man’s extremest need; - Not greatly timorous, as those fruits we see, - What changed existence from such food may be; - For well we wot shall come forth worthy soul, - Or male or female, with impartial dole - Of all that life can grant of good or great,— - Happy what each may bring to help the common fate. - - - XLIX. - - By mutual aid perfecting complex man, - Their twofold vision human life may scan - From differing standpoints, grasping from the two - A clearer concept and a bolder view; - And thus diverse humanity shall learn - A wisdom which not single sex might earn; - Each on the problem casting needful light, - Not fully known of one without the other’s sight. - - - L. - - How should he write what she alone may tell?— - The movements of her psychic ebb and swell; - The latent springs of life that in her gush, - When motherhood’s first throb awakes her flush, - And swift the signal flashes to her soul, - Of future being claiming her control; - Seeking from her its mind and body’s food; - Drawing, to make its own, her evil and her good. - - - LI. - - Within herself the drama’s scene is laid, - The Birth and Growth of Soul the mystery played; - She, in her part, is but an agent mute, - Her brain untutored, nor her tact acute, - Her nerve-strung body slow as senseless soil - To watch the working of the seedling’s toil; - In vain before her inmost vision spread - The hidden streams from whence the vital founts are fed. - - - LII. - - The mother’s blindness was blind man’s decree, - And to himself reverts the misery; - Through hapless years his ordinance has run, - And harsh reward of ignorance has won; - His pride of maledom, dull to recognise - The deeper depth accessive to her eyes, - Forbade to teach her brain to understand - The facts that, deftly sought, lay ready to her hand. - - - LIII. - - Less wisely he, his curious search to serve, - In helpless creature teased the quivering nerve, - And strove to probe the covert ways of life - By living butchery with learned knife, - And cruel anodyne that chained the will, - Yet left the shuddering victim conscious still: - But Nature shrinks from foul and fierce attack, - Nor yields her holiest truths on such a murderer’s rack. - - - LIV. - - True science finds its own by kindlier quest, - Nor lowers itself to torture’s loathsome test; - Multiplies not the sentient being’s pain, - But makes a keener lens of man’s own brain; - Seeks not by outrage dire a soul to grasp, - Or dimly trace its agonising gasp; - But surer learns what fire that soul may move, - Not wrung with deathly pang, but thrilled by breath of love. - - - LV. - - To touch of love alone will Nature pour - The choicest treasures of her occult store; - Into the ear of love alone repeat - The secret of the song our pulses beat; - To eye of love alone, with joyance bright, - Shows she her form suffused in living light; - To heart that loves her, Nature gives to know - How from Love’s might alone all thoughts of Wisdom grow. - - - LVI. - - So opes a vaster knowledge to the view, - Love points the way and woman holds the clue; - Nature on her the trustful office laid, - And arbiter of human fortune made; - With woman honoured, rises man to height, - With her degraded, sinks again in night; - Yet still the wayward race has sluggish been - To learn the fealty due to Earth’s advancing queen. - - - LVII. - - For long, in jealousy for corporal power, - Had man contemned his sister’s worthier dower; - What time his ruder feelings held the sway, - With little hope or hint of truer way; - Till on a wistful world has dawned benign - The prescience of a potency divine - Sleeping, unrecked of, deep in woman’s heart, - Waiting some kiss superne, into full life to start. - - - LVIII. - - Woman’s own soul must seek and find that fay, - And wake it into light of quickening day; - Man’s counsel helpful in that track shall be - For all his learning rich return and fee; - His philosophic and chirurgic lore, - To her imparted, swell her innate store; - Till, clothed with majesty of mind she stand, - Regent of Nature’s will, in heart, and head, and hand. - - - LIX. - - Each sequent life shall feel her finer care, - Each heir of life a wealthier bounty share; - Those lives allied in equal union chaste - A sweeter purpose, purer rapture, taste; - Both parents vindicate the duteous name, - The troth and kinship of their linked claim; - The only rivalry that moves their mind, - How for their lineage fair still larger fate to find. - - - LX. - - Their task ineffable yields wondrous gain, - Their energies celestial force attain; - Their intermingled souls, with passion dight, - In aspiration soar past earthly height; - Nor fades their prospect into void again,— - Woman has gift the vision to retain, - And mould their dreams of love, with conscious skill, - To human living types supreme of form and will. - - - LXI. - - The psychic and the physical at one - In fervid vigour through their frame shall run; - Their science leaps the bounds of straiter space, - Whose crude dimensions curbed their growing grace; - Whose inefficiencies allowed not verge - For rich research their lofty souls would urge; - To them the keys of life and love are given,— - The love that lifts the life from rank of earth to heaven. - - - LXII. - - And “winged words on which the soul would pierce - Into the height of love’s rare Universe” - Shall native flow from them as mother tongue - In softest strain to listening infant sung; - Till, the sad memories of unmeant wrong - Solving in music of conciliant song, - Man’s destiny with woman’s blended be - In one sublime progression,—full, and strong, and free. - - - - - LXIII. - =L’Envoi.= - - - The bard of yore, the stately Florentine,— - The seer of the dream men named Divine,— - Through whose grave tones one strenuous passion rolled, - While to slow ears the voice fell stern or cold,— - In his last verse proclaimed his crowning faith, - By words whose echoes pass the bar of death;— - As breathed his soul with Beatrice afar— - “The love that moves the sun and every circling star.” - - - - - WOMAN FREE. - - - - - NOTES, &c. - - - I. - - - 2.—“_Science calm moves_ ...” - -“Science is properly more scrupulous than dogma. Dogma gives a charter -to mistake, but the very breath of science is a contest with mistake, -and must keep the conscience alive.”—George Eliot (“Middlemarch,” Chap. -LXXIII.) - - - 3.—“_Research and reason_ ...” - -As indicated by Professor Oliver T. Lodge, “It is but a platitude to say -that our clear and conscious aim should always be truth, and that no -lower or meaner standard should ever be allowed to obtrude itself before -us. Our ancestors fought hard and suffered much for the privilege of -free and open inquiry, for the right of conducting investigation -untrammelled by prejudice and foregone conclusions, and they were ready -to examine into any phenomenon which presented itself.... Fear of -avowing interest or of examining into unorthodox facts is, I venture to -say, not in accordance with the highest traditions of the scientific -attitude.”—(Address as President of the Mathematical and Physical -Section of the British Association, 1891.) - -See also the words of Richard Jefferies:—“Research proceeds upon the -same old lines and runs in the ancient grooves.... But there should be -no limit placed on the mind.... Most injurious of all is the continuous -circling on the same path, and it is from this that I wish to free my -mind.”—(“The Story of My Heart,” Chap. X.) - - - 5.—“... _part revealed_.” - -“We are still the early settlers in a beautiful world, whose -capabilities, imperfectly known as yet, wait until higher developments -of man can understand them fully, and apply the result to the general -good.”—Professor T. Rupert Jones (Address as President of the Geological -Section of the British Association, 1891). - - - II. - - - 3.—“... _keener conscience_ ...” - -“C’est l’incarnation de l’idée qui se dresse tout à coup en face des -vieilles traditions obstinées et insuffisantes et elle vient ... poser -sa revendication personelle et nécessaire contre les lois jadis -excellentes, mais qui, les mœurs s’étant modifiées, apparaissent -subitement comme des injustices et des barbaries.”—A. Dumas fils (“Les -Femmes qui Tuent et les Femmes qui Votent,” p. 25). - - - IV. - - - 7.—“... _monitor’s still voice_.”—_Conf._ Wordsworth; - - “Taught both by what she” (Nature) “shows, and what conceals, - Never to blend our pleasure or our pride - With sorrow of the meanest thing that feels.” - (“Hart-Leap Well.”) - - - VI. - - - 1.—“... _prehistoric hour_.” - -“The preface of general history must be compiled from the materials -presented by barbarism. Happily, if we may say so, these materials are -abundant. So unequally has the species been developed, that almost every -conceivable phase of progress may be studied, as somewhere observed and -recorded. And thus the philosopher, fenced from mistake as to the order -of development, by the inter-connection of the stages and their shadings -into one another by gentle gradations, may draw a clear and decided -outline of the course of human progress in times long antecedent to -those to which even philology can make reference.”—M’Lennan (“Primitive -Marriage,” p. 9).... - -_Id._... “I will confine myself to these examples, gleaned from all -parts, and which it would be easy to multiply. They amply suffice to -establish that, in primitive societies, woman, being held in very low -esteem, is absolutely reduced to the level of chattels and of domestic -animals; that she represents a booty like any other; that her master can -use and abuse her without fear. But in these bestial practices there is -nothing which approaches even distantly to marriage, and we are not in -the least warranted to call these brutal rapes marriages.”—Letourneau -(“Evolution of Marriage,” Chap. VI.). - - - 2.—“... _woman thrall_ ...” - -“Woman was the first human being that tasted bondage. Woman was a slave -before the slave existed.”—August Bebel (“Woman,” Chap. I.). - -_Id._... “From the very earliest twilight of human society, every woman -(owing to the value attached to her by man, combined with her -inferiority in muscular strength) was found in a state of bondage to -some man.”—J. S. Mill (“The Subjection of Woman,” Chap. I.). - -_Id._... “In every country, and in every time, woman, organically weaker -than man, has been more or less enslaved by him.”—Letourneau (“The -Evolution of Marriage,” Chap. XI.). - -_Id._... - - “It raised up the humble and fallen, gave spirit and strength to the - poor, - And is freeing from slavery Woman, the slave of all ages gone by.” - —C. G. Leland (“The Return of the Gods”). - - - 3.—“... _heinous skill_.” - -“It is pitiful to reflect that man’s vaunted superiority over the brute, -the greater activity of his brain, and the subtler cunning of his hand, -have for so long lent themselves to the oppression that has resulted in -such pernicious consequences, and in the still existent slavery, social -and physical, of the female of his own species.”—Ben Elmy (“Studies in -Materialism,” Chap. III.). - - - 8.—“... _soulless gloom_.” - -Compare the following picture of the somewhat parallel condition of a -lower race at the present time:— - - “Natives may well call the monkey sire Maharaja, for he is the very - type and incarnation of savage and sensual despotism. They are right, - too, in making their Hanuman red, for the old male’s face is of the - dusky red you see in some elderly, overfed human faces. Like human - Maharajas, they have their tragedies and mayhap their romances. One - morning there came a monkey chieftain, weak and limping, having - evidently been worsted in a severe fight with another of his own kind. - One hand hung powerless, his face and eyes bore terrible traces of - battle, and he hirpled slowly along with a pathetic air of suffering, - supporting himself on the shoulder of a female, a wife, the only - member of his clan who had remained faithful to him after his defeat. - We threw them bread and raisins, and the wounded warrior carefully - stowed the greater part away in his cheek pouch. The faithful wife, - seeing her opportunity, sprang on him, holding fast his one sound - hand, and, opening his mouth, she deftly scooped out the store of - raisins. Then she sat and ate them very calmly at a safe distance, - while he mowed and chattered in impotent rage. He knew that without - her help he could not reach home, and was fain to wait with what - patience he might till the raisins were finished. It was a sad sight, - but, like more sad sights, touched with the light of comedy. This was - probably her first chance of disobedience or of self-assertion in her - whole life, and I am afraid she thoroughly enjoyed it. Then she led - him away.”—J. Lockwood Kipling (“Beast and Man in India”). - - - VII. - - - 1.—“... _Evolution_ ...” - -“We now know that Nature, as an anthropomorphic being, does not exist; -that the great forces called natural are unconscious; that their blind -action results, however, in the world of life, in a choice, a -selection, a progressive evolution, or, to sum up, in the survival of -the individuals best adapted to the conditions of their -existence.”—Letourneau (“The Evolution of Marriage,” Chap. I., Part -II.). - -_Id._... “Robert Chambers’s common-sense view of evolution as a process -of continued growing.”—Professor Patrick Geddes and J. Arthur Thomson -(“The Evolution of Sex,” p. 302). - - - 3.—“_By Art_ ...” - -“Other implements of Palæolithic age are formed of bone and horn. Among -these are harpoon-heads, barbed on one or both sides, awls, pins, and -needles with well-formed eyes. But by far the most noteworthy objects of -this class are the fragments of bone, horn, ivory, and stone, which -exhibit outlined and even shaded sketches of various animals. These -engravings have been made with a sharp-pointed implement, and are often -wonderfully characteristic representations of the creatures they -pourtray. The figures are sometimes single, in other cases they are -drawn in groups. We find representations of a fish, a seal, an ibex, the -red-deer, the great Irish elk or deer, the bison, the horse, the -cave-bear, the reindeer, and the mammoth or woolly elephant. Besides -engravings, we meet also with sculptures.... It is impossible to say to -what use all these objects were put. Some of them may have been handles -for knives, while others are mere fragments, and only vague guesses can -be made as to the nature of the original implements. It is highly -probable, however, that many of these works of art may have been -designed simply as such, for the pleasure and amusement of the -draughtsman and his fellows.”—James Geikie (“Prehistoric Europe,” Chap. -II.). - -_Id._... The culture or appreciation of Art is of itself evidence of a -higher nature in man; “a soul, a psyche, a something which aspires,” as -Richard Jefferies calls it. For though the professional pursuit of Art -may be occasionally not unmingled with mercenary motives, or with the -pourtrayal of incentives to lower desire, yet the ultimate appeal of -every truly beautiful picture or object of Art is, at any rate, not to -man’s mercenary or meaner nature. As Jefferies again says, “The ascetics -are the only persons who are impure. The soul is the higher even by -gazing on beauty.”—(“The Story of My Heart,” Chap. VII.) - - - 7.—“... _the soul_ ...” - -“The mind of man is infinite. Beyond this, man has a soul. I do not use -this word in the common-sense which circumstances have given to it. I -use it as the only term to express that inner consciousness which -aspires.”—Richard Jefferies (“The Story of My Heart,” Chap. IX.). - - - 8.—“... _from lower flush of lust_.” - -“The fact to be insisted upon is this, that the vague sexual attraction -of the lowest organisms has been evolved into a definite reproductive -impulse, into a desire often predominating over even that of -self-preservation; that this, again, enhanced by more and more subtle -additions, passes by a gentle gradient into the love of the highest -animals, and of the average human individual.”—Geddes and Thomson -(“Evolution of Sex,” p. 267). - - - VIII. - - - 5, 6.—“_The voice erst roused by hunger or by rage, - Now tells the nobler passions of the age._” - -“The impassioned orator, bard, or musician, when, with his varied tones -and cadences, he excites the strongest emotions in his hearers, little -suspects that he uses the same means by which, at an extremely remote -period, his half-human ancestors aroused each other’s ardent passions -during their mutual courtship and rivalry.”—Darwin (“The Descent of -Man,” Chap. XIX.). - - - 7.—“... _with love’s language is uplifted love_.” - -Language is thought, we are told; so also is love. And thus the -reciprocal and cumulative action of love, thought, and language stands a -corollary to Max Müller’s words:—“Language and thought are inseparable. -Words without thought are dead sounds; thoughts without words are -nothing. To think is to speak low; to speak is to think aloud. The word -is the thought incarnate.”—(“Science of Language,” Lect. IX.) - -_Id._... “Even the rude Australian girl (aborigine) sings in a strain of -romantic affliction: - - ‘I shall never see my darling again.’” - -—Westermarck (“History of Human Marriage,” p. 503). - -_Id._... “And again, another benefit accrues to the race from marriages -of affection. Do not your ancient epics which sing of love sing also of -noble deeds and acts of heroism on the part both of men and women, -actuated by a pure affection for each other? Alike in your dramas and in -those of Shakespeare, and of all great writers, love is the great motive -power which impels to deeds of prowess, the spring of noble actions, of -unselfish devotion, of words and thoughts which have enriched all later -generations, the one sentiment which elevates marriage amongst mankind -to something infinitely higher and purer than the gratification of a -mere animal instinct.”—Dr. Edith Pechey Phipson (Address to the Hindoos -of Bombay on Child Marriage, 1891, p. 14). - - - 8.—“... _selfless thought_.” - - “Love took up the harp of life, and smote on all the chords with might; - Smote the chord of Self that, trembling, pass’d in music out of sight.” - —Tennyson (“Locksley Hall”). - - - IX. - - - 7.—“... _Neglecting none_ ...” - -“We are entering into an order of things in which justice will be the -primary virtue, grounded on equal, but also on sympathetic association; -having its roots no longer in the instinct of equals for -self-protection, but in a cultivated sympathy between them; and no one -being now left out, but an equal measure being extended to all.”—J. S. -Mill (“The Subjection of Women,” p. 80). - - - X. - - - 4.—“... _clogged_ ... _man’s power_ ...” - -“He has reaped the usual reward of selfishness, the gratification of -immediate low desires has frustrated the future attainment of higher -aspirations.”—Mrs. Pechey Phipson, M.D. (Address to Hindoos). - - - 5, 6.—“_Egypt or Greece in vain sought heavenly light, - While woman’s soul was held from equal flight._” - -In Egypt “the art (of literature) was practised only by the priests, as -the painted history plainly declares.... No female is depicted in the -act of reading.... The Greek world was composed of municipal -aristocracies, societies of gentlemen living in towns, with their farms -in the neighbourhood, and having all their work done for them by slaves. -They themselves had nothing to do but to cultivate their bodies by -exercise in the gymnasium, and their minds by conversation in the -market-place. They lived out of doors, whilst their wives remained shut -up at home. In Greece a lady could only enter society by adopting a mode -of life which in England usually facilitates her exit.”—Winwood Reade -(“The Martyrdom of Man,” pp. 35, 71). - - - 8.—“... _subjugated wife_ ...” - -At Athens “the free citizen women lived in strict and almost Oriental -recluseness, as well after being married as when single. Everything -which concerned their lives, their happiness, or their rights, was -determined or managed for them by their male relatives; and they seem to -have been destitute of all mental culture and accomplishments.”—Grote -(“History of Greece,” Vol. VI., p. 133). - - - XI. - - - 1.—“_Marriage which might have been a mateship sweet._” - -“In vain Plato urged that young men and women should be more frequently -permitted to meet one another, so that there should be less enmity and -indifference in the married life.” (“Nomoi,” Book VI.)—Westermarck -(“History of Human Marriage,” p. 361). - - - 2.—“... _equal souls_ ...” - -“The feeling which makes husband and wife true companions for better and -worse, can grow up only in societies where the altruistic sentiments of -man are strong enough to make him recognise woman as his equal, and -where she is not shut up as an exotic plant in a greenhouse, but is -allowed to associate freely with men. In this direction European -civilisation has been advancing for centuries.”—Westermarck (_loc. -cit._). (See also Note XIX., 6.) - - - 7, 8.—“_Her only hope of thought or learning wide, - Some freer lot to seek than yoke forlorn of bride_.” - -In Greece “the modest women were confined to their own apartments, and -were visited only by their husbands and nearest relations.... The -courtesans of Athens, by living in public, and conversing freely with -all ranks of people, upon all manner of subjects, acquired, by degrees, -a knowledge of history, of philosophy, of policy, and a taste in the -whole circle of the arts. Their ideas were more extensive and various, -and their conversation was more sprightly and entertaining than anything -that was to be found among the virtuous part of the sex. Hence their -houses became the schools of elegance; that of Aspasia was the resort of -Socrates and Pericles, and, as Greece was governed by eloquent men, over -whom the courtesans had an influence, the latter also influenced public -affairs.”—Alexander Walker (“Woman, as to Mind,” &c., p. 334). - - - XII. - - - 3.—“... _craving mental food_ ...” - -That the quest of knowledge and intellectual power was literally the -incentive to many a woman who accepted the life of _hetaira_ is -indisputable. Westermarck says:—“It seems to me much more reasonable to -suppose that if, in Athens and India, courtesans were respected and -sought after by the principal men, it was because they were the only -educated women.”—(“History of Marriage,” p. 81.) - -And Letourneau remarks:—“Religious prostitution, which was widely spread -in Greek antiquity, has been also found in India, where every temple of -renown had its bayadères, the only women in India to whom, until quite -recently, any instruction was given.”—(“Evolution of Marriage,” Chap. -III.) - - - 5, 6.—“_Conceding that, might lead a learned life— - A license vetoed to the legal wife_.” - -“_Hetairai_, famous at once for their beauty and intellect such as -Phryne, Laïs of Corinth, Gnathæna, and Aspasia, were objects of -universal admiration among the most distinguished Greeks. They were -admitted to their assemblies and banquets, while the ‘honest’ women of -Greece were, without exception, confined to the house.... A considerable -number of women preferred the greater freedom which they enjoyed _as -Hetairai_ to marriage, and carried on the trade of prostitution as a -means of livelihood. In unrestrained intercourse with men, the more -intelligent of the _Hetairai_, who were doubtless often of good birth, -acquired a far greater degree of versatility and culture than that -possessed by the majority of married women, living in a state of -enforced ignorance and bondage. This invested the _Hetairai_ with a -greater charm for the men, in addition to the arts which they employed -in the special exercise of their profession. This explains the fact that -many of them enjoyed the esteem of some of the most distinguished and -eminent men of Greece, to whom they stood in a relationship of -influential intimacy, a position held by no legitimate wife. The names -of these _Hetairai_ are famous to the present day, while one enquires in -vain after the names of the legitimate wives.”—August Bebel (“Woman,” -Chap. I.). - - - 7.—“... _wealth, or ... fame_.” - -_E.g._, Phryne, who offered to rebuild the wall of Thebes; and Laïs, -commemorated in the adage, “_Non cuivis hominum contingit adire -Corinthum_.” And as to even modern “fame,” a writer so merciless -concerning her own sex as Mrs. Lynn Linton can yet say, “Agnes Sorel, -like Aspasia, was one of the rare instances in history where failure in -chastity did not include moral degradation nor unpatriotic -self-consideration.”—(_Nineteenth Century_, July, 1891, p. 84.) - - - 8.—“... _the tinge of shame_.” - -Why indeed should shame have attached specially to those women, more -highly cultured and better treated than wives; and whose sole -impeachment could be that they rejected the still lower serfdom of -wedded bondage? - - - XIII. - - - 2.—“_To him who fixed the gages of the fight_.” - -“If we could imagine a Bossuet or a Fénélon figuring among the followers -of Ninon de Lenclos, and publicly giving her counsel on the subject of -her professional duties, and the means of securing adorers, this would -be hardly less strange than the relation which really existed between -Socrates and the courtesan Theodota.”—Lecky (“History of European -Morals,” Vol. II., p. 280). - - - 8.—“_The waste of woman worth_ ...” - -Since these words were written, a letter from Mrs. Mona Caird has been -published by the “Women’s Emancipation Union,” in which is said:—“So far -from giving safety and balance to the ‘natural forces,’ these -time-honoured restrictions, springing from a narrow theory which took -its rise in a pre-scientific age, are fraught with the gravest dangers, -creating a perpetual struggle and unrest, filling society with the -perturbations and morbid developments of powers that ought to be -spending themselves freely and healthfully on their natural objects. -Anyone who has looked a little below the surface of women’s lives can -testify to the general unrest and nervous exhaustion or _malaise_ among -them, although each would probably refer her suffering to some cause -peculiar to herself and her circumstances, never dreaming that she was -the victim of an evil that gnaws at the very heart of society, making of -almost every woman the heroine of a silent tragedy. I think few keen -observers will deny that it is almost always the women of placid -temperament, with very little sensibility, who are happy and contented; -those of more highly wrought nervous systems and imaginative faculty, -who are nevertheless capable of far greater joy than their calmer -sisters, in nine cases out of ten are secretly intensely miserable. And -the cause of this is not eternal and unalterable. The nervously -organised being is _not_ created to be miserable; but when intense vital -energy is thwarted and misdirected—so long as the energy lasts—there -must be intense suffering.... It is only when resignation sets in, when -the ruling order convinces at last and tires out the rebel nerves and -the keen intelligence, that we know that the living forces are defeated, -and that death has come to quiet the suffering. All this is waste of -human force, and far worse than waste.” - -_Id._... Alexandre Dumas fils says:—“Celles-là voient, de jour en jour, -en sondant l’horizon toujours le même, s’effeuiller dans l’isolement, -dans l’inaction, dans l’impuissance, les facultés divines qui leur -avaient d’abord fait faire de si beaux rêves et dont il leur semble que -l’expansion eût pu être matériellement et moralement si profitable aux -autres et à elles-memes.”—(“Les Femmes qui Tuent et les Femmes qui -Votent,” p. 107). - -_Id._... And Lady Florence Dixie has written:—“Nature gives strength and -beauty to man, and Nature gives strength and beauty to woman. In this -latter instance man flies in the face of Nature, and declares that she -must be artificially restrained. Woman must not be allowed to grow up -strong like man, because if she did the fact would establish her -equality with him, and this cannot be tolerated. So the boy and man are -allowed freedom of body, and are trained up to become muscular and -strong, while the woman, by artificial, not natural, laws, is bidden to -remain inactive and passive, and, in consequence, weak and undeveloped. -Mentally it is the same. Nature has unmistakably given to woman a -greater amount of brain power. This is at once perceivable in childhood. -For instance, on the stage, girls are always employed in preference to -boys, for they are considered brighter and sharper in intellect and -brain power. Yet man deliberately sets himself to stunt that early -evidence of mental capacity by laying down the law that woman’s -education shall be on a lower level than that of man’s; that natural -truths, which all women should early learn, should be hidden from her; -and that while men may be taught everything, women must only acquire a -narrow and imperfect knowledge both of life and of Nature’s laws. I -maintain that this procedure is arbitrary and cruel, and false to -Nature. I characterise it by the strong word of infamous. It has been -the means of sending to their graves, unknown, unknelled, and unnamed, -thousands of women whose high intellects have been wasted, and whose -powers for good have been paralysed and undeveloped.”—(“Gloriana: or, -the Revolution of 1900,” p. 130.) - -_Id._... Buckle gives numerous instances which support the foregoing -assertions, saying himself on the point:—“That women are more deductive -than men, because they think quicker than men, is a proposition which -some persons will not relish, and yet it may be proved in a variety of -ways. Indeed, nothing could prevent its being universally admitted -except the fact that the remarkable rapidity with which women think is -obscured by that miserable, that contemptible, that preposterous system -called their education, in which valuable things are carefully kept from -them, and trifling things carefully taught to them, until their fine and -nimble minds are irreparably injured.”—(“Miscellaneous Works,” Vol. I., -p. 8, “On the influence of Women on the Progress of Knowledge.”) - -_Id._... As a man of straightforward common-sense, Sydney Smith has left -a name unsurpassed in our literary history. Here is something of what he -says on this question of woman’s intellect and its waste:—“As the matter -stands at present, half the talent in the universe runs to waste, and is -totally unprofitable. It would have been almost as well for the world, -hitherto, that women, instead of possessing the capacities they do at -present, should have been born wholly destitute of wit, genius, and -every other attribute of mind of which men make so eminent a use; and -the ideas of use and possession are so united together that, because it -has been the custom in almost all countries to give to women a different -and worse education than to men, the notion has obtained that they do -not possess faculties which they do not cultivate.”—(“Essay on Female -Education.”) - -_Id._... Hear also John Ruskin on the relative intellect or capacity of -women:—“Let us try, then, whether we cannot get at some clear and -harmonious idea (and it must be harmonious if it is true) of what -womanly mind and virtue are in power and office, with respect to man’s; -and how their relations, rightly accepted, aid and increase the vigour, -and honour, and authority of both.... Let us see whether the greatest, -the wisest, the purest-hearted of all ages are agreed in anywise on this -point.... And first let us take Shakespeare; ... there is hardly a play -that has not a perfect woman in it, steadfast in grave hope and -errorless purpose.... Such, in broad light, is Shakespeare’s testimony -to the position and character of women in human life. He represents them -as infallibly faithful and wise counsellors, incorruptibly just and pure -examples, strong always to sanctify, even when they cannot save.... I -ask you next to receive the witness of Walter Scott.... So that, in all -cases, with Scott as with Shakespeare, it is the woman who watches over, -teaches, and guides the youth; it is never, by any chance, the youth who -watches over or educates his mistress. - -“Now I could multiply witness upon witness of this kind upon you, if I -had time. Nay, I could go back into the mythical teaching of the most -ancient times, and show you how the great people, how that great -Egyptian people, wisest then of nations, gave to their Spirit of Wisdom -the form of a woman; and into her hand, for a symbol, the weaver’s -shuttle; and how the name and form of that spirit adopted, believed, and -obeyed by the Greeks, became that Athena of the olive-helm and cloudy -shield, to whose faith you owe, down to this date, whatever you hold -most precious in art, in literature, or in types of national virtue. - -“But I will not wander into this distant and mythical element; I will -only ask you to give the legitimate value to the testimony of these -great poets and men of the world, consistent as you see it is on this -head. I will ask you whether it can be supposed that these men, in the -main work of their lives, are amusing themselves with a fictitious and -idle view of the relations between man and woman; nay, worse than -fictitious or idle, for a thing may be imaginary yet desirable, if it -were possible; but this, their ideal of women, is, according to our -common idea of the marriage relation, wholly undesirable. The woman, we -say, is not to guide nor even to think for herself. The man is always to -be the wiser; he is to be the thinker, the ruler, the superior in -knowledge and discretion, as in power. Is it not somewhat important to -make up our minds on this matter? Are Shakespeare and Æschylus, Dante -and Homer merely dressing dolls for us; or, worse than dolls, unnatural -visions, the realisation of which, were it possible, would bring anarchy -into all households, and ruin into all affections? Are all these great -men mistaken, or, are we?”—(“Sesame and Lilies,” p. 125, _et seq._) - -Truly, in the face of these things, Tennyson had reason concerning his -fellow men, when he wrote:— - - “Knowledge comes, but wisdom lingers....” - (“Locksley Hall.”) - - - XIV. - - - 3.—“... _lostling_ ...” - -Between the most cultured _hetairai_ and the poor outcast as here shown, -were many intervening or coalescing grades. Instance, as one of the -phases, the following sketch of an Indian courtesan:—“Lalun is a member -of the most ancient profession in the world. Lilith was her -very-great-grandmama, and that was before the days of Eve, as everyone -knows. In the West, people say rude things about Lalun’s profession, and -write lectures about it, and distribute the lectures to young people, in -order that morality may be preserved. In the East, where the profession -is hereditary, descending from mother to daughter, nobody writes -lectures or takes any notice.”—Rudyard Kipling (“On the City Wall”). - -_Id._—“... _worse than brutal woes_ ...” - -Dumas fils, who knew well whereof he wrote, tells of “Les femmes du -peuple et de la campagne, suant du matin au soir pour gagner le pain -quotidien, le dos courbé, domptées par la misère:” of whom some of the -daughters “sortent du groupe par le chemin tentant et facile de la -prostitution, mais où le labeur est encore plus rude.”—(“Les Femmes qui -Tuent et les Femmes qui Votent,” p. 101.) As historical instance of -depth of wretched degradation, _conf._ mediæval privilege of “_scortum -ante mortem_,” conceded to some of even the vilest and lowest of -criminals condemned to capital punishment. Though such a condition is -barely more than parallel to the pitch of infamy of modern times, as -instanced in a quotation reproduced by John Ruskin, in “Sesame and -Lilies,” p. 91, first ed.:— - - “The salons of Mme. C., who did the honours with clever imitative - grace and elegance, were crowded with princes, dukes, marquises, and - counts, in fact, with the same _male_ company as one meets at the - parties of the Princess Metternich and Madame Drouyn de Lhuys. Some - English peers and members of Parliament were present, and appeared to - enjoy the animated and dazzlingly improper scene. On the second floor - the supper-tables were loaded with every delicacy of the season. That - your readers may form some idea of the dainty fare of the Parisian - _demi-monde_, I copy the _menu_ of the supper which was served to all - the guests (about 200) seated, at four o’clock. Choice Yquem, - Johannisberg, Lafitte, Tokay, and Champagne of the finest vintages - were served most lavishly throughout the morning. After supper dancing - was resumed with increased animation, and the ball terminated with a - _chaine diabolique_ and a _cancan d’enfer_ at seven in the - morning.”—(_Morning Post_, March 10th, 1865.) - -To which perhaps the most fitting comment is certain words of -Letourneau’s:—“It is important to make a distinction. The resemblance -between the moral coarseness of the savage and the depravation of the -civilised man is quite superficial.... The brutality of the savage has -nothing in common with the moral retrogression of the civilised man, -struck with decay.... The posterity of the savage may, with the aid of -time and culture, attain to great moral elevation, for there are vital -forces within him which are fresh and intact. The primitive man is still -young, and he possesses many latent energies susceptible of development. -In short, the savage is a child, while the civilised man, whose moral -nature is corrupt, presents to us rather the picture of decrepit old -age.”—(“Evolution of Marriage,” Chap. V.) - -If M. Letourneau will apply his strictures as to senility and decay to -so-called “Society” and its system, rather than to the individual, he -will find many thinkers, both of his own and other nationalities, agree -with his conclusion. Yet not death, but reform, is the righter event to -indicate. And by what means that reform may be ensured is, at least in -part, clearly set forth in the following passage from a paper recently -published by the Women’s Printing Society:— - - “My positive belief is that women, and women alone, will be able to - reverse the world’s verdict, but they must change their method of - reform in two important matters. - - “First and foremost, every mother must teach her daughters the truth, - the whole truth, and nothing but the truth about the relations of the - sexes, the condition of social opinion, the historical, physiological, - ethical aspects of the question. She must train herself so as to be - able to teach the young minds these solemn, serious aspects of life, - in such a way that the world may learn that the innocence of ignorance - is inferior to the purity of right-minded, fearless knowledge. She - must strengthen the minds and form the judgment of her daughters, so - that they may demand reciprocal purity in those whom they would - espouse. - - “I fully understand the difficulty of teaching our pure-minded, - delicately-nurtured daughters the terrible lessons of this seamy side - of life. I am a mother of daughters myself, and I know the cost at - which the courage has to be obtained, but in this matter each mother - must help another. What a mighty force is influence! What help is - conveyed by pressure of opinion! How often do I remember with - gratitude the words which I once read as quoted of Mrs. John Stuart - Mill, who taught her little daughter to have the courage to hear what - other little girls had to bear. How gladly I acknowledge the stimulus - of that example to myself, and therefore I would urge all women to - SPEAK OUT. Do not be afraid. You will not lose your womanliness. You - will not lose your purity. You will not have your sensibilities - blunted by such rough use. No, “To the pure all things are pure.” We - must reach the mass through the unit, it is the individual who helps - to move the world. - - “We must teach and train the mind of every woman with whom we come in - contact, for we have mighty work to do. A no less deed than to reverse - the judgment of the whole world on the subject of purity. I do not - believe it is possible for men to accomplish any radical reform in - this matter. It belongs to women—I was going to say exclusively—but I - will modify my assertion; and if women do not speak out more - courageously in the future than they have done in the past, I believe - there is but slight chance of any further amelioration in the - condition of society than those which are such an inadequate return at - the present time, for all the love and money expended on them.” - -And the same writer says, on a still more recent occasion: “I find no -words strong enough to denounce the sin of silence amongst women on -these social evils; and I have come to feel that the best proof of the -subjection and degradation of my sex lies in the opinions often -expressed by so-called Christian and pure women _about other women_. If -their judgments were not perverted, if their wills were not broken, if -their consciences were not asleep, and if their souls were not enslaved, -they would not, they could not, hold their peace and let the havoc go on -with women and children as it does.”—Mrs. Laura E. Morgan-Browne -(“_Woman’s Herald_”, 27th Feb., 1892). - -Mrs. Morgan-Browne is, perhaps, not more than needfully severe on the -almost criminal reticence of women; yet man must certainly take the -greater share of blame for the social “double morality” which condemns -irrevocably a woman, and leaves practically unscathed a man, for the -same act. It is male-made laws and rules that have resulted in the -perverted judgments, broken wills, sleeping consciences, and enslaved -souls, which both sexes may deplore. Charles Kingsley pointed a cogent -truth when he said that “Women will never obtain moral equity until they -have civil equality.” (See also Note XXXV., 6.) - - - XV. - - - 2.—“... _woman’s griefs with man of barbarous breed_.” - -“In all barbarous societies the subjection of woman is more or less -severe; customs or coarse laws have regulated the savagery of the first -anarchic ages; they have doubtless set up a barrier against primitive -ferocity, they have interdicted certain absolutely terrible abuses of -force, but they have only replaced these by a servitude which is still -very heavy, is often iniquitous, and no longer permits to -legally-possessed women those escapes, or capriciously accorded -liberties, which were tolerated in savage life.”—Letourneau (“Evolution -of Marriage,” Chap. XIV.). - - - 4.—“_Crippled and crushed by cruelty and toil_.” - -Some of this crippling has been of set purpose, as well as the simple -result of brutal male recklessness. Instance the distortion of the feet -of high-born female children in China, the tradition concerning which is -that the practice was initiated and enjoined by an emperor of old, one -of whose wives had (literally) “run away” from him. A somewhat similar -precaution would seem to be indicated as a very probable source of the -persistent and almost universal incommodity and incumbrance of the dress -of woman as compared with that of man. - -Dr. Thomas Inman, in his “Ancient Faiths Embodied in Ancient Names,” -Vol. I., p. 53, seems to indicate a different, yet closely allied, -origin and motive for the impeding form of woman’s clothing, the -subordinate status of woman being always the purpose in view. - -_Id._... “Even supposing a woman to give no encouragement to her -admirers, many plots are always laid to carry her off. In the encounters -which result from these, she is almost certain to receive some violent -injury, for each of the combatants orders her to follow him, and, in the -event of her refusing, throws a spear at her. The early life of a young -woman at all celebrated for beauty is generally one continued series of -captivities to different masters, of ghastly wounds, of wandering in -strange families, of rapid flights, of bad treatment from other females -amongst whom she is brought, a stranger, by her captor; and rarely do -you see a form of unusual grace and elegance but it is marked and -scarred by the furrows of old wounds; and many a female thus wanders -several hundred miles from the home of her infancy, being carried off -successively to distant and more distant points.”—Sir George Grey -(“Travels in North-Western Australia,” 1841, Vol. II., p. 249; quoted in -M’Lennan on “Primitive Marriage,” p. 75). - - - 5.—“... _her heart a gentle mien essayed_.” - -“Woman seems to differ from man in mental disposition, chiefly in -greater tenderness and less selfishness, and this holds good even with -savages, as shown by a well-known passage in “Mungo Park’s Travels,” and -by statements made by other travellers. Woman, owing to her maternal -instincts, displays these qualities towards her infants in an eminent -degree; therefore it is likely that she should often extend them towards -her fellow creatures.”... “Mungo Park heard the negro women teaching -their young children to love the truth.”—Darwin (“The Descent of Man,” -Chaps. IX., III.). - - - 6.—“_By deeper passion, holier impulse, swayed_.” - -Mrs. Eliza W. Farnham well says:—“Woman has accepted her subordinate -lot, and lived in it with comparatively little moral harm, as the only -truly superior and noble being could have done. The masculine spirit, -enslaved and imprisoned, becomes diabolic or broken; the feminine, only -warped, weakened, or distorted, is ready, whenever the pressure upon it -is removed, to assume its true attitude.”—(“Woman and Her Era,” Part -IV.) - -_Id._... Perhaps as appositely here, as elsewhere, may be recorded the -following:—“An American writer says: ‘While I lived among the Choctaw -Indians, I held a consultation with one of their chiefs respecting the -successive stages of their progress in the arts of civilised life, and, -among other things, he informed me that at their start they made a great -mistake, they only sent boys to school. Their boys came home intelligent -men, but they married uneducated and uncivilised wives, and the uniform -result was that the children were all like their mothers. The father -soon lost all his interest both in wife and children. And now,’ said he, -‘if we could educate but one class of our children, we should choose the -girls, for, when they become mothers, they educate their sons.’ This is -the point, and it is true.”—(_Manchester Examiner and Times_, Sept., -1870.) - - - 8.—“... _mother-love alone the infant oft preserved_.” - -In Polynesia, “if a child was born, the husband was free to kill the -infant, which was done by applying a piece of wet stuff to the mouth and -nose, or to let it live; but, in the latter case, he generally kept the -wife for the whole of her life. If the union was sterile, or the -children put to death, the man had always the right to abandon the woman -when and how it seemed good to him.”—Letourneau (“Evolution of -Marriage,” p. 113). - -_Id._... An Arab legend tells of a chief of Tamin, who became a constant -practitioner of infanticide in consequence of a wound given to his -pride ... and from that moment he interred alive all his daughters, -according to the ancient custom. But one day, during his absence, a -daughter was born to him, whom the mother secretly sent to a relative to -save her, and then declared to her husband that she had been delivered -of a still-born child.—(R. Smith, on “Kinship,” p. 282; quoted by -Letourneau, “Evolution of Marriage,” p. 83.) - -_Id._... Charles Darwin writes of Tierra del Fuego:—“The husband is to -the wife a brutal master to a laborious slave. Was a more horrid deed -ever perpetrated than that witnessed on the west coast by Byron, who saw -a wretched mother pick up her bleeding, dying infant-boy, whom her -husband had mercilessly dashed on the stones for dropping a basket of -sea-eggs!”—(“Voyage of the _Beagle_,” Chap. X.) - -_Id._... Mrs. Reichardt tells of a certain Moslem, of high standing in -the society of Damascus, who “married a young girl of ten, and, after -she had born him two sons, he drove her almost mad with such cruelty and -unkindness that she escaped, and went back to her father. Her husband -sent for her to return, and, as she was hidden out of his sight, he -wrung the necks of both his sons, and sent their bodies to his wife to -show her what he had in store for her. The young mother, not yet twenty, -died in a few days.”—(See _Nineteenth Century_, June, 1891.) - -_Id._... It will not be forgotten that, in more than one of the older -civilisations, the father had the power of life and death over the -members of the family, even past adult age. - -And, to come to quite recent times, and this our England, Mrs. -Wolstenholme Elmy, to whose unflagging energy, during some fifteen years -of labour, was mainly attributable (as the Parliamentary sponsors of the -measures know) the amelioration in the English law concerning wives and -mothers, embodied in the Married Women’s Property Acts of 1870 and 1882, -together with the later and beneficent Guardianship of Infants Act, -1886, relates, in her record of the history of this latter Act:— - - “It will be remembered that so recently as 1883, a young lady - petitioned that she might be allowed to spend her summer holidays with - her own mother, from whom she was separated for no fault of her own or - of her mother’s, but in virtue of the supreme legal rights of her - father. The Court refused her petition, natural and proper as it seems - to everyone of human feelings; and the words of the Master of the - Rolls in giving judgment, on the 24th of July, 1883, are more - significant and instructive as to the actual state of the law than the - words of any non-professional writer can be:—‘The law of England - _recognises the rights of the father_, not as the guardian, but - _because he is the father of his children_.... _The rights of the - father are recognised because he is the father_; his duties as a - father are recognised because they are natural duties. The natural - duties of a father are to treat his children with the utmost - affection, and with infinite tenderness.... The law recognises these - duties, from which if a father breaks he breaks from everything which - nature calls upon him to do; and, although the law may not be able to - insist upon their performance, it is because the law recognises them, - and knows that in almost every case the natural feelings of a father - will prevail. The law trusts that the father will perform his natural - duties, and does not, and, indeed, cannot, inquire how they have been - performed.... I am not prepared to say whether _when the child is a - ward of Court, and the conduct of the father is such as to exhaust all - patience—such, for instance, as cruelty, or pitiless spitefulness - carried to a great extent—the Court might not interfere. But such - interference will be exercised_ ONLY IN THE UTMOST NEED, AND IN MOST - EXTREME CASES. It is impossible to lay down the rule of the Court more - clearly than has been done by Vice-Chancellor Bacon in the recent case - of “_Re._ Plowley” (47 “L.T.,” N.S., 283). In saying that this Court, - “whatever be its authority or jurisdiction, _has no authority to - interfere with the sacred right of a father over his own children_,” - the learned Vice-Chancellor has summed up all that I intended to say. - _The rights of a father are sacred rights, because his duties are - sacred._...’ - - “These sacred rights of the father were, it will be observed, in the - eyes of the law so _exclusive_ and paramount as to justify and demand - the refusal to a young girl, at the most critical period of early - womanhood, of the solace of a few weeks’ intercourse with a blameless - and beloved mother; and this although the gratification of the - daughter’s wish would have involved no denial to the father of the - solace of his daughter’s company, since she was not actually, but only - _legally_, in his custody, not having seen him for more than a year. - - “It will be seen from this that the father alone has the absolute - legal right to deal with his child or children, to the extent of - separating them, at his own sole pleasure, from their mother, and of - giving them into the care and custody of any person whom he may think - fit. The mother has, as such, no legal status, no choice, voice, lot, - or part in the matter.”—Mrs. Wolstenholme Elmy (“The Infants’ Act, - 1886,” p. 2). - -It is consolatory to learn that a palliation of some part of the above -unjust conditions has been achieved; yet how often has our presumedly -happy land witnessed scenes of child misery and helpless mother-love, to -which was denied even the poor consolation, so pathetically depicted by -Mrs. Browning, in a scene which, as Moir truly says, “weighs on the -heart like a nightmare”;— - - “Do you hear the children weeping, oh! my brothers! - Ere the sorrow comes with years? - They are leaning their young heads against their mothers, - And _that_ cannot stop their tears.” - - - XVI. - - - 4.—“... _single basis_ ...” - -First written “disproportioned basis,” but altered, with good reason, in -the face of Mr. Herbert Spencer’s arrogant male thesis:—“Only that -mental energy is normally feminine which can co-exist with the -production and nursing of the due (!) number of healthy -children.”—(“Study of Sociology,” Chap. XV., note 5.) - -But Professor Huxley speaks, more humanly, of “... such a peasant woman -as one sees in the Alps, striding ever upward, heavily burdened, and -with mind bent only on her home; but yet, without effort and without -thought, knitting for her children. Now stockings are good and -comfortable things, and the children will undoubtedly be much the better -for them, but surely it would be short-sighted, to say the least of it, -to depreciate this toiling mother as a mere stocking-machine—a mere -provider of physical comforts.”—(“On Improving Natural Knowledge.”) - -Yet, if it be—as truly it is—a senseless and disgraceful depreciation of -woman to look upon her as “a mere machine for the making of stockings,” -is it not equally unworthy and unwise to consider her as—primarily and -essentially—a mere machine for the making of a “due” number of -stocking-wearers? - - - 5.—“... _quicker fire_.” - -In even so sedate and usually dispassionate a physiologist and -philosopher as Charles Darwin, the masculine sex-bias is so ingrained -and so ingenuous that he strives to disparage and contemn the notorious -mental quickness or intuition of woman by saying:—“It is generally -admitted that with woman the powers of intuition, of rapid perception, -and perhaps of imitation, are more strongly marked than in man; but -some, at least, of these faculties are characteristic of the lower -races, and therefore of a past and lower state of civilisation.”—(“The -Descent of Man,” Chap. XIX.). - -His unconscious sex-bias apparently overlooked the pregnant and very -pertinent caution which he had himself uttered in a previous -work:—“Useful organs, however little they may be developed, unless we -have reason to suppose that they were formerly more highly developed, -ought not to be considered as rudimentary. They may be in a nascent -condition, and in progress towards further development. Rudimentary -organs, on the other hand, are either quite useless, such as teeth which -never cut through the gums, or, almost useless, such as the wings of an -ostrich, which serve merely as sails.... It is, however, often difficult -to distinguish between rudimentary and nascent organs, for we can judge -only by analogy whether a part is capable of further development, in -which case alone it deserves to be called nascent.”—(“Origin of -Species,” Chap. XIV.). - -But surely Darwin would admit that experiment in capacity of education -and development was as worthy evidence as “analogy,” and would further -acknowledge how little effort in this direction had ever been made with -woman. Buckle would seem to be far nearer the truth in ascribing to -woman an unconscious deductive form of reasoning, as against the slow -and studied inductive process to which man is so generally trained to be -a slave.—(See Buckle’s Essay on the “Influence of Women on the Progress -of Knowledge,” as quoted from in Note XIII., 8.) - - - 7.—“... _one permitted end_ ...” - -“The function of child-bearing has been exaggerated to an utterly -disproportionate degree in her life; it has been made her almost sole -claim to existence. Yet it is not the true purpose of any intellectual -organism to live solely to give birth to succeeding organisms; its duty -is also to live for its own happiness and well-being.”—Ben Elmy -(“Studies in Materialism,” Chap. III.). - - _Id._ ... “... not a moth with vain desire - Is shrivelled in a fruitless fire, - Or but subserves another’s gain.” - —Tennyson (“In Memoriam,” LIV.). - - - XVII. - - - 5.—“... _aspirations crushed_ ...” - -“I have found life a series of hopes unfulfilled and wishes -ungratified.”—(Dying words of a talented woman.) - - - 6.—“... _purblind pride_ ...” - - “Pride, where wit fails, steps in to our defence, - And fills up all the mighty void of sense.” - —Pope. - - - 7.—“_Her every wish made subject_ ...” - -For a somewhat modern exemplification may be taken the instance of -Elizabeth Barrett Browning, in Paris with her husband, in 1852. She -writes of Georges Sand:—“She received us in a room with a bed in it, the -only room she has to occupy, I suppose, during her short stay in -Paris.... Ah, but I didn’t see her smoke; I was unfortunate. I could -only go with Robert three times to her house, and once she was out. He -was really very good and kind to let me go at all after he found the -sort of society rampant around her. He didn’t like it extremely, but, -being the prince of husbands, he was lenient to my desires, and yielded -the point.”—(“Life of Robert Browning,” by Mrs. Sutherland Orr, 1891.) - - - 8.—“... _her God_.” - -_Conf._ Milton (“Paradise Lost,” Book IV., 299):— - - “He for God only, she for God in him.” - -See Note XXXV., 5. Compare also the Code of Manu, v. 154, as quoted by -Letourneau:—“Although the conduct of her husband may be blameworthy, and -he may give himself up to other amours, and be devoid of good qualities, -a virtuous woman ought constantly to revere him as a God.”—(“Evolution -of Marriage,” Chap. XIII.) - -_Id._... Here may fittingly be appended some masculine concepts of -feminine duty in other races. - -The STATUS OF WOMAN, according to the CHINESE Classics:— - -In a periodical published in Shanghai, Dr. Faber, a well-known scholar, -writes (1891) a paper on the status of women in China. He refers -especially to the theoretical position assigned to women by the Chinese -Classics. These lay down the different dogmas on the subject: - - “1.—Women are as different in nature from man as earth is from heaven. - - “2.—Dualism, not only in body form, but in the very essence of nature, - is indicated and proclaimed by Chinese moralists of all times - and creed. The male belongs to _yang_, the female to _yin_. - - “3.—Death and all other evils have their origin in the _yin_, or - female principle; life and prosperity come from its subjection - to the _yang_ or male principle; and it is therefore regarded as - a law of nature that women should be kept under the control of - men, and not be allowed any will of their own. - - “4.—Women, indeed, are human beings, (!) but they are of a lower state - than men, and can never attain to full equality with them. - - “5.—The aim of female education, therefore, is perfect submission, not - cultivation and development of mind. - - “6.—Women cannot have any happiness of their own; they have to live - and work for men. - - “7.—Only as the mother of a son, as the continuator of the direct line - of a family, can a woman escape from her degradation and become - to a certain degree her husband’s equal; but then only in - household affairs, especially the female department, and in the - ancestral hall. - - “8.—In the other world, woman’s condition remains exactly the same, - for the same laws of existence apply. She is not the equal of - her husband; she belongs to him, and is dependent for her - happiness on the sacrifice offered by her descendants. - -“These are the doctrines taught by Confucius, Mencius, and the ancient -sages, whose memory has been revered in China for thousands of years.” - -And now, what wonder that Chinese civilisation and progress is, and -remains, fossilised, inert, dead? - - - JAPAN. - -“There is one supreme maxim upon which the conduct of a well-bred woman -is made to turn, and this is ‘obedience.’ Life, the Japanese girl is -taught, divides itself into three stages of obedience. In youth she is -to obey her father; in marriage her husband; in widowhood her eldest -son. Hence her preparation for life is always preparation for service. -The marriage of the Japanese girl usually takes place when she is about -seventeen. It is contrary to all custom that she should have any voice -in it. Once married, she passes from her father’s household into the -household of her husband, and her period of self-abnegation begins. Her -own family is to be as nothing to her. Her duty is to charm the -existence of her husband, and to please his relations. Custom demands -that she shall always smile upon him, and that she shall carefully hide -from him any signs of bad humour, jealousy, or physical pain.”—Tinseau -(quoted in _Review of Reviews_, Vol. IV., p. 282.) - -Note well the last two words of the above quotation; they have a bearing -on much that will have to be said presently. Meanwhile, we read from -another writer: “The expression, _res angusta domi_, might have been -invented for Japan, so narrow of necessity is the wife’s home life. The -husband mixes with the world, the wife does not; the husband has been -somewhat inspired, and his thoughts widened by his intercourse with -foreigners, the wife has not met them. The husband has more or less -acquaintance with western learning; the wife has none. Affection between -the two, within the limits which unequal intellectuality ruthlessly -prescribes, there well may be, but the love which comes of a perfect -intimacy, of mutual knowledge and common aspiration, there can rarely -be. The very vocabulary of romantic love does not exist in Japanese; _a -fortiori_, there is little of the fact.” Yet, under the influence of -western civilisation, these things are changing rapidly, and Mr. Norman, -the commissioner of the _Pall Mall Gazette_, further relates that “The -generation that is now growing up will be very different. Not only will -the men of it be more western, but the women also. As girls they will -have been to schools like our schools at home, and they will have -learned English, and history, and geography, and science, and foreign -music; perhaps, even, something of politics and political economy. They -will know something of ‘society,’ as we now use the term, and will both -seek it and make it. The old home life will become unbearable to the -woman, and she will demand the right of choosing her husband just as -much as he chooses her. Then the rest will be easy.” - -The harsh and restrained position, both of Japanese and Chinese women, -is frequently attributed to Confucianism; yet the matter does not seem -to be of any one creed, but rather of every religious creed. Thus Mrs. -Reichardt tells us, concerning Mahommedan women and Mahommedan married -life, that— - -“A Mahommedan girl is brought up with the idea that she has nothing to -do with love. It is _ayib_ (shame) for her to love her husband. She dare -not do it if she would. What he asks and expects of her is to tremble -before him, and yield him unquestioning obedience. I have _seen_ a -husband look pleased and complacent when his wife looked afraid to lift -up her eyes, even when visitors were present.”—(_Nineteenth Century_, -June, 1891.) - -Nor is Confucius alone, or the simple contagion of his teaching, rightly -to be blamed for the following condition of things in our own dependency -of - - - INDIA. - -The _Bombay Guardian_ calls attention to an extraordinary book which is -being circulated (early in 1891) broadcast, as a prize-book in the -Government Girls’ School in the Bombay Presidency. The following -quotations are given as specimens of the teachings set forth in the -book:— - -“If the husband of a virtuous woman be ugly, of good or bad disposition, -diseased, fiendish, irascible, or a drunkard, old, stupid, dumb, blind, -deaf, hot-tempered, poor, extremely covetous, a slanderer, cowardly, -perfidious, and immoral, nevertheless she ought to worship him as God, -with mind, speech, and person. - -“The wife who gives an angry answer to her husband will become a village -pariah dog; she will also become a jackal, and live in an uninhabited -desert. - -“The woman who eats sweetmeats without sharing them with her husband -will become a hen-owl, living in a hollow tree.—(Conf. Note VI., 8.) - -“The woman who walks alone without her husband will become a -filth-eating village sow. - -“The woman who speaks disrespectfully to her husband will be dumb in the -next incarnation. - -“The woman who hates her husband’s relations will become from birth to -birth a musk-rat, living in filth. - -“She who is always jealous of her husband’s concubine will be childless -in the next incarnation.” - -To illustrate the blessed result of a wife’s subserviency, a story is -told of “the great reward that came to the wife of an ill-tempered, -diseased, and wicked Brahmin, who served her husband with a slavish -obedience, and even went the length of carrying him on her own shoulders -to visit his mistress.” - -So quotes the _Woman’s Journal_ of Boston, Mass., and says in comment -thereon:—“The British Government in India has bound itself not to -interfere with the religion of the natives, but it certainly ought not -to inculcate in Government schools the worst doctrines of heathenism.” - -Yet, again, are these Hindoo, or Japanese, or Chinese doctrines simply -the precepts of “heathenism” alone? Buckle quotes for us the following -passage from the Nonconformist “Fergusson on the Epistles,” 1656, p. -242:—“There is not any husband to whom this honour of submission is not -due. No personal infirmity, frowardness of nature, no, not even on the -point of religion, doth deprive him of it.” - -Much the same teaching is continued a century later in the noted Dr. -Gregory’s “A Father’s Legacy to his Daughters”; and again, hideously -true is the picture which Mill has to draw, in 1869:—“Above all, a -female slave has (in Christian countries) an admitted right, and is -considered under a moral obligation to refuse to her master the last -familiarity. Not so the wife; however brutal a tyrant she may -unfortunately be chained to, though she may know that he hates her, -though it may be his daily pleasure to torture her, and though she may -feel it impossible not to loathe him, he can claim from her and enforce -the lowest degradation of a human being, that of being made the -instrument of an animal function contrary to her inclinations.... No -amount of ill-usage, without adultery superadded, will in England free a -wife from her tormentor.”—(“The Subjection of Women,” pp. 57, 59.) - -As to how far public feeling, if not law, has amended some of these -conditions, see Note XXXVI., 6. Meanwhile, as an evidence of what is the -“orthodox” opinion and sentiment at this present day, it may be noted -that Cardinal Manning wrote in the _Dublin Review_, July, 1891:—“A woman -enters for life into a sacred contract with a man before God at the -altar to fulfil to him the duties of wife, mother, and head of his home. -Is it lawful for her, even with his consent, to make afterwards a second -contract for so many shillings a week with a millowner whereby she -becomes unable to provide her husband’s food, train up her children, or -do the duties of her home? It is no question of the lawfulness of -gaining a few more shillings for the expenses of a family, but of the -lawfulness of breaking a prior contract, the most solemn between man and -woman. No arguments of expediency can be admitted. It is an obligation -of conscience to which all things must give way. The duties of home must -first be done” (by the woman) “then other questions may be entertained.” - -Are not these English injunctions to womanly and wifely slavery as -trenchant and merciless as any ascribed to so-called “heathenism”? And -is it not the fuller truth that the spirit of the male teaching against -woman is the same all the world over, and no mere matter of creed—which -is nevertheless made the convenient vehicle for such teaching; and that, -in brief, the precepts of womanly and wifely servitude are blind, -brutal, and universal? - -See also Note XXXIV., 8. - - - XVIII. - - - 8.—“_To compass power unknown in body and in mind_.” - -“We need a new ethic of the sexes, and this not merely, or even mainly, -as an intellectual construction, but as a discipline of life, and we -need more. We need an increasing education and civism of women.”—P. -Geddes and J. A. Thomson (“The Evolution of Sex,” p. 297). - -Newnham and Girton, Vassar and Zurich, are already rendering account of -woman’s scope of mental power; while the circus, the gymnasium, swimming -and mountaineering are showing what she might do corporeally, apart from -her hideous and literally impeding style of clothing. As for some other -forms of utilitarian occupation, read the following concerning certain -of the Lancashire women:— - -“Mr. Edgar L. Wakeman, an observant American author, is at present on a -visit to this country, and is giving his countrymen the benefit of his -impressions of English life and social conditions. - -“The ‘pit-brow’ lasses of the Wigan district will not need to complain, -for he writes of them not only in a kindly spirit, but even with -enthusiasm for their healthy looks, graceful figures, and good conduct. -We need not follow his description of the processes in which the women -of the colliery are employed, but we may say in passing that Mr. Wakeman -was astonished by the ‘wonderful quickness of eye and movement’ shown by -the ‘screeners,’ and by the ‘superb physical development’ and agility of -the ‘fillers.’ He had expected to find them ‘the most forlorn creatures -bearing the image of women,’ and he found them strong, healthy, -good-natured, and thoroughly respectable. ‘English roses glow from -English cheeks. You cannot find plumper figures, prettier forms, more -shapely necks, or daintier feet, despite the ugly clogs, in all of -dreamful Andalusia. The “broo gear” is laid aside on the return home -from work, and then the “pit-brow” lass is arrayed as becomingly as any -of her class in England, and in the village street, or at church of a -Sunday, you could not pick her out from among her companions, unless for -her fine colour, form, and a positively classic poise and grace of -carriage possessed by no other working women of England. Altogether,’ he -says, ‘I should seriously regard the pit-brow lasses as the handsomest, -healthiest, happiest, and most respectable working women in -England.’—(_Manchester Guardian_, Aug. 28, 1891.) - -_Id._... Concerning the question of male and female dress, evidence as -to how far woman has been hindered and “handicapped” by her conventional -attire, and not by her want of physical strength or courage, is reported -from time to time in the public prints, as witness the following, -published generally in the English newspapers of 14th Oct., 1891:— - - “Not long since a well-known European courier, having grown grey in - his occupation, fell ill, and like others similarly afflicted, was - compelled to call in a doctor. This gentleman was completely taken by - surprise on discovering that his patient was a female. Then the sick - woman—who had piloted numerous English and American families through - the land of the Latin, the Turk, and others, and led timid tourists - safely through many imaginary dangers—confessed that she had worn - men’s clothes for forty years. She stated that her reasons for this - masquerade were that having, at the age of thirteen, been left a - friendless orphan, she had become convinced, after futile struggling - for employment, that many of the obstacles in her path could be swept - away by discarding her proper garments and assuming the _rôle_ and - attire of masculine youth. This she did. She closely cut her hair, - bought boy’s clothes, put them on, and sallied forth in the world to - seek her fortune. With the change of dress seems to have come a change - of luck, for she quickly found employment, and being an apt scholar, - and facile at learning languages, was enabled after a time to obtain a - position as courier, and, but for her unfortunate illness, it is - tolerably certain that the truth would never have been revealed during - her lifetime.” - -In the early days of April, 1892, the Vienna correspondent of the -_Standard_ reported that— - - “On the 30th ult., there died in Hungary, at about the same hour, two - ladies who served in 1848 in the Revolutionary Army, and fought in - several of the fiercest battles, dressed in military uniform. One of - them was several times promoted, and, under the name of Karl, attained - the rank of First Lieutenant of Hussars. At this point, however, an - artillery major stopped her military career by marrying her. The other - fought under the name of Josef, and was decorated for valour in the - field. She married long after the campaign. A Hungarian paper, - referring to the two cases, says that about a dozen women fought in - 1848 in the insurrectionary ranks.” - -Somewhat more detailed particulars concerning “Lieutenant Karl” were -afterwards given by the _Manchester Guardian_ (June 6, 1892), as -follows:— - - “The Austrian _Volkszeitung_ announces the death of Frau Marie Hoche, - who has had a most singular and romantic career. Her maiden name was - Lepstuk. In the momentous year of 1848 Marie Lepstuk, who was then - eighteen years of age, joined the German legion at Vienna; then, - returning home, she adopted the name of Karl and joined the Tyroler - Jager Regiment of the revolutionary army. She showed great bravery in - the battlefield, received the medallion, and was raised to the rank of - lieutenant. A wound compelled her to go into hospital, but after her - recovery she joined the Hussars. As a reward for exceeding bravery she - was next made oberlieutenant on the field. Soon after this her sex was - discovered, but a major fell in love with her, and they were married. - At Vilagos both were taken prisoners, and while in the fortress she - gave birth to her first child. After the major’s death she was - remarried to Oberlieutenant Hoche. For the past few years Frau Hoche - has been in needy circumstances, but an appeal from Jokai brought - relief.” - -All of which goes far to discredit M. Michelet’s theory that women are -“born invalids,” an assertion which Dr. Julia Mitchell “stigmatises -naturally enough as ‘all nonsense,’” and is thus approved—with a strange -magnanimity—by the _British Medical Journal_.—(See _Pall Mall Gazette_, -April 29, 1892.) - -The “incapacity of women for military service” has been of late days -continually quoted as a bar to their right of citizenship, as far as the -Parliamentary Franchise is concerned. In the face of the foregoing -cases, and of the fact that every mother risks her life in becoming a -mother, while very few men, indeed, risk theirs on the battlefield, it -might be thought that the fallacious argument would have perished from -shame and inanition long ago. But the inconsistencies of -partly-cultivated, masculine, one-sexed intellect are as stubborn as -blind. - -See also Note XLV., 6. - - - XIX. - - - 6.—“_The ecstasy of earnest souls_ ...” - -“Without recognising the possibilities of individual and of racial -evolution, we are shut up to the conventional view that the poet and his -heroine alike are exceptional creations, hopelessly beyond the everyday -average of the race. Whereas, admitting the theory of evolution, we are -not only entitled to the hope, but logically compelled to the assurance -that these rare fruits of an apparently more than earthly paradise of -love, which only the forerunners of the race have been privileged to -gather, or, it may be, to see from distant heights, are yet the -realities of a daily life towards which we and ours may journey.”—Geddes -and Thomson (“Evolution of Sex,” p. 267). - -_Id._... “What marriage may be in the case of two persons of cultivated -faculties, identical in opinions and purposes, between whom there exists -that best kind of equality, similarity of powers, and capacities with -reciprocal superiority in them—so that each can enjoy the pleasure of -looking up to the other, and can have alternately the pleasure of -leading and of being led in the path of development—I will not attempt -to describe. To those who can conceive it there is no need; to those who -cannot, it would appear the dream of an enthusiast. But I maintain, with -the profoundest conviction, that this, and this only, is the ideal of -marriage; and that all opinions, customs, and institutions which favour -any other notion of it, or turn the conceptions and aspirations -connected with it into any other direction, by whatever pretences they -may be coloured, are relics of primitive barbarism. The moral -regeneration of mankind will only really commence when the most -fundamental of the social relations is placed under the rule of equal -justice, and when human beings learn to cultivate their strongest -sympathy with an equal in rights and cultivation.”—J. S. Mill (“The -Subjection of Women,” p. 177). - - - XX. - - - 2.—“_And lingers still the hovering shade of night_.” - -George Eliot had yet to say, “Heaven was very cruel when it made women”; -and Georges Sand, “Fille on nous supprime, femme on nous opprime.” - - - XXI. - - - 1.—“... _carnal servitude_...” - -It may be objected by some that details in the verse or in these notes -are of too intimate a character for general narration. The notes have, -however, all been taken either from widely read public prints of -indisputable singleness of purpose, or works of writers of undoubted -integrity. One is not much troubled as to those who would criticise -further. To them may be offered the incident and words of the late Dr. -Magee, who, as Bishop of Peterborough, and a member of a legislative -committee on the question of child-life insurance, said:—“In this matter -we have to count with two things: first, almost all our facts are -secrets of the bedchamber; and, secondly, we are opposed by great vested -interests. This thing is not to be done without a good deal of -pain.”—(_Review of Reviews_, Vol. IV., p. 37). - -And thus are verified, in a transcendental sense also, the words of -Schiller:— - - “Und _in feurigem Bewegen_ - Werden alle Kräfte kund.” - (“Die Glocke.”) - - - 7.—“_Survival from dim age_ ...” - -See Note XXIII., 1. - - - XXII. - - - 1.—“... _girlhood’s helpless years_ ...” - -Somewhat as to these ancient conditions may be gathered from the -position in India at the present day. Read the following:—“The practice -of early marriages by Hindoos I was, of course, informed of by reading -before coming to India, but its mention in books was always coupled with -the assertion that in India girls reach puberty at a much earlier age -than in cold climates. Judge, therefore, of my surprise to find that so -far from Hindoo girls being precocious in physical development, they are -much behind in this respect; that a Hindoo girl of fifteen is about the -equal of an English child of eleven, instead of the reverse, and that -the statements made to the contrary by Englishmen who have no -opportunity of becoming acquainted with Hindoo family life, were totally -misleading. In the first place they were under the impression that -marriage never takes place before puberty, and, secondly, they accepted -the Hindoo view as to what constitutes puberty. You know that, -unfortunately, they were misled as regards the first point. I hope to -show you that in the second place the idea which they accepted as -correct is a totally mistaken one.”—Mrs. Pechey Phipson, M.D. (Address -to the Hindoos of Bombay on the subject of child-marriage; delivered at -the Hall of the Prarthana Somaj, Bombay, on the 11th Oct., 1890). - - - 2.—“... _sexual wrong_.” - -“As regards the marriage of girls before even what is called puberty, I -can hardly trust myself to speak, so strongly are my feelings those of -all Western—may I not say of all civilised?—people in looking upon it as -actually criminal. Ah! gentlemen, those of you who are conversant with -such cases as I have seen, cases like those of Phulmoni Dossee, which -has just now stirred your hearts to insist upon some change in the -existing law, and others where a life-long decrepitude has followed, to -which death itself were far preferable, do you not feel with me that -penal servitude is not too hard a punishment for such brutality? I am -glad to think that a very large section of Hindoo men think with me. I -have been repeatedly spoken to on the subject, and members even of those -castes which are most guilty in this matter, have expressed to me a wish -that Government would interfere and put a stop to the practice.”—Mrs. -Pechey Phipson, M.D., _op. cit._ - -A terrible evidence to the evil is borne by the following document:— - - [FROM “THE TIMES OF INDIA,” NOVEMBER 8TH, 1890.] - - _To his Excellency the Viceroy and Governor-General of India._ - - May it please Your Excellency.—The undersigned ladies, practising - medicine in India, respectfully crave your Excellency’s attention to - the following facts and considerations:— - - 1. Your Excellency is aware that the present state of the Indian law - permits marriages to be consummated not only before the wife is - physically qualified for the duties of maternity, but before she is - able to perform the duties of the conjugal relation, thus giving rise - to numerous and great evils. - - 2. This marriage practice has become the cause of gross immoralities - and cruelties, which, owing to existing legislation, come practically - under the protection of the law. In some cases the law has permitted - homicide, and protected men, who, under other circumstances, would - have been criminally punished. - - 3. The institution of child-marriage rests upon public sentiment, - vitiated by degenerate religious customs and misinterpretation of - religious books. There are thousands among the better educated classes - who would rejoice if Government would take the initiative, and make - such a law as your memorialists plead for, and in the end the masses - would be grateful for their deliverance from the galling yoke that has - bound them to poverty, superstition, and the slavery of custom for - centuries. - - 4. The present system of child-marriage, in addition to the physical - and moral effects which the Indian Governments have deplored, produces - sterility, and consequently becomes an excuse for the introduction of - other child-wives into the family, thus becoming a justification for - _polygamy_. - - 5. This system panders to sensuality, lowers the standard of health - and morals, degrades the race, and tends to perpetuate itself and all - its attendant evils to future generations. - - 6. The lamentable case of the child-wife, Phulmani Dassi, of Calcutta, - which has excited the sympathy and the righteous indignation of the - Indian public, is only one of thousands of cases that are continually - happening, the final results being quite as horrible, but sometimes - less immediate. The following instances have come under the personal - observation of one or another of your Excellency’s petitioners:— - - A. Aged 9. Day after marriage. Left _femur_ dislocated, _pelvis_ - crushed out of shape, flesh hanging in shreds. - - B. Aged 10. Unable to stand, bleeding profusely, flesh much lacerated. - - C. Aged 9. So completely ravished as to be almost beyond surgical - repair. Her husband had two other living wives, and spoke very fine - English. - - D. Aged 10. A very small child, and entirely undeveloped physically. - This child was bleeding to death from the _rectum_. Her husband was - a man of about 40 years of age, weighing not less than 11 stone. He - had accomplished his desire in an unnatural way. - - E. Aged about 9. Lower limbs completely paralysed. - - F. Aged about 12. Laceration of the _perineum_ extending through the - _sphincter ani_. - - G. Aged about 10. Very weak from loss of blood. Stated that great - violence had been done her in an unnatural way. - - H. Aged about 12. Pregnant, delivered by _craniotomy_ with great - difficulty, on account of the immature state of the _pelvis_ and - maternal passage. - - I. Aged about 7. Living with husband. Died in great agony after three - days. - - K. Aged about 10. Condition most pitiable. After one day in hospital - was demanded by her husband for his “lawful” use, he said. - - L. Aged 11. From great violence done her person will be a cripple for - life. No use of her lower extremities. - - M. Aged about 10. Crawled to hospital on her hands and knees. Has - never been able to stand erect since her marriage. - - N. Aged 9. Dislocation of _pubic arch_, and unable to stand, or to put - one foot before the other. - -In view of the above facts, the undersigned lady doctors and medical -practitioners appeal to your Excellency’s compassion to enact or -introduce a measure by which the consummation of marriage will not be -permitted before the wife has attained the full age of fourteen (14) -years. The undersigned venture to trust that the terrible urgency of the -matter will be accepted as an excuse for this interruption of your -Excellency’s time and attention. - - (Signed by 55 lady-physicians.) - -The memorial as above was initiated by Mrs. Monelle Mansell, M.A., M.D., -who has been in practice in India for seventeen years, and it received -the signature of every other lady doctor there. The cases of abuse above -specified are “only a few out of many hundreds—of cruel wrongs, deaths, -and maimings for life received by helpless child-wives at the hands of -brutal husbands, which have come under Dr. Monelle Mansell’s personal -observation, or that of her associates.” - -With regard to case K, and “lawful” use, compare what is said by Dr. -Emma B. Ryder, who is also in medical practice in India, concerning the -“Little Wives of India”:—“If I could take my readers with me on my round -of visits for one week, and let them behold the condition of the little -wives ... if you could see the suffering faces of the little girls, who -are drawn nearly double with contractions caused by the brutality of -their husbands, and who will never be able to stand erect; if you could -see the paralysed limbs that will not again move in obedience to the -will; if you could hear the plaintive wail of the little sufferers as, -with their tiny hands clasped, they beg you ‘to make them die,’ and then -turn and listen to the brutal remarks of the legal owner with regard to -the condition of his property. If you could stand with me by the side of -the little deformed dead body, and, turning from the sickening sight, -could be shown the new victim to whom the brute was already betrothed, -do you think it would require long arguments to convince you that there -was a deadly wrong somewhere, and that someone was responsible for it? -After one such scene a Hindoo husband said to me, ‘You look like feel -bad’ (meaning sad); ‘doctors ought not to care what see. I don’t care -what see, nothing trouble me, only when self sick; I not like to have -pain self.’... A man may be a vile and loathsome creature, he may be -blind, a lunatic, an idiot, a leper, or diseased in a worse form; he may -be fifty, seventy, or a hundred years old, and may be married to a baby -or a girl of five or ten, who positively loathes his presence, but if he -claims her she must go, and the English law for the ‘Restitution of -Conjugal Rights’ compels her to remain in his power, or imprisons her if -she refuses. There is no other form of slavery on the face of the earth -that begins with the slavery as enforced upon these little girls of -India.”—(“The Home-Maker,” New York, June, 1891, quoted in the _Review -of Reviews_, Vol. IV., p. 38.) - -And the _Times_ of 11th November, 1889, reported from its Calcutta -correspondent:—“Two shocking cases of wife-killing lately came before -the courts—in both cases the result of child-marriage. In one a child -aged ten was strangled by her husband. In the second case a child of ten -years was ripped open with a wooden peg. Brutal sexual exasperation was -the sole apparent reason in both instances. Compared with the terrible -evils of child-marriage, widow cremation is of infinitely inferior -magnitude. The public conscience is continually being affronted with -these horrible atrocities, but, unfortunately, native public opinion -generally seems to accept these revelations with complete apathy.” - -For what slight legislative amendment has recently been effected in the -grievances mentioned by Dr. Ryder, see Note XXIV., 4. The “Restitution -of Conjugal Rights,” so justly condemned by her, does, indeed, appear to -have had—by some inadvertence—a recognition in the Indian Courts which -was not its lawful due. But for some fuller particulars on this matter, -both as concerns India and England, see Note XXXVI., 6. - - - XXIII. - - - 1.—“_Action repeated tends to rhythmic course_.” - -“Other and wider muscular actions, partly internal and partly external, -also take place in a rhythmical manner in relation with systemic -conditions. The motions of the diaphragm and of the thoracic and -abdominal walls, in connection with respiration, belong to this -category. These movements, though in the main independent of will, are -capable of being very considerably modified thereby, and while they are -most frequently unheeded, they have a very recognisable accompaniment of -feeling when attention is distinctly turned to them.... The contraction -of oviducts or of the womb, as well as the movements concerned in -respiration, also had their beginnings in forms of life whose advent is -now buried in the immeasurable past.”—Dr. H. C. Bastian (“The Brain as -an Organ of Mind,” p. 220). - - - 4.—“_Till habit bred hereditary trace_.” - -“Let it be granted that the more frequently psychical states occur in a -certain order, the stronger becomes their tendency to cohere in that -order, until they at last become inseparable; let it be granted that -this tendency is, in however slight a degree, inherited, so that if the -experiences remain the same, each successive generation bequeaths a -somewhat increased tendency, and it follows that, in cases like the one -described, there must eventually result an automatic connection of -nervous actions, corresponding to the external relations perpetually -experienced. Similarly, if from some change in the environment of any -species its members are frequently brought in contact with a relation -having terms a little more involved; if the organisation of the species -is so far developed as to be impressible by these terms in close -succession, then an inner relation corresponding to this new outer -relation will gradually be formed, and will, in the end, become organic. -And so on in subsequent stages of progress.”—Herbert Spencer -(“Principles of Psychology,” Vol. I., p. 439). - -_Id._... “I have described the manner in which the hereditary tendencies -and instincts arise from habit, induced in the nervous cellules by a -sufficient repetition of the same acts.”—Letourneau (“The Evolution of -Marriage,” Chap. I.). - -_Id._... “Ainsi l’évacuation menstruelle une fois introduite dans -l’espèce, se sera communiquée par une filiation non interrompue; de -sorte qu’on peut dire qu’une femme a maintenant des règles, par la seule -raison que sa mère les a eues, comme elle aurait été phthisique peut -être, si sa mère l’eût été; il y a plus, elle peut être sujette au flux -menstruel, même quoique la cause primitive qui introduisit ce besoin ne -subsiste plus en elle.”—Roussel (“Système de la Femme,” p. 134). - -_Id._... “Il y a eu des auteurs qui ne voulaient pas considérer la -menstruation comme une fonction inhérente à la nature de la femme, mais -comme une fonction acquise, continuant par l’habitude.”—Raciborski -(“Traité de la Menstruation,” p. 17). - -_Id._... “The ‘set’ of mind, as Professor Tyndall well calls it, -whether, as he says, ‘impressed upon the molecules of the brain,’ or -conveyed in any other way, is quite as much a human as an animal -phenomenon. Perhaps the greater part of those qualities which we call -the characteristics of race are nothing else but the ‘set’ of the minds -of men transmitted from generation to generation, stronger and more -marked when the deeds are repeated, weaker and fainter as they fall into -disuse.... Tyndall says: ‘No mother can wash or suckle her baby without -having a “set” towards washing and suckling impressed upon the molecules -of her brain, and this set, according to the laws of hereditary -transmission, is passed on to her daughter. Not only, therefore, does -the woman at the present day suffer deflection from intellectual -pursuits through her proper motherly instincts, but inherited -proclivities act upon her mind like a multiplying galvanometer, to -augment indefinitely the amount of the deflection. _Tendency_ is -immanent even in spinsters, to warp them from intellect to baby-love.’ -(Essay: “Odds and Ends of Alpine Life.”) Thus, if we could, by preaching -our pet ideal, or in any other way induce one generation of women to -turn to a new pursuit, we should have accomplished a step towards -bending all future womanhood in the same direction.”—Frances Power Cobbe -(Essay: “The Final Cause of Woman”). - -See also Note XXVI., 7. - - - 6.—“... _e’en the virgin_ ...” - -An experienced gynæcologist writes:—“For want of proper information in -this matter, many a frightened girl has resorted to every conceivable -device to check what she supposed to be an unnatural and dangerous -hæmorrhage, and thereby inaugurated menstrual derangements which have -prematurely terminated her life, or enfeebled her womanhood. I have been -consulted by women of all ages, who frankly attributed their physical -infirmities to the fact of their having applied ice, or made other cold -applications locally, in their frantic endeavours to arrest the first -menstrual flow.” - -What general practitioner has not met with analogous instances in the -circle of his own patients? - - - 7.—“... _ere fit_ ...” - -“The physician, whose duty is not only to heal the sick, but also to -prevent disease and to improve the race, and hence who must be a teacher -of men and women, should teach sound doctrine in regard to the injurious -results of precocious marriage. Mothers especially ought to be taught, -though some have learned the lesson by their own sad experience, that -puberty and nubility are not equivalent terms, but stand for periods of -life usually separated by some years; the one indicates capability, the -other fitness, for reproduction.”—Parvin (“Obstetrics,” p. 91). - -_Id._... “_The general maturity of the whole frame_ is the true -indication that the individual, whether male or female, has reached a -fit age to reproduce the species. It is not one small and unimportant -symptom by which this question must be judged. Many things go to make up -virility in man; the beard, the male voice, the change in figure, and -the change in disposition; and in girls there is a long period of -development in the bust, in the hips, in bone and muscle, changes which -take years for their proper accomplishment before the girl can be said -to have grown into a woman. All this is not as a rule completed before -the age of twenty. Woman’s form is not well developed before she is -twenty years old; her pelvis, which has been called the laboratory of -generation, has not its perfect shape until then; hence an earlier -maternity is not desirable. If the demand is made on the system before -that, the process of development is necessarily interfered with, and -both mother and offspring suffer. Even in countries where the age of -marriage is between twenty and twenty-five, where, therefore, the mother -has not been weakened by early maternity, it is remarked that the -strongest children are born to parents of middle age, _i.e._, from -thirty-five to forty; this, the prime of life to the parent, is the -happiest moment for the advent of her progeny.”—Mrs. Pechey Phipson, -M.D. (Address to the Hindoos). - -See also end of Note XXIV., 1. - - - 8.—“_Abnormal fruits of birth_ ...” - -Dr. John Thorburn, in his “Lecture introductory to the Summer Course on -Obstetric Medicine,” Victoria University, Manchester, 1884, says:—“Let -me briefly remind you of what occurs at each menstrual period. During -nearly one week out of every four there occurs the characteristic -phenomenon of menstruation, which in itself has some temporary -_impoverishing effect_, though, in health, nature speedily provides the -means of recuperation. Along with this we have a marked disturbance in -the circulation of the pelvis, leading to alterations in the weight, -conformation, and position of the _uterus_. We have also tissue changes -occurring, _not perhaps yet thoroughly understood_, but leading to -ruptures in the ovary, and to exfoliation of the uterine lining -membrane, _a kind of modified abortion, in fact_. These changes in most -instances are accompanied by signs of pain and discomfort, which, if -they were not periodic and physiological, would be considered as -symptoms of disease.” - -(The italics are not in the original.) Here is certainly cogent evidence -of “abnormal fruit of birth,” and the learned doctor seems to be on the -verge of making the involuntary discovery. But he follows the usual -professional attempt (see Note XXX., 4) to class menstruation as a -physiological and not a pathological fact; as a natural, painful -incident, and not an acquired painful consequence. His half-declared -argument, that, because an epoch of pain is periodic it is therefore not -symptomatic of disease, is a theory as unsatisfactory as novel. - -_Id._... Some of the facts connected with parthenogenesis, alternate -generation, the impregnation of insects, &c., passed on through more -than one generation, would show by analogy this class of phenomena not -extranatural or unprecedented, but abnormal and capable of rectification -or reduction to pristine normality or non-existence. The fact of -occasional instances of absence of menstruation, yet with a perfect -potentiality of child-bearing, indicates this latter possibility. That -the male being did not correspondingly suffer in personal physiological -sequence is explicable on the ground that the masculine bodily function -of parentage cannot be subjected to equal forced sexual abuse; though in -the male sex also there is indication that excess may leave hereditary -functional trace. And that, again, a somewhat analogous physical -abnormality may be induced by man in other animals, compare the -intelligent words of George Eliot in her poem, “A Minor Prophet”:— - - “... milkmaids who drew milk from cows, - With udders kept abnormal for that end.” - -In confirmation of which see “Report of the Committee, consisting of Mr. -E. Bidwell, Professor Boyd Dawkins, and others, appointed for the -purpose of preparing a Report on the Herds of Wild Cattle in Chartley -Park, and other parks in Great Britain.” The Committee state, concerning -a herd of wild cattle at Somerford Park, near Congleton, of which herd -“the cows are all regularly milked,” that “The udders of the cows here -are as large as in ordinary domestic cows, which is not the case in the -herds which are not milked.”—(“Report of the British Association,” 1887, -p. 141.) - - - XXIV. - - - 1.—“_Misread by man_ ...” - -“You say ‘We marry our girls when they reach puberty,’ and you take as -indication of that stage one only, and that the least certain, of the -many changes which go to make up maturity. It is the least certain -because the most variable, and dependent more upon climate and -conditions of life than upon any true physical development. No one would -deny that a strong country girl of thirteen was more mature physically -than a girl of eleven brought up in the close, unwholesome atmosphere of -a crowded city, yet you say the latter has attained to puberty, and that -the former has not. Into such discrepancies has this physiological error -led you. Without going into the domain of physiology for proof of -assertion, let me draw your attention to the very practical proof of its -truth, which you have in the fact well-known to you all, that girls -married at this so-called period of puberty do not, as a rule, bear -children till some years later, _i.e._, till they really approach -maturity. I allow that you share this error with all but modern -physiologists. Even if marriage is delayed till fourteen, where -conception takes place immediately, sterility follows after; but where -the girl is strong and healthy there is a lapse of three or four years -before child-bearing begins, a proof that puberty had not been reached -till then, although menstruation had been all the time existent. Of -course there are exceptional cases, but does not the consensus of -experience point to these as general truths?”—Mrs. Pechey Phipson, M.D. -(Address to Hindoos). - -_Id._ “... _sign of his misdeed_.” - -See Note XXVI., 6. - - - 4.—“... _victim to his adult rage_.” - -Of this, as existent to the present age, abundant direct and collateral -evidence is given by a _brochure_ entitled “A Practical View of the Age -of Consent Act, for the benefit of the Mahomedan community in general, -by the Committee of the Mahomedan Literary Society of Calcutta,” -published by that Society, in June, 1891, as “an accurate exposition of -the object and scope of the new law, in the clearest possible language, -for the benefit of the Mahomedans, particularly the ignorant classes, -and circulated widely in the vernacular languages for that purpose.” - -The following are extracts from the pamphlet:— - - Par. 1. “Now that the Age of Consent Act has been passed by his - Excellency the Viceroy, in Council, and as there is every likelihood - of its provisions not being sufficiently well understood by the - Mahomedan community in general, and by the ignorant Mahomedans in - particular, owing to the use of technical legal phraseology in the - drafting of the Act, it seems to the Committee of Management of the - Mahomedan Literary Society of Calcutta, to be highly desirable that - the object and intention of the Government in passing this Act, as - well as its scope and the manner in which it is to be administered by - the Criminal Authorities, should be laid down on paper in the clearest - and easiest language possible, for the information and instruction of - the Mahomedan population, and particularly of such of them as are not - conversant with legal technicalities.” - - Par. 2. “The Committee are of opinion that such a course will be - highly beneficial to members of their community, inasmuch as it will - show to them distinctly what action on the part of a Mahomedan husband - towards his young wife has been made, by the recent legislation, a - heinous criminal offence of no less enormity than the offence of - _rape_, and punishable with the same heavy punishment.” - - Par. 3. “It is hoped that they will thereby be put on their guard - against committing, or allowing the commission of an act which _they - have hitherto been accustomed to think lawful and innocent_, but which - has now been made into a heinous offence....” - - Par. 9. “... There has already been a provision in the Indian Penal - Code, passed more than thirty years ago, that a man having sexual - intercourse with his own wife, with or without her consent, she _being - under the age of ten years_, shall be considered guilty of the offence - of _rape_, and shall be liable to transportation for life, or to - rigorous or simple imprisonment for ten years.” - - Par. 10. “From this it follows that, under the Penal Code a man having - sexual intercourse with his own wife, with or without her consent, if - she is _above ten_ years of age, shall not be considered to have - committed the offence of _rape_. But the Act that has just been - passed, in amendment of the above provision in the Penal Code, - _raises_ the age of consent from _ten_ to _twelve_ years, and provides - that a man having sexual intercourse with his own wife, even with her - consent, shall be considered to be guilty of the offence of rape, if - the wife be of any age under _twelve completed years_. This is all the - change that has been made in the law.” - - Par. 11. “It having been ascertained, from various sources, that in - some parts of the country husbands cohabit with their wives before - they have attained to the age of _twelve_ years, and even before they - have arrived at _puberty_, the result of such intercourse being in - many cases to cause injury to the health, and even danger to the life - of the girls, and to generate internal maladies which make them - miserable throughout their lives, and such a state of things having - come to the notice of Government, they have considered it their duty - to put a stop to it, and this is the object of the present - legislation.” - - Par. 12. “The law does not interfere with the age at which a girl may - be married, but simply prohibits sexual intercourse with her by her - husband before she is _twelve_ years of age.” - - Par. 13. “It is therefore _incumbent_ upon all husbands and their - guardians (if they are very young and inexperienced lads) to be very - careful that sexual intercourse does not take place until the - girl-wife has _passed_ the age of _twelve_ years. It will also be the - duty of the guardians of the girl-wife not to allow her husband to - cohabit with her until she has attained that age.” - - Par. 17. “... The Mahomedan law (_i.e._, religious law) distinctly - sanctions consummation of marriage _only_ when the wife has reached - puberty, and has besides attained such physical development as renders - her fit for sexual intercourse, and it is _not imperative_ upon a - Mahomedan husband to consummate marriage with his wife when she is - _under_ the age of _twelve_ years. Even in those rare cases in which - the wife attains to puberty and the necessary physical development - before the age of _twelve_, a Mahomedan husband _may_, without - infringing any canon of the Mahommedan Ecclesiastical Law, _abstain_ - from consummating his marriage with her _until_ she attains that age. - - Par. 18. “The above will clearly show that the Act recently passed by - the Legislature does not, in any way, interfere with the Mahomedan - religion, and _no_ Mahomedan husband will be considered to have - committed a sin if he abstains from consummating marriage with his - wife _before_ she is _twelve_ years of age.” - -(The pamphlet is published, as aforesaid, by the Mahomedan Literary -Society of Calcutta, of which the patron is the Hon. Sir Charles A. -Elliott, K.C.S.I., C.I.E., and the president Prince Mirza Jahan Kadar -Bahadur (of the Oudh family), and is signed by the secretary, Nawab -Abdool Luteef Bahadur, C.I.E.; Calcutta, 16 Taltollah, 22nd June, 1891.) - -The italics, as above, exist in the original (with the exception of -those in Par. 3), and serve, singularly enough, to point for us a moral -very much deeper than that intended. It is a happy fact that British -feeling, supported by the growing sentiment of the more intelligent and -educated of the native population, has effected even so slight an -amelioration of law and custom, and we may hope for and press forward to -further improvement. Though the utterance quoted above is only that of -the Mahomedan section, it is, of course, understood that the law does -not apply or point to them alone, but to all the peoples and sects of -India; and that the approval of this legislation is also general among -the enlightened of those other creeds. (See end of Note XVII., 8.) - -Singular confirmatory evidence as to the distressing prevalence of this -child-marriage is incidentally given in the following paragraph from the -_Times_ of 31st March, 1892:— - - “A correspondent of the _Times of India_ mentions some odd instances - of minor difficulties which have occurred in the working of the - amended Factory Act, which came into force in India at the - commencement of the present year. The limit of age for ‘full-timers’ - in factories is fixed at fourteen years, and as very few native - operatives know their children’s ages, or even their own, the medical - officer has, in passing lads and girls for work, to judge the age as - best he can—generally, as in the case of horses, by examining their - teeth. If he concludes that they are under fourteen, he reduces them - to ‘half-timers.’ In one Bombay mill recently a number of girls were - thus sent back as under age who were actually mothers, and several - boys who were fathers were also reduced; and one of the latter was the - father, it is said, of three children. The case of these lads is - particularly hard, for, with a wife and child, or perhaps children, to - support, life, on the pay of a ‘half-timer,’ must be a terrible - struggle.” - -Lest it should be objected that such abuses—with their consequences—as -have been instanced in India, are peculiar to that country or -civilisation, and that their discussion has therefore no bearing on our -practices in England, and the physical consequences ensuant here, it -will be salutary to recall what has been our own national conduct in -this matter of enforcement of immature physical relations on girl -children or “wives” within times of by no means distant date. Blackstone -tells in his “Commentaries,” Book II., Chap. VIII., that “The wife must -be above nine years old at her husband’s death, otherwise she shall not -be endowed, though in Bracton’s time the age was indefinite, and dower -was then only due ‘si uxor possit dotem promereri, _et virum -sustinere_.’” Whereupon Ed. Christian makes the following note, worthy -of the most careful meditation:—“Lord Coke informs us that ‘if the wife -be past the age of nine years at the time of her husband’s death, she -shall be endowed, of what age soever her husband be, albeit he were but -_four_ years old. Quia junior non potest dotem promereri, _et virum -sustinere_.’ (Coke on Litt., 33.) This we are told by that grave and -reverend judge without any remark of surprise or reprobation. But it -confirms the observation of Montesquieu in the ‘Spirit of Laws,’ Book -XXVI., Chap. III. ‘There has been,’ says he, ‘much talk of a law in -England which permitted girls seven years old to choose a husband. This -law was shocking two ways; it had no regard to the time when Nature -gives maturity to the understanding, nor to the time when she gives -maturity to the body.’ It is abundantly clear, both from our law and -history, that formerly such early marriages were contracted as in the -present times are neither attempted nor thought of. - -“This was probably owing to the right which the lord possessed of -putting up to sale the marriage of his infant tenant. He no doubt took -the first opportunity of prostituting (_i.e._, selling in marriage) the -infant to his own interest, without any regard to age or inclinations. -And thus what was so frequently practised and permitted by the law would -cease even in other instances to be considered with abhorrence. _If the -marriage of a female was delayed till she was sixteen, this benefit was -entirely lost to the lord her guardian._ - -“Even the 18 Eliz., cap. 7, which makes it a capital crime to abuse a -consenting female child under the age of ten years, seems to leave an -exception for these marriages by declaring only the _carnal and -unlawful_ knowledge of such woman-child to be a felony. Hence the -abolition of the feudal wardships and marriage at the Restoration may -perhaps have contributed not less to the improvement of the morals than -of the liberty of the people.”—(Blackstone’s Comm., Christian’s Edition, -1830, Vol. II., p. 131.) - - - 6.—“... _manner_ ...” - -“Manner,” or “custom” is the early Biblical definition for this habit -(_vide_ Gen. xviii. 11, and xxxi. 35). It may be noticed that the word -is not rendered or translated as “nature.” It is also called “sickness” -(Lev. xx. 18); and “pollution” (Ezek. xxii. 10). See also Note XXV. 8. - -The authorised version of the Bible is here referred to. The euphemisms -attempted in the recent revised version as amendments of some of these -passages are equally consonant with the argument of this note. - - - XXV. - - - 1.—“_Vicarious punishment_ ...” - -Revolting was the shock to the writer, coming, some years ago, with -unprejudiced and ingenuous mind, to the study of the so-called “Diseases -of Women,” on finding that nearly the whole of these special “diseases,” -including menstruation, were due, directly or collaterally, to one form -or other of _masculine_ excess or abuse. Here is a nearly coincident -opinion, afterwards met with:—“The diseases peculiar to women are so -many, of so frequent occurrence, and of such severity, that half the -time of the medical profession is devoted to their care, and more than -half its revenues depend upon them. We have libraries of books upon -them, special professorships in our medical colleges, and hosts of -doctors who give them their exclusive attention.... The books and -professors are all at fault. They have no knowledge of the causes or -nature of these diseases” (or at least they do not publish it, or act on -it), “and no idea of their proper treatment. Women are everywhere -outraged and abused. When the full chapter of woman’s wrongs and -sufferings is written, the world will be horrified at the hideous -spectacle....”—T. L. Nichols, M.D. (“Esoteric Anthropology,” p. 198). - -So, again, in speaking of menorrhagia:—“The causes of this disease, -whatever they are, must be removed. Thousands of women are consigned to -premature graves; some by the morbid excesses of their own passions, but -far more by the sensual and selfish indulgences of those who claim the -legal right to murder them in this manner, whom no law of homicide can -reach, and upon whose victims no coroner holds an inquest.”—(_Op. cit._, -p. 301.) - - - 2.—“... _grievous toll_ ...” - -And this in every grade of society, even to the pecuniary loss, as well -as discomfort, of the labouring classes of women. - -“Statistics of sickness in the Post Office show that women” (these are -unmarried women) “are away from their work more days than men.”—(Sidney -Webb, at British Association, 1891.) - - - 5.—“... _no honest claim_.” - -The _Times_ of Aug. 3, 1892, reports a paper by Professor Lombroso, of -Turin (at the International Congress of Psychology, London), in which -occurs the following:—“It must be observed that woman was exposed to -more pains than man, because man imposed submission and often even -slavery upon her. As a girl, she had to undergo the tyranny of her -brothers, and the cruel preferences accorded by parents to their male -children. Woman was the slave of her husband, and still more of social -prejudices.... Let them not forget the physical disadvantage under which -she had to labour. She might justly call herself the pariah of the human -family.” - -The word is apt and corroborative, for it was no honest act—it was not -Nature, but human cruelty and injustice that formed a pariah. - - - 8.—“... _opprobrious theme_.” - -_Conf._ ancient and mediæval superstitions and accusations on the -subject. Raciborski notes these aspersions (Traité, p. 13):—“Pline -prétendait que les femmes étant au moment des règles pouvaient dessécher -les arbres par de simples attouchements, faire périr des fruits, &c., -&c.” And a further writer says more fully:—“Pliny informs us that the -presence of a menstrual woman turns wine sour, causes trees to shed -their fruit, parches up their young fruit, and makes them for ever -barren, dims the splendour of mirrors and the polish of ivory, turns the -edge of sharpened iron, converts brass into rust, and is the cause of -canine rabies. In Isaiah xxx. 22, the writer speaks of the defilement of -graven images, which shall be cast away as a menstruous cloth; and in -Ezekiel xviii. 6, and xxxvi. 17, allusions of the same import are made.” -Unless we accept the antiquated notion of a “special curse” on women, -how reconcile the idea of an “ordinance of Nature” being so repulsively -and opprobriously alluded to? Well may it be said:—“Ingratitude is a -hateful vice. Not only the defects, but even the illnesses which have -their source in the excessive” (man-caused) “susceptibility of woman, -are often made by men an endless subject of false accusations and -pitiless reproaches.”—(M. le Docteur Cerise, in his Introduction to -Roussel, p. 34.) - - - XXVI. - - - 1.—“_Thoughts like to these are breathings of the truth_.” - -“I submit that there is a spiritual, a poetic, and, for aught we know, a -spontaneous and uncaused element in the human mind, which ever and anon -suddenly, and without warning, gives us a glimpse and a forecast of the -future, and urges us to seize truth, as it were, by anticipation. In -attacking the fortress we may sometimes storm the citadel without -stopping to sap the outworks. That great discoveries have been made in -this way the history of our knowledge decisively proves.”—H. T. Buckle -(“Influence of Women on the Progress of Knowledge”). - -_Id._... “Then there is the inner consciousness—the psyche—that has -never yet been brought to bear upon life and its questions. Besides -which, there is a supersensuous reason. Observation is perhaps more -powerful an organon than either experiment or empiricism. If the eye is -always watching, and the mind on the alert, ultimately chance supplies -the solution.”—Jefferies (“The Story of My Heart,” Chap. X.). - -_Id._... “Women only want hints, finger-boards, and finding these, will -follow them to Nature. The quick-glancing intellect will gather up, as -it moves over the ground, the almost invisible ends and threads of -thought, so that a single volume may convey to the mind of woman truths -which man would require to have elaborated in four or six.”—Eliza W. -Farnham (“Woman and Her Era,” Vol. II., p. 420). - - - 3.—“... _futile mannish pleas_ ...” - -Roussel details fully some nine of these main theories or explanations -of the habitude. (“Système,” Note A.) - - - 6.—“_In blindness born_ ...” - -“Tous ces faits nous induisent fortement à conjecturer qu’il a dû -exister un temps ou les femmes n’étaient point assujettiés à ce tribut -incommode; que le flux menstruel bien loin d’être une institution -naturelle, est au contraire un besoin factice contracté dans l’état -sociale.”—Roussel (_Op. cit._, Chap. II.). - -Note that menstruation (scriptural “sickness”) remains a pathological -incident, not, as child-birth, an indubitably natural and normal -physical function. - -See also Note XXX., 4. - -_Id._—“... _in error fostered_ ...” - -Not only the habit itself, but its causes. And this by medical, _i.e._, -assumedly curative, practitioners. As to which “fostering,” medical and -clinical manuals afford abundant spontaneous and ingenuous testimony, -and also of other professional practices of instigation, or condonation, -or complicity, at which a future age will look aghast. _Conf._ the -following from Whitehead, “On the Causes and Treatment of Abortion and -Sterility” (Churchill, 1847):— - - “In a case under my care of pregnancy in a woman, with _extreme - deformity of the pelvis_, wherein it was considered advisable to - _procure abortion_ in the fifth month of the process, the ergot alone - was employed, and, at first, with the desired effect.” [The italics - are not in the doctor’s book; he remarks nothing wrong or immoral, - and—in an unprofessional person—illegal, and open to severest penalty; - he is simply detailing the effects of a specified medicament.] “It was - given in _three successive_ pregnancies, and in each instance labour - pains came on after eight or ten doses had been administered, and - expulsion was effected by the end of the third day. It was - perseveringly tried in a fourth pregnancy in the same individual, and - failed completely” (p. 254). - -There is an ominous silence as to whether the patient’s health or life -also “failed completely.” - -See further a case noted on p. 264, _op. cit._:— - - 1st child, still-born, in eighth month, April 1832. - 2nd child, abortion at end of 6th month. - 3rd child, abortion at end of 6th month. - 4th child, abortion at end of 5th month. - 5th child, abortion soon after quickening, Summer, 1838. - 6th child, still-born, 7th October, 1839. - 7th child, no clear record given. - -Also other somewhat parallel cases given, the constant incidental -accompaniment being painful physical suffering and grave inconvenience, -frequently with fatal results. Medical records are full of similar -histories. To the unsophisticated mind, two questions sternly suggest -themselves: Firstly, Is it meet or right for an honourable profession, -or any individual member of it, to be _particeps criminis_ in such -proceedings as the above? and, secondly, is the indicated connubial -morality on any higher level, or likely to be attended with any better -consequences, than the prior ignorant or savage abuses which are -responsible for woman’s present physical condition? - -The advocacy of cardinal reform in this direction—in the wrong done both -to the individual and the race—is urgent part of the duty of our -newly-taught medical women. Nor are their eyes closed nor their mouths -dumb in the matter. Dr. Caroline B. Winslow is quoted by the _Woman’s -Journal_ of Boston, U.S., 16th Jan., 1892, as saying in an article on -“The Right to be Well Born”: “What higher motive can a man have in life -than to labour steadily to prepare the way for the coming of a higher, -better humanity?... Dense ignorance prevails in our profession, and is -reflected by laymen. All their scientific studies and years of medical -practice have failed to convict men of the wrongs and outrages done to -women; wrongs that no divine laws sanction, and no legal enactments can -avert.... - -“The physician is a witness of the modern death-struggles and horrors of -maternity; he sees lives pass out of his sight; he makes vain attempts -to restore broken constitutions, broken by violating divine laws that -govern organic matter: laws that are obeyed by all animal instinct; yet -all this knowledge, observation, and experience have failed to reveal to -the benighted intellect and obtuse moral sense of the ordinary -practitioner this great wrong. He makes no note of the unhallowed abuse -that only man dares; neither will he mark the disastrous and -deteriorating effect of this waste of vital force on his own offspring. -The mental, moral, and physical imperfections of the rising generation -are largely the result of outraged motherhood.” - - - 7.—“_The spurious function growing_ ...” - -Mr. Francis Darwin, in a paper on “Growth Curvatures in Plants,” says of -the biologist, Sachs, who had made researches in the same phenomena: “He -speaks, too, of _custom_ or _use_, _building up_ the specialised -‘instinct’ for certain curvatures. (Sachs’ ‘Arbeiten,’ 1879.) These are -expressions consistent with our present views.”—(Presidential Address to -the Biological Section of the British Association, 1891.) - -In the same section was also read a paper by Francis Darwin and Dorothea -F. N. Pertz, “On the _Artificial_ Production of Rhythm in Plants,” in -which were detailed results very apposite to this “growing of a spurious -function.” - - - 8.—“... _almost natural use the morbid mode appears_.” - -“So true is it that unnatural generally only means uncustomary, and that -everything which is usual appears natural.”—J. S. Mill (“The Subjection -of Women,” p. 22). - - - XXVII. - - - 1.—“_Grievous the hurt_ ...” - -Buckle notes one of the many incidental evil results in his “Common -Place Book,” Art. 2133:— - -“It has been remarked that in our climate women are more frequently -affected with insanity than men, and it has been considered very -unfavourable to recovery if they should be worse at the time of -menstruation, or have their catamenia in very small or immoderate -quantities.” (Paris and Fonblanque’s “Medical Jurisprudence,” Vol. I., -p. 327). - - - 5.—“... _reintegrate in frame and mind_.” - -“Thus then you have first to mould her physical frame, and then, as the -strength she gains will permit you, to fill and temper her mind with all -knowledge and thoughts which tend to confirm its natural instincts of -justice, and refine its natural tact of love.”—John Ruskin (“Of Queens’ -Gardens,” p. 154). - - - XXVIII. - - - 5, 6.—“... _given in our hand, - Is power the evil hazard to command_.” - -“That which is thoughtlessly credited to a non-existent intelligence -should really be claimed and exercised by the human race. It is -ourselves who should direct our affairs, protecting ourselves from pain, -assisting ourselves, succouring and rendering our lives happy. We must -do for ourselves what superstition has hitherto supposed an intelligence -to do for us.... These things speak with a voice of thunder. From every -human being whose body has been racked with pain; from every human being -who has suffered from accident or disease; from every human being -drowned, burned, or slain by negligence, there goes up a continually -increasing cry louder than the thunder. An awe-inspiring cry dread to -listen to, against which ears are stopped by the wax of superstition and -the wax of criminal selfishness. These miseries are your doing, because -you have mind and thought and could have prevented them. You can prevent -them in the future. You do not even try.”—R. Jefferies (“The Story of My -Heart,” pp. 149 _et seq._). - -_Id._... “From one philosophical point of view, that of Du Prel, the -experiments are already regarded as proving that the soul is an -organising as well as a thinking power.... Bernheim saw an apoplectic -paralysis rapidly improved by suggestion.... The more easily an idea can -be established in the subject, the quicker a therapeutic result can be -induced.... I think that hardly any of the newest discoveries are so -important to the art of healing, apart from surgery, as the study of -suggestion.... Now that it has been proved that even organic changes can -be caused by suggestion, we are obliged to ascribe a much greater -importance to mental influences than we have hitherto done.”—Dr. Albert -Moll (“Hypnotism,” pp. 122, 318, 320, 325, 327). - -_Id._... “It would, I fancy, have fared but ill with one who, standing -where I now stand, in what was then a thickly-peopled and fashionable -part of London, should have broached to our ancestors the doctrine which -I now propound to you—that all their hypotheses were alike wrong; that -the plague was no more, in their sense, Divine judgment, than the fire -was the work of any political, or of any religious, sect; but that they -were themselves the authors of both plague and fire, and that they must -look to themselves to prevent the recurrence of calamities, to all -appearance so peculiarly beyond the reach of human control.... We, in -later times, have learned somewhat of Nature, and partly obey her. -Because of this partial improvement of our natural knowledge and of that -fractional obedience, we have no plague; because that knowledge is still -very imperfect and that obedience yet incomplete, typhus is our -companion and cholera our visitor. But it is not presumptuous to express -the belief that, when our knowledge is more complete and our obedience -the expression of our knowledge, London will count her centuries of -freedom from typhus and cholera as she now gratefully reckons her two -hundred years of ignorance of that plague which swooped upon her thrice -in the first half of the seventeenth century.”—T. H. Huxley (“On -Improving Natural Knowledge”). - -And the pestilent malady from which woman specially still suffers is as -definitely the result of man’s ignorant or thoughtless misdoing, and is -as indubitably amenable to rectification, as the plague of the bye-gone -ages, or the typhus and cholera of the present. - - - 8.—“... _pain both prompts and points escape_.” - -“All evil is associated more or less closely with pain ... and pain of -every kind is so repugnant to the human organism, that it is no sooner -felt than an effort is made to escape from it.... Alongside of the -evolution of evil there has ever been a tendency towards the -_elimination_ of evil.... The highest intellectual powers of the -greatest men have for their ultimate object the mitigation of evil, and -the final elimination of it from the earth.”—Richard Bithell (“The Creed -of a Modern Agnostic,” p. 103). - - - XXIX. - - - 1.—“... _woman shall her own redemption gain_.” - -In the greatest depth of their meaning remain true the words of Olive -Schreiner: “He who stands by the side of woman cannot help her; she must -help herself.” - -_Id._... “Nothing is clearer than that woman must lead her own -revolution; not alone because it is hers, and that no other being can -therefore have her interest in its achievement, but because it is for a -life whose highest needs and rights—those to be redressed in its -success—lie above the level of man’s experiences or comprehension. Only -woman is sufficient to state woman’s claims and vindicate them.”—Eliza -W. Farnham (“Woman,” Vol. I., p. 308). - -(See also Notes to XLVI. 7 and LVIII. 1.) - - - 2.—“_Instructed by the sting of bootless pain_.” - -“Toutes les fonctions du corps humain, sauf l’enfantement, sont autant -de plaisirs. Dès que la douleur surgit, la nature est violée. La douleur -est d’origine humaine. Un corps malade ou a violé les lois de la nature, -ou bien souffre de la violation de la loi d’un de ses semblables. La -douleur par elle-même est donc le meilleur diagnostic pour le -médecin.... Entre la loi de la nature et la violation de cette loi, il -n’y a que désordres, douleurs et ruines.... La maladie ne vient pas de -la nature, elle n’y est même pas. Elle n’est que la violation d’une des -lois de la nature. Dès qu’une de ces lois est violée, la douleur arrive -et vous dit qu’une loi vient d’être enfreinte. S’il est temps encore, le -mal peut être amoindri, expulsé, chassé.... La maladie n’est donc que le -résultat de la violation d’une loi naturelle.... La science et la -mécanique du corps humain, c’est l’art de vivre d’après les lois de la -nature, c’est la certitude que pas un médecin ne possède contre la -violation d’une de ces lois un remède autre que d’y rentrer le plus tôt -possible.... Chaque fois que l’homme s’efforcera de suivre la loi de la -nature, il chassera devant soi une centaine de maladies.”—Dr. Alexandre -Weill (“Lois et Mystères de l’Amour,” pp. 41, 91, 24, 85, 83). - - - 3, 4.—“_With Nature ever helpful to retrieve - The injury we heedlessly achieve._” - -“Thus, if we could, by preaching our pet ideal, or in any other way -induce one generation of women to turn to a new pursuit, we should have -accomplished a step towards bending all future womanhood in the same -direction.”—Frances Power Cobbe (Essay: “The Final Cause of Woman”). - -See also Note XXIII., 4. - - - 6.—“_Already guerdon rich in hope is shown_.” - -“He (Mr. Frederic Harrison) says—‘All women, with few exceptions, are -subject to functional interruption absolutely incompatible with the -highest forms of continuous pressure.’ This assertion I venture most -emphatically to deny. The actual period of child-birth apart, the -ordinarily healthy woman is as fit for work every day of her life as the -ordinarily healthy man. Fresh air, exercise, suitable clothing and -nourishing food, added to the habitual temperance of women in eating and -drinking, have brought about a marvellously good result in improving -their average health.”—Mrs. Fawcett (_Fortnightly Review_, Nov. 1891). - -(See also Note LX., 8.) - - - 8.—“_The sage physician, she_ ...” - -Not only “sage” physician, but “brave” physician; for brave indeed has -been the part she has had to bear against male professional prejudice -and jealousy, opposition from masculine vested interests, virulent abuse -and even personal violence. So recently as 1888, Dr. Sophia Jex-Blake -has to report concerning the medical education of women, that:— - - “The first difficulty lies in some remaining jealousy and ill-will - towards medical women on the part of a section (constantly - diminishing, as I believe) of the medical profession itself. Some - twenty years ago the professional prejudice was so deep and so widely - spread that it constituted a very formidable obstacle, but it has been - steadily melting away before the logic of facts; and now is, with a - few exceptions, rarely to be found among the leaders of the - profession, nor indeed among the great majority of the rank and file, - as far as can be judged by the personal experience of medical women - themselves. Unfortunately, it seems strongest just where it has least - justification, viz., among the practitioners who devote themselves - chiefly to midwifery, and to the special diseases of women. The - Obstetrical Society is, so far as I know, still of the same mind as - when, in 1874, they excluded Dr. Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, a - distinguished M.D. of Paris, from their membership; and the Soho - Square Hospital for Women has never revoked its curt refusal to allow - me to enter its doors, when, in 1878, I proposed to take advantage of - the invitation issued in its report to all practitioners who were - specially interested in the cases for which the hospital is reserved. - Sometimes this jealousy takes a sufficiently comic form. For instance, - I received for two successive years a lithographed circular inviting - me by name to send to the _Lancet_ the reports of interesting cases - that might occur in my dispensary practice, but when I wrote in - response to this supposed offer of professional fellowship, I received - by next post a hurried assurance from the editor that it was all a - mistake, and that, in fact, the _Lancet_ could not stoop to record - medical experiences, however interesting, if they occurred in the - practice of the inferior sex! Probably it will not require many more - years to make this sort of thing ridiculous, even in the eyes of those - who are now capable of such puerilities. - - “The second obstacle lies in the continued exclusion of women from the - majority of our Universities, and from the English Colleges of - Physicians and Surgeons. Here also the matter may be left to the - growth of public opinion as regards those existing bodies which do not - depend upon the public purse; but it is time that Parliament should - refuse supplies to those bodies whose sense of justice cannot be - otherwise awakened, and it is certainly the duty of Government to see - that no new charter is granted without absolute security for equal - justice to students of both sexes.”—Sophia Jex-Blake, M.D. - (_Nineteenth Century_, Nov., 1887). - -See also Note LVII., 1, and LVIII, 1. - -_Id._... Progress is indeed being made, surely, yet slowly, for Mrs. -Fawcett has still necessity to reiterate, four years afterwards:— - -“Make her a doctor, put her through the mental discipline and the -physical toil of the profession; charge her, as doctors are so often -charged, with the health of mind and body of scores of patients, she -remains womanly to her finger tips, and a good doctor in proportion as -the truly womanly qualities in her are strongly developed. Poor women -are very quick to find this out as patients. Not only from the immediate -neighbourhood of the New Hospital for Women, where all the staff are -women doctors, but also from the far East of London do they come, -because ‘the ladies,’ as they call them, are ladies, and show their poor -patients womanly sympathy, gentleness, and patience, womanly insight and -thoughtfulness in little things, and consideration for their home -troubles and necessities. It is not too much to say that a woman can -never hope to be a good doctor unless she is truly and really a womanly -woman. And much the same thing may be said with regard to fields of -activity not yet open to women.”—Mrs. Fawcett (_Fortnightly Review_, -Nov., 1891). - -_Id._—“... _saviour of her sex_.” - -Bebel says:—“Women doctors would be the greatest blessing to their own -sex. The fact that women must place themselves in the hands of men in -cases of illness or of the physical disturbances connected with their -sexual functions frequently prevents their seeking medical help in time. -This gives rise to numerous evils, not only for women, but also for men. -Every doctor complains of this reserve on the part of women, which -sometimes becomes almost criminal, and of their dislike to speak freely -of their ailments, even after they have made up their minds to consult a -doctor. This is perfectly natural, the only irrational thing about it is -the refusal of men, and especially of doctors, to recognise how -legitimate the study of medicine is for women.” (“Woman,” Walther’s -translation, p. 131.) - -_Id._... “As I am alluding to my own experience in this matter, I may -perhaps be allowed to say how often in the same place I have been struck -with the _contingent_ advantages attendant on the medical care by women -of women; how often I have seen cases connected with stories of shame or -sorrow to which a woman’s hand could far more fittingly minister, and -where sisterly help and counsel could give far more appropriate succour -than could be expected from the average young medical man, however good -his intentions. Perhaps we shall find the solution of some of our -saddest social problems, when educated and pure-minded women are brought -more constantly in contact with their sinning and suffering sisters, in -other relations as well as those of missionary effort.”—Dr. Sophia -Jex-Blake (Essay: “Medicine as a Profession for Women”). - - - XXX. - - - 1.—“_With purer phase_ ...” - -A noted specialist in this matter, Dr. Tilt, “basing his conclusions on -his own unpublished observations, and on those already made public by M. -Brierre de Boismont and Dr. Rawn,” has declared what is indeed a -generally accepted proposition, that “luxurious living and habits render -menstruation precarious, while this function is retarded by out-door -labour and less sophisticated habits.” (“Proceedings of British -Association,” 1850, p. 135; “On the Causes which Advance or Retard the -Appearance of First Menstruation in Women,” by E. J. Tilt, M.D., &c., -&c.) - - - 4.—“... _weakness_ ...” - -It is to be carefully kept in mind that this “weakness” (Scriptural, -“sickness,” Lev. xx., 18) is strictly a pathological incident; while -maternity is truly a physiological one; the male false physicists seem -in their mental and clinical attitude to have aimed to precisely reverse -this definition. (See also Note XXIII., 8, and XXVI., 6.) - -5, 6.—To the fact related in these two lines there is testimony in -nearly every book connected with the subject; and doubtless numerous -instances never come to light, owing to the very natural reticence -pointed out in Note XXIX., 8. The improved condition reported by Mrs. -Fawcett (Note XXIX., 6) is hence more readily verified by women -practitioners; and the writer has had detailed personal experiences of -perfect health and maternity being co-existent with little or no -appearance of the menses in the case of women whose names, if published, -would be indubitable guarantee for their accuracy and veracity. - - - 7.—“_Not to neglectful man to greatly care_ ...” - -The Report of the British Association for 1850, in summarising the paper -above referred to (Note 1), says of Dr. Tilt that, “in discussing what -he calls the intrinsic causes which have been supposed to influence -menstruation, his observations are rather of a suggestive character, for -he considers such causes highly problematical and requiring further -investigation.” Dr. Tilt rightly emphasises the question as “a matter -equally interesting to the physician, the philosopher, and the -statesman; and it behoves them to know that this epoch (of menstruation) -varies under the influence of causes which for the most part have been -insufficiently studied.” But the negligence or carelessness reprobated -in the verse has again supervened. - -Buckle says, concerning this same paper of Dr. Tilt’s: “We take shame to -ourselves for not having sooner noticed this very interesting and in -some respects very important work; the author unknown,” (?) “and yet the -book has gone through two editions, though written on a subject -ignorantly supposed to be going on well. That women can be satisfied -with their state shows their deterioration. That they can be satisfied -with knowing nothing, &c.” (_sic._) (“Miscellaneous and Posthumous -Works,” Vol. I., p. 381.) - -The whole passage seems somewhat incoherent, and is unfinished as above, -as if left by Mr. Buckle for further consideration. The last two remarks -as to women are certainly not written with his usual justice; when we -remember how assiduously men have striven to prevent woman’s pursuit of -physiological knowledge, especially as applied to her own person, it is -manifest that the blame for woman’s ignorance, or her presumed -“satisfaction” therewith, is more fittingly to be reproached to man than -to her. - - - XXXI. - - - 1.—“_Her intellect alert_ ...” - -“_Intellectus prelucit voluntati._”—“Intellect carries the light before -the will.”—Cardinal Manning (_Review of Reviews_, Vol. V., p. 135). - - - 5, 6.—“... _body still is supple unto mind, - By dint of soul is fleshly form inclined_.” - -Reflecting Plato’s teaching, our second worthy Elizabethan poet has -said:— - - “Every spirit as it is most pure, - And hath in it the more of heavenly light, - So it the fairer body doth procure - To habit in. - For of the Soul the Body form doth take: - For Soul is form, and doth the Body make.” - -And in our own day, Charles Kingsley says, in serious sportiveness: “The -one true doctrine of this wonderful fairy tale is, that your soul makes -your body, just as a snail makes its shell.” And again: “You must know -and believe that people’s souls make their bodies just as a snail makes -its shell.... I am not joking, my little man; I am in serious, solemn -earnest.”—(“The Water Babies,” Chaps. III. and IV.) - -And Elizabeth Barrett Browning (“Aurora Leigh,” Book III.)— - - “... the soul - Which grows within a child makes the child grow.” - -The physiologists and psychologists, as is not unusual, tardily follow -in the wake of the poets. At the International Congress of Experimental -Psychology, London, 1892, “Professor Delbœuf said that at all times the -mind of man had been capable of influencing the body, but it was only in -recent times that this action had been scientifically put in -evidence.”—(_Times_, August 3rd, 1892.) - -And Dr. Albert Moll, of Berlin, had written the year previously, -that—“When the practical importance of mental influences becomes more -generally recognised, physicians will be obliged to acknowledge that -psychology is as important as physiology. Psychology and psychical -therapeutics will be the basis of a rational treatment of neuroses. The -other methods must group themselves around this; it will be the centre, -and no longer a sort of Cinderella of science, which now admits only the -influence of the body on the mind, and not that of the mind on the -body.”—(“Hypnotism,” p. 328.) See also Note XXVIII., 5. - - - XXXII. - - - 2.—“... _woo the absent curse_.” - -Even Raciborski condemns this common error of treatment:—“... quand les -jeunes filles de cette catégorie paraissent souffrantes, quel que soit -le caractère des souffrances, on est disposé à les attribuer au défaut -du flux menstruel, on le regrette, on l’invoque, et l’on tente tout pour -le provoquer. Ces idées sont aujourd’hui encore très profondément -enracinées dans le public, et sont souvent la cause des entraves au -traitement rationnel proposé par les médecins.”—(Traité, &c., ed. 1868, -p. 377.) - -And Mrs. E. B. Duffey very sensibly says:— - -“Nature ... is very easily perverted: and the girl who begins by -imagining she is ill or ought to be at such times will end by being -really so.” (“No Sex in Education,” Philadelphia, 1874, p. 79.) - - - 3.—“... _counter-effort_ ...” - -“Forel and many others mention that there are certain popular methods of -slightly retarding menstruation. In one town many of the young women tie -something round their little finger if they wish to delay menstruation -for a few days in order to go to a ball, &c. The method is generally -effectual, but when faith ceases, the effect also ceases.”—Dr. Albert -Moll (“Hypnotism,” p. 226). - -Before quitting this special subject it may be well to remark that -little more than the fringe is here indicated of an enormous mass of -evidence which affords more than presumptive confirmation and support -for the position here taken in the whole question of this “abnormal -habit.” - - - 4.—“... _custom_ ...”—See Note XXIV., 6. - - - XXXIII. - - - 2.—“... _newer vigour to the brain_.” - -“It is well-known that every organ of the body and, therefore, also the -brain, requires for its full development and, consequently, for the -development of its complete capability of performance, exercise and -persistent effort. That this is and has been the case for thousands of -years in a far less degree in woman than in man, in consequence of her -defective training and education, will be denied by no one.” So says the -learned biologist Büchner.—(“Man,” Dallas’s translation, p. 206.) - -And Bebel also declares:—“The brain must be regularly used and -correspondingly nourished, like any other organ, if its faculties are to -be fully developed.”—(“Woman,” Walther’s translation, p. 124.) - -Dr. Emanuel Bonavia, in the course of an able reply to a somewhat -shallow recent disquisition by Sir James Crichton Browne, says:— - -“From various sources we have learnt that the brain tissue, like every -other tissue, will _grow_ by exercise, and diminish, or degenerate and -atrophy by disuse. Keep your right arm tied up in a sling for a month, -and you will then be convinced how much it has lost by disuse. Then -anatomists might perhaps be able to say—Lo! and behold! the muscles of -your right arm have a less specific gravity than those of your left arm; -that the nerves and blood-vessels going to those muscles are smaller, -and that, _therefore_, the right arm cannot be the equal of the left, -and must have a different function! - -“Any medical student knows that if you tie the main trunk of an artery, -a branch of it will in due course acquire the _calibre_ of the main -trunk. If, for some reason, it cannot do so, the tissues, which the main -trunk originally supplied, _must_ suffer, and be weakened, from want of -a sufficient supply of blood.... Man, and especially British man, has -evolved into what he is by endless trouble and struggle through past -ages. He has had to develop his present brain from very small -beginnings. It would, therefore, now be the height of folly to allow the -thinking lobes of the mothers of the race to revert, intellectually, by -disuse step by step again to that of the lower animals, from which we -all come. That of course many may not believe, but it may be asked, how -can he or she believe these things with such weakened lobes, as he or -she may have inherited from his or her mother? How indeed! If there is -anything in nature that is true, it is this—That if you don’t use your -limbs they will atrophy; if you don’t use your eyes they will atrophy; -if you don’t use your brain it will atrophy. They all follow the same -inexorable law. Use increases and sharpens; disuse decreases and dulls. -Diminished size of the frontal lobes and of the arteries that feed them -mean nothing if they do not mean that woman’s main thinking organ, that -of the intellect, is, as Sir James would hint, degenerating by _disuse_ -and neglect.”—(“Woman’s Frontal Lobes,” _Provincial Medical Journal_, -July, 1892.) - -These facts suggest strongly that the waste at present induced in the -female body by the menstrual habit might well be absorbed in increase of -brain power; and indeed, that this evolved habit has hitherto -persistently sequestrated and carried off from woman’s organism the -blood force that should have gone to form brain power. This explanation -would dispose of the awkwardly imagined “plethora” theory, as well as -one or two others, of sundry gynæcologists. - -And the converse—that the increased appropriation of the blood in -forming brain power induces a state of bodily well-being, free from the -present waste and weariness,—would certainly seem to be borne out by -such evidence as that of the Hon. John W. Mitchell, the president of the -Southern California College of Law, who said in a recent lecture:— - -“Not only in this, but in other countries, there are successful women -practitioners (of Law), and in France, where the preparatory course is -most arduous, and the term of study longest, a woman recently took the -highest rank over 500 men in her graduating examinations, and during the -whole six years of class study she only lost one day from her work.” -(See Note LVII., 1.) - -A few words may here be said as to the dubitable question of the -relative size of the brain in man and woman, though the matter may not -be of great import, from more than one reason. For, as Bebel observes: -“Altogether the investigations on the subject are too recent and too few -in number to allow of any definite conclusions” (p. 123). A. Dumas fils -says (“Les Femmes qui Tuent,” p. 196)—“Les philosophes vous démontreront -que, si la force musculaire de l’homme est plus grande que celle de la -femme, la force nerveuse de la femme est plus grande que celle de -l’homme; que, si l’intelligence tient, comme on l’affirme aujourd’hui, -au développement et au poids de la matière cérébrale, l’intelligence de -la femme pourrait être déclarée supérieure à celle de l’homme, le plus -grand cerveau et le plus lourd comme poids, étant un cerveau de femme -lequel pesait 2,200 grammes, c’est a dire 400 grammes de plus que celui -de Cuvier. On ne dit pas, il est vrai, que cette femme ait écrit -l’équivalent du livre de Cuvier sur les fossiles.” - -To which last remark may be replied, again in the words of -Bebel,—“Darwin is perfectly right in saying that a list of the most -distinguished women in poetry, painting, sculpture, music, science, and -philosophy, will bear no comparison with a similar list of the most -distinguished men. But surely this need not surprise us. It would be -surprising if it were not so. Dr. Dodel-Port (in “Die neuere -Schöpfungsgeschichte”) answers to the point, when he maintains that the -relative achievements would be very different after men and women had -received the same education and the same training in art and science -during a certain number of generations.”—(“Woman,” p. 125.) - -“It is of small value to say—yes, but look how _many_ men excel and how -few women do so. True, but see how much repression men have exercised to -_prevent_ women from even equalling them, and how much shallowness of -mind they have encouraged. All manner of obstructions, coupled with -ridicule, have been put in their way, and until women succeed in -emancipating themselves, most men will probably continue to do so, -simply because they have the power to do it. When women become -emancipated, that is, are placed on social equality with men, this -senseless, mischievous opposition will die a natural death.”—E. Bonavia, -M.D. (“Woman’s Frontal Lobes”). - -To revert to the question of brain weight, one of the first of English -specialists says:— - -“Data might, therefore, be considered to show, in the strongest manner, -how comparatively unimportant is mere bulk or weight of brain in -reference to the degree of intelligence of its owner, when considered as -it often is, apart from the much more important question of the relative -amount of its grey matter, as well as of the amount and perfection of -the minute internal development of the organ either actual or -possible.”—Dr. H. C. Bastian (“The Brain as an Organ of Mind,” p. 375.) - -The American physiologist Helen H. Gardener states:—“The differences (in -brain) between individuals of the same sex—in adults at least, are known -to be much more marked than any that are known to exist between the -sexes. Take the brains of the two poets Byron and Dante. Byron’s weighed -1,807 grammes, while Dante’s weighed only 1,320 grammes, a difference of -487 grammes. Or take two statesmen, Cromwell and Gambetta. Cromwell’s -brain weighed 2,210 grammes, which, by the way, is the greatest healthy -brain on record; although Cuvier’s is usually quoted as the largest, a -part of the weight of his was due to disease, and if a diseased or -abnormal brain is to be taken as the standard, then the greatest on -record is that of a negro criminal idiot; while Gambetta’s was only -1,241 grammes, a difference of 969 grammes. Surely it will not be held -because of this that Gambetta and Dante should have been denied the -educational and other advantages which were the natural right of Byron -and Cromwell. Yet it is upon this very ground, by this very system of -reasoning, that it is proposed to deny women equal advantages and -opportunities, although the difference in brain weight between man and -woman is said to be only 100 grammes, and even this does not allow for -difference in body weight, and is based upon a system of averages, which -is neither complete nor accurate.”—(Report of the International Council -of Women, Washington, 1888, p. 378.) - -Concerning an assertion that “the specific gravity of both the white and -grey matter of the brain is greater in man than in woman,” Helen H. -Gardener says:—“Of this point this is what the leading brain anatomist -in America (Dr. E. C. Spitzka) wrote: ‘The only article recognised by -the profession as important and of recent date, which takes this theory -as a working basis, is by Morselli, and he is compelled to make the -sinister admission, while asserting that the specific gravity is less in -the female, that with old age and with insanity the specific gravity -increases.’ If this is the case I do not know that women need sigh over -their shortcoming in the item of specific gravity. There appear to be -two very simple methods open to them by which they may emulate their -brothers in the matter of specific gravity, if they so desire. One of -these is certain, if they live long enough; and the other—well, there is -no protective tariff on insanity.”—(_Loc. cit._, p. 379.) - -Helen Gardener further appositely observes:—“The brain of no remarkable -woman has ever been examined. Woman is ticketed to fit the hospital -subjects and tramps, the unfortunates whose brains fall into the hands -of the profession as it were by mere accident, while man is represented -by the brains of the Cromwells, Cuviers, Byrons, and Spurzheims. By this -method the average of men’s brains is carried to its highest level in -the matter of weight and texture; while that of women is kept at its -lowest, and even then there is only claimed 100 grammes’ -difference!”—(_Loc. cit._, p. 380.) - -And she concludes her exhaustive paper with the closing paragraph of a -letter to herself from Dr. E. C. Spitzka, the celebrated New York brain -specialist:—“You may hold me responsible for the following declaration: -That any statement to the effect that an observer can tell by looking at -a brain, or examining it microscopically, whether it belonged to a -female or a male subject, is not founded on carefully-observed facts.... -No such difference has ever been demonstrated, nor do I think it will be -by more elaborate methods than we now possess. Numerous female brains -exceed numerous male brains in absolute weight, in complexity of -convolutions, and in what brain anatomists would call the nobler -proportions. So that he who takes these as his criteria of the male -brain may be grievously mistaken in attempting to assert the sex of a -brain dogmatically. If I had one hundred female brains and one hundred -male brains together, I should select the one hundred containing the -largest and best-developed brains as probably containing fewer female -brains than the remaining one hundred. More than this no cautious -experienced brain anatomist would venture to declare.”—(_Loc. cit._, p. -381.) - -Charles Darwin has clearly summarised this question of comparison of -brain:—“No one, I presume, doubts that the large size of the brain in -man, relatively to his body, in comparison with that of the gorilla or -orang, is closely connected with his higher mental powers.... On the -other hand, no one supposes that the intellect of any two animals or of -any two men can be accurately gauged by the cubic contents of their -skulls. It is certain that there may be extraordinary mental activity -with an extremely small absolute mass of nervous matter; thus the -wonderfully diversified instincts, mental powers, and affections of ants -are generally known, yet their cerebral ganglia are not so large as the -quarter of a small pin’s head. Under this latter point of view the brain -of an ant is one of the most marvellous atoms of matter in the world, -perhaps more marvellous than the brain of man.”—(“The Descent of Man,” -Chap. IV.) - - - 3.—“_Wide shall she roam_ ...” - -John Ruskin says, of training a girl:—“Let her loose in the library, I -say, as you do a fawn in a field. It knows the bad weeds twenty times -better than you, and the good ones too; and will eat some bitter and -prickly ones, good for it, which you had not the slightest thought were -good.”—(“Sesame and Lilies,” p. 167.) - - - 6.—“... _murmurings_ ...” - -“Man thinks that his wife belongs to him like his domesticated animals, -and he keeps her therefore in slavery. There are few, however, who wear -their shackles without feeling their weight, and not a few who resent -it. Madame Roland says: ‘Quand vous parlez en maître, vous faites penser -aussitôt qu’on peut vous résister, et faire plus peut être, tel fort que -vous soyez. L’invulnerable Achille ne l’était pas partout.’”—Alexander -Walker, M.D. (“Woman as to Mind, &c.,” p. 353). - -“Why do women not discover, when ‘in the noon of beauty’s power,’ that -they are treated like queens only to be deluded by hollow respect, till -they are led to resign, or not assume, their natural prerogatives? -Confined then in cages like the feathered race, they have nothing to do -but to plume themselves and stalk with mock majesty from perch to perch. -It is true they are provided with food and raiment, for which they -neither toil nor spin, but health liberty, and virtue are given in -exchange.”—Mary Wollstonecraft (“Vindication of the Rights of Woman,” -Chap. IV.). See also Note XL., 5. - -“What have they (men) hitherto offered us in marriage, with a great show -of generosity and a flourish of trumpets, but the dregs of a life, and -the leavings of a dozen other women? Experience has at last taught us -what to expect and how to meet them.”—Lady Violet Greville (_National -Review_, May, 1892). - -See also Note XX., 2. - - - 8.—“_Lest that her soul should rise_ ...” - -“Laboulaye distinctly advises his readers to keep women in a state of -moderate ignorance, for ‘notre empire est détruit, si l’homme est -reconnu’ (Our empire is at an end when man is found out).”—(Note to -Bebel, Walther’s translation, p. 73.) - -_Id._—“... _break his timeworn yoke_.” - -As already shown, the subjugation of woman has not been an incident of -Western “civilisation” alone. Mrs. Eliza W. Farnham relates that “When a -Chinese Mandarin in California was told that the women of America were -nearly all taught to read and write, and that a majority of them were -able to keep books for their husbands, if they chose to do so, he shook -his head thoughtfully, and, with a foreboding sigh, replied, ‘If he -readee, writee, by’n-by he lickee all the men.’ Was that a barbarian -sentiment, or rather, perhaps, a presentiment of the higher sovereignty -coming?”—(“Woman and Her Era,” Vol. II., p. 41.) - - - XXXIV. - - - 5.—“... _his servitude_ ...” - -“Villeins were not protected by Magna Charta. “_Nullus liber homo -capiatur vel imprisonetur_,” &c., was cautiously expressed to exclude -the poor villein, for, as Lord Coke tells us, the lord may beat his -villein, and, if it be without cause, he cannot have any remedy. What a -degraded condition for a being endued with reason!”—Edward Christian -(“Note to Blackstone’s Commentaries,” Book II., Chap. VI.) - -Mr. Christian’s exclamation of concern is doubtless meant to apply to -the serf, yet was not the lord’s position equally despicable? - - - 6.—“... _in turn was master to a slave_.” - -This was, in fact, simply extending the spirit of the feudal system -(with its serfdom as just pictured), a little further. Buckle -exemplifies in ancient French society the servility descending from -one grade to another in man:—“By virtue of which each class exercising -great power over the one below it, the subordination and subserviency -of the whole were completely maintained.... This, indeed, is but part -of the old scheme to create distinctions for which Nature has given no -warrant, to substitute a superiority which is conventional for that -which is real, and thus try to raise little minds above the level of -great ones. The utter failure, and, as society advances, the eventual -cessation of all such attempts is certain.” But, meanwhile, evil -accompaniments are apparent, as Buckle further instances by saying: -“Le Vassor, who wrote late in the reign of Louis XIV., bitterly says: -‘Les Français accoutumés à l’esclavage, ne sentent plus la pesanteur -de leurs chaînes.’”—(“History of Civilisation in England,” Vol. II, -Chaps III., IV.) - -That the foregoing habits or foibles are human rather than simply -masculine, or that the imitation of them very naturally spreads to the -other sex, would seem to be shown by such evidence as Letourneau gives:— - -“In primitive countries the married woman—that is to say, the woman -belonging to a man—has herself the conscience of being a thing, a -property (it is proved to her often and severely enough), but she does -not think of retaliating, especially in what concerns the conjugal -relations. Moreover, as her condition is oftenest that of a slave -overburdened with work, not only does she not resent the introduction of -other women in the house of the master, but she desires it, for the work -will be so much the less for herself. Thus among the Zulus the wife -first purchased strives and works with ardour in the hope of furnishing -her husband with means to acquire a second wife, a companion in misery -over whom, by right of seniority, she will have the upper hand.”—(“The -Evolution of Marriage,” Chap. VIII.) - -Yet, in point of fact, this is not woman seeking to establish her own -dominion, but rather to secure somewhat more of freedom for herself. As -Alexandre Dumas fils tells us, concerning the Mormon women:— - -“Non seulement elles donnent leur consentement à leurs maris, quand ils -le leur demandent pour un nouveau mariage, mais elles sont quelquefois -les premières à leur proposer une nouvelle femme qui a, disent-elles, -des qualités nécessaires à la communauté, en réalité pour augmenter un -peu la possession d’elles-mêmes, c’est-à-dire leur liberté.”—(“Les -Femmes qui Tuent,” &c., p. 169.) - - - 8.—“... _vassalage to man_.” - -The Laureate Rowe makes his heroine bitterly but with reason exclaim:— - - “How hard is the condition of our sex, - Through every state of life the slaves of man! - In all the dear delightful days of youth, - A rigid father dictates to our wills, - And deals out pleasure with a scanty hand: - To his, the tyrant husband’s reign succeeds; - Proud with opinions of superior reason, - He holds domestic business and devotion - All we are capable to know, and shuts us, - Like cloistered idiots, from the world’s acquaintance - And all the joys of freedom. Wherefore are we - Born with high souls, but to assert ourselves, - Shake off this vile obedience they exact, - And claim an equal empire o’er the world?” - —(“The Fair Penitent,” Act III. sc. i.) - -Letourneau shows the state of feminine tutelage carried still further: -“We shall find that in many civilisations relatively advanced, widowhood -even does not gratify the woman with a liberty of which she is never -thought worthy.” And later on he quotes from the code of Manu, Book -V.:—“A little girl, a young woman, and an old woman ought never to do -anything of their own will, even in their own house.... During her -childhood a woman depends on her father; during her youth on her -husband; her husband being dead, on her sons; if she has no sons, on the -near relatives of her husband; or in default of them, on those of her -father; if she has no paternal relatives, on the Sovereign. A woman -ought never to have her own way.”—(“The Evolution of Marriage,” Chaps. -VII., XII.) - -Can a man be esteemed a human or even a rational being, who would accept -or tolerate such terms for the life of his sister woman—the mother of -the generations to come? - -See also Note XVII., 8. - - - XXXV. - - - 1, 2.—“... _fearing that the slave herself might guess - The knavery of her forced enchainedness_.” - -“Here I believe is the clue to the feeling of those men who have a real -antipathy to the equal freedom of women. I believe they are afraid, not -lest women should be unwilling to marry ... but lest they should insist -that marriage should be on equal conditions; but all women of spirit and -capacity should prefer doing almost anything else, not in their own eyes -degrading, rather than marry, when marrying is giving themselves a -master, and a master too of all their earthly possessions. And truly, if -this consequence were necessarily incident to marriage, I think that the -apprehension would be very well founded.”—J S. Mill (“The Subjection of -Women,” p. 51). - -See also Note XL., 4. - - - 5.—“... _dogmas_ ...” - -These dogmas which, under the guise of religion, were imposed on the -acceptance of womanhood, may be aptly summarised and epitomised in the -following lines from one of the hierarchs of the system:— - - “To whom thus Eve, with perfect beauty adorn’d: - ‘My author and disposer, what thou bidd’st - Unargued I obey: so God ordains; - God is thy law, thou mine; to know no more - Is woman’s happiest knowledge, and her praise.’” - —(“Paradise Lost,” Book IV., 634.) - -Concerning which words of Milton well may Mary Wollstonecraft observe, -with a quiet sarcasm:—“If it be allowed that women were destined by -Providence to acquire human virtues, and, by the exercise of their -understandings, that stability of character which is the firmest ground -to rest our future hopes upon, they must be permitted to turn to the -fountain of light, and not forced to shape their course by the twinkling -of a satellite.”—(“Vindication of the Rights of Woman,” Chap. II.) - -Milton also discoursed learnedly, but self-interestedly, concerning -divorce, claiming for the husband a privilege and option which he -utterly denied to the wife:—“... the power and arbitrement of divorce -from the master of the family, into whose hands God and the law of all -nations had put it ... that right which God from the beginning had -entrusted to the husband.”—(“The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce.”) - -It was this same mediæval moralist who trained his daughters in the -pronunciation of various languages, that they might minister to his -comfort by reading to him in those tongues; while he carefully withheld -from them any knowledge of the meaning of the words they were uttering. -Could a greater insult or a more degrading office be inflicted on a -cultured human intellect? Small wonder that his daughters were -sufficiently “undutiful and unkind”—as Milton styled it—to leave him -some years before his death. That the possessor of the same virile -intellect which penned the “Areopagitica,” with its brave freedom, could -tolerate and promulgate the servitude and degradation of one half of -humanity indicates in him a mental darkness as gross and as pitiable as -his physical blindness. - - - 6, 7.—“... _sanctimonious name - Of ‘woman’s duty’_ ...” - -“Hitherto the world has been governed by brute force only, which means -that the stronger animal, man, has kept the weaker in subjection, -allowing her to live only in so far as she ministered to his comforts; -that he has not unnaturally made laws and fixed customs to suit his own -pleasure and convenience, always at the expense of the woman; and, what -is worse, that he has in all countries given a religious sanction to his -vices, in order to bend the woman to his wishes.... I might also add -that all cruel customs relating to woman have been imposed upon her -under the guise of religion, and hence, though so injurious and baneful -to herself, she is even slower to change them than the man. There is -hardly any cruel wrong which has been inflicted in the course of ages by -man upon his fellow-man that has not been justified by an appeal to -religion.”—Mrs. Pechey Phipson, M.D. (“Address to the Hindoos of -Bombay”). - -_Id._... “There is nothing which men so easily learn as this -self-worship: all privileged persons, and all privileged classes, have -had it.... Philosophy and religion, instead of keeping it in check, are -generally suborned to defend it.”—J. S. Mill (“The Subjection of Women,” -p. 77). - -_Id._... A. Dumas fils speaks of “les femmes, ces éternelles mineures -des religions et des codes;” and of “les arguments à l’aide desquels -l’Eglise veut mettre les femmes de son côté”; and shows as the effect -that “Il y a des femmes honnêtes, esclaves du devoir, pieuses. Leur -religion leur a enseigné le sacrifice. Non seulement elles ne se -plaignent pas des épreuves à traverser mais elles les appellent pour -mériter encore plus la récompense promise, et elles les bénissent quand -elles viennent. Tout arrive, pour elles, par la volonté de Dieu, et tout -est comme il doit être dans cette vallée des larmes, chemin de -l’éternité bienheureuse.... D’ailleurs elles ne lisent ni les journaux, -ni les livres où il est question de ces choses-là; cette lecture leur -est interdite. Si, par hasard, elles avaient connaissance de pareilles -idées, ... elles en rougiraient, elles en souffriraient pour leur sexe, -et elles prieraient pour celles qui se laissent aller à propager de si -dangereuses erreurs et à donner de si déplorables exemples.... Mais, pas -plus que le bonheur, la ruse, l’ignorance, la misère et la servitude, la -foi aveugle, l’extase, et l’immobilité volontaire de l’esprit ne sont -des arguments sans réplique.”—(“Les Femmes qui Tuent,” &c., pp. 10, 91, -103.) - -The evil which Dumas points out is common to all religions, of whatever -race or make; the hall-mark of every creed, from Confucianism to -Comtism, has been the subjection of woman, under the affectation of -advocating her highest interests. The pious compound has usually been -altered to meet the growing intellectual requirements of common-sense -and justice and humanity, and hence the precepts of religion as to -feminine conduct have by no means always lain in such lines as the -multitude in our modern Western civilisation still enjoins on women. No -more than the whole and universal attitude of religion, ancient or -modern, as regards woman, is exposed or expressed in the following -recapitulation of present or historic facts:—“It is not the chastity of -women, as we understand it, but her subjection, that Japanese morality -requires. The woman is a thing possessed, and her immorality consists -simply in disposing freely of herself. - -“As regards prostitution, Brahmanic India is scarcely more scrupulous -than Japan, and there again we find religious prostitution practised in -the temples, analogous to that which in ancient Greece was practised at -Cyprus, Corinth, Miletus, Tenedos, Lesbos, Abydos, &c. (Lecky, ‘History -of European Morals,’ Vol. I., p. 103). According to the legend, the -Buddha himself, Sakyamouni, when visiting the famous Indian town of -Vasali, was received there by the great mistress of the courtesans. -(Mrs. Spier, ‘Life in Ancient India,’ p. 28).”—Letourneau (“The -Evolution of Marriage,” Chap. X.). - -The enforcement, or commendation, or acceptance of the practice of -prostitution, with its profanation of the dignity and individuality of -woman, and its utter carelessness and disregard for either her physical -or intellectual well-being, is indubitable evidence of the man-made -(_i.e._, male) origin of such a scheme of religion or ethics or -economics. For, as Mrs. Eliza W. Farnham truly remarks:—“If a doubt yet -remains on the mind of any reader that I have stated truly the part of -the masculine as cause in this terrible phenomenon, let it be considered -how man has always introduced prostitution in every country that he has -visited, and every island of the sea. Does anyone believe, for example, -that if the voyages of discovery and trade had been made by women -instead of men, to the islands of the Pacific, this scourge would have -been left as the testimony of their visit, so that, in a few -generations, the populations native there would have fallen a literal -sacrifice to their sensuality, as they are actually falling to man’s at -this day? There is no comment needed on the illustration, I am sure. The -common sense of every reader will furnish the best comment and answer -the question correctly.”—(“Woman and Her Era,” Vol. II., p. 299.) - -_Id._... Lastly, but most convincingly, as to the wilful and intentional -degradation and subjugation of woman by the teaching and rites of -religion, let it be noted that, among the Jews, the very fact of being a -woman is made a disgrace; and woman, the mother of the human race, is -insulted accordingly. In the morning synagogue service of prayer, -directly after unitedly blessing “Adonai,” for bestowing on the -barn-door fowl the power to distinguish between night and day, and for -not having created the worshippers present heathens or slaves, each -member of the male portion of the congregation thanks the same Adonai -“that Thou hast not fashioned me as a woman,” while each member of the -segregated female portion of the company is instructed to submissively -give thanks “that Thou hast fashioned me after Thine own pleasure.” The -male thanks for not being heathens seem, under the circumstances, -conspicuously premature.—(See “Ohel Jakob,” _i.e._, “Jacob’s Temple,” -the “Daily Prayer of the Israelites,” Fraenkel’s ed., Berlin.) - -That the spirit of this Mosaic or Hebrew sexual teaching, with its -incongruous assertions and inferences, has communicated itself deeply to -Christianity, may be observed from such passages as 1 Tim. ii. 13, 14; 1 -Cor. vii., 9; Eph. v. 24; Col. iii. 18; 1 Pet. iii. 1, 5; and many -others. - -_Id._... Buckle quotes from “Fergusson on the Epistles,” 1656, p. -242:—“The great and main duty which a wife, as a wife, ought to learn, -and so learn as to practice it, is to be subject to her own husband.” -(See also Note XVII., 8.) And Buckle further cites, from “Fox’s -Journal,” “After the middle of the seventeenth century the Quakers set -up ‘women’s’ meetings, to the disgust of many, and (query, because) in -the teeth of St. Paul’s opinion.”—(“Miscellaneous and Posthumous Works,” -Vol. I., pp. 375, 384.) - -_Id._... As already said, the “sanctimonious” claim of “woman’s duty” -runs through all religions. Here, for instance, is what is reported in a -leader of the _Manchester Guardian_ of August 15th, 1892:— - - “In this country no one would place suicide in the ranks of the - virtues. Here it is a crime, but in China under certain circumstances - it is regarded as an act of heroism and devotion worthy of sympathy - and of national recognition. Thus the Governor of Shansi forwarded to - the Emperor of China a memorial setting forth the virtues as daughter - and wife of a lady in that province. She was of good family, both her - father and grandfather having been officials in the district. At the - age of ten she showed her love for her mother in a peculiarly Chinese - fashion. One of the Celestial beliefs is that medicine acquires - efficacy by having mingled with it some human flesh, and the little - girl cut some from her own body to be used for the purpose of curing - an illness which threatened her mother’s life. In 1890 she was married - to an ‘expectant magistrate,’ whose expectations were realised by his - appointment last autumn to a judicial post. What she had, as a good - daughter, done for her mother, she, as a good wife, did also for her - husband, who fell ill; but her remedy was inefficacious, and he died. - She was now in a position which, according to the Chinese code of - ethics, has no responsibilities for a woman. Without parents, husband, - or children to demand her affectionate care, she decided to commit - suicide, and apparently not only communicated her intentions to those - around her, but had their sympathy and support in her decision. We are - told that, “only waiting till she had completed the arrangements for - her husband’s interment, she swallowed gold and powder of lead. She - handed her _trousseau_ to her relations to defray her funeral - expenses, and made presents to the younger members of the family and - the servants, after which, draped in her state robes, she sat waiting - her end. The poison began to work, and soon all was over.” The story - of a distracted wife seeking refuge in death from the sorrows of - widowhood might doubtless be told of any country in Europe, but the - sequel is possible only in China. The Governor of Shansi, struck with - the courage of the lady in what he evidently regards as a very proper - though somewhat unusual exhibition of conjugal affection, asks in his - memorial that the virtuous life and death of the lady may be duly - commemorated. The prayer of the memorial has been granted by the - Emperor and a memorial arch is to be erected in honour of the - suicide.” - - - 8.—“... _this reasoned day_ ...” - -See Note XVII., 8. - - - XXXVI. - - - 1.—“_By cant condoned_ ...” - -“Much has been said by Guizot on the influence of women in developing -European civilisation. It is at least certain that several of the -fathers did everything they could to diminish that influence. Tertullian -bitterly complains of the insolence of women who venture to teach and to -baptise. He allows that in case of necessity baptism may be administered -by a layman, but never by a woman. Again, among the other crimes of the -heretics he particularly enumerates the insolence of their women, who -ventured to teach, to dispute, &c., &c. In ‘De Cult. Faem,’ lib. I. Cap. -I., he says: ‘Let women remember that they are of the sex of Eve, who -ruined mankind, and let them therefore repair this ignominy by living -rather in dust than in splendour.’”—Buckle (“Common-Place Book,” Note -1870). - -_Id._—“... _man fashioned woman’s ‘sphere_.’” - -“We deny the right of any portion of the species to decide for another -portion, or any individual for another individual, what is, and what is -not, ‘their proper sphere.’ The proper sphere for all human beings is -the largest and highest which they are able to attain to. What this is, -cannot be ascertained without complete liberty of choice.”—Mrs. Harriet -Mill (“Enfranchisement of Women,” _Westminster Review_, July 1851). - - - 6.—“... _civil law_ ...” - -For example of this let us look at the law of our own country in even -recent times. Blackstone says:—“The husband (by the old law) might give -his wife moderate correction.... But this power of correction was -confined within reasonable bounds, and the husband was prohibited from -using any violence to his wife, _aliter quam ad virum ex causa regiminis -et castigationis uxoris suæ licite et rationabiliter pertinet_ (_i.e._, -otherwise than to a man for the ruling and punishment of his wife, -lawfully and reasonably pertains). The civil law gave the husband the -same or a larger authority over his wife, allowing him for some -misdemeanours, _flagellis et fustibus acriter verberare uxorem_ (_i.e._, -to severely beat his wife with whips and cudgels), for others, only -_modicam castigationem adhibere_ (to administer a moderate -chastisement). But with us, in the politer reign of Charles the Second, -this power of correction began to be doubted, and a wife may now -(_circ._ 1750) have security of peace against her husband; or in return, -a husband against his wife. Yet the lower rank of people, who were -always fond of the old common law,” (query, were the women fond of it?) -“still claim and exert their ancient privilege: and the courts of law -will still permit a husband to restrain a wife of her liberty in case of -any gross misbehaviour.” (“Commentaries,” Edward Christian’s Ed., Book -I., Chap. XV.) - -Such was undoubtedly the generally accepted and not infrequently acted -upon assumption; and it is certain that the Courts of Law would, in the -event of a wife absenting herself from her husband, order her return to -his custody; and would, and did imprison her in default of her -compliance. And this state of things continued until—as Mrs. -Wolstenholme Elmy records in her history of the celebrated “Clitheroe -case”— - - “At length, in the year 1891, and, as in the case of the negro - Somerset, upon the return to a writ of _habeas corpus_, there have - been found judges bold enough and just enough to set aside the ancient - saws and maxims, resting mainly upon _obiter dicta_ and loose phrases - of previous judges used in reference to hypothetical cases never - actually before the Courts, and to declare plainly and straightly that - the personal slavery of the wife is no part of the law of England. The - actual words of the Lord Chancellor in dealing with the return to the - writ are, as reported by the _Times_, March 20th, 1891, as follows:— - - “After stating the circumstances of the marriage, the decree, and the - refusal of the wife to cohabit, it states: ‘I therefore took my wife, - and have since detained her in my house, using no more force or - restraint than necessary to take her and keep her.’ That is the return - which seeks to justify an admitted imprisonment of this lady. I do not - know that I am able to express in sufficiently precise language the - difference between ‘confinement’ and ‘imprisonment,’ but if there is - any distinction, I can only say that upon these facts I should find an - imprisonment, and looking at the return it is put as a broad - proposition that the right of the husband, where there has been a - wilful absenting of herself by the wife from her husband’s house—that - it is his right to seize possession of his wife by force, and detain - her in his house until she renders him conjugal rights. That is the - proposition of law involved in the return, and I am not prepared to - assent to it. The Legislature has expressly deprived the Matrimonial - Court of the power of imprisoning the wife for refusal to comply with - a decree for restitution of conjugal rights, and the result of such a - system of law, if the husband had the power, would be that whereas the - Court had no power to hand the wife over into her husband’s hands, but - only to punish her for contempt by imprisonment under the control of - the Court, and without any circumstances of injury or insult, and even - that power was taken away, the husband might himself of his own motion - seize and imprison her until she consented to the restitution of - conjugal rights. That is the proposition I am called upon to establish - by holding this return to be good. _I am of opinion that no such right - or power exists in law. I am of opinion that no such right ever did - exist in our law._ Whatever authorities may be quoted for any such - proposition, it has always been subject to this condition: that where - she has a complaint of, or is apprehensive of, ill-usage, the Court - will never interfere to compel her to return to her husband’s custody. - Now this brings me to the particular circumstances of this - transaction. I am prepared to say that no English subject has a right - to imprison another English subject (who is _sui juris_, and entitled - to a judgment of his or her own) without any lawful authority, but if - there were any qualification of that proposition I should be of - opinion that on the facts of this case it would afford an ample - justification to any Court for refusing to allow the husband in this - case to retain the custody of his wife. - - “On these and other grounds the Lord Chancellor declared that the - return of the writ was bad, and ordered that the lady be restored to - her liberty, the other judges concurring.”—(“The Decision in the - Clitheroe Case and its Consequences,” pp. 3, 4.) - -Lord Esher was one of the two other Judges, both concurring, who formed -the Court of Appeal which granted the writ, and a few days subsequently -he gave from his place in the House of Lords the following further -statement of his judgment and views:— - - “As I was a party to the judgment, which seems to have been more - misunderstood than any judgment I recollect, I, perhaps, may be - excused from making an observation. It was urged before the Court of - Appeal that by the law of England a husband may beat his wife with a - stick if she refuses to obey him, and that if a wife refused her - husband conjugal rights, whatever that phrase may mean, which I have - never been able to make out, he may imprison her until she restores - him conjugal rights, or satisfies him that she will. All that the - Court of Appeal decided was that a husband cannot by the law of - England, if the wife objects, lawfully do either of those things. - Those intelligent people who have declared that the judgment is wrong - must be prepared to maintain the converse—namely, that if a wife - disobeys her husband he may lawfully beat her; and if she refuses him - a restitution of conjugal rights he may imprison her, it was urged, in - the cellar, or in the cupboard, or, if the house is large, in the - house, by locking her in it and blocking the windows. I thought, and - still think, that the law does not allow these things....”—(The - _Times_, 17th April, 1891.) - -Mrs. Wolstenholme Elmy further tells us that:— - - “To Lord Selborne the married women of this country owe a further debt - of gratitude for his introduction in 1884 of the Matrimonial Causes - Act of that session, which put an end to the punishment by - imprisonment of the husband or wife who refused to obey the decree of - the Court for restitution of conjugal rights. The arguments of Mr. - Lankester and Mr. Finlay in the Clitheroe case, based upon this - abolition of the power of the Court to imprison for disobedience, are - known to everyone. It would be destructive not only to personal - freedom, but a gross infraction of justice and common-sense, were a - husband to be permitted to exercise on his own behalf and at his own - pleasure a prerogative of punishment which had been withdrawn from the - Court. - - “That this power of imprisonment was not a mere _brutum fulmen_, but a - terrible reality in former days, may be learned from a Suffolk case, - early in the present century. A wife in contempt of court, a lady of - good family in Suffolk, was imprisoned in Ipswich goal for disobeying - a decree requiring her to render conjugal rights to her husband. At - the end of a year and ten months she became in want of the common - necessaries of life, and was reduced to the gaol allowance of bread - and water; she suffered from rheumatism and other maladies, which were - aggravated by the miseries of her imprisonment; and after many years - of such suffering died in prison—for she never went back to her - husband.”—(“The Decision in the Clitheroe Case and its Consequences,” - p. 9.) - -But while the law has thus been needfully amended in England, a further -evil effect has meantime supervened in our dependency of India; for this -faculty of imprisonment by the Courts for non-compliance with their -order in the event specified, which has been abolished in England, seems -to be still existent and appealed to in our Indian Courts. (See Note -XXII., 2.) The strange thing is that the suit for the restitution of -conjugal rights is not a matter of native law, but an inadvertent and -apparently entirely unintentional introduction from our English system; -the very judges who administer the Indian Law being at a loss to account -for its appearance in their practice. One authority, in seeking the -solution of the problem, declares that—“Mr. —— ‘could not find any -enactment directly establishing suits for the restitution of conjugal -rights, and believed there were none; but that they had been recognised -in a Stamp Act, and again in the Limitation of Suits Act passed in -1871.’ The material point is that Indian lawgivers have not consciously -given this remedy to those who did not possess it before; but that it -has slipped into our law without design. Mr. —— thinks ‘That this class -of suits was known in the old Supreme Courts, in the Presidency towns, -and as between Europeans; and it was not an improper subject of -legislation as regards Stamp Duty or Limitation by Time: but being -spoken of without qualification was held by the High Courts to be -available for all classes of the Indian communities.’ If this theory be -true, it accounts in an easy way for a change effected without any -intention of the Rulers at all. It is worth enquiry into under this -aspect.” Yes, enquiry and rectification hand in hand! - -_Id._—“... _and part divine_.” - -The fact has been that male lawgivers, in whatever land, have generally -asserted for their code of feminine ethics or conduct a divine origin, -and have announced the punishment for breach thereof as a divine -injunction. In very few instances, indeed, was there any attempt to -decree an equal punishment to the male who was partner with the female -in a mutual breach of this morality, and very frequently no punishment -of the male attached at all; and even in the few cases where such a -punishment was nominally threatened, the man’s share in the offence was -most generally connived at, and passed unpunished. This double code of -morality has a flagrant exemplification in the English Law of Divorce, -by which, while a man can procure a Decree of Divorce on the simple -ground of the adultery of his wife, a woman cannot obtain a like decree -for her husband’s adultery unless that offence be accompanied by such -treatment of herself as the Court will recognise as “cruelty,” or with -“desertion.” The double scheme of sexual morality, so revoltingly -tolerated, in so far as man is concerned, by “society” in the present -day is too patent to need further words here. And the repulsive cant is -still that, while the man is allowed to go free, the punishment of the -woman is due and commendable as in accordance with “divine law.” (See -Note XIV., 3.) - - - XXXVII. - - - 3, 4.—“... _lowest boor is lordly ‘baron’ styled, - And highest bride as common ‘feme’ reviled_.” - -“... husband and wife; or, as most of our elder law books call them, -‘baron’ and ‘feme.’”—(Blackstone’s “Commentaries,” Bk. I. Chap. 15.) - -But the context of the words “baron” and “feme” involved something more -than a mere _façon de parler_ of the law books. Edward Christian says, -in Note 23 to the Chapter in “Blackstone” above quoted:—“Husband and -wife, in the language of the law, are styled _baron_ and _feme_; the -word baron, or lord, attributes to the husband not a very courteous -superiority. But we might be inclined to think this merely an unmeaning -technical phrase, if we did not recollect, that if the baron kills his -feme it is the same as if he had killed a stranger or any other person; -but if the feme kills her baron it is regarded by the laws as a much -more atrocious crime, as she not only breaks through the restraints of -humanity and conjugal affection, but throws off all subjection to the -authority of her husband. And, therefore, the law denominates her crime -a species of treason, and condemns her to the same punishment as if she -had killed the king. And for every species of treason (though in petit -treason the punishment of men was only to be drawn and hanged), till the -30 Geo. III., Chap. 48, the sentence of woman was to be drawn and burnt -alive.” - -And Mr. Courtney Kenny says, on the same point, that the English Law of -Marriage in the twelfth century had “clothed the humblest husband with -more than the authority of a feudal lord, and merged his wife’s legal -existence altogether in his own.”—(“History of the Law of Married -Women’s Property,” p. 8.) - -And he exemplifies the position of the “feme” as being accurately -depicted in the words of Petruchio:— - - “I will be master of what is mine own, - She is my goods, my chattels; she is my house, - My household stuff, my field, my barn, - My horse, my ox, my ass, my anything.” - —(“The Taming of the Shrew,” Act III., scene 2.) - -The picture of the past masculine proprietorship and “bullyism” is -scarcely overdrawn. Ere a distant day Englishmen will shudder in -reflecting on the male creatures who were their progenitors. - - - 5, 6.—“_The tardier fear that grants the clown a share - In his own governance, denies it her._” - -By a leading article on Woman Suffrage, in the _Times_ of 29th April, -1892, a clear light is thrown on the causes which largely influenced the -extension of the Parliamentary franchise to the poorer class of male -citizens,—“a share of political power which they are not particularly -well fitted to use,” says the _Times_;—and which denied the same right -of franchise to women of whatever class. The intellect of the _Times_ -enounces that— - - “Without desiring to disparage the sex in any way, we must venture to - maintain that in both camps a large female contingent would be a - mischievous element. The female Conservative politician would be an - obstacle to all rational reform; the female Liberal politician would - be the advocate of every crude and febrile innovation. No doubt we - have put plausible arguments in the mouths of mere logic-choppers by - treating the franchise as a right rather than as a privilege and a - trust. Men can demand a share of _political power which they are not - particularly well fitted to use_, because they possess _de facto_ a - share of the physical force upon which all political arrangements - ultimately repose. Women do not possess such physical force, and, - therefore, can prefer no such claim.” - -Passing over, as unworthy of serious refutation, the wild assertions due -to sex-bias in the first part of the above extract, it may be noted how -instantly the lauded masculine weapon of logic is discarded and -contemned as soon as it points in the direction of equal justice for -woman. The “physical force” question is further dealt with in Note XLV., -6. But considering the words we have italicised, does not the whole of -the _Times_ exposition as above justify the appellation of cowardly -“fear”? (See also p. 78.) - -_Id._... Yet an even more unworthy thing than denial of the suffrage has -taken place, in that English women have been really robbed of their -earlier franchises. A lady Poor Law Guardian of the Tewkesbury Union has -written:— - - “... the present position of women in regard to the various franchises - is anomalous and contradictory, unworthy of that great growth of - freedom which the nineteenth century has given to men, and degenerate - as regards the position which women held in the days of the - Plantagenets and the Tudors. Freedom for women has not broadened down - ‘from precedent to precedent.’ Rather has it suffered by unnecessary - legislative interference. Every woman, except the Queen, is, - politically, non-existent. It was not always so. Restrictions unknown - to our ancient constitution have crept in.... Chief Justice Lee is - reported to have cited a case (in a manuscript collection of - Hakewell’s), Catherine _v._ Surrey, in which it was expressly decided, - that a _feme sole_, if she has a freehold, may vote for members of - Parliament; and a further one (from the same collection), Holt _v._ - Lyle, in which it was decided, that a _feme sole_ householder may - claim a voice for Parliament men; but, if married, her husband must - vote for her; whilst Justice Page declared, ‘I see no disability in a - woman from voting for a Parliament man.’ So closely, in the minds of - our Judges, were the local and Parliamentary franchises bound up, that - a question as to the rights of women in local voting seemed to involve - considerations as to their right to vote for Parliament men. - - “Yet, even in the matter of these local franchises, women have - suffered, and do suffer, from legislative tinkering and sex-biassed - decisions in our law courts. - - “Down to 1835, women, possessing the qualifications which entitled men - to vote, voted freely in municipal elections, and in some important - cities, such as London and Edinburgh, the civic rights even of married - women, possessing a separate qualification from the husband, were well - established. The Municipal Corporations Act of 1835, however (passed - by the Whig administration of Lord Melbourne), was framed upon the - evil precedent of the Reform Act of 1832, and by the use of the words - ‘male persons,’ in treating of the franchises under it, disfranchised - every woman in the boroughs to which it applied, and this - disfranchisement lasted for thirty-four years. - - “Nevertheless, in non-corporate districts, women continued to vote as - freely as before, and thus secured the ultimate restitution of the - rights of their disfranchised sisters in incorporated districts; for, - when in 1869, on the consideration of the Municipal Franchise Bill of - that year, these peculiar facts were brought to the notice of the - House of Commons, and it was shown that the incorporation of any - district involved the summary disfranchisement of the women - ratepayers, the House, without a dissentient word, or any shadow of - opposition, adopted the proposal to omit the word ‘male’ before the - word ‘person’ in Section 1 of the Bill, and thus restored the rights - of the women ratepayers, of whom many thousands voted, as a - consequence of the passing of the Act, in the municipal elections of - the following November.”—Mrs. Harriett McIlquham (“The Enfranchisement - of Women: An Ancient Right, a Modern Need,” pp. 5, 12, 13.) - - - 8.—“... _infants, felons, fools_ ...” - -This legal courteousness has afforded Miss Frances Power Cobbe the text -for an instructive paper: “Criminals, Idiots, Women, and Minors: Is the -Classification Sound?” (_Fraser’s Magazine_, December, 1868.) - -A recent instance of the official collocation is to be found in the Act -5 and 6 Vict., Cap. 35, Sec. 41:— - -“And be it enacted, that the trustee, guardian, tutor, curator, or -committee of any person, being an infant, or married woman, lunatic, -idiot, or insane, and having the direction, control, or management of -the property or concern of such infant, married woman, lunatic, idiot, -or insane person, whether such infant, married woman, lunatic, idiot, or -insane person shall reside in the United Kingdom or not,” etc., etc. - - - XXXVIII. - - - 7.—“... _every bond erased_ ...” - -“In the struggle of the races, keeping in view the teachings of -evolutionists, the most reasonable and sensible thing, in addition to -its _justness_, appears to be this: - -“First, to place women on an equal footing with men, socially, and _in -the eyes of the law_. Before _that_ is done, it is useless to talk about -women’s superiority or equality. It is all breath and words, or paper -and ink. In the eyes of the law she is man’s inferior. That is not all. -In the eyes of the law the most cultured woman is inferior to the most -uncultured man; she is, in fact, pretty much on a level with a baby, or -a boy or girl under age. Moreover, the most cultured woman in the United -Kingdom is considered inferior, politically, to the American negro! - -“Second, let the two sexes settle matters among themselves, as far as -intellect is concerned, as men now settle matters among themselves, -without imposing on each other any disability. Those of both sexes who -are weak will soon find their intellectual level; and those of both -sexes who are strong will soon come to the front.”—Emanuel Bonavia, M.D. -(“Woman’s Frontal Lobes”). - - - XXXIX. - - - 2.—“... _equal power of rule_ ...” - - “Where women walk in public processions in the streets the same as the - men, - Where they enter the public assembly and take places the same as the - men; ... - Where the city of the cleanliness of the sexes stands, - Where the city of the healthiest fathers stands, - Where the city of the best bodied mothers stands, - There the great city stands.” - —Walt Whitman (“Song of the Broad Axe”). - - - 3.—“_Her voice in council and in senate_ ...” - -“Is there so great a superfluity of men fit for high duties, that -society can afford to reject the service of any competent person? Are we -so certain of always finding a man made to our hands for any duty or -function of social importance which falls vacant, that we lose nothing -by putting a ban on one half of mankind and refusing beforehand to make -their faculties available, however distinguished they may be? And even -if we could do without them, would it be consistent with justice to -refuse to them their fair share of honour and distinction, or to deny to -them the equal right of all human beings to choose their occupation -(short of injury to others) according to their own preferences, at their -own risk? Nor is the injustice confined to them, it is shared by those -who are in a position to benefit by their services. To ordain that any -kind of persons shall not be physicians, or shall not be advocates, or -shall not be members of parliament, is to injure not them only, but all -who employ physicians, or advocates, or elect members of parliament.”—J. -S. Mill (“The Subjection of Women,” p. 94). - - - 4.—“... _harmonising word_ ...” - -“... the main reason why so many thoughtful women now claim direct -Parliamentary representation is an unselfish one. They desire to take -their full share in the service of the race; to help to solve those -grave social problems now so urgently pressing, and which demand for -their solution the combined resources of the wisdom, experience, and -heart of both halves of humanity. They know that the time is fast -coming—if, indeed, it be not already come—which will need for its -direction and control something more than diplomatic cleverness or -political manœuvring, which will demand the clearer conscience and the -more sensitive perception of justice born of imaginative sympathy. It is -because they hope and believe that in virtue of their faculty of -motherhood they can contribute somewhat of these elements to the world’s -well-being, and can thus speed its progress towards a nobler future, -that they claim full right and power to follow and fulfil their highest -conceptions of duty.”—Elizabeth C. Wolstenholme Elmy (“The Decision in -the Clitheroe Case and its Consequences,” p. 17). - - 7.—“_Self-reverent each and reverencing each_.” - —A line from Part VII. of Tennyson’s “Princess.” - -_Id._... “The exigencies of the new life are no more exclusive of the -virtues of generosity than those of the old, but it no longer entirely -depends on them. The main foundations of the moral life of modern times -must be justice and prudence; the respect of each for the rights of -every other, and the ability of each to take care of himself.”—J. S. -Mill (“The Subjection of Women,” p. 159). - - - XL. - - - 1.—“... _but a slave himself_ ...” - -“The domination of either sex over the other paralyses the dominion of -either.”—Ellen Sarah, Lady Bowyer (Letter to _Daily News_, 24th October, -1891). - -_Id._... - - “Can man be free if woman be a slave? - Chain one who lives, and breathes this boundless air - To the corruption of a closed grave! - Can they whose mates are beasts, condemned to bear - Scorn, heavier far than toil or anguish, dare - To trample their oppressors?” - —Shelley (“The Revolt of Islam,” Canto 2, s. xliii.). - - - 2.—“... _she to shape her own career be free_ ...” - -“Not less wrong—perhaps even more foolishly wrong—is the idea that woman -is only the shadow and attendant image of her lord, owing him a -thoughtless and servile obedience, and supported altogether in her -weakness by the pre-eminence of his fortitude. This, I say, is the most -foolish of all errors, respecting her who was made to be the helpmate of -man. As if he could be helped effectively by a shadow, or worthily by a -slave.”—John Ruskin (“Of Queens’ Gardens,” p. 125). - - - 4.—“_Free mistress of her person’s sacred plan_.” - -Eliza W. Farnham (in “Woman and Her Era,” Vol. II., p. 92) clearly -enunciates the depth of degradation and slavery from which woman’s -person must be freed:—“When this mastery is established, and ownership -of her becomes a fixed fact, she who was worshipped, vowed to as an -idol, deferred to as a mistress, required to conform herself to nothing -except the very pleasant requirement that she should take her own way in -everything; to come and go, to accept or reject, to do or not, at her -own supreme pleasure—this being may find herself awaking in a state of -subjection which deprives her of the most sacred right to her own -person—makes her the slave of an exacting demand that ignores the -conditions, emotions, susceptibilities, pains, and pleasures of her -life, as tyrannically and systematically as if she were indeed an -insensate chattel.” - -Happily, as far as England is concerned, our law no longer lends its -power to enforce such a position. - - - 5.—“_Free human soul_ ...” - -Woman’s deep and wholesome impulse and yearning for individual freedom -and selfdom is well-spoken in the following lines, by an anonymous -writer; touchingly shown also is the unsufficingness to her soul of even -the most honeyed of unequal positions:— - - “Oh, to be alone! - To escape from the work, the play, - The talking every day; - To escape from all I have done, - And all that remains to do. - To escape—yes, even from you, - My only love, and be - Alone and free. - - Could I only stand - Between gray moor and gray sky, - Where the winds and the plovers cry, - And no man is at hand; - And feel the free wind blow - On my rain-wet face, and know - I am free—not yours, but my own— - Free, and alone! - - For the soft firelight - And the home of your heart, my dear, - They hurt, being always here. - I want to stand upright, - And to cool my eyes in the air, - And to see how my back can bear - Burdens—to try, to know, - To learn, to grow! - - I am only you! - I am yours, part of you, your wife! - And I have no other life. - I cannot think, cannot do; - I cannot breathe, cannot see; - There is ‘us,’ but there is not ‘me’:— - And worst, at your kiss I grow - Contented so.” - - - 7.—“_From woman slave can come but menial race_,” - -“If the result to the family is such as I have described what must be -the effect on the race? A slow but sure degeneration. And has this not -taken place? Is the race now such as you read of it in early times -before the Mogul invasion brought the Zenana and child-marriage in its -train? Where are the Rajputs and the Mahrattas with their manly -exercises and their mental vigour? For centuries you have been children -of children, and there is no surer way of becoming servants of -servants.”—Mrs. Pechey Phipson, M.D. (“Address to the Hindoos,” p. 9). - -_Id._... “If children are to be educated to understand the true -principle of patriotism, their mother must be a patriot.”—Mary -Wollstonecraft (Letter to Talleyrand). - - - 8.—“_The mother free confers her freedom and her grace_.” - -“The child follows the blood of the mother; the son of a slave or serf -father and a noble woman is noble. ‘It is the womb which dyes the -child,’ they say in their primitive language.... ‘The woman bears the -clan,’ say the Wyandot Indians, just as our ancestors said ‘The womb -dyes the child!’”—Letourneau (“The Evolution of Marriage,” Ch. XI., -XVII.). - - - XLI. - - - 1.—“_By her the progress of our future kind_.” - - “What may man be? Who can tell? But what may woman be - To have power over man from cradle to corruptible grave?” - —William Blake (“Jerusalem”). - - _Id._... “The application of the Pfeiffer bequest, ‘for charitable and - educational purposes in favour of women,’ has been delayed by legal - difficulties, but the Attorney General has now submitted to the Court - of Chancery a first list of awards. Details given in the _Journal of - Education_ show that Girton and Newnham Colleges receive £5,000 each, - whilst Bedford College, Somerville Hall, the New Hospital for Women, - the Maria Grey Training College, and a number of other institutions - benefit by slightly smaller sums. The bequests will doubtless be - welcomed by the recipients, for all the institutions included so far - are doing useful work with very inadequate means, and it is to be - hoped that the generous example of the London merchant and his - literary wife will be often followed in the future. Women’s - education—and girls’, too, for that matter—in this country is almost - unendowed, and is yet expected to produce results equal to those - gained in the richly endowed foundations for boys and men. The - interest of the Pfeiffer bequest, however, lies rather in the spirit - that prompted it and in the views of progress held by the donors than - in the generosity of the gift or the precise manner of its - distribution. In a letter explaining his wishes, Mr. Pfeiffer - remarks:— - -“I have always had and am adhering to the idea of leaving the bulk of my -property in England for charitable and educational purposes in favour of -women. Theirs is, to my mind, the great influence of the future. -Education and culture and responsibility in more than one direction, -including that of politics, will gradually fit them for the exercise of -every power that could possibly work towards the regeneration of -mankind. It is women who have hitherto had the worst of life, but their -interest, and with their interest that of humanity, is secured, and I -therefore am determined to help them to the best of my ability and -means.”—_Manchester Guardian_, June 7th, 1892. - -“Men are what their mothers made them. You may as well ask a loom which -weaves huckaback, why it does not make cashmere, as expect poetry from -this engineer, or a chemical discovery from that jobber. Ask the digger -in the ditch to explain Newton’s laws; the fine organs of his brain have -been pinched by overwork and squalid poverty from father to son, for a -hundred years. When each comes forth from his mother’s womb, the gate of -gifts closes behind him. Let him value his hands and feet, he has but -one pair. So he has but one future, and that is already predetermined in -his lobes, and described in that little fatty face, pig-eye, and squat -form.”—Emerson (Essay on Fate). - -_Id._... “The British _race_ cannot afford to dispense with _all_ the -advantage that may be in embryo in the future female intellect, because -men and some women are found who declare that women are intellectually -inferior.... No amount of prayers and wishes and submitting to God’s -will are of any avail. You must _use_ the organs of the intellect in -order, not only to increase their efficiency, but to prevent their going -from bad to worse. It might here be noted, that because the British -people might choose to be satisfied with atrophy of the intellect lobes -in their mothers, it will not at all follow that other nations will do -so _also_. If such things as nations exist, there will always be rivalry -and competition, and depend upon it those will be first whose mothers -generally possess the most efficient intellect lobes.... Fortunately we -have learnt another great lesson, evolved by Charles Darwin’s frontal -lobes, and that is, that there is no such thing as a _fixed_ and -_unalterable_ tissue or organism anywhere. All organisms and parts of -organisms are _changeable_. Everything—organ and organism—_has_ changed -in the past, _is_ changing in the present, and _will_ change in the -future in accordance with the conditions that surround it. Women’s -frontal lobes and grey matter will certainly be no exception to the -rule. Emancipation, keeping her eyes open, and thinking for herself are -the three main things she has to keep hammering at, until the lords of -creation _see_ that they are the right things to do, to save future -generations from universal imbecility.”—E. Bonavia, M.D. (“Woman’s -Frontal Lobes”). - - - 2.—“_Their stalwart body and their spacious mind_;” - - “If she be small, slight-natured, miserable, - How shall men grow?” - —Tennyson (“The Princess,” Canto 7). - - - XLIII. - - - 8.—“_Where lies her richest gift_, ...” - -“As I have already said more than once, I consider it presumption in -anyone to pretend to decide what women are or are not, can or cannot be -by natural constitution. They have always hitherto been kept, as far as -regards spontaneous development, in so unnatural a state, that their -nature cannot but have been greatly distorted and disguised, and no one -can safely pronounce that if women’s nature were left to choose its -direction as freely as men’s, and if no artificial bent were attempted -to be given to it except that required by the conditions of human -society, and given to both sexes alike, there would be any material -difference, or perhaps any difference at all, in the character and -capacities which would unfold themselves.”—J. S. Mill (“The Subjection -of Women,” p. 104). - - - XLIV. - - - 4.—“... _the freeman, equable_ ...” - -“The freeman assuredly scorns equally to insult and to be -insulted.”—Alexander Walker (“Woman as to Mind,” p. 205). - - - XLV. - - - 2.—“... _equal freedom, equal fate_ ...” - -“As long as boys and girls run about in the dirt, and trundle hoops -together, they are both precisely alike. If you catch up one half of -these creatures and train them to a particular set of actions and -opinions, and the other half to a perfectly opposite set, of course -their understandings will differ, as one or the other sort of -occupations has called this or that talent into action. There is surely -no occasion to go into any deeper or more abstruse reasoning in order to -explain so very simple a phenomenon.”—Sydney Smith (“Female Education”). - -_Id._... “Was it Mary Somerville who had to hide her books, and study -her mathematics by stealth after all the family had gone to sleep, for -fear of being scolded and worried because she allowed her intellect full -scope? She has now a bust in the Royal Institution!... Whatever view of -the case theoretical considerations may suggest, there is one fact -beyond cavil, and it is this: that the female frontal lobes are not only -capable of equalling in power the male lobes, but can surpass them _when -allowed_ free scope. This has been recently proved in one of the -universities, where a woman surpassed the senior wrangler in -mathematics—an essentially intellectual work.”—Dr. Emanuel Bonavia -(“Woman’s Frontal Lobes”). - -The “girl graduate” last referred to is Miss Philippa Fawcett at the -University Examinations, Cambridge, in June, 1890. - - - 3.—“_Together reared_ ...” - -“We find a good example in the United States, where, to the horror of -learned and unlearned pedants of both sexes, numerous colleges exist in -which large numbers of young men and women are educated together. And -with what results? President White, of the University of Michigan, -expresses himself thus: ‘For some years past a young woman has been the -best scholar of the Greek language among 1,300 students; the best -student in mathematics in one of the classes of our institution is a -young woman, and many of the best scholars in natural and general -science are also young women.’ Dr. Fairchild, President of Oberlin -College in Ohio, in which over 1,000 students of both sexes study in -mixed classes, says: ‘During an experience of eight years as Professor -of the ancient languages, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, and in the branches -of ethics and philosophy, and during an experience of eleven years in -theoretical and applied mathematics, the only difference which I have -observed between the sexes was in the manner of their rhetoric.’ Edward -H. Machill, President of Swarthmore College, in Pennsylvania, tells us -that an experience of four years has forced him to the conclusion that -the education of both sexes in common leads to the best moral results. -This may be mentioned in passing as a reply to those who imagine such an -education must endanger morality.”—Bebel (“Women,” Walther’s -Translation, p. 131). (See also Notes to line 7, forward.) - -It is of good omen that the precedent thus set in America is finding a -following in our own isle also. All honour to the University of St. -Andrews, concerning which sundry newspapers of 15th March, 1892, relate -that: “The Senatus Academicus of the University of St. Andrews has -agreed to open its classes in arts, science, and theology to women, who -will be taught along with men. The University will receive next year a -sum of over £30,000 to be spent on bursaries, one half of the sum to be -devoted to women exclusively. Steps are being taken to secure a hall of -residence in which the women students may live while attending the -University classes.” - - _Id._—“... _in purity and truth, - Through plastic childhood and retentive youth_.” - -“Je voudrais que ce petit volume apportât au lecteur un peu de la -jouissance que j’ai goûtée en le composant. Il complète mes _Souvenirs_, -et mes souvenirs sont une partie essentielle de mon œuvre. Qu’ils -augmentent ou qu’ils diminuent mon autorité philosophique, ils -expliquent, ils montrent l’origine de mes jugements, vrais ou faux. Ma -mère, avec laquelle j’ai été si pauvre, à côté de laquelle j’ai -travaillé des heures, n’interrompant mon travail que pour lui dire: -‘Maman, êtes-vous contente de moi?’ mes petites amies d’enfance qui -m’enchantaient par leur gentillesse discrète, ma sœur Henriette, si -haute, si pure, qui, à vingt ans, m’entraîna dans la voie de la raison -et me tendit la main pour franchir un passage difficile, ont embaumé le -commencement de ma vie d’un arôme qui durera jusqu’à la mort.”—Ernest -Renan (“Souvenirs d’Enfance.”). - - - 5.—“_Their mutual sports of sinew and of brain._” - -“No boy nor girl should leave school without possessing a grasp of the -general character of science, and without having been disciplined more -or less in the methods of all sciences; so that when turned into the -world to make their own way, they shall be prepared to face scientific -problems, not by knowing at once the conditions of every problem, or by -being able at once to solve it, but by being familiar with the general -current of scientific thought, and by being able to apply the methods of -science in the proper way, when they have acquainted themselves with the -conditions of the special problem.”—T. H. Huxley (“Essay on Scientific -Education”). - -And the same learned professor tells us, on another occasion:—“A liberal -education is an artificial education which has not only prepared a man -to escape the great evils of disobedience to natural laws, but has -trained him to appreciate and to seize upon the rewards which Nature -scatters with as free a hand as her penalties. That man, I think,” -(shall we not include “woman” also, on his own showing as above?) “has -had a liberal education who has been so trained in youth that his body -is the ready servant of his will, and does with ease and pleasure all -the work that, as a mechanism, it is capable of; whose intellect is a -clear, cold logic engine, with all its parts in equal strength and in -smooth working order, ready, like a steam engine, to be turned to every -kind of work, and spin the gossamers as well as forge the anchors of the -mind; whose mind is stored with a knowledge of the great and fundamental -truths of Nature, and of the laws of her operations; one who, no stunted -ascetic, is full of life and fire, but whose passions are trained to -come to heel by a vigorous will, the servant of a tender conscience; who -has learned to love all beauty, whether of Nature or of art, to hate all -vileness, and to respect others as himself. - -“Such an one, and no other, I conceive, has had a liberal education, for -he is as completely as a man can be in harmony with Nature. He will make -the best of her, and she of him. They will get on together rarely; she -as his ever beneficent mother, he as her mouthpiece, her conscious self, -her minister, and interpreter.”—_Id._ (“Essay on a Liberal Education.”) - - - 6.—“_In strength alike the sturdy comrades train_; ...” - -How largely strength is simply a matter of training may be instanced by -a case or two:— - -“The results of practice and training from childhood on the bodily -development can be seen in female acrobats and circus riders, who could -compete with any man in courage, daring, dexterity, and strength, and -whose performances are frequently astonishing.”—Bebel (“Woman,” p. 126). - -“I am a medical man. I have spent several years in Africa, and have seen -human nature among tribes whose habits are utterly unlike those of -Europe. I had been accustomed to believe that the _muscular_ system of -women is necessarily feebler than that of men, and perhaps I might have -dogmatised to that effect; but, to my astonishment, I found the African -women to be as strong as our men.... Not only did I see the proof of it -in their work and in the weights which they lifted, but on examining -their arms I found them large and hard beyond all my previous -experience. On the contrary, I saw the men of these tribes to be weak, -their muscles small and flabby. Both facts are accounted for by the -habits of the people. The men are lazy in the extreme; all the hard work -is done by the women.”—(_Westminster Review_, Oct., 1865, p. 355.) - -“Les femmes Sphakiotes ne le cèdent en rien aux hommes pour la vigueur -et l’énergie. J’ai vu un jour une femme ayant un enfant dans les bras et -un sac de farine sur la tête, gravir, malgré ce double fardeau, la pente -escarpée qui conduit à Selia.”—Jules Ballot (“Histoire de l’Insurrection -Crétoise,” Paris, 1868, p. 251). - -_Id._... In this context it is pleasant to find in the newspapers such a -note as the following:— - - “The frost continued throughout West Cheshire yesterday, and skating - on rather rough ice was largely enjoyed. At Eaton, where the Duke of - Westminster is entertaining a party, the guests had a hockey match on - the frozen fish-pond in front of the hall. The players, who kept the - game up with spirit for over an hour, included the Duchess of - Westminster, the Marquis and Marchioness of Ormonde, Lady Beatrice and - Lady Constance Buller, Lord Arthur Grosvenor, Lord Gerald Grosvenor, - Lady Margaret and Lady Mary Grosvenor, Captain and Mrs. Cawley, Hon. - Mrs. Norman Grosvenor, Hon. Mrs. Thomas Grosvenor, General Julian - Hall, and party.”—(_Manchester Courier_, 12th Jan., 1892.) - -Later on in the year we read in the journal _Woman_:— - - “At the Marlow Regatta an extremely pretty girl in navy serge, built - Eton fashion, was a Miss ——, who wore as an under-bodice a full vest - of shaded yellow Indian silk. Her prowess with the oar is the cause of - daily admiration to the Marlowites.” - -Again, on August 15th, 1892, the _Manchester Evening Mail_ has the -following:— - - “An ailing ‘navvy,’ who has been engaged in some works near - Versailles, was a few days ago admitted to a hospital in that town. - Before the sick person had long been in the institution it was - discovered that the apparent ‘navvy’ was a woman. The superintendent - of the hospital was not in the least surprised on hearing of the - transformation scene, for it appears that he is accustomed to deal - with many woman patients who enter the hospital in male attire. It is - common in the district (says a Paris correspondent) for robust women - to don men’s garb in order to obtain remunerative employment as - navvies, porters, farm labourers, road menders, or assistants to - bricklayers, masons, and builders. It has long been established that - the average Frenchwoman of town or country has as great a capacity for - work either in counting-houses, shops, fields, or farms as her lord - and master has for laziness and lolling in the cafés, playing - dominoes, and smoking cigarettes.” - -On the preceding day, August 14th, 1892, the St. Petersburg journals -reported that:— - - “Ces jours-ci sera érigé à Sébastopol le monument élevé en l’honneur - des Femmes de cette ville qui, en 1854, ont construit seules une - batterie contre les troupes alliées. C’est une pyramide taillée en - granit d’une hauteur de cinquante pieds. Sur un côté est écrit en - lettres d’or: ‘C’est ici que se trouvait la batterie des Femmes’; sur - l’autre face les mots suivants sont gravés: ‘A cet endroit, en 1854, - les Femmes de Sébastopol ont construit une batterie.’ Le jour de - l’inauguration de ce monument n’est pas encore fixé. L’impératrice se - fera représenter à l’inauguration par un grand-duc.” - -And, in October, 1892, the “sporting” newspapers recorded that:— - - “Women are gradually coming to the fore as bicycle riders. Miss - Dudley, a well-known rider, has just accomplished a feat which would - have seemed wonderful for any rider not long ago. She has ridden from - a spot near Hitchin to Lincoln, a distance of 100 miles, in little - more than seven hours, or at the average speed of about fourteen miles - an hour. Mr. and Mrs. Smith are well-known as tandem riders, and they - have won many races together; but this is, perhaps, the first recorded - instance of a woman cyclist holding her own so well, unaided, in a - long road ride.” - -See also “The Lancashire pit-brow women,” Note XVIII., 8. - - - 7.—“_Of differing sex no thought inept intrudes_,” - -“I have conversed, as man with man, with medical men on anatomical -subjects, and compared the proportions of the human body with -artists—yet such modesty did I meet with that I was never reminded by -word or look of my sex, and the absurd rules which make modesty a -pharisaical cloak of weakness.”—Mary Wollstonecraft (“The Rights of -Woman,” p. 278). - -“As a careful observer remarks, true modesty lies in the entire absence -of thought upon the subject. Among medical students and artists the nude -causes no extraordinary emotion; indeed, Flaxman asserted that the -students in entering the Academy seemed to hang up their passions along -with their hats.”—Westermarck (“History of Human Marriage,” p. 194). - -_Id._... “This is strikingly exemplified in the curious conversation -recorded in Lylie’s ‘Euphues’ and his ‘England,’ edit. 1605, 4to, -signature X—Z 2, where young unmarried people of both sexes meet -together and discuss without reserve the ticklish metaphysics of love. -But though treading on such slippery ground, it is remarkable that they -never, even by allusion, fall into grossness. Their delicate propriety -is not improbably the effect of their liberty.”—Buckle (“Common-place -Book,” No. 856). - - - 8.—“_Their purpose calmly sure all errant aim excludes_.” - -“We point to a present remedy for undergraduate excesses, which, resting -on the soundest theory, has also the demonstration of unquestioned fact. -It is co-education. Cease to separate human beings because of sex. They -are conjoined in the family, in the primary and grammar schools, in -society, and, after the degree rewards four years of monastic student -existence, in the whole career of life. - -“Throw open the doors of Harvard to women on equal terms, absorb the -annexe into the college proper, and as the night follows the day, -scholarship will rise, and dissipation fall by the law of gravitation. -The moral atmosphere will find immediate purification, and the daily -association of brothers and sisters in intellectual pursuits impart a -breadth of view which is an education in itself. The professors may then -be left safely to their themes, John Harvard’s statue may cease to dread -defilement, the regent will find his censorial duties fully as -perfunctory as he seems to have made them in the past, and character -will crowd out profligacy.”—William Lloyd Garrison (in _Woman’s -Journal_, Boston, U.S., 6th February, 1892). - -“Whatsoever is ultimately decided by the wisdom of ages to be the best -possible form of culture for one human nature, must be so for another, -for one common humanity lies deeper in all and is more essential in each -than any difference.”—Sophia Jex-Blake, M.D. - - - XLVI. - - - 3.—“... _impartial range_ ...” - -Preparation in this direction is going steadily forward, not only in the -Western hemisphere, but in the Eastern. It is announced (in August, -1892) that - - “Lady students at the five Universities in Switzerland number 224. - Berne is the most popular, with 78 female undergraduates; Zurich has - 70; Geneva 70; the new University of Lausanne has five; and Basle one. - The medical faculty is in most favour with the female students, and - counts 157 of the whole number; the philosophical faculty follows with - 62; five prefer the faculty of jurisprudence; the theological faculty - has not yet been invaded by the sex. More than half of the female - students, 116, are Russians, 21 Germans, 21 Swiss, 11 Americans, nine - Austrians, seven Bulgarians, four English, three Roumanians, and three - from the Turkish Empire, all of whom are young Armenian ladies.” - - - 4.—“... _wider wisdom_ ...” - -Such wider wisdom—without the preliminary suffering—as the poet had -attained to, when he wrote:— - - “I have climbed to the snows of Age, and I gaze at a field in the Past, - Where I sank with the body at times in the sloughs of a low desire; - But I hear no yelps of the beast, and the man is quiet at last, - As he stands on the heights of his life with a glimpse of a height - that is higher.” - —Tennyson (“By an Evolutionist”). - -_Id._—“... _juster ethics, teach_; ...” - -“For we see that it is possible to interpret the ideals of ethical -progress, through love and sociality, co-operation and sacrifice, not as -mere utopias contradicted by experience, but as the highest expressions -of the central evolutionary process of the natural world.... The older -biologists have been primarily anatomists, analysing and comparing the -form of the organism, separate and dead; however incompletely, we have -sought rather to be physiologists, studying and interpreting the highest -and intensest activity of things living.... It is much for our pure -natural history to recognise that ‘creation’s final law’ is not -struggle, but love.”—Geddes and Thomson (“The Evolution of Sex,” pp. -312, 313). - - 5; 6.—“_Conformed to claims of intellect and need, - The tempered numbers of their high-born breed_;” - -“There is a problem creeping gradually forward upon us, a problem that -will have to be solved in time, and that is the steady increase of -population.... I believe that with the emancipation of women we shall -solve this problem now. Fewer children will be born, and those that are -born will be of a higher and better physique than the present order of -men. The ghastly abortions, which in many parts pass muster nowadays, -owing to the unnatural physical conditions of society, as men, women, -and children, will make room for a nobler and higher order of beings, -who will come to look upon the production of mankind in a diseased or -degraded state as a wickedness and unpardonable crime, against which all -men and women should fight and strive.”—Lady Florence Dixie (“Gloriana,” -p. 137). - -_Id._... And Mrs. Mona Caird says:—“If the new movement had no other -effect than to rouse women to rebellion against the madness of large -families, it would confer a priceless benefit on humanity.”—(_Nineteenth -Century_, May, 1892.) - -_Id._... “To bring a child into existence without a fair prospect of -being able, not only to provide food for its body, but instruction and -training for its mind, is a moral crime, both against the unfortunate -offspring and against society.... The fact itself of causing the -existence of a human being, is one of the most responsible actions in -the range of human life. To undertake this responsibility—to bestow a -life which may be either a curse or a blessing—unless the being on whom -it is bestowed will have at least the ordinary chances of a desirable -existence, is a crime against that being. And in a country either -over-peopled, or threatened with being so, to produce children, beyond a -very small number, with the effect of reducing the reward of labour by -their competition, is a serious offence against all who live by the -remuneration of their labour.”—J. S. Mill (“Liberty,” Chap. V.). - -_Id._... A. Dumas fils draws a true and piteous picture in which this -element of the unintelligent overproduction of human beings has the -largest share:— - -“Il y a, et c’est la masse, les femmes du peuple et de la campagne suant -du matin au soir pour gagner le pain quotidien, faisant ainsi ce que -faisaient leurs mères, et mettant au monde, sans savoir pourquoi ni -comment, des filles qui, à leur tour, feront comme elles, à moins que, -plus jolies, et par conséquent plus insoumises, elles ne sortent du -groupe par le chemin tentant et facile de la prostitution, mais où le -labeur est encore plus rude. Le dos courbé sous le travail du jour, -regardant la terre quand elles marchent, domptées par la misère, -vaincues par l’habitude, asservies aux besoins des autres, ces créatures -à forme de femme ne supposent que leur condition puisse être modifiée -jamais. Elles n’ont pas le temps, elles n’ont jamais eu la faculté de -penser et de réfléchir; à peine un souhait vague et bientôt refoulé de -quelque chose de mieux! Quand la charge est trop lourde elles tombent, -elles geignent comme des animaux terrassés, elles versent de grosses -larmes à l’idée de laisser leurs petits sans ressources, ou elles -remercient instinctivement la mort, c’est-à-dire le repos dont elles ont -tant besoin.” (“Les Femmes qui Tuent,” etc., p. 101.) - -_Id._... And again, the advanced biological writers say:— - -“The statistician will doubtless long continue his fashion of -confidently estimating the importance and predicting the survival of -populations from their quantity and rate of reproduction alone; but at -all this, as naturalists, we can only scoff. Even the most conventional -exponent of the struggle for existence among us knows, with the -barbarian conquerors of old, that ‘the thicker the grass, the easier it -is mown,’ that ‘the wolf cares not how many the sheep may be.’ It is the -most individuated type that prevails in spite, nay, in another sense, -positively because of its slower increase; in a word, the survival of a -species or family depends not primarily upon quantity, but upon quality. -The future is not to the most numerous population, but to the most -individuated.... - -“Apart from the pressure of population, it is time to be learning (1) -That the annual child-bearing still so common, is cruelly exhaustive to -the maternal life, and this often in actual duration as well as quality; -(2) That it is similarly injurious to the standard of offspring; and -hence, (3) That an interval of two clear years between births (some -gynæcologists even go as far as three) is due alike to mother and -offspring.” (It is to be noted that this period of three years is -postulated as a necessity for the well-being of the offspring; it is by -no means a recommendation to even a triennial maternity on the part of -the mother, who is indeed to be, in all fulness, “free mistress of her -person’s sacred plan,” with a duty to herself, as well as to her child). -“It is time, therefore, as we heard a brave parson tell his flock -lately, ‘to have done with that blasphemous whining which constantly -tries to look at a motherless’ (ay, or sometimes even fatherless) ‘crowd -of puny infants as a dispensation of mysterious providence.’ Let us -frankly face the biological facts, and admit that such cases usually -illustrate only the extreme organic nemesis of intemperance and -improvidence, and these of a kind far more reprehensible than those -actions to which common custom applies the names, since they are -species-regarding vices, and not merely self-regarding ones, as the -others at least primarily are.... - -“It seems to us, however, essential to recognise that the ideal to be -sought after is not merely a controlled rate of increase, but regulated -married lives.... We would urge, in fact, the necessity of an ethical -rather than of a mechanical ‘prudence after marriage,’ of a temperance -recognised to be as binding on husband and wife as chastity on the -unmarried.... Just as we would protest against the dictum of false -physicians who preach indulgence rather than restraint, so we must -protest against regarding artificial means of preventing fertilisation -as adequate solutions of sexual responsibility. After all, the solution -is primarily one of temperance. It is no new nor unattainable ideal to -retain, throughout married life, a large measure of that self-control -which must always form the organic basis of the enthusiasm and idealism -of lovers.”—Geddes and Thomson (“The Evolution of Sex,” Chap. XX.). - - As a fitting exemplification of the words of the “parson” above - narrated, compare the following verbatim extract from a conversation - in this year of grace 1892. The —— referred to is a man about 35, - middle-class, and of “good ‘education’” (!) The same description would - also apply to the speaker, who said, “Poor —— is a brave fellow, and - keeps up his head in the worst of luck. He has a lot of home troubles; - he has lost three children, and his wife always has a bad time at the - birth of each baby.” - - No word of sympathy for the wife and mother, or even of recognition - that it was really _she_ who bore the pain at each “bad time.” As the - children left alive still numbered two at the time of the speech, the - whole incident can but imply—on the part of both actor and speaker—the - hideous, even if unconscious, inhumanity so widely prevalent. Never - will “high-born breed” be attained till such action of low-bred - intellect is reprobated and amended; in accordance with the enunciated - truth, that:— - -“Especially in higher organisms, a distinction must obviously be drawn -between the period at which it is possible for males and females to -unite in fertile sexual union, and the period at which such union will -naturally occur or will result in the fittest offspring.”—Geddes and -Thomson (_op. cit._, p. 243). - - - 7, 8.—“_Not overworn with childward pain and care, - The mother—and the race—robuster health shall share_.” - -“It is not the true purpose of any intellectual organism to live solely -to give birth to succeeding organisms; its duty is also to live for its -own happiness and well-being. Indeed, in so doing, it will be acting in -one of the most certain ways to ensure that faculty and possession of -happiness that it aims to secure for its progeny.”—Ben Elmy (“Studies in -Materialism,” Chap. III.). - -_Id._... Even the placid and precisian American poet bears strong, if -involuntary, testimony to the evil and wrong of the non-cultured and -untempered begetting of children:— - - “She wedded a man unlearned and poor, - And many children played round her door; - But care and sorrow, and child-birth pain - Left their traces on heart and brain.” - —Whittier (“Maud Müller”). - -_Id._... Mr. Andrew Lang also promises us “a world that is glad and -clean, and not overthronged and not overdriven.”—(Introduction to -“Elizabethan Songs.”) - -_Id._... “_Justice never loses sight of self._... The language of -Justice is ‘to Me and to You; or to You and to Me.’ ... We have to -learn, for the action and spirit worthy of the coming time, that woman -is never to sacrifice herself to a man, but, when needful, to the -_Manhood_ she hopes or desires to develop in him. In this she will also -attain her own development. But after the hour when her faith in the -hope of worthy results fails her (reason instructing her nobler -affections by holding candidly in view all the premises, past, present, -and future), she is bound by all her higher obligations to bring that -career, whether it be of the daughter, sister, mother, wife, or friend, -to a close. For the inferior cannot possibly be worth the sacrifice of -the superior. True self-sacrifice, which necessarily involves the -temporary descent of the nobler to the less noble—the higher to the -lower—is made only when the lower is elevated, improved, carried forward -in its career, thereby.”—Eliza W. Farnham (“Woman and Her Era,” Vol. -II., p. 149). - -_Id._... “I have urged on woman independence of man, not that I do not -think the sexes mutually needed by one another; but because in woman -this fact has led to an excessive devotion which has cooled love, -degraded marriage, and prevented either sex from being what it should be -to itself or the other.... Woman, self-controlled, would never be -absorbed by any relations; it would be only an experience to her as to -man. It is a vulgar error that love, a love to woman, is her whole -existence; she is also born for truth and love in their universal -energy.”—Margaret Fuller Ossoli (“The Woman of the Nineteenth Century”). - -_Id._... Professor Alfred Russell Wallace has written an article, -concerning part of which Mr. W. T. Stead rightly says: “It is a -scientific reinforcement of the cause of the emancipation of women, and -shows that progress of the cause of female enfranchisement is identified -with the progress of humanity.”—(_Review of Reviews_, Vol. V., p. 177.) - -Professor Wallace says:— - -“When such social changes have been effected that no woman will be -compelled, either by hunger, isolation, or social compulsion, to sell -herself, whether in or out of wedlock, and when all women alike shall -feel the refining influence of a true humanising education, of beautiful -and elevating surroundings, and of a public opinion which shall be -founded on the highest aspirations of their age and country, the result -will be a form of human selection which will bring about a continuous -advance in the average status of the race. Under such conditions, all -who are deformed either in body or mind, though they may be able to lead -happy and contented lives, will, as a rule, leave no children to inherit -their deformity. Even now we find many women who never marry because -they have never found the man of their ideal. When no woman will be -compelled to marry for a bare living or for a comfortable home, those -who remain unmarried from their own free choice will certainly increase, -while many others, having no inducement to an early marriage, will wait -till they meet with a partner who is really congenial to them. - -“In such a reformed society the vicious man, the man of degraded taste -or feeble intellect, will have little chance of finding a wife, and his -bad qualities will die out with himself. The most perfect and beautiful -in body and mind will, on the other hand, be most sought, and, -therefore, be most likely to marry early, the less highly endowed later, -and the least gifted in any way the latest of all, and this will be the -case with both sexes. - -“From this varying age of marriage, as Mr. Galton has shown, there will -result a more rapid increase of the former than of the latter, and this -cause continuing at work for successive generations will, at length, -bring the average man to be the equal of those who are now among the -more advanced of the race.”—“Human Progress, Past and Present” (_Arena_, -Jan., 1892). - - - XLVII. - - - 1.—“_Nor blankly epicene_ ...” - -“Bring up a boy and girl side by side, and educate them both for the -same profession under the same masters, and a novelist who depicts -character could yet weave a story out of the mental and emotional -differences between them, which will cause them to look at life from -totally opposite points of view.”—Mabel Collins (“On Woman’s Relation to -the State”). - - - 2.-“... _sequence of that day_.” - -“We have seen that a deep difference in constitution expresses itself in -the distinctions between male and female, whether these be physical or -mental. The differences may be exaggerated or lessened, but to -obliterate them it would be necessary to have all the evolution over -again on a new basis. What was decided among the Prehistoric Protozoa -cannot be annulled by Act of Parliament.”—Geddes and Thomson (“Evolution -of Sex,” p. 267). - - - 3, 4.—“... _not ... by aping falser sex shall truer grow_.” - - “While man and woman still are incomplete - I prize that soul where man and woman meet, - Which types all Nature’s male and female plan, - But, friend, man-woman is not woman-man.” - —Tennyson (“On One who Affected an Effeminate Manner”). - - - XLVIII. - - - 8.—“_Happy what each may bring to help the common fate_.” - -“I would submit to a severe discipline, and to go without many things -cheerfully, for the good and happiness of the human race in the future. -Each one of us should do something, however small, towards that great -end.... How pleasant it would be each day to think, to-day I have done -something that will tend to render future generations more happy. The -very thought would make this hour sweeter. It is absolutely necessary -that something of this kind should be discovered.... It should be the -sacred and sworn duty of everyone, once at least during lifetime, to do -something in person towards this end. It would be a delight and a -pleasure to me to do some thing every day, were it ever so minute. To -reflect that another human being, if at a distance of ten thousand years -from the year 1883, would enjoy one hour’s more life, in the sense of -fulness of life, in consequence of anything I had done in my little -span, would be to me a peace of soul.”—Richard Jefferies (“The Story of -My Heart,” pp. 129, 131, 160). - - - XLIX. - - - 1.—“_By mutual aid perfecting complex man_.” - -Kant says: “Man and woman constitute, when united, the whole and entire -being, one sex completes the other.”—Bebel (“Woman,” Walther’s -Translation, p. 44). - - - 2, 3.—“_Their twofold vision human life may scan - From differing standpoints_ ...” - -See Note XLVII., 1. - - - LI. - - - 4.—“_Her brain untutored_ ...” - -“The soldier is exercised in the use of his weapons, the artisan in the -use of his tools. Every profession demands a special education, even the -monk has his novitiate. Women alone are not prepared for their important -maternal duties.”—Irma von Troll-Borostyani (“Die Mission unseres -Jahrhunderts.” A Study on the Woman Question). - - - LIII. - - - 2.—“... _the quivering nerve_ ...” - -M. Chauveau states that his object was ‘To ascertain the excitability of -the spinal marrow, and the convulsions and pain produced by that -excitability.’ His studies were made chiefly on horses and asses, who, -he says, ‘lend themselves marvellously thereto by the large volume of -their spinal marrow.’ M. Chauveau accordingly ‘consecrated eighty -subjects to his purpose.’ ‘The animal,’ he says, ‘is fixed upon a table. -An incision is made on its back about fourteen inches long; the vertebræ -are opened with the help of a chisel, mallet, and pincers, and the -spinal marrow is exposed.’ (No mention is made of anæsthetics, which of -course would nullify the experimenter’s object of studying “the -excitability of the spinal marrow, and the convulsions _and pain_ -produced by that excitability.”) “M. Chauveau gives a large number of -his cases.... Case 7: ‘A vigorous mule. When one pricks the marrow near -the line of emergence of the sensitive nerves, the animal manifests the -most violent pain.’ Case 20: ‘An old white horse, lying on the litter, -unable to rise, but nevertheless very sensitive. At whatever points I -scratch the posterior cord I provoke signs of the most violent -suffering.’”—(_Journal de Physiologie_, du Dr. Brown-Séquard. Tome -Quatrième. No. XIII.) - - - 4.—“... _living butchery with learned knife_.” - -“We are told what Professor Brücke says with reference to section of the -trigeminus:—‘The first sign that the trigeminus is divided is a loud -piercing cry from the animal. Rabbits we know,’ he adds, ‘are not very -sensitive; all sorts of things may be done to them without making them -utter a cry; but in this operation, if it succeeds, they invariably send -forth a prolonged shriek.’”—“Lectures on Physiology,” Vol. II., p. 76. - - - 5.—“... _cruel anodyne that chained the will_ ...” - -It is dubious whether curare be even an anodyne, _i.e._ a deadener of -pain. M. Claude Bernard, himself a vivisector, says:—“Curare acting on -the nervous system only suppresses the action of the motor nerves, -leaving sensation intact. Curare is not an anæsthetic.” (_Revue -Scientifique_, 1871–2, p. 892.) - - - 6.—“... _the shuddering victim conscious still_.” - -“Everyone has heard of the dog, suffering under vivisection, who licked -the hand of the operator; this man, unless he had a heart of stone, must -have felt remorse to the last hour of his life.”—Darwin (“The Descent of -Man,” Part I., Chap. II.). - - - 8.—“_Nor yields her holiest truths on such a murderer’s rack_.” - -“It is fit to say here, once for all, that laws which govern the animal -kingdom below the human, can no more be accepted as final and -determining to man, in physiological, than in intellectual and moral, -action.... For neither the knife of the anatomist, nor the lens of the -microscopist, are infallible interpreters of function. We do not possess -ourselves of all of Nature’s secrets by cutting up her tissues and -fabrics, neither by the keenest inspection of their ultimate atoms, -whether fluid or solid. There are some truths withheld from the -investigator, however brave, patient, and nice his methods and means, -which are given up, in due time, to the truth-seer, without any method -or means, save the intuitive faculty and its unambitious, guileless -surrender to the service offered it. Such, it is at least possible, we -may find has been Nature’s dealing in this occult department.”—Eliza W. -Farnham (“Woman and Her Era,” Vol. I., pp. 47, 50). - - - LIV. - - - 1.—“_True science finds its own by kindlier quest_.” - -“Science is of the utmost importance to mankind, but the last degree of -importance cannot be said to attach to all its minute discoveries, and -where, as in physiology, the investigation becomes inhuman, there it -ought to stop. It ought to stop for our own sakes if from no other -motive, for the torturing of animals on the chance that it may suggest -the means of alleviating some of our own pains helps to blunt those -sensibilities which afford us some of our purest pleasures. Animals are -not our equals in all things, but they seem to be at any rate our equals -in the sense of pain. The want of imagination may deprive it in their -case of some of its poignancy, but on the other hand they have none of -the supports which we derive from reason and sympathy, from the -tenderness of friendship and the consolations of religion. With them it -is pure, unmitigated, unsolaced suffering. Our duties to them form a -neglected chapter in the code of ethics, but we ought not to torture -them, and there are many who will maintain that the obligation is -absolute. Life is no doubt valuable, but it is not everything. It is -more than meat, as the body is more than raiment, but it is not more -than humanity. There are occasions on which it has to be risked, and -there are terms on which men of honour and patriotism would hold it -worthless. The doctrine that we may subject the lower animals to -incredible suffering on the possibility that it may save ourselves from -an additional pang is of a selfish and degrading tendency. It helps to -lower the ‘moral ideal’ and to weaken the springs of heroism in human -character. We owe it to ourselves to keep clear of this peril. Nature -surrounds us with limitations. Here is one which all that is best and -noblest in us sets up, and it is more sacred than those over which we -have no control. We refuse to torture other sentient creatures in order -that we may live.”—Dr. Henry Dunckley (_Manchester Guardian_, August -9th, 1892). - -The above noble pronouncement, with its conclusion, is instinct with the -spirit of _true_ science (which repudiates with disdain and horror the -hypocritical pseudo-science of a ghastly and demoralising study and -pursuit of cruelty),—the _true_ science which is one with love, because -it refuses the acceptance of life itself on terms of outrage to love. - -See Note LXI., 3. - - - 4.—“... _a keener lens of man’s own brain_.” - -“Observation is perhaps more powerful an organon than either experiment -or empiricism.”—Richard Jefferies (“Story of My Heart,” p. 162). - -_Id._... It is well that some English physicists of the fullest -scientific impulse and effort are revolted at the inhuman and bootless -cruelty of the foreign medical schools which masquerades as scientific -research. Is it not possibly something more than a coincidence that -vivisectionists in general exhibit an aversion to the equality of woman, -and that vivisection flourishes more unrestrainedly where her position -and influence are less recognised; _i.e._, in plain words,—in a lower -civilisation? - -Mr. Lawson Tait says, with the indignation of a truly scientific mind at -these methods of “science falsely so called”:— - - “For one, as intimately and widely concerned in the application of - human knowledge for the saving of human life and the relief of human - suffering as anyone can be, or as anyone has ever been, I say I am - grateful for the restrictive legislation. Let me give one brief - illustration of my most recent experience in this matter as one of - hundreds which confirm me in my determination persistently to oppose - the introduction into England of what passes for science in Germany. - Some few years ago I began to deal with one of the most dreadful - calamities to which humanity is subject by means of an operation which - had been scientifically proposed nearly two hundred years ago. I mean - ectopic gestation. The _rationale_ of the proposed operation was fully - explained about fifty years ago, but the whole physiology of the - normal process and the pathology of the perverted one were obscured - and misrepresented by a French physiologist’s experiments on rabbits - and dogs. Nothing was done, and at least ninety-five per cent. of the - victims of this catastrophe were allowed to die. - - “I went outside the experimentalists’ conclusions, went back to the - true science of the old pathologist and of the surgeon of 1701, and - performed the operation in scores of cases with almost uniform - success. My example was immediately followed throughout the world, and - during the last five or six years hundreds if not thousands of women’s - lives have been saved, whilst for nearly forty years the simple road - to this gigantic success was closed by the folly of a vivisector.... - - “Views such as mine are those of a minority of my professional - brethren, and are generally sneered at as those of a crank. But my - reply to this is that they form the new belief, that of the coming - generation, and that not one in fifty of the bulk of my present - brethren have ever seriously gone into the question, and probably have - never seen a single experiment on a living animal. - - “My address as the Surgical Orator of 1890, when the British Medical - Association met in this town, was mainly directed to the mischievous - system of so-called scientific training, of purely German origin and - thoroughly repugnant to our English tastes and our English - common-sense. - - “It is therefore a satisfactory matter to know that the Council of - Mason’s College would have none of it, and that the governing body of - the new University College of Nottingham has recently decided - similarly. The Medical School of Queen’s College is now united - entirely with the Science School of Mason’s College; but we, of - Mason’s College, have had the direction of the science teaching of the - Medical School for several years, we have had no German scientific - methods, and our success has not diminished thereby one atom—on the - contrary.”—Lawson Tait, F.R.C.S., _President of Mason’s Science - College, Birmingham_ (“The Discussion on Vivisection at the Church - Congress, October, 1892”). - -At the Congress, as above, Professor Horsley made aspersions on Miss -Frances Power Cobbe, as to statements concerning Vivisection in her -work, “The Nine Circles.” The professor declared some of the reported -cruel experiments to have been painless, owing to the victims being -under the influence of anæsthetics. In reply to the attack, the -following preliminary letter from Miss Cobbe was then published:— - - “TO THE EDITOR OF THE ‘TIMES.’ - - “SIR,—Professor Horsley’s criticism on the above work—planned and - compiled by my direction—demands from me a careful reply, which I - shall endeavour to give as soon as may be possible at this distance - from the books whence the impugned passages are derived. I shall be - much surprised if the hocus pocus of the sham anæsthetic _curare_ with - ineffective applications of genuine chloroform do not once more - illustrate ‘the curse of vivisectible animals,’ and if the results of - the experiments in question, whatever were their worth, would not, in - most cases, have been vitiated had real and absolute anæsthesia been - produced in the victims. Should a small number of the experiments - cited in the ‘Nine Circles’ prove, however, to have been performed on - animals in an entirely painless state, I shall, while withdrawing them - with apologies from a forthcoming new edition of the book, take care - at the same time to call attention to the multitude of other - experiments, home and foreign, therein recorded—e.g., baking to death, - poisoning, starving, creating all manner of diseases, inoculating in - the eyes, dissecting out and irritating the exposed nerves, causing - the brain of cats ‘to run like cream,’ etc., about which no room for - doubt as to the unassuaged agony of the animal can possibly exist.” - -Miss Cobbe concludes by a sharp, but just, criticism on her critic, and -with an acute diagnosis of the learned vivisectionist’s own condition:— - - “The tone of Dr. Horsley’s remarks against me personally will probably - inspire those who know me and the history of my connexion with the - anti-vivisection cause with an amused sense of the difficulty wherein - the Professor must have found himself when, instead of argument in - defence of vivisection, he thus turned to ‘abuse the plaintiffs’ - attorney.’ For myself I gladly accept such abuse (or mere bluster) as - evidence that the consciences even of eminent vivisectors are, like - their victims’ nerves, imperfectly under the influence of the - scientific anæsthesia, and remain still sensitive to the - heart-pricking charge which I bring against them, of cowardly cruelty - to defenceless creatures. - - “I am, Sir, yours, - FRANCES POWER COBBE. - Hengwrt, Dolgelly, Oct. 8th, 1892.” - -⁂ A further newspaper correspondence concerning “The Nine Circles,” a -work from which some of the foregoing notes on vivisection are copied, -has gone on while “Woman Free” is passing through the press; the -vivisectors saying that certain of the incidents transcribed in “The -Nine Circles” are without the announcement that in some cases an -anæsthetic had been administered prior to the act of living anatomy, -otherwise admittedly true in every detail. The vivisectors lay what -stress they can on the omissions; indeed, their principal advocate has -made use of a grossness of imputation and a coarseness of invective that -augurs ill for any gentleness of treatment or purpose being existent in -the organism of such an operator. - -Yet, in truth, it is not a matter of surpassing import whether the -assertion of the operation (alone) being conducted under an anæsthetic -be indubitable, since the after-consequences of pain or incommodity had -to be endured by the victim without anæsthetics. What initial -chloroforming could ward off the constant after-suffering attendant on -the incubation of the disease for the creation of which the “operation” -had been performed, a period acknowledgedly often lasting for weeks, and -terminated only by death’s mercy? Or what medicament could anæsthetise -the impotent yearning—to feed her starving puppy—of a poor mother dog -whose mammary glands had been excised, even if the “operation” had been -carried out “under chloroform”? Mr. Edward Berdoe, M.R.C.S., reproduces -and reprobates the incident with horror in the _Times_ of Oct. 27, -1892:— - - “Professor Goltz amputated the breast of the mother of a puppy nursing - her young ... who ‘unceasingly licked the living puppy with the same - tenderness as an uninjured dog might do.’” - -Most gladly may we turn to the words and ways of worthier seekers after -truth. Professor Lawson Tait is reported by the _Standard_, 28th Oct., -1892, as saying at a meeting the previous day:— - - “Vivisection was a survival from mediæval times. It could not be - justified by any results that it had produced. In days when they could - tell the composition of the atmosphere of Orion by means of the - spectroscope, it was a disgrace that men should resort to vivisection, - instead of perfecting other and more humane means of research.” - -There speaks true science. And, on a later occasion, Mr. Lawson Tait -quotes the celebrated anatomist, Sir Charles Bell (who had been falsely -claimed as an advocate of vivisection), as saying, “on page 217 of the -second volume of his great work on the Nervous System, published in -1839”:— - - “... a survey of what has been attempted of late years in physiology - will prove that the opening of living animals has done more to - perpetuate error than to confirm the just views taken from the study - of anatomy and natural motions.... For my own part I cannot believe - that Providence should intend that the secrets of nature are to be - discovered by means of cruelty, and I am sure that those who are - guilty of protracted cruelties do not possess minds capable of - appreciating the laws of nature.”—(The _Times_, Nov. 8th, 1892, p. 3.) - -The views of Charles Bell and Lawson Tait are in striking and -encouraging coincidence with verses LIII., LIV., and LV. - -To women peculiarly it belongs to oppose the doctrines and methods of -vivisectionists, for to the practitioners of that school were due the -arguments or assumptions which sufficed to introduce for a while into -our country the vile system of according a licence to male dissoluteness -and female subjection—under a pretext of public morality and -“scientific” sanction—known on the continent as the “police des mœurs,” -and in sundry Naval and Military stations of England and Ireland as the -“Contagious Diseases Acts.” - - - LV. - - - 8.—“... _from Love’s might alone all thoughts of Wisdom grow_.” - -“Hast thou considered how the beginning of all thought worthy the name -is love; and the wise head never yet was, without first the generous -heart?”—Carlyle (“French Revolution,” Vol. III., p. 375). - - - LVI. - - - 5.—“_With woman honoured, rises man to height_.” - -“If a Hindoo principality is strongly, vigilantly, and economically -governed; if order is preserved without oppression, if cultivation is -extended, and the people prosperous, in three cases out of four that -principality is under a woman’s rule. This fact, to me an entirely -unexpected one, I have collected from a long official knowledge of -Hindoo Governments.”—J. S. Mill (“The Subjection of Women,” p. 100 -note). - - - 6.—“_With her degraded, sinks again in night_.” - -“And you who have departed from the common tradition, how have you fared -in the race of life? Are your men as brave and fearlessly truthful, are -your women as courageous and honest as in the old days of ‘the maiden’s -choice’? Are the little worn-out child-wives of to-day likely to have -descendants like those of the damsels of your ancient epics? Where are -the deeds of high emprise, of daring valour, and of patient persistence -of the youths who were fired by the pure love of a woman? Ah! gentlemen, -with love life departs; there is no vitality in married life without -affection, and when love, the great incentive to action, disappears from -the family, leaving dry the streams of affection which should flow -between the children and parents, what must come of the race?”—Mrs. -Pechey Phipson, M.D. (“Address to the Hindoos”). - -_Id._... “From all we know of the laws of life and its development it -would appear one of the foolishest things on earth for men to fancy that -they can debase the intellect lobes of women, and at the same time exalt -their own. No breeder of cattle or horses would think of debasing the -qualities, in the females, which he would desire to possess in the -males. - -“No race in the future can either rule the world or even continue in -existence without improving the intellect of that race, and this -certainly cannot be done by depauperising the intellects of more than -half of the _progenitors_ of that race.”—Dr. E. Bonavia (“Woman’s -Frontal Lobes”). - - - 8.—“.... _Earth’s advancing queen_.” - -“Will man den ganzen Menschen studiren, so darf man nur auf das -weibliche Geschlecht seine Augen richten: denn wo die Kraft schwacher -ist, da ist das Werkzeug um so künstlicher. Daher hat die Natur in das -weibliche Geschlecht eine natürliche Anlage zur Kunst gelegt. _Der Mann -ist geschaffen, ueber die Natur zu gebieten, das Weib aber, den Mann zu -regieren._ Zum Ersten gehört viel Kraft, zum Andern viel -Geschicklichkeit.”—Immanuel Kant. - - - LVII. - - - 1.—“... _in jealousy_ ...” - -The male conceit and jealousy of sex, existent among the majority of -meaner men, has been perceived and censured or satirised by higher -masculine minds both in ancient and modern literature. To take a few -scattered instances from the latter, Shakespeare says:— - - “... however we do praise ourselves, - Our fancies are more giddy and infirm, - More longing, wavering, sooner lost and won - Than women’s are.” - —(“Twelfth Night,” Act II., Sc. 4.) - -Goethe says pungently (in “Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship”): “People -ridicule learned women and dislike even women who are well informed, -probably because it is considered impolite to put so many ignorant men -to shame.” - -As our own plain-spoken Sydney Smith has said, in his essay on Female -Education:—“It is natural that men who are ignorant themselves, should -view, with some degree of jealousy and alarm, any proposal for improving -the education of women.” - -A ludicrously pitiful modern-day instance of the jealous ignorance or -ignorant jealousy to which Goethe and Sydney Smith make reference, is -afforded by a seriously-written leading article in No. 545 of the -_Christian Commonwealth_, a London weekly newspaper, under date of 24th -March, 1892:— - - “The Woman question will not down. She is asserting herself in every - direction, and generally with considerable force. In America she is - positively alarming the lords of creation by her rapid progress in - educational matters. She is actually outrunning the men in the race - for intellectual attainments. And this fact is becoming so evident, - and so prominent, that a new problem is being evolved from it. This - is, how are the finely educated young women of America to find - congenial husbands? It is assumed by some writers that already there - is a great disparity between the culture of the young men and young - women, and that every year the chasm between them is becoming deeper - and wider. This is a truly lamentable state of things, but the woman - movement in this country is likely to take a more practical course. - The agitation of the question of Woman Suffrage may bring about a - reaction against her excessive culture. If woman is permitted to enter - the cesspool of politics, it is probable she will not be very long - distressed with an overplus of those qualities which are just now - endangering her conjugal felicity in the United States....” - -It is refreshing and consolatory to revert from such verbiage to what -Sir Humphrey Davy said (“Lectures, 1810 and 1811”): “It has been too -much the custom to endeavour to attach ridicule to the literary and -scientific acquisitions of women. Let _them_ make it disgraceful for men -to be ignorant, and ignorance will perish.” - -To Shakespeare and Goethe may be added the corroboration of French -intellect:— - -“N’est-il pas évident que Molière, dans ses _Femmes Savantes_ n’a pas -attaqué l’instruction, l’étude, mais le pédantisme, comme, dans son -_Tartuffe_, il avait attaqué non la vraie dévotion, mais l’hypocrisie? -N’est-ce pas Molière lui-même qui a écrit ce beau vers: “Et je veux -qu’une femme ait des clartés _de tout_?”—Monseigneur Dupanloup, Evêque -d’Orléans (“Femmes Savantes et Femmes Studieuses,” 1868, p. 8). - -“C’est à Condorcet et non pas à Jean Jacques, comme on le croit -généralement, qu’appartient l’initiative des réformes proposées dans -l’éducation et la condition des femmes.”—Daniel Stern (“Hist. de la -Révolution de 1848,” Vol. II, p. 185). - -“Quand la loi française”—(shall we not say also every other?)—“déclare -la femme inférieure à l’homme ce n’est jamais pour libérer la femme d’un -devoir vis-à-vis de l’homme ou de la société, c’est pour armer l’homme -ou la société d’un droit de plus contre elle. Il n’est jamais venu à -l’idée de la loi de tenir compte de la faiblesse de la femme dans les -différents délits qu’elle peut commettre; au contraire, la loi en -abuse.”—A. Dumas fils (“Les Femmes qui Tuent,” etc., p. 204). - -Mill says:—“There is nothing which men so easily learn as this -self-worship; all privileged persons, and all privileged classes have -had it.” And he also speaks of a time—“when satires on women were in -vogue, and men thought it a clever thing to insult women for being what -men made them.”—(“Subjection of Women,” pp. 76, 77). - -We have seen (Note XLV., 5) how Professor Huxley postulates scientific -training equally for girls and boys; he has also said:—“Emancipate -girls. Recognise the fact that they share the senses, perceptions, -feelings, reasoning powers, emotions of boys, and that the mind of the -average girl is less different from that of the average boy, than the -mind of one boy is from that of another; so that whatever argument -justifies a given education for all boys, justifies its application to -girls as well.”—(“Emancipation, _Black and White_.”) - -Balzac asserted: “A woman who has received a masculine education -possesses the most brilliant and fertile qualities, with which to secure -the happiness of her husband and herself.”—(“Physiologie du Mariage,” -Méditation XI.). - -But the instances are innumerable where the intellect of higher men -expressly or unconsciously rebukes the jealous sexual conceit of their -less intelligent brethren. Dr. Bonavia says, very tersely:—“The fact is, -many men don’t like the idea of being surpassed or even equalled by -women. They stupidly feel their dignity wounded. This jealousy, however, -is not only extremely contemptible and unjust, but disastrous to the -true interests of the race, for men have mothers _as well as women_, and -imbecility—the result of atrophied frontal lobes—is just as likely to be -transmitted to the one sex as to the other, as far as we yet know. Just -see the injustice of men’s jealousy in matters of intellect. Only -recently the talent of Miss Ormerod—an entomologist who can hold her own -_anywhere_ on earth—was kept under by the Royal Agricultural Society. -_She_ did the entomological work, and made the discoveries, while _they_ -took the credit. In their reports they did not even mention _her_ name -in connection with her own work!—A more contemptible proceeding, it -would appear, has never been brought to light, in the struggle of the -sexes, if that case has been correctly reported.”—(“Woman’s Frontal -Lobes.”) - -Bebel treats this jealousy with a fine irony in his exposition of “the -motives which induce most medical professors, and indeed the professors -of every faculty, to oppose women students:”—“They regard the admission -of women as synonymous with the degradation of science (!) which could -not but lose its prestige in the eyes of the enlightened (!) multitude -if it appeared that the female brain was capable of grasping problems -which had hitherto only been revealed to the elect of the opposite -sex.”—(_Op. cit._, p. 132.) - -Had Bebel recorded masculine mercenary considerations, rather than sham -misgivings as to the interests of science, his sarcasm would have been -very grim truth. Indeed, what is sometimes called the “loaves and -fishes” argument is at the root of most of this masculine jealousy which -cloaks itself under a pretension of tender consideration for woman’s -delicacy. To cite Bebel again: “Another objection is that it is unseemly -to admit women to medical lectures, to operations, and deliveries, side -by side with male students. If men see nothing indecent in studying and -examining female patients in the presence of nurses and other female -patients, it is difficult to understand why it should become so through -the presence of female students.”—(_Op. cit._, p. 132.) And as to the -actual fitness of women for exercising the profession of medicine or -surgery:— - -“‘Women always improve when the men begin to show signs of failing,’ -were the words of a distinguished physician and surgeon, who had seen -years of service on a remote wintry station of the army. ‘I have had -fellows brought to me to have the leg amputated—perhaps both—close to -the body, and never anywhere in Paris, London, or New York, saw I better -surgeon’s assistants than some of our women made, especially the Sisters -of Charity, of whom we had a few at the post, for three or four years. -Heads as clear as a silver bell; hands steady and unshrinking as a -granite rock, yet with a touch as light as a spring leaf; foot quick and -indefatigable, whether the time was noonday or midnight; memory perfect; -tenderness for the sufferer unfailing. Talk about love, courage, -fortitude, and endurance in your sex! I tell you,’ he added, with a -needless affirmation at this point, ‘they seem to be nothing else, when -these are most wanted, and the man who doubts them is an ass.’”—Eliza W. -Farnham (“Woman and Her Era,” Vol. II., p. 157). See also Note XXIX., 8. - -_Id._ ... Here may fittingly follow the report of a trained masculine -judgment as to woman’s ability in yet a further profession—that of the -law:— - -At the recent opening of the Southern California College of Law, at Los -Angeles, John W. Mitchell, the president, in his lecture upon “The Study -of the Law,” spoke of the utility of women studying law, in the -following language:— - - “This part of this discourse it is believed would be radically - incomplete without calling attention to one other and particular class - of persons who need an insight into the rudiments of law—which class, - it seems, has also been neglected by those occupying a like position - to my own—I mean the women. He is, indeed, blind to the signs of the - times who does not recognise the expanding field of women’s work, and - their increased influence in the professions as well as in the fine - arts. That women are entering the lists with men, in behalf of - themselves and womankind, is well; for they must make up their minds - to take up the task of urging the reforms they need, and must solve - the woman problem in all its bearings. Women are doing this. They are - becoming competitors with men in the pursuits of life, it is true; but - it is as much from necessity as choice. But it is not only the women - who have to labour and earn their own living who need legal knowledge - to aid them. It is more needful to the woman of property, be her - possessions but an humble home or a colossal fortune; whether she be - married or single. Women want this experience to make them cautious of - jeopardising their rights, and less confiding in business matters. The - courts are full of cases showing how women have been wrongly stripped - of their belongings. And, perhaps, if one woman had known the legal - effect of some of her acts, one of the largest fortunes ever amassed - in this State of Crœsus-like wealth would not have been carried to - distant States, and there scandalously distributed amongst scheming - adventurers and lawyers, making a little Massachusetts county-seat the - theatre of one of the most remarkable contests for a fortune in the - whole annals of probate court law. - - “As to the professions: women were for a long time barred from them, - but now the barriers to all of them have been removed, and there is - not a profession in which women are not distinguished. They have - graduated in the sciences from most universities with the highest - honours, and have stood the same tests as the men. The law was about - the last to admit them within its precincts, and there they are - meeting with an unexpected measure of success. Not only in this, but - in other countries, there are successful women practitioners. And in - France, where the preparatory course is most arduous, and the term of - study longest, a woman recently took the highest rank over 500 men in - her graduating examinations, and during the whole six years of class - study she only lost one day from her work—an example that is commended - to you students. Undoubtedly, the weight of the argument is in favour - of women studying law.”—(_Women’s Journal_, Boston, U.S., 6th - February, 1892.) - -_Id._... Even the vaunted politeness and gallantry of the Frenchman is -not proof against the far more deeply-bedded masculine jealousy. M. de -Blowitz, the erudite correspondent at Paris of the _Times_, reports -that— - - “The law students yesterday hooted down Mdlle. Jeanne Chauvin, 28 - years of age, who was to have argued a thesis for a legal degree. She - had chosen as her theme, ‘The Professions accessible to Women and the - Historical Evolution of the Economic Position of Woman in Society.’ - The uproar was such that the examiner postponed the ceremony _sine - die_. Mdlle. Chauvin is the first Frenchwoman who has sought a legal - degree, but two years ago a Roumanian lady went through the ordeal - without obstruction.”—(The _Times_, July 4, 1892.) - -To revert to the “loaves and fishes” argument, an incident now to be -given will show that medicine and the law are not the only professions -in which the objections to the equal status of the sexes are largely -prompted by a “jalousie de métier” of a selfish and mercenary -character:— - -“The following letters have been received at Auckland from the -Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge in relation to the -memorial lately sent from New Zealand in favour of the opening of -degrees to women:— - - “‘DEAR PROFESSOR ALDIS, - - “‘Your very interesting memorial reached me yesterday. I still await - the explanatory letter and analysis. After receiving I will write - again. - - “‘Yours etc., - JOHN PEILE, - Vice-Chancellor. - - Christ’s College Lodge, - ‘Cambridge, Nov. 2nd, 1891.’ - - “‘MY DEAR PROFESSOR ALDIS, - - “‘The petition of the memorial received by me from Miss Lilian Edger - and yourself, respecting degrees for women at the University of - Cambridge, and the analysis of the signatures to that memorial, have - been printed by me in the _University Reporter_, the official organ of - communication of any kind of business to the members of the Senate. - The memorial itself will be preserved in the Registry of the - University. Immediate action on this question by the Council of the - Senate—the body, with which, as you are aware, all legislation in the - University must begin—is not probable. The question was raised about - three years ago; and it became at once plain that, if persevered in, - it would produce a very serious division in the ranks of those members - of the University who had all shown themselves, in the past, friends - to the highest education of women. Many of those who had earnestly - supported the admission of women to Tripos examinations, _would not - support their admission to the B.A. degree_. Into their—mostly - practical—reasons I cannot fully enter: One was the belief that - admission to B.A. must lead, in the end (in spite of any provisions - which might be introduced), to admission to M.A., and consequently to - _a share in the management of the University_; it was also apprehended - that difficulties would arise in the several colleges _with respect to - fellowships_, _etc._ I do not mention these difficulties as - insuperable. But they are felt by so many that there is, I am - persuaded, no prospect of successful action in this matter at the - present time. I shall, therefore, not myself propose anything in the - Council, nor so far has any other of the friends of women’s education, - of whom there are many on the Council, given notice of any motion. At - any future time, when such a motion is made, your most influential - memorial will certainly have its due weight with the members of the - Council, and if they decide to take action, I hope also, with members - of the Senate. - - “‘I am, etc., - JOHN PEILE, - Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge. - Christ’s College Lodge, - Cambridge, Nov. 20th, 1891.’” - —(_New Zealand Herald_, 5th Jan., 1892.) - - - 6.—“... _potency_ ...” - -“The Brain is different from all other organs of the body. It is often a -mass of structural potentialities rather than of fully-developed nerve -tissues. Some of its elements, viz., those concerned with -best-established instinctive operations, naturally go on to their full -development without the aid of extrinsic stimuli; others, however, and -large tracts of these, seem to progress to such developments only under -the influence of suitable stimuli. Hence natural aptitudes and potencies -of the most subtle order may never be manifested by multitudes of -persons, for want of the proper stimuli and practice capable of -perfecting the development and functional activity of those regions of -the brain whose action is inseparably related to the mental phenomena in -question.”—Dr. H. C. Bastian (“The Brain as an Organ of Mind,” p. 374). - - - LVIII. - - - 1.—“_Woman’s own soul must seek and find_ ...” - -On women of medical education especially is the duty incumbent to -investigate the world of biological experience in woman. They may not -sit quietly down and assume that in learning all that man has to teach, -they rest his equals, and that the last word has been said on the -matter. They have a field of exploration, with opportunities, with -implements, and with capacities, which man cannot have. His research on -such a question as the recognisedly most vital one of human embryology -with all its issues, can get but rare and uncertain light from -accidental occasions, and is, moreover, simply as it were a dead -anatomising; nor can he by any means reach the psychic or introspective -phase of enquiry; but woman has the live subject, body and soul, in her -own organism, to study at her leisure. Does she not yet see how to grasp -such further living knowledge? But that is the very quest here -indicated. The askidian also had no strength of vision, yet we can now -tell and test the light and the components of distant spheres. - -There are, undoubtedly, what may be termed intelligent operations -carried on in the body unconsciously to oneself, or at any rate beyond -the present ken of one’s actively perceptive and volitional faculties. -Observation and recognition of these is to be striven for, and even -guidance or command of them may be ours in a worthy future. The _Times_ -of 27th January, 1892, reported a lecture at the Royal Institution on -the previous day by Professor Victor Horsley, in the course of which the -lecturer— - - “... pointed out the pineal gland, which Descartes thought to be the - seat of the soul, but which was now known to be an invertebrate eye. - He also explained the functions of certain small masses of grey - matter, which are two, viz.—sight and equilibration. The optic nerve - was situated close to the crura, and equilibration was subserved by - the cerebellum. After referring to the basal ganglia, Professor - Horsley admitted that as science advanced we seem to know less and - less about the specific functions of the various masses of grey - matter, and less definite views than formerly prevailed were now held - with respect to the local source of what are termed voluntary - impulses, and that of sensations.... We were still in ignorance as to - the functions of the optic thalamus, and of the corpus striatum. Those - of the cortex had to some extent been ascertained. They might be - divided into three classes, viz.—movement, sensation, and what was - termed mental phenomena. But we were still in the dark as to those - portions of the brain which subserved intellectual operations, memory, - and emotional impulses. A like ignorance prevailed with respect to the - basal ganglia.” - -What as yet unrecognised inward eyes watch over the embryo life? - - - 3.—“... _counsel helpful_ ...” - -Mrs. Eliza W. Farnham says:—“In this day the most needed science to -humankind is that which will commend women to confidence in themselves -and their sex as the leading force of the coming Era—the Era of -spiritual rule and movement; in which, through them, the race is -destined to rise to a more exalted position than ever before it has -held, and for the first time to form its dominant ties of relationship -to that world of purer action and diviner motion, which lies above the -material one of intellectual struggle and selfish purpose wherein man -has held and exercised his long sovereignty.”—(“Woman and Her Era,” Vol. -I., p. 311). - - - 5.—“... _philosophic lore_ ...” - -“The farther our knowledge advances, the greater will be the need of -rising to transcendental views of the physical world.... If the -imagination had been more cultivated, if there had been a closer union -between the spirit of poetry and the spirit of science, natural -philosophy would have made greater progress because natural philosophers -would have taken a higher and more successful aim, and would have -enlisted on their side a wider range of human sympathies.”—Buckle -(“Influence of Women on the Progress of Knowledge”). - -_Id._ “... _chirurgic lore_ ...” - -“The Lady Dufferin fund had already been the means of opening a -school of medicine for Indian women, who would consequently devote -themselves to the study of anatomy. Anatomy and Asiatic women. That -was the most extraordinary association of ideas one could ever have -imagined.”—Professor Vambéry (Lecture to the Royal Scottish -Geographical Society, Edinburgh, 20th May, 1891). Reported in the -_Times_ of following day. - - - 8.—“_Regent of Nature’s will_, ...” - -“Woman will grow into fitness for the sublime work which nature has -given her to do, and man through her help and persuasion will -spontaneously assume the relation of a co-operator in it. Finding that -nature intends his highest good and that of his species, through the -emancipation and development of woman into the fulness of her powers, he -will gratefully seek his own profit and happiness in harmonising himself -with this method; he will honour it as nature’s method, and woman as its -chief executor; and will joyfully find that not only individuals, -families, and communities, but nations, have been wisely dependent on -her, in their more advanced conditions, for the good which can come only -from the most perfect, artistic, and spiritual being who inhabits our -earth.”—Eliza W. Farnham (“Woman and Her Era,” Vol. II., p. 423). - - - LIX. - - - 1.—“_Each sequent life shall feel her finer care_.” - -“The one thing constant, the one peak that rises above all clouds, the -one window in which the light for ever burns, the one star that darkness -cannot quench, is _woman’s love_. This one fact justifies the existence -and the perpetuation of the human race. Again I say that women are -better than men; their hearts are more unreservedly given; in the web of -their lives sorrow is inextricably woven with the greatest joys; -self-sacrifice is a part of their nature, and at the behest of love and -maternity they walk willingly and joyously down to the very gates of -death. Is there nothing in this to excite the admiration, the adoration, -of a modern reformer? Are the monk and nun superior to the father and -mother?”—Robert Ingersoll (_North American Review_, Sept., 1890). - - - 2.—“_Each heir of life a wealthier bounty share_;” - -Poets and physiologists agree in these prognostications. The keen -observer, Bastian, in his treatise on archebiosis, willingly calls to -his support an equally conscientious ally, in the following passage:— - -“We must battle on along the path of knowledge and of duty, trusting in -that natural progress towards a far distant future for the human race, -such as its past history may warrant us in anticipating. For, as Mr. -Wallace points out, those natural influences which have hitherto -promoted man’s progress ‘still acting on his mental organisation, must -ever lead to the more perfect adaptation of man’s higher faculties to -the conditions of surrounding nature and to the exigencies of the social -state,’ so that ‘his mental constitution may continue to advance and -improve, till the world is again inhabited by a single, nearly -homogeneous race, no individual of which will be inferior to the noblest -specimens of existing humanity.’”—Dr. H. Charlton Bastian (“The -Beginnings of Life,” Vol. II., p. 633). - - - 3.—“_Those lives allied in equal union chaste._” - -“The great chastity of paternity, to match the great chastity of -maternity.” - - —Walt Whitman (“Children of Adam”). - - - 4.—“_A sweeter purpose, purer rapture, taste_;” - -“A wife is no longer the husband’s property; and, according to modern -ideas, marriage is, or should be, a contract on the footing of perfect -equality between the sexes. The history of human marriage is the history -of a relation in which women have been gradually triumphing over the -passions, the prejudices, and the selfish interests of men.”—Edward -Westermarck (Concluding words of “The History of Human Marriage”). - - - 7.—“_The only rivalry_ ...” - -“When woman finds her proper place in legislation, it will be found -ultimately that it will be not as man’s rival, but his helpmate.”—Mabel -Collins (“On Woman’s Relation to the State”). - - - 8.—“_How for their lineage fair still larger fate to find_.” - -“Lycurgus, the Spartan lawgiver, had the idea of making public principle -and utility predominate over private interests and affections; and on -that idea he ordained that children were not to be the property of their -parents, but of the State, which was to direct their education, and -determine their modes of life. A better idea with the legislators of the -future—_the number of whom will be equal with that of all -wholesomely-developed men and women upon the earth_—will be to take -fullest advantage of all natural instincts. The parents, their hearts -ever yearning with love for their offspring, and the community, careful -of its individual members, co-operating in placing the children under -all good influences towards that development, which, being the best for -their individual lives, will also coincide with what is best for the -general welfare. For this end, the experience of the past, and the -higher wisdom of their own times, will far better qualify them to judge -of fitting means and methods than we can now either surmise or -suggest.”—David Maxwell (“Stepping-stones to Socialism,” p. 15). - - - LX. - - - 1.—“_Their task ineffable yields wondrous gain_.” - - “... I rest not from my great task; - To open the eternal worlds! To open the immortal eyes - Of man inwards; into the worlds of thought: into eternity - Ever expanding the human imagination.” - —William Blake (“Jerusalem”). - - - 2.—“_Their energies celestial force attain_.” - -“Les écrivains du dix-huitième siècle ont sans doute rendu d’immenses -services aux Sociétés; mais leur philosophie basée sur le sensualisme, -n’est pas allée plus loin que l’épiderme humain. Ils n’ont considéré que -l’univers extérieur, et, sous ce rapport seulement, ils ont retardé, -pour quelque temps, le développement morale de l’homme.... L’étude des -mystères de la pensée, la découverte des organes de l’AME humaine, la -géométrie de ses forces, les phénomènes de sa puissance, l’appréciation -de la faculté qu’elle nous semble posséder de se mouvoir indépendamment -du corps, de se transporter où elle veut et de voir sans le secours des -organes corporels, enfin les lois de sa dynamique et celles de son -influence physique, constitueront la glorieuse part du siècle suivant -dans le trésor des sciences humaines. Et nous ne sommes occupés peut -être, en ce moment, qu’à extraire les blocs énormes qui serviront plus -tard à quelque puissant génie pour bâtir quelque glorieux -édifice.”—Balzac (“Physiologie du Mariage,” Méditation XXVI.). - - - 3, 4.—“_Their intermingled souls, with passion dight, - In aspiration soar past earthly height_.” - -“As yet we are in the infancy of our knowledge. What we have done is but -a speck compared to what remains to be done. For what is there that we -really know? We are too apt to speak as if we had penetrated into the -sanctuary of truth and raised the veil of the goddess, when, in fact, we -are still standing, coward-like, trembling before the vestibule, and not -daring, from very fear, to cross the threshold of the temple. The -highest of our so-called laws of nature are as yet purely empirical. - -“... They who discourse to you of the laws of nature as if those laws -were binding upon nature, or as if they formed a part of nature, deceive -both you and themselves. The (so-called) laws of nature have their sole -seat, origin, and function in the human mind. They are simply the -conditions under which the regularity of nature is recognised. They -explain the external world, but they reside in the internal. As yet we -know scarcely anything of the laws of mind, and, therefore, we scarcely -know anything of the laws of nature. We talk of the law of gravitation, -and yet we know not what gravitation is; we talk of the conservation of -force and distribution of forces, and we know not what forces are; we -talk with complacent ignorance of the atomic arrangements of matter, and -we neither know what atoms are nor what matter is; we do not even know -if matter, in the ordinary sense of the word, can be said to exist; we -have as yet only broken the first ground, we have but touched the crust -and surface of things. Before us and around us there is an immense and -untrodden field, whose limits the eye vainly strives to define; so -completely are they lost in the dim and shadowy outline of the future. -In that field, which we and our posterity have yet to traverse, I firmly -believe that the imagination will effect quite as much as the -understanding. Our poetry will have to reinforce our logic, and we must -feel as much as we argue. Let us then hope, that the imaginative and -emotional minds of one sex will continue to accelerate the great -progress, by acting upon and improving the colder and harder minds of -the other sex.”—Buckle (“Influence of Women on the Progress of -Knowledge”). - - - 6.—“... _the vision to retain_,” - -As with Wordsworth’s nature-nurtured maiden:— - - “... beauty born of murmuring sound - Shall pass into her face ... - And vital feelings of delight - Shall rear her form to stately height ... - The floating clouds their state shall lend - To her; for her the willow bend, - Nor shall she fail to see - Even in the motions of the storm - Grace that shall mould the maiden’s form - By silent sympathy.” - —(“Poems of the Imagination”). - -_Id._... “My hope becomes as broad as the horizon afar, reiterated by -every leaf, sung on every bough, reflected in the gleam of every flower. -There is so much for us yet to come, so much to be gathered, and -enjoyed. Not for you or me, now, but for our race, who will ultimately -use this magical secret for their happiness. Earth holds secrets enough -to give them the life of the fabled Immortals. My heart is fixed firm -and stable in the belief that ultimately the sunshine and the summer, -the flowers and the azure sky, shall become, as it were, interwoven into -man’s existence. He shall take from all their beauty and enjoy their -glory.... He is indeed despicable who cannot look onwards to the ideal -life of man. Not to do so is to deny our birthright of mind.”—R. -Jefferies (“The Pageant of Summer”). - - - 7, 8.—“... _mould their dreams of love, with conscious skill - To human living types_ ...” - - “Her Brain enlabyrinths the whole heaven of her bosom and loins - To put in act what her Heart wills.” - —William Blake (“Jerusalem”). - -“These states belong so purely to the inner nature; are so deeply hidden -beneath the strata of what we call the inner life, even, that only -women, and of these, only such as have become self-acquainted, through -seeing the depths within the depths of their own consciousness, can -fully comprehend all that is meant in the words a ‘Purposed Maternity.’ -I use them in their highest sense, meaning not the mere purpose of -satisfying the maternal instincts, which the quadruped feels and acts -from, as well as the human being, but the intelligent, artistic purpose -(to which the maternal instinct is a fundamental motive), to act in -harmony with Nature in producing the most perfect being which the powers -and resources employed, can bring forth.... It is probable that we -shall, ere long, arrive at truer views of maternity everywhere; and when -we do, I think it will be seen that the office has a sacredness in -Nature’s eyes above all other offices, and that she reserves for it the -finest of her vital forces, powers, susceptibilities, and means of every -sort.”—Eliza W. Farnham (“Woman and Her Era,” Vol. II., p. 385; Vol. I., -p. 93). - -[It has been an intense delight to come upon these and the other words -and thoughts of Eliza W. Farnham; “blazes” or axe-marks of this previous -pioneer in the same exploration. It is only since completing the whole -of the verses that the writer has found the passages quoted from Mrs. -Farnham’s work, and deduces a not unnatural confirmation of the mutually -shared views, from the singular concord and unanimity of their -expression.] - - - 8.—“... _supreme of form and will_.” - -“The changes that have come over us in our social life during the past -two decades are, in many respects, remarkable, but in no particular are -they so remarkable as in the physical training and education of -women.... - -“The results of this social change have been on the whole beneficial -beyond expectation. The health of women generally is improving under the -change; there is amongst women generally less bloodlessness, less of -what the old fiction-writers called swooning; less of lassitude, less of -nervousness, less of hysteria, and much less of that general debility to -which, for want of a better term, the words ‘_malaise_’ and ‘languor’ -have been applied. Woman, in a word, is stronger than she was in olden -time. With this increase of strength woman has gained in development of -body and of limb. She has become less distortioned. The curved back, the -pigeon-shaped chest, the disproportioned limb, the narrow feeble trunk, -the small and often distorted eyeball, the myopic eye, and puny -ill-shaped external ear—all these parts are becoming of better and more -natural _contour_. The muscles are also becoming more equally and more -fully developed, and with these improvements, there are growing up -amongst women models who may, in due time, vie with the best models that -old Greek culture has left for us to study in its undying art.”—Dr. -Richardson (“The Young Woman,” Oct., 1892). - - _Id._—“... prophetic scenes, - Spiritual projections ... - In one, the sacred parturition scene, - A happy, painless mother births a perfect child.” - —Walt Whitman (“Autumn Rivulets”). - -_Id._... “I am so rapt in the beauty of the human form, and so -earnestly, so inexpressibly prayerful to see that form perfect, that -my full thought is not to be written.... It is absolutely -incontrovertible that the ideal shape of the human being is attainable -to the exclusion of deformities.... When the ambition of the multitude -is fixed on the ideal form and beauty, then that ideal will become -immediately possible, and a marked advance towards it could be made in -three generations.”—Richard Jefferies (“The Story of My Heart,” pp. -32, 151, 131). - -_Id._... - - “‘The Gods?’ In yourselves will ye see them, when Venus shall favour - your love, - And man, fitly mated with woman, believes that his love is divine: - When passion shall elevate woman to something so holy and grand - That she—the ideal enraptured—shall ne’er be a check upon Man, - Then the children they bear will be holy, and beauty shall make them her - own, - And man in the eyes of his neighbour will gaze on the reflex divine - Of the God he inclines to in spirit—or trace in each feature and limb - The lines which the body inherits from souls which are noble and true. - - - Would thou couldst feel in deep earnest, how beautiful God will be then, - When we see Him as Jove or Apollo in men who inspire us with love, - As Juno and Venus the holy, in women who know not the mean, - And feel not the influence cruel of hardness and self-love and scorn. - Would thou couldst once know how real the presence of God will become, - How earnest and ever more earnest thy faith when thyself shall be great, - And from the true worship of others thoult learn what is holy in them, - And rise to the infinite fountain of glory which flows in us all.” - —C. G. Leland (“The Return of the Gods”). - - - LXI. - - - 3.—“_Their science_ ...” - - “Science then - Shall be a precious visitant; and then - And only then, be worthy of her name: - For then her heart shall kindle; her dull eye, - Dull and inanimate, no more shall hang - Chained to its object in brute slavery; - But taught with patient industry to watch - The processes of things, and serve the cause - Of order and distinctness, not for this - Shall it forget that its most noble use, - Its most illustrious province, must be found - In furnishing clear guidance, a support - Not treacherous, to the mind’s _excursive_ power.” - —Wordsworth (“The Excursion,” Book IV.). - - - 4.—“... _crude dimensions_ ...” - -“In these material things, too, I think that we require another circle -of ideas, and I believe that such ideas are possible, and, in a manner -of speaking, exist. Let me exhort everyone to do their utmost to think -outside and beyond our present circle of ideas. For every idea gained is -a hundred years of slavery remitted. Even with the idea of organisation, -which promises most, I am not satisfied, but endeavour to get beyond and -outside it, so that the time now necessary may be shortened.”—Richard -Jefferies (“Story of My Heart,” p. 180). - - - 8.—“_The love that lifts the life from rank of earth to heaven._” - - “... utter knowledge is but utter love— - Æonian Evolution, swift and slow, - Thro’ all the spheres—an ever opening height, - An ever lessening earth.” - —Tennyson (“The Ring”). - -_Id._... - - “The light of love - Not failing, perseverance from their steps - Departing not, they shall at length obtain - The glorious habit by which sense is made - Subservient still to moral purposes, - Auxiliar to divine. That change shall clothe - The naked spirit, ceasing to deplore - The burthen of existence.... - ——So build we up the Being that we are; - Thus deeply drinking-in the soul of things, - We shall be wise perforce; and, while inspired - By choice, and conscious that the Will is free, - Unswerving shall we move as if impelled - By strict necessity, along the path - Of order and of good. Whate’er we see, - Whate’er we feel, by agency direct - Or indirect, shall tend to feed and nurse - Our faculties, shall fix in calmer seats - Of moral strength, and raise to loftier heights - Of love divine, our intellectual soul.” - —Wordsworth (“The Excursion,” Book IV.). - - - LXII. - - - 1, 2.—“... _winged words on which the soul would pierce - Into the height of love’s rare Universe_.” - -The two lines are Shelley’s, in his “Epipsychidion.” - - - 7.—“_Man’s destiny with woman’s blended be_.” - - “... in the long years liker must they grow; - The man be more of woman, she of man.” - —Tennyson (“The Princess,” Part VII.). - - _Id._—“Dans ma manière de sentir, je suis femme aux trois quarts.” - —Ernest Renan (“Souvenirs d’Enfance”). - -_Id._... - - “Das Ewigweibliche - Zieht uns hinan.” - —Goethe (concluding two lines of “Faust”). - - - 8.—“... _progression_, ...” - - “Unfolded out of the folds of the woman, man comes unfolded, and is - always to come unfolded; - Unfolded only out of the superbest woman of the earth, is to come the - superbest man of the earth; - Unfolded out of the friendliest woman is to come the friendliest man; - Unfolded only out of the perfect body of a woman can a man be form’d of - perfect body; - Unfolded only out of the inimitable poem of the woman, can come the - poems of man ... - Unfolded out of the folds of the woman’s brain come all the folds of the - man’s brain, duly obedient; - Unfolded out of the justice of the woman all justice is unfolded; - Unfolded out of the sympathy of the woman is all sympathy; - A man is a great thing upon the earth, and through eternity—but every - jot of the greatness of man is unfolded out of woman, - First the man is shaped in the woman, he can then be shaped in himself.” - —Walt Whitman (“Leaves of Grass”). - - - LXIII. - - - 2.—“... _the dream men named Divine_,—” - -“Divine” was the title of honour conferred on the “Commedia,” by the -repentant citizens of Florence, after the death of Dante. - - - 8.—“_The love that moves the sun and every circling star_.” - -The last line of the “Divina Commedia” is— - - “Lo amor che move il sole e le altre stelle.” - - - - - EPILOGUE. - - -What, then, is the result of these investigations? - -Briefly this: - -That woman is not incapable of equal mental and physical power with man: - -That where any inferiority on her part at present exists, it is but as -the inherited result of long ages of misuse of her functions, and of -want of training of her faculties: - -That an intelligent education in both directions can repair these -wrongs, and establish her due individuality, and her equal share in -human right and happiness: - -“That the principle which regulates the existing social relations -between the two sexes—the legal subordination of one sex to the other—is -wrong in itself and now one of the chief hindrances to human -improvement; and that it ought to be replaced by a principle of perfect -equality, admitting no power or privilege on the one side, nor -disability on the other”—(JOHN STUART MILL, “The Subjection of Women,” -Ch. I.): - -And that, as the result of woman’s amended position, the whole human -race will benefit physically and psychically. - - -Thus much, at least, may be fairly concluded from the “Notes” here -presented; in the gathering together of which scattered rays—thoughts -and experiences from many an observant mind—into one focus, to offer -light and warmth to suffering womanhood and humanity, the main purpose -of this book is accomplished. - - _E. E._ - - _January 1st, 1893._ - -⁂ _The courtesy of corroborations or elucidations (confidential or -otherwise) of the subject-matter of these Notes is invited by the Author -(care of Mrs. Wolstenholme Elmy, Buxton House, Congleton), with a view -to a possible fuller edition._ - - - - - INDICES, &c. - - - - - AUTHORITIES OR REFERENCES IN NOTES - - - Æschylus, 53. - - Aldis, Prof. W. S., 202. - - Anderson, Dr. Elizabeth Garrett, 113. - - Aspasia, 45, 46, 47. - - Athena, 52. - - - Ballot, Jules, 168. - - Balzac, H. de, 198, 211. - - Bastian, Dr. H. C., 87, 125, 204, 208. - - Bebel, August, 38, 46, 115, 124, 130, 165, 167, 183, 199. - - Bell, Sir C., 192. - - Berdoe, Ed., 191. - - Bernard, Dr. Claude, 185. - - Bernheim, Dr., 109. - - Bidwell, E., 93. - - Bithell, Richard, 110. - - Blackstone, 98 to 100, 131, 143, 148. - - Blake, William, 159, 210, 214. - - Blowitz, M. de, 202. - - Bonavia, Dr. E., 121, 153, 162, 164, 194, 198. - - Bowyer, Lady, 156. - - Bracton, 98. - - Browning, Eliz. Barrett, 63, 67, 119. - - Browning, Robert, 67. - - Brown-Séquard, Dr., 184. - - Brücke, Prof., 184. - - Büchner, Dr. L., 121. - - Buckle, H. T., 50, 65, 72, 103, 107, 118, 131, 140, 142, 171, 206, 211. - - Buddha, 138. - - Byron, Commodore, 61. - - Byron, Lord, 125. - - - Caird, Mona, 48, 174. - - Carlyle, Thomas, 193. - - Cerise, Dr., 103. - - Chambers, Robert, 40. - - Chauveau, Dr., 183. - - Chauvin, Mdlle., 202. - - Christian, Edwd., 98, 131, 143, 149. - - Cobbe, Frances Power, 88, 112, 152, 189, 190. - - Coke, Chief Justice, 98, 130. - - Collins, Mabel, 181, 209. - - Comte, Auguste, 138 (_see_ Ethics, _in Index_). - - Condorcet, 197. - - Confucius, 69, 138. - - Cromwell, 126. - - Cuvier, 124, 126. - - - Dante, 53, 125, 126, 221. - - Darwin, C., 42, 59, 61, 64, 128, 161, 185. - - Darwin, F., 107. - - Davy, Sir Humphrey, 196. - - Dawkins, Prof. Boyd, 93. - - De Boismont, Brierre, 116. - - Delbœuf, Prof., 119. - - Descartes, 205. - - Dixie, Lady Florence, 49, 174. - - Dodel-Port, Dr., 124. - - Dufferin, Lady, 206. - - Duffey, Mrs. E. B., 120. - - Dumas, A. fils, 36, 49, 54, 124, 132, 137, 175, 197. - - Dunckley, Dr. Henry, 187. - - Dupanloup, Mons., 197. - - Du Prel, Dr., 109. - - - Edger, Lilian, 202. - - Eliot, George, 35, 79, 93. - - Elmy, Ben, 38, 66, 178. - - Elmy, Eliz. C. Wolstenholme, 62, 144, 155. - - Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 161. - - Esher, Lord, 145. - - - Faber, Dr., 67. - - Fairchild, Prof., 164. - - Farnham, Eliza W., 59, 104, 111, 130, 139, 157, 179, 186, 200, 206, - 207, 214. - - Fawcett, Millicent Garrett, 113, 114, 117. - - Fawcett, Philippa, 164. - - Fergusson, Robert, 72, 140. - - Flaxman, John, 170. - - Fonblanque, Dr., _see_ Paris. - - Forel, Dr., 120. - - Fuller, _see_ Ossoli. - - - Galton, F., 181. - - Gambetta, Léon, 126. - - Gardener, Helen H., 125, 126, 127. - - Garrison, Wm. Lloyd, Jr., 172. - - Geddes and Thomson, 40, 41, 74, 78, 173, 175 to 177, 178, 182. - - Geikie, James, 40. - - Gnathæna, 46. - - Gregory, Dr., 73. - - Greville, Lady Violet, 130. - - Grey, Sir George, 59. - - Grote, George, 44. - - Goltz, Prof., 191. - - Goethe, 195, 220. - - Guizot, 142. - - - Halsbury, Lord Chancellor, 144. - - Harrison, Frederic, 112. - - Harvard, John, 171. - - Hoche, Frau, 77. - - Homer, 53. - - Horsley, Prof., 189, 205. - - Huxley, Prof., 64, 109, 166, 197. - - - Ingersoll, Robert, 208. - - Inman, Dr. T., 58. - - - Jefferies, R., 36, 41, 103, 108, 183, 187, 213, 216, 218. - - Jex-Blake, Dr. Sophia, 113, 172. - - Jones, Prof. T. R., 36. - - JOURNALS, &C. - “Arena,” 181. - Bible, 100, 102, 116, 140. - “Bombay Guardian,” 71. - Brit Assoc. Reports, 35, 36, 93, 101, 107, 116, 117. - “British Med. Journal,” 78. - Chinese Classics, 67. - “Christian Commonwealth,” 196. - “Daily News,” 156. - “Dublin Review,” 73. - “Fortnightly Review,” 115. - Fox’s Journal, 140. - “Home-Maker,” N.Y., 86. - Ohel Jakob (Jewish Liturgy), 139. - “Journal of Education,” 160. - “Lancet,” 114. - Mahomedan Lit. Society, 94. - “Manchester Courier,” 169. - “Manchester Evening Mail,” 169. - “Manchester Examiner,” 60. - “Manchester Guardian,” 76, 77, 140, 187. - “Morning Post,” 54. - “National Review,” 130. - “New Zealand Herald,” 203. - “Nineteenth Century,” 47, 61, 71, 114. - “Pall Mall Gazette,” 78. - “Provincial Med. Journal,” _see_ Bonavia, Dr. - Report of International Council of Women, Washington, 1888, 126 to - 128. - “Review of Reviews,” 69, 80, 86, 118, 180. - “Standard,” 76, 192. - “Times,” 86, 97, 119, 146, 150, 189, 191, 192, 205, 207. - “Times of India,” 82, 97. - “Westminster Review,” 142, 168. - “Woman,” 169. - “Woman’s Journal,” Boston, U.S., 72, 106, 172, 201. - “Woman’s Herald,” 57. - - - Kant, Immanuel, 183, 195, (_see_ Ethics, _in Index_). - - Karl, Lieutenant, 77. - - Kenny, Courtney, 149. - - Kingsley, Charles, 57, 119. - - Kipling, J. Lockwood, 39. - - Kipling, Rudyard, 54. - - - Laboulaye, E., 130. - - Laïs, 46, 47. - - Lang, Andrew, 179. - - Lecky, W. E. H., 48. - - Lee, Chief Justice, 151. - - Leland, C. G., 38, 217. - - Lepstuk, Marie, 77. - - Letourneau, Ch., 37, 38, 39, 46, 55, 58, 61, 67, 88, 132, 133, 138, - 159. - - Le Vassor, 131. - - Linton, Eliza Lynn, 47. - - Lodge, Prof., 35. - - Lombroso, Prof., 101. - - Luteef, Abdool, 97. - - Lycurgus, 209. - - Lylie, “Euphues,” 171. - - - Machill, Prof., 164. - - Magee, Archbishop, 80. - - Manning, Cardinal, 73, 118. - - Mansell, Dr. Monelle, 84. - - Manu, 67, 133 (_see_ England, _in Index_). - - Maxwell, David, 210. - - McCarthy, Justin, (_see_ “Military service,” _in Index_). - - McIlquham, Harriett, 151, 152. - - M’Lennan, John F., 37, 59. - - Mencius, 69. - - Michelet, J., 77. - - Mill, Harriet, 56, 142. - - Mill, John Stuart, 38, 43, 73, 79, 107, 134, 137, 154, 156, 162, 175, - 193, 197, 222 (_see_ Ethics, _in Index_). - - Milton, 67, 135. - - Mitchell, Hon. J. W., 123, 200. - - Mitchell, Dr. Julia, 77. - - Moir, David M., 63. - - Molière, 196. - - Moll, Dr. A., 109, 119, 121. - - Montesquieu, 99. - - Morgan-Browne, Laura E., 56, 57. - - Morselli, Dr., 126. - - Müller, Max, 42. - - - Nichols, Dr., 101. - - Ninon de Lenclos, 48. - - Norman, —, 70. - - - Orr, Mrs. Sutherland, 67. - - Ossoli, Margaret Fuller, 180. - - - Page, Lord Justice, 151. - - Paley, (_see_ Ethics, _in Index_). - - Paris and Fonblanque, 108. - - Park, Mungo, 59. - - Parvin, Dr., 90. - - Pericles, 45. - - Peile, Dr., 202, 203. - - Pertz, Dorothea, 107. - - Pfeiffer, Edward, 160. - - Phipson, Dr. Edith Pechey, 42, 43, 80, 81, 91, 94, 136, 159, 194. - - Phryne, 46, 47. - - Plato, 44, 118. - - Pliny, 102. - - Ponsan, Dr. Menville de, i. - - Pope, 66. - - - Raciborski, Dr., 88, 102, 120. - - Rawn, Dr., 116. - - Reade, Winwood, 44. - - Reichardt, Mrs., 61, 71. - - Renan, Ernest, 166, 220. - - Richardson, Dr. B. W., 215. - - Roland, Madame, 129. - - Rousseau, 197. - - Roussel, Dr., 88, 103, 104. - - Rowe, Nicholas, 133. - - Ruskin, John, 51, 54, 108, 128, 156. - - Ryder, Dr. Emma B., 84. - - - Sachs, Dr., 107. - - Sakyamouni, 138. - - Sand, Georges, 67, 79. - - Schiller, 80. - - Schreiner, Olive, 111. - - Scott, 52. - - Selborne, Lord, 146. - - Shakespeare, 52, 53, 150, 195. - - Shelley, 156, 219. - - Sidgwick, Prof. H., (_see_ Neo-Malthusianism, _in Index_). - - Smith, R., 61. - - Smith, Sydney, 51, 163, 195. - - Socrates, 45, 48. - - Somerville, Mary, 163. - - Sorel, Agnes, 47. - - Spencer, Herbert, 64, 88, (_see_ Ethics, _in Index_). - - Spenser, 119. - - Spier, Mrs., 138. - - Spitzka, Dr., 126, 127. - - Spurzheim, Dr., 127. - - Stead, W. T., 180. - - Stern, Daniel, 197. - - - Tait, Lawson, F.R.C.S., 188, 192. - - Tennyson, 43, 53, 66, 156, 162, 173, 182, 218, 220. - - Tertullian, 142. - - Theodota, 48. - - Thompson, Wm., (_see_ Equality, _in Index_). - - Thomson (_see_ Geddes). - - Thorburn, Dr. John, 91. - - Tilt, Dr. E. J., 116, 118. - - Tinseau, —, 69. - - Troll-Borostyani, Irma von, 183. - - Tyndall, Prof., 88. - - - Vambéry, Prof., 207. - - - Wakeman, Edgar L., 75. - - Walker, Dr. A., 46, 129, 163. - - Wallace, Prof. A. R., 180, 208. - - Webb, Sidney, 101. - - Weill, Dr. Alexander, 111, 112. - - Westermarck, Edwd., 42, 45, 46, 171, 209. - - White, Prof., 164. - - Whitehead, Dr., 105. - - Whitman, Walt, 154, 209, 216, 220. - - Whittier, John G., 178. - - Winslow, Dr. Caroline, 106. - - Wollstonecraft, Mary, 129, 135, 159, 170. - - Wordsworth, 36, 213, 217, 219. - - - - - INDEX TO NOTES. - - - Abnormality, 91 to 93, 121. - - Affection, 42; - indispensable to true marriage, 194. - - Age of nubility and consent, _see_ England, India. - - American Indians, education of, 60. - - Anatomy, feminine teaching of in India, 207. - - Arrogance, masculine, 64, 67, _see_ Sex-bias. - - Art, 40, 41, 216. - - Asceticism, 41 167, 208. - - Athletics, 74, 167, 215, _see_ Strength, Training, Military service. - - Australian girl, 42. - - - Barbarism, 37, 54, 57. - - “Baron and feme,” 149. - - Bayadères, 46. - - Beauty, 41, 49, 75, 213, 216. - - Brain, 121 to 128, 203, 205; - developed by exercise, 121, 122, 161; - relative size, weight, and specific gravity of, 125, 126; - of celebrated men, 125; - no hard and fast distinction known, 127; - of ant, 128. - - Brahminism, 71, 80, 82, 138. - - Buddhism, 72, 138. - - - Capability, 49 to 53, 162, 164, 169, _see_ Jealousy. - - Catholicism, status of wife, 73. - - Cattle, wild; lactation, 93. - - Chastity, 47, 138, 177, 209. - - Childbearing, 78, 208; - excessive, 64, 66, 105, 176, 177; - future painless, 216. - - Child-marriage, 81; - _see_ Marriage. - - China, 58; - ethics of woman in, 67; - a Mandarin’s foreboding, 130; - a girl’s duty in, 140, _see_ Confucianism. - - Christianity, 73, 140, 142. - - Civism, 74, 154, 155. - - “Clitheroe case,” 144. - - Clothing; _see_ Dress. - - Coal-pit women, 75. - - Co-education; _see_ Education. - - Community of effort, 155, 173, 182, 183, 194, 207, 209, 212, 218, 220. - - Comtism, 138, _see_ Ethics. - - Confucianism; 67, 71, 138. - - Conjugal “rights,” in England, 98, 143 to 146; - in India, 85, 86, 95, 147. - - Consent, age of, _see_ England, India. - - Contagious Diseases Acts, 193. - - Courtesanship, 45, 54; - _see_ Hetairai, Prostitution. - - Cruelty, to woman, 37, 38, 58, 79, 83, 85, 102, 105; - to children, 61, 62, 83, 85, 86. - - Curare (or “ourali”), 185. - - Custody of Infants, 62. - - Cycling, 170. - - - Demi-monde, 54. - - Development, 36, 37, 41, 87, 88, 120, _see_ Evolution. - - Disabilities, legal, 150 to 153. - - Distortion of feet, 58. - - Diseases, feminine, so-called, 100, 101. - - Divorce, 73, 135, 148. - - Dogma, 35, 67, _see_ Ethics, Religion. - - Dower, old English, 98, 99. - - Dress, 58, 75, 76, 169. - - Duty, so-called, 67 to 74, 136 to 141; - true, 66, 155, _see_ Religion, “Sphere,” Community of effort. - - - Education, 50, 51; - political, 74, 160; - liberty of, 128, 142, 162, 164, 166, 197; - co-education, 164, 165, 171; - a liberal, 166. - - Egypt, 44, 52. - - Enfranchisement, 180, _see_ Franchise. - - England, modern guardianship in, 62; - ancient, 99; - age of nubility and consent, 98, 99. - - [By the law of England a girl is still marriageable at twelve and a - boy at fourteen years of age; though the “age of consent” to - intercourse not thus sanctioned has been recently raised to sixteen - years in the case of girls. In the above matters, and notably in that - of the marriageable age, England remains barbarously below most modern - legislatures, and is indeed in the disgraceful condition of being not - even on a level with China, in which country—as Mr. Byrant Barrett - points out, in his Introductory Discourse to the “Code Napoléon,” p. - 66—“In females, it would appear, consummation is not allowable before - twelve,” while “the age for marriage in males is twenty complete.” - China and England are but slightly in advance of ancient India, where, - according to the precepts of Manu, as Mr. Barrett further shows, (p. - 30), “The male of 24 years should marry the girl of 8 years of age; - the male of 30 the female of 12” (Ordinances of Manu, ch. 9, sec. 94). - Is not such conduct as this sufficient to involve as inevitable - consequences “unripe maternity and untimely birth,” together with all - their dire inherited miseries?] - - Epicenity, 181, 182. - - Equality of sexes, 43, 45, 49, 57, 79, 133, 134, 153, 154, 156, 162, - 163, 194. - _See_ also the following:— - - “But I hear you indignantly reject the boon of equality with such - creatures as men now are. With you I would equally elevate both sexes. - Really enlightened women, disdaining equally the submissive tricks of - the slave and the caprices of the despot, breathing freely only in the - air of the esteem of equals, and of mutual, unbought, uncommanded, - affection, would find it difficult to meet with associates worthy of - them in men as now formed, full of ignorance and vanity, priding - themselves on a _sexual_ superiority, entirely independent of any - merit, any superior qualities, or pretentions to them, claiming - respect from the strength of their arm, and the lordly faculty of - producing beards attached by nature to their chins! No: unworthy of, - as incapable of appreciating, the delight of the society of such - women, are the great majority of the existing race of men. The - pleasures of mere animal appetite, the pleasures of commanding (the - prettier and more helpless the slave, the greater these pleasures of - the brute), are the only pleasures which the majority of men seek from - women, are the only pleasures which their education and the - hypocritical system of morals, with which they have been necessarily - imbued, permit them to expect.... To wish for the enjoyment of the - higher pleasures of sympathy and communication of knowledge between - the sexes, heightened by that mutual grace and glow, that decorum and - mutual respect, to which the feeling of perfect, unrestrained equality - in the intercourse gives birth, a man must have heard of such - pleasures, must be able to conceive them, and must have an - organisation from nature or education, or both, capable of receiving - delight from them when presented to him. To enjoy these pleasures, to - which their other pleasures, a few excepted, are but the play of - children or brutes, the bulk of men want a sixth sense; they want the - capacity of feeling them, and of believing that such things are in - nature to be found. A mole cannot enjoy the “beauties and glories” of - the visible world; nor can brute men enjoy the intellectual and - sympathetic pleasures of equal intercourse with women, such as some - are, such as all might be. Real and comprehensive knowledge, physical - and moral, equally and impartially given by education, and by all - other means to both sexes, is the key to such higher enjoyments.... - - “Demand with mild but unshrinking firmness, perfect equality with men: - demand equal civil and criminal laws, an equal system of morals, and, - as indispensable to these, equal political laws, to afford you an - equal chance of happiness with men, from the development and exercise - of your faculties.” - - —William Thompson (“Appeal of One Half the Human Race,” 1825, pp. xii, - 195). - - Ethics, 74, 147, 173, 177, 186. - - [The impotent and contradictory schemes of ethics which philosophers - or schoolmen, ancient and modern, have successively evolved, have been - but resultants of “unisexual wit.” With brilliant exceptions in Plato, - Kant, and Mill, vainly may the various codes be searched for any - suggestion of the identity, individuality, and equality, of woman. For - though the philosophy of latter-day ethicists rightly disdains to - reiterate or to countenance the factitious scriptural dogmas and - imprecations declaratory or explanatory of woman’s unequal and - subjugated condition, yet a parallel subjection and inferiority in her - nature is still tacitly assumed, and on occasion traded upon, by these - same ethicists; no counsel or consent of her own intelligence being - asked, or disavowal recked of, in such propositions as, _e.g._, the - “utilitarian” theses concerning her enounced by Archdeacon Paley or - Mr. Jeremy Bentham;—the nominally “goddess,” but virtually “slave,” - status assigned to her by M. Auguste Comte;—or the “due” amount of - child-bearing postulated as prior to all “normally feminine mental - energy” in her, by Mr. Herbert Spencer. As the bane of all theologies - has been the implicated degradation and subserviency of womanhood to - the unjustly favoured male sex, so the vital defect in the plans of - ethics is this irrational disregard for the personality and interests - of “one half the human race,”—this ignoring or negation of woman’s - equal claim with man to consideration, position, and action, in all - that relates to humanity, ethics included. At present the general - masculine sex-bias, or selfishness, refuses to women the wisest and - noblest a faculty in legislation conceded to even the meanest men; and - justice and injustice, pessimism and optimism, struggle together - blindly and helplessly in the dark. The true Ethic still awaits for - its formulation the assistance and the inspiration of the intellect of - woman equal and free: no other way can it be arrived at.] - - Evolution, 39, 40, 41, 78, 87, 88, 107, 122, 173, 180, 208, 210, 211, - 218, 220, 222; - _see_ Development. - - Excess, 82, 100, 101, 105. - - - Father, legal “rights” and duties of, 62. - - Feme; _see_ Baron. - - Feudality, 131; - female wards, 98, 99. - - Fictility, 86 to 89, 109, 119, 120; - _see_ Evolution. - - Franchise, woman’s, 150 to 155. - - French law, 197; - women students of, 201, 202. - - Future of woman and humanity; forecasts or counsels concerning, by— - Balzac, 210. - Bastian, 208. - Bithell, 110. - Blake, 159, 210, 214. - Bonavia, 162. - Buckle, 103, 211, 212. - Cobbe, 112. - Dixie, 174. - Dodel-Port, 124. - Farnham, 104, 111, 206, 207, 214. - Garrison, 171. - Geddes and Thomson, 74, 78, 173. - Huxley, 110, 166, 167, 197. - Jefferies, 103, 108, 182, 213, 216. - Kant, 194. - Lang, 179. - Leland, 216. - Maxwell, 210. - Mill, 43, 79, 162. - Moll, 119. - Pfeiffer, 160. - Richardson, 216. - Ruskin, 108, 128. - Schreiner, 111. - Spencer, 87. - Tennyson, 173, 220. - Tyndall, 89. - Wallace, 180, 208. - Weill, 112. - Whitman, 154, 216, 220. - Winslow, 106. - Wolstenholme Elmy, 155. - Wordsworth, 217, 219. - - - Girlhood, 81, 128, 163, 197. - - Graduates, women, _see_ University. - - Greece, 44 to 47; - culture, 216. - - Guardianship, 62; - ancient, 99. - - - Heredity, 87 to 89, 161, 178; - in man, 92, _see_ Development, Evolution. - - Heroines of drama, 52, 78. - - Hetairai, 45, 46, 48, 53; - _see_ Courtesanship, Prostitution. - - Human selection, 174, 180. - - Humanity, _see_ Future. - - Husband and wife, _see_ Baron and feme, Clitheroe Case, Married Women’s - property; - inequality of right, _see_ Father, Wife, Conjugal “rights”; - different standard of morality between, _see_ Divorce. - - Hypnotism, 109, 119; - suggestion, 109. - - - Ignorance, 89, 90. - - Imagination, cultivation of, 206, 218; - future of, 210, 212. - - Immaturity, 81, 82; - _see_ Maturity. - - Improvidence, 177. - - India, 71; - early marriage in, 80, 81, 93 to 98; - effects of, 82, 194; - age of consent in, 94; - courtesanship, 46, 53, 138; - female teaching, 46, 71, 207; - women’s medical education, 207; - code of Manu, 67, 133; - _see_ England. - - Individuality, _see_ Selfdom. - - Infant, custody of, 62; - feudal wardship, 99. - - Infanticide, 60, 61. - - Intellect, woman’s quickness of, 50, 51, 65, 104, _see_ Brain, - Capability, Jealousy. - - Intemperance, 105, 106, 176, 177. - - Intuition, 65, 103, 104, 186. - - - Japan, woman in, 69, 138. - - Jealousy, masculine, 113, 195 to 203; - rebuked, 198, _see_ Sex-bias. - - Judaism, 100, 102, 139. - - Justice, 43, 108, 179. - - - Knowledge, 53, 56, 90, 211, 212; - is love, 218. - - - Language, 42. - - Law, old, 99, 143; - study of by women, 200; - French, 201; - civil, _see_ Franchise, Husband, Wife; - divine, _see_ Religion. - - Legal practitioners, female, _see_ Law. - - Legalised abortion, 105. - - Lieutenant “Karl,” 77. - - Limitation of offspring, _see_ Neo-Malthusianism. - - Love, 41, 42, 43, 70, 71, 78, 177, 193, 218, 219, 221; - Woman’s, 208; - “creation’s final law,” 173, 221; - origin of all worthy thought, 193. - - Lust, 41. - - - Magna Charta, 130. - - Mahomedanism, 61, 71, 94. - - Malthusianism, 173 to 178. - - Manhood, 167, 179. - - Marriage, 37, 43, 44, 45, 78, 90, 134, 180, 209; - early, in England, 98; - in Turkey, 61, _see_ India. - - Married Women’s Property, 62, 149. - - [The _Married Women’s Property Act_, 1882, in the event of no specific - marriage contract to the contrary between the parties, retains to any - woman married since Dec. 31st, 1882, the possession, control, and - disposal of her own property and earnings, precisely as if she still - remained a single woman (_feme sole_); it further secures to every - wife (whether married before that date or afterwards), the right to - her own earnings, and various other property rights, entirely - independent of her husband’s control.] - - Maternity, 59, 64, 91, 106, 183, 208, 209; - artistic or purposed, 214; - painless future, 216. - - Maturity, 90, 93, 99, 178. - - Medical practitioners, evil methods of some, 101, 105, 106, _see_ - Vivisection. - - Medical women, 113 to 116; - duty of, 90, 106, 115, 116, 192, 204. - - Menstruation, 91; - abnormal and acquired habit, 88, 91, 92, 104; - pathological incident, not physiological, 92, 104, 116; - developed into heredity, not inherent, 88, 104; - not nubility, 93; - fostering of, 104, 120; - ignorance concerning, 89, 91, 117, 118; - reproach of, 102; - Scriptural definitions and opprobrium, 100, 102; - futile explanations of, 104; - “plethora” theory, 123; - some evils of, 91, 92, 100, 101, 108; - remediable, 108, 110, 116, 117, 120; - immunity from, 92, 117; - recent diminution of, 112, 123, 215. - - Menorrhagia, 101. - - Mental power; - _see_ Capability, Ethics, Intellect, Jealousy. - - Military service, 77, 78, 169, _see_ also the following:— - - “One of those who fought to the last on the rebels’ side was the - Ranee, or Princess, of Jhansi, whose territory had been one of our - annexations. For months after the fall of Delhi she contrived to - baffle Sir Hugh Rose and the English. She led squadrons in the field. - She fought with her own hand. She was engaged against us in the battle - for the possession of Gwalior. In the uniform of a cavalry officer she - led charge after charge, and she was killed among those who resisted - to the last. Her body was found upon the field, scarred with wounds - enough in the front to have done credit to any hero. Sir Hugh Rose - paid her the well-deserved tribute which a generous conqueror is - always glad to be able to offer. He said, in his general order, that - ‘The best man upon the side of the enemy was the woman found dead, the - Ranee of Jhansi.’”—Justin McCarthy (“History of Our Own Times,” chap. - xiii). - - And on the 12th December, 1892, the _Manchester Guardian_ reports:— - - “The death is announced of Mrs. Eliza E. Cutler, wife of the - doorkeeper of the United States Senate. In February, 1863, her - husband’s regiment was at Fort Donelson and Mrs. Cutler was visiting - him there, stopping at a house just outside the fortification. The - colours of the regiment were also in this house. In the excitement - which followed the first attack on the day of battle, the regiment - went into action without its flag, but just as the fighting became the - hottest, with odds terribly against them, they were cheered by the - appearance of a woman with a sword in one hand, and bearing - triumphantly aloft the regiment’s colours. This was Mrs. Cutler, who - remained on the battlefield until her husband’s regiment was ordered - on board a transport in the Cumberland river. She immediately went to - the upper deck, where, with assistance, she planted the Stars and - Stripes in the face of a galling fire. There she remained, in spite of - all remonstrances, until they passed out of the range of fire.” - - Mind, influence on body, _see_ Fictility, Psychical effort. - - Modesty, 170, 171, 199. - - Monkey, 39. - - Morality, double standard of, 57, 67, 68, 71, 73, 148; - connubial, 106, 177, 209. - - Mormonism, 132. - - Mother-love, 61, 63, 208. - - Mutuality, 183, _see_ Community of effort. - - - Nascent organs, 65. - - Nature, 36, 39, 120, 167, 182, 185, 187, 195, 211, 212; - violation of laws of, 106, 110, 111; - relation of man and woman to, 167, 195, 207, 214. - - Neo-Malthusianism, 174, 176 to 178, _see_ also the following:— - - “A dogmatic conclusion that human life is on the whole more painful - than pleasurable is perhaps rare in England; but it is a widespread - opinion that the average of happiness attained by the masses, even in - civilised communities, is deplorably low, and that the present aim of - philanthropy should be rather to improve the quality of human life - than to increase the quantity.”—Professor Henry Sidgwick (“History of - Ethics,” p. 247). - - Nubility, 90, 93, _see_ England, Maturity, Puberty. - - Nurses, 200. - - - Obedience, 69, 73 74. - - Observation, 103, 187; - lack of, 118; - power attendant on, 205. - - Ourali, _see_ Curare. - - Over-population, 173 to 178. - - - Pain, 110, 111. - - Palæolithic art, 40. - - Parturition, painless future, 216. - - Paternity, 209, _see_ Father. - - _Patria potestas_, 62. - - Petit treason, 149. - - Philosophy, natural, 206. - - Physical strength, _see_ Strength. - - “Pit-brow” women, 75. - - Poetry, spirit of, 206; - future of, 212. - - “Police des mœurs,” 193. - - Politeness, 201. - - Political and legal Position, 197, _see_ Franchise. - - Potencies, 108, 110, 203. - - Prehistoric times, 37, 40. - - Prostitution, 53, 54, 175; - feminine repudiation of, 139; - religious, 46, 138, _see_ Courtesanship, Hetairai. - - Prudence after marriage, 176, 177. - - Psyche, 41, 103; - _see_ Soul. - - Psychical effort, 87, 89, 119, 120. - - Psychology, 119. - - Puberty, 81; - not nubility, 90, 93. - - Puritanism, 72, 135, 140. - - Purity, 56, 166, 171, 200. - - - Quickness of woman’s mind, _see_ Intellect, Intuition. - - - Reason, 35, 53, 65. - - Reasoning, woman’s generally deductive, man’s generally inductive, 50, - 65. - - Religion, dogmas concerning woman, 73, 74, 82, 102, 135 to 142, 148, - _see_ Brahminism, Buddhism, Catholicism, Christianity, Comtism, - Confucianism, Ethics, Judaism, Mahomedanism, Mormonism, Puritanism. - - Reproach, 102, 103, 118, 140, 142. - - Research, 35, 36. - - Reserve, 56, 80, 115. - - Restrictions on woman, 48, 49, 50, 201, _see_ Training. - - Reticence, 56, 80, 115. - - Revolt of woman, 129, 130, 133, 135. - - Rhythmic action, 86, 88. - - Rudimentary organs, 65. - - - Science, 35, 186 to 189, 192, 206, 217; - spirit of, 206. - - Scriptural terms, 100, 102. - - Self-confidence, 179, 206. - - Selfdom, 66, 156, 157, 158, 179, 206. - - Self-help, 56, 89, 108, 111, 161, 162. - - Selfishness, 43, 85, 206, _see_ Ethics. - - Self-respect, 156, 179. - - Self-sacrifice, 179. - - Serfdom, of man, 130, 131; - of woman, _see_ Slavery. - - Sex-bias, masculine, 64, 136, 149, 151; - rebuked, 195; - _see_ Ethics. - - Sexual wrong, 64, 106, 177; - in India, 82. - - Silence, _see_ Reticence. - - Slavery, of woman, 37, 38, 61, 71, 73, 74, 102, 131, 133, 150, 157; - effect on race, 159, 161, 194; - of man, _see_ Serfdom. - - Soldiers, female, _see_ Military service. - - Soul, 41, 119, 205, 211, 219, _see_ Psyche. - - “Sphere” of woman, 142, 162. - - Steadfastness of woman, 195. - - Strength, physical, 64, 75, 76, 113, 150, 167 to 170, 215; - recent improvement in, 113, 123, 215. - - Students, in America, 164; - in Switzerland, 172. - - Subjection of woman, _see_ Slavery, China, England, India, Japan, - Religion, Wife. - - Suffrage, _see_ Franchise. - - Superiority of spirit, 50, 52, 59, 60, 195, 208. - - Sympathy, 43, 59, 200, 213; - _see_ Community of effort, Equality. - - - Talent, relative, _see_ Brain, Capability, Jealousy. - - Temperance, 113, 177. - - Tendency, 88, 89. - - Thought, language, 42; - love, 193. - - Training, mental, 108, 128, 160, 161, 163, 166, 183; - physical, 50, 108, 113, 163, 167, 168, 170, 215; - _see_ Capability, Strength. - - Tutelage, 133; - feudal, 99. - - - University teaching, 160, 164, 165, 171, 172, 203. - - - Vassalage, 99, 130, 131. - - Vivisection, 183 to 193; - futility of, 188, 192. - - - Waste, of woman’s faculties, 48 to 53; - of vital force, 107, 123. - - Wife, subjection of, 44, 67 to 74; - ancient chastisement of, 143; - legal status of, 143 to 146, 149, 153, _see_ Baron, Marriage. - - Wisdom 52, 172; - correlative with love, 193. - - Woman suffrage, _see_ Franchise. - - Women doctors, _see_ Medical Women. - - - Zenana, 159. - - Zulu wives, 132. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES - - - 1. 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} - .fixed {font-family: 'Brush Script MT', cursive; font-weight:bold; } - .x-ebookmaker p.dropcap:first-letter { float: left; } - /* ]]> */ </style> - </head> - <body> -<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Woman free, by Ellis Ethelmer</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Woman free</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Ellis Ethelmer</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: August 8, 2022 [eBook #68715]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WOMAN FREE ***</div> - -<div class='tnotes covernote'> - -<p class='c000'><strong>Transcriber’s Note:</strong></p> - -<p class='c000'>The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.</p> - -</div> - -<div class='titlepage'> - -<div> - <h1 class='c001'>WOMAN FREE</h1> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div>BY</div> - <div>ELLIS ETHELMER</div> - <div class='c002'>1893</div> - <div>PUBLISHED BY THE</div> - <div>WOMEN’S EMANCIPATION UNION</div> - <div class='c002'><em>Hon. Sec.</em>:—<span class='sc'>Mrs.</span> WOLSTENHOLME ELMY</div> - <div><span class='sc'>Buxton House, Congleton</span></div> - <div class='c002'>[<em>PRICE FIVE SHILLINGS, POST FREE</em>]</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c003'> - <div><span class='small'>WYMAN AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND REDHILL.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c004'>“<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Le philosophe, en étudiant les lois de la Nature, -acquiert chaque jour la conviction que de leur violation -seule naissent tous les maux dont gémit l’humanité.</span>”</p> - -<p class='c004'>“The philosopher, in studying the laws of Nature, -acquires more deeply every day the conviction that from -their abuse alone spring all the evils from which humanity -is groaning.”</p> - -<div class='lg-container-r c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in8'><span class='sc'>Dr. Menville de Ponsan</span></div> - <div class='line'>(<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Histoire de la Femme</span>; Vol. III., p. 3).</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_1'>1</span> - <h2 class='c006'>WOMAN FREE.</h2> -</div> -<h3 class='c007'>I.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>Source of the Light that cheers this later day,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Science calm moves to spread her sovereign sway;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Research and Reason, ranged on either hand,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Proclaim her message to each waiting land;</div> - <div class='line in2'>In truths whose import stands but part revealed,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Till man befit himself those truths to wield;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Since to high Knowledge duties high belong,</div> - <div class='line'>As to the poet’s power the task of worthy song.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>II.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>And man, from every stage of slow degree,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Amendment for his previous rule may see;</div> - <div class='line in2'>His keener conscience in our fuller time</div> - <div class='line in2'>Perceives the whilom careless act a crime,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Or finds some fancied fault to progress tend,—</div> - <div class='line in2'>By wiser vision traced to truer end;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Till, growing shrewder in the growing light,</div> - <div class='line'>We know no lack of good but our own lack of sight.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_2'>2</span> - <h3 class='c009'>III.</h3> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>Thus, sad at first, we mark each evil deed,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Of ignorance or will, bear fatal seed</div> - <div class='line in2'>Of suffering to others in its train,—</div> - <div class='line in2'>The guileless share its penalty of pain,—</div> - <div class='line in2'>And man’s worst misery ofttimes is brought</div> - <div class='line in2'>By trespass he himself nor did nor thought;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Austere the fiat, yet therefrom we learn</div> - <div class='line'>A purer life to frame, lest myriads mourn in turn.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>IV.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>Deep though the teaching that this truth reveals</div> - <div class='line in2'>Of fellowship of man with all that feels,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Remains the riddle that, though inmost ken</div> - <div class='line in2'>Of humblest creatures and of rudest men</div> - <div class='line in2'>Has sense of freedom as an instinct strong,—</div> - <div class='line in2'>Resenting injury as act of wrong,—</div> - <div class='line in2'>Man listed not this monitor’s still voice,</div> - <div class='line'>But gave his wanton wish the guilty force of choice.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_3'>3</span> - <h3 class='c009'>V.</h3> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>Dark looms the record of his earlier years,—</div> - <div class='line in2'>A troubled tale of infamy and tears;</div> - <div class='line in2'>For, of the ill by man primeval wrought,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Shows forth predominant with anguish fraught,</div> - <div class='line in2'>And long disaster to the ensuant race,</div> - <div class='line in2'>The direful course of degradation base,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Where freedom, justice, right,—at one fell blow,—</div> - <div class='line'>In woman’s life of slave were outraged and laid low.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>VI.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>The inklings gleaned of prehistoric hour</div> - <div class='line in2'>Speak woman thrall to man’s unbridled power;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Than brute more gifted, he, with heinous skill,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Subdued her being to his sensual will;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Binding her fast with ties of cunning weight,</div> - <div class='line in2'>By mother’s burden forced to slavish fate;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Thus woman was, and such her man-made doom,</div> - <div class='line'>Ere yet the dawn of love illumed the soulless gloom.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_4'>4</span> - <h3 class='c009'>VII.</h3> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>Ere Evolution, in unhasting speed,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Trained man’s regard to larger life and need;</div> - <div class='line in2'>By Art his feelings waked to functions higher,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Disclosed within his clay the veins of fire,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Taught him his pleasures of the flesh to find</div> - <div class='line in2'>But presage of the mightier joys of mind;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Evoked the soul from fume of mortal dust,</div> - <div class='line'>The vestal flame of love from lower flush of lust.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>VIII.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>The eye that once could note but food or foe</div> - <div class='line in2'>Grew wise to watch the landscape’s varied glow;</div> - <div class='line in2'>To gaze beyond our earthly temporal bars,</div> - <div class='line in2'>And track the orbit of the wandering stars:</div> - <div class='line in2'>The voice erst roused by hunger or by rage</div> - <div class='line in2'>Now tells the nobler passions of the age,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Till with love’s language is uplifted love</div> - <div class='line'>To high and selfless thought all sensuous aim above.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_5'>5</span> - <h3 class='c009'>IX.</h3> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>But not at once such life and love to know,</div> - <div class='line in2'>For progress strives through many an ebb and flow;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Man’s kindling sense, though stirred by call of Art,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Still missed the motive of her deepest heart;</div> - <div class='line in2'>’Twas in her gracious embassy to give</div> - <div class='line in2'>A fairer faith and fate to all that live,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Neglecting none,—yet man, ’twixt lust and pride,</div> - <div class='line'>Due portion in the boon to woman still denied.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>X.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>Æons of wrong ere history was born,</div> - <div class='line in2'>With added ages passed in slight and scorn,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Maintained the chains of primal womanhood,</div> - <div class='line in2'>And clogged in turn man’s power of greater good;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Egypt or Greece in vain sought heavenly light</div> - <div class='line in2'>While woman’s soul was held from equal flight,—</div> - <div class='line in2'>Her path confined by man to sordid end,</div> - <div class='line'>As subjugated wife, or hireling transient friend.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_6'>6</span> - <h3 class='c009'>XI.</h3> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>Marriage—which might have been a mateship sweet,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Where equal souls in hallowed converse meet,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Each aiding each the higher truths to find,</div> - <div class='line in2'>And raising body to the plane of mind,—</div> - <div class='line in2'>Man’s baser will restrained to lower grade,</div> - <div class='line in2'>And woman’s share a brainless bondage made;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Her only hope of thought or learning wide,</div> - <div class='line'>Some freer lot to seek than yoke forlorn of bride.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>XII.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>Yet, as hetaira,—comrade, chambermate,—</div> - <div class='line in2'>(The ambiguous word bespoke her dubious state),</div> - <div class='line in2'>She, craving mental food, might but be guest</div> - <div class='line in2'>By paying with her body for the quest;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Conceding that, might lead a learned life,—</div> - <div class='line in2'>A licence vetoed to the legal wife,—</div> - <div class='line in2'>Might win great wealth, or build a lasting fame,</div> - <div class='line'>Not due to her the guilt that left the tinge of shame.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_7'>7</span> - <h3 class='c009'>XIII.</h3> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>What guilt was there, apportion it aright</div> - <div class='line in2'>To him who fixed the gages of the fight;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Blame man, who, reckless of the woman’s fate,</div> - <div class='line in2'>In greed for meaner pleasure lost the great;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Blame him, the vaunted sage, who knew her mind</div> - <div class='line in2'>Peer to his own in skill and wit refined,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Yet left the after-ages to bemoan</div> - <div class='line'>The waste of woman worth that dawned and die unknown.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>XIV.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>And deep the shame on man’s insensate heart</div> - <div class='line in2'>For later woman doomed to hideous part;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Poor lostling, bowed with worse than brutal woes,—</div> - <div class='line in2'>To her not even dealt the brute’s repose;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Her sweetness sullied, and her frame disgraced,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Soul scarce might light her temple fair defaced,—</div> - <div class='line in2'>Its chastest sanctities coerced to give</div> - <div class='line'>For painful bread to eat, for piteous chance to live.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_8'>8</span> - <h3 class='c009'>XV.</h3> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>While such her fate in lands of cultured creed,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Judge woman’s griefs with man of barbarous breed;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Slave to his lust, and tiller of his soil,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Crippled and crushed by cruelty and toil;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Yet still her heart a gentle mien essayed,</div> - <div class='line in2'>By deeper passion, holier impulse, swayed;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Care for her wretched offspring rarely swerved,</div> - <div class='line'>And mother-love alone the infant oft preserved.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>XVI.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>Thus woman’s life, in low or high estate,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Man fettered with a more than natural weight</div> - <div class='line in2'>Of sexual function,—disproportioned theme</div> - <div class='line in2'>And single basis in his female scheme;</div> - <div class='line in2'>He strove to quench her flash of quicker fire,</div> - <div class='line in2'>That crossed his lordship or his low desire;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Her one permitted end to serve his race,</div> - <div class='line'>Her individual soul forbidden breathing place.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_9'>9</span> - <h3 class='c009'>XVII.</h3> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>Scarce other seemed that soul than sentient tomb</div> - <div class='line in2'>Of human energy debarred to bloom;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Her spirit, pining in its durance drear,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Leaves legacy of many a burning tear</div> - <div class='line in2'>For aspirations crushed, and aims denied,</div> - <div class='line in2'>And instincts thwarted by man’s purblind pride;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Her every wish made subject to the nod</div> - <div class='line'>Of him whose mad conceit proclaimed himself her God.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>XVIII.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>So stood at halt, through years of sterile change,</div> - <div class='line in2'>His narrowed brain and her restricted range;</div> - <div class='line in2'>And man intelligent and woman free,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Was union which the world had yet to see;</div> - <div class='line in2'>For time to come reserved the golden sight</div> - <div class='line in2'>Of glorious harvest from the natural right,</div> - <div class='line in2'>To her as amply as to him assigned</div> - <div class='line'>To compass power unknown in body and in mind.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_10'>10</span> - <h3 class='c009'>XIX.</h3> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>Happy the epoch destined to show</div> - <div class='line in2'>What force of good from that free fate shall flow;</div> - <div class='line in2'>The artificial limits to efface</div> - <div class='line in2'>Of laws and forms that womanhood debase;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Even our own imperfect hour may prove</div> - <div class='line in2'>The ecstasy of earnest souls that move</div> - <div class='line in2'>In dual union of unselfish strife</div> - <div class='line'>To reach by mutual love to true and equal life.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>XX.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>Yet slow, so slowly, gleams the gathering light,</div> - <div class='line in2'>And lingers still the hovering shade of night;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Though part undone the wrong that we confess,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Repentance cannot instant bring redress;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Nor woman, tortured by her thraldom long,</div> - <div class='line in2'>At once stand forth emancipate and strong;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Her pain persistent, though she calm suppress</div> - <div class='line'>Her rancour for the past, with sweet forgivingness.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_11'>11</span> - <h3 class='c009'>XXI.</h3> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>For carnal servitude left cruel stain,</div> - <div class='line in2'>And galls that fester from the fleshly chain;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Unhealed the scars of man’s distempered greed,</div> - <div class='line in2'>The wounds of blind injustice still they bleed;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Recurrent suffering lets her not forget</div> - <div class='line in2'>The aimless payments of a dismal debt,—</div> - <div class='line in2'>Survival from dim age of man’s abuse</div> - <div class='line'>Of functions immature, profaned by savage use.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>XXII.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>Her girlhood’s helpless years through cycles long</div> - <div class='line in2'>Had been a martyrdom of sexual wrong,</div> - <div class='line in2'>For little strength or choice might child oppose</div> - <div class='line in2'>To shield herself from force of sensual foes;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Impending motherhood might win no rest</div> - <div class='line in2'>Or refuge sacred from the satyr quest;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Unripe maternity, untimely birth,</div> - <div class='line'>The woman’s constant dole in those dark days of earth.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_12'>12</span> - <h3 class='c009'>XXIII.</h3> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>Action repeated tends to rhythmic course,</div> - <div class='line in2'>And thus the mischief, due at first to force,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Brought cumulative sequence to the race,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Till habit bred hereditary trace;</div> - <div class='line in2'>On woman falls that heritage of woe,</div> - <div class='line in2'>And e’en the virgin feels its dastard blow,—</div> - <div class='line in2'>For, long ere fit to wield maternal cares,</div> - <div class='line'>Abnormal fruits of birth her guiltless body bears.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>XXIV.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>Misread by man, this sign of his misdeed</div> - <div class='line in2'>Was held as symptom of her nubile need,</div> - <div class='line in2'>And on through history’s length her tender age</div> - <div class='line in2'>Has still been victim to his adult rage;</div> - <div class='line in2'>He, by his text, with irony serene,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Banned her resultant “manner” as “unclean”;</div> - <div class='line in2'>The censure base upon himself recoils,</div> - <div class='line'>Yet leaves the woman wan and cumbered in his toils.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_13'>13</span> - <h3 class='c009'>XXV.</h3> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>Vicarious punishment for manhood’s crime</div> - <div class='line in2'>Takes grievous toll of all her active prime;</div> - <div class='line in2'>The hap, in educated woman’s fate,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Is instinct with antipathy and hate;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Reason confirming tells, no honest claim</div> - <div class='line in2'>Could ever cause such gust of inward shame,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Nor act of normal wont might man blaspheme</div> - <div class='line'>To make of Nature’s need a vile opprobrious theme.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>XXVI.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>Thoughts like to these are breathings of the truth</div> - <div class='line in2'>To whoso ponders deep the tale of ruth;</div> - <div class='line in2'>The futile mannish pleas that would explain</div> - <div class='line in2'>The purport of her periodic pain,</div> - <div class='line in2'>All bear unconscious witness to the wrong</div> - <div class='line in2'>In blindness born, in error fostered long,—</div> - <div class='line in2'>The spurious function growing with the years,</div> - <div class='line'>Till almost natural use the morbid mode appears.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_14'>14</span> - <h3 class='c009'>XXVII.</h3> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>Grievous the hurt to woman, which to right</div> - <div class='line in2'>Is instant duty of our stronger sight;</div> - <div class='line in2'>From off her weary shoulders, bruised and worn,</div> - <div class='line in2'>To lift the cross in longtime misery borne;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Until, reintegrate in frame and mind,</div> - <div class='line in2'>A speedy restitution she shall find,</div> - <div class='line in2'>From every trammel of man’s mastery freed,</div> - <div class='line'>Nor held by his behest from fullest life and deed.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>XXVIII.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>And soon may pass her suffering, for the ill</div> - <div class='line in2'>By man begot lies subject to our skill;</div> - <div class='line in2'>All human malady may be allayed</div> - <div class='line in2'>With human forethought, human action’s aid;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Ours then the fault, since, given in our hand</div> - <div class='line in2'>Is power the evil hazard to command;</div> - <div class='line in2'>For Nature, kindly wise our woes to shape,</div> - <div class='line'>In very pang of pain both prompts and points escape.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_15'>15</span> - <h3 class='c009'>XXIX.</h3> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>So woman shall her own redemption gain,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Instructed by the sting of bootless pain;</div> - <div class='line in2'>With Nature ever helpful to retrieve</div> - <div class='line in2'>The injury we heedlessly achieve,</div> - <div class='line in2'>From seed of act, by recent woman sown,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Already guerdon rich in hope is shown;—</div> - <div class='line in2'>Such faculty her new-found presence decks,</div> - <div class='line'>The sage physician, she, and saviour of her sex.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>XXX.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>With purer phase of life proves woman less</div> - <div class='line in2'>The burden of the wasting weariness;</div> - <div class='line in2'>And thus, in rank refined or rude have grown</div> - <div class='line in2'>Maidens in whom the weakness was not known;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Hale woman and true mother have they been,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Yet never have the noisome habit seen:</div> - <div class='line in2'>Not to neglectful man to greatly care</div> - <div class='line'>How such immunity all womanhood might share.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_16'>16</span> - <h3 class='c009'>XXXI.</h3> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>Her intellect alert the harm shall heal,</div> - <div class='line in2'>And ways of wholesomeness and strength reveal;</div> - <div class='line in2'>The saving truth she wins with studious thought</div> - <div class='line in2'>More swiftly to her daughter shall be taught,—</div> - <div class='line in2'>How body still is supple unto mind,</div> - <div class='line in2'>By dint of soul is fleshly form inclined,</div> - <div class='line in2'>And woman’s will shall work of man atone,</div> - <div class='line'>The deed his darkness wrought be by her light undone.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>XXXII.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>No longer drilled deformity to nurse,</div> - <div class='line in2'>And woo, when slow to appear, the absent curse,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Her counter-effort, helped by Nature’s grace,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Shall quell the “custom’s” last abhorrent trace;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Its morbid usurpation shall refute,—</div> - <div class='line in2'>Not more to woman natural than to brute;—</div> - <div class='line in2'>A needless noyance with a baseless claim,</div> - <div class='line'>The lingering mark of man’s unthinking guilt and shame.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_17'>17</span> - <h3 class='c009'>XXXIII.</h3> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>Her body, saved from enervating drain,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Shall lend a newer vigour to the brain;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Wide shall she roam in realms of untold thought,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Which ages since her shackled instinct sought;</div> - <div class='line in2'>For oft her prison had the yearnings heard,</div> - <div class='line in2'>In murmurings scarce rendered into word;—</div> - <div class='line in2'>Promptings which man suspicious strove to choke,</div> - <div class='line'>Lest that her soul should rise and break his timeworn yoke.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>XXXIV.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>For autocrats of old, with treacherous guile,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Had bribed the villain’s soul by sensual wile;</div> - <div class='line in2'>To meanest man a lower drudge assigned,—</div> - <div class='line in2'>With gift of female thrall cajoled the hind;</div> - <div class='line in2'>The stolid churl his servitude forgave</div> - <div class='line in2'>Whilst he in turn was master to a slave;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Through every rank the sexual serfdom ran,</div> - <div class='line'>And woman’s life was bound in vassalage to man.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_18'>18</span> - <h3 class='c009'>XXXV.</h3> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>Then, fearing that the slave herself might guess</div> - <div class='line in2'>The knavery of her forced enchainedness,</div> - <div class='line in2'>A subtle fiction mannish brain designed</div> - <div class='line in2'>To dominate her conscience and her mind,—</div> - <div class='line in2'>Inhuman dogmas did his genius frame,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Investing them with sanctimonious name</div> - <div class='line in2'>Of “woman’s duty”; and the fetish base</div> - <div class='line'>E’en to this reasoned day uplifts its impious face.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>XXXVI.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>By cant condoned, man fashioned woman’s “sphere,”</div> - <div class='line in2'>And mapped out “natural” bounds to her career;</div> - <div class='line in2'>His sapience—should she dare any deed</div> - <div class='line in2'>In contravention of his code—decreed</div> - <div class='line in2'>On soul or body penalties condign,</div> - <div class='line in2'>In part dubbed civil law, and part divine:</div> - <div class='line in2'>Misguided man,—confused in self-deceit</div> - <div class='line'>His unisexual wit and pious pretext meet.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_19'>19</span> - <h3 class='c009'>XXXVII.</h3> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>Obeisance yet his caste of sex demands;—</div> - <div class='line in2'>In legislative script the verbiage stands</div> - <div class='line in2'>How lowest boor is lordly “baron” styled,</div> - <div class='line in2'>And highest bride as common “feme” reviled;</div> - <div class='line in2'>The tardier fear that grants the clown a share</div> - <div class='line in2'>In his own governance, denies it her;</div> - <div class='line in2'>And British matrons are, by man-made rules,</div> - <div class='line'>In solemn statute ranked with infants, felons, fools.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>XXXVIII.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>The crass injustice early man displayed,</div> - <div class='line in2'>His own crude infancy of brain betrayed;</div> - <div class='line in2'>His riper judgment scorns the childish use,</div> - <div class='line in2'>And cries to all his bygone freaks a truce;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Enactments that long blemished legal page</div> - <div class='line in2'>Shall fade as figments of a foolish age,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Till saner years have every bond erased</div> - <div class='line'>Which selfish law of man on life of woman placed.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_20'>20</span> - <h3 class='c009'>XXXIX.</h3> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>Till like with him in human right she stands,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Her will an equal power of rule commands;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Her voice, in council and in senate heard,</div> - <div class='line in2'>To stern debate brings harmonising word;</div> - <div class='line in2'>In mutual stress each sex the other cheers,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Since one are made their hopes and one their fears;</div> - <div class='line in2'>“Self-reverent each, and reverencing each,”—</div> - <div class='line'>The theme that truer man and freer woman teach.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>XL.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>For but a slave himself must ever be,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Till she to shape her own career be free;—</div> - <div class='line in2'>Free from all uninvited touch of man,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Free mistress of her person’s sacred plan;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Free human soul; the brood that she shall bear,</div> - <div class='line in2'>The first—the truly free, to breathe our air;</div> - <div class='line in2'>From woman slave can come but menial race,</div> - <div class='line'>The mother free confers her freedom and her grace.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_21'>21</span> - <h3 class='c009'>XLI.</h3> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>By her the progress of our future kind,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Their stalwart body and their spacious mind;</div> - <div class='line in2'>For, folded in her form each human mite</div> - <div class='line in2'>Has its first home, its sustenance and light;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Hers the live warmth that fans its spirit flame,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Her generous sap supplies its fleshly frame,</div> - <div class='line in2'>And e’en the juice,—the fullborn infant’s food,</div> - <div class='line'>Is yet a blanched form of woman’s living blood.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>XLII.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>Strange wisdom by her unkenned craft is taught</div> - <div class='line in2'>While yet the embryo in her womb is wrought;</div> - <div class='line in2'>For, long ere entering on our tumult rife,</div> - <div class='line in2'>It learns from her the needful art of life;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Unconscious teacher, she, yet all she knows</div> - <div class='line in2'>Of dark experience to her infant flows,</div> - <div class='line in2'>And brands him, ere he rest upon her knee,</div> - <div class='line'>Offshoot of slavish race, not scion of the free.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_22'>22</span> - <h3 class='c009'>XLIII.</h3> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>To either sex the bondage and the pain,</div> - <div class='line in2'>They seek to live a freeman’s life in vain;</div> - <div class='line in2'>For man or woman can but act the part,</div> - <div class='line in2'>When ’tis not freeborn blood that fills the heart:</div> - <div class='line in2'>Strive as he may, the modern man, at best,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Is tyrant, differing somewhat from the rest;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Nor woman thraldom-bred can surely know</div> - <div class='line'>Where lies her richest gift, or how its wealth to show.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>XLIV.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>Thus learn we that in woman rendered free</div> - <div class='line in2'>Is raised the rank of all humanity;</div> - <div class='line in2'>The despot is the fullfruit of the slave;—</div> - <div class='line in2'>To form the freeman, equable and brave,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Habit of freedom must spontaneous come</div> - <div class='line in2'>As life itself, and from the selfsame womb;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Life, liberty, and love,—lien undefiled,—</div> - <div class='line'>The freeborn mother’s heirloom to her freeborn child.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_23'>23</span> - <h3 class='c009'>XLV.</h3> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>So shall her noble issue, maid or boy,</div> - <div class='line in2'>With equal freedom equal fate enjoy;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Together reared in purity and truth,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Through plastic childhood and retentive youth;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Their mutual sports of sinew and of brain</div> - <div class='line in2'>In strength alike the sturdy comrades train;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Of differing sex no thought inept intrudes,</div> - <div class='line'>Their purpose calmly sure all errant aim excludes.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>XLVI.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>For soul, not sex, shall to each life assign</div> - <div class='line in2'>What destiny to fill, or what decline;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Through years mature impartial range shall reach,</div> - <div class='line in2'>And wider wisdom, juster ethics, teach;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Conformed to claims of intellect and need,</div> - <div class='line in2'>The tempered numbers of their high-born breed;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Not overworn with childward pain and care,</div> - <div class='line'>The mother—and the race—robuster health shall share.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_24'>24</span> - <h3 class='c009'>XLVII.</h3> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>Nor blankly epicene, as scoffers say,</div> - <div class='line in2'>The necessary sequence of that day;</div> - <div class='line in2'>For not by vapid imitation low,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Or aping falser sex shall truer grow;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Nor modish mind may fathom Nature’s range,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Or fix the fleeting scope of human change;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Can singer blind the rainbow’s tints compare?—</div> - <div class='line'>The brain enslaved from birth the freeman’s powers declare?</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>XLVIII.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>Work we in faith, secure that precious seed</div> - <div class='line in2'>Shall bear due fruit for man’s extremest need;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Not greatly timorous, as those fruits we see,</div> - <div class='line in2'>What changed existence from such food may be;</div> - <div class='line in2'>For well we wot shall come forth worthy soul,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Or male or female, with impartial dole</div> - <div class='line in2'>Of all that life can grant of good or great,—</div> - <div class='line'>Happy what each may bring to help the common fate.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_25'>25</span> - <h3 class='c009'>XLIX.</h3> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>By mutual aid perfecting complex man,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Their twofold vision human life may scan</div> - <div class='line in2'>From differing standpoints, grasping from the two</div> - <div class='line in2'>A clearer concept and a bolder view;</div> - <div class='line in2'>And thus diverse humanity shall learn</div> - <div class='line in2'>A wisdom which not single sex might earn;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Each on the problem casting needful light,</div> - <div class='line'>Not fully known of one without the other’s sight.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>L.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>How should he write what she alone may tell?—</div> - <div class='line in2'>The movements of her psychic ebb and swell;</div> - <div class='line in2'>The latent springs of life that in her gush,</div> - <div class='line in2'>When motherhood’s first throb awakes her flush,</div> - <div class='line in2'>And swift the signal flashes to her soul,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Of future being claiming her control;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Seeking from her its mind and body’s food;</div> - <div class='line'>Drawing, to make its own, her evil and her good.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_26'>26</span> - <h3 class='c009'>LI.</h3> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>Within herself the drama’s scene is laid,</div> - <div class='line in2'>The Birth and Growth of Soul the mystery played;</div> - <div class='line in2'>She, in her part, is but an agent mute,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Her brain untutored, nor her tact acute,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Her nerve-strung body slow as senseless soil</div> - <div class='line in2'>To watch the working of the seedling’s toil;</div> - <div class='line in2'>In vain before her inmost vision spread</div> - <div class='line'>The hidden streams from whence the vital founts are fed.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>LII.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>The mother’s blindness was blind man’s decree,</div> - <div class='line in2'>And to himself reverts the misery;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Through hapless years his ordinance has run,</div> - <div class='line in2'>And harsh reward of ignorance has won;</div> - <div class='line in2'>His pride of maledom, dull to recognise</div> - <div class='line in2'>The deeper depth accessive to her eyes,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Forbade to teach her brain to understand</div> - <div class='line'>The facts that, deftly sought, lay ready to her hand.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_27'>27</span> - <h3 class='c009'>LIII.</h3> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>Less wisely he, his curious search to serve,</div> - <div class='line in2'>In helpless creature teased the quivering nerve,</div> - <div class='line in2'>And strove to probe the covert ways of life</div> - <div class='line in2'>By living butchery with learned knife,</div> - <div class='line in2'>And cruel anodyne that chained the will,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Yet left the shuddering victim conscious still:</div> - <div class='line in2'>But Nature shrinks from foul and fierce attack,</div> - <div class='line'>Nor yields her holiest truths on such a murderer’s rack.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>LIV.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>True science finds its own by kindlier quest,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Nor lowers itself to torture’s loathsome test;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Multiplies not the sentient being’s pain,</div> - <div class='line in2'>But makes a keener lens of man’s own brain;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Seeks not by outrage dire a soul to grasp,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Or dimly trace its agonising gasp;</div> - <div class='line in2'>But surer learns what fire that soul may move,</div> - <div class='line'>Not wrung with deathly pang, but thrilled by breath of love.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_28'>28</span> - <h3 class='c009'>LV.</h3> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>To touch of love alone will Nature pour</div> - <div class='line in2'>The choicest treasures of her occult store;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Into the ear of love alone repeat</div> - <div class='line in2'>The secret of the song our pulses beat;</div> - <div class='line in2'>To eye of love alone, with joyance bright,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Shows she her form suffused in living light;</div> - <div class='line in2'>To heart that loves her, Nature gives to know</div> - <div class='line'>How from Love’s might alone all thoughts of Wisdom grow.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>LVI.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>So opes a vaster knowledge to the view,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Love points the way and woman holds the clue;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Nature on her the trustful office laid,</div> - <div class='line in2'>And arbiter of human fortune made;</div> - <div class='line in2'>With woman honoured, rises man to height,</div> - <div class='line in2'>With her degraded, sinks again in night;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Yet still the wayward race has sluggish been</div> - <div class='line'>To learn the fealty due to Earth’s advancing queen.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_29'>29</span> - <h3 class='c009'>LVII.</h3> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>For long, in jealousy for corporal power,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Had man contemned his sister’s worthier dower;</div> - <div class='line in2'>What time his ruder feelings held the sway,</div> - <div class='line in2'>With little hope or hint of truer way;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Till on a wistful world has dawned benign</div> - <div class='line in2'>The prescience of a potency divine</div> - <div class='line in2'>Sleeping, unrecked of, deep in woman’s heart,</div> - <div class='line'>Waiting some kiss superne, into full life to start.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>LVIII.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>Woman’s own soul must seek and find that fay,</div> - <div class='line in2'>And wake it into light of quickening day;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Man’s counsel helpful in that track shall be</div> - <div class='line in2'>For all his learning rich return and fee;</div> - <div class='line in2'>His philosophic and chirurgic lore,</div> - <div class='line in2'>To her imparted, swell her innate store;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Till, clothed with majesty of mind she stand,</div> - <div class='line'>Regent of Nature’s will, in heart, and head, and hand.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_30'>30</span> - <h3 class='c009'>LIX.</h3> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>Each sequent life shall feel her finer care,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Each heir of life a wealthier bounty share;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Those lives allied in equal union chaste</div> - <div class='line in2'>A sweeter purpose, purer rapture, taste;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Both parents vindicate the duteous name,</div> - <div class='line in2'>The troth and kinship of their linked claim;</div> - <div class='line in2'>The only rivalry that moves their mind,</div> - <div class='line'>How for their lineage fair still larger fate to find.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>LX.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>Their task ineffable yields wondrous gain,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Their energies celestial force attain;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Their intermingled souls, with passion dight,</div> - <div class='line in2'>In aspiration soar past earthly height;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Nor fades their prospect into void again,—</div> - <div class='line in2'>Woman has gift the vision to retain,</div> - <div class='line in2'>And mould their dreams of love, with conscious skill,</div> - <div class='line'>To human living types supreme of form and will.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_31'>31</span> - <h3 class='c009'>LXI.</h3> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>The psychic and the physical at one</div> - <div class='line in2'>In fervid vigour through their frame shall run;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Their science leaps the bounds of straiter space,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Whose crude dimensions curbed their growing grace;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Whose inefficiencies allowed not verge</div> - <div class='line in2'>For rich research their lofty souls would urge;</div> - <div class='line in2'>To them the keys of life and love are given,—</div> - <div class='line'>The love that lifts the life from rank of earth to heaven.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>LXII.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-l c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>And “winged words on which the soul would pierce</div> - <div class='line in2'>Into the height of love’s rare Universe”</div> - <div class='line in2'>Shall native flow from them as mother tongue</div> - <div class='line in2'>In softest strain to listening infant sung;</div> - <div class='line in2'>Till, the sad memories of unmeant wrong</div> - <div class='line in2'>Solving in music of conciliant song,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Man’s destiny with woman’s blended be</div> - <div class='line'>In one sublime progression,—full, and strong, and free.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_32'>32</span> - <h3 class='c001'>LXIII.<br /> <span class='fixed'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">L’Envoi.</span></span></h3> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-l c010'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'>The bard of yore, the stately Florentine,—</div> - <div class='line in2'>The seer of the dream men named Divine,—</div> - <div class='line in2'>Through whose grave tones one strenuous passion rolled,</div> - <div class='line in2'>While to slow ears the voice fell stern or cold,—</div> - <div class='line in2'>In his last verse proclaimed his crowning faith,</div> - <div class='line in2'>By words whose echoes pass the bar of death;—</div> - <div class='line in2'>As breathed his soul with Beatrice afar—</div> - <div class='line'>“The love that moves the sun and every circling star.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div><span class='pageno' id='Page_35'>35</span></div> -<div class='chapter ph1'> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c003'> - <div>WOMAN FREE.</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div> - <h2 class='c006'>NOTES, &c.</h2> -</div> -<h3 class='c007'>I.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>2.—“<em>Science calm moves</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“Science is properly more scrupulous than dogma. -Dogma gives a charter to mistake, but the very breath of -science is a contest with mistake, and must keep the -conscience alive.”—George Eliot (“Middlemarch,” Chap. -LXXIII.)</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>3.—“<em>Research and reason</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>As indicated by Professor Oliver T. Lodge, “It is but -a platitude to say that our clear and conscious aim should -always be truth, and that no lower or meaner standard -should ever be allowed to obtrude itself before us. Our -ancestors fought hard and suffered much for the privilege of -free and open inquiry, for the right of conducting investigation -untrammelled by prejudice and foregone conclusions, -and they were ready to examine into any phenomenon which -presented itself.... Fear of avowing interest or of -examining into unorthodox facts is, I venture to say, not -in accordance with the highest traditions of the scientific -attitude.”—(Address as President of the Mathematical and -Physical Section of the British Association, 1891.)</p> - -<p class='c011'><span class='pageno' id='Page_36'>36</span>See also the words of Richard Jefferies:—“Research -proceeds upon the same old lines and runs in the ancient -grooves.... But there should be no limit placed on -the mind.... Most injurious of all is the continuous -circling on the same path, and it is from this that I wish -to free my mind.”—(“The Story of My Heart,” Chap. X.)</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>5.—“... <em>part revealed</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“We are still the early settlers in a beautiful world, -whose capabilities, imperfectly known as yet, wait until -higher developments of man can understand them fully, -and apply the result to the general good.”—Professor T. -Rupert Jones (Address as President of the Geological -Section of the British Association, 1891).</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>II.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>3.—“... <em>keener conscience</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">“C’est l’incarnation de l’idée qui se dresse tout à coup -en face des vieilles traditions obstinées et insuffisantes et -elle vient ... poser sa revendication personelle et -nécessaire contre les lois jadis excellentes, mais qui, les -mœurs s’étant modifiées, apparaissent subitement comme -des injustices et des barbaries.”—A. Dumas fils (“Les -Femmes qui Tuent et les Femmes qui Votent,” p. 25).</span></p> - -<h3 class='c009'>IV.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>7.—“... <em>monitor’s still voice</em>.”—<cite>Conf.</cite> Wordsworth;</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“Taught both by what she” (Nature) “shows, and what conceals,</div> - <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_37'>37</span>Never to blend our pleasure or our pride</div> - <div class='line'>With sorrow of the meanest thing that feels.”</div> - <div class='line in26'>(“Hart-Leap Well.”)</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>VI.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>1.—“... <em>prehistoric hour</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“The preface of general history must be compiled from -the materials presented by barbarism. Happily, if we may -say so, these materials are abundant. So unequally has the -species been developed, that almost every conceivable phase -of progress may be studied, as somewhere observed and -recorded. And thus the philosopher, fenced from mistake -as to the order of development, by the inter-connection of -the stages and their shadings into one another by gentle -gradations, may draw a clear and decided outline of the -course of human progress in times long antecedent to those -to which even philology can make reference.”—M’Lennan -(“Primitive Marriage,” p. 9)....</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... “I will confine myself to these examples, -gleaned from all parts, and which it would be easy to -multiply. They amply suffice to establish that, in primitive -societies, woman, being held in very low esteem, is -absolutely reduced to the level of chattels and of domestic -animals; that she represents a booty like any other; that -her master can use and abuse her without fear. But in -these bestial practices there is nothing which approaches -even distantly to marriage, and we are not in the least -warranted to call these brutal rapes marriages.”—Letourneau -(“Evolution of Marriage,” Chap. VI.).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_38'>38</span>2.—“... <em>woman thrall</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“Woman was the first human being that tasted bondage. -Woman was a slave before the slave existed.”—August Bebel -(“Woman,” Chap. I.).</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... “From the very earliest twilight of human -society, every woman (owing to the value attached to her -by man, combined with her inferiority in muscular strength) -was found in a state of bondage to some man.”—J. S. Mill -(“The Subjection of Woman,” Chap. I.).</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... “In every country, and in every time, woman, -organically weaker than man, has been more or less enslaved -by him.”—Letourneau (“The Evolution of Marriage,” -Chap. XI.).</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>...</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“It raised up the humble and fallen, gave spirit and strength to the poor,</div> - <div class='line'>And is freeing from slavery Woman, the slave of all ages gone by.”</div> - <div class='line'>—C. G. Leland (“The Return of the Gods”).</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>3.—“... <em>heinous skill</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“It is pitiful to reflect that man’s vaunted superiority -over the brute, the greater activity of his brain, and the -subtler cunning of his hand, have for so long lent themselves -to the oppression that has resulted in such pernicious -consequences, and in the still existent slavery, social and -physical, of the female of his own species.”—Ben Elmy -(“Studies in Materialism,” Chap. III.).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>8.—“... <em>soulless gloom</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>Compare the following picture of the somewhat parallel -condition of a lower race at the present time:—</p> - -<p class='c004'><span class='pageno' id='Page_39'>39</span>“Natives may well call the monkey sire Maharaja, for he is -the very type and incarnation of savage and sensual despotism. -They are right, too, in making their Hanuman red, for the old -male’s face is of the dusky red you see in some elderly, overfed -human faces. Like human Maharajas, they have their tragedies -and mayhap their romances. One morning there came a -monkey chieftain, weak and limping, having evidently been -worsted in a severe fight with another of his own kind. One -hand hung powerless, his face and eyes bore terrible traces of -battle, and he hirpled slowly along with a pathetic air of suffering, -supporting himself on the shoulder of a female, a wife, the -only member of his clan who had remained faithful to him -after his defeat. We threw them bread and raisins, and the -wounded warrior carefully stowed the greater part away in his -cheek pouch. The faithful wife, seeing her opportunity, sprang -on him, holding fast his one sound hand, and, opening his -mouth, she deftly scooped out the store of raisins. Then she -sat and ate them very calmly at a safe distance, while he -mowed and chattered in impotent rage. He knew that without -her help he could not reach home, and was fain to wait with -what patience he might till the raisins were finished. It was a -sad sight, but, like more sad sights, touched with the light of -comedy. This was probably her first chance of disobedience -or of self-assertion in her whole life, and I am afraid she -thoroughly enjoyed it. Then she led him away.”—J. Lockwood -Kipling (“Beast and Man in India”).</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>VII.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>1.—“... <em>Evolution</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“We now know that Nature, as an anthropomorphic -being, does not exist; that the great forces called natural -are unconscious; that their blind action results, however, in -the world of life, in a choice, a selection, a progressive evolution, -or, to sum up, in the survival of the individuals best -adapted to the conditions of their existence.”—Letourneau -(“The Evolution of Marriage,” Chap. I., Part II.).</p> - -<p class='c011'><span class='pageno' id='Page_40'>40</span><em>Id.</em>... “Robert Chambers’s common-sense view of -evolution as a process of continued growing.”—Professor -Patrick Geddes and J. Arthur Thomson (“The Evolution -of Sex,” p. 302).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>3.—“<em>By Art</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“Other implements of Palæolithic age are formed of -bone and horn. Among these are harpoon-heads, barbed -on one or both sides, awls, pins, and needles with well-formed -eyes. But by far the most noteworthy objects of -this class are the fragments of bone, horn, ivory, and stone, -which exhibit outlined and even shaded sketches of various -animals. These engravings have been made with a sharp-pointed -implement, and are often wonderfully characteristic -representations of the creatures they pourtray. The figures -are sometimes single, in other cases they are drawn in -groups. We find representations of a fish, a seal, an ibex, -the red-deer, the great Irish elk or deer, the bison, the -horse, the cave-bear, the reindeer, and the mammoth or -woolly elephant. Besides engravings, we meet also with -sculptures.... It is impossible to say to what use all -these objects were put. Some of them may have been -handles for knives, while others are mere fragments, and -only vague guesses can be made as to the nature of the -original implements. It is highly probable, however, that -many of these works of art may have been designed simply -as such, for the pleasure and amusement of the draughtsman -and his fellows.”—James Geikie (“Prehistoric Europe,” -Chap. II.).</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... The culture or appreciation of Art is of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_41'>41</span>itself evidence of a higher nature in man; “a soul, a -psyche, a something which aspires,” as Richard Jefferies -calls it. For though the professional pursuit of Art may be -occasionally not unmingled with mercenary motives, or with -the pourtrayal of incentives to lower desire, yet the ultimate -appeal of every truly beautiful picture or object of Art -is, at any rate, not to man’s mercenary or meaner nature. -As Jefferies again says, “The ascetics are the only -persons who are impure. The soul is the higher even by -gazing on beauty.”—(“The Story of My Heart,” Chap. VII.)</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>7.—“... <em>the soul</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“The mind of man is infinite. Beyond this, man has a -soul. I do not use this word in the common-sense which -circumstances have given to it. I use it as the only term -to express that inner consciousness which aspires.”—Richard -Jefferies (“The Story of My Heart,” Chap. IX.).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>8.—“... <em>from lower flush of lust</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“The fact to be insisted upon is this, that the vague -sexual attraction of the lowest organisms has been evolved -into a definite reproductive impulse, into a desire often predominating -over even that of self-preservation; that this, -again, enhanced by more and more subtle additions, passes -by a gentle gradient into the love of the highest animals, -and of the average human individual.”—Geddes and Thomson -(“Evolution of Sex,” p. 267).</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>VIII.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>5, 6.—“<em>The voice erst roused by hunger or by rage,</em></div> - <div class='line in7'><em>Now tells the nobler passions of the age.</em>”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'><span class='pageno' id='Page_42'>42</span>“The impassioned orator, bard, or musician, when, with -his varied tones and cadences, he excites the strongest -emotions in his hearers, little suspects that he uses the -same means by which, at an extremely remote period, his -half-human ancestors aroused each other’s ardent passions -during their mutual courtship and rivalry.”—Darwin (“The -Descent of Man,” Chap. XIX.).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>7.—“... <em>with love’s language is uplifted love</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>Language is thought, we are told; so also is love. And -thus the reciprocal and cumulative action of love, thought, -and language stands a corollary to Max Müller’s words:—“Language -and thought are inseparable. Words without -thought are dead sounds; thoughts without words are -nothing. To think is to speak low; to speak is to think -aloud. The word is the thought incarnate.”—(“Science of -Language,” Lect. IX.)</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... “Even the rude Australian girl (aborigine) -sings in a strain of romantic affliction:</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>‘I shall never see my darling again.’”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c013'>—Westermarck (“History of Human Marriage,” p. 503).</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... “And again, another benefit accrues to the -race from marriages of affection. Do not your ancient epics -which sing of love sing also of noble deeds and acts of -heroism on the part both of men and women, actuated by a -pure affection for each other? Alike in your dramas and -in those of Shakespeare, and of all great writers, love is the -great motive power which impels to deeds of prowess, the -spring of noble actions, of unselfish devotion, of words and -thoughts which have enriched all later generations, the one -<span class='pageno' id='Page_43'>43</span>sentiment which elevates marriage amongst mankind to -something infinitely higher and purer than the gratification -of a mere animal instinct.”—Dr. Edith Pechey Phipson -(Address to the Hindoos of Bombay on Child Marriage, -1891, p. 14).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>8.—“... <em>selfless thought</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“Love took up the harp of life, and smote on all the chords with might;</div> - <div class='line'>Smote the chord of Self that, trembling, pass’d in music out of sight.”</div> - <div class='line in16'>—Tennyson (“Locksley Hall”).</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>IX.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>7.—“... <em>Neglecting none</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“We are entering into an order of things in which -justice will be the primary virtue, grounded on equal, but -also on sympathetic association; having its roots no longer -in the instinct of equals for self-protection, but in a -cultivated sympathy between them; and no one being now -left out, but an equal measure being extended to all.”—J. -S. Mill (“The Subjection of Women,” p. 80).</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>X.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>4.—“... <em>clogged</em> ... <em>man’s power</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“He has reaped the usual reward of selfishness, the -gratification of immediate low desires has frustrated the -future attainment of higher aspirations.”—Mrs. Pechey -Phipson, M.D. (Address to Hindoos).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_44'>44</span>5, 6.—“<em>Egypt or Greece in vain sought heavenly light,</em></div> - <div class='line in7'><em>While woman’s soul was held from equal flight.</em>”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>In Egypt “the art (of literature) was practised only by -the priests, as the painted history plainly declares.... -No female is depicted in the act of reading.... The -Greek world was composed of municipal aristocracies, -societies of gentlemen living in towns, with their farms in -the neighbourhood, and having all their work done for -them by slaves. They themselves had nothing to do but -to cultivate their bodies by exercise in the gymnasium, and -their minds by conversation in the market-place. They -lived out of doors, whilst their wives remained shut up at -home. In Greece a lady could only enter society by -adopting a mode of life which in England usually facilitates -her exit.”—Winwood Reade (“The Martyrdom of Man,” -pp. 35, 71).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>8.—“... <em>subjugated wife</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>At Athens “the free citizen women lived in strict and -almost Oriental recluseness, as well after being married as -when single. Everything which concerned their lives, -their happiness, or their rights, was determined or -managed for them by their male relatives; and they seem -to have been destitute of all mental culture and accomplishments.”—Grote -(“History of Greece,” Vol. VI., -p. 133).</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>XI.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>1.—“<em>Marriage which might have been a mateship sweet.</em>”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“In vain Plato urged that young men and women should -<span class='pageno' id='Page_45'>45</span>be more frequently permitted to meet one another, so that -there should be less enmity and indifference in the married -life.” (“Nomoi,” Book VI.)—Westermarck (“History of -Human Marriage,” p. 361).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>2.—“... <em>equal souls</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“The feeling which makes husband and wife true companions -for better and worse, can grow up only in societies -where the altruistic sentiments of man are strong enough to -make him recognise woman as his equal, and where she is -not shut up as an exotic plant in a greenhouse, but is -allowed to associate freely with men. In this direction -European civilisation has been advancing for centuries.”—Westermarck -(<em>loc. cit.</em>). (See also Note XIX., 6.)</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>7, 8.—“<em>Her only hope of thought or learning wide,</em></div> - <div class='line in8'><em>Some freer lot to seek than yoke forlorn of bride</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>In Greece “the modest women were confined to their own -apartments, and were visited only by their husbands and -nearest relations.... The courtesans of Athens, by living -in public, and conversing freely with all ranks of people, -upon all manner of subjects, acquired, by degrees, a knowledge -of history, of philosophy, of policy, and a taste in the -whole circle of the arts. Their ideas were more extensive -and various, and their conversation was more sprightly and -entertaining than anything that was to be found among the -virtuous part of the sex. Hence their houses became the -schools of elegance; that of Aspasia was the resort of -Socrates and Pericles, and, as Greece was governed by -eloquent men, over whom the courtesans had an influence, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_46'>46</span>the latter also influenced public affairs.”—Alexander -Walker (“Woman, as to Mind,” &c., p. 334).</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>XII.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>3.—“... <em>craving mental food</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>That the quest of knowledge and intellectual power was -literally the incentive to many a woman who accepted the -life of <em>hetaira</em> is indisputable. Westermarck says:—“It -seems to me much more reasonable to suppose that if, in -Athens and India, courtesans were respected and sought -after by the principal men, it was because they were the -only educated women.”—(“History of Marriage,” p. 81.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>And Letourneau remarks:—“Religious prostitution, -which was widely spread in Greek antiquity, has been also -found in India, where every temple of renown had its -bayadères, the only women in India to whom, until -quite recently, any instruction was given.”—(“Evolution of -Marriage,” Chap. III.)</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>5, 6.—“<em>Conceding that, might lead a learned life—</em></div> - <div class='line in8'><em>A license vetoed to the legal wife</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“<em>Hetairai</em>, famous at once for their beauty and intellect -such as Phryne, Laïs of Corinth, Gnathæna, and Aspasia, -were objects of universal admiration among the most -distinguished Greeks. They were admitted to their assemblies -and banquets, while the ‘honest’ women of Greece were, -without exception, confined to the house.... A considerable -number of women preferred the greater freedom -which they enjoyed <em>as Hetairai</em> to marriage, and carried on -the trade of prostitution as a means of livelihood. In unrestrained -<span class='pageno' id='Page_47'>47</span>intercourse with men, the more intelligent of the -<em>Hetairai</em>, who were doubtless often of good birth, acquired -a far greater degree of versatility and culture than that -possessed by the majority of married women, living in a -state of enforced ignorance and bondage. This invested -the <em>Hetairai</em> with a greater charm for the men, in addition -to the arts which they employed in the special exercise of -their profession. This explains the fact that many of them -enjoyed the esteem of some of the most distinguished and -eminent men of Greece, to whom they stood in a relationship -of influential intimacy, a position held by no legitimate -wife. The names of these <em>Hetairai</em> are famous to the -present day, while one enquires in vain after the names of -the legitimate wives.”—August Bebel (“Woman,” Chap. I.).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>7.—“... <em>wealth, or ... fame</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'><em>E.g.</em>, Phryne, who offered to rebuild the wall of Thebes; -and Laïs, commemorated in the adage, “<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Non cuivis -hominum contingit adire Corinthum</span></i>.” And as to even -modern “fame,” a writer so merciless concerning her own -sex as Mrs. Lynn Linton can yet say, “Agnes Sorel, like -Aspasia, was one of the rare instances in history where -failure in chastity did not include moral degradation nor -unpatriotic self-consideration.”—(<cite>Nineteenth Century</cite>, July, -1891, p. 84.)</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>8.—“... <em>the tinge of shame</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>Why indeed should shame have attached specially to -those women, more highly cultured and better treated than -wives; and whose sole impeachment could be that they -rejected the still lower serfdom of wedded bondage?</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_48'>48</span> - <h3 class='c009'>XIII.</h3> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>2.—“<em>To him who fixed the gages of the fight</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“If we could imagine a Bossuet or a Fénélon figuring -among the followers of Ninon de Lenclos, and publicly -giving her counsel on the subject of her professional duties, -and the means of securing adorers, this would be hardly -less strange than the relation which really existed between -Socrates and the courtesan Theodota.”—Lecky (“History -of European Morals,” Vol. II., p. 280).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>8.—“<em>The waste of woman worth</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>Since these words were written, a letter from Mrs. Mona -Caird has been published by the “Women’s Emancipation -Union,” in which is said:—“So far from giving -safety and balance to the ‘natural forces,’ these time-honoured -restrictions, springing from a narrow theory -which took its rise in a pre-scientific age, are fraught with -the gravest dangers, creating a perpetual struggle and -unrest, filling society with the perturbations and morbid -developments of powers that ought to be spending themselves -freely and healthfully on their natural objects. Anyone -who has looked a little below the surface of women’s -lives can testify to the general unrest and nervous exhaustion -or <em>malaise</em> among them, although each would -probably refer her suffering to some cause peculiar to herself -and her circumstances, never dreaming that she was -the victim of an evil that gnaws at the very heart of society, -making of almost every woman the heroine of a silent -tragedy. I think few keen observers will deny that it is -<span class='pageno' id='Page_49'>49</span>almost always the women of placid temperament, with very -little sensibility, who are happy and contented; those of -more highly wrought nervous systems and imaginative -faculty, who are nevertheless capable of far greater joy than -their calmer sisters, in nine cases out of ten are secretly -intensely miserable. And the cause of this is not eternal and -unalterable. The nervously organised being is <em>not</em> created -to be miserable; but when intense vital energy is thwarted -and misdirected—so long as the energy lasts—there must -be intense suffering.... It is only when resignation -sets in, when the ruling order convinces at last and -tires out the rebel nerves and the keen intelligence, that we -know that the living forces are defeated, and that death has -come to quiet the suffering. All this is waste of human -force, and far worse than waste.”</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... Alexandre Dumas fils says:—<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">“Celles-là -voient, de jour en jour, en sondant l’horizon toujours le -même, s’effeuiller dans l’isolement, dans l’inaction, dans -l’impuissance, les facultés divines qui leur avaient d’abord -fait faire de si beaux rêves et dont il leur semble que -l’expansion eût pu être matériellement et moralement si -profitable aux autres et à elles-memes.”—(“Les Femmes -qui Tuent et les Femmes qui Votent,” p. 107).</span></p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... And Lady Florence Dixie has written:—“Nature -gives strength and beauty to man, and Nature -gives strength and beauty to woman. In this latter instance -man flies in the face of Nature, and declares that she must -be artificially restrained. Woman must not be allowed to -grow up strong like man, because if she did the fact would -establish her equality with him, and this cannot be tolerated. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_50'>50</span>So the boy and man are allowed freedom of body, and are -trained up to become muscular and strong, while the woman, -by artificial, not natural, laws, is bidden to remain inactive -and passive, and, in consequence, weak and undeveloped. -Mentally it is the same. Nature has unmistakably given -to woman a greater amount of brain power. This is at once -perceivable in childhood. For instance, on the stage, girls -are always employed in preference to boys, for they are considered -brighter and sharper in intellect and brain power. -Yet man deliberately sets himself to stunt that early evidence -of mental capacity by laying down the law that woman’s -education shall be on a lower level than that of man’s; that -natural truths, which all women should early learn, should be -hidden from her; and that while men may be taught everything, -women must only acquire a narrow and imperfect -knowledge both of life and of Nature’s laws. I maintain -that this procedure is arbitrary and cruel, and false to -Nature. I characterise it by the strong word of infamous. -It has been the means of sending to their graves, unknown, -unknelled, and unnamed, thousands of women whose high -intellects have been wasted, and whose powers for good -have been paralysed and undeveloped.”—(“Gloriana: or, -the Revolution of 1900,” p. 130.)</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... Buckle gives numerous instances which support -the foregoing assertions, saying himself on the point:—“That -women are more deductive than men, because they -think quicker than men, is a proposition which some persons -will not relish, and yet it may be proved in a variety of -ways. Indeed, nothing could prevent its being universally -admitted except the fact that the remarkable rapidity with -<span class='pageno' id='Page_51'>51</span>which women think is obscured by that miserable, that contemptible, -that preposterous system called their education, -in which valuable things are carefully kept from them, and -trifling things carefully taught to them, until their fine -and nimble minds are irreparably injured.”—(“Miscellaneous -Works,” Vol. I., p. 8, “On the influence of Women -on the Progress of Knowledge.”)</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... As a man of straightforward common-sense, -Sydney Smith has left a name unsurpassed in our literary -history. Here is something of what he says on this question -of woman’s intellect and its waste:—“As the matter stands -at present, half the talent in the universe runs to waste, and -is totally unprofitable. It would have been almost as well -for the world, hitherto, that women, instead of possessing -the capacities they do at present, should have been born -wholly destitute of wit, genius, and every other attribute of -mind of which men make so eminent a use; and the ideas -of use and possession are so united together that, because -it has been the custom in almost all countries to give to -women a different and worse education than to men, the -notion has obtained that they do not possess faculties which -they do not cultivate.”—(“Essay on Female Education.”)</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... Hear also John Ruskin on the relative intellect -or capacity of women:—“Let us try, then, whether we -cannot get at some clear and harmonious idea (and it must -be harmonious if it is true) of what womanly mind and -virtue are in power and office, with respect to man’s; and -how their relations, rightly accepted, aid and increase the -vigour, and honour, and authority of both.... Let us -see whether the greatest, the wisest, the purest-hearted of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_52'>52</span>all ages are agreed in anywise on this point.... And -first let us take Shakespeare; ... there is hardly a play -that has not a perfect woman in it, steadfast in grave hope -and errorless purpose.... Such, in broad light, is Shakespeare’s -testimony to the position and character of women -in human life. He represents them as infallibly faithful -and wise counsellors, incorruptibly just and pure examples, -strong always to sanctify, even when they cannot save.... -I ask you next to receive the witness of Walter -Scott.... So that, in all cases, with Scott as with -Shakespeare, it is the woman who watches over, teaches, -and guides the youth; it is never, by any chance, the youth -who watches over or educates his mistress.</p> - -<p class='c011'>“Now I could multiply witness upon witness of this kind -upon you, if I had time. Nay, I could go back into the -mythical teaching of the most ancient times, and show you -how the great people, how that great Egyptian people, -wisest then of nations, gave to their Spirit of Wisdom the -form of a woman; and into her hand, for a symbol, the -weaver’s shuttle; and how the name and form of that spirit -adopted, believed, and obeyed by the Greeks, became that -Athena of the olive-helm and cloudy shield, to whose faith -you owe, down to this date, whatever you hold most -precious in art, in literature, or in types of national virtue.</p> - -<p class='c011'>“But I will not wander into this distant and mythical -element; I will only ask you to give the legitimate value to -the testimony of these great poets and men of the world, -consistent as you see it is on this head. I will ask you -whether it can be supposed that these men, in the main work -of their lives, are amusing themselves with a fictitious and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_53'>53</span>idle view of the relations between man and woman; nay, -worse than fictitious or idle, for a thing may be imaginary -yet desirable, if it were possible; but this, their ideal of -women, is, according to our common idea of the marriage -relation, wholly undesirable. The woman, we say, is not to -guide nor even to think for herself. The man is always to -be the wiser; he is to be the thinker, the ruler, the superior -in knowledge and discretion, as in power. Is it not somewhat -important to make up our minds on this matter? Are -Shakespeare and Æschylus, Dante and Homer merely dressing -dolls for us; or, worse than dolls, unnatural visions, -the realisation of which, were it possible, would bring -anarchy into all households, and ruin into all affections? -Are all these great men mistaken, or, are we?”—(“Sesame -and Lilies,” p. 125, <em>et seq.</em>)</p> - -<p class='c011'>Truly, in the face of these things, Tennyson had reason -concerning his fellow men, when he wrote:—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“Knowledge comes, but wisdom lingers....”</div> - <div class='line in30'>(“Locksley Hall.”)</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>XIV.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>3.—“... <em>lostling</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>Between the most cultured <em>hetairai</em> and the poor outcast -as here shown, were many intervening or coalescing grades. -Instance, as one of the phases, the following sketch of an -Indian courtesan:—“Lalun is a member of the most -ancient profession in the world. Lilith was her very-great-grandmama, -and that was before the days of Eve, -as everyone knows. In the West, people say rude things -<span class='pageno' id='Page_54'>54</span>about Lalun’s profession, and write lectures about it, and -distribute the lectures to young people, in order that -morality may be preserved. In the East, where the profession -is hereditary, descending from mother to daughter, -nobody writes lectures or takes any notice.”—Rudyard -Kipling (“On the City Wall”).</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>—“... <em>worse than brutal woes</em> ...”</p> - -<p class='c011'>Dumas fils, who knew well whereof he wrote, tells of -“<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Les femmes du peuple et de la campagne, suant du -matin au soir pour gagner le pain quotidien, le dos courbé, -domptées par la misère:</span>” of whom some of the daughters -<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">“sortent du groupe par le chemin tentant et facile de la -prostitution, mais où le labeur est encore plus rude.”—(“Les -Femmes qui Tuent et les Femmes qui Votent,” p. 101.)</span> -As historical instance of depth of wretched degradation, -<em>conf.</em> mediæval privilege of “<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">scortum ante mortem</span></i>,” conceded -to some of even the vilest and lowest of criminals -condemned to capital punishment. Though such a condition -is barely more than parallel to the pitch of infamy -of modern times, as instanced in a quotation reproduced by -John Ruskin, in “Sesame and Lilies,” p. 91, first ed.:—</p> - -<p class='c004'>“The salons of Mme. C., who did the honours with clever -imitative grace and elegance, were crowded with princes, -dukes, marquises, and counts, in fact, with the same <em>male</em> company -as one meets at the parties of the Princess Metternich and -Madame Drouyn de Lhuys. Some English peers and members -of Parliament were present, and appeared to enjoy the animated -and dazzlingly improper scene. On the second floor the supper-tables -were loaded with every delicacy of the season. That -your readers may form some idea of the dainty fare of the -Parisian <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">demi-monde</span></i>, I copy the <em>menu</em> of the supper which was -<span class='pageno' id='Page_55'>55</span>served to all the guests (about 200) seated, at four o’clock. -Choice Yquem, Johannisberg, Lafitte, Tokay, and Champagne -of the finest vintages were served most lavishly throughout the -morning. After supper dancing was resumed with increased -animation, and the ball terminated with a <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">chaine diabolique</span></i> and -a <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cancan d’enfer</span></i> at seven in the morning.”—(<cite>Morning Post</cite>, -March 10th, 1865.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>To which perhaps the most fitting comment is certain -words of Letourneau’s:—“It is important to make a distinction. -The resemblance between the moral coarseness -of the savage and the depravation of the civilised -man is quite superficial.... The brutality of the savage -has nothing in common with the moral retrogression of the -civilised man, struck with decay.... The posterity of -the savage may, with the aid of time and culture, attain to -great moral elevation, for there are vital forces within him -which are fresh and intact. The primitive man is still young, -and he possesses many latent energies susceptible of -development. In short, the savage is a child, while the -civilised man, whose moral nature is corrupt, presents to us -rather the picture of decrepit old age.”—(“Evolution of -Marriage,” Chap. V.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>If M. Letourneau will apply his strictures as to senility -and decay to so-called “Society” and its system, rather -than to the individual, he will find many thinkers, both -of his own and other nationalities, agree with his conclusion. -Yet not death, but reform, is the righter event -to indicate. And by what means that reform may be ensured -is, at least in part, clearly set forth in the following -passage from a paper recently published by the Women’s -Printing Society:—</p> - -<p class='c004'><span class='pageno' id='Page_56'>56</span>“My positive belief is that women, and women alone, will -be able to reverse the world’s verdict, but they must change -their method of reform in two important matters.</p> - -<p class='c004'>“First and foremost, every mother must teach her daughters -the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth about the -relations of the sexes, the condition of social opinion, the historical, -physiological, ethical aspects of the question. She must -train herself so as to be able to teach the young minds these -solemn, serious aspects of life, in such a way that the world may -learn that the innocence of ignorance is inferior to the purity of -right-minded, fearless knowledge. She must strengthen the -minds and form the judgment of her daughters, so that they -may demand reciprocal purity in those whom they would espouse.</p> - -<p class='c004'>“I fully understand the difficulty of teaching our pure-minded, -delicately-nurtured daughters the terrible lessons of this seamy -side of life. I am a mother of daughters myself, and I know -the cost at which the courage has to be obtained, but in this -matter each mother must help another. What a mighty force -is influence! What help is conveyed by pressure of opinion! -How often do I remember with gratitude the words which I -once read as quoted of Mrs. John Stuart Mill, who taught her -little daughter to have the courage to hear what other little girls -had to bear. How gladly I acknowledge the stimulus of that -example to myself, and therefore I would urge all women to -SPEAK OUT. Do not be afraid. You will not lose your -womanliness. You will not lose your purity. You will not -have your sensibilities blunted by such rough use. No, “To -the pure all things are pure.” We must reach the mass -through the unit, it is the individual who helps to move the -world.</p> - -<p class='c004'>“We must teach and train the mind of every woman with -whom we come in contact, for we have mighty work to do. A -no less deed than to reverse the judgment of the whole world -on the subject of purity. I do not believe it is possible for men -to accomplish any radical reform in this matter. It belongs to -women—I was going to say exclusively—but I will modify my -assertion; and if women do not speak out more courageously -in the future than they have done in the past, I believe there is -but slight chance of any further amelioration in the condition of -society than those which are such an inadequate return at the -present time, for all the love and money expended on them.”</p> - -<p class='c011'><span class='pageno' id='Page_57'>57</span>And the same writer says, on a still more recent occasion: -“I find no words strong enough to denounce the sin of -silence amongst women on these social evils; and I have -come to feel that the best proof of the subjection and -degradation of my sex lies in the opinions often expressed -by so-called Christian and pure women <em>about other women</em>. -If their judgments were not perverted, if their wills were not -broken, if their consciences were not asleep, and if their -souls were not enslaved, they would not, they could not, -hold their peace and let the havoc go on with women and -children as it does.”—Mrs. Laura E. Morgan-Browne -(“<cite>Woman’s Herald</cite>”, 27th Feb., 1892).</p> - -<p class='c011'>Mrs. Morgan-Browne is, perhaps, not more than needfully -severe on the almost criminal reticence of women; yet man -must certainly take the greater share of blame for the social -“double morality” which condemns irrevocably a woman, -and leaves practically unscathed a man, for the same act. -It is male-made laws and rules that have resulted in the -perverted judgments, broken wills, sleeping consciences, -and enslaved souls, which both sexes may deplore. Charles -Kingsley pointed a cogent truth when he said that “Women -will never obtain moral equity until they have civil equality.” -(See also Note XXXV., 6.)</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>XV.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>2.—“... <em>woman’s griefs with man of barbarous breed</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“In all barbarous societies the subjection of woman is -more or less severe; customs or coarse laws have regulated -the savagery of the first anarchic ages; they have doubtless -<span class='pageno' id='Page_58'>58</span>set up a barrier against primitive ferocity, they have interdicted -certain absolutely terrible abuses of force, but they -have only replaced these by a servitude which is still very -heavy, is often iniquitous, and no longer permits to legally-possessed -women those escapes, or capriciously accorded -liberties, which were tolerated in savage life.”—Letourneau -(“Evolution of Marriage,” Chap. XIV.).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>4.—“<em>Crippled and crushed by cruelty and toil</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>Some of this crippling has been of set purpose, as well as -the simple result of brutal male recklessness. Instance the -distortion of the feet of high-born female children in China, -the tradition concerning which is that the practice was -initiated and enjoined by an emperor of old, one of whose -wives had (literally) “run away” from him. A somewhat -similar precaution would seem to be indicated as a very -probable source of the persistent and almost universal incommodity -and incumbrance of the dress of woman as compared -with that of man.</p> - -<p class='c011'>Dr. Thomas Inman, in his “Ancient Faiths Embodied in -Ancient Names,” Vol. I., p. 53, seems to indicate a different, -yet closely allied, origin and motive for the impeding form -of woman’s clothing, the subordinate status of woman being -always the purpose in view.</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... “Even supposing a woman to give no encouragement -to her admirers, many plots are always laid to -carry her off. In the encounters which result from these, -she is almost certain to receive some violent injury, for -each of the combatants orders her to follow him, and, in -the event of her refusing, throws a spear at her. The early -<span class='pageno' id='Page_59'>59</span>life of a young woman at all celebrated for beauty is -generally one continued series of captivities to different -masters, of ghastly wounds, of wandering in strange families, -of rapid flights, of bad treatment from other females amongst -whom she is brought, a stranger, by her captor; and rarely -do you see a form of unusual grace and elegance but it is -marked and scarred by the furrows of old wounds; and -many a female thus wanders several hundred miles from -the home of her infancy, being carried off successively to -distant and more distant points.”—Sir George Grey -(“Travels in North-Western Australia,” 1841, Vol. II., -p. 249; quoted in M’Lennan on “Primitive Marriage,” -p. 75).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>5.—“... <em>her heart a gentle mien essayed</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“Woman seems to differ from man in mental disposition, -chiefly in greater tenderness and less selfishness, and this -holds good even with savages, as shown by a well-known -passage in “Mungo Park’s Travels,” and by statements -made by other travellers. Woman, owing to her maternal -instincts, displays these qualities towards her infants in an -eminent degree; therefore it is likely that she should often -extend them towards her fellow creatures.”... “Mungo -Park heard the negro women teaching their young children -to love the truth.”—Darwin (“The Descent of Man,” -Chaps. IX., III.).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>6.—“<em>By deeper passion, holier impulse, swayed</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>Mrs. Eliza W. Farnham well says:—“Woman has accepted -her subordinate lot, and lived in it with comparatively little -<span class='pageno' id='Page_60'>60</span>moral harm, as the only truly superior and noble being -could have done. The masculine spirit, enslaved and imprisoned, -becomes diabolic or broken; the feminine, only -warped, weakened, or distorted, is ready, whenever the -pressure upon it is removed, to assume its true attitude.”—(“Woman -and Her Era,” Part IV.)</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... Perhaps as appositely here, as elsewhere, may -be recorded the following:—“An American writer says: ‘While -I lived among the Choctaw Indians, I held a consultation -with one of their chiefs respecting the successive -stages of their progress in the arts of civilised life, and, -among other things, he informed me that at their start they -made a great mistake, they only sent boys to school. -Their boys came home intelligent men, but they married -uneducated and uncivilised wives, and the uniform result -was that the children were all like their mothers. The -father soon lost all his interest both in wife and children. -And now,’ said he, ‘if we could educate but one class -of our children, we should choose the girls, for, when they -become mothers, they educate their sons.’ This is the -point, and it is true.”—(<cite>Manchester Examiner and Times</cite>, -Sept., 1870.)</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>8.—“... <em>mother-love alone the infant oft preserved</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>In Polynesia, “if a child was born, the husband -was free to kill the infant, which was done by applying -a piece of wet stuff to the mouth and nose, or to let -it live; but, in the latter case, he generally kept the wife -for the whole of her life. If the union was sterile, or -the children put to death, the man had always the right to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_61'>61</span>abandon the woman when and how it seemed good to him.”—Letourneau -(“Evolution of Marriage,” p. 113).</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... An Arab legend tells of a chief of Tamin, who -became a constant practitioner of infanticide in consequence -of a wound given to his pride ... and from that moment -he interred alive all his daughters, according to the ancient -custom. But one day, during his absence, a daughter was -born to him, whom the mother secretly sent to a relative to -save her, and then declared to her husband that she had -been delivered of a still-born child.—(R. Smith, on “Kinship,” -p. 282; quoted by Letourneau, “Evolution of -Marriage,” p. 83.)</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... Charles Darwin writes of Tierra del Fuego:—“The -husband is to the wife a brutal master to a laborious -slave. Was a more horrid deed ever perpetrated than that -witnessed on the west coast by Byron, who saw a wretched -mother pick up her bleeding, dying infant-boy, whom her -husband had mercilessly dashed on the stones for dropping -a basket of sea-eggs!”—(“Voyage of the <cite>Beagle</cite>,” Chap. X.)</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... Mrs. Reichardt tells of a certain Moslem, of -high standing in the society of Damascus, who “married a -young girl of ten, and, after she had born him two sons, he -drove her almost mad with such cruelty and unkindness -that she escaped, and went back to her father. Her -husband sent for her to return, and, as she was hidden out -of his sight, he wrung the necks of both his sons, and sent -their bodies to his wife to show her what he had in store for -her. The young mother, not yet twenty, died in a few -days.”—(See <em>Nineteenth Century</em>, June, 1891.)</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... It will not be forgotten that, in more than one -<span class='pageno' id='Page_62'>62</span>of the older civilisations, the father had the power of life and -death over the members of the family, even past adult age.</p> - -<p class='c011'>And, to come to quite recent times, and this our England, -Mrs. Wolstenholme Elmy, to whose unflagging -energy, during some fifteen years of labour, was mainly -attributable (as the Parliamentary sponsors of the measures -know) the amelioration in the English law concerning wives -and mothers, embodied in the Married Women’s Property -Acts of 1870 and 1882, together with the later and beneficent -Guardianship of Infants Act, 1886, relates, in her -record of the history of this latter Act:—</p> - -<p class='c004'>“It will be remembered that so recently as 1883, a young -lady petitioned that she might be allowed to spend her summer -holidays with her own mother, from whom she was separated -for no fault of her own or of her mother’s, but in virtue of the -supreme legal rights of her father. The Court refused her -petition, natural and proper as it seems to everyone of human -feelings; and the words of the Master of the Rolls in giving -judgment, on the 24th of July, 1883, are more significant and -instructive as to the actual state of the law than the words of -any non-professional writer can be:—‘The law of England -<em>recognises the rights of the father</em>, not as the guardian, but -<em>because he is the father of his children</em>.... <em>The rights of -the father are recognised because he is the father</em>; his duties as -a father are recognised because they are natural duties. The -natural duties of a father are to treat his children with the -utmost affection, and with infinite tenderness.... The law -recognises these duties, from which if a father breaks he breaks -from everything which nature calls upon him to do; and, -although the law may not be able to insist upon their performance, -it is because the law recognises them, and knows that in -almost every case the natural feelings of a father will prevail. -The law trusts that the father will perform his natural duties, -and does not, and, indeed, cannot, inquire how they have been -performed.... I am not prepared to say whether <em>when -the child is a ward of Court, and the conduct of the father is -such as to exhaust all patience—such, for instance, as cruelty, or -<span class='pageno' id='Page_63'>63</span>pitiless spitefulness carried to a great extent—the Court might -not interfere. But such interference will be exercised</em> <span class='fss'>ONLY IN -THE UTMOST NEED, AND IN MOST EXTREME CASES</span>. It is -impossible to lay down the rule of the Court more clearly than -has been done by Vice-Chancellor Bacon in the recent case of -“<em>Re.</em> Plowley” (47 “L.T.,” N.S., 283). In saying that this -Court, “whatever be its authority or jurisdiction, <em>has no -authority to interfere with the sacred right of a father over his -own children</em>,” the learned Vice-Chancellor has summed up all -that I intended to say. <em>The rights of a father are sacred rights, -because his duties are sacred.</em>...’</p> - -<p class='c004'>“These sacred rights of the father were, it will be observed, -in the eyes of the law so <em>exclusive</em> and paramount as to justify -and demand the refusal to a young girl, at the most critical -period of early womanhood, of the solace of a few weeks’ intercourse -with a blameless and beloved mother; and this although -the gratification of the daughter’s wish would have involved no -denial to the father of the solace of his daughter’s company, since -she was not actually, but only <em>legally</em>, in his custody, not having -seen him for more than a year.</p> - -<p class='c004'>“It will be seen from this that the father alone has the absolute -legal right to deal with his child or children, to the extent -of separating them, at his own sole pleasure, from their mother, -and of giving them into the care and custody of any person -whom he may think fit. The mother has, as such, no legal -status, no choice, voice, lot, or part in the matter.”—Mrs. -Wolstenholme Elmy (“The Infants’ Act, 1886,” p. 2).</p> - -<p class='c011'>It is consolatory to learn that a palliation of some part of -the above unjust conditions has been achieved; yet how -often has our presumedly happy land witnessed scenes of -child misery and helpless mother-love, to which was -denied even the poor consolation, so pathetically depicted -by Mrs. Browning, in a scene which, as Moir truly says, -“weighs on the heart like a nightmare”;—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“Do you hear the children weeping, oh! my brothers!</div> - <div class='line in2'>Ere the sorrow comes with years?</div> - <div class='line'>They are leaning their young heads against their mothers,</div> - <div class='line in2'>And <em>that</em> cannot stop their tears.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_64'>64</span> - <h3 class='c009'>XVI.</h3> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>4.—“... <em>single basis</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>First written “disproportioned basis,” but altered, with -good reason, in the face of Mr. Herbert Spencer’s arrogant -male thesis:—“Only that mental energy is normally feminine -which can co-exist with the production and nursing -of the due (!) number of healthy children.”—(“Study of -Sociology,” Chap. XV., note 5.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>But Professor Huxley speaks, more humanly, of “... -such a peasant woman as one sees in the Alps, striding ever -upward, heavily burdened, and with mind bent only on her -home; but yet, without effort and without thought, knitting -for her children. Now stockings are good and comfortable -things, and the children will undoubtedly be much the -better for them, but surely it would be short-sighted, to say -the least of it, to depreciate this toiling mother as a mere -stocking-machine—a mere provider of physical comforts.”—(“On -Improving Natural Knowledge.”)</p> - -<p class='c011'>Yet, if it be—as truly it is—a senseless and disgraceful -depreciation of woman to look upon her as “a mere -machine for the making of stockings,” is it not equally -unworthy and unwise to consider her as—primarily and -essentially—a mere machine for the making of a “due” -number of stocking-wearers?</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>5.—“... <em>quicker fire</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>In even so sedate and usually dispassionate a physiologist -and philosopher as Charles Darwin, the masculine sex-bias -is so ingrained and so ingenuous that he strives to disparage -<span class='pageno' id='Page_65'>65</span>and contemn the notorious mental quickness or intuition -of woman by saying:—“It is generally admitted -that with woman the powers of intuition, of rapid perception, -and perhaps of imitation, are more strongly marked -than in man; but some, at least, of these faculties are -characteristic of the lower races, and therefore of a past -and lower state of civilisation.”—(“The Descent of Man,” -Chap. XIX.).</p> - -<p class='c011'>His unconscious sex-bias apparently overlooked the pregnant -and very pertinent caution which he had himself -uttered in a previous work:—“Useful organs, however -little they may be developed, unless we have reason to -suppose that they were formerly more highly developed, -ought not to be considered as rudimentary. They may be -in a nascent condition, and in progress towards further -development. Rudimentary organs, on the other hand, -are either quite useless, such as teeth which never cut -through the gums, or, almost useless, such as the wings of -an ostrich, which serve merely as sails.... It is, however, -often difficult to distinguish between rudimentary and -nascent organs, for we can judge only by analogy whether a -part is capable of further development, in which case alone -it deserves to be called nascent.”—(“Origin of Species,” -Chap. XIV.).</p> - -<p class='c011'>But surely Darwin would admit that experiment in -capacity of education and development was as worthy -evidence as “analogy,” and would further acknowledge how -little effort in this direction had ever been made with -woman. Buckle would seem to be far nearer the truth in -ascribing to woman an unconscious deductive form of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_66'>66</span>reasoning, as against the slow and studied inductive process -to which man is so generally trained to be a slave.—(See -Buckle’s Essay on the “Influence of Women on the Progress -of Knowledge,” as quoted from in Note XIII., 8.)</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>7.—“... <em>one permitted end</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“The function of child-bearing has been exaggerated to an -utterly disproportionate degree in her life; it has been -made her almost sole claim to existence. Yet it is not the -true purpose of any intellectual organism to live solely to -give birth to succeeding organisms; its duty is also to live -for its own happiness and well-being.”—Ben Elmy (“Studies -in Materialism,” Chap. III.).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><em>Id.</em> ... “... not a moth with vain desire</div> - <div class='line'>Is shrivelled in a fruitless fire,</div> - <div class='line'>Or but subserves another’s gain.”</div> - <div class='line in6'>—Tennyson (“In Memoriam,” LIV.).</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>XVII.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>5.—“... <em>aspirations crushed</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“I have found life a series of hopes unfulfilled and -wishes ungratified.”—(Dying words of a talented woman.)</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>6.—“... <em>purblind pride</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“Pride, where wit fails, steps in to our defence,</div> - <div class='line'>And fills up all the mighty void of sense.”</div> - <div class='line in46'>—Pope.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>7.—“<em>Her every wish made subject</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>For a somewhat modern exemplification may be taken -<span class='pageno' id='Page_67'>67</span>the instance of Elizabeth Barrett Browning, in Paris with -her husband, in 1852. She writes of Georges Sand:—“She -received us in a room with a bed in it, the only room she -has to occupy, I suppose, during her short stay in Paris.... Ah, but I didn’t see her smoke; I was unfortunate. -I could only go with Robert three times to her -house, and once she was out. He was really very good and -kind to let me go at all after he found the sort of society -rampant around her. He didn’t like it extremely, but, -being the prince of husbands, he was lenient to my desires, -and yielded the point.”—(“Life of Robert Browning,” by -Mrs. Sutherland Orr, 1891.)</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>8.—“... <em>her God</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'><em>Conf.</em> Milton (“Paradise Lost,” Book IV., 299):—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“He for God only, she for God in him.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>See Note XXXV., 5. Compare also the Code of Manu, -v. 154, as quoted by Letourneau:—“Although the conduct -of her husband may be blameworthy, and he may give himself -up to other amours, and be devoid of good qualities, a -virtuous woman ought constantly to revere him as a God.”—(“Evolution -of Marriage,” Chap. XIII.)</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... Here may fittingly be appended some masculine -concepts of feminine duty in other races.</p> - -<p class='c011'>The <span class='sc'>Status of Woman</span>, according to the <span class='sc'>Chinese</span> -Classics:—</p> - -<p class='c011'>In a periodical published in Shanghai, Dr. Faber, a well-known -scholar, writes (1891) a paper on the status of -women in China. He refers especially to the theoretical -<span class='pageno' id='Page_68'>68</span>position assigned to women by the Chinese Classics. -These lay down the different dogmas on the subject:</p> - -<p class='c014'>“1.—Women are as different in nature from man as -earth is from heaven.</p> - -<p class='c014'>“2.—Dualism, not only in body form, but in the very -essence of nature, is indicated and proclaimed by -Chinese moralists of all times and creed. The -male belongs to <em>yang</em>, the female to <em>yin</em>.</p> - -<p class='c014'>“3.—Death and all other evils have their origin in the -<em>yin</em>, or female principle; life and prosperity come -from its subjection to the <em>yang</em> or male principle; -and it is therefore regarded as a law of nature -that women should be kept under the control of -men, and not be allowed any will of their own.</p> - -<p class='c014'>“4.—Women, indeed, are human beings, (!) but they -are of a lower state than men, and can never -attain to full equality with them.</p> - -<p class='c014'>“5.—The aim of female education, therefore, is perfect -submission, not cultivation and development of -mind.</p> - -<p class='c014'>“6.—Women cannot have any happiness of their own; -they have to live and work for men.</p> - -<p class='c014'>“7.—Only as the mother of a son, as the continuator of -the direct line of a family, can a woman escape -from her degradation and become to a certain -degree her husband’s equal; but then only in -household affairs, especially the female department, -and in the ancestral hall.</p> - -<p class='c014'><span class='pageno' id='Page_69'>69</span>“8.—In the other world, woman’s condition remains -exactly the same, for the same laws of existence -apply. She is not the equal of her husband; she -belongs to him, and is dependent for her happiness -on the sacrifice offered by her descendants.</p> - -<p class='c011'>“These are the doctrines taught by Confucius, Mencius, -and the ancient sages, whose memory has been revered in -China for thousands of years.”</p> - -<p class='c011'>And now, what wonder that Chinese civilisation and progress -is, and remains, fossilised, inert, dead?</p> - -<h4 class='c007'><span class='sc'>Japan.</span></h4> - -<p class='c015'>“There is one supreme maxim upon which the conduct -of a well-bred woman is made to turn, and this is ‘obedience.’ -Life, the Japanese girl is taught, divides itself into -three stages of obedience. In youth she is to obey her -father; in marriage her husband; in widowhood her eldest -son. Hence her preparation for life is always preparation -for service. The marriage of the Japanese girl usually -takes place when she is about seventeen. It is contrary -to all custom that she should have any voice in it. -Once married, she passes from her father’s household into -the household of her husband, and her period of self-abnegation -begins. Her own family is to be as nothing to her. -Her duty is to charm the existence of her husband, and to -please his relations. Custom demands that she shall -always smile upon him, and that she shall carefully hide -from him any signs of bad humour, jealousy, or physical -pain.”—Tinseau (quoted in <cite>Review of Reviews</cite>, Vol. -IV., p. 282.)</p> - -<p class='c011'><span class='pageno' id='Page_70'>70</span>Note well the last two words of the above quotation; -they have a bearing on much that will have to be said -presently. Meanwhile, we read from another writer: “The -expression, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">res angusta domi</span></i>, might have been invented for -Japan, so narrow of necessity is the wife’s home life. The -husband mixes with the world, the wife does not; the -husband has been somewhat inspired, and his thoughts -widened by his intercourse with foreigners, the wife has not -met them. The husband has more or less acquaintance -with western learning; the wife has none. Affection -between the two, within the limits which unequal intellectuality -ruthlessly prescribes, there well may be, but the -love which comes of a perfect intimacy, of mutual knowledge -and common aspiration, there can rarely be. The -very vocabulary of romantic love does not exist in -Japanese; <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">a fortiori</span></i>, there is little of the fact.” Yet, under -the influence of western civilisation, these things are -changing rapidly, and Mr. Norman, the commissioner of -the <cite>Pall Mall Gazette</cite>, further relates that “The generation -that is now growing up will be very different. Not only -will the men of it be more western, but the women also. -As girls they will have been to schools like our schools at -home, and they will have learned English, and history, and -geography, and science, and foreign music; perhaps, even, -something of politics and political economy. They will -know something of ‘society,’ as we now use the term, and -will both seek it and make it. The old home life will -become unbearable to the woman, and she will demand the -right of choosing her husband just as much as he chooses -her. Then the rest will be easy.”</p> - -<p class='c011'><span class='pageno' id='Page_71'>71</span>The harsh and restrained position, both of Japanese and -Chinese women, is frequently attributed to Confucianism; -yet the matter does not seem to be of any one creed, but -rather of every religious creed. Thus Mrs. Reichardt tells -us, concerning Mahommedan women and Mahommedan -married life, that—</p> - -<p class='c011'>“A Mahommedan girl is brought up with the idea that -she has nothing to do with love. It is <em>ayib</em> (shame) for -her to love her husband. She dare not do it if she would. -What he asks and expects of her is to tremble before him, -and yield him unquestioning obedience. I have <em>seen</em> a -husband look pleased and complacent when his wife -looked afraid to lift up her eyes, even when visitors were -present.”—(<cite>Nineteenth Century</cite>, June, 1891.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>Nor is Confucius alone, or the simple contagion of his -teaching, rightly to be blamed for the following condition -of things in our own dependency of</p> - -<h4 class='c007'><span class='sc'>India.</span></h4> - -<p class='c015'>The <cite>Bombay Guardian</cite> calls attention to an extraordinary -book which is being circulated (early in 1891) -broadcast, as a prize-book in the Government Girls’ School -in the Bombay Presidency. The following quotations are -given as specimens of the teachings set forth in the -book:—</p> - -<p class='c011'>“If the husband of a virtuous woman be ugly, of good -or bad disposition, diseased, fiendish, irascible, or a -drunkard, old, stupid, dumb, blind, deaf, hot-tempered, -poor, extremely covetous, a slanderer, cowardly, perfidious, -and immoral, nevertheless she ought to worship him as -God, with mind, speech, and person.</p> - -<p class='c011'><span class='pageno' id='Page_72'>72</span>“The wife who gives an angry answer to her husband -will become a village pariah dog; she will also become a -jackal, and live in an uninhabited desert.</p> - -<p class='c011'>“The woman who eats sweetmeats without sharing them -with her husband will become a hen-owl, living in a -hollow tree.—(Conf. Note VI., 8.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>“The woman who walks alone without her husband will -become a filth-eating village sow.</p> - -<p class='c011'>“The woman who speaks disrespectfully to her husband -will be dumb in the next incarnation.</p> - -<p class='c011'>“The woman who hates her husband’s relations will -become from birth to birth a musk-rat, living in filth.</p> - -<p class='c011'>“She who is always jealous of her husband’s concubine -will be childless in the next incarnation.”</p> - -<p class='c011'>To illustrate the blessed result of a wife’s subserviency, a -story is told of “the great reward that came to the wife of -an ill-tempered, diseased, and wicked Brahmin, who served -her husband with a slavish obedience, and even went the -length of carrying him on her own shoulders to visit his -mistress.”</p> - -<p class='c011'>So quotes the <cite>Woman’s Journal</cite> of Boston, Mass., and -says in comment thereon:—“The British Government in -India has bound itself not to interfere with the religion of -the natives, but it certainly ought not to inculcate in -Government schools the worst doctrines of heathenism.”</p> - -<p class='c011'>Yet, again, are these Hindoo, or Japanese, or Chinese -doctrines simply the precepts of “heathenism” alone? -Buckle quotes for us the following passage from the -Nonconformist “Fergusson on the Epistles,” 1656, p. -242:—“There is not any husband to whom this honour -<span class='pageno' id='Page_73'>73</span>of submission is not due. No personal infirmity, frowardness -of nature, no, not even on the point of religion, doth -deprive him of it.”</p> - -<p class='c011'>Much the same teaching is continued a century later in -the noted Dr. Gregory’s “A Father’s Legacy to his -Daughters”; and again, hideously true is the picture which -Mill has to draw, in 1869:—“Above all, a female -slave has (in Christian countries) an admitted right, and -is considered under a moral obligation to refuse to her -master the last familiarity. Not so the wife; however -brutal a tyrant she may unfortunately be chained to, -though she may know that he hates her, though it may -be his daily pleasure to torture her, and though she may -feel it impossible not to loathe him, he can claim from her -and enforce the lowest degradation of a human being, that -of being made the instrument of an animal function contrary -to her inclinations.... No amount of ill-usage, -without adultery superadded, will in England free a wife -from her tormentor.”—(“The Subjection of Women,” pp. -57, 59.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>As to how far public feeling, if not law, has amended -some of these conditions, see Note XXXVI., 6. Meanwhile, -as an evidence of what is the “orthodox” opinion -and sentiment at this present day, it may be noted that -Cardinal Manning wrote in the <cite>Dublin Review</cite>, July, 1891:—“A -woman enters for life into a sacred contract with a -man before God at the altar to fulfil to him the duties of -wife, mother, and head of his home. Is it lawful for her, -even with his consent, to make afterwards a second contract -for so many shillings a week with a millowner whereby -<span class='pageno' id='Page_74'>74</span>she becomes unable to provide her husband’s food, train up -her children, or do the duties of her home? It is no -question of the lawfulness of gaining a few more shillings -for the expenses of a family, but of the lawfulness of breaking -a prior contract, the most solemn between man and -woman. No arguments of expediency can be admitted. -It is an obligation of conscience to which all things must -give way. The duties of home must first be done” (by the -woman) “then other questions may be entertained.”</p> - -<p class='c011'>Are not these English injunctions to womanly and wifely -slavery as trenchant and merciless as any ascribed to so-called -“heathenism”? And is it not the fuller truth that -the spirit of the male teaching against woman is the same -all the world over, and no mere matter of creed—which is -nevertheless made the convenient vehicle for such teaching; -and that, in brief, the precepts of womanly and wifely servitude -are blind, brutal, and universal?</p> - -<p class='c011'>See also Note XXXIV., 8.</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>XVIII.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>8.—“<em>To compass power unknown in body and in mind</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“We need a new ethic of the sexes, and this not merely, -or even mainly, as an intellectual construction, but as a -discipline of life, and we need more. We need an increasing -education and civism of women.”—P. Geddes and J. -A. Thomson (“The Evolution of Sex,” p. 297).</p> - -<p class='c011'>Newnham and Girton, Vassar and Zurich, are already -rendering account of woman’s scope of mental power; -while the circus, the gymnasium, swimming and mountaineering -<span class='pageno' id='Page_75'>75</span>are showing what she might do corporeally, apart -from her hideous and literally impeding style of clothing. -As for some other forms of utilitarian occupation, read the -following concerning certain of the Lancashire women:—</p> - -<p class='c011'>“Mr. Edgar L. Wakeman, an observant American -author, is at present on a visit to this country, and is giving -his countrymen the benefit of his impressions of English -life and social conditions.</p> - -<p class='c011'>“The ‘pit-brow’ lasses of the Wigan district will not -need to complain, for he writes of them not only in a -kindly spirit, but even with enthusiasm for their healthy -looks, graceful figures, and good conduct. We need not -follow his description of the processes in which the women -of the colliery are employed, but we may say in passing that -Mr. Wakeman was astonished by the ‘wonderful quickness -of eye and movement’ shown by the ‘screeners,’ and by -the ‘superb physical development’ and agility of the -‘fillers.’ He had expected to find them ‘the most forlorn -creatures bearing the image of women,’ and he found them -strong, healthy, good-natured, and thoroughly respectable. -‘English roses glow from English cheeks. You cannot -find plumper figures, prettier forms, more shapely necks, or -daintier feet, despite the ugly clogs, in all of dreamful -Andalusia. The “broo gear” is laid aside on the return -home from work, and then the “pit-brow” lass is arrayed -as becomingly as any of her class in England, and in the -village street, or at church of a Sunday, you could not pick -her out from among her companions, unless for her fine -colour, form, and a positively classic poise and grace of carriage -possessed by no other working women of England. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_76'>76</span>Altogether,’ he says, ‘I should seriously regard the pit-brow -lasses as the handsomest, healthiest, happiest, and -most respectable working women in England.’—(<cite>Manchester -Guardian</cite>, Aug. 28, 1891.)</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... Concerning the question of male and female -dress, evidence as to how far woman has been hindered and -“handicapped” by her conventional attire, and not by -her want of physical strength or courage, is reported from -time to time in the public prints, as witness the following, -published generally in the English newspapers of 14th Oct., -1891:—</p> - -<p class='c004'>“Not long since a well-known European courier, having -grown grey in his occupation, fell ill, and like others similarly -afflicted, was compelled to call in a doctor. This gentleman -was completely taken by surprise on discovering that his patient -was a female. Then the sick woman—who had piloted numerous -English and American families through the land of the Latin, -the Turk, and others, and led timid tourists safely through -many imaginary dangers—confessed that she had worn men’s -clothes for forty years. She stated that her reasons for this -masquerade were that having, at the age of thirteen, been left a -friendless orphan, she had become convinced, after futile struggling -for employment, that many of the obstacles in her path -could be swept away by discarding her proper garments and -assuming the <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> and attire of masculine youth. This she did. -She closely cut her hair, bought boy’s clothes, put them on, and -sallied forth in the world to seek her fortune. With the change -of dress seems to have come a change of luck, for she quickly -found employment, and being an apt scholar, and facile at -learning languages, was enabled after a time to obtain a -position as courier, and, but for her unfortunate illness, it is -tolerably certain that the truth would never have been revealed -during her lifetime.”</p> - -<p class='c011'>In the early days of April, 1892, the Vienna correspondent -of the <cite>Standard</cite> reported that—</p> - -<p class='c004'><span class='pageno' id='Page_77'>77</span>“On the 30th ult., there died in Hungary, at about the same -hour, two ladies who served in 1848 in the Revolutionary Army, -and fought in several of the fiercest battles, dressed in military -uniform. One of them was several times promoted, and, under -the name of Karl, attained the rank of First Lieutenant of -Hussars. At this point, however, an artillery major stopped -her military career by marrying her. The other fought under -the name of Josef, and was decorated for valour in the field. -She married long after the campaign. A Hungarian paper, -referring to the two cases, says that about a dozen women -fought in 1848 in the insurrectionary ranks.”</p> - -<p class='c011'>Somewhat more detailed particulars concerning “Lieutenant -Karl” were afterwards given by the <cite>Manchester -Guardian</cite> (June 6, 1892), as follows:—</p> - -<p class='c004'>“The Austrian <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Volkszeitung</span></cite> announces the death of Frau -Marie Hoche, who has had a most singular and romantic career. -Her maiden name was Lepstuk. In the momentous year of -1848 Marie Lepstuk, who was then eighteen years of age, -joined the German legion at Vienna; then, returning home, she -adopted the name of Karl and joined the Tyroler Jager Regiment -of the revolutionary army. She showed great bravery in -the battlefield, received the medallion, and was raised to the -rank of lieutenant. A wound compelled her to go into hospital, -but after her recovery she joined the Hussars. As a -reward for exceeding bravery she was next made oberlieutenant -on the field. Soon after this her sex was discovered, but a -major fell in love with her, and they were married. At Vilagos -both were taken prisoners, and while in the fortress she gave -birth to her first child. After the major’s death she was -remarried to Oberlieutenant Hoche. For the past few years -Frau Hoche has been in needy circumstances, but an appeal -from Jokai brought relief.”</p> - -<p class='c011'>All of which goes far to discredit M. Michelet’s theory -that women are “born invalids,” an assertion which Dr. -Julia Mitchell “stigmatises naturally enough as ‘all nonsense,’” -and is thus approved—with a strange magnanimity—by -<span class='pageno' id='Page_78'>78</span>the <cite>British Medical Journal</cite>.—(See <cite>Pall Mall Gazette</cite>, -April 29, 1892.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>The “incapacity of women for military service” has been -of late days continually quoted as a bar to their right of -citizenship, as far as the Parliamentary Franchise is concerned. -In the face of the foregoing cases, and of the fact -that every mother risks her life in becoming a mother, while -very few men, indeed, risk theirs on the battlefield, it might -be thought that the fallacious argument would have perished -from shame and inanition long ago. But the inconsistencies -of partly-cultivated, masculine, one-sexed intellect are -as stubborn as blind.</p> - -<p class='c011'>See also Note XLV., 6.</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>XIX.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>6.—“<em>The ecstasy of earnest souls</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“Without recognising the possibilities of individual and -of racial evolution, we are shut up to the conventional view -that the poet and his heroine alike are exceptional creations, -hopelessly beyond the everyday average of the race. Whereas, -admitting the theory of evolution, we are not only entitled -to the hope, but logically compelled to the assurance that -these rare fruits of an apparently more than earthly paradise -of love, which only the forerunners of the race have been -privileged to gather, or, it may be, to see from distant -heights, are yet the realities of a daily life towards which -we and ours may journey.”—Geddes and Thomson (“Evolution -of Sex,” p. 267).</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... “What marriage may be in the case of two -<span class='pageno' id='Page_79'>79</span>persons of cultivated faculties, identical in opinions and -purposes, between whom there exists that best kind of -equality, similarity of powers, and capacities with reciprocal -superiority in them—so that each can enjoy the pleasure -of looking up to the other, and can have alternately the -pleasure of leading and of being led in the path of development—I -will not attempt to describe. To those who can -conceive it there is no need; to those who cannot, it would -appear the dream of an enthusiast. But I maintain, with -the profoundest conviction, that this, and this only, is the -ideal of marriage; and that all opinions, customs, and institutions -which favour any other notion of it, or turn the conceptions -and aspirations connected with it into any other -direction, by whatever pretences they may be coloured, are -relics of primitive barbarism. The moral regeneration of -mankind will only really commence when the most fundamental -of the social relations is placed under the rule of -equal justice, and when human beings learn to cultivate -their strongest sympathy with an equal in rights and cultivation.”—J. -S. Mill (“The Subjection of Women,” p. 177).</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>XX.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>2.—“<em>And lingers still the hovering shade of night</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>George Eliot had yet to say, “Heaven was very cruel -when it made women”; and Georges Sand, “Fille on nous -supprime, femme on nous opprime.”</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>XXI.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>1.—“... <em>carnal servitude</em>...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>It may be objected by some that details in the verse or -<span class='pageno' id='Page_80'>80</span>in these notes are of too intimate a character for general -narration. The notes have, however, all been taken either -from widely read public prints of indisputable singleness of -purpose, or works of writers of undoubted integrity. One -is not much troubled as to those who would criticise further. -To them may be offered the incident and words of the late -Dr. Magee, who, as Bishop of Peterborough, and a member -of a legislative committee on the question of child-life insurance, -said:—“In this matter we have to count with two -things: first, almost all our facts are secrets of the bedchamber; -and, secondly, we are opposed by great vested -interests. This thing is not to be done without a good -deal of pain.”—(<cite>Review of Reviews</cite>, Vol. IV., p. 37).</p> - -<p class='c011'>And thus are verified, in a transcendental sense also, -the words of Schiller:—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">“Und <em>in feurigem Bewegen</em></span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Werden alle Kräfte kund.”</span></div> - <div class='line in22'><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">(“Die Glocke.”)</span></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>7.—“<em>Survival from dim age</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>See Note XXIII., 1.</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>XXII.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>1.—“... <em>girlhood’s helpless years</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>Somewhat as to these ancient conditions may be gathered -from the position in India at the present day. Read the -following:—“The practice of early marriages by Hindoos I -was, of course, informed of by reading before coming to -India, but its mention in books was always coupled with -the assertion that in India girls reach puberty at a much -<span class='pageno' id='Page_81'>81</span>earlier age than in cold climates. Judge, therefore, of my -surprise to find that so far from Hindoo girls being precocious -in physical development, they are much behind in -this respect; that a Hindoo girl of fifteen is about the -equal of an English child of eleven, instead of the reverse, -and that the statements made to the contrary by Englishmen -who have no opportunity of becoming acquainted with -Hindoo family life, were totally misleading. In the first -place they were under the impression that marriage never -takes place before puberty, and, secondly, they accepted the -Hindoo view as to what constitutes puberty. You know -that, unfortunately, they were misled as regards the first -point. I hope to show you that in the second place the -idea which they accepted as correct is a totally mistaken one.”—Mrs. -Pechey Phipson, M.D. (Address to the Hindoos of -Bombay on the subject of child-marriage; delivered at the -Hall of the Prarthana Somaj, Bombay, on the 11th Oct., -1890).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>2.—“... <em>sexual wrong</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“As regards the marriage of girls before even what is -called puberty, I can hardly trust myself to speak, so -strongly are my feelings those of all Western—may I not -say of all civilised?—people in looking upon it as actually -criminal. Ah! gentlemen, those of you who are conversant -with such cases as I have seen, cases like those of Phulmoni -Dossee, which has just now stirred your hearts to insist -upon some change in the existing law, and others where -a life-long decrepitude has followed, to which death itself -were far preferable, do you not feel with me that penal servitude -<span class='pageno' id='Page_82'>82</span>is not too hard a punishment for such brutality? I -am glad to think that a very large section of Hindoo men -think with me. I have been repeatedly spoken to on the -subject, and members even of those castes which are most -guilty in this matter, have expressed to me a wish that -Government would interfere and put a stop to the practice.”—Mrs. -Pechey Phipson, M.D., <em>op. cit.</em></p> - -<p class='c011'>A terrible evidence to the evil is borne by the following -document:—</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c005'> - <div>[<span class='sc'>From “The Times of India,” November 8th, 1890.</span>]</div> - <div class='c016'><em>To his Excellency the Viceroy and Governor-General of India.</em></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c004'>May it please Your Excellency.—The undersigned ladies, -practising medicine in India, respectfully crave your Excellency’s -attention to the following facts and considerations:—</p> - -<p class='c004'>1. Your Excellency is aware that the present state of the -Indian law permits marriages to be consummated not only -before the wife is physically qualified for the duties of -maternity, but before she is able to perform the duties of -the conjugal relation, thus giving rise to numerous and great -evils.</p> - -<p class='c004'>2. This marriage practice has become the cause of gross -immoralities and cruelties, which, owing to existing legislation, -come practically under the protection of the law. In some -cases the law has permitted homicide, and protected men, -who, under other circumstances, would have been criminally -punished.</p> - -<p class='c004'>3. The institution of child-marriage rests upon public sentiment, -vitiated by degenerate religious customs and misinterpretation -of religious books. There are thousands among the -better educated classes who would rejoice if Government would -take the initiative, and make such a law as your memorialists -plead for, and in the end the masses would be grateful for -their deliverance from the galling yoke that has bound them -to poverty, superstition, and the slavery of custom for centuries.</p> - -<p class='c004'><span class='pageno' id='Page_83'>83</span>4. The present system of child-marriage, in addition to the -physical and moral effects which the Indian Governments have -deplored, produces sterility, and consequently becomes an -excuse for the introduction of other child-wives into the family, -thus becoming a justification for <em>polygamy</em>.</p> - -<p class='c004'>5. This system panders to sensuality, lowers the standard of -health and morals, degrades the race, and tends to perpetuate -itself and all its attendant evils to future generations.</p> - -<p class='c004'>6. The lamentable case of the child-wife, Phulmani Dassi, of -Calcutta, which has excited the sympathy and the righteous -indignation of the Indian public, is only one of thousands of -cases that are continually happening, the final results being -quite as horrible, but sometimes less immediate. The following -instances have come under the personal observation of one or -another of your Excellency’s petitioners:—</p> - -<p class='c017'>A. Aged 9. Day after marriage. Left <em>femur</em> dislocated, -<em>pelvis</em> crushed out of shape, flesh hanging in shreds.</p> - -<p class='c017'>B. Aged 10. Unable to stand, bleeding profusely, flesh -much lacerated.</p> - -<p class='c017'>C. Aged 9. So completely ravished as to be almost -beyond surgical repair. Her husband had two other -living wives, and spoke very fine English.</p> - -<p class='c017'>D. Aged 10. A very small child, and entirely undeveloped -physically. This child was bleeding to death from the -<em>rectum</em>. Her husband was a man of about 40 years of -age, weighing not less than 11 stone. He had accomplished -his desire in an unnatural way.</p> - -<p class='c017'>E. Aged about 9. Lower limbs completely paralysed.</p> - -<p class='c017'>F. Aged about 12. Laceration of the <em>perineum</em> extending -through the <em>sphincter ani</em>.</p> - -<p class='c017'>G. Aged about 10. Very weak from loss of blood. Stated -that great violence had been done her in an unnatural -way.</p> - -<p class='c017'>H. Aged about 12. Pregnant, delivered by <em>craniotomy</em> -with great difficulty, on account of the immature state of -the <em>pelvis</em> and maternal passage.</p> - -<p class='c017'><span class='pageno' id='Page_84'>84</span>I. Aged about 7. Living with husband. Died in great -agony after three days.</p> - -<p class='c017'>K. Aged about 10. Condition most pitiable. After one day -in hospital was demanded by her husband for his “lawful” -use, he said.</p> - -<p class='c017'>L. Aged 11. From great violence done her person will -be a cripple for life. No use of her lower extremities.</p> - -<p class='c017'>M. Aged about 10. Crawled to hospital on her hands and -knees. Has never been able to stand erect since her -marriage.</p> - -<p class='c017'>N. Aged 9. Dislocation of <em>pubic arch</em>, and unable to -stand, or to put one foot before the other.</p> - -<p class='c004'>In view of the above facts, the undersigned lady doctors and -medical practitioners appeal to your Excellency’s compassion to -enact or introduce a measure by which the consummation of -marriage will not be permitted before the wife has attained the -full age of fourteen (14) years. The undersigned venture to -trust that the terrible urgency of the matter will be accepted as -an excuse for this interruption of your Excellency’s time and -attention.</p> - -<div class='c018'>(Signed by 55 lady-physicians.)</div> - -<p class='c011'>The memorial as above was initiated by Mrs. Monelle -Mansell, M.A., M.D., who has been in practice in India for -seventeen years, and it received the signature of every other -lady doctor there. The cases of abuse above specified are -“only a few out of many hundreds—of cruel wrongs, -deaths, and maimings for life received by helpless child-wives -at the hands of brutal husbands, which have come -under Dr. Monelle Mansell’s personal observation, or that -of her associates.”</p> - -<p class='c011'>With regard to case K, and “lawful” use, compare what -is said by Dr. Emma B. Ryder, who is also in medical -practice in India, concerning the “Little Wives of India”:—“If -<span class='pageno' id='Page_85'>85</span>I could take my readers with me on my round of -visits for one week, and let them behold the condition of -the little wives ... if you could see the suffering -faces of the little girls, who are drawn nearly double with -contractions caused by the brutality of their husbands, and -who will never be able to stand erect; if you could see the -paralysed limbs that will not again move in obedience to -the will; if you could hear the plaintive wail of the little -sufferers as, with their tiny hands clasped, they beg you ‘to -make them die,’ and then turn and listen to the brutal -remarks of the legal owner with regard to the condition of -his property. If you could stand with me by the side of the -little deformed dead body, and, turning from the sickening -sight, could be shown the new victim to whom the brute was -already betrothed, do you think it would require long arguments -to convince you that there was a deadly wrong somewhere, -and that someone was responsible for it? After one -such scene a Hindoo husband said to me, ‘You look like feel -bad’ (meaning sad); ‘doctors ought not to care what see. -I don’t care what see, nothing trouble me, only when self -sick; I not like to have pain self.’... A man may be -a vile and loathsome creature, he may be blind, a lunatic, -an idiot, a leper, or diseased in a worse form; he may be -fifty, seventy, or a hundred years old, and may be married to -a baby or a girl of five or ten, who positively loathes his -presence, but if he claims her she must go, and the English -law for the ‘Restitution of Conjugal Rights’ compels her to -remain in his power, or imprisons her if she refuses. There -is no other form of slavery on the face of the earth that -begins with the slavery as enforced upon these little girls of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_86'>86</span>India.”—(“The Home-Maker,” New York, June, 1891, -quoted in the <cite>Review of Reviews</cite>, Vol. IV., p. 38.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>And the <cite>Times</cite> of 11th November, 1889, reported from -its Calcutta correspondent:—“Two shocking cases of wife-killing -lately came before the courts—in both cases the -result of child-marriage. In one a child aged ten was -strangled by her husband. In the second case a child of -ten years was ripped open with a wooden peg. Brutal -sexual exasperation was the sole apparent reason in both -instances. Compared with the terrible evils of child-marriage, -widow cremation is of infinitely inferior magnitude. -The public conscience is continually being affronted with -these horrible atrocities, but, unfortunately, native public -opinion generally seems to accept these revelations with -complete apathy.”</p> - -<p class='c011'>For what slight legislative amendment has recently been -effected in the grievances mentioned by Dr. Ryder, see -Note XXIV., 4. The “Restitution of Conjugal Rights,” so -justly condemned by her, does, indeed, appear to have -had—by some inadvertence—a recognition in the Indian -Courts which was not its lawful due. But for some fuller -particulars on this matter, both as concerns India and -England, see Note XXXVI., 6.</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>XXIII.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>1.—“<em>Action repeated tends to rhythmic course</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“Other and wider muscular actions, partly internal and -partly external, also take place in a rhythmical manner -in relation with systemic conditions. The motions of the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_87'>87</span>diaphragm and of the thoracic and abdominal walls, in connection -with respiration, belong to this category. These -movements, though in the main independent of will, are -capable of being very considerably modified thereby, and -while they are most frequently unheeded, they have a very -recognisable accompaniment of feeling when attention is -distinctly turned to them.... The contraction of -oviducts or of the womb, as well as the movements concerned -in respiration, also had their beginnings in forms of -life whose advent is now buried in the immeasurable past.”—Dr. -H. C. Bastian (“The Brain as an Organ of Mind,” -p. 220).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>4.—“<em>Till habit bred hereditary trace</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“Let it be granted that the more frequently psychical -states occur in a certain order, the stronger becomes their -tendency to cohere in that order, until they at last become -inseparable; let it be granted that this tendency is, in however -slight a degree, inherited, so that if the experiences -remain the same, each successive generation bequeaths a -somewhat increased tendency, and it follows that, in cases -like the one described, there must eventually result an -automatic connection of nervous actions, corresponding to -the external relations perpetually experienced. Similarly, -if from some change in the environment of any species its -members are frequently brought in contact with a relation -having terms a little more involved; if the organisation of -the species is so far developed as to be impressible by these -terms in close succession, then an inner relation corresponding -to this new outer relation will gradually be formed, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_88'>88</span>and will, in the end, become organic. And so on in subsequent -stages of progress.”—Herbert Spencer (“Principles of -Psychology,” Vol. I., p. 439).</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... “I have described the manner in which the -hereditary tendencies and instincts arise from habit, induced -in the nervous cellules by a sufficient repetition of the -same acts.”—Letourneau (“The Evolution of Marriage,” -Chap. I.).</p> - -<p class='c011'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><em>Id.</em>... “Ainsi l’évacuation menstruelle une fois introduite -dans l’espèce, se sera communiquée par une filiation -non interrompue; de sorte qu’on peut dire qu’une femme -a maintenant des règles, par la seule raison que sa mère les -a eues, comme elle aurait été phthisique peut être, si sa -mère l’eût été; il y a plus, elle peut être sujette au flux menstruel, -même quoique la cause primitive qui introduisit ce -besoin ne subsiste plus en elle.”—Roussel (“Système de la -Femme,” p. 134).</span></p> - -<p class='c011'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><em>Id.</em>... “Il y a eu des auteurs qui ne voulaient pas -considérer la menstruation comme une fonction inhérente -à la nature de la femme, mais comme une fonction acquise, -continuant par l’habitude.”—Raciborski (“Traité de la -Menstruation,” p. 17).</span></p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... “The ‘set’ of mind, as Professor Tyndall -well calls it, whether, as he says, ‘impressed upon the molecules -of the brain,’ or conveyed in any other way, is quite as -much a human as an animal phenomenon. Perhaps the -greater part of those qualities which we call the characteristics -of race are nothing else but the ‘set’ of the minds of -men transmitted from generation to generation, stronger and -more marked when the deeds are repeated, weaker and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_89'>89</span>fainter as they fall into disuse.... Tyndall says: ‘No -mother can wash or suckle her baby without having a “set” -towards washing and suckling impressed upon the molecules -of her brain, and this set, according to the laws of -hereditary transmission, is passed on to her daughter. Not -only, therefore, does the woman at the present day suffer -deflection from intellectual pursuits through her proper -motherly instincts, but inherited proclivities act upon her -mind like a multiplying galvanometer, to augment indefinitely -the amount of the deflection. <em>Tendency</em> is immanent -even in spinsters, to warp them from intellect to baby-love.’ -(Essay: “Odds and Ends of Alpine Life.”) Thus, if we -could, by preaching our pet ideal, or in any other way -induce one generation of women to turn to a new pursuit, -we should have accomplished a step towards bending all -future womanhood in the same direction.”—Frances Power -Cobbe (Essay: “The Final Cause of Woman”).</p> - -<p class='c011'>See also Note XXVI., 7.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>6.—“... <em>e’en the virgin</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>An experienced gynæcologist writes:—“For want of -proper information in this matter, many a frightened girl -has resorted to every conceivable device to check what she -supposed to be an unnatural and dangerous hæmorrhage, -and thereby inaugurated menstrual derangements which -have prematurely terminated her life, or enfeebled her -womanhood. I have been consulted by women of all ages, -who frankly attributed their physical infirmities to the fact -of their having applied ice, or made other cold applications -<span class='pageno' id='Page_90'>90</span>locally, in their frantic endeavours to arrest the first menstrual -flow.”</p> - -<p class='c011'>What general practitioner has not met with analogous -instances in the circle of his own patients?</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>7.—“... <em>ere fit</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“The physician, whose duty is not only to heal the sick, -but also to prevent disease and to improve the race, and -hence who must be a teacher of men and women, should -teach sound doctrine in regard to the injurious results of -precocious marriage. Mothers especially ought to be -taught, though some have learned the lesson by their -own sad experience, that puberty and nubility are not -equivalent terms, but stand for periods of life usually -separated by some years; the one indicates capability, the -other fitness, for reproduction.”—Parvin (“Obstetrics,” -p. 91).</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... “<em>The general maturity of the whole frame</em> is -the true indication that the individual, whether male or -female, has reached a fit age to reproduce the species. It is -not one small and unimportant symptom by which this question -must be judged. Many things go to make up virility in -man; the beard, the male voice, the change in figure, and -the change in disposition; and in girls there is a long -period of development in the bust, in the hips, in bone and -muscle, changes which take years for their proper accomplishment -before the girl can be said to have grown into a -woman. All this is not as a rule completed before the age -of twenty. Woman’s form is not well developed before she -is twenty years old; her pelvis, which has been called the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_91'>91</span>laboratory of generation, has not its perfect shape until then; -hence an earlier maternity is not desirable. If the demand -is made on the system before that, the process of development -is necessarily interfered with, and both mother and -offspring suffer. Even in countries where the age of marriage -is between twenty and twenty-five, where, therefore, -the mother has not been weakened by early maternity, it is -remarked that the strongest children are born to parents of -middle age, <em>i.e.</em>, from thirty-five to forty; this, the prime of -life to the parent, is the happiest moment for the advent of -her progeny.”—Mrs. Pechey Phipson, M.D. (Address to the -Hindoos).</p> - -<p class='c011'>See also end of Note XXIV., 1.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>8.—“<em>Abnormal fruits of birth</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>Dr. John Thorburn, in his “Lecture introductory to the -Summer Course on Obstetric Medicine,” Victoria University, -Manchester, 1884, says:—“Let me briefly remind you -of what occurs at each menstrual period. During nearly one -week out of every four there occurs the characteristic -phenomenon of menstruation, which in itself has some -temporary <em>impoverishing effect</em>, though, in health, nature -speedily provides the means of recuperation. Along with -this we have a marked disturbance in the circulation of the -pelvis, leading to alterations in the weight, conformation, -and position of the <em>uterus</em>. We have also tissue changes -occurring, <em>not perhaps yet thoroughly understood</em>, but leading -to ruptures in the ovary, and to exfoliation of the uterine -lining membrane, <em>a kind of modified abortion, in fact</em>. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_92'>92</span>These changes in most instances are accompanied by signs -of pain and discomfort, which, if they were not periodic -and physiological, would be considered as symptoms of -disease.”</p> - -<p class='c011'>(The italics are not in the original.) Here is certainly -cogent evidence of “abnormal fruit of birth,” and the -learned doctor seems to be on the verge of making the -involuntary discovery. But he follows the usual professional -attempt (see Note XXX., 4) to class menstruation as -a physiological and not a pathological fact; as a natural, -painful incident, and not an acquired painful consequence. -His half-declared argument, that, because an epoch of pain -is periodic it is therefore not symptomatic of disease, is a -theory as unsatisfactory as novel.</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... Some of the facts connected with parthenogenesis, -alternate generation, the impregnation of insects, -&c., passed on through more than one generation, -would show by analogy this class of phenomena not extranatural -or unprecedented, but abnormal and capable of -rectification or reduction to pristine normality or non-existence. -The fact of occasional instances of absence of -menstruation, yet with a perfect potentiality of child-bearing, -indicates this latter possibility. That the male -being did not correspondingly suffer in personal physiological -sequence is explicable on the ground that the -masculine bodily function of parentage cannot be subjected -to equal forced sexual abuse; though in the male sex also -there is indication that excess may leave hereditary functional -trace. And that, again, a somewhat analogous -physical abnormality may be induced by man in other -<span class='pageno' id='Page_93'>93</span>animals, compare the intelligent words of George Eliot in -her poem, “A Minor Prophet”:—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“... milkmaids who drew milk from cows,</div> - <div class='line'>With udders kept abnormal for that end.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>In confirmation of which see “Report of the Committee, -consisting of Mr. E. Bidwell, Professor Boyd Dawkins, and -others, appointed for the purpose of preparing a Report on -the Herds of Wild Cattle in Chartley Park, and other parks -in Great Britain.” The Committee state, concerning a herd -of wild cattle at Somerford Park, near Congleton, of which -herd “the cows are all regularly milked,” that “The udders -of the cows here are as large as in ordinary domestic cows, -which is not the case in the herds which are not milked.”—(“Report -of the British Association,” 1887, p. 141.)</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>XXIV.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>1.—“<em>Misread by man</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“You say ‘We marry our girls when they reach puberty,’ -and you take as indication of that stage one only, and that -the least certain, of the many changes which go to make up -maturity. It is the least certain because the most variable, -and dependent more upon climate and conditions of life -than upon any true physical development. No one would -deny that a strong country girl of thirteen was more mature -physically than a girl of eleven brought up in the close, -unwholesome atmosphere of a crowded city, yet you say the -latter has attained to puberty, and that the former has not. -Into such discrepancies has this physiological error led you. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_94'>94</span>Without going into the domain of physiology for proof of -assertion, let me draw your attention to the very practical -proof of its truth, which you have in the fact well-known to -you all, that girls married at this so-called period of puberty -do not, as a rule, bear children till some years later, <em>i.e.</em>, till -they really approach maturity. I allow that you share this -error with all but modern physiologists. Even if marriage -is delayed till fourteen, where conception takes place immediately, -sterility follows after; but where the girl is strong -and healthy there is a lapse of three or four years before -child-bearing begins, a proof that puberty had not been -reached till then, although menstruation had been all the -time existent. Of course there are exceptional cases, but -does not the consensus of experience point to these as -general truths?”—Mrs. Pechey Phipson, M.D. (Address to -Hindoos).</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em> “... <em>sign of his misdeed</em>.”</p> - -<p class='c011'>See Note XXVI., 6.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>4.—“... <em>victim to his adult rage</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>Of this, as existent to the present age, abundant direct -and collateral evidence is given by a <em>brochure</em> entitled “A -Practical View of the Age of Consent Act, for the benefit -of the Mahomedan community in general, by the Committee -of the Mahomedan Literary Society of Calcutta,” -published by that Society, in June, 1891, as “an accurate -exposition of the object and scope of the new law, in the -clearest possible language, for the benefit of the Mahomedans, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_95'>95</span>particularly the ignorant classes, and circulated widely -in the vernacular languages for that purpose.”</p> - -<p class='c011'>The following are extracts from the pamphlet:—</p> - -<p class='c004'>Par. 1. “Now that the Age of Consent Act has been -passed by his Excellency the Viceroy, in Council, and as there -is every likelihood of its provisions not being sufficiently well -understood by the Mahomedan community in general, and by -the ignorant Mahomedans in particular, owing to the use of -technical legal phraseology in the drafting of the Act, it seems -to the Committee of Management of the Mahomedan Literary -Society of Calcutta, to be highly desirable that the object and -intention of the Government in passing this Act, as well as its -scope and the manner in which it is to be administered by the -Criminal Authorities, should be laid down on paper in the -clearest and easiest language possible, for the information and -instruction of the Mahomedan population, and particularly of -such of them as are not conversant with legal technicalities.”</p> - -<p class='c004'>Par. 2. “The Committee are of opinion that such a course -will be highly beneficial to members of their community, inasmuch -as it will show to them distinctly what action on the part -of a Mahomedan husband towards his young wife has been -made, by the recent legislation, a heinous criminal offence of -no less enormity than the offence of <em>rape</em>, and punishable with -the same heavy punishment.”</p> - -<p class='c004'>Par. 3. “It is hoped that they will thereby be put on their -guard against committing, or allowing the commission of an -act which <em>they have hitherto been accustomed to think lawful -and innocent</em>, but which has now been made into a heinous -offence....”</p> - -<p class='c004'>Par. 9. “... There has already been a provision in -the Indian Penal Code, passed more than thirty years ago, that -a man having sexual intercourse with his own wife, with or -without her consent, she <em>being under the age of ten years</em>, shall -be considered guilty of the offence of <em>rape</em>, and shall be liable to -transportation for life, or to rigorous or simple imprisonment for -ten years.”</p> - -<p class='c004'>Par. 10. “From this it follows that, under the Penal Code -a man having sexual intercourse with his own wife, with or without -her consent, if she is <em>above ten</em> years of age, shall not be -<span class='pageno' id='Page_96'>96</span>considered to have committed the offence of <em>rape</em>. But the -Act that has just been passed, in amendment of the above provision -in the Penal Code, <em>raises</em> the age of consent from <em>ten</em> to -<em>twelve</em> years, and provides that a man having sexual intercourse -with his own wife, even with her consent, shall be considered -to be guilty of the offence of rape, if the wife be of any -age under <em>twelve completed years</em>. This is all the change that -has been made in the law.”</p> - -<p class='c004'>Par. 11. “It having been ascertained, from various sources, -that in some parts of the country husbands cohabit with their -wives before they have attained to the age of <em>twelve</em> years, and -even before they have arrived at <em>puberty</em>, the result of such -intercourse being in many cases to cause injury to the health, -and even danger to the life of the girls, and to generate internal -maladies which make them miserable throughout their lives, -and such a state of things having come to the notice of Government, -they have considered it their duty to put a stop to it, and -this is the object of the present legislation.”</p> - -<p class='c004'>Par. 12. “The law does not interfere with the age at which -a girl may be married, but simply prohibits sexual intercourse -with her by her husband before she is <em>twelve</em> years of age.”</p> - -<p class='c004'>Par. 13. “It is therefore <em>incumbent</em> upon all husbands and -their guardians (if they are very young and inexperienced lads) -to be very careful that sexual intercourse does not take place -until the girl-wife has <em>passed</em> the age of <em>twelve</em> years. It will -also be the duty of the guardians of the girl-wife not to allow -her husband to cohabit with her until she has attained that -age.”</p> - -<p class='c004'>Par. 17. “... The Mahomedan law (<em>i.e.</em>, religious -law) distinctly sanctions consummation of marriage <em>only</em> when -the wife has reached puberty, and has besides attained such -physical development as renders her fit for sexual intercourse, -and it is <em>not imperative</em> upon a Mahomedan husband to consummate -marriage with his wife when she is <em>under</em> the age of -<em>twelve</em> years. Even in those rare cases in which the wife -attains to puberty and the necessary physical development -before the age of <em>twelve</em>, a Mahomedan husband <em>may</em>, without -infringing any canon of the Mahommedan Ecclesiastical Law, -<em>abstain</em> from consummating his marriage with her <em>until</em> she -attains that age.</p> - -<p class='c004'>Par. 18. “The above will clearly show that the Act recently -<span class='pageno' id='Page_97'>97</span>passed by the Legislature does not, in any way, interfere with -the Mahomedan religion, and <em>no</em> Mahomedan husband will be -considered to have committed a sin if he abstains from consummating -marriage with his wife <em>before</em> she is <em>twelve</em> years of -age.”</p> - -<p class='c011'>(The pamphlet is published, as aforesaid, by the Mahomedan -Literary Society of Calcutta, of which the patron is -the Hon. Sir Charles A. Elliott, K.C.S.I., C.I.E., and the -president Prince Mirza Jahan Kadar Bahadur (of the Oudh -family), and is signed by the secretary, Nawab Abdool -Luteef Bahadur, C.I.E.; Calcutta, 16 Taltollah, 22nd June, -1891.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>The italics, as above, exist in the original (with the exception -of those in Par. 3), and serve, singularly enough, to -point for us a moral very much deeper than that intended. -It is a happy fact that British feeling, supported by the growing -sentiment of the more intelligent and educated of the -native population, has effected even so slight an amelioration -of law and custom, and we may hope for and press -forward to further improvement. Though the utterance -quoted above is only that of the Mahomedan section, it is, -of course, understood that the law does not apply or point to -them alone, but to all the peoples and sects of India; and -that the approval of this legislation is also general among -the enlightened of those other creeds. (See end of Note -XVII., 8.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>Singular confirmatory evidence as to the distressing prevalence -of this child-marriage is incidentally given in the -following paragraph from the <cite>Times</cite> of 31st March, 1892:—</p> - -<p class='c004'>“A correspondent of the <cite>Times of India</cite> mentions some odd -<span class='pageno' id='Page_98'>98</span>instances of minor difficulties which have occurred in the working -of the amended Factory Act, which came into force in India -at the commencement of the present year. The limit of age -for ‘full-timers’ in factories is fixed at fourteen years, and as -very few native operatives know their children’s ages, or even -their own, the medical officer has, in passing lads and girls for -work, to judge the age as best he can—generally, as in the case -of horses, by examining their teeth. If he concludes that they -are under fourteen, he reduces them to ‘half-timers.’ In one -Bombay mill recently a number of girls were thus sent back as -under age who were actually mothers, and several boys who -were fathers were also reduced; and one of the latter was the -father, it is said, of three children. The case of these lads is -particularly hard, for, with a wife and child, or perhaps children, -to support, life, on the pay of a ‘half-timer,’ must be a terrible -struggle.”</p> - -<p class='c011'>Lest it should be objected that such abuses—with their -consequences—as have been instanced in India, are -peculiar to that country or civilisation, and that their discussion -has therefore no bearing on our practices in England, -and the physical consequences ensuant here, it will -be salutary to recall what has been our own national conduct -in this matter of enforcement of immature physical -relations on girl children or “wives” within times of by no -means distant date. Blackstone tells in his “Commentaries,” -Book II., Chap. VIII., that “The wife must be above nine -years old at her husband’s death, otherwise she shall not be -endowed, though in Bracton’s time the age was indefinite, -and dower was then only due ‘<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">si uxor possit dotem promereri, -<em>et virum sustinere</em></span>.’” Whereupon Ed. Christian makes the -following note, worthy of the most careful meditation:—“Lord -Coke informs us that ‘if the wife be past the age of -nine years at the time of her husband’s death, she shall be -endowed, of what age soever her husband be, albeit he were -<span class='pageno' id='Page_99'>99</span>but <em>four</em> years old. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quia junior non potest dotem promereri, -<em>et virum sustinere</em>.</span>’ (Coke on Litt., 33.) This we are told -by that grave and reverend judge without any remark of surprise -or reprobation. But it confirms the observation of -Montesquieu in the ‘Spirit of Laws,’ Book XXVI., Chap. -III. ‘There has been,’ says he, ‘much talk of a law in -England which permitted girls seven years old to choose a -husband. This law was shocking two ways; it had no -regard to the time when Nature gives maturity to the understanding, -nor to the time when she gives maturity to the -body.’ It is abundantly clear, both from our law and -history, that formerly such early marriages were contracted -as in the present times are neither attempted nor thought -of.</p> - -<p class='c011'>“This was probably owing to the right which the lord -possessed of putting up to sale the marriage of his infant -tenant. He no doubt took the first opportunity of prostituting -(<em>i.e.</em>, selling in marriage) the infant to his own -interest, without any regard to age or inclinations. And -thus what was so frequently practised and permitted by the -law would cease even in other instances to be considered -with abhorrence. <em>If the marriage of a female was delayed -till she was sixteen, this benefit was entirely lost to the lord -her guardian.</em></p> - -<p class='c011'>“Even the 18 Eliz., cap. 7, which makes it a capital -crime to abuse a consenting female child under the age of -ten years, seems to leave an exception for these marriages by -declaring only the <em>carnal and unlawful</em> knowledge of such -woman-child to be a felony. Hence the abolition of the -feudal wardships and marriage at the Restoration may perhaps -<span class='pageno' id='Page_100'>100</span>have contributed not less to the improvement of the -morals than of the liberty of the people.”—(Blackstone’s -Comm., Christian’s Edition, 1830, Vol. II., p. 131.)</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>6.—“... <em>manner</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“Manner,” or “custom” is the early Biblical definition -for this habit (<em>vide</em> Gen. xviii. 11, and xxxi. 35). It may -be noticed that the word is not rendered or translated as -“nature.” It is also called “sickness” (Lev. xx. 18); -and “pollution” (Ezek. xxii. 10). See also Note XXV. 8.</p> - -<p class='c011'>The authorised version of the Bible is here referred to. -The euphemisms attempted in the recent revised version -as amendments of some of these passages are equally consonant -with the argument of this note.</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>XXV.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>1.—“<em>Vicarious punishment</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>Revolting was the shock to the writer, coming, some -years ago, with unprejudiced and ingenuous mind, to the -study of the so-called “Diseases of Women,” on finding -that nearly the whole of these special “diseases,” including -menstruation, were due, directly or collaterally, to one form -or other of <em>masculine</em> excess or abuse. Here is a nearly -coincident opinion, afterwards met with:—“The diseases -peculiar to women are so many, of so frequent occurrence, -and of such severity, that half the time of the medical profession -is devoted to their care, and more than half its -revenues depend upon them. We have libraries of books -upon them, special professorships in our medical colleges, -and hosts of doctors who give them their exclusive attention.... -<span class='pageno' id='Page_101'>101</span>The books and professors are all at fault. -They have no knowledge of the causes or nature of these -diseases” (or at least they do not publish it, or act on it), -“and no idea of their proper treatment. Women are everywhere -outraged and abused. When the full chapter of -woman’s wrongs and sufferings is written, the world will be -horrified at the hideous spectacle....”—T. L. -Nichols, M.D. (“Esoteric Anthropology,” p. 198).</p> - -<p class='c011'>So, again, in speaking of menorrhagia:—“The causes of -this disease, whatever they are, must be removed. Thousands -of women are consigned to premature graves; some -by the morbid excesses of their own passions, but far more -by the sensual and selfish indulgences of those who claim -the legal right to murder them in this manner, whom no -law of homicide can reach, and upon whose victims no -coroner holds an inquest.”—(<em>Op. cit.</em>, p. 301.)</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>2.—“... <em>grievous toll</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>And this in every grade of society, even to the pecuniary -loss, as well as discomfort, of the labouring classes of -women.</p> - -<p class='c011'>“Statistics of sickness in the Post Office show that -women” (these are unmarried women) “are away from -their work more days than men.”—(Sidney Webb, at British -Association, 1891.)</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>5.—“... <em>no honest claim</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>The <cite>Times</cite> of Aug. 3, 1892, reports a paper by Professor -Lombroso, of Turin (at the International Congress of -Psychology, London), in which occurs the following:—“It -<span class='pageno' id='Page_102'>102</span>must be observed that woman was exposed to more pains -than man, because man imposed submission and often even -slavery upon her. As a girl, she had to undergo the -tyranny of her brothers, and the cruel preferences accorded -by parents to their male children. Woman was the slave of -her husband, and still more of social prejudices.... -Let them not forget the physical disadvantage under which -she had to labour. She might justly call herself the pariah -of the human family.”</p> - -<p class='c011'>The word is apt and corroborative, for it was no honest -act—it was not Nature, but human cruelty and injustice -that formed a pariah.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>8.—“... <em>opprobrious theme</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'><em>Conf.</em> ancient and mediæval superstitions and accusations -on the subject. Raciborski notes these aspersions (Traité, -p. 13):—“<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Pline prétendait que les femmes étant au -moment des règles pouvaient dessécher les arbres par de -simples attouchements, faire périr des fruits, &c., &c.</span>” And -a further writer says more fully:—“Pliny informs us that -the presence of a menstrual woman turns wine sour, causes -trees to shed their fruit, parches up their young fruit, and -makes them for ever barren, dims the splendour of mirrors -and the polish of ivory, turns the edge of sharpened iron, -converts brass into rust, and is the cause of canine rabies. -In Isaiah xxx. 22, the writer speaks of the defilement of -graven images, which shall be cast away as a menstruous -cloth; and in Ezekiel xviii. 6, and xxxvi. 17, allusions -of the same import are made.” Unless we accept the -antiquated notion of a “special curse” on women, how -<span class='pageno' id='Page_103'>103</span>reconcile the idea of an “ordinance of Nature” being so -repulsively and opprobriously alluded to? Well may it be -said:—“Ingratitude is a hateful vice. Not only the -defects, but even the illnesses which have their source in the -excessive” (man-caused) “susceptibility of woman, are often -made by men an endless subject of false accusations and -pitiless reproaches.”—(M. le Docteur Cerise, in his Introduction -to Roussel, p. 34.)</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>XXVI.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>1.—“<em>Thoughts like to these are breathings of the truth</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“I submit that there is a spiritual, a poetic, and, for -aught we know, a spontaneous and uncaused element in the -human mind, which ever and anon suddenly, and without -warning, gives us a glimpse and a forecast of the future, -and urges us to seize truth, as it were, by anticipation. In -attacking the fortress we may sometimes storm the citadel -without stopping to sap the outworks. That great discoveries -have been made in this way the history of our -knowledge decisively proves.”—H. T. Buckle (“Influence -of Women on the Progress of Knowledge”).</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... “Then there is the inner consciousness—the -psyche—that has never yet been brought to bear upon life -and its questions. Besides which, there is a supersensuous -reason. Observation is perhaps more powerful an organon -than either experiment or empiricism. If the eye is always -watching, and the mind on the alert, ultimately chance -supplies the solution.”—Jefferies (“The Story of My -Heart,” Chap. X.).</p> - -<p class='c011'><span class='pageno' id='Page_104'>104</span><em>Id.</em>... “Women only want hints, finger-boards, and -finding these, will follow them to Nature. The quick-glancing -intellect will gather up, as it moves over the -ground, the almost invisible ends and threads of thought, -so that a single volume may convey to the mind of woman -truths which man would require to have elaborated in four -or six.”—Eliza W. Farnham (“Woman and Her Era,” -Vol. II., p. 420).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>3.—“... <em>futile mannish pleas</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>Roussel details fully some nine of these main theories or -explanations of the habitude. (“Système,” Note A.)</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>6.—“<em>In blindness born</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Tous ces faits nous induisent fortement à conjecturer -qu’il a dû exister un temps ou les femmes n’étaient point -assujettiés à ce tribut incommode; que le flux menstruel -bien loin d’être une institution naturelle, est au contraire -un besoin factice contracté dans l’état sociale.</span>”—Roussel -(<em>Op. cit.</em>, Chap. II.).</p> - -<p class='c011'>Note that menstruation (scriptural “sickness”) remains -a pathological incident, not, as child-birth, an indubitably -natural and normal physical function.</p> - -<p class='c011'>See also Note XXX., 4.</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>—“... <em>in error fostered</em> ...”</p> - -<p class='c011'>Not only the habit itself, but its causes. And this by -medical, <em>i.e.</em>, assumedly curative, practitioners. As to which -“fostering,” medical and clinical manuals afford abundant -spontaneous and ingenuous testimony, and also of other -<span class='pageno' id='Page_105'>105</span>professional practices of instigation, or condonation, or -complicity, at which a future age will look aghast. <em>Conf.</em> -the following from Whitehead, “On the Causes and Treatment -of Abortion and Sterility” (Churchill, 1847):—</p> - -<p class='c004'>“In a case under my care of pregnancy in a woman, with -<em>extreme deformity of the pelvis</em>, wherein it was considered advisable -to <em>procure abortion</em> in the fifth month of the process, the -ergot alone was employed, and, at first, with the desired effect.” -[The italics are not in the doctor’s book; he remarks nothing -wrong or immoral, and—in an unprofessional person—illegal, -and open to severest penalty; he is simply detailing the effects -of a specified medicament.] “It was given in <em>three successive</em> -pregnancies, and in each instance labour pains came on after -eight or ten doses had been administered, and expulsion was -effected by the end of the third day. It was perseveringly -tried in a fourth pregnancy in the same individual, and failed -completely” (p. 254).</p> - -<p class='c011'>There is an ominous silence as to whether the patient’s -health or life also “failed completely.”</p> - -<p class='c011'>See further a case noted on p. 264, <em>op. cit.</em>:—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>1st child, still-born, in eighth month, April 1832.</div> - <div class='line'>2nd child, abortion at end of 6th month.</div> - <div class='line'>3rd child, abortion at end of 6th month.</div> - <div class='line'>4th child, abortion at end of 5th month.</div> - <div class='line'>5th child, abortion soon after quickening, Summer, 1838.</div> - <div class='line'>6th child, still-born, 7th October, 1839.</div> - <div class='line'>7th child, no clear record given.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>Also other somewhat parallel cases given, the constant -incidental accompaniment being painful physical suffering -and grave inconvenience, frequently with fatal results. -Medical records are full of similar histories. To the unsophisticated -mind, two questions sternly suggest themselves: -Firstly, Is it meet or right for an honourable profession, or -<span class='pageno' id='Page_106'>106</span>any individual member of it, to be <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">particeps criminis</span></i> in such -proceedings as the above? and, secondly, is the indicated -connubial morality on any higher level, or likely to be attended -with any better consequences, than the prior ignorant -or savage abuses which are responsible for woman’s -present physical condition?</p> - -<p class='c011'>The advocacy of cardinal reform in this direction—in the -wrong done both to the individual and the race—is urgent -part of the duty of our newly-taught medical women. Nor -are their eyes closed nor their mouths dumb in the matter. -Dr. Caroline B. Winslow is quoted by the <cite>Woman’s Journal</cite> -of Boston, U.S., 16th Jan., 1892, as saying in an article on -“The Right to be Well Born”: “What higher motive can -a man have in life than to labour steadily to prepare the -way for the coming of a higher, better humanity?... -Dense ignorance prevails in our profession, and is reflected -by laymen. All their scientific studies and years of medical -practice have failed to convict men of the wrongs and outrages -done to women; wrongs that no divine laws sanction, -and no legal enactments can avert....</p> - -<p class='c011'>“The physician is a witness of the modern death-struggles -and horrors of maternity; he sees lives pass out of -his sight; he makes vain attempts to restore broken constitutions, -broken by violating divine laws that govern organic -matter: laws that are obeyed by all animal instinct; yet all -this knowledge, observation, and experience have failed to -reveal to the benighted intellect and obtuse moral sense of -the ordinary practitioner this great wrong. He makes no -note of the unhallowed abuse that only man dares; neither -will he mark the disastrous and deteriorating effect of this -<span class='pageno' id='Page_107'>107</span>waste of vital force on his own offspring. The mental, -moral, and physical imperfections of the rising generation -are largely the result of outraged motherhood.”</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>7.—“<em>The spurious function growing</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>Mr. Francis Darwin, in a paper on “Growth Curvatures in -Plants,” says of the biologist, Sachs, who had made researches -in the same phenomena: “He speaks, too, of -<em>custom</em> or <em>use</em>, <em>building up</em> the specialised ‘instinct’ for -certain curvatures. (Sachs’ ‘Arbeiten,’ 1879.) These are -expressions consistent with our present views.”—(Presidential -Address to the Biological Section of the British Association, -1891.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>In the same section was also read a paper by Francis -Darwin and Dorothea F. N. Pertz, “On the <em>Artificial</em> Production -of Rhythm in Plants,” in which were detailed -results very apposite to this “growing of a spurious function.”</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>8.—“... <em>almost natural use the morbid mode appears</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“So true is it that unnatural generally only means uncustomary, -and that everything which is usual appears -natural.”—J. S. Mill (“The Subjection of Women,” p. 22).</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>XXVII.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>1.—“<em>Grievous the hurt</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>Buckle notes one of the many incidental evil results in -his “Common Place Book,” Art. 2133:—</p> - -<p class='c011'>“It has been remarked that in our climate women are -<span class='pageno' id='Page_108'>108</span>more frequently affected with insanity than men, and it has -been considered very unfavourable to recovery if they -should be worse at the time of menstruation, or have their -catamenia in very small or immoderate quantities.” (Paris -and Fonblanque’s “Medical Jurisprudence,” Vol. I., p. 327).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>5.—“... <em>reintegrate in frame and mind</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“Thus then you have first to mould her physical frame, -and then, as the strength she gains will permit you, to fill -and temper her mind with all knowledge and thoughts -which tend to confirm its natural instincts of justice, and -refine its natural tact of love.”—John Ruskin (“Of Queens’ -Gardens,” p. 154).</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>XXVIII.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>5, 6.—“... <em>given in our hand,</em></div> - <div class='line in7'><em>Is power the evil hazard to command</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“That which is thoughtlessly credited to a non-existent -intelligence should really be claimed and exercised by the -human race. It is ourselves who should direct our affairs, -protecting ourselves from pain, assisting ourselves, succouring -and rendering our lives happy. We must do for ourselves -what superstition has hitherto supposed an intelligence -to do for us.... These things speak with a voice of -thunder. From every human being whose body has been -racked with pain; from every human being who has -suffered from accident or disease; from every human being -drowned, burned, or slain by negligence, there goes up a -continually increasing cry louder than the thunder. An -<span class='pageno' id='Page_109'>109</span>awe-inspiring cry dread to listen to, against which ears are -stopped by the wax of superstition and the wax of criminal -selfishness. These miseries are your doing, because you -have mind and thought and could have prevented them. -You can prevent them in the future. You do not even -try.”—R. Jefferies (“The Story of My Heart,” pp. 149 <em>et -seq.</em>).</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... “From one philosophical point of view, that -of Du Prel, the experiments are already regarded as proving -that the soul is an organising as well as a thinking power.... -Bernheim saw an apoplectic paralysis rapidly improved -by suggestion.... The more easily an idea -can be established in the subject, the quicker a therapeutic -result can be induced.... I think that hardly any of -the newest discoveries are so important to the art of healing, -apart from surgery, as the study of suggestion.... Now -that it has been proved that even organic changes can be -caused by suggestion, we are obliged to ascribe a much -greater importance to mental influences than we have -hitherto done.”—Dr. Albert Moll (“Hypnotism,” pp. 122, -318, 320, 325, 327).</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... “It would, I fancy, have fared but ill with -one who, standing where I now stand, in what was then a -thickly-peopled and fashionable part of London, should -have broached to our ancestors the doctrine which I now -propound to you—that all their hypotheses were alike -wrong; that the plague was no more, in their sense, Divine -judgment, than the fire was the work of any political, or of -any religious, sect; but that they were themselves the -authors of both plague and fire, and that they must look to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_110'>110</span>themselves to prevent the recurrence of calamities, to all -appearance so peculiarly beyond the reach of human -control.... We, in later times, have learned somewhat -of Nature, and partly obey her. Because of this partial improvement -of our natural knowledge and of that fractional -obedience, we have no plague; because that knowledge is -still very imperfect and that obedience yet incomplete, -typhus is our companion and cholera our visitor. But it -is not presumptuous to express the belief that, when our -knowledge is more complete and our obedience the expression -of our knowledge, London will count her centuries -of freedom from typhus and cholera as she now gratefully -reckons her two hundred years of ignorance of that plague -which swooped upon her thrice in the first half of the -seventeenth century.”—T. H. Huxley (“On Improving -Natural Knowledge”).</p> - -<p class='c011'>And the pestilent malady from which woman specially -still suffers is as definitely the result of man’s ignorant or -thoughtless misdoing, and is as indubitably amenable to -rectification, as the plague of the bye-gone ages, or the -typhus and cholera of the present.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>8.—“... <em>pain both prompts and points escape</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“All evil is associated more or less closely with pain ... and pain of every kind is so repugnant to the -human organism, that it is no sooner felt than an effort is -made to escape from it.... Alongside of the evolution -of evil there has ever been a tendency towards the -<em>elimination</em> of evil.... The highest intellectual -powers of the greatest men have for their ultimate object -<span class='pageno' id='Page_111'>111</span>the mitigation of evil, and the final elimination of it from -the earth.”—Richard Bithell (“The Creed of a Modern -Agnostic,” p. 103).</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>XXIX.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>1.—“... <em>woman shall her own redemption gain</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>In the greatest depth of their meaning remain true the -words of Olive Schreiner: “He who stands by the side of -woman cannot help her; she must help herself.”</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... “Nothing is clearer than that woman must -lead her own revolution; not alone because it is hers, and -that no other being can therefore have her interest in its -achievement, but because it is for a life whose highest needs -and rights—those to be redressed in its success—lie above -the level of man’s experiences or comprehension. Only -woman is sufficient to state woman’s claims and vindicate -them.”—Eliza W. Farnham (“Woman,” Vol. I., p. 308).</p> - -<p class='c011'>(See also Notes to XLVI. 7 and LVIII. 1.)</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>2.—“<em>Instructed by the sting of bootless pain</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">“Toutes les fonctions du corps humain, sauf l’enfantement, -sont autant de plaisirs. Dès que la douleur surgit, -la nature est violée. La douleur est d’origine humaine. -Un corps malade ou a violé les lois de la nature, ou bien -souffre de la violation de la loi d’un de ses semblables. La -douleur par elle-même est donc le meilleur diagnostic pour -le médecin.... Entre la loi de la nature et la violation -de cette loi, il n’y a que désordres, douleurs et ruines.... -La maladie ne vient pas de la nature, elle n’y est -<span class='pageno' id='Page_112'>112</span>même pas. Elle n’est que la violation d’une des lois de la -nature. Dès qu’une de ces lois est violée, la douleur arrive -et vous dit qu’une loi vient d’être enfreinte. S’il est temps -encore, le mal peut être amoindri, expulsé, chassé.... -La maladie n’est donc que le résultat de la violation d’une -loi naturelle.... La science et la mécanique du corps -humain, c’est l’art de vivre d’après les lois de la nature, c’est -la certitude que pas un médecin ne possède contre la violation -d’une de ces lois un remède autre que d’y rentrer le -plus tôt possible.... Chaque fois que l’homme -s’efforcera de suivre la loi de la nature, il chassera devant -soi une centaine de maladies.”—Dr. Alexandre Weill (“Lois -et Mystères de l’Amour,” pp. 41, 91, 24, 85, 83).</span></p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>3, 4.—“<em>With Nature ever helpful to retrieve</em></div> - <div class='line in7'><em>The injury we heedlessly achieve.</em>”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“Thus, if we could, by preaching our pet ideal, or in any -other way induce one generation of women to turn to a -new pursuit, we should have accomplished a step towards -bending all future womanhood in the same direction.”—Frances -Power Cobbe (Essay: “The Final Cause of -Woman”).</p> - -<p class='c011'>See also Note XXIII., 4.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>6.—“<em>Already guerdon rich in hope is shown</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“He (Mr. Frederic Harrison) says—‘All women, with -few exceptions, are subject to functional interruption absolutely -incompatible with the highest forms of continuous -pressure.’ This assertion I venture most emphatically to -deny. The actual period of child-birth apart, the ordinarily -<span class='pageno' id='Page_113'>113</span>healthy woman is as fit for work every day of her life as the -ordinarily healthy man. Fresh air, exercise, suitable -clothing and nourishing food, added to the habitual temperance -of women in eating and drinking, have brought -about a marvellously good result in improving their average -health.”—Mrs. Fawcett (<cite>Fortnightly Review</cite>, Nov. 1891).</p> - -<p class='c011'>(See also Note LX., 8.)</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>8.—“<em>The sage physician, she</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>Not only “sage” physician, but “brave” physician; for -brave indeed has been the part she has had to bear against -male professional prejudice and jealousy, opposition from -masculine vested interests, virulent abuse and even personal -violence. So recently as 1888, Dr. Sophia Jex-Blake has to -report concerning the medical education of women, that:—</p> - -<p class='c004'>“The first difficulty lies in some remaining jealousy and ill-will -towards medical women on the part of a section (constantly -diminishing, as I believe) of the medical profession itself. Some -twenty years ago the professional prejudice was so deep and so -widely spread that it constituted a very formidable obstacle, but -it has been steadily melting away before the logic of facts; and -now is, with a few exceptions, rarely to be found among the -leaders of the profession, nor indeed among the great majority -of the rank and file, as far as can be judged by the personal experience -of medical women themselves. Unfortunately, it seems -strongest just where it has least justification, viz., among the -practitioners who devote themselves chiefly to midwifery, and to -the special diseases of women. The Obstetrical Society is, so -far as I know, still of the same mind as when, in 1874, they excluded -Dr. Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, a distinguished M.D. -of Paris, from their membership; and the Soho Square Hospital -for Women has never revoked its curt refusal to allow me to -enter its doors, when, in 1878, I proposed to take advantage of -the invitation issued in its report to all practitioners who were -<span class='pageno' id='Page_114'>114</span>specially interested in the cases for which the hospital is reserved. -Sometimes this jealousy takes a sufficiently comic form. -For instance, I received for two successive years a lithographed -circular inviting me by name to send to the <cite>Lancet</cite> the reports -of interesting cases that might occur in my dispensary practice, -but when I wrote in response to this supposed offer of professional -fellowship, I received by next post a hurried assurance -from the editor that it was all a mistake, and that, in fact, the -<cite>Lancet</cite> could not stoop to record medical experiences, however -interesting, if they occurred in the practice of the inferior sex! -Probably it will not require many more years to make this sort -of thing ridiculous, even in the eyes of those who are now -capable of such puerilities.</p> - -<p class='c004'>“The second obstacle lies in the continued exclusion of -women from the majority of our Universities, and from the -English Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons. Here also the -matter may be left to the growth of public opinion as regards -those existing bodies which do not depend upon the public -purse; but it is time that Parliament should refuse supplies to -those bodies whose sense of justice cannot be otherwise -awakened, and it is certainly the duty of Government to see -that no new charter is granted without absolute security for -equal justice to students of both sexes.”—Sophia Jex-Blake, -M.D. (<cite>Nineteenth Century</cite>, Nov., 1887).</p> - -<p class='c011'>See also Note LVII., 1, and LVIII, 1.</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... Progress is indeed being made, surely, yet -slowly, for Mrs. Fawcett has still necessity to reiterate, -four years afterwards:—</p> - -<p class='c011'>“Make her a doctor, put her through the mental discipline -and the physical toil of the profession; charge her, as doctors -are so often charged, with the health of mind and body -of scores of patients, she remains womanly to her finger -tips, and a good doctor in proportion as the truly womanly -qualities in her are strongly developed. Poor women are -very quick to find this out as patients. Not only from -<span class='pageno' id='Page_115'>115</span>the immediate neighbourhood of the New Hospital for -Women, where all the staff are women doctors, but also -from the far East of London do they come, because ‘the -ladies,’ as they call them, are ladies, and show their poor -patients womanly sympathy, gentleness, and patience, -womanly insight and thoughtfulness in little things, and -consideration for their home troubles and necessities. It -is not too much to say that a woman can never hope to -be a good doctor unless she is truly and really a womanly -woman. And much the same thing may be said with regard -to fields of activity not yet open to women.”—Mrs. -Fawcett (<cite>Fortnightly Review</cite>, Nov., 1891).</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>—“... <em>saviour of her sex</em>.”</p> - -<p class='c011'>Bebel says:—“Women doctors would be the greatest -blessing to their own sex. The fact that women must place -themselves in the hands of men in cases of illness or of the -physical disturbances connected with their sexual functions -frequently prevents their seeking medical help in time. This -gives rise to numerous evils, not only for women, but also for -men. Every doctor complains of this reserve on the part of -women, which sometimes becomes almost criminal, and of -their dislike to speak freely of their ailments, even after -they have made up their minds to consult a doctor. This is -perfectly natural, the only irrational thing about it is the -refusal of men, and especially of doctors, to recognise how -legitimate the study of medicine is for women.” (“Woman,” -Walther’s translation, p. 131.)</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... “As I am alluding to my own experience in -this matter, I may perhaps be allowed to say how often in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_116'>116</span>the same place I have been struck with the <em>contingent</em> -advantages attendant on the medical care by women of -women; how often I have seen cases connected with stories -of shame or sorrow to which a woman’s hand could far -more fittingly minister, and where sisterly help and counsel -could give far more appropriate succour than could be -expected from the average young medical man, however -good his intentions. Perhaps we shall find the solution of -some of our saddest social problems, when educated and -pure-minded women are brought more constantly in contact -with their sinning and suffering sisters, in other relations as -well as those of missionary effort.”—Dr. Sophia Jex-Blake -(Essay: “Medicine as a Profession for Women”).</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>XXX.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>1.—“<em>With purer phase</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>A noted specialist in this matter, Dr. Tilt, “basing his -conclusions on his own unpublished observations, and on -those already made public by M. Brierre de Boismont and -Dr. Rawn,” has declared what is indeed a generally accepted -proposition, that “luxurious living and habits render -menstruation precarious, while this function is retarded by -out-door labour and less sophisticated habits.” (“Proceedings -of British Association,” 1850, p. 135; “On the Causes -which Advance or Retard the Appearance of First Menstruation -in Women,” by E. J. Tilt, M.D., &c., &c.)</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>4.—“... <em>weakness</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>It is to be carefully kept in mind that this “weakness” -(Scriptural, “sickness,” Lev. xx., 18) is strictly a pathological -<span class='pageno' id='Page_117'>117</span>incident; while maternity is truly a physiological -one; the male false physicists seem in their mental and -clinical attitude to have aimed to precisely reverse this definition. -(See also Note XXIII., 8, and XXVI., 6.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>5, 6.—To the fact related in these two lines there is -testimony in nearly every book connected with the subject; -and doubtless numerous instances never come to -light, owing to the very natural reticence pointed out in -Note XXIX., 8. The improved condition reported by Mrs. -Fawcett (Note XXIX., 6) is hence more readily verified by -women practitioners; and the writer has had detailed personal -experiences of perfect health and maternity being -co-existent with little or no appearance of the menses in -the case of women whose names, if published, would be -indubitable guarantee for their accuracy and veracity.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>7.—“<em>Not to neglectful man to greatly care</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>The Report of the British Association for 1850, in summarising -the paper above referred to (Note 1), says of Dr. -Tilt that, “in discussing what he calls the intrinsic causes -which have been supposed to influence menstruation, his -observations are rather of a suggestive character, for he -considers such causes highly problematical and requiring -further investigation.” Dr. Tilt rightly emphasises the -question as “a matter equally interesting to the physician, -the philosopher, and the statesman; and it behoves them to -know that this epoch (of menstruation) varies under the -influence of causes which for the most part have been -insufficiently studied.” But the negligence or carelessness -reprobated in the verse has again supervened.</p> - -<p class='c011'><span class='pageno' id='Page_118'>118</span>Buckle says, concerning this same paper of Dr. Tilt’s: -“We take shame to ourselves for not having sooner noticed -this very interesting and in some respects very important -work; the author unknown,” (?) “and yet the book has gone -through two editions, though written on a subject ignorantly -supposed to be going on well. That women can be satisfied -with their state shows their deterioration. That they -can be satisfied with knowing nothing, &c.” (<em>sic.</em>) (“Miscellaneous -and Posthumous Works,” Vol. I., p. 381.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>The whole passage seems somewhat incoherent, and is -unfinished as above, as if left by Mr. Buckle for further -consideration. The last two remarks as to women are certainly -not written with his usual justice; when we remember -how assiduously men have striven to prevent woman’s -pursuit of physiological knowledge, especially as applied to -her own person, it is manifest that the blame for woman’s -ignorance, or her presumed “satisfaction” therewith, is -more fittingly to be reproached to man than to her.</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>XXXI.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>1.—“<em>Her intellect alert</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Intellectus prelucit voluntati.</span></i>”—“Intellect carries the -light before the will.”—Cardinal Manning (<cite>Review of Reviews</cite>, -Vol. V., p. 135).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>5, 6.—“... <em>body still is supple unto mind,</em></div> - <div class='line in8'><em>By dint of soul is fleshly form inclined</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>Reflecting Plato’s teaching, our second worthy Elizabethan -poet has said:—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_119'>119</span>“Every spirit as it is most pure,</div> - <div class='line'>And hath in it the more of heavenly light,</div> - <div class='line'>So it the fairer body doth procure</div> - <div class='line'>To habit in.</div> - <div class='line'>For of the Soul the Body form doth take:</div> - <div class='line'>For Soul is form, and doth the Body make.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>And in our own day, Charles Kingsley says, in serious -sportiveness: “The one true doctrine of this wonderful -fairy tale is, that your soul makes your body, just as a snail -makes its shell.” And again: “You must know and believe -that people’s souls make their bodies just as a snail makes -its shell.... I am not joking, my little man; I am in -serious, solemn earnest.”—(“The Water Babies,” Chaps. -III. and IV.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>And Elizabeth Barrett Browning (“Aurora Leigh,” Book -III.)—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“... the soul</div> - <div class='line'>Which grows within a child makes the child grow.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>The physiologists and psychologists, as is not unusual, -tardily follow in the wake of the poets. At the International -Congress of Experimental Psychology, London, -1892, “Professor Delbœuf said that at all times the mind -of man had been capable of influencing the body, but it -was only in recent times that this action had been scientifically -put in evidence.”—(<cite>Times</cite>, August 3rd, 1892.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>And Dr. Albert Moll, of Berlin, had written the year -previously, that—“When the practical importance of -mental influences becomes more generally recognised, -physicians will be obliged to acknowledge that psychology -is as important as physiology. Psychology and psychical -<span class='pageno' id='Page_120'>120</span>therapeutics will be the basis of a rational treatment of -neuroses. The other methods must group themselves -around this; it will be the centre, and no longer a sort of -Cinderella of science, which now admits only the influence -of the body on the mind, and not that of the mind on the -body.”—(“Hypnotism,” p. 328.) See also Note XXVIII., 5.</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>XXXII.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>2.—“... <em>woo the absent curse</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>Even Raciborski condemns this common error of treatment:—<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">“... -quand les jeunes filles de cette -catégorie paraissent souffrantes, quel que soit le caractère -des souffrances, on est disposé à les attribuer au défaut du -flux menstruel, on le regrette, on l’invoque, et l’on tente -tout pour le provoquer. Ces idées sont aujourd’hui encore -très profondément enracinées dans le public, et sont -souvent la cause des entraves au traitement rationnel proposé -par les médecins.”—(Traité, &c., ed. 1868, p. 377.)</span></p> - -<p class='c011'>And Mrs. E. B. Duffey very sensibly says:—</p> - -<p class='c011'>“Nature ... is very easily perverted: and the girl -who begins by imagining she is ill or ought to be at such -times will end by being really so.” (“No Sex in Education,” -Philadelphia, 1874, p. 79.)</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>3.—“... <em>counter-effort</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“Forel and many others mention that there are certain -popular methods of slightly retarding menstruation. In one -town many of the young women tie something round their -little finger if they wish to delay menstruation for a few -<span class='pageno' id='Page_121'>121</span>days in order to go to a ball, &c. The method is generally -effectual, but when faith ceases, the effect also ceases.”—Dr. -Albert Moll (“Hypnotism,” p. 226).</p> - -<p class='c011'>Before quitting this special subject it may be well to -remark that little more than the fringe is here indicated of -an enormous mass of evidence which affords more than -presumptive confirmation and support for the position here -taken in the whole question of this “abnormal habit.”</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>4.—“... <em>custom</em> ...”—See Note XXIV., 6.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>XXXIII.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>2.—“... <em>newer vigour to the brain</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“It is well-known that every organ of the body and, therefore, -also the brain, requires for its full development and, -consequently, for the development of its complete capability -of performance, exercise and persistent effort. That this is -and has been the case for thousands of years in a far less -degree in woman than in man, in consequence of her -defective training and education, will be denied by no one.” -So says the learned biologist Büchner.—(“Man,” Dallas’s -translation, p. 206.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>And Bebel also declares:—“The brain must be regularly -used and correspondingly nourished, like any other organ, -if its faculties are to be fully developed.”—(“Woman,” -Walther’s translation, p. 124.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>Dr. Emanuel Bonavia, in the course of an able reply to -a somewhat shallow recent disquisition by Sir James -Crichton Browne, says:—</p> - -<p class='c011'>“From various sources we have learnt that the brain -<span class='pageno' id='Page_122'>122</span>tissue, like every other tissue, will <em>grow</em> by exercise, and -diminish, or degenerate and atrophy by disuse. Keep your -right arm tied up in a sling for a month, and you will then -be convinced how much it has lost by disuse. Then anatomists -might perhaps be able to say—Lo! and behold! -the muscles of your right arm have a less specific gravity -than those of your left arm; that the nerves and blood-vessels -going to those muscles are smaller, and that, -<em>therefore</em>, the right arm cannot be the equal of the left, and -must have a different function!</p> - -<p class='c011'>“Any medical student knows that if you tie the main -trunk of an artery, a branch of it will in due course acquire -the <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">calibre</span></i> of the main trunk. If, for some reason, it cannot -do so, the tissues, which the main trunk originally supplied, -<em>must</em> suffer, and be weakened, from want of a sufficient -supply of blood.... Man, and especially British -man, has evolved into what he is by endless trouble and -struggle through past ages. He has had to develop his -present brain from very small beginnings. It would, therefore, -now be the height of folly to allow the thinking lobes -of the mothers of the race to revert, intellectually, by -disuse step by step again to that of the lower animals, from -which we all come. That of course many may not believe, -but it may be asked, how can he or she believe these things -with such weakened lobes, as he or she may have inherited -from his or her mother? How indeed! If there is -anything in nature that is true, it is this—That if you don’t -use your limbs they will atrophy; if you don’t use your -eyes they will atrophy; if you don’t use your brain it will -atrophy. They all follow the same inexorable law. Use -<span class='pageno' id='Page_123'>123</span>increases and sharpens; disuse decreases and dulls. -Diminished size of the frontal lobes and of the arteries that -feed them mean nothing if they do not mean that woman’s -main thinking organ, that of the intellect, is, as Sir James -would hint, degenerating by <em>disuse</em> and neglect.”—(“Woman’s -Frontal Lobes,” <cite>Provincial Medical Journal</cite>, -July, 1892.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>These facts suggest strongly that the waste at present -induced in the female body by the menstrual habit might -well be absorbed in increase of brain power; and indeed, -that this evolved habit has hitherto persistently sequestrated -and carried off from woman’s organism the blood force that -should have gone to form brain power. This explanation -would dispose of the awkwardly imagined “plethora” -theory, as well as one or two others, of sundry gynæcologists.</p> - -<p class='c011'>And the converse—that the increased appropriation of -the blood in forming brain power induces a state of bodily -well-being, free from the present waste and weariness,—would -certainly seem to be borne out by such evidence as -that of the Hon. John W. Mitchell, the president of the -Southern California College of Law, who said in a recent -lecture:—</p> - -<p class='c011'>“Not only in this, but in other countries, there are -successful women practitioners (of Law), and in France, -where the preparatory course is most arduous, and the term -of study longest, a woman recently took the highest rank -over 500 men in her graduating examinations, and during -the whole six years of class study she only lost one day -from her work.” (See Note LVII., 1.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>A few words may here be said as to the dubitable -<span class='pageno' id='Page_124'>124</span>question of the relative size of the brain in man and -woman, though the matter may not be of great import, from -more than one reason. For, as Bebel observes: “Altogether -the investigations on the subject are too recent and -too few in number to allow of any definite conclusions” -(p. 123). A. Dumas fils says <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">(“Les Femmes qui Tuent,” p. -196)—“Les philosophes vous démontreront que, si la force -musculaire de l’homme est plus grande que celle de la -femme, la force nerveuse de la femme est plus grande que -celle de l’homme; que, si l’intelligence tient, comme on -l’affirme aujourd’hui, au développement et au poids de la -matière cérébrale, l’intelligence de la femme pourrait être -déclarée supérieure à celle de l’homme, le plus grand -cerveau et le plus lourd comme poids, étant un cerveau de -femme lequel pesait 2,200 grammes, c’est a dire 400 -grammes de plus que celui de Cuvier. On ne dit pas, il est -vrai, que cette femme ait écrit l’équivalent du livre de -Cuvier sur les fossiles.”</span></p> - -<p class='c011'>To which last remark may be replied, again in the words -of Bebel,—“Darwin is perfectly right in saying that a list -of the most distinguished women in poetry, painting, sculpture, -music, science, and philosophy, will bear no comparison -with a similar list of the most distinguished men. But -surely this need not surprise us. It would be surprising if -it were not so. Dr. Dodel-Port (in “<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Die neuere Schöpfungsgeschichte</span>”) -answers to the point, when he maintains -that the relative achievements would be very different after -men and women had received the same education and the -same training in art and science during a certain number -of generations.”—(“Woman,” p. 125.)</p> - -<p class='c011'><span class='pageno' id='Page_125'>125</span>“It is of small value to say—yes, but look how <em>many</em> -men excel and how few women do so. True, but see how -much repression men have exercised to <em>prevent</em> women from -even equalling them, and how much shallowness of mind -they have encouraged. All manner of obstructions, coupled -with ridicule, have been put in their way, and until women -succeed in emancipating themselves, most men will probably -continue to do so, simply because they have the -power to do it. When women become emancipated, that -is, are placed on social equality with men, this senseless, -mischievous opposition will die a natural death.”—E. -Bonavia, M.D. (“Woman’s Frontal Lobes”).</p> - -<p class='c011'>To revert to the question of brain weight, one of the first -of English specialists says:—</p> - -<p class='c011'>“Data might, therefore, be considered to show, in the -strongest manner, how comparatively unimportant is mere -bulk or weight of brain in reference to the degree of intelligence -of its owner, when considered as it often is, apart -from the much more important question of the relative -amount of its grey matter, as well as of the amount and -perfection of the minute internal development of the organ -either actual or possible.”—Dr. H. C. Bastian (“The Brain as -an Organ of Mind,” p. 375.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>The American physiologist Helen H. Gardener states:—“The -differences (in brain) between individuals of the same -sex—in adults at least, are known to be much more marked -than any that are known to exist between the sexes. Take -the brains of the two poets Byron and Dante. Byron’s -weighed 1,807 grammes, while Dante’s weighed only 1,320 -grammes, a difference of 487 grammes. Or take two -<span class='pageno' id='Page_126'>126</span>statesmen, Cromwell and Gambetta. Cromwell’s brain -weighed 2,210 grammes, which, by the way, is the greatest -healthy brain on record; although Cuvier’s is usually quoted -as the largest, a part of the weight of his was due to disease, -and if a diseased or abnormal brain is to be taken as -the standard, then the greatest on record is that of a negro -criminal idiot; while Gambetta’s was only 1,241 grammes, a -difference of 969 grammes. Surely it will not be held -because of this that Gambetta and Dante should have -been denied the educational and other advantages which -were the natural right of Byron and Cromwell. Yet it is -upon this very ground, by this very system of reasoning, -that it is proposed to deny women equal advantages and -opportunities, although the difference in brain weight -between man and woman is said to be only 100 grammes, -and even this does not allow for difference in body weight, -and is based upon a system of averages, which is neither -complete nor accurate.”—(Report of the International -Council of Women, Washington, 1888, p. 378.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>Concerning an assertion that “the specific gravity of both -the white and grey matter of the brain is greater in man than -in woman,” Helen H. Gardener says:—“Of this point this is -what the leading brain anatomist in America (Dr. E. C. -Spitzka) wrote: ‘The only article recognised by the profession -as important and of recent date, which takes this -theory as a working basis, is by Morselli, and he is compelled -to make the sinister admission, while asserting that -the specific gravity is less in the female, that with old age -and with insanity the specific gravity increases.’ If this is -the case I do not know that women need sigh over their -<span class='pageno' id='Page_127'>127</span>shortcoming in the item of specific gravity. There appear -to be two very simple methods open to them by which they -may emulate their brothers in the matter of specific gravity, -if they so desire. One of these is certain, if they live long -enough; and the other—well, there is no protective tariff on -insanity.”—(<em>Loc. cit.</em>, p. 379.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>Helen Gardener further appositely observes:—“The -brain of no remarkable woman has ever been examined. -Woman is ticketed to fit the hospital subjects and tramps, -the unfortunates whose brains fall into the hands of the -profession as it were by mere accident, while man is represented -by the brains of the Cromwells, Cuviers, Byrons, and -Spurzheims. By this method the average of men’s brains -is carried to its highest level in the matter of weight and -texture; while that of women is kept at its lowest, and -even then there is only claimed 100 grammes’ difference!”—(<em>Loc. -cit.</em>, p. 380.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>And she concludes her exhaustive paper with the closing -paragraph of a letter to herself from Dr. E. C. Spitzka, the -celebrated New York brain specialist:—“You may hold me -responsible for the following declaration: That any statement -to the effect that an observer can tell by looking at a brain, -or examining it microscopically, whether it belonged to a -female or a male subject, is not founded on carefully-observed -facts.... No such difference has ever -been demonstrated, nor do I think it will be by more -elaborate methods than we now possess. Numerous female -brains exceed numerous male brains in absolute weight, in -complexity of convolutions, and in what brain anatomists -would call the nobler proportions. So that he who takes -<span class='pageno' id='Page_128'>128</span>these as his criteria of the male brain may be grievously -mistaken in attempting to assert the sex of a brain dogmatically. -If I had one hundred female brains and one -hundred male brains together, I should select the one -hundred containing the largest and best-developed brains as -probably containing fewer female brains than the remaining -one hundred. More than this no cautious experienced -brain anatomist would venture to declare.”—(<em>Loc. cit.</em>, -p. 381.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>Charles Darwin has clearly summarised this question of -comparison of brain:—“No one, I presume, doubts that -the large size of the brain in man, relatively to his body, in -comparison with that of the gorilla or orang, is closely connected -with his higher mental powers.... On the -other hand, no one supposes that the intellect of any two -animals or of any two men can be accurately gauged by the -cubic contents of their skulls. It is certain that there may -be extraordinary mental activity with an extremely small -absolute mass of nervous matter; thus the wonderfully -diversified instincts, mental powers, and affections of ants -are generally known, yet their cerebral ganglia are not so -large as the quarter of a small pin’s head. Under this -latter point of view the brain of an ant is one of the most -marvellous atoms of matter in the world, perhaps more -marvellous than the brain of man.”—(“The Descent of -Man,” Chap. IV.)</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>3.—“<em>Wide shall she roam</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>John Ruskin says, of training a girl:—“Let her loose in -the library, I say, as you do a fawn in a field. It knows -<span class='pageno' id='Page_129'>129</span>the bad weeds twenty times better than you, and the good -ones too; and will eat some bitter and prickly ones, good -for it, which you had not the slightest thought were good.”—(“Sesame -and Lilies,” p. 167.)</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>6.—“... <em>murmurings</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“Man thinks that his wife belongs to him like his -domesticated animals, and he keeps her therefore in slavery. -There are few, however, who wear their shackles without -feeling their weight, and not a few who resent it. Madame -Roland says: ‘<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Quand vous parlez en maître, vous faites -penser aussitôt qu’on peut vous résister, et faire plus -peut être, tel fort que vous soyez. L’invulnerable Achille -ne l’était pas partout.</span>’”—Alexander Walker, M.D. (“Woman -as to Mind, &c.,” p. 353).</p> - -<p class='c011'>“Why do women not discover, when ‘in the noon of -beauty’s power,’ that they are treated like queens only to be -deluded by hollow respect, till they are led to resign, or not -assume, their natural prerogatives? Confined then in -cages like the feathered race, they have nothing to do but to -plume themselves and stalk with mock majesty from perch -to perch. It is true they are provided with food and -raiment, for which they neither toil nor spin, but health -liberty, and virtue are given in exchange.”—Mary Wollstonecraft -(“Vindication of the Rights of Woman,” Chap. -IV.). See also Note XL., 5.</p> - -<p class='c011'>“What have they (men) hitherto offered us in marriage, -with a great show of generosity and a flourish of trumpets, -but the dregs of a life, and the leavings of a dozen other -women? Experience has at last taught us what to expect -<span class='pageno' id='Page_130'>130</span>and how to meet them.”—Lady Violet Greville (<cite>National -Review</cite>, May, 1892).</p> - -<p class='c011'>See also Note XX., 2.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>8.—“<em>Lest that her soul should rise</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“Laboulaye distinctly advises his readers to keep women -in a state of moderate ignorance, for ‘<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">notre empire est -détruit, si l’homme est reconnu</span>’ (Our empire is at an end -when man is found out).”—(Note to Bebel, Walther’s translation, -p. 73.)</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>—“... <em>break his timeworn yoke</em>.”</p> - -<p class='c011'>As already shown, the subjugation of woman has not -been an incident of Western “civilisation” alone. Mrs. -Eliza W. Farnham relates that “When a Chinese Mandarin -in California was told that the women of America were -nearly all taught to read and write, and that a majority of -them were able to keep books for their husbands, if they -chose to do so, he shook his head thoughtfully, and, with a -foreboding sigh, replied, ‘If he readee, writee, by’n-by he -lickee all the men.’ Was that a barbarian sentiment, or -rather, perhaps, a presentiment of the higher sovereignty -coming?”—(“Woman and Her Era,” Vol. II., p. 41.)</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>XXXIV.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>5.—“... <em>his servitude</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“Villeins were not protected by Magna Charta. “<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nullus -liber homo capiatur vel imprisonetur</span></i>,” &c., was cautiously -expressed to exclude the poor villein, for, as Lord Coke -<span class='pageno' id='Page_131'>131</span>tells us, the lord may beat his villein, and, if it be without -cause, he cannot have any remedy. What a degraded -condition for a being endued with reason!”—Edward -Christian (“Note to Blackstone’s Commentaries,” Book II., -Chap. VI.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>Mr. Christian’s exclamation of concern is doubtless -meant to apply to the serf, yet was not the lord’s position -equally despicable?</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>6.—“... <em>in turn was master to a slave</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>This was, in fact, simply extending the spirit of the -feudal system (with its serfdom as just pictured), a little -further. Buckle exemplifies in ancient French society the -servility descending from one grade to another in man:—“By -virtue of which each class exercising great power over -the one below it, the subordination and subserviency of the -whole were completely maintained.... This, indeed, -is but part of the old scheme to create distinctions -for which Nature has given no warrant, to substitute a -superiority which is conventional for that which is real, and -thus try to raise little minds above the level of great ones. -The utter failure, and, as society advances, the eventual -cessation of all such attempts is certain.” But, meanwhile, -evil accompaniments are apparent, as Buckle further instances -by saying: “Le Vassor, who wrote late in the reign -of Louis XIV., bitterly says: ‘Les Français accoutumés à -l’esclavage, ne sentent plus la pesanteur de leurs chaînes.’”—(“History -of Civilisation in England,” Vol. II, Chaps -III., IV.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>That the foregoing habits or foibles are human rather -<span class='pageno' id='Page_132'>132</span>than simply masculine, or that the imitation of them very -naturally spreads to the other sex, would seem to be shown -by such evidence as Letourneau gives:—</p> - -<p class='c011'>“In primitive countries the married woman—that is to -say, the woman belonging to a man—has herself the conscience -of being a thing, a property (it is proved to her often -and severely enough), but she does not think of retaliating, -especially in what concerns the conjugal relations. Moreover, -as her condition is oftenest that of a slave overburdened -with work, not only does she not resent the -introduction of other women in the house of the master, -but she desires it, for the work will be so much the less for -herself. Thus among the Zulus the wife first purchased -strives and works with ardour in the hope of furnishing her -husband with means to acquire a second wife, a companion -in misery over whom, by right of seniority, she will have the -upper hand.”—(“The Evolution of Marriage,” Chap. VIII.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>Yet, in point of fact, this is not woman seeking to -establish her own dominion, but rather to secure somewhat -more of freedom for herself. As Alexandre Dumas fils tells -us, concerning the Mormon women:—</p> - -<p class='c011'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">“Non seulement elles donnent leur consentement à leurs -maris, quand ils le leur demandent pour un nouveau mariage, -mais elles sont quelquefois les premières à leur proposer une -nouvelle femme qui a, disent-elles, des qualités nécessaires -à la communauté, en réalité pour augmenter un peu la -possession d’elles-mêmes, c’est-à-dire leur liberté.”—(“Les -Femmes qui Tuent,” &c., p. 169.)</span></p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>8.—“... <em>vassalage to man</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'><span class='pageno' id='Page_133'>133</span>The Laureate Rowe makes his heroine bitterly but with -reason exclaim:—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“How hard is the condition of our sex,</div> - <div class='line'>Through every state of life the slaves of man!</div> - <div class='line'>In all the dear delightful days of youth,</div> - <div class='line'>A rigid father dictates to our wills,</div> - <div class='line'>And deals out pleasure with a scanty hand:</div> - <div class='line'>To his, the tyrant husband’s reign succeeds;</div> - <div class='line'>Proud with opinions of superior reason,</div> - <div class='line'>He holds domestic business and devotion</div> - <div class='line'>All we are capable to know, and shuts us,</div> - <div class='line'>Like cloistered idiots, from the world’s acquaintance</div> - <div class='line'>And all the joys of freedom. Wherefore are we</div> - <div class='line'>Born with high souls, but to assert ourselves,</div> - <div class='line'>Shake off this vile obedience they exact,</div> - <div class='line'>And claim an equal empire o’er the world?”</div> - <div class='line in8'>—(“The Fair Penitent,” Act III. sc. i.)</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>Letourneau shows the state of feminine tutelage carried -still further: “We shall find that in many civilisations -relatively advanced, widowhood even does not gratify the -woman with a liberty of which she is never thought worthy.” -And later on he quotes from the code of Manu, Book V.:—“A -little girl, a young woman, and an old woman ought -never to do anything of their own will, even in their own -house.... During her childhood a woman depends -on her father; during her youth on her husband; her -husband being dead, on her sons; if she has no sons, on -the near relatives of her husband; or in default of them, on -those of her father; if she has no paternal relatives, on the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_134'>134</span>Sovereign. A woman ought never to have her own way.”—(“The -Evolution of Marriage,” Chaps. VII., XII.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>Can a man be esteemed a human or even a rational -being, who would accept or tolerate such terms for the life -of his sister woman—the mother of the generations to -come?</p> - -<p class='c011'>See also Note XVII., 8.</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>XXXV.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>1, 2.—“... <em>fearing that the slave herself might guess</em></div> - <div class='line in8'><em>The knavery of her forced enchainedness</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“Here I believe is the clue to the feeling of those men -who have a real antipathy to the equal freedom of women. I -believe they are afraid, not lest women should be unwilling -to marry ... but lest they should insist that marriage -should be on equal conditions; but all women of spirit and -capacity should prefer doing almost anything else, not in -their own eyes degrading, rather than marry, when marrying -is giving themselves a master, and a master too of all their -earthly possessions. And truly, if this consequence were -necessarily incident to marriage, I think that the apprehension -would be very well founded.”—J S. Mill (“The Subjection -of Women,” p. 51).</p> - -<p class='c011'>See also Note XL., 4.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>5.—“... <em>dogmas</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>These dogmas which, under the guise of religion, were -imposed on the acceptance of womanhood, may be aptly -<span class='pageno' id='Page_135'>135</span>summarised and epitomised in the following lines from one -of the hierarchs of the system:—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“To whom thus Eve, with perfect beauty adorn’d:</div> - <div class='line'>‘My author and disposer, what thou bidd’st</div> - <div class='line'>Unargued I obey: so God ordains;</div> - <div class='line'>God is thy law, thou mine; to know no more</div> - <div class='line'>Is woman’s happiest knowledge, and her praise.’”</div> - <div class='line in16'>—(“Paradise Lost,” Book IV., 634.)</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>Concerning which words of Milton well may Mary -Wollstonecraft observe, with a quiet sarcasm:—“If it be -allowed that women were destined by Providence to acquire -human virtues, and, by the exercise of their understandings, -that stability of character which is the firmest ground -to rest our future hopes upon, they must be permitted -to turn to the fountain of light, and not forced to shape -their course by the twinkling of a satellite.”—(“Vindication -of the Rights of Woman,” Chap. II.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>Milton also discoursed learnedly, but self-interestedly, -concerning divorce, claiming for the husband a privilege -and option which he utterly denied to the wife:—“... -the power and arbitrement of divorce from the master of -the family, into whose hands God and the law of all -nations had put it ... that right which God from -the beginning had entrusted to the husband.”—(“The -Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce.”)</p> - -<p class='c011'>It was this same mediæval moralist who trained his -daughters in the pronunciation of various languages, that -they might minister to his comfort by reading to him in -those tongues; while he carefully withheld from them any -<span class='pageno' id='Page_136'>136</span>knowledge of the meaning of the words they were uttering. -Could a greater insult or a more degrading office be inflicted -on a cultured human intellect? Small wonder that his -daughters were sufficiently “undutiful and unkind”—as -Milton styled it—to leave him some years before his death. -That the possessor of the same virile intellect which penned -the “Areopagitica,” with its brave freedom, could tolerate -and promulgate the servitude and degradation of one half of -humanity indicates in him a mental darkness as gross and -as pitiable as his physical blindness.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>6, 7.—“... <em>sanctimonious name</em></div> - <div class='line in7'><em>Of ‘woman’s duty’</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“Hitherto the world has been governed by brute force -only, which means that the stronger animal, man, has kept -the weaker in subjection, allowing her to live only in so far -as she ministered to his comforts; that he has not unnaturally -made laws and fixed customs to suit his own -pleasure and convenience, always at the expense of the -woman; and, what is worse, that he has in all countries -given a religious sanction to his vices, in order to bend the -woman to his wishes.... I might also add that all -cruel customs relating to woman have been imposed upon -her under the guise of religion, and hence, though so injurious -and baneful to herself, she is even slower to change -them than the man. There is hardly any cruel wrong -which has been inflicted in the course of ages by man upon -his fellow-man that has not been justified by an appeal to -religion.”—Mrs. Pechey Phipson, M.D. (“Address to the -Hindoos of Bombay”).</p> - -<p class='c011'><span class='pageno' id='Page_137'>137</span><em>Id.</em>... “There is nothing which men so easily -learn as this self-worship: all privileged persons, and all -privileged classes, have had it.... Philosophy and -religion, instead of keeping it in check, are generally -suborned to defend it.”—J. S. Mill (“The Subjection of -Women,” p. 77).</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... A. Dumas fils speaks of <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">“les femmes, -ces éternelles mineures des religions et des codes;” and of -“les arguments à l’aide desquels l’Eglise veut mettre les -femmes de son côté”; and shows as the effect that “Il y a -des femmes honnêtes, esclaves du devoir, pieuses. Leur -religion leur a enseigné le sacrifice. Non seulement elles -ne se plaignent pas des épreuves à traverser mais elles les -appellent pour mériter encore plus la récompense promise, -et elles les bénissent quand elles viennent. Tout arrive, -pour elles, par la volonté de Dieu, et tout est comme il doit -être dans cette vallée des larmes, chemin de l’éternité -bienheureuse.... D’ailleurs elles ne lisent ni les -journaux, ni les livres où il est question de ces choses-là; -cette lecture leur est interdite. Si, par hasard, elles avaient -connaissance de pareilles idées, ... elles en rougiraient, -elles en souffriraient pour leur sexe, et elles prieraient -pour celles qui se laissent aller à propager de si dangereuses -erreurs et à donner de si déplorables exemples.... -Mais, pas plus que le bonheur, la ruse, l’ignorance, la -misère et la servitude, la foi aveugle, l’extase, et l’immobilité -volontaire de l’esprit ne sont des arguments sans -réplique.”—(“Les Femmes qui Tuent,” &c., pp. 10, 91, -103.)</span></p> - -<p class='c011'>The evil which Dumas points out is common to all -<span class='pageno' id='Page_138'>138</span>religions, of whatever race or make; the hall-mark of every -creed, from Confucianism to Comtism, has been the subjection -of woman, under the affectation of advocating her -highest interests. The pious compound has usually been -altered to meet the growing intellectual requirements of -common-sense and justice and humanity, and hence the -precepts of religion as to feminine conduct have by no -means always lain in such lines as the multitude in our modern -Western civilisation still enjoins on women. No more -than the whole and universal attitude of religion, ancient or -modern, as regards woman, is exposed or expressed in the -following recapitulation of present or historic facts:—“It is -not the chastity of women, as we understand it, but her subjection, -that Japanese morality requires. The woman is a -thing possessed, and her immorality consists simply in disposing -freely of herself.</p> - -<p class='c011'>“As regards prostitution, Brahmanic India is scarcely -more scrupulous than Japan, and there again we find -religious prostitution practised in the temples, analogous to -that which in ancient Greece was practised at Cyprus, -Corinth, Miletus, Tenedos, Lesbos, Abydos, &c. (Lecky, -‘History of European Morals,’ Vol. I., p. 103). According -to the legend, the Buddha himself, Sakyamouni, when -visiting the famous Indian town of Vasali, was received -there by the great mistress of the courtesans. (Mrs. Spier, -‘Life in Ancient India,’ p. 28).”—Letourneau (“The -Evolution of Marriage,” Chap. X.).</p> - -<p class='c011'>The enforcement, or commendation, or acceptance of -the practice of prostitution, with its profanation of the -dignity and individuality of woman, and its utter carelessness -<span class='pageno' id='Page_139'>139</span>and disregard for either her physical or intellectual -well-being, is indubitable evidence of the man-made (<em>i.e.</em>, -male) origin of such a scheme of religion or ethics or -economics. For, as Mrs. Eliza W. Farnham truly remarks:—“If -a doubt yet remains on the mind of any reader that I -have stated truly the part of the masculine as cause in this -terrible phenomenon, let it be considered how man has always -introduced prostitution in every country that he has visited, -and every island of the sea. Does anyone believe, for example, -that if the voyages of discovery and trade had been made by -women instead of men, to the islands of the Pacific, this -scourge would have been left as the testimony of their visit, -so that, in a few generations, the populations native there -would have fallen a literal sacrifice to their sensuality, as -they are actually falling to man’s at this day? There is no -comment needed on the illustration, I am sure. The common -sense of every reader will furnish the best comment -and answer the question correctly.”—(“Woman and Her -Era,” Vol. II., p. 299.)</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... Lastly, but most convincingly, as to the wilful -and intentional degradation and subjugation of woman by -the teaching and rites of religion, let it be noted that, among -the Jews, the very fact of being a woman is made a disgrace; -and woman, the mother of the human race, is -insulted accordingly. In the morning synagogue service -of prayer, directly after unitedly blessing “Adonai,” for -bestowing on the barn-door fowl the power to distinguish -between night and day, and for not having created the -worshippers present heathens or slaves, each member of -the male portion of the congregation thanks the same -<span class='pageno' id='Page_140'>140</span>Adonai “that Thou hast not fashioned me as a woman,” -while each member of the segregated female portion of the -company is instructed to submissively give thanks “that -Thou hast fashioned me after Thine own pleasure.” The -male thanks for not being heathens seem, under the circumstances, -conspicuously premature.—(See “Ohel Jakob,” -<em>i.e.</em>, “Jacob’s Temple,” the “Daily Prayer of the Israelites,” -Fraenkel’s ed., Berlin.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>That the spirit of this Mosaic or Hebrew sexual teaching, -with its incongruous assertions and inferences, has communicated -itself deeply to Christianity, may be observed -from such passages as 1 Tim. ii. 13, 14; 1 Cor. vii., 9; -Eph. v. 24; Col. iii. 18; 1 Pet. iii. 1, 5; and many others.</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... Buckle quotes from “Fergusson on the -Epistles,” 1656, p. 242:—“The great and main duty which -a wife, as a wife, ought to learn, and so learn as to practice -it, is to be subject to her own husband.” (See also Note -XVII., 8.) And Buckle further cites, from “Fox’s Journal,” -“After the middle of the seventeenth century the Quakers -set up ‘women’s’ meetings, to the disgust of many, and -(query, because) in the teeth of St. Paul’s opinion.”—(“Miscellaneous -and Posthumous Works,” Vol. I., pp. 375, -384.)</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... As already said, the “sanctimonious” claim -of “woman’s duty” runs through all religions. Here, for -instance, is what is reported in a leader of the <em>Manchester -Guardian</em> of August 15th, 1892:—</p> - -<p class='c004'>“In this country no one would place suicide in the ranks of -the virtues. Here it is a crime, but in China under certain circumstances -it is regarded as an act of heroism and devotion -<span class='pageno' id='Page_141'>141</span>worthy of sympathy and of national recognition. Thus the -Governor of Shansi forwarded to the Emperor of China a -memorial setting forth the virtues as daughter and wife of a lady -in that province. She was of good family, both her father and -grandfather having been officials in the district. At the age of -ten she showed her love for her mother in a peculiarly Chinese -fashion. One of the Celestial beliefs is that medicine acquires -efficacy by having mingled with it some human flesh, and the -little girl cut some from her own body to be used for the purpose -of curing an illness which threatened her mother’s life. In 1890 -she was married to an ‘expectant magistrate,’ whose expectations -were realised by his appointment last autumn to a judicial -post. What she had, as a good daughter, done for her mother, -she, as a good wife, did also for her husband, who fell ill; but -her remedy was inefficacious, and he died. She was now in a -position which, according to the Chinese code of ethics, has no -responsibilities for a woman. Without parents, husband, or -children to demand her affectionate care, she decided to commit -suicide, and apparently not only communicated her intentions to -those around her, but had their sympathy and support in her -decision. We are told that, “only waiting till she had completed -the arrangements for her husband’s interment, she swallowed -gold and powder of lead. She handed her <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">trousseau</span></i> to her -relations to defray her funeral expenses, and made presents -to the younger members of the family and the servants, after -which, draped in her state robes, she sat waiting her end. The -poison began to work, and soon all was over.” The story of a -distracted wife seeking refuge in death from the sorrows of -widowhood might doubtless be told of any country in Europe, -but the sequel is possible only in China. The Governor of -Shansi, struck with the courage of the lady in what he evidently -regards as a very proper though somewhat unusual exhibition -of conjugal affection, asks in his memorial that the virtuous life -and death of the lady may be duly commemorated. The prayer -of the memorial has been granted by the Emperor and a -memorial arch is to be erected in honour of the suicide.”</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>8.—“... <em>this reasoned day</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>See Note XVII., 8.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_142'>142</span> - <h3 class='c009'>XXXVI.</h3> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>1.—“<em>By cant condoned</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“Much has been said by Guizot on the influence of -women in developing European civilisation. It is at least -certain that several of the fathers did everything they could -to diminish that influence. Tertullian bitterly complains of -the insolence of women who venture to teach and to -baptise. He allows that in case of necessity baptism may -be administered by a layman, but never by a woman. -Again, among the other crimes of the heretics he particularly -enumerates the insolence of their women, who ventured to -teach, to dispute, &c., &c. In ‘De Cult. Faem,’ lib. I. -Cap. I., he says: ‘Let women remember that they are of the -sex of Eve, who ruined mankind, and let them therefore -repair this ignominy by living rather in dust than in -splendour.’”—Buckle (“Common-Place Book,” Note 1870).</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>—“... <em>man fashioned woman’s ‘sphere</em>.’”</p> - -<p class='c011'>“We deny the right of any portion of the species to -decide for another portion, or any individual for another -individual, what is, and what is not, ‘their proper sphere.’ -The proper sphere for all human beings is the largest and -highest which they are able to attain to. What this is, -cannot be ascertained without complete liberty of choice.”—Mrs. -Harriet Mill (“Enfranchisement of Women,” <cite>Westminster -Review</cite>, July 1851).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>6.—“... <em>civil law</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>For example of this let us look at the law of our own -<span class='pageno' id='Page_143'>143</span>country in even recent times. Blackstone says:—“The -husband (by the old law) might give his wife moderate correction.... -But this power of correction was confined -within reasonable bounds, and the husband was -prohibited from using any violence to his wife, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aliter quam -ad virum ex causa regiminis et castigationis uxoris suæ licite -et rationabiliter pertinet</span></i> (<em>i.e.</em>, otherwise than to a man for -the ruling and punishment of his wife, lawfully and reasonably -pertains). The civil law gave the husband the same -or a larger authority over his wife, allowing him for some -misdemeanours, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flagellis et fustibus acriter verberare uxorem</span></i> -(<em>i.e.</em>, to severely beat his wife with whips and cudgels), for -others, only <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">modicam castigationem adhibere</span></i> (to administer a -moderate chastisement). But with us, in the politer reign of -Charles the Second, this power of correction began to be -doubted, and a wife may now (<em>circ.</em> 1750) have security -of peace against her husband; or in return, a husband -against his wife. Yet the lower rank of people, who were -always fond of the old common law,” (query, were the -women fond of it?) “still claim and exert their ancient -privilege: and the courts of law will still permit a husband -to restrain a wife of her liberty in case of any gross misbehaviour.” -(“Commentaries,” Edward Christian’s Ed., -Book I., Chap. XV.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>Such was undoubtedly the generally accepted and not -infrequently acted upon assumption; and it is certain that -the Courts of Law would, in the event of a wife absenting -herself from her husband, order her return to his custody; -and would, and did imprison her in default of her compliance. -And this state of things continued until—as Mrs. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_144'>144</span>Wolstenholme Elmy records in her history of the celebrated -“Clitheroe case”—</p> - -<p class='c004'>“At length, in the year 1891, and, as in the case of the negro -Somerset, upon the return to a writ of <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">habeas corpus</span></i>, there -have been found judges bold enough and just enough to set -aside the ancient saws and maxims, resting mainly upon <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obiter -dicta</span></i> and loose phrases of previous judges used in reference to -hypothetical cases never actually before the Courts, and to -declare plainly and straightly that the personal slavery of the -wife is no part of the law of England. The actual words of the -Lord Chancellor in dealing with the return to the writ are, as -reported by the <cite>Times</cite>, March 20th, 1891, as follows:—</p> - -<p class='c004'>“After stating the circumstances of the marriage, the decree, -and the refusal of the wife to cohabit, it states: ‘I therefore -took my wife, and have since detained her in my house, using -no more force or restraint than necessary to take her and keep -her.’ That is the return which seeks to justify an admitted imprisonment -of this lady. I do not know that I am able to -express in sufficiently precise language the difference between -‘confinement’ and ‘imprisonment,’ but if there is any distinction, -I can only say that upon these facts I should find an imprisonment, -and looking at the return it is put as a broad proposition -that the right of the husband, where there has been a wilful -absenting of herself by the wife from her husband’s house—that -it is his right to seize possession of his wife by force, and detain -her in his house until she renders him conjugal rights. That is -the proposition of law involved in the return, and I am not prepared -to assent to it. The Legislature has expressly deprived -the Matrimonial Court of the power of imprisoning the wife for -refusal to comply with a decree for restitution of conjugal rights, -and the result of such a system of law, if the husband had the -power, would be that whereas the Court had no power to hand -the wife over into her husband’s hands, but only to punish her -for contempt by imprisonment under the control of the Court, -and without any circumstances of injury or insult, and even -that power was taken away, the husband might himself of his -own motion seize and imprison her until she consented to the -restitution of conjugal rights. That is the proposition I am -called upon to establish by holding this return to be good. -<em>I am of opinion that no such right or power exists in law. I am -<span class='pageno' id='Page_145'>145</span>of opinion that no such right ever did exist in our law.</em> Whatever -authorities may be quoted for any such proposition, it has -always been subject to this condition: that where she has a complaint -of, or is apprehensive of, ill-usage, the Court will never interfere -to compel her to return to her husband’s custody. Now this -brings me to the particular circumstances of this transaction. I -am prepared to say that no English subject has a right to imprison -another English subject (who is <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sui juris</span></i>, and entitled to -a judgment of his or her own) without any lawful authority, but -if there were any qualification of that proposition I should be of -opinion that on the facts of this case it would afford an ample -justification to any Court for refusing to allow the husband in -this case to retain the custody of his wife.</p> - -<p class='c004'>“On these and other grounds the Lord Chancellor declared -that the return of the writ was bad, and ordered that the lady -be restored to her liberty, the other judges concurring.”—(“The -Decision in the Clitheroe Case and its Consequences,” -pp. 3, 4.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>Lord Esher was one of the two other Judges, both -concurring, who formed the Court of Appeal which granted -the writ, and a few days subsequently he gave from his place -in the House of Lords the following further statement of -his judgment and views:—</p> - -<p class='c004'>“As I was a party to the judgment, which seems to have -been more misunderstood than any judgment I recollect, I, -perhaps, may be excused from making an observation. It was -urged before the Court of Appeal that by the law of England a -husband may beat his wife with a stick if she refuses to obey -him, and that if a wife refused her husband conjugal rights, -whatever that phrase may mean, which I have never been able -to make out, he may imprison her until she restores him conjugal -rights, or satisfies him that she will. All that the Court -of Appeal decided was that a husband cannot by the law of -England, if the wife objects, lawfully do either of those things. -Those intelligent people who have declared that the judgment -is wrong must be prepared to maintain the converse—namely, -that if a wife disobeys her husband he may lawfully beat her; -and if she refuses him a restitution of conjugal rights he may -<span class='pageno' id='Page_146'>146</span>imprison her, it was urged, in the cellar, or in the cupboard, or, -if the house is large, in the house, by locking her in it and -blocking the windows. I thought, and still think, that the law -does not allow these things....”—(The <cite>Times</cite>, 17th April, -1891.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>Mrs. Wolstenholme Elmy further tells us that:—</p> - -<p class='c004'>“To Lord Selborne the married women of this country owe -a further debt of gratitude for his introduction in 1884 of the -Matrimonial Causes Act of that session, which put an end to -the punishment by imprisonment of the husband or wife who -refused to obey the decree of the Court for restitution of conjugal -rights. The arguments of Mr. Lankester and Mr. Finlay -in the Clitheroe case, based upon this abolition of the power of -the Court to imprison for disobedience, are known to everyone. -It would be destructive not only to personal freedom, but a -gross infraction of justice and common-sense, were a husband -to be permitted to exercise on his own behalf and at his own -pleasure a prerogative of punishment which had been withdrawn -from the Court.</p> - -<p class='c004'>“That this power of imprisonment was not a mere <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brutum -fulmen</span></i>, but a terrible reality in former days, may be learned -from a Suffolk case, early in the present century. A wife in -contempt of court, a lady of good family in Suffolk, was imprisoned -in Ipswich goal for disobeying a decree requiring her -to render conjugal rights to her husband. At the end of a -year and ten months she became in want of the common -necessaries of life, and was reduced to the gaol allowance of -bread and water; she suffered from rheumatism and other -maladies, which were aggravated by the miseries of her imprisonment; -and after many years of such suffering died in -prison—for she never went back to her husband.”—(“The -Decision in the Clitheroe Case and its Consequences,” p. 9.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>But while the law has thus been needfully amended in -England, a further evil effect has meantime supervened in -our dependency of India; for this faculty of imprisonment -by the Courts for non-compliance with their order in the -event specified, which has been abolished in England, seems -<span class='pageno' id='Page_147'>147</span>to be still existent and appealed to in our Indian Courts. -(See Note XXII., 2.) The strange thing is that the suit -for the restitution of conjugal rights is not a matter of native -law, but an inadvertent and apparently entirely unintentional -introduction from our English system; the very -judges who administer the Indian Law being at a loss to -account for its appearance in their practice. One authority, -in seeking the solution of the problem, declares that—“Mr. —— -‘could not find any enactment directly establishing -suits for the restitution of conjugal rights, and -believed there were none; but that they had been recognised -in a Stamp Act, and again in the Limitation of Suits -Act passed in 1871.’ The material point is that Indian -lawgivers have not consciously given this remedy to those -who did not possess it before; but that it has slipped into -our law without design. Mr. —— thinks ‘That this class of -suits was known in the old Supreme Courts, in the Presidency -towns, and as between Europeans; and it was not -an improper subject of legislation as regards Stamp Duty -or Limitation by Time: but being spoken of without qualification -was held by the High Courts to be available for all -classes of the Indian communities.’ If this theory be true, -it accounts in an easy way for a change effected without -any intention of the Rulers at all. It is worth enquiry into -under this aspect.” Yes, enquiry and rectification hand in -hand!</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>—“... <em>and part divine</em>.”</p> - -<p class='c011'>The fact has been that male lawgivers, in whatever land, -have generally asserted for their code of feminine ethics or -<span class='pageno' id='Page_148'>148</span>conduct a divine origin, and have announced the punishment -for breach thereof as a divine injunction. In very -few instances, indeed, was there any attempt to decree an -equal punishment to the male who was partner with the -female in a mutual breach of this morality, and very frequently -no punishment of the male attached at all; and -even in the few cases where such a punishment was nominally -threatened, the man’s share in the offence was most generally -connived at, and passed unpunished. This double code -of morality has a flagrant exemplification in the English -Law of Divorce, by which, while a man can procure a -Decree of Divorce on the simple ground of the adultery of -his wife, a woman cannot obtain a like decree for her -husband’s adultery unless that offence be accompanied by -such treatment of herself as the Court will recognise as -“cruelty,” or with “desertion.” The double scheme of -sexual morality, so revoltingly tolerated, in so far as man is -concerned, by “society” in the present day is too patent -to need further words here. And the repulsive cant is still -that, while the man is allowed to go free, the punishment of -the woman is due and commendable as in accordance with -“divine law.” (See Note XIV., 3.)</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>XXXVII.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>3, 4.—“... <em>lowest boor is lordly ‘baron’ styled,</em></div> - <div class='line in8'><em>And highest bride as common ‘feme’ reviled</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“... husband and wife; or, as most of our elder -law books call them, ‘baron’ and ‘feme.’”—(Blackstone’s -“Commentaries,” Bk. I. Chap. 15.)</p> - -<p class='c011'><span class='pageno' id='Page_149'>149</span>But the context of the words “baron” and “feme” involved -something more than a mere <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">façon de parler</span></i> of the -law books. Edward Christian says, in Note 23 to the -Chapter in “Blackstone” above quoted:—“Husband and -wife, in the language of the law, are styled <em>baron</em> and <i><span lang="fro" xml:lang="fro">feme</span></i>; -the word baron, or lord, attributes to the husband not a -very courteous superiority. But we might be inclined to -think this merely an unmeaning technical phrase, if we did -not recollect, that if the baron kills his feme it is the same -as if he had killed a stranger or any other person; but if -the feme kills her baron it is regarded by the laws as a much -more atrocious crime, as she not only breaks through the -restraints of humanity and conjugal affection, but throws -off all subjection to the authority of her husband. And, -therefore, the law denominates her crime a species of -treason, and condemns her to the same punishment as if -she had killed the king. And for every species of treason -(though in petit treason the punishment of men was only to -be drawn and hanged), till the 30 Geo. III., Chap. 48, the -sentence of woman was to be drawn and burnt alive.”</p> - -<p class='c011'>And Mr. Courtney Kenny says, on the same point, that -the English Law of Marriage in the twelfth century had -“clothed the humblest husband with more than the authority -of a feudal lord, and merged his wife’s legal existence altogether -in his own.”—(“History of the Law of Married -Women’s Property,” p. 8.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>And he exemplifies the position of the “feme” as being -accurately depicted in the words of Petruchio:—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“I will be master of what is mine own,</div> - <div class='line'>She is my goods, my chattels; she is my house,</div> - <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_150'>150</span>My household stuff, my field, my barn,</div> - <div class='line'>My horse, my ox, my ass, my anything.”</div> - <div class='line'>—(“The Taming of the Shrew,” Act III., scene 2.)</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>The picture of the past masculine proprietorship and -“bullyism” is scarcely overdrawn. Ere a distant day -Englishmen will shudder in reflecting on the male creatures -who were their progenitors.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>5, 6.—“<em>The tardier fear that grants the clown a share</em></div> - <div class='line in8'><em>In his own governance, denies it her.</em>”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>By a leading article on Woman Suffrage, in the <cite>Times</cite> of -29th April, 1892, a clear light is thrown on the causes which -largely influenced the extension of the Parliamentary franchise -to the poorer class of male citizens,—“a share of -political power which they are not particularly well fitted to -use,” says the <cite>Times</cite>;—and which denied the same right of -franchise to women of whatever class. The intellect of the -<cite>Times</cite> enounces that—</p> - -<p class='c004'>“Without desiring to disparage the sex in any way, we must -venture to maintain that in both camps a large female contingent -would be a mischievous element. The female Conservative -politician would be an obstacle to all rational reform; -the female Liberal politician would be the advocate of every -crude and febrile innovation. No doubt we have put plausible -arguments in the mouths of mere logic-choppers by treating -the franchise as a right rather than as a privilege and a trust. -Men can demand a share of <em>political power which they are not -particularly well fitted to use</em>, because they possess <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">de facto</span></i> a -share of the physical force upon which all political arrangements -ultimately repose. Women do not possess such physical -force, and, therefore, can prefer no such claim.”</p> - -<p class='c011'>Passing over, as unworthy of serious refutation, the wild -<span class='pageno' id='Page_151'>151</span>assertions due to sex-bias in the first part of the above -extract, it may be noted how instantly the lauded masculine -weapon of logic is discarded and contemned as soon as it -points in the direction of equal justice for woman. The -“physical force” question is further dealt with in Note -XLV., 6. But considering the words we have italicised, -does not the whole of the <cite>Times</cite> exposition as above justify -the appellation of cowardly “fear”? (See also p. 78.)</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... Yet an even more unworthy thing than -denial of the suffrage has taken place, in that English -women have been really robbed of their earlier franchises. -A lady Poor Law Guardian of the Tewkesbury Union has -written:—</p> - -<p class='c004'>“... the present position of women in regard to the -various franchises is anomalous and contradictory, unworthy of -that great growth of freedom which the nineteenth century has -given to men, and degenerate as regards the position which -women held in the days of the Plantagenets and the Tudors. -Freedom for women has not broadened down ‘from precedent -to precedent.’ Rather has it suffered by unnecessary legislative -interference. Every woman, except the Queen, is, politically, -non-existent. It was not always so. Restrictions unknown to -our ancient constitution have crept in.... Chief Justice -Lee is reported to have cited a case (in a manuscript collection -of Hakewell’s), Catherine <em>v.</em> Surrey, in which it was -expressly decided, that a <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">feme sole</span></i>, if she has a freehold, may -vote for members of Parliament; and a further one (from the -same collection), Holt <em>v.</em> Lyle, in which it was decided, that a -<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">feme sole</span></i> householder may claim a voice for Parliament men; -but, if married, her husband must vote for her; whilst Justice -Page declared, ‘I see no disability in a woman from voting for -a Parliament man.’ So closely, in the minds of our Judges, -were the local and Parliamentary franchises bound up, that a -question as to the rights of women in local voting seemed to -involve considerations as to their right to vote for Parliament -men.</p> - -<p class='c004'><span class='pageno' id='Page_152'>152</span>“Yet, even in the matter of these local franchises, women have -suffered, and do suffer, from legislative tinkering and sex-biassed -decisions in our law courts.</p> - -<p class='c004'>“Down to 1835, women, possessing the qualifications which -entitled men to vote, voted freely in municipal elections, and in -some important cities, such as London and Edinburgh, the -civic rights even of married women, possessing a separate -qualification from the husband, were well established. The -Municipal Corporations Act of 1835, however (passed by the -Whig administration of Lord Melbourne), was framed upon the -evil precedent of the Reform Act of 1832, and by the use of -the words ‘male persons,’ in treating of the franchises under it, -disfranchised every woman in the boroughs to which it applied, -and this disfranchisement lasted for thirty-four years.</p> - -<p class='c004'>“Nevertheless, in non-corporate districts, women continued to -vote as freely as before, and thus secured the ultimate restitution -of the rights of their disfranchised sisters in incorporated -districts; for, when in 1869, on the consideration of the -Municipal Franchise Bill of that year, these peculiar facts were -brought to the notice of the House of Commons, and it was -shown that the incorporation of any district involved the -summary disfranchisement of the women ratepayers, the House, -without a dissentient word, or any shadow of opposition, -adopted the proposal to omit the word ‘male’ before the word -‘person’ in Section 1 of the Bill, and thus restored the rights -of the women ratepayers, of whom many thousands voted, as a -consequence of the passing of the Act, in the municipal -elections of the following November.”—Mrs. Harriett McIlquham -(“The Enfranchisement of Women: An Ancient Right, a -Modern Need,” pp. 5, 12, 13.)</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>8.—“... <em>infants, felons, fools</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>This legal courteousness has afforded Miss Frances Power -Cobbe the text for an instructive paper: “Criminals, Idiots, -Women, and Minors: Is the Classification Sound?” -(<cite>Fraser’s Magazine</cite>, December, 1868.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>A recent instance of the official collocation is to be found -in the Act 5 and 6 Vict., Cap. 35, Sec. 41:—</p> - -<p class='c011'><span class='pageno' id='Page_153'>153</span>“And be it enacted, that the trustee, guardian, tutor, -curator, or committee of any person, being an infant, or -married woman, lunatic, idiot, or insane, and having the -direction, control, or management of the property or concern -of such infant, married woman, lunatic, idiot, or insane -person, whether such infant, married woman, lunatic, idiot, -or insane person shall reside in the United Kingdom or -not,” etc., etc.</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>XXXVIII.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>7.—“... <em>every bond erased</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“In the struggle of the races, keeping in view the teachings -of evolutionists, the most reasonable and sensible thing, -in addition to its <em>justness</em>, appears to be this:</p> - -<p class='c011'>“First, to place women on an equal footing with men, -socially, and <em>in the eyes of the law</em>. Before <em>that</em> is done, it -is useless to talk about women’s superiority or equality. It -is all breath and words, or paper and ink. In the eyes of -the law she is man’s inferior. That is not all. In the eyes -of the law the most cultured woman is inferior to the most -uncultured man; she is, in fact, pretty much on a level -with a baby, or a boy or girl under age. Moreover, the -most cultured woman in the United Kingdom is considered -inferior, politically, to the American negro!</p> - -<p class='c011'>“Second, let the two sexes settle matters among themselves, -as far as intellect is concerned, as men now settle -matters among themselves, without imposing on each other -any disability. Those of both sexes who are weak will soon -find their intellectual level; and those of both sexes who -<span class='pageno' id='Page_154'>154</span>are strong will soon come to the front.”—Emanuel Bonavia, -M.D. (“Woman’s Frontal Lobes”).</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>XXXIX.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>2.—“... <em>equal power of rule</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“Where women walk in public processions in the streets the same as the men,</div> - <div class='line'>Where they enter the public assembly and take places the same as the men; ...</div> - <div class='line'>Where the city of the cleanliness of the sexes stands,</div> - <div class='line'>Where the city of the healthiest fathers stands,</div> - <div class='line'>Where the city of the best bodied mothers stands,</div> - <div class='line in4'>There the great city stands.”</div> - <div class='line in4'>—Walt Whitman (“Song of the Broad Axe”).</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>3.—“<em>Her voice in council and in senate</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“Is there so great a superfluity of men fit for high duties, -that society can afford to reject the service of any competent -person? Are we so certain of always finding a man -made to our hands for any duty or function of social importance -which falls vacant, that we lose nothing by putting -a ban on one half of mankind and refusing beforehand to -make their faculties available, however distinguished they -may be? And even if we could do without them, would it -be consistent with justice to refuse to them their fair share -of honour and distinction, or to deny to them the equal right -of all human beings to choose their occupation (short of -injury to others) according to their own preferences, at their -<span class='pageno' id='Page_155'>155</span>own risk? Nor is the injustice confined to them, it is -shared by those who are in a position to benefit by their -services. To ordain that any kind of persons shall not be -physicians, or shall not be advocates, or shall not be -members of parliament, is to injure not them only, but all -who employ physicians, or advocates, or elect members of -parliament.”—J. S. Mill (“The Subjection of Women,” -p. 94).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>4.—“... <em>harmonising word</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“... the main reason why so many thoughtful -women now claim direct Parliamentary representation is an -unselfish one. They desire to take their full share in the -service of the race; to help to solve those grave social -problems now so urgently pressing, and which demand for -their solution the combined resources of the wisdom, experience, -and heart of both halves of humanity. They -know that the time is fast coming—if, indeed, it be not -already come—which will need for its direction and control -something more than diplomatic cleverness or political -manœuvring, which will demand the clearer conscience and -the more sensitive perception of justice born of imaginative -sympathy. It is because they hope and believe that in -virtue of their faculty of motherhood they can contribute -somewhat of these elements to the world’s well-being, and -can thus speed its progress towards a nobler future, that -they claim full right and power to follow and fulfil their -highest conceptions of duty.”—Elizabeth C. Wolstenholme -Elmy (“The Decision in the Clitheroe Case and its -Consequences,” p. 17).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_156'>156</span>7.—“<em>Self-reverent each and reverencing each</em>.”</div> - <div class='line'>—A line from Part VII. of Tennyson’s “Princess.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... “The exigencies of the new life are no more -exclusive of the virtues of generosity than those of the old, -but it no longer entirely depends on them. The main -foundations of the moral life of modern times must be -justice and prudence; the respect of each for the rights of -every other, and the ability of each to take care of himself.”—J. -S. Mill (“The Subjection of Women,” p. 159).</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>XL.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>1.—“... <em>but a slave himself</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“The domination of either sex over the other paralyses -the dominion of either.”—Ellen Sarah, Lady Bowyer -(Letter to <cite>Daily News</cite>, 24th October, 1891).</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>...</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“Can man be free if woman be a slave?</div> - <div class='line'>Chain one who lives, and breathes this boundless air</div> - <div class='line'>To the corruption of a closed grave!</div> - <div class='line'>Can they whose mates are beasts, condemned to bear</div> - <div class='line'>Scorn, heavier far than toil or anguish, dare</div> - <div class='line'>To trample their oppressors?”</div> - <div class='line'>—Shelley (“The Revolt of Islam,” Canto 2, s. xliii.).</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>2.—“... <em>she to shape her own career be free</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“Not less wrong—perhaps even more foolishly wrong—is -the idea that woman is only the shadow and attendant -image of her lord, owing him a thoughtless and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_157'>157</span>servile obedience, and supported altogether in her weakness -by the pre-eminence of his fortitude. This, I say, is -the most foolish of all errors, respecting her who was made -to be the helpmate of man. As if he could be helped -effectively by a shadow, or worthily by a slave.”—John -Ruskin (“Of Queens’ Gardens,” p. 125).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>4.—“<em>Free mistress of her person’s sacred plan</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>Eliza W. Farnham (in “Woman and Her Era,” Vol. II., p. -92) clearly enunciates the depth of degradation and slavery -from which woman’s person must be freed:—“When this -mastery is established, and ownership of her becomes a fixed -fact, she who was worshipped, vowed to as an idol, deferred -to as a mistress, required to conform herself to nothing -except the very pleasant requirement that she should take -her own way in everything; to come and go, to accept or -reject, to do or not, at her own supreme pleasure—this -being may find herself awaking in a state of subjection -which deprives her of the most sacred right to her own -person—makes her the slave of an exacting demand that -ignores the conditions, emotions, susceptibilities, pains, and -pleasures of her life, as tyrannically and systematically as if -she were indeed an insensate chattel.”</p> - -<p class='c011'>Happily, as far as England is concerned, our law no -longer lends its power to enforce such a position.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>5.—“<em>Free human soul</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>Woman’s deep and wholesome impulse and yearning for -individual freedom and selfdom is well-spoken in the -following lines, by an anonymous writer; touchingly shown -<span class='pageno' id='Page_158'>158</span>also is the unsufficingness to her soul of even the most -honeyed of unequal positions:—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in4'>“Oh, to be alone!</div> - <div class='line'>To escape from the work, the play,</div> - <div class='line'>The talking every day;</div> - <div class='line in2'>To escape from all I have done,</div> - <div class='line'>And all that remains to do.</div> - <div class='line'>To escape—yes, even from you,</div> - <div class='line in2'>My only love, and be</div> - <div class='line in2'>Alone and free.</div> - </div> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in4'>Could I only stand</div> - <div class='line'>Between gray moor and gray sky,</div> - <div class='line'>Where the winds and the plovers cry,</div> - <div class='line in2'>And no man is at hand;</div> - <div class='line'>And feel the free wind blow</div> - <div class='line'>On my rain-wet face, and know</div> - <div class='line in2'>I am free—not yours, but my own—</div> - <div class='line in2'>Free, and alone!</div> - </div> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in4'>For the soft firelight</div> - <div class='line'>And the home of your heart, my dear,</div> - <div class='line'>They hurt, being always here.</div> - <div class='line in2'>I want to stand upright,</div> - <div class='line'>And to cool my eyes in the air,</div> - <div class='line'>And to see how my back can bear</div> - <div class='line in2'>Burdens—to try, to know,</div> - <div class='line in2'>To learn, to grow!</div> - </div> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in4'>I am only you!</div> - <div class='line'>I am yours, part of you, your wife!</div> - <div class='line'>And I have no other life.</div> - <div class='line in2'>I cannot think, cannot do;</div> - <div class='line'>I cannot breathe, cannot see;</div> - <div class='line'>There is ‘us,’ but there is not ‘me’:—</div> - <div class='line in2'>And worst, at your kiss I grow</div> - <div class='line in2'>Contented so.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>7.—“<em>From woman slave can come but menial race</em>,”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“If the result to the family is such as I have described -<span class='pageno' id='Page_159'>159</span>what must be the effect on the race? A slow but sure -degeneration. And has this not taken place? Is the race -now such as you read of it in early times before the Mogul -invasion brought the Zenana and child-marriage in its -train? Where are the Rajputs and the Mahrattas with -their manly exercises and their mental vigour? For centuries -you have been children of children, and there is no -surer way of becoming servants of servants.”—Mrs. Pechey -Phipson, M.D. (“Address to the Hindoos,” p. 9).</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... “If children are to be educated to understand -the true principle of patriotism, their mother must be -a patriot.”—Mary Wollstonecraft (Letter to Talleyrand).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>8.—“<em>The mother free confers her freedom and her grace</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“The child follows the blood of the mother; the son of a -slave or serf father and a noble woman is noble. ‘It is -the womb which dyes the child,’ they say in their primitive -language.... ‘The woman bears the clan,’ say the -Wyandot Indians, just as our ancestors said ‘The womb -dyes the child!’”—Letourneau (“The Evolution of Marriage,” -Ch. XI., XVII.).</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>XLI.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>1.—“<em>By her the progress of our future kind</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“What may man be? Who can tell? But what may woman be</div> - <div class='line'>To have power over man from cradle to corruptible grave?”</div> - <div class='line in16'>—William Blake (“Jerusalem”).</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c004'><em>Id.</em>... “The application of the Pfeiffer bequest, ‘for -<span class='pageno' id='Page_160'>160</span>charitable and educational purposes in favour of women,’ -has been delayed by legal difficulties, but the Attorney -General has now submitted to the Court of Chancery a first -list of awards. Details given in the <cite>Journal of Education</cite> -show that Girton and Newnham Colleges receive £5,000 each, -whilst Bedford College, Somerville Hall, the New Hospital -for Women, the Maria Grey Training College, and a number of -other institutions benefit by slightly smaller sums. The bequests -will doubtless be welcomed by the recipients, for all the -institutions included so far are doing useful work with very -inadequate means, and it is to be hoped that the generous -example of the London merchant and his literary wife will be -often followed in the future. Women’s education—and girls’, -too, for that matter—in this country is almost unendowed, and -is yet expected to produce results equal to those gained in the -richly endowed foundations for boys and men. The interest of -the Pfeiffer bequest, however, lies rather in the spirit that -prompted it and in the views of progress held by the donors -than in the generosity of the gift or the precise manner of its -distribution. In a letter explaining his wishes, Mr. Pfeiffer -remarks:—</p> - -<p class='c011'>“I have always had and am adhering to the idea of -leaving the bulk of my property in England for charitable -and educational purposes in favour of women. Theirs is, -to my mind, the great influence of the future. Education -and culture and responsibility in more than one direction, -including that of politics, will gradually fit them for the -exercise of every power that could possibly work towards -the regeneration of mankind. It is women who have hitherto -had the worst of life, but their interest, and with their -interest that of humanity, is secured, and I therefore am -determined to help them to the best of my ability and -means.”—<cite>Manchester Guardian</cite>, June 7th, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c011'>“Men are what their mothers made them. You may as -well ask a loom which weaves huckaback, why it does not -<span class='pageno' id='Page_161'>161</span>make cashmere, as expect poetry from this engineer, or a -chemical discovery from that jobber. Ask the digger in the -ditch to explain Newton’s laws; the fine organs of his brain -have been pinched by overwork and squalid poverty from -father to son, for a hundred years. When each comes forth -from his mother’s womb, the gate of gifts closes behind -him. Let him value his hands and feet, he has but one -pair. So he has but one future, and that is already predetermined -in his lobes, and described in that little fatty -face, pig-eye, and squat form.”—Emerson (Essay on Fate).</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... “The British <em>race</em> cannot afford to dispense -with <em>all</em> the advantage that may be in embryo in the future -female intellect, because men and some women are found -who declare that women are intellectually inferior.... -No amount of prayers and wishes and submitting to God’s -will are of any avail. You must <em>use</em> the organs of the intellect -in order, not only to increase their efficiency, but -to prevent their going from bad to worse. It might here -be noted, that because the British people might choose to -be satisfied with atrophy of the intellect lobes in their -mothers, it will not at all follow that other nations will -do so <em>also</em>. If such things as nations exist, there will -always be rivalry and competition, and depend upon it -those will be first whose mothers generally possess the -most efficient intellect lobes.... Fortunately we -have learnt another great lesson, evolved by Charles Darwin’s -frontal lobes, and that is, that there is no such thing -as a <em>fixed</em> and <em>unalterable</em> tissue or organism anywhere. All -organisms and parts of organisms are <em>changeable</em>. Everything—organ -and organism—<em>has</em> changed in the past, <em>is</em> -<span class='pageno' id='Page_162'>162</span>changing in the present, and <em>will</em> change in the future in -accordance with the conditions that surround it. Women’s -frontal lobes and grey matter will certainly be no exception -to the rule. Emancipation, keeping her eyes open, and -thinking for herself are the three main things she has to -keep hammering at, until the lords of creation <em>see</em> that -they are the right things to do, to save future generations -from universal imbecility.”—E. Bonavia, M.D. (“Woman’s -Frontal Lobes”).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>2.—“<em>Their stalwart body and their spacious mind</em>;”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“If she be small, slight-natured, miserable,</div> - <div class='line'>How shall men grow?”</div> - <div class='line in4'>—Tennyson (“The Princess,” Canto 7).</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>XLIII.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>8.—“<em>Where lies her richest gift</em>, ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“As I have already said more than once, I consider it -presumption in anyone to pretend to decide what women -are or are not, can or cannot be by natural constitution. -They have always hitherto been kept, as far as regards spontaneous -development, in so unnatural a state, that their -nature cannot but have been greatly distorted and disguised, -and no one can safely pronounce that if women’s nature -were left to choose its direction as freely as men’s, and if -no artificial bent were attempted to be given to it except -that required by the conditions of human society, and given -to both sexes alike, there would be any material difference, or -perhaps any difference at all, in the character and capacities -<span class='pageno' id='Page_163'>163</span>which would unfold themselves.”—J. S. Mill (“The Subjection -of Women,” p. 104).</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>XLIV.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>4.—“... <em>the freeman, equable</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“The freeman assuredly scorns equally to insult and to be -insulted.”—Alexander Walker (“Woman as to Mind,” -p. 205).</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>XLV.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>2.—“... <em>equal freedom, equal fate</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“As long as boys and girls run about in the dirt, and -trundle hoops together, they are both precisely alike. -If you catch up one half of these creatures and train them -to a particular set of actions and opinions, and the other -half to a perfectly opposite set, of course their understandings -will differ, as one or the other sort of occupations has -called this or that talent into action. There is surely no -occasion to go into any deeper or more abstruse reasoning -in order to explain so very simple a phenomenon.”—Sydney -Smith (“Female Education”).</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... “Was it Mary Somerville who had to hide -her books, and study her mathematics by stealth after all -the family had gone to sleep, for fear of being scolded and -worried because she allowed her intellect full scope? She -has now a bust in the Royal Institution!... Whatever -view of the case theoretical considerations may suggest, -there is one fact beyond cavil, and it is this: that the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_164'>164</span>female frontal lobes are not only capable of equalling in -power the male lobes, but can surpass them <em>when allowed</em> -free scope. This has been recently proved in one of the -universities, where a woman surpassed the senior wrangler -in mathematics—an essentially intellectual work.”—Dr. -Emanuel Bonavia (“Woman’s Frontal Lobes”).</p> - -<p class='c011'>The “girl graduate” last referred to is Miss Philippa -Fawcett at the University Examinations, Cambridge, in -June, 1890.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>3.—“<em>Together reared</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“We find a good example in the United States, where, to -the horror of learned and unlearned pedants of both sexes, -numerous colleges exist in which large numbers of young -men and women are educated together. And with what -results? President White, of the University of Michigan, -expresses himself thus: ‘For some years past a young -woman has been the best scholar of the Greek language -among 1,300 students; the best student in mathematics in -one of the classes of our institution is a young woman, and -many of the best scholars in natural and general science -are also young women.’ Dr. Fairchild, President of -Oberlin College in Ohio, in which over 1,000 students of -both sexes study in mixed classes, says: ‘During an experience -of eight years as Professor of the ancient languages, -Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, and in the branches of ethics -and philosophy, and during an experience of eleven years -in theoretical and applied mathematics, the only difference -which I have observed between the sexes was in the -manner of their rhetoric.’ Edward H. Machill, President -<span class='pageno' id='Page_165'>165</span>of Swarthmore College, in Pennsylvania, tells us that an experience -of four years has forced him to the conclusion -that the education of both sexes in common leads to the -best moral results. This may be mentioned in passing as -a reply to those who imagine such an education must -endanger morality.”—Bebel (“Women,” Walther’s Translation, -p. 131). (See also Notes to line 7, forward.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>It is of good omen that the precedent thus set in America -is finding a following in our own isle also. All honour to -the University of St. Andrews, concerning which sundry -newspapers of 15th March, 1892, relate that: “The -Senatus Academicus of the University of St. Andrews has -agreed to open its classes in arts, science, and theology to -women, who will be taught along with men. The University -will receive next year a sum of over £30,000 to be -spent on bursaries, one half of the sum to be devoted to -women exclusively. Steps are being taken to secure a hall -of residence in which the women students may live while -attending the University classes.”</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><em>Id.</em>—“... <em>in purity and truth,</em></div> - <div class='line in8'><em>Through plastic childhood and retentive youth</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">“Je voudrais que ce petit volume apportât au lecteur -un peu de la jouissance que j’ai goûtée en le composant. -Il complète mes <em>Souvenirs</em>, et mes souvenirs sont -une partie essentielle de mon œuvre. Qu’ils augmentent -ou qu’ils diminuent mon autorité philosophique, ils expliquent, -ils montrent l’origine de mes jugements, vrais ou -faux. Ma mère, avec laquelle j’ai été si pauvre, à côté de -laquelle j’ai travaillé des heures, n’interrompant mon travail -<span class='pageno' id='Page_166'>166</span>que pour lui dire: ‘Maman, êtes-vous contente de moi?’ -mes petites amies d’enfance qui m’enchantaient par leur -gentillesse discrète, ma sœur Henriette, si haute, si pure, -qui, à vingt ans, m’entraîna dans la voie de la raison et me -tendit la main pour franchir un passage difficile, ont -embaumé le commencement de ma vie d’un arôme qui -durera jusqu’à la mort.”—Ernest Renan (“Souvenirs -d’Enfance.”).</span></p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>5.—“<em>Their mutual sports of sinew and of brain.</em>”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“No boy nor girl should leave school without possessing -a grasp of the general character of science, and without -having been disciplined more or less in the methods of all -sciences; so that when turned into the world to make their -own way, they shall be prepared to face scientific problems, -not by knowing at once the conditions of every problem, or -by being able at once to solve it, but by being familiar with -the general current of scientific thought, and by being able -to apply the methods of science in the proper way, when -they have acquainted themselves with the conditions of the -special problem.”—T. H. Huxley (“Essay on Scientific -Education”).</p> - -<p class='c011'>And the same learned professor tells us, on another -occasion:—“A liberal education is an artificial education -which has not only prepared a man to escape the great -evils of disobedience to natural laws, but has trained him -to appreciate and to seize upon the rewards which Nature -scatters with as free a hand as her penalties. That man, I -think,” (shall we not include “woman” also, on his own -showing as above?) “has had a liberal education who has -<span class='pageno' id='Page_167'>167</span>been so trained in youth that his body is the ready servant -of his will, and does with ease and pleasure all the work -that, as a mechanism, it is capable of; whose intellect is a -clear, cold logic engine, with all its parts in equal strength -and in smooth working order, ready, like a steam engine, to -be turned to every kind of work, and spin the gossamers -as well as forge the anchors of the mind; whose mind is -stored with a knowledge of the great and fundamental -truths of Nature, and of the laws of her operations; one -who, no stunted ascetic, is full of life and fire, but whose -passions are trained to come to heel by a vigorous will, the -servant of a tender conscience; who has learned to love all -beauty, whether of Nature or of art, to hate all vileness, and -to respect others as himself.</p> - -<p class='c011'>“Such an one, and no other, I conceive, has had a liberal -education, for he is as completely as a man can be in -harmony with Nature. He will make the best of her, and -she of him. They will get on together rarely; she as his -ever beneficent mother, he as her mouthpiece, her conscious -self, her minister, and interpreter.”—<em>Id.</em> (“Essay on a -Liberal Education.”)</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>6.—“<em>In strength alike the sturdy comrades train</em>; ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>How largely strength is simply a matter of training may -be instanced by a case or two:—</p> - -<p class='c011'>“The results of practice and training from childhood on -the bodily development can be seen in female acrobats and -circus riders, who could compete with any man in courage, -daring, dexterity, and strength, and whose performances -are frequently astonishing.”—Bebel (“Woman,” p. 126).</p> - -<p class='c011'><span class='pageno' id='Page_168'>168</span>“I am a medical man. I have spent several years in -Africa, and have seen human nature among tribes whose -habits are utterly unlike those of Europe. I had been -accustomed to believe that the <em>muscular</em> system of women -is necessarily feebler than that of men, and perhaps I -might have dogmatised to that effect; but, to my astonishment, -I found the African women to be as strong as our -men.... Not only did I see the proof of it in their -work and in the weights which they lifted, but on examining -their arms I found them large and hard beyond all my -previous experience. On the contrary, I saw the men of -these tribes to be weak, their muscles small and flabby. -Both facts are accounted for by the habits of the people. -The men are lazy in the extreme; all the hard work is -done by the women.”—(<cite>Westminster Review</cite>, Oct., 1865, -p. 355.)</p> - -<p class='c011'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">“Les femmes Sphakiotes ne le cèdent en rien aux -hommes pour la vigueur et l’énergie. J’ai vu un jour une -femme ayant un enfant dans les bras et un sac de farine sur -la tête, gravir, malgré ce double fardeau, la pente escarpée -qui conduit à Selia.”—Jules Ballot (“Histoire de l’Insurrection -Crétoise,” Paris, 1868, p. 251).</span></p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... In this context it is pleasant to find in the -newspapers such a note as the following:—</p> - -<p class='c004'>“The frost continued throughout West Cheshire yesterday, -and skating on rather rough ice was largely enjoyed. At -Eaton, where the Duke of Westminster is entertaining a party, -the guests had a hockey match on the frozen fish-pond in -front of the hall. The players, who kept the game up with -spirit for over an hour, included the Duchess of Westminster, -the Marquis and Marchioness of Ormonde, Lady Beatrice and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_169'>169</span>Lady Constance Buller, Lord Arthur Grosvenor, Lord Gerald -Grosvenor, Lady Margaret and Lady Mary Grosvenor, Captain -and Mrs. Cawley, Hon. Mrs. Norman Grosvenor, Hon. Mrs. -Thomas Grosvenor, General Julian Hall, and party.”—(<cite>Manchester -Courier</cite>, 12th Jan., 1892.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>Later on in the year we read in the journal <cite>Woman</cite>:—</p> - -<p class='c004'>“At the Marlow Regatta an extremely pretty girl in navy -serge, built Eton fashion, was a Miss ——, who wore as an -under-bodice a full vest of shaded yellow Indian silk. Her -prowess with the oar is the cause of daily admiration to the -Marlowites.”</p> - -<p class='c011'>Again, on August 15th, 1892, the <cite>Manchester Evening -Mail</cite> has the following:—</p> - -<p class='c004'>“An ailing ‘navvy,’ who has been engaged in some works -near Versailles, was a few days ago admitted to a hospital in -that town. Before the sick person had long been in the institution -it was discovered that the apparent ‘navvy’ was a woman. -The superintendent of the hospital was not in the least surprised -on hearing of the transformation scene, for it appears that he is -accustomed to deal with many woman patients who enter the -hospital in male attire. It is common in the district (says a -Paris correspondent) for robust women to don men’s garb in -order to obtain remunerative employment as navvies, porters, -farm labourers, road menders, or assistants to bricklayers, -masons, and builders. It has long been established that the -average Frenchwoman of town or country has as great a -capacity for work either in counting-houses, shops, fields, or -farms as her lord and master has for laziness and lolling in the -cafés, playing dominoes, and smoking cigarettes.”</p> - -<p class='c011'>On the preceding day, August 14th, 1892, the St. Petersburg -journals reported that:—</p> - -<p class='c004'>“<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Ces jours-ci sera érigé à Sébastopol le monument élevé en -l’honneur des Femmes de cette ville qui, en 1854, ont construit -seules une batterie contre les troupes alliées. C’est une -pyramide taillée en granit d’une hauteur de cinquante pieds. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_170'>170</span>Sur un côté est écrit en lettres d’or: ‘C’est ici que se trouvait la -batterie des Femmes’; sur l’autre face les mots suivants sont -gravés: ‘A cet endroit, en 1854, les Femmes de Sébastopol ont -construit une batterie.’ Le jour de l’inauguration de ce monument -n’est pas encore fixé. L’impératrice se fera représenter à -l’inauguration par un grand-duc.</span>”</p> - -<p class='c011'>And, in October, 1892, the “sporting” newspapers recorded -that:—</p> - -<p class='c004'>“Women are gradually coming to the fore as bicycle riders. -Miss Dudley, a well-known rider, has just accomplished a feat -which would have seemed wonderful for any rider not long ago. -She has ridden from a spot near Hitchin to Lincoln, a distance -of 100 miles, in little more than seven hours, or at the average -speed of about fourteen miles an hour. Mr. and Mrs. Smith -are well-known as tandem riders, and they have won many -races together; but this is, perhaps, the first recorded instance -of a woman cyclist holding her own so well, unaided, in a long -road ride.”</p> - -<p class='c011'>See also “The Lancashire pit-brow women,” Note -XVIII., 8.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>7.—“<em>Of differing sex no thought inept intrudes</em>,”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“I have conversed, as man with man, with medical men -on anatomical subjects, and compared the proportions of -the human body with artists—yet such modesty did I meet -with that I was never reminded by word or look of my sex, -and the absurd rules which make modesty a pharisaical -cloak of weakness.”—Mary Wollstonecraft (“The Rights of -Woman,” p. 278).</p> - -<p class='c011'>“As a careful observer remarks, true modesty lies in the -entire absence of thought upon the subject. Among -medical students and artists the nude causes no extraordinary -emotion; indeed, Flaxman asserted that the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_171'>171</span>students in entering the Academy seemed to hang up -their passions along with their hats.”—Westermarck (“History -of Human Marriage,” p. 194).</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... “This is strikingly exemplified in the -curious conversation recorded in Lylie’s ‘Euphues’ and his -‘England,’ edit. 1605, 4to, signature X—Z 2, where young -unmarried people of both sexes meet together and discuss -without reserve the ticklish metaphysics of love. But -though treading on such slippery ground, it is remarkable -that they never, even by allusion, fall into grossness. Their -delicate propriety is not improbably the effect of their -liberty.”—Buckle (“Common-place Book,” No. 856).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>8.—“<em>Their purpose calmly sure all errant aim excludes</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“We point to a present remedy for undergraduate excesses, -which, resting on the soundest theory, has also the -demonstration of unquestioned fact. It is co-education. -Cease to separate human beings because of sex. They are -conjoined in the family, in the primary and grammar -schools, in society, and, after the degree rewards four years -of monastic student existence, in the whole career of life.</p> - -<p class='c011'>“Throw open the doors of Harvard to women on equal -terms, absorb the annexe into the college proper, and as the -night follows the day, scholarship will rise, and dissipation -fall by the law of gravitation. The moral atmosphere will -find immediate purification, and the daily association of -brothers and sisters in intellectual pursuits impart a breadth -of view which is an education in itself. The professors -may then be left safely to their themes, John Harvard’s -statue may cease to dread defilement, the regent will find -<span class='pageno' id='Page_172'>172</span>his censorial duties fully as perfunctory as he seems to have -made them in the past, and character will crowd out -profligacy.”—William Lloyd Garrison (in <cite>Woman’s Journal</cite>, -Boston, U.S., 6th February, 1892).</p> - -<p class='c011'>“Whatsoever is ultimately decided by the wisdom of -ages to be the best possible form of culture for one human -nature, must be so for another, for one common humanity -lies deeper in all and is more essential in each than any -difference.”—Sophia Jex-Blake, M.D.</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>XLVI.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>3.—“... <em>impartial range</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>Preparation in this direction is going steadily forward, not -only in the Western hemisphere, but in the Eastern. It is -announced (in August, 1892) that</p> - -<p class='c004'>“Lady students at the five Universities in Switzerland number -224. Berne is the most popular, with 78 female undergraduates; -Zurich has 70; Geneva 70; the new University of Lausanne -has five; and Basle one. The medical faculty is in most favour -with the female students, and counts 157 of the whole number; -the philosophical faculty follows with 62; five prefer the faculty -of jurisprudence; the theological faculty has not yet been invaded -by the sex. More than half of the female students, 116, -are Russians, 21 Germans, 21 Swiss, 11 Americans, nine -Austrians, seven Bulgarians, four English, three Roumanians, -and three from the Turkish Empire, all of whom are young -Armenian ladies.”</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>4.—“... <em>wider wisdom</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>Such wider wisdom—without the preliminary suffering—as -the poet had attained to, when he wrote:—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_173'>173</span>“I have climbed to the snows of Age, and I gaze at a field in the Past,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Where I sank with the body at times in the sloughs of a low desire;</div> - <div class='line'>But I hear no yelps of the beast, and the man is quiet at last,</div> - <div class='line in2'>As he stands on the heights of his life with a glimpse of a height that is higher.”</div> - <div class='line in16'>—Tennyson (“By an Evolutionist”).</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>—“... <em>juster ethics, teach</em>; ...”</p> - -<p class='c011'>“For we see that it is possible to interpret the ideals -of ethical progress, through love and sociality, co-operation -and sacrifice, not as mere utopias contradicted by experience, -but as the highest expressions of the central evolutionary -process of the natural world.... The older biologists -have been primarily anatomists, analysing and comparing -the form of the organism, separate and dead; however incompletely, -we have sought rather to be physiologists, -studying and interpreting the highest and intensest activity -of things living.... It is much for our pure natural -history to recognise that ‘creation’s final law’ is not struggle, -but love.”—Geddes and Thomson (“The Evolution of Sex,” -pp. 312, 313).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>5; 6.—“<em>Conformed to claims of intellect and need,</em></div> - <div class='line in7'><em>The tempered numbers of their high-born breed</em>;”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“There is a problem creeping gradually forward upon -us, a problem that will have to be solved in time, and that -is the steady increase of population.... I believe -<span class='pageno' id='Page_174'>174</span>that with the emancipation of women we shall solve this -problem now. Fewer children will be born, and those that -are born will be of a higher and better physique than the -present order of men. The ghastly abortions, which in -many parts pass muster nowadays, owing to the unnatural -physical conditions of society, as men, women, and children, -will make room for a nobler and higher order of beings, -who will come to look upon the production of mankind in -a diseased or degraded state as a wickedness and unpardonable -crime, against which all men and women should fight -and strive.”—Lady Florence Dixie (“Gloriana,” p. 137).</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... And Mrs. Mona Caird says:—“If the new -movement had no other effect than to rouse women to -rebellion against the madness of large families, it would -confer a priceless benefit on humanity.”—(<cite>Nineteenth -Century</cite>, May, 1892.)</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... “To bring a child into existence without a -fair prospect of being able, not only to provide food for its -body, but instruction and training for its mind, is a moral -crime, both against the unfortunate offspring and against -society.... The fact itself of causing the existence of -a human being, is one of the most responsible actions -in the range of human life. To undertake this responsibility—to -bestow a life which may be either a curse or a -blessing—unless the being on whom it is bestowed will have -at least the ordinary chances of a desirable existence, is a -crime against that being. And in a country either over-peopled, -or threatened with being so, to produce children, -beyond a very small number, with the effect of reducing the -reward of labour by their competition, is a serious offence -<span class='pageno' id='Page_175'>175</span>against all who live by the remuneration of their labour.”—J. -S. Mill (“Liberty,” Chap. V.).</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... A. Dumas fils draws a true and piteous -picture in which this element of the unintelligent overproduction -of human beings has the largest share:—</p> - -<p class='c011'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">“Il y a, et c’est la masse, les femmes du peuple et de la -campagne suant du matin au soir pour gagner le pain -quotidien, faisant ainsi ce que faisaient leurs mères, et mettant -au monde, sans savoir pourquoi ni comment, des filles -qui, à leur tour, feront comme elles, à moins que, plus jolies, -et par conséquent plus insoumises, elles ne sortent du -groupe par le chemin tentant et facile de la prostitution, -mais où le labeur est encore plus rude. Le dos courbé sous -le travail du jour, regardant la terre quand elles marchent, -domptées par la misère, vaincues par l’habitude, asservies -aux besoins des autres, ces créatures à forme de femme ne -supposent que leur condition puisse être modifiée jamais. -Elles n’ont pas le temps, elles n’ont jamais eu la faculté de -penser et de réfléchir; à peine un souhait vague et bientôt -refoulé de quelque chose de mieux! Quand la charge est -trop lourde elles tombent, elles geignent comme des -animaux terrassés, elles versent de grosses larmes à l’idée de -laisser leurs petits sans ressources, ou elles remercient instinctivement -la mort, c’est-à-dire le repos dont elles ont tant -besoin.” (“Les Femmes qui Tuent,” etc., p. 101.)</span></p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... And again, the advanced biological writers -say:—</p> - -<p class='c011'>“The statistician will doubtless long continue his fashion -of confidently estimating the importance and predicting the -survival of populations from their quantity and rate of reproduction -<span class='pageno' id='Page_176'>176</span>alone; but at all this, as naturalists, we can only -scoff. Even the most conventional exponent of the struggle -for existence among us knows, with the barbarian conquerors -of old, that ‘the thicker the grass, the easier it is -mown,’ that ‘the wolf cares not how many the sheep may -be.’ It is the most individuated type that prevails in spite, -nay, in another sense, positively because of its slower increase; -in a word, the survival of a species or family depends -not primarily upon quantity, but upon quality. The future -is not to the most numerous population, but to the most -individuated....</p> - -<p class='c011'>“Apart from the pressure of population, it is time to be -learning (1) That the annual child-bearing still so common, -is cruelly exhaustive to the maternal life, and this often in -actual duration as well as quality; (2) That it is similarly -injurious to the standard of offspring; and hence, (3) That -an interval of two clear years between births (some gynæcologists -even go as far as three) is due alike to mother and -offspring.” (It is to be noted that this period of three years -is postulated as a necessity for the well-being of the offspring; -it is by no means a recommendation to even a -triennial maternity on the part of the mother, who is indeed -to be, in all fulness, “free mistress of her person’s sacred -plan,” with a duty to herself, as well as to her child). -“It is time, therefore, as we heard a brave parson tell his -flock lately, ‘to have done with that blasphemous whining -which constantly tries to look at a motherless’ (ay, or -sometimes even fatherless) ‘crowd of puny infants as a -dispensation of mysterious providence.’ Let us frankly face -the biological facts, and admit that such cases usually -<span class='pageno' id='Page_177'>177</span>illustrate only the extreme organic nemesis of intemperance -and improvidence, and these of a kind far more reprehensible -than those actions to which common custom applies the -names, since they are species-regarding vices, and not -merely self-regarding ones, as the others at least primarily -are....</p> - -<p class='c011'>“It seems to us, however, essential to recognise that -the ideal to be sought after is not merely a controlled rate -of increase, but regulated married lives.... We -would urge, in fact, the necessity of an ethical rather than of -a mechanical ‘prudence after marriage,’ of a temperance -recognised to be as binding on husband and wife as chastity -on the unmarried.... Just as we would protest -against the dictum of false physicians who preach indulgence -rather than restraint, so we must protest against -regarding artificial means of preventing fertilisation as -adequate solutions of sexual responsibility. After all, the -solution is primarily one of temperance. It is no new nor -unattainable ideal to retain, throughout married life, a large -measure of that self-control which must always form the -organic basis of the enthusiasm and idealism of lovers.”—Geddes -and Thomson (“The Evolution of Sex,” Chap. XX.).</p> - -<p class='c004'>As a fitting exemplification of the words of the “parson” -above narrated, compare the following verbatim extract from a -conversation in this year of grace 1892. The —— referred to -is a man about 35, middle-class, and of “good ‘education’” (!) -The same description would also apply to the speaker, who -said, “Poor —— is a brave fellow, and keeps up his head in the -worst of luck. He has a lot of home troubles; he has lost -three children, and his wife always has a bad time at the birth -of each baby.”</p> - -<p class='c004'>No word of sympathy for the wife and mother, or even of -recognition that it was really <em>she</em> who bore the pain at each -<span class='pageno' id='Page_178'>178</span>“bad time.” As the children left alive still numbered two at -the time of the speech, the whole incident can but imply—on -the part of both actor and speaker—the hideous, even if unconscious, -inhumanity so widely prevalent. Never will “high-born -breed” be attained till such action of low-bred intellect is -reprobated and amended; in accordance with the enunciated -truth, that:—</p> - -<p class='c011'>“Especially in higher organisms, a distinction must obviously -be drawn between the period at which it is possible -for males and females to unite in fertile sexual union, and -the period at which such union will naturally occur or will -result in the fittest offspring.”—Geddes and Thomson (<em>op. -cit.</em>, p. 243).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>7, 8.—“<em>Not overworn with childward pain and care,</em></div> - <div class='line in7'><em>The mother—and the race—robuster health shall share</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“It is not the true purpose of any intellectual organism -to live solely to give birth to succeeding organisms; its duty -is also to live for its own happiness and well-being. Indeed, -in so doing, it will be acting in one of the most certain -ways to ensure that faculty and possession of happiness -that it aims to secure for its progeny.”—Ben Elmy (“Studies -in Materialism,” Chap. III.).</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... Even the placid and precisian American poet -bears strong, if involuntary, testimony to the evil and wrong -of the non-cultured and untempered begetting of children:—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“She wedded a man unlearned and poor,</div> - <div class='line in2'>And many children played round her door;</div> - <div class='line'>But care and sorrow, and child-birth pain</div> - <div class='line in2'>Left their traces on heart and brain.”</div> - <div class='line in20'>—Whittier (“Maud Müller”).</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'><span class='pageno' id='Page_179'>179</span><em>Id.</em>... Mr. Andrew Lang also promises us “a world -that is glad and clean, and not overthronged and not -overdriven.”—(Introduction to “Elizabethan Songs.”)</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... “<em>Justice never loses sight of self.</em>... -The language of Justice is ‘to Me and to You; or to You -and to Me.’ ... We have to learn, for the action -and spirit worthy of the coming time, that woman is never -to sacrifice herself to a man, but, when needful, to the -<em>Manhood</em> she hopes or desires to develop in him. In this -she will also attain her own development. But after the hour -when her faith in the hope of worthy results fails her (reason -instructing her nobler affections by holding candidly in -view all the premises, past, present, and future), she is -bound by all her higher obligations to bring that career, -whether it be of the daughter, sister, mother, wife, or friend, -to a close. For the inferior cannot possibly be worth the -sacrifice of the superior. True self-sacrifice, which necessarily -involves the temporary descent of the nobler to the -less noble—the higher to the lower—is made only when -the lower is elevated, improved, carried forward in its -career, thereby.”—Eliza W. Farnham (“Woman and Her -Era,” Vol. II., p. 149).</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... “I have urged on woman independence of -man, not that I do not think the sexes mutually needed by -one another; but because in woman this fact has led to -an excessive devotion which has cooled love, degraded -marriage, and prevented either sex from being what it should -be to itself or the other.... Woman, self-controlled, -would never be absorbed by any relations; it would be only -an experience to her as to man. It is a vulgar error that -<span class='pageno' id='Page_180'>180</span>love, a love to woman, is her whole existence; she is also -born for truth and love in their universal energy.”—Margaret -Fuller Ossoli (“The Woman of the Nineteenth -Century”).</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... Professor Alfred Russell Wallace has written -an article, concerning part of which Mr. W. T. Stead -rightly says: “It is a scientific reinforcement of the cause -of the emancipation of women, and shows that progress -of the cause of female enfranchisement is identified with -the progress of humanity.”—(<cite>Review of Reviews</cite>, Vol. V., -p. 177.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>Professor Wallace says:—</p> - -<p class='c011'>“When such social changes have been effected that no -woman will be compelled, either by hunger, isolation, or -social compulsion, to sell herself, whether in or out of wedlock, -and when all women alike shall feel the refining -influence of a true humanising education, of beautiful -and elevating surroundings, and of a public opinion which -shall be founded on the highest aspirations of their age and -country, the result will be a form of human selection which -will bring about a continuous advance in the average status -of the race. Under such conditions, all who are deformed -either in body or mind, though they may be able to lead -happy and contented lives, will, as a rule, leave no children -to inherit their deformity. Even now we find many women -who never marry because they have never found the man -of their ideal. When no woman will be compelled to marry -for a bare living or for a comfortable home, those who remain -unmarried from their own free choice will certainly -increase, while many others, having no inducement to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_181'>181</span>an early marriage, will wait till they meet with a partner -who is really congenial to them.</p> - -<p class='c011'>“In such a reformed society the vicious man, the man -of degraded taste or feeble intellect, will have little chance -of finding a wife, and his bad qualities will die out with -himself. The most perfect and beautiful in body and mind -will, on the other hand, be most sought, and, therefore, be -most likely to marry early, the less highly endowed later, -and the least gifted in any way the latest of all, and this will -be the case with both sexes.</p> - -<p class='c011'>“From this varying age of marriage, as Mr. Galton has -shown, there will result a more rapid increase of the former -than of the latter, and this cause continuing at work for -successive generations will, at length, bring the average man -to be the equal of those who are now among the more advanced -of the race.”—“Human Progress, Past and Present” -(<cite>Arena</cite>, Jan., 1892).</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>XLVII.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>1.—“<em>Nor blankly epicene</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“Bring up a boy and girl side by side, and educate them -both for the same profession under the same masters, and a -novelist who depicts character could yet weave a story out -of the mental and emotional differences between them, -which will cause them to look at life from totally opposite -points of view.”—Mabel Collins (“On Woman’s Relation -to the State”).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>2.-“... <em>sequence of that day</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“We have seen that a deep difference in constitution expresses -<span class='pageno' id='Page_182'>182</span>itself in the distinctions between male and female, -whether these be physical or mental. The differences may -be exaggerated or lessened, but to obliterate them it would -be necessary to have all the evolution over again on a new -basis. What was decided among the Prehistoric Protozoa -cannot be annulled by Act of Parliament.”—Geddes and -Thomson (“Evolution of Sex,” p. 267).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>3, 4.—“... <em>not ... by aping falser sex shall truer grow</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in4'>“While man and woman still are incomplete</div> - <div class='line in4'>I prize that soul where man and woman meet,</div> - <div class='line in4'>Which types all Nature’s male and female plan,</div> - <div class='line in4'>But, friend, man-woman is not woman-man.”</div> - <div class='line'>—Tennyson (“On One who Affected an Effeminate Manner”).</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>XLVIII.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>8.—“<em>Happy what each may bring to help the common fate</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“I would submit to a severe discipline, and to go without -many things cheerfully, for the good and happiness of the -human race in the future. Each one of us should do -something, however small, towards that great end.... -How pleasant it would be each day to think, to-day I have -done something that will tend to render future generations -more happy. The very thought would make this hour -sweeter. It is absolutely necessary that something of this -kind should be discovered.... It should be the -sacred and sworn duty of everyone, once at least during -lifetime, to do something in person towards this end. It -<span class='pageno' id='Page_183'>183</span>would be a delight and a pleasure to me to do some -thing every day, were it ever so minute. To reflect that -another human being, if at a distance of ten thousand -years from the year 1883, would enjoy one hour’s more life, -in the sense of fulness of life, in consequence of anything -I had done in my little span, would be to me a peace of -soul.”—Richard Jefferies (“The Story of My Heart,” pp. -129, 131, 160).</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>XLIX.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>1.—“<em>By mutual aid perfecting complex man</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>Kant says: “Man and woman constitute, when united, -the whole and entire being, one sex completes the other.”—Bebel -(“Woman,” Walther’s Translation, p. 44).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>2, 3.—“<em>Their twofold vision human life may scan</em></div> - <div class='line in8'><em>From differing standpoints</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>See Note XLVII., 1.</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>LI.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>4.—“<em>Her brain untutored</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“The soldier is exercised in the use of his weapons, the -artisan in the use of his tools. Every profession demands -a special education, even the monk has his novitiate. -Women alone are not prepared for their important maternal -duties.”—Irma von Troll-Borostyani (“<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Die Mission unseres -Jahrhunderts</span>.” A Study on the Woman Question).</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>LIII.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>2.—“... <em>the quivering nerve</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>M. Chauveau states that his object was ‘To ascertain -<span class='pageno' id='Page_184'>184</span>the excitability of the spinal marrow, and the convulsions -and pain produced by that excitability.’ His studies were -made chiefly on horses and asses, who, he says, ‘lend themselves -marvellously thereto by the large volume of their -spinal marrow.’ M. Chauveau accordingly ‘consecrated -eighty subjects to his purpose.’ ‘The animal,’ he says, ‘is -fixed upon a table. An incision is made on its back about -fourteen inches long; the vertebræ are opened with the -help of a chisel, mallet, and pincers, and the spinal marrow -is exposed.’ (No mention is made of anæsthetics, which of -course would nullify the experimenter’s object of studying -“the excitability of the spinal marrow, and the convulsions -<em>and pain</em> produced by that excitability.”) “M. Chauveau -gives a large number of his cases.... Case 7: ‘A -vigorous mule. When one pricks the marrow near the line -of emergence of the sensitive nerves, the animal manifests -the most violent pain.’ Case 20: ‘An old white horse, -lying on the litter, unable to rise, but nevertheless very sensitive. -At whatever points I scratch the posterior cord I provoke -signs of the most violent suffering.’”—(<cite>Journal de -Physiologie</cite>, du Dr. Brown-Séquard. Tome Quatrième. -No. XIII.)</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>4.—“... <em>living butchery with learned knife</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“We are told what Professor Brücke says with reference -to section of the trigeminus:—‘The first sign that the -trigeminus is divided is a loud piercing cry from the animal. -Rabbits we know,’ he adds, ‘are not very sensitive; all sorts -of things may be done to them without making them utter a -cry; but in this operation, if it succeeds, they invariably -<span class='pageno' id='Page_185'>185</span>send forth a prolonged shriek.’”—“Lectures on Physiology,” -Vol. II., p. 76.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>5.—“... <em>cruel anodyne that chained the will</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>It is dubious whether curare be even an anodyne, <em>i.e.</em> a -deadener of pain. M. Claude Bernard, himself a vivisector, -says:—“Curare acting on the nervous system only suppresses -the action of the motor nerves, leaving sensation -intact. Curare is not an anæsthetic.” (<cite>Revue Scientifique</cite>, -1871–2, p. 892.)</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>6.—“... <em>the shuddering victim conscious still</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“Everyone has heard of the dog, suffering under vivisection, -who licked the hand of the operator; this man, -unless he had a heart of stone, must have felt remorse to -the last hour of his life.”—Darwin (“The Descent of Man,” -Part I., Chap. II.).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>8.—“<em>Nor yields her holiest truths on such a murderer’s rack</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“It is fit to say here, once for all, that laws which govern -the animal kingdom below the human, can no more be -accepted as final and determining to man, in physiological, -than in intellectual and moral, action.... For neither -the knife of the anatomist, nor the lens of the microscopist, -are infallible interpreters of function. We do not possess -ourselves of all of Nature’s secrets by cutting up her tissues -and fabrics, neither by the keenest inspection of their -ultimate atoms, whether fluid or solid. There are some -truths withheld from the investigator, however brave, patient, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_186'>186</span>and nice his methods and means, which are given up, in -due time, to the truth-seer, without any method or means, -save the intuitive faculty and its unambitious, guileless -surrender to the service offered it. Such, it is at least -possible, we may find has been Nature’s dealing in this occult -department.”—Eliza W. Farnham (“Woman and Her Era,” -Vol. I., pp. 47, 50).</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>LIV.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>1.—“<em>True science finds its own by kindlier quest</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“Science is of the utmost importance to mankind, but -the last degree of importance cannot be said to attach to -all its minute discoveries, and where, as in physiology, the investigation -becomes inhuman, there it ought to stop. It -ought to stop for our own sakes if from no other motive, -for the torturing of animals on the chance that it may -suggest the means of alleviating some of our own pains -helps to blunt those sensibilities which afford us some of -our purest pleasures. Animals are not our equals in all -things, but they seem to be at any rate our equals in the -sense of pain. The want of imagination may deprive it in -their case of some of its poignancy, but on the other hand -they have none of the supports which we derive from -reason and sympathy, from the tenderness of friendship and -the consolations of religion. With them it is pure, unmitigated, -unsolaced suffering. Our duties to them form a -neglected chapter in the code of ethics, but we ought not to -torture them, and there are many who will maintain that -the obligation is absolute. Life is no doubt valuable, but -it is not everything. It is more than meat, as the body -<span class='pageno' id='Page_187'>187</span>is more than raiment, but it is not more than humanity. -There are occasions on which it has to be risked, and there -are terms on which men of honour and patriotism would -hold it worthless. The doctrine that we may subject the -lower animals to incredible suffering on the possibility that -it may save ourselves from an additional pang is of a selfish -and degrading tendency. It helps to lower the ‘moral -ideal’ and to weaken the springs of heroism in human -character. We owe it to ourselves to keep clear of this -peril. Nature surrounds us with limitations. Here is one -which all that is best and noblest in us sets up, and it is -more sacred than those over which we have no control. -We refuse to torture other sentient creatures in order that -we may live.”—Dr. Henry Dunckley (<cite>Manchester Guardian</cite>, -August 9th, 1892).</p> - -<p class='c011'>The above noble pronouncement, with its conclusion, is -instinct with the spirit of <em>true</em> science (which repudiates -with disdain and horror the hypocritical pseudo-science of a -ghastly and demoralising study and pursuit of cruelty),—the -<em>true</em> science which is one with love, because it refuses the -acceptance of life itself on terms of outrage to love.</p> - -<p class='c011'>See Note LXI., 3.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>4.—“... <em>a keener lens of man’s own brain</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“Observation is perhaps more powerful an organon than -either experiment or empiricism.”—Richard Jefferies -(“Story of My Heart,” p. 162).</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... It is well that some English physicists of the -fullest scientific impulse and effort are revolted at the inhuman -and bootless cruelty of the foreign medical schools -<span class='pageno' id='Page_188'>188</span>which masquerades as scientific research. Is it not possibly -something more than a coincidence that vivisectionists in -general exhibit an aversion to the equality of woman, and -that vivisection flourishes more unrestrainedly where her -position and influence are less recognised; <em>i.e.</em>, in plain -words,—in a lower civilisation?</p> - -<p class='c011'>Mr. Lawson Tait says, with the indignation of a truly -scientific mind at these methods of “science falsely so -called”:—</p> - -<p class='c004'>“For one, as intimately and widely concerned in the application -of human knowledge for the saving of human life and the -relief of human suffering as anyone can be, or as anyone has ever -been, I say I am grateful for the restrictive legislation. Let me -give one brief illustration of my most recent experience in this -matter as one of hundreds which confirm me in my determination -persistently to oppose the introduction into England of -what passes for science in Germany. Some few years ago I -began to deal with one of the most dreadful calamities to which -humanity is subject by means of an operation which had been -scientifically proposed nearly two hundred years ago. I mean -ectopic gestation. The <em>rationale</em> of the proposed operation was -fully explained about fifty years ago, but the whole physiology -of the normal process and the pathology of the perverted one -were obscured and misrepresented by a French physiologist’s -experiments on rabbits and dogs. Nothing was done, and at -least ninety-five per cent. of the victims of this catastrophe -were allowed to die.</p> - -<p class='c004'>“I went outside the experimentalists’ conclusions, went back -to the true science of the old pathologist and of the surgeon of -1701, and performed the operation in scores of cases with -almost uniform success. My example was immediately followed -throughout the world, and during the last five or six years -hundreds if not thousands of women’s lives have been saved, -whilst for nearly forty years the simple road to this gigantic -success was closed by the folly of a vivisector....</p> - -<p class='c004'>“Views such as mine are those of a minority of my professional -brethren, and are generally sneered at as those of a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_189'>189</span>crank. But my reply to this is that they form the new belief, -that of the coming generation, and that not one in fifty of the -bulk of my present brethren have ever seriously gone into the -question, and probably have never seen a single experiment on -a living animal.</p> - -<p class='c004'>“My address as the Surgical Orator of 1890, when the -British Medical Association met in this town, was mainly -directed to the mischievous system of so-called scientific training, -of purely German origin and thoroughly repugnant to our -English tastes and our English common-sense.</p> - -<p class='c004'>“It is therefore a satisfactory matter to know that the Council -of Mason’s College would have none of it, and that the governing -body of the new University College of Nottingham has -recently decided similarly. The Medical School of Queen’s -College is now united entirely with the Science School of -Mason’s College; but we, of Mason’s College, have had the -direction of the science teaching of the Medical School for -several years, we have had no German scientific methods, and -our success has not diminished thereby one atom—on the -contrary.”—Lawson Tait, F.R.C.S., <em>President of Mason’s Science -College, Birmingham</em> (“The Discussion on Vivisection at the -Church Congress, October, 1892”).</p> - -<p class='c011'>At the Congress, as above, Professor Horsley made -aspersions on Miss Frances Power Cobbe, as to statements -concerning Vivisection in her work, “The Nine Circles.” -The professor declared some of the reported cruel experiments -to have been painless, owing to the victims being -under the influence of anæsthetics. In reply to the attack, -the following preliminary letter from Miss Cobbe was then -published:—</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c005'> - <div>“TO THE EDITOR OF THE ‘TIMES.’</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c004'>“<span class='sc'>Sir</span>,—Professor Horsley’s criticism on the above work—planned -and compiled by my direction—demands from me a -careful reply, which I shall endeavour to give as soon as may -be possible at this distance from the books whence the impugned -passages are derived. I shall be much surprised if the hocus -pocus of the sham anæsthetic <em>curare</em> with ineffective applications -<span class='pageno' id='Page_190'>190</span>of genuine chloroform do not once more illustrate ‘the -curse of vivisectible animals,’ and if the results of the experiments -in question, whatever were their worth, would not, in -most cases, have been vitiated had real and absolute anæsthesia -been produced in the victims. Should a small number of the -experiments cited in the ‘Nine Circles’ prove, however, to have -been performed on animals in an entirely painless state, I shall, -while withdrawing them with apologies from a forthcoming new -edition of the book, take care at the same time to call attention -to the multitude of other experiments, home and foreign, therein -recorded—e.g., baking to death, poisoning, starving, creating -all manner of diseases, inoculating in the eyes, dissecting out -and irritating the exposed nerves, causing the brain of cats ‘to -run like cream,’ etc., about which no room for doubt as to the -unassuaged agony of the animal can possibly exist.”</p> - -<p class='c011'>Miss Cobbe concludes by a sharp, but just, criticism on -her critic, and with an acute diagnosis of the learned vivisectionist’s -own condition:—</p> - -<p class='c004'>“The tone of Dr. Horsley’s remarks against me personally -will probably inspire those who know me and the history of my -connexion with the anti-vivisection cause with an amused sense -of the difficulty wherein the Professor must have found himself -when, instead of argument in defence of vivisection, he thus -turned to ‘abuse the plaintiffs’ attorney.’ For myself I gladly -accept such abuse (or mere bluster) as evidence that the consciences -even of eminent vivisectors are, like their victims’ -nerves, imperfectly under the influence of the scientific -anæsthesia, and remain still sensitive to the heart-pricking -charge which I bring against them, of cowardly cruelty to -defenceless creatures.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“I am, Sir, yours,</div> - <div class='line'><span class='sc'>Frances Power Cobbe</span>.</div> - <div class='line'>Hengwrt, Dolgelly, Oct. 8th, 1892.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>⁂ A further newspaper correspondence concerning -“The Nine Circles,” a work from which some of the foregoing -notes on vivisection are copied, has gone on while -<span class='pageno' id='Page_191'>191</span>“Woman Free” is passing through the press; the vivisectors -saying that certain of the incidents transcribed in “The Nine -Circles” are without the announcement that in some cases -an anæsthetic had been administered prior to the act of -living anatomy, otherwise admittedly true in every detail. -The vivisectors lay what stress they can on the omissions; -indeed, their principal advocate has made use of a grossness -of imputation and a coarseness of invective that augurs ill -for any gentleness of treatment or purpose being existent in -the organism of such an operator.</p> - -<p class='c011'>Yet, in truth, it is not a matter of surpassing import -whether the assertion of the operation (alone) being conducted -under an anæsthetic be indubitable, since the after-consequences -of pain or incommodity had to be endured -by the victim without anæsthetics. What initial chloroforming -could ward off the constant after-suffering attendant on -the incubation of the disease for the creation of which the -“operation” had been performed, a period acknowledgedly -often lasting for weeks, and terminated only by death’s -mercy? Or what medicament could anæsthetise the impotent -yearning—to feed her starving puppy—of a poor -mother dog whose mammary glands had been excised, even -if the “operation” had been carried out “under chloroform”? -Mr. Edward Berdoe, M.R.C.S., reproduces and -reprobates the incident with horror in the <cite>Times</cite> of Oct. 27, -1892:—</p> - -<p class='c004'>“Professor Goltz amputated the breast of the mother of a -puppy nursing her young ... who ‘unceasingly licked the -living puppy with the same tenderness as an uninjured dog -might do.’”</p> - -<p class='c011'><span class='pageno' id='Page_192'>192</span>Most gladly may we turn to the words and ways of worthier -seekers after truth. Professor Lawson Tait is reported by -the <cite>Standard</cite>, 28th Oct., 1892, as saying at a meeting the -previous day:—</p> - -<p class='c004'>“Vivisection was a survival from mediæval times. It could -not be justified by any results that it had produced. In days -when they could tell the composition of the atmosphere of Orion -by means of the spectroscope, it was a disgrace that men should -resort to vivisection, instead of perfecting other and more -humane means of research.”</p> - -<p class='c011'>There speaks true science. And, on a later occasion, -Mr. Lawson Tait quotes the celebrated anatomist, Sir -Charles Bell (who had been falsely claimed as an advocate -of vivisection), as saying, “on page 217 of the second -volume of his great work on the Nervous System, published -in 1839”:—</p> - -<p class='c004'>“... a survey of what has been attempted of late years -in physiology will prove that the opening of living animals has -done more to perpetuate error than to confirm the just views -taken from the study of anatomy and natural motions.... -For my own part I cannot believe that Providence should -intend that the secrets of nature are to be discovered by means -of cruelty, and I am sure that those who are guilty of protracted -cruelties do not possess minds capable of appreciating the laws -of nature.”—(The <cite>Times</cite>, Nov. 8th, 1892, p. 3.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>The views of Charles Bell and Lawson Tait are in striking -and encouraging coincidence with verses LIII., LIV., and -LV.</p> - -<p class='c011'>To women peculiarly it belongs to oppose the doctrines -and methods of vivisectionists, for to the practitioners of -that school were due the arguments or assumptions which -<span class='pageno' id='Page_193'>193</span>sufficed to introduce for a while into our country the vile -system of according a licence to male dissoluteness and -female subjection—under a pretext of public morality and -“scientific” sanction—known on the continent as the -“police des mœurs,” and in sundry Naval and Military -stations of England and Ireland as the “Contagious -Diseases Acts.”</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>LV.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>8.—“... <em>from Love’s might alone all thoughts of Wisdom grow</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“Hast thou considered how the beginning of all thought -worthy the name is love; and the wise head never yet was, -without first the generous heart?”—Carlyle (“French -Revolution,” Vol. III., p. 375).</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>LVI.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>5.—“<em>With woman honoured, rises man to height</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“If a Hindoo principality is strongly, vigilantly, and -economically governed; if order is preserved without oppression, -if cultivation is extended, and the people prosperous, -in three cases out of four that principality is under a -woman’s rule. This fact, to me an entirely unexpected -one, I have collected from a long official knowledge of -Hindoo Governments.”—J. S. Mill (“The Subjection of -Women,” p. 100 note).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>6.—“<em>With her degraded, sinks again in night</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“And you who have departed from the common tradition, -how have you fared in the race of life? Are your men as -<span class='pageno' id='Page_194'>194</span>brave and fearlessly truthful, are your women as courageous -and honest as in the old days of ‘the maiden’s choice’? -Are the little worn-out child-wives of to-day likely to have -descendants like those of the damsels of your ancient -epics? Where are the deeds of high emprise, of daring -valour, and of patient persistence of the youths who were -fired by the pure love of a woman? Ah! gentlemen, with -love life departs; there is no vitality in married life without -affection, and when love, the great incentive to action, disappears -from the family, leaving dry the streams of affection -which should flow between the children and parents, what -must come of the race?”—Mrs. Pechey Phipson, M.D. -(“Address to the Hindoos”).</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... “From all we know of the laws of life and -its development it would appear one of the foolishest things -on earth for men to fancy that they can debase the intellect -lobes of women, and at the same time exalt their own. -No breeder of cattle or horses would think of debasing the -qualities, in the females, which he would desire to possess -in the males.</p> - -<p class='c011'>“No race in the future can either rule the world or even -continue in existence without improving the intellect of that -race, and this certainly cannot be done by depauperising -the intellects of more than half of the <em>progenitors</em> of that -race.”—Dr. E. Bonavia (“Woman’s Frontal Lobes”).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>8.—“.... <em>Earth’s advancing queen</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Will man den ganzen Menschen studiren, so darf man -nur auf das weibliche Geschlecht seine Augen richten: -denn wo die Kraft schwacher ist, da ist das Werkzeug um -<span class='pageno' id='Page_195'>195</span>so künstlicher. Daher hat die Natur in das weibliche -Geschlecht eine natürliche Anlage zur Kunst gelegt. <em>Der -Mann ist geschaffen, ueber die Natur zu gebieten, das Weib aber, -den Mann zu regieren.</em> Zum Ersten gehört viel Kraft, zum -Andern viel Geschicklichkeit.</span>”—Immanuel Kant.</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>LVII.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>1.—“... <em>in jealousy</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>The male conceit and jealousy of sex, existent among -the majority of meaner men, has been perceived and -censured or satirised by higher masculine minds both in -ancient and modern literature. To take a few scattered -instances from the latter, Shakespeare says:—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“... however we do praise ourselves,</div> - <div class='line'>Our fancies are more giddy and infirm,</div> - <div class='line'>More longing, wavering, sooner lost and won</div> - <div class='line'>Than women’s are.”</div> - <div class='line in10'>—(“Twelfth Night,” Act II., Sc. 4.)</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>Goethe says pungently (in “Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship”): -“People ridicule learned women and dislike even -women who are well informed, probably because it is considered -impolite to put so many ignorant men to shame.”</p> - -<p class='c011'>As our own plain-spoken Sydney Smith has said, in his -essay on Female Education:—“It is natural that men who -are ignorant themselves, should view, with some degree of -jealousy and alarm, any proposal for improving the education -of women.”</p> - -<p class='c011'>A ludicrously pitiful modern-day instance of the jealous -ignorance or ignorant jealousy to which Goethe and Sydney -<span class='pageno' id='Page_196'>196</span>Smith make reference, is afforded by a seriously-written -leading article in No. 545 of the <cite>Christian Commonwealth</cite>, -a London weekly newspaper, under date of 24th March, -1892:—</p> - -<p class='c004'>“The Woman question will not down. She is asserting herself -in every direction, and generally with considerable force. -In America she is positively alarming the lords of creation by -her rapid progress in educational matters. She is actually outrunning -the men in the race for intellectual attainments. And -this fact is becoming so evident, and so prominent, that a new -problem is being evolved from it. This is, how are the finely -educated young women of America to find congenial husbands? -It is assumed by some writers that already there is a great disparity -between the culture of the young men and young women, -and that every year the chasm between them is becoming -deeper and wider. This is a truly lamentable state of things, -but the woman movement in this country is likely to take a -more practical course. The agitation of the question of -Woman Suffrage may bring about a reaction against her excessive -culture. If woman is permitted to enter the cesspool of -politics, it is probable she will not be very long distressed with -an overplus of those qualities which are just now endangering -her conjugal felicity in the United States....”</p> - -<p class='c011'>It is refreshing and consolatory to revert from such -verbiage to what Sir Humphrey Davy said (“Lectures, 1810 -and 1811”): “It has been too much the custom to endeavour -to attach ridicule to the literary and scientific -acquisitions of women. Let <em>them</em> make it disgraceful for -men to be ignorant, and ignorance will perish.”</p> - -<p class='c011'>To Shakespeare and Goethe may be added the corroboration -of French intellect:—</p> - -<p class='c011'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">“N’est-il pas évident que Molière, dans ses <em>Femmes -Savantes</em> n’a pas attaqué l’instruction, l’étude, mais le -pédantisme, comme, dans son <cite>Tartuffe</cite>, il avait attaqué -<span class='pageno' id='Page_197'>197</span>non la vraie dévotion, mais l’hypocrisie? N’est-ce pas -Molière lui-même qui a écrit ce beau vers: “Et je veux -qu’une femme ait des clartés <em>de tout</em>?”—Monseigneur -Dupanloup, Evêque d’Orléans (“Femmes Savantes et -Femmes Studieuses,” 1868, p. 8).</span></p> - -<p class='c011'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">“C’est à Condorcet et non pas à Jean Jacques, comme -on le croit généralement, qu’appartient l’initiative des -réformes proposées dans l’éducation et la condition des -femmes.”—Daniel Stern (“Hist. de la Révolution de -1848,” Vol. II, p. 185).</span></p> - -<p class='c011'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">“Quand la loi française”—(<span lang="en" xml:lang="en">shall we not say also every -other?</span>)—“déclare la femme inférieure à l’homme ce n’est -jamais pour libérer la femme d’un devoir vis-à-vis de l’homme -ou de la société, c’est pour armer l’homme ou la société -d’un droit de plus contre elle. Il n’est jamais venu à -l’idée de la loi de tenir compte de la faiblesse de la femme -dans les différents délits qu’elle peut commettre; au contraire, -la loi en abuse.”—A. Dumas fils (“Les Femmes qui -Tuent,” etc., p. 204).</span></p> - -<p class='c011'>Mill says:—“There is nothing which men so easily learn -as this self-worship; all privileged persons, and all privileged -classes have had it.” And he also speaks of a time—“when -satires on women were in vogue, and men thought it a -clever thing to insult women for being what men made -them.”—(“Subjection of Women,” pp. 76, 77).</p> - -<p class='c011'>We have seen (Note XLV., 5) how Professor Huxley -postulates scientific training equally for girls and boys; he -has also said:—“Emancipate girls. Recognise the fact -that they share the senses, perceptions, feelings, reasoning -powers, emotions of boys, and that the mind of the average -<span class='pageno' id='Page_198'>198</span>girl is less different from that of the average boy, than the -mind of one boy is from that of another; so that whatever -argument justifies a given education for all boys, justifies its -application to girls as well.”—(“Emancipation, <cite>Black and -White</cite>.”)</p> - -<p class='c011'>Balzac asserted: “A woman who has received a masculine -education possesses the most brilliant and fertile -qualities, with which to secure the happiness of her husband -and herself.”—(<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">“Physiologie du Mariage,” Méditation -XI.</span>).</p> - -<p class='c011'>But the instances are innumerable where the intellect of -higher men expressly or unconsciously rebukes the jealous -sexual conceit of their less intelligent brethren. Dr. -Bonavia says, very tersely:—“The fact is, many men don’t -like the idea of being surpassed or even equalled by women. -They stupidly feel their dignity wounded. This jealousy, -however, is not only extremely contemptible and unjust, -but disastrous to the true interests of the race, for men have -mothers <em>as well as women</em>, and imbecility—the result of -atrophied frontal lobes—is just as likely to be transmitted -to the one sex as to the other, as far as we yet know. -Just see the injustice of men’s jealousy in matters of intellect. -Only recently the talent of Miss Ormerod—an -entomologist who can hold her own <em>anywhere</em> on earth—was -kept under by the Royal Agricultural Society. <em>She</em> did -the entomological work, and made the discoveries, while -<em>they</em> took the credit. In their reports they did not even -mention <em>her</em> name in connection with her own work!—A -more contemptible proceeding, it would appear, has never -been brought to light, in the struggle of the sexes, if that -<span class='pageno' id='Page_199'>199</span>case has been correctly reported.”—(“Woman’s Frontal -Lobes.”)</p> - -<p class='c011'>Bebel treats this jealousy with a fine irony in his exposition -of “the motives which induce most medical -professors, and indeed the professors of every faculty, to -oppose women students:”—“They regard the admission of -women as synonymous with the degradation of science (!) -which could not but lose its prestige in the eyes of the enlightened (!) -multitude if it appeared that the female brain -was capable of grasping problems which had hitherto only -been revealed to the elect of the opposite sex.”—(<em>Op. -cit.</em>, p. 132.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>Had Bebel recorded masculine mercenary considerations, -rather than sham misgivings as to the interests of science, -his sarcasm would have been very grim truth. Indeed, -what is sometimes called the “loaves and fishes” argument -is at the root of most of this masculine jealousy which -cloaks itself under a pretension of tender consideration for -woman’s delicacy. To cite Bebel again: “Another objection -is that it is unseemly to admit women to medical -lectures, to operations, and deliveries, side by side with -male students. If men see nothing indecent in studying -and examining female patients in the presence of nurses -and other female patients, it is difficult to understand why -it should become so through the presence of female -students.”—(<em>Op. cit.</em>, p. 132.) And as to the actual -fitness of women for exercising the profession of medicine -or surgery:—</p> - -<p class='c011'>“‘Women always improve when the men begin to show -signs of failing,’ were the words of a distinguished physician -<span class='pageno' id='Page_200'>200</span>and surgeon, who had seen years of service on a remote -wintry station of the army. ‘I have had fellows brought -to me to have the leg amputated—perhaps both—close to -the body, and never anywhere in Paris, London, or New -York, saw I better surgeon’s assistants than some of our -women made, especially the Sisters of Charity, of whom we -had a few at the post, for three or four years. Heads as -clear as a silver bell; hands steady and unshrinking as -a granite rock, yet with a touch as light as a spring leaf; -foot quick and indefatigable, whether the time was noonday -or midnight; memory perfect; tenderness for the -sufferer unfailing. Talk about love, courage, fortitude, and -endurance in your sex! I tell you,’ he added, with a needless -affirmation at this point, ‘they seem to be nothing else, -when these are most wanted, and the man who doubts them -is an ass.’”—Eliza W. Farnham (“Woman and Her Era,” -Vol. II., p. 157). See also Note XXIX., 8.</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em> ... Here may fittingly follow the report of a -trained masculine judgment as to woman’s ability in yet a -further profession—that of the law:—</p> - -<p class='c011'>At the recent opening of the Southern California College -of Law, at Los Angeles, John W. Mitchell, the president, -in his lecture upon “The Study of the Law,” spoke of the -utility of women studying law, in the following language:—</p> - -<p class='c004'>“This part of this discourse it is believed would be radically -incomplete without calling attention to one other and particular -class of persons who need an insight into the rudiments of law—which -class, it seems, has also been neglected by those -occupying a like position to my own—I mean the women. He -is, indeed, blind to the signs of the times who does not recognise -the expanding field of women’s work, and their increased -influence in the professions as well as in the fine arts. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_201'>201</span>That women are entering the lists with men, in behalf of themselves -and womankind, is well; for they must make up their -minds to take up the task of urging the reforms they need, -and must solve the woman problem in all its bearings. Women -are doing this. They are becoming competitors with men in -the pursuits of life, it is true; but it is as much from necessity -as choice. But it is not only the women who have to labour -and earn their own living who need legal knowledge to aid -them. It is more needful to the woman of property, be her -possessions but an humble home or a colossal fortune; whether -she be married or single. Women want this experience to -make them cautious of jeopardising their rights, and less confiding -in business matters. The courts are full of cases showing -how women have been wrongly stripped of their belongings. -And, perhaps, if one woman had known the legal effect of some -of her acts, one of the largest fortunes ever amassed in this -State of Crœsus-like wealth would not have been carried to -distant States, and there scandalously distributed amongst -scheming adventurers and lawyers, making a little Massachusetts -county-seat the theatre of one of the most remarkable -contests for a fortune in the whole annals of probate court law.</p> - -<p class='c004'>“As to the professions: women were for a long time barred -from them, but now the barriers to all of them have been removed, -and there is not a profession in which women are not distinguished. -They have graduated in the sciences from most -universities with the highest honours, and have stood the same -tests as the men. The law was about the last to admit them -within its precincts, and there they are meeting with an unexpected -measure of success. Not only in this, but in other -countries, there are successful women practitioners. And in -France, where the preparatory course is most arduous, and the -term of study longest, a woman recently took the highest rank -over 500 men in her graduating examinations, and during the -whole six years of class study she only lost one day from her -work—an example that is commended to you students. Undoubtedly, -the weight of the argument is in favour of women -studying law.”—(<cite>Women’s Journal</cite>, Boston, U.S., 6th February, -1892.)</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... Even the vaunted politeness and gallantry -of the Frenchman is not proof against the far more deeply-bedded -<span class='pageno' id='Page_202'>202</span>masculine jealousy. M. de Blowitz, the erudite -correspondent at Paris of the <cite>Times</cite>, reports that—</p> - -<p class='c004'>“The law students yesterday hooted down Mdlle. Jeanne -Chauvin, 28 years of age, who was to have argued a thesis for -a legal degree. She had chosen as her theme, ‘The Professions -accessible to Women and the Historical Evolution of -the Economic Position of Woman in Society.’ The uproar was -such that the examiner postponed the ceremony <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sine die</span></i>. -Mdlle. Chauvin is the first Frenchwoman who has sought a legal -degree, but two years ago a Roumanian lady went through the -ordeal without obstruction.”—(The <cite>Times</cite>, July 4, 1892.)</p> - -<p class='c011'>To revert to the “loaves and fishes” argument, an incident -now to be given will show that medicine and the law -are not the only professions in which the objections to the -equal status of the sexes are largely prompted by a -“jalousie de métier” of a selfish and mercenary character:—</p> - -<p class='c011'>“The following letters have been received at Auckland -from the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge -in relation to the memorial lately sent from New Zealand -in favour of the opening of degrees to women:—</p> - -<p class='c004'>“‘<span class='sc'>Dear Professor Aldis</span>,</p> - -<p class='c004'>“‘Your very interesting memorial reached me yesterday. -I still await the explanatory letter and analysis. After receiving -I will write again.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“‘Yours etc.,</div> - <div class='line in4'><span class='sc'>John Peile</span>,</div> - <div class='line in12'>Vice-Chancellor.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-l c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>Christ’s College Lodge,</div> - <div class='line in4'>‘Cambridge, Nov. 2nd, 1891.’</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c004'>“‘<span class='sc'>My Dear Professor Aldis</span>,</p> - -<p class='c004'>“‘The petition of the memorial received by me from -Miss Lilian Edger and yourself, respecting degrees for women -at the University of Cambridge, and the analysis of the signatures -<span class='pageno' id='Page_203'>203</span>to that memorial, have been printed by me in the -<cite>University Reporter</cite>, the official organ of communication of any -kind of business to the members of the Senate. The memorial -itself will be preserved in the Registry of the University. Immediate -action on this question by the Council of the Senate—the -body, with which, as you are aware, all legislation in the -University must begin—is not probable. The question was -raised about three years ago; and it became at once plain that, -if persevered in, it would produce a very serious division in the -ranks of those members of the University who had all shown -themselves, in the past, friends to the highest education of -women. Many of those who had earnestly supported the admission -of women to Tripos examinations, <em>would not support their -admission to the B.A. degree</em>. Into their—mostly practical—reasons -I cannot fully enter: One was the belief that admission to B.A. -must lead, in the end (in spite of any provisions which might be -introduced), to admission to M.A., and consequently to <em>a share -in the management of the University</em>; it was also apprehended that -difficulties would arise in the several colleges <em>with respect to -fellowships</em>, <em>etc.</em> I do not mention these difficulties as insuperable. -But they are felt by so many that there is, I am persuaded, no -prospect of successful action in this matter at the present time. -I shall, therefore, not myself propose anything in the Council, -nor so far has any other of the friends of women’s education, of -whom there are many on the Council, given notice of any -motion. At any future time, when such a motion is made, your -most influential memorial will certainly have its due weight -with the members of the Council, and if they decide to take -action, I hope also, with members of the Senate.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in28'>“‘I am, etc.,</div> - <div class='line in32'><span class='sc'>John Peile</span>,</div> - <div class='line in12'>Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge.</div> - <div class='line'>Christ’s College Lodge,</div> - <div class='line in8'>Cambridge, Nov. 20th, 1891.’”</div> - <div class='line in16'>—(<cite>New Zealand Herald</cite>, 5th Jan., 1892.)</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>6.—“... <em>potency</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“The Brain is different from all other organs of the body. -It is often a mass of structural potentialities rather than of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_204'>204</span>fully-developed nerve tissues. Some of its elements, viz., -those concerned with best-established instinctive operations, -naturally go on to their full development without the aid -of extrinsic stimuli; others, however, and large tracts of -these, seem to progress to such developments only under -the influence of suitable stimuli. Hence natural aptitudes -and potencies of the most subtle order may never be manifested -by multitudes of persons, for want of the proper -stimuli and practice capable of perfecting the development -and functional activity of those regions of the brain whose -action is inseparably related to the mental phenomena in -question.”—Dr. H. C. Bastian (“The Brain as an Organ of -Mind,” p. 374).</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>LVIII.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>1.—“<em>Woman’s own soul must seek and find</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>On women of medical education especially is the duty -incumbent to investigate the world of biological experience -in woman. They may not sit quietly down and assume -that in learning all that man has to teach, they rest his -equals, and that the last word has been said on the matter. -They have a field of exploration, with opportunities, with -implements, and with capacities, which man cannot have. -His research on such a question as the recognisedly most -vital one of human embryology with all its issues, can get but -rare and uncertain light from accidental occasions, and is, -moreover, simply as it were a dead anatomising; nor can he -by any means reach the psychic or introspective phase of -enquiry; but woman has the live subject, body and soul, in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_205'>205</span>her own organism, to study at her leisure. Does she not -yet see how to grasp such further living knowledge? But -that is the very quest here indicated. The askidian also -had no strength of vision, yet we can now tell and test the -light and the components of distant spheres.</p> - -<p class='c011'>There are, undoubtedly, what may be termed intelligent -operations carried on in the body unconsciously to oneself, -or at any rate beyond the present ken of one’s actively perceptive -and volitional faculties. Observation and recognition -of these is to be striven for, and even guidance or -command of them may be ours in a worthy future. The -<cite>Times</cite> of 27th January, 1892, reported a lecture at the -Royal Institution on the previous day by Professor Victor -Horsley, in the course of which the lecturer—</p> - -<p class='c004'>“... pointed out the pineal gland, which Descartes -thought to be the seat of the soul, but which was now known -to be an invertebrate eye. He also explained the functions of -certain small masses of grey matter, which are two, viz.—sight -and equilibration. The optic nerve was situated close to the -crura, and equilibration was subserved by the cerebellum. After -referring to the basal ganglia, Professor Horsley admitted that -as science advanced we seem to know less and less about the -specific functions of the various masses of grey matter, and less -definite views than formerly prevailed were now held with -respect to the local source of what are termed voluntary impulses, -and that of sensations.... We were still in -ignorance as to the functions of the optic thalamus, and of the -corpus striatum. Those of the cortex had to some extent been -ascertained. They might be divided into three classes, viz.—movement, -sensation, and what was termed mental phenomena. -But we were still in the dark as to those portions of the brain -which subserved intellectual operations, memory, and emotional -impulses. A like ignorance prevailed with respect to the basal -ganglia.”</p> - -<p class='c011'><span class='pageno' id='Page_206'>206</span>What as yet unrecognised inward eyes watch over the -embryo life?</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>3.—“... <em>counsel helpful</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>Mrs. Eliza W. Farnham says:—“In this day the most -needed science to humankind is that which will commend -women to confidence in themselves and their sex as the -leading force of the coming Era—the Era of spiritual rule -and movement; in which, through them, the race is destined -to rise to a more exalted position than ever before it has -held, and for the first time to form its dominant ties of -relationship to that world of purer action and diviner -motion, which lies above the material one of intellectual -struggle and selfish purpose wherein man has held and -exercised his long sovereignty.”—(“Woman and Her Era,” -Vol. I., p. 311).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>5.—“... <em>philosophic lore</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“The farther our knowledge advances, the greater will -be the need of rising to transcendental views of the physical -world.... If the imagination had been more -cultivated, if there had been a closer union between the -spirit of poetry and the spirit of science, natural philosophy -would have made greater progress because natural philosophers -would have taken a higher and more successful -aim, and would have enlisted on their side a wider range -of human sympathies.”—Buckle (“Influence of Women on -the Progress of Knowledge”).</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em> “... <em>chirurgic lore</em> ...”</p> - -<p class='c011'>“The Lady Dufferin fund had already been the means of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_207'>207</span>opening a school of medicine for Indian women, who would -consequently devote themselves to the study of anatomy. -Anatomy and Asiatic women. That was the most extraordinary -association of ideas one could ever have imagined.”—Professor -Vambéry (Lecture to the Royal Scottish Geographical -Society, Edinburgh, 20th May, 1891). Reported -in the <cite>Times</cite> of following day.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>8.—“<em>Regent of Nature’s will</em>, ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“Woman will grow into fitness for the sublime work -which nature has given her to do, and man through her -help and persuasion will spontaneously assume the relation -of a co-operator in it. Finding that nature intends his -highest good and that of his species, through the emancipation -and development of woman into the fulness of her -powers, he will gratefully seek his own profit and happiness -in harmonising himself with this method; he will honour it -as nature’s method, and woman as its chief executor; and -will joyfully find that not only individuals, families, and -communities, but nations, have been wisely dependent on -her, in their more advanced conditions, for the good which -can come only from the most perfect, artistic, and spiritual -being who inhabits our earth.”—Eliza W. Farnham -(“Woman and Her Era,” Vol. II., p. 423).</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>LIX.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>1.—“<em>Each sequent life shall feel her finer care</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“The one thing constant, the one peak that rises above -all clouds, the one window in which the light for ever -<span class='pageno' id='Page_208'>208</span>burns, the one star that darkness cannot quench, is <em>woman’s -love</em>. This one fact justifies the existence and the perpetuation -of the human race. Again I say that women are -better than men; their hearts are more unreservedly given; -in the web of their lives sorrow is inextricably woven with -the greatest joys; self-sacrifice is a part of their nature, and -at the behest of love and maternity they walk willingly and -joyously down to the very gates of death. Is there nothing -in this to excite the admiration, the adoration, of a modern -reformer? Are the monk and nun superior to the father -and mother?”—Robert Ingersoll (<cite>North American Review</cite>, -Sept., 1890).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>2.—“<em>Each heir of life a wealthier bounty share</em>;”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>Poets and physiologists agree in these prognostications. -The keen observer, Bastian, in his treatise on archebiosis, -willingly calls to his support an equally conscientious ally, -in the following passage:—</p> - -<p class='c011'>“We must battle on along the path of knowledge and of -duty, trusting in that natural progress towards a far distant -future for the human race, such as its past history may -warrant us in anticipating. For, as Mr. Wallace points out, -those natural influences which have hitherto promoted -man’s progress ‘still acting on his mental organisation, -must ever lead to the more perfect adaptation of man’s -higher faculties to the conditions of surrounding nature -and to the exigencies of the social state,’ so that ‘his -mental constitution may continue to advance and improve, -till the world is again inhabited by a single, nearly -homogeneous race, no individual of which will be inferior -<span class='pageno' id='Page_209'>209</span>to the noblest specimens of existing humanity.’”—Dr. H. -Charlton Bastian (“The Beginnings of Life,” Vol. II., -p. 633).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>3.—“<em>Those lives allied in equal union chaste.</em>”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“The great chastity of paternity, to match the great -chastity of maternity.”</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>—Walt Whitman (“Children of Adam”).</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>4.—“<em>A sweeter purpose, purer rapture, taste</em>;”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“A wife is no longer the husband’s property; and, -according to modern ideas, marriage is, or should be, a -contract on the footing of perfect equality between the -sexes. The history of human marriage is the history of a -relation in which women have been gradually triumphing -over the passions, the prejudices, and the selfish interests of -men.”—Edward Westermarck (Concluding words of “The -History of Human Marriage”).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>7.—“<em>The only rivalry</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“When woman finds her proper place in legislation, it -will be found ultimately that it will be not as man’s rival, -but his helpmate.”—Mabel Collins (“On Woman’s Relation -to the State”).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>8.—“<em>How for their lineage fair still larger fate to find</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“Lycurgus, the Spartan lawgiver, had the idea of making -public principle and utility predominate over private -interests and affections; and on that idea he ordained that -children were not to be the property of their parents, but -<span class='pageno' id='Page_210'>210</span>of the State, which was to direct their education, and determine -their modes of life. A better idea with the legislators -of the future—<em>the number of whom will be equal with that -of all wholesomely-developed men and women upon the earth</em>—will -be to take fullest advantage of all natural instincts. -The parents, their hearts ever yearning with love for their -offspring, and the community, careful of its individual -members, co-operating in placing the children under all -good influences towards that development, which, being the -best for their individual lives, will also coincide with what -is best for the general welfare. For this end, the experience -of the past, and the higher wisdom of their own times, will -far better qualify them to judge of fitting means and -methods than we can now either surmise or suggest.”—David -Maxwell (“Stepping-stones to Socialism,” p. 15).</p> - -<h3 class='c009'>LX.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>1.—“<em>Their task ineffable yields wondrous gain</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“... I rest not from my great task;</div> - <div class='line'>To open the eternal worlds! To open the immortal eyes</div> - <div class='line'>Of man inwards; into the worlds of thought: into eternity</div> - <div class='line'>Ever expanding the human imagination.”</div> - <div class='line in20'>—William Blake (“Jerusalem”).</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>2.—“<em>Their energies celestial force attain</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">“Les écrivains du dix-huitième siècle ont sans doute -rendu d’immenses services aux Sociétés; mais leur philosophie -basée sur le sensualisme, n’est pas allée plus loin que -<span class='pageno' id='Page_211'>211</span>l’épiderme humain. Ils n’ont considéré que l’univers -extérieur, et, sous ce rapport seulement, ils ont retardé, pour -quelque temps, le développement morale de l’homme.... -L’étude des mystères de la pensée, la découverte des organes -de l’AME humaine, la géométrie de ses forces, les phénomènes -de sa puissance, l’appréciation de la faculté qu’elle -nous semble posséder de se mouvoir indépendamment du -corps, de se transporter où elle veut et de voir sans le -secours des organes corporels, enfin les lois de sa dynamique -et celles de son influence physique, constitueront la -glorieuse part du siècle suivant dans le trésor des sciences -humaines. Et nous ne sommes occupés peut être, en ce -moment, qu’à extraire les blocs énormes qui serviront plus -tard à quelque puissant génie pour bâtir quelque glorieux -édifice.”—Balzac (“Physiologie du Mariage,” Méditation -XXVI.).</span></p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>3, 4.—“<em>Their intermingled souls, with passion dight,</em></div> - <div class='line in8'><em>In aspiration soar past earthly height</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“As yet we are in the infancy of our knowledge. What -we have done is but a speck compared to what remains to -be done. For what is there that we really know? We are -too apt to speak as if we had penetrated into the sanctuary -of truth and raised the veil of the goddess, when, in fact, -we are still standing, coward-like, trembling before the -vestibule, and not daring, from very fear, to cross the -threshold of the temple. The highest of our so-called laws -of nature are as yet purely empirical.</p> - -<p class='c011'>“... They who discourse to you of the laws of nature -as if those laws were binding upon nature, or as if they -<span class='pageno' id='Page_212'>212</span>formed a part of nature, deceive both you and themselves. -The (so-called) laws of nature have their sole seat, origin, -and function in the human mind. They are simply the -conditions under which the regularity of nature is recognised. -They explain the external world, but they reside in the internal. -As yet we know scarcely anything of the laws of -mind, and, therefore, we scarcely know anything of the laws -of nature. We talk of the law of gravitation, and yet we -know not what gravitation is; we talk of the conservation -of force and distribution of forces, and we know not what -forces are; we talk with complacent ignorance of the -atomic arrangements of matter, and we neither know what -atoms are nor what matter is; we do not even know if -matter, in the ordinary sense of the word, can be said to -exist; we have as yet only broken the first ground, we have -but touched the crust and surface of things. Before us and -around us there is an immense and untrodden field, whose -limits the eye vainly strives to define; so completely are they -lost in the dim and shadowy outline of the future. In that -field, which we and our posterity have yet to traverse, I -firmly believe that the imagination will effect quite as much -as the understanding. Our poetry will have to reinforce -our logic, and we must feel as much as we argue. Let us -then hope, that the imaginative and emotional minds of one -sex will continue to accelerate the great progress, by acting -upon and improving the colder and harder minds of the -other sex.”—Buckle (“Influence of Women on the Progress -of Knowledge”).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>6.—“... <em>the vision to retain</em>,”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'><span class='pageno' id='Page_213'>213</span>As with Wordsworth’s nature-nurtured maiden:—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“... beauty born of murmuring sound</div> - <div class='line'>Shall pass into her face ...</div> - <div class='line'>And vital feelings of delight</div> - <div class='line'>Shall rear her form to stately height ...</div> - <div class='line in4'>The floating clouds their state shall lend</div> - <div class='line'>To her; for her the willow bend,</div> - <div class='line'>Nor shall she fail to see</div> - <div class='line'>Even in the motions of the storm</div> - <div class='line'>Grace that shall mould the maiden’s form</div> - <div class='line'>By silent sympathy.”</div> - <div class='line in14'>—(“Poems of the Imagination”).</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... “My hope becomes as broad as the horizon -afar, reiterated by every leaf, sung on every bough, reflected -in the gleam of every flower. There is so much for us yet -to come, so much to be gathered, and enjoyed. Not for -you or me, now, but for our race, who will ultimately use -this magical secret for their happiness. Earth holds secrets -enough to give them the life of the fabled Immortals. My -heart is fixed firm and stable in the belief that ultimately -the sunshine and the summer, the flowers and the azure -sky, shall become, as it were, interwoven into man’s -existence. He shall take from all their beauty and enjoy -their glory.... He is indeed despicable who cannot -look onwards to the ideal life of man. Not to do so is to -deny our birthright of mind.”—R. Jefferies (“The Pageant -of Summer”).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_214'>214</span>7, 8.—“... <em>mould their dreams of love, with conscious skill</em></div> - <div class='line in4'><em>To human living types</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“Her Brain enlabyrinths the whole heaven of her bosom and loins</div> - <div class='line'>To put in act what her Heart wills.”</div> - <div class='line in20'>—William Blake (“Jerusalem”).</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“These states belong so purely to the inner nature; are -so deeply hidden beneath the strata of what we call the -inner life, even, that only women, and of these, only such -as have become self-acquainted, through seeing the depths -within the depths of their own consciousness, can fully -comprehend all that is meant in the words a ‘Purposed -Maternity.’ I use them in their highest sense, meaning not -the mere purpose of satisfying the maternal instincts, which -the quadruped feels and acts from, as well as the human -being, but the intelligent, artistic purpose (to which the -maternal instinct is a fundamental motive), to act in harmony -with Nature in producing the most perfect being which the -powers and resources employed, can bring forth.... -It is probable that we shall, ere long, arrive at truer -views of maternity everywhere; and when we do, I think it -will be seen that the office has a sacredness in Nature’s eyes -above all other offices, and that she reserves for it the finest -of her vital forces, powers, susceptibilities, and means of -every sort.”—Eliza W. Farnham (“Woman and Her Era,” -Vol. II., p. 385; Vol. I., p. 93).</p> - -<p class='c011'>[It has been an intense delight to come upon these and -the other words and thoughts of Eliza W. Farnham; -<span class='pageno' id='Page_215'>215</span>“blazes” or axe-marks of this previous pioneer in the same -exploration. It is only since completing the whole of the -verses that the writer has found the passages quoted from -Mrs. Farnham’s work, and deduces a not unnatural confirmation -of the mutually shared views, from the singular -concord and unanimity of their expression.]</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>8.—“... <em>supreme of form and will</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“The changes that have come over us in our social life -during the past two decades are, in many respects, remarkable, -but in no particular are they so remarkable as in the -physical training and education of women....</p> - -<p class='c011'>“The results of this social change have been on the whole -beneficial beyond expectation. The health of women -generally is improving under the change; there is amongst -women generally less bloodlessness, less of what the old -fiction-writers called swooning; less of lassitude, less of -nervousness, less of hysteria, and much less of that general -debility to which, for want of a better term, the words -‘<em>malaise</em>’ and ‘languor’ have been applied. Woman, in -a word, is stronger than she was in olden time. With -this increase of strength woman has gained in development -of body and of limb. She has become less distortioned. -The curved back, the pigeon-shaped chest, the disproportioned -limb, the narrow feeble trunk, the small and -often distorted eyeball, the myopic eye, and puny ill-shaped -external ear—all these parts are becoming of better and -more natural <em>contour</em>. The muscles are also becoming -more equally and more fully developed, and with these -improvements, there are growing up amongst women -<span class='pageno' id='Page_216'>216</span>models who may, in due time, vie with the best models -that old Greek culture has left for us to study in its undying -art.”—Dr. Richardson (“The Young Woman,” Oct., 1892).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><em>Id.</em>—“... prophetic scenes,</div> - <div class='line'>Spiritual projections ...</div> - <div class='line'>In one, the sacred parturition scene,</div> - <div class='line'>A happy, painless mother births a perfect child.”</div> - <div class='line in10'>—Walt Whitman (“Autumn Rivulets”).</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>... “I am so rapt in the beauty of the human -form, and so earnestly, so inexpressibly prayerful to see that -form perfect, that my full thought is not to be written.... -It is absolutely incontrovertible that the ideal -shape of the human being is attainable to the exclusion of -deformities.... When the ambition of the multitude -is fixed on the ideal form and beauty, then that ideal will -become immediately possible, and a marked advance towards -it could be made in three generations.”—Richard -Jefferies (“The Story of My Heart,” pp. 32, 151, 131).</p> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>...</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“‘The Gods?’ In yourselves will ye see them, when Venus shall favour your love,</div> - <div class='line'>And man, fitly mated with woman, believes that his love is divine:</div> - <div class='line'>When passion shall elevate woman to something so holy and grand</div> - <div class='line'>That she—the ideal enraptured—shall ne’er be a check upon Man,</div> - <div class='line'>Then the children they bear will be holy, and beauty shall make them her own,</div> - <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_217'>217</span>And man in the eyes of his neighbour will gaze on the reflex divine</div> - <div class='line'>Of the God he inclines to in spirit—or trace in each feature and limb</div> - <div class='line'>The lines which the body inherits from souls which are noble and true.</div> - </div> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>Would thou couldst feel in deep earnest, how beautiful God will be then,</div> - <div class='line'>When we see Him as Jove or Apollo in men who inspire us with love,</div> - <div class='line'>As Juno and Venus the holy, in women who know not the mean,</div> - <div class='line'>And feel not the influence cruel of hardness and self-love and scorn.</div> - <div class='line'>Would thou couldst once know how real the presence of God will become,</div> - <div class='line'>How earnest and ever more earnest thy faith when thyself shall be great,</div> - <div class='line'>And from the true worship of others thoult learn what is holy in them,</div> - <div class='line'>And rise to the infinite fountain of glory which flows in us all.”</div> - <div class='line in8'>—C. G. Leland (“The Return of the Gods”).</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>LXI.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>3.—“<em>Their science</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in24'>“Science then</div> - <div class='line'>Shall be a precious visitant; and then</div> - <div class='line'>And only then, be worthy of her name:</div> - <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_218'>218</span>For then her heart shall kindle; her dull eye,</div> - <div class='line'>Dull and inanimate, no more shall hang</div> - <div class='line'>Chained to its object in brute slavery;</div> - <div class='line'>But taught with patient industry to watch</div> - <div class='line'>The processes of things, and serve the cause</div> - <div class='line'>Of order and distinctness, not for this</div> - <div class='line'>Shall it forget that its most noble use,</div> - <div class='line'>Its most illustrious province, must be found</div> - <div class='line'>In furnishing clear guidance, a support</div> - <div class='line'>Not treacherous, to the mind’s <em>excursive</em> power.”</div> - <div class='line in4'>—Wordsworth (“The Excursion,” Book IV.).</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>4.—“... <em>crude dimensions</em> ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“In these material things, too, I think that we require -another circle of ideas, and I believe that such ideas are -possible, and, in a manner of speaking, exist. Let me -exhort everyone to do their utmost to think outside and -beyond our present circle of ideas. For every idea gained -is a hundred years of slavery remitted. Even with the idea -of organisation, which promises most, I am not satisfied, -but endeavour to get beyond and outside it, so that the -time now necessary may be shortened.”—Richard Jefferies -(“Story of My Heart,” p. 180).</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>8.—“<em>The love that lifts the life from rank of earth to heaven.</em>”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“... utter knowledge is but utter love—</div> - <div class='line'>Æonian Evolution, swift and slow,</div> - <div class='line'>Thro’ all the spheres—an ever opening height,</div> - <div class='line'>An ever lessening earth.”</div> - <div class='line in22'>—Tennyson (“The Ring”).</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'><span class='pageno' id='Page_219'>219</span><em>Id.</em>...</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in24'>“The light of love</div> - <div class='line'>Not failing, perseverance from their steps</div> - <div class='line'>Departing not, they shall at length obtain</div> - <div class='line'>The glorious habit by which sense is made</div> - <div class='line'>Subservient still to moral purposes,</div> - <div class='line'>Auxiliar to divine. That change shall clothe</div> - <div class='line'>The naked spirit, ceasing to deplore</div> - <div class='line'>The burthen of existence....</div> - <div class='line'>——So build we up the Being that we are;</div> - <div class='line'>Thus deeply drinking-in the soul of things,</div> - <div class='line'>We shall be wise perforce; and, while inspired</div> - <div class='line'>By choice, and conscious that the Will is free,</div> - <div class='line'>Unswerving shall we move as if impelled</div> - <div class='line'>By strict necessity, along the path</div> - <div class='line'>Of order and of good. Whate’er we see,</div> - <div class='line'>Whate’er we feel, by agency direct</div> - <div class='line'>Or indirect, shall tend to feed and nurse</div> - <div class='line'>Our faculties, shall fix in calmer seats</div> - <div class='line'>Of moral strength, and raise to loftier heights</div> - <div class='line'>Of love divine, our intellectual soul.”</div> - <div class='line in4'>—Wordsworth (“The Excursion,” Book IV.).</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>LXII.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>1, 2.—“... <em>winged words on which the soul would pierce</em></div> - <div class='line in8'><em>Into the height of love’s rare Universe</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>The two lines are Shelley’s, in his “Epipsychidion.”</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>7.—“<em>Man’s destiny with woman’s blended be</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_220'>220</span>“... in the long years liker must they grow;</div> - <div class='line'>The man be more of woman, she of man.”</div> - <div class='line in6'>—Tennyson (“The Princess,” Part VII.).</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><em>Id.</em>—“Dans ma manière de sentir, je suis femme aux trois quarts.”</div> - <div class='line in12'>—Ernest Renan (“Souvenirs d’Enfance”).</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'><em>Id.</em>...</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in8'>“<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Das Ewigweibliche</span></div> - <div class='line in8'><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Zieht uns hinan.</span>”</div> - <div class='line'>—Goethe (concluding two lines of “Faust”).</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>8.—“... <em>progression</em>, ...”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“Unfolded out of the folds of the woman, man comes unfolded, and is always to come unfolded;</div> - <div class='line'>Unfolded only out of the superbest woman of the earth, is to come the superbest man of the earth;</div> - <div class='line'>Unfolded out of the friendliest woman is to come the friendliest man;</div> - <div class='line'>Unfolded only out of the perfect body of a woman can a man be form’d of perfect body;</div> - <div class='line'>Unfolded only out of the inimitable poem of the woman, can come the poems of man ...</div> - <div class='line'>Unfolded out of the folds of the woman’s brain come all the folds of the man’s brain, duly obedient;</div> - <div class='line'>Unfolded out of the justice of the woman all justice is unfolded;</div> - <div class='line'>Unfolded out of the sympathy of the woman is all sympathy;</div> - <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_221'>221</span>A man is a great thing upon the earth, and through eternity—but every jot of the greatness of man is unfolded out of woman,</div> - <div class='line'>First the man is shaped in the woman, he can then be shaped in himself.”</div> - <div class='line in16'>—Walt Whitman (“Leaves of Grass”).</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c009'>LXIII.</h3> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>2.—“... <em>the dream men named Divine</em>,—”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>“Divine” was the title of honour conferred on the -“Commedia,” by the repentant citizens of Florence, after -the death of Dante.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c002'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>8.—“<em>The love that moves the sun and every circling star</em>.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>The last line of the “Divina Commedia” is—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c012'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“<span lang="it" xml:lang="it">Lo amor che move il sole e le altre stelle.</span>”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c006'>EPILOGUE.</h2> -</div> - -<p class='c019'>What, then, is the result of these investigations?</p> - -<p class='c011'>Briefly this:</p> - -<p class='c011'>That woman is not incapable of equal mental and physical -power with man:</p> - -<p class='c011'>That where any inferiority on her part at present exists, -it is but as the inherited result of long ages of misuse of -her functions, and of want of training of her faculties:</p> - -<p class='c011'><span class='pageno' id='Page_222'>222</span>That an intelligent education in both directions can repair -these wrongs, and establish her due individuality, and her -equal share in human right and happiness:</p> - -<p class='c011'>“That the principle which regulates the existing social -relations between the two sexes—the legal subordination of -one sex to the other—is wrong in itself and now one of the -chief hindrances to human improvement; and that it ought -to be replaced by a principle of perfect equality, admitting -no power or privilege on the one side, nor disability on the -other”—(<span class='sc'>John Stuart Mill</span>, “The Subjection of Women,” -Ch. I.):</p> - -<p class='c011'>And that, as the result of woman’s amended position, -the whole human race will benefit physically and psychically.</p> - -<p class='c019'>Thus much, at least, may be fairly concluded from the -“Notes” here presented; in the gathering together of -which scattered rays—thoughts and experiences from many -an observant mind—into one focus, to offer light and -warmth to suffering womanhood and humanity, the main -purpose of this book is accomplished.</p> - -<div class='c020'><em>E. E.</em></div> - -<div class='lg-container-l'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><em>January 1st, 1893.</em></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>⁂ <em>The courtesy of corroborations or elucidations (confidential -or otherwise) of the subject-matter of these Notes is -invited by the Author (care of Mrs. Wolstenholme Elmy, -Buxton House, Congleton), with a view to a possible fuller -edition.</em></p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c006'>INDICES, &c.</h2> -</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_i'>i</span> - <h3 class='c001'>AUTHORITIES OR REFERENCES IN NOTES</h3> -</div> - -<ul class='index c002'> - <li class='c021'>Æschylus, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Aldis, Prof. W. S., <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Anderson, Dr. Elizabeth Garrett, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Aspasia, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Athena, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>.</li> - <li class='c002'>Ballot, Jules, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Balzac, H. de, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Bastian, Dr. H. C., <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a>, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Bebel, August, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Bell, Sir C., <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Berdoe, Ed., <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Bernard, Dr. Claude, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Bernheim, Dr., <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Bidwell, E., <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Bithell, Richard, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Blackstone, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a> to 100, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Blake, William, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Blowitz, M. de, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Bonavia, Dr. E., <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Bowyer, Lady, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Bracton, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Browning, Eliz. Barrett, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Browning, Robert, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Brown-Séquard, Dr., <a href='#Page_184'>184</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Brücke, Prof., <a href='#Page_184'>184</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Büchner, Dr. L., <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Buckle, H. T., <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Buddha, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Byron, Commodore, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Byron, Lord, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>.</li> - <li class='c002'>Caird, Mona, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Carlyle, Thomas, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Cerise, Dr., <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Chambers, Robert, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Chauveau, Dr., <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Chauvin, Mdlle., <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Christian, Edwd., <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Cobbe, Frances Power, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Coke, Chief Justice, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Collins, Mabel, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'><span class='pageno' id='Page_ii'>ii</span>Comte, Auguste, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a> (<em>see</em> Ethics, <em>in Index</em>).</li> - <li class='c021'>Condorcet, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Confucius, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Cromwell, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Cuvier, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>.</li> - <li class='c002'>Dante, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#Page_221'>221</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Darwin, C., <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a>, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Darwin, F., <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Davy, Sir Humphrey, <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Dawkins, Prof. Boyd, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>De Boismont, Brierre, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Delbœuf, Prof., <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Descartes, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Dixie, Lady Florence, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Dodel-Port, Dr., <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Dufferin, Lady, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Duffey, Mrs. E. B., <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Dumas, A. fils, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Dunckley, Dr. Henry, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Dupanloup, Mons., <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Du Prel, Dr., <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>.</li> - <li class='c002'>Edger, Lilian, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Eliot, George, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Elmy, Ben, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Elmy, Eliz. C. Wolstenholme, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Emerson, Ralph Waldo, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Esher, Lord, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>.</li> - <li class='c002'>Faber, Dr., <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Fairchild, Prof., <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Farnham, Eliza W., <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a>, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a>, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Fawcett, Millicent Garrett, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Fawcett, Philippa, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Fergusson, Robert, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Flaxman, John, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Fonblanque, Dr., <em>see</em> Paris.</li> - <li class='c021'>Forel, Dr., <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Fuller, <em>see</em> Ossoli.</li> - <li class='c002'>Galton, F., <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Gambetta, Léon, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Gardener, Helen H., <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Garrison, Wm. Lloyd, Jr., <a href='#Page_172'>172</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Geddes and Thomson, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a> to 177, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Geikie, James, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Gnathæna, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Gregory, Dr., <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Greville, Lady Violet, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Grey, Sir George, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Grote, George, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Goltz, Prof., <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Goethe, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Guizot, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>.</li> - <li class='c002'>Halsbury, Lord Chancellor, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Harrison, Frederic, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Harvard, John, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Hoche, Frau, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Homer, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'><span class='pageno' id='Page_iii'>iii</span>Horsley, Prof., <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Huxley, Prof., <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>.</li> - <li class='c002'>Ingersoll, Robert, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Inman, Dr. T., <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.</li> - <li class='c002'>Jefferies, R., <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a>, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Jex-Blake, Dr. Sophia, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Jones, Prof. T. R., <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'><span class='sc'>Journals, &c.</span> - <ul> - <li>“Arena,” <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>.</li> - <li>Bible, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a>, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>.</li> - <li>“Bombay Guardian,” <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>.</li> - <li>Brit Assoc. Reports, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a>, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>.</li> - <li>“British Med. Journal,” <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>.</li> - <li>Chinese Classics, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>.</li> - <li>“Christian Commonwealth,” <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>.</li> - <li>“Daily News,” <a href='#Page_156'>156</a>.</li> - <li>“Dublin Review,” <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>.</li> - <li>“Fortnightly Review,” <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>.</li> - <li>Fox’s Journal, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>.</li> - <li>“Home-Maker,” N.Y., <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>.</li> - <li>Ohel Jakob (Jewish Liturgy), <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>.</li> - <li>“Journal of Education,” <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>.</li> - <li>“Lancet,” <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>.</li> - <li>Mahomedan Lit. Society, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>.</li> - <li>“Manchester Courier,” <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>.</li> - <li>“Manchester Evening Mail,” <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>.</li> - <li>“Manchester Examiner,” <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>.</li> - <li>“Manchester Guardian,” <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a>.</li> - <li>“Morning Post,” <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.</li> - <li>“National Review,” <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>.</li> - <li>“New Zealand Herald,” <a href='#Page_203'>203</a>.</li> - <li>“Nineteenth Century,” <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>.</li> - <li>“Pall Mall Gazette,” <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>.</li> - <li>“Provincial Med. Journal,” <em>see</em> Bonavia, Dr.</li> - <li>Report of International Council of Women, Washington, 1888, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a> to 128.</li> - <li>“Review of Reviews,” <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>.</li> - <li>“Standard,” <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>.</li> - <li>“Times,” <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a>, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a>.</li> - <li>“Times of India,” <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>.</li> - <li>“Westminster Review,” <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>.</li> - <li>“Woman,” <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>.</li> - <li>“Woman’s Journal,” Boston, U.S., <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a>, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>.</li> - <li>“Woman’s Herald,” <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c002'>Kant, Immanuel, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>, (<em>see</em> Ethics, <em>in Index</em>).</li> - <li class='c021'>Karl, Lieutenant, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Kenny, Courtney, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Kingsley, Charles, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Kipling, J. Lockwood, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Kipling, Rudyard, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.</li> - <li class='c002'>Laboulaye, E., <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Laïs, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Lang, Andrew, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Lecky, W. E. H., <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'><span class='pageno' id='Page_iv'>iv</span>Lee, Chief Justice, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Leland, C. G., <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Lepstuk, Marie, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Letourneau, Ch., <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Le Vassor, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Linton, Eliza Lynn, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Lodge, Prof., <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Lombroso, Prof., <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Luteef, Abdool, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Lycurgus, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Lylie, “Euphues,” <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>.</li> - <li class='c002'>Machill, Prof., <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Magee, Archbishop, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Manning, Cardinal, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Mansell, Dr. Monelle, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Manu, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a> (<em>see</em> England, <em>in Index</em>).</li> - <li class='c021'>Maxwell, David, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>McCarthy, Justin, (<em>see</em> “Military service,” <em>in Index</em>).</li> - <li class='c021'>McIlquham, Harriett, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>M’Lennan, John F., <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Mencius, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Michelet, J., <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Mill, Harriet, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Mill, John Stuart, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a>, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a>, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a> (<em>see</em> Ethics, <em>in Index</em>).</li> - <li class='c021'>Milton, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Mitchell, Hon. J. W., <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Mitchell, Dr. Julia, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Moir, David M., <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Molière, <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Moll, Dr. A., <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Montesquieu, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Morgan-Browne, Laura E., <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Morselli, Dr., <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Müller, Max, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>.</li> - <li class='c002'>Nichols, Dr., <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Ninon de Lenclos, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Norman, —, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.</li> - <li class='c002'>Orr, Mrs. Sutherland, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Ossoli, Margaret Fuller, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>.</li> - <li class='c002'>Page, Lord Justice, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Paley, (<em>see</em> Ethics, <em>in Index</em>).</li> - <li class='c021'>Paris and Fonblanque, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Park, Mungo, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Parvin, Dr., <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Pericles, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Peile, Dr., <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Pertz, Dorothea, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Pfeiffer, Edward, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Phipson, Dr. Edith Pechey, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Phryne, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Plato, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Pliny, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Ponsan, Dr. Menville de, <a href='#Page_i'>i</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Pope, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>.</li> - <li class='c002'>Raciborski, Dr., <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Rawn, Dr., <a href='#Page_116'>116</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'><span class='pageno' id='Page_v'>v</span>Reade, Winwood, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Reichardt, Mrs., <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Renan, Ernest, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Richardson, Dr. B. W., <a href='#Page_215'>215</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Roland, Madame, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Rousseau, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Roussel, Dr., <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Rowe, Nicholas, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Ruskin, John, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Ryder, Dr. Emma B., <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>.</li> - <li class='c002'>Sachs, Dr., <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Sakyamouni, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Sand, Georges, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Schiller, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Schreiner, Olive, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Scott, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Selborne, Lord, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Shakespeare, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a>, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Shelley, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a>, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Sidgwick, Prof. H., (<em>see</em> Neo-Malthusianism, <em>in Index</em>).</li> - <li class='c021'>Smith, R., <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Smith, Sydney, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a>, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Socrates, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Somerville, Mary, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Sorel, Agnes, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Spencer, Herbert, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, (<em>see</em> Ethics, <em>in Index</em>).</li> - <li class='c021'>Spenser, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Spier, Mrs., <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Spitzka, Dr., <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Spurzheim, Dr., <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Stead, W. T., <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Stern, Daniel, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>.</li> - <li class='c002'>Tait, Lawson, F.R.C.S., <a href='#Page_188'>188</a>, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Tennyson, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a>, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a>, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Tertullian, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Theodota, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Thompson, Wm., (<em>see</em> Equality, <em>in Index</em>).</li> - <li class='c021'>Thomson (<em>see</em> Geddes).</li> - <li class='c021'>Thorburn, Dr. John, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Tilt, Dr. E. J., <a href='#Page_116'>116</a>, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Tinseau, —, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Troll-Borostyani, Irma von, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Tyndall, Prof., <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>.</li> - <li class='c002'>Vambéry, Prof., <a href='#Page_207'>207</a>.</li> - <li class='c002'>Wakeman, Edgar L., <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Walker, Dr. A., <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Wallace, Prof. A. R., <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Webb, Sidney, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Weill, Dr. Alexander, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Westermarck, Edwd., <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>White, Prof., <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Whitehead, Dr., <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Whitman, Walt, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Whittier, John G., <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Winslow, Dr. Caroline, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Wollstonecraft, Mary, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Wordsworth, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a>, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a>.</li> -</ul> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_vi'>vi</span> - <h3 class='c001'>INDEX TO NOTES.</h3> -</div> - -<ul class='index c002'> - <li class='c021'>Abnormality, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a> to 93, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Affection, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>; - <ul> - <li>indispensable to true marriage, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Age of nubility and consent, <em>see</em> England, India.</li> - <li class='c021'>American Indians, education of, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Anatomy, feminine teaching of in India, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Arrogance, masculine, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <em>see</em> Sex-bias.</li> - <li class='c021'>Art, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Asceticism, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a> 167, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Athletics, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a>, <em>see</em> Strength, Training, Military service.</li> - <li class='c021'>Australian girl, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>.</li> - <li class='c002'>Barbarism, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>“Baron and feme,” <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Bayadères, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Beauty, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Brain, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a> to 128, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a>, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>; - <ul> - <li>developed by exercise, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a>;</li> - <li>relative size, weight, and specific gravity of, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>;</li> - <li>of celebrated men, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>;</li> - <li>no hard and fast distinction known, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>;</li> - <li>of ant, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Brahminism, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Buddhism, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>.</li> - <li class='c002'>Capability, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a> to 53, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>, <em>see</em> Jealousy.</li> - <li class='c021'>Catholicism, status of wife, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Cattle, wild; lactation, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Chastity, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Childbearing, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>; - <ul> - <li>excessive, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>;</li> - <li>future painless, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Child-marriage, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>; - <ul> - <li><em>see</em> Marriage.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>China, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>; - <ul> - <li>ethics of woman in, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>;</li> - <li>a Mandarin’s foreboding, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>;</li> - <li>a girl’s duty in, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>, <em>see</em> Confucianism.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Christianity, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Civism, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>“Clitheroe case,” <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Clothing; <em>see</em> Dress.</li> - <li class='c021'>Coal-pit women, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Co-education; <em>see</em> Education.</li> - <li class='c021'>Community of effort, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a>, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'><span class='pageno' id='Page_vii'>vii</span>Comtism, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>, <em>see</em> Ethics.</li> - <li class='c021'>Confucianism; 67, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Conjugal “rights,” in England, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a> to 146; - <ul> - <li>in India, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Consent, age of, <em>see</em> England, India.</li> - <li class='c021'>Contagious Diseases Acts, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Courtesanship, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>; - <ul> - <li><em>see</em> Hetairai, Prostitution.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Cruelty, to woman, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>; - <ul> - <li>to children, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Curare (or “ourali”), <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Custody of Infants, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Cycling, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>.</li> - <li class='c002'>Demi-monde, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Development, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>, <em>see</em> Evolution.</li> - <li class='c021'>Disabilities, legal, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a> to 153.</li> - <li class='c021'>Distortion of feet, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Diseases, feminine, so-called, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Divorce, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Dogma, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <em>see</em> Ethics, Religion.</li> - <li class='c021'>Dower, old English, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Dress, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Duty, so-called, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a> to 74, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a> to 141; - <ul> - <li>true, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <em>see</em> Religion, “Sphere,” Community of effort.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c002'>Education, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>; - <ul> - <li>political, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>;</li> - <li>liberty of, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>;</li> - <li>co-education, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>;</li> - <li>a liberal, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Egypt, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Enfranchisement, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>, <em>see</em> Franchise.</li> - <li class='c021'>England, modern guardianship in, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>; - <ul> - <li>ancient, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>;</li> - <li>age of nubility and consent, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul> - -<p class='c004'>[By the law of England a -girl is still marriageable at -twelve and a boy at fourteen -years of age; though the -“age of consent” to intercourse -not thus sanctioned -has been recently raised to -sixteen years in the case of -girls. In the above matters, -and notably in that of the -marriageable age, England -remains barbarously below -most modern legislatures, -and is indeed in the disgraceful -condition of being -not even on a level with -China, in which country—as -Mr. Byrant Barrett points -out, in his Introductory Discourse -to the “Code Napoléon,” -p. 66—“In females, it -would appear, consummation -is not allowable before -twelve,” while “the age for -marriage in males is twenty -complete.” China and England -are but slightly in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_viii'>viii</span>advance of ancient India, -where, according to the precepts -of Manu, as Mr. Barrett -further shows, (p. 30), -“The male of 24 years -should marry the girl of 8 -years of age; the male of 30 -the female of 12” (Ordinances -of Manu, ch. 9, sec. -94). Is not such conduct as -this sufficient to involve as -inevitable consequences “unripe -maternity and untimely -birth,” together with all their -dire inherited miseries?]</p> - -<ul class='index'> - <li class='c021'>Epicenity, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Equality of sexes, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a>, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a>, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a>, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>. - <ul> - <li><em>See</em> also the following:—</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul> - -<p class='c004'>“But I hear you indignantly -reject the boon of -equality with such creatures -as men now are. With you -I would equally elevate both -sexes. Really enlightened -women, disdaining equally -the submissive tricks of the -slave and the caprices of the -despot, breathing freely only -in the air of the esteem -of equals, and of mutual, -unbought, uncommanded, -affection, would find it difficult -to meet with associates -worthy of them in men as -now formed, full of ignorance -and vanity, priding themselves -on a <em>sexual</em> superiority, -entirely independent of -any merit, any superior -qualities, or pretentions to -them, claiming respect from -the strength of their arm, -and the lordly faculty of -producing beards attached -by nature to their chins! -No: unworthy of, as incapable -of appreciating, the -delight of the society of -such women, are the great -majority of the existing race -of men. The pleasures of -mere animal appetite, the -pleasures of commanding -(the prettier and more helpless -the slave, the greater -these pleasures of the brute), -are the only pleasures which -the majority of men seek -from women, are the only -pleasures which their education -and the hypocritical -system of morals, with which -they have been necessarily -imbued, permit them to expect.... -To wish for -the enjoyment of the higher -pleasures of sympathy and -communication of knowledge -between the sexes, -heightened by that mutual -grace and glow, that decorum -and mutual respect, -to which the feeling of perfect, -unrestrained equality -in the intercourse gives -birth, a man must have -heard of such pleasures, -must be able to conceive -them, and must have an -organisation from nature or -education, or both, capable -<span class='pageno' id='Page_ix'>ix</span>of receiving delight from -them when presented to -him. To enjoy these pleasures, -to which their other -pleasures, a few excepted, -are but the play of children -or brutes, the bulk of men -want a sixth sense; they -want the capacity of feeling -them, and of believing that -such things are in nature to -be found. A mole cannot -enjoy the “beauties and -glories” of the visible world; -nor can brute men enjoy -the intellectual and sympathetic -pleasures of equal -intercourse with women, -such as some are, such as -all might be. Real and -comprehensive knowledge, -physical and moral, equally -and impartially given by -education, and by all other -means to both sexes, is the -key to such higher enjoyments....</p> - -<p class='c004'>“Demand with mild but -unshrinking firmness, perfect -equality with men: -demand equal civil and -criminal laws, an equal -system of morals, and, as -indispensable to these, equal -political laws, to afford you -an equal chance of happiness -with men, from the -development and exercise -of your faculties.”</p> - -<p class='c004'>—William Thompson -(“Appeal of One Half the -Human Race,” 1825, pp. -xii, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>).</p> - -<ul class='index'> - <li class='c021'>Ethics, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a>.</li> -</ul> - -<p class='c004'>[The impotent and contradictory -schemes of ethics -which philosophers or -schoolmen, ancient and -modern, have successively -evolved, have been but resultants -of “unisexual wit.” -With brilliant exceptions in -Plato, Kant, and Mill, vainly -may the various codes be -searched for any suggestion -of the identity, individuality, -and equality, of woman. -For though the philosophy -of latter-day ethicists rightly -disdains to reiterate or to -countenance the factitious -scriptural dogmas and imprecations -declaratory or -explanatory of woman’s unequal -and subjugated condition, -yet a parallel subjection -and inferiority in her nature -is still tacitly assumed, and -on occasion traded upon, -by these same ethicists; no -counsel or consent of her -own intelligence being -asked, or disavowal recked -of, in such propositions as, -<em>e.g.</em>, the “utilitarian” theses -concerning her enounced by -Archdeacon Paley or Mr. -Jeremy Bentham;—the -nominally “goddess,” but -virtually “slave,” status assigned -to her by M. Auguste -Comte;—or the “due” -amount of child-bearing postulated -as prior to all -“normally feminine mental -<span class='pageno' id='Page_x'>x</span>energy” in her, by Mr. -Herbert Spencer. As the -bane of all theologies has -been the implicated degradation -and subserviency of -womanhood to the unjustly -favoured male sex, so the -vital defect in the plans of -ethics is this irrational disregard -for the personality -and interests of “one half -the human race,”—this -ignoring or negation of -woman’s equal claim with -man to consideration, position, -and action, in all that -relates to humanity, ethics -included. At present the -general masculine sex-bias, -or selfishness, refuses to -women the wisest and noblest -a faculty in legislation conceded -to even the meanest -men; and justice and injustice, -pessimism and optimism, -struggle together -blindly and helplessly in the -dark. The true Ethic still -awaits for its formulation -the assistance and the inspiration -of the intellect of -woman equal and free: no -other way can it be arrived -at.]</p> - -<ul class='index'> - <li class='c021'>Evolution, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a>; - <ul> - <li><em>see</em> Development.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Excess, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>.</li> - <li class='c002'>Father, legal “rights” and duties of, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Feme; <em>see</em> Baron.</li> - <li class='c021'>Feudality, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>; - <ul> - <li>female wards, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Fictility, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a> to 89, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>; - <ul> - <li><em>see</em> Evolution.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Franchise, woman’s, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a> to 155.</li> - <li class='c021'>French law, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>; - <ul> - <li>women students of, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Future of woman and humanity; forecasts or counsels concerning, by— - <ul> - <li>Balzac, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>.</li> - <li>Bastian, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>.</li> - <li>Bithell, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.</li> - <li>Blake, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a>.</li> - <li>Bonavia, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>.</li> - <li>Buckle, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>.</li> - <li>Cobbe, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>.</li> - <li>Dixie, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a>.</li> - <li>Dodel-Port, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>.</li> - <li>Farnham, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a>, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a>.</li> - <li>Garrison, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>.</li> - <li>Geddes and Thomson, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>.</li> - <li>Huxley, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>.</li> - <li>Jefferies, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a>, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>.</li> - <li>Kant, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>.</li> - <li>Lang, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>.</li> - <li>Leland, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>.</li> - <li>Maxwell, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>.</li> - <li>Mill, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>.</li> - <li>Moll, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>.</li> - <li>Pfeiffer, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>.</li> - <li>Richardson, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>.</li> - <li>Ruskin, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>.</li> - <li><span class='pageno' id='Page_xi'>xi</span>Schreiner, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>.</li> - <li>Spencer, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>.</li> - <li>Tennyson, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>.</li> - <li>Tyndall, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>.</li> - <li>Wallace, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>.</li> - <li>Weill, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>.</li> - <li>Whitman, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>.</li> - <li>Winslow, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>.</li> - <li>Wolstenholme Elmy, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>.</li> - <li>Wordsworth, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a>, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c002'>Girlhood, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a>, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Graduates, women, <em>see</em> University.</li> - <li class='c021'>Greece, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a> to 47; - <ul> - <li>culture, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Guardianship, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>; - <ul> - <li>ancient, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c002'>Heredity, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a> to 89, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a>, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>; - <ul> - <li>in man, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <em>see</em> Development, Evolution.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Heroines of drama, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Hetairai, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>; - <ul> - <li><em>see</em> Courtesanship, Prostitution.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Human selection, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a>, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Humanity, <em>see</em> Future.</li> - <li class='c021'>Husband and wife, <em>see</em> Baron and feme, Clitheroe Case, Married Women’s property; - <ul> - <li>inequality of right, <em>see</em> Father, Wife, Conjugal “rights”;</li> - <li>different standard of morality between, <em>see</em> Divorce.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Hypnotism, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>; - <ul> - <li>suggestion, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c002'>Ignorance, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Imagination, cultivation of, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a>; - <ul> - <li>future of, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Immaturity, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>; - <ul> - <li><em>see</em> Maturity.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Improvidence, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>India, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>; - <ul> - <li>early marriage in, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a> to 98;</li> - <li>effects of, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>;</li> - <li>age of consent in, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>;</li> - <li>courtesanship, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>;</li> - <li>female teaching, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a>;</li> - <li>women’s medical education, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a>;</li> - <li>code of Manu, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>;</li> - <li><em>see</em> England.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Individuality, <em>see</em> Selfdom.</li> - <li class='c021'>Infant, custody of, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>; - <ul> - <li>feudal wardship, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Infanticide, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Intellect, woman’s quickness of, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>, <em>see</em> Brain, Capability, Jealousy.</li> - <li class='c021'>Intemperance, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Intuition, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a>.</li> - <li class='c002'>Japan, woman in, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Jealousy, masculine, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a> to 203; - <ul> - <li>rebuked, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>, <em>see</em> Sex-bias.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Judaism, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Justice, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>.</li> - <li class='c002'>Knowledge, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>; - <ul> - <li>is love, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c002'>Language, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xii'>xii</span>Law, old, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>; - <ul> - <li>study of by women, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>;</li> - <li>French, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>;</li> - <li>civil, <em>see</em> Franchise, Husband, Wife;</li> - <li>divine, <em>see</em> Religion.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Legal practitioners, female, <em>see</em> Law.</li> - <li class='c021'>Legalised abortion, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Lieutenant “Karl,” <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Limitation of offspring, <em>see</em> Neo-Malthusianism.</li> - <li class='c021'>Love, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a>, <a href='#Page_221'>221</a>; - <ul> - <li>Woman’s, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>;</li> - <li>“creation’s final law,” <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#Page_221'>221</a>;</li> - <li>origin of all worthy thought, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Lust, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>.</li> - <li class='c002'>Magna Charta, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Mahomedanism, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Malthusianism, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a> to 178.</li> - <li class='c021'>Manhood, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Marriage, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a>, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>; - <ul> - <li>early, in England, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>;</li> - <li>in Turkey, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <em>see</em> India.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Married Women’s Property, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>.</li> -</ul> - -<p class='c004'>[The <cite>Married Women’s -Property Act</cite>, 1882, in the -event of no specific marriage -contract to the contrary -between the parties, -retains to any woman -married since Dec. 31st, -1882, the possession, control, -and disposal of her -own property and earnings, -precisely as if she still -remained a single woman -(<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">feme sole</span></i>); it further secures -to every wife (whether -married before that date or -afterwards), the right to her -own earnings, and various -other property rights, entirely -independent of her -husband’s control.]</p> - -<ul class='index'> - <li class='c021'>Maternity, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>; - <ul> - <li>artistic or purposed, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a>;</li> - <li>painless future, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Maturity, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Medical practitioners, evil methods of some, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <em>see</em> Vivisection.</li> - <li class='c021'>Medical women, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a> to 116; - <ul> - <li>duty of, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a>, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Menstruation, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>; - <ul> - <li>abnormal and acquired habit, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>;</li> - <li>pathological incident, not physiological, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a>;</li> - <li>developed into heredity, not inherent, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>;</li> - <li>not nubility, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>;</li> - <li>fostering of, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>;</li> - <li>ignorance concerning, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>;</li> - <li>reproach of, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>;</li> - <li>Scriptural definitions and opprobrium, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>;</li> - <li>futile explanations of, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>;</li> - <li>“plethora” theory, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>;</li> - <li><span class='pageno' id='Page_xiii'>xiii</span>some evils of, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>;</li> - <li>remediable, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a>, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>;</li> - <li>immunity from, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>;</li> - <li>recent diminution of, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Menorrhagia, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Mental power; - <ul> - <li><em>see</em> Capability, Ethics, Intellect, Jealousy.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Military service, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>, <em>see</em> also the following:—</li> -</ul> - -<p class='c004'>“One of those who fought -to the last on the rebels’ -side was the Ranee, or -Princess, of Jhansi, whose -territory had been one of our -annexations. For months -after the fall of Delhi -she contrived to baffle Sir -Hugh Rose and the English. -She led squadrons in the -field. She fought with her -own hand. She was engaged -against us in the -battle for the possession of -Gwalior. In the uniform of -a cavalry officer she led -charge after charge, and -she was killed among those -who resisted to the last. -Her body was found upon -the field, scarred with -wounds enough in the front -to have done credit to any -hero. Sir Hugh Rose paid -her the well-deserved tribute -which a generous conqueror -is always glad to be able to -offer. He said, in his -general order, that ‘The -best man upon the side of -the enemy was the woman -found dead, the Ranee of -Jhansi.’”—Justin McCarthy -(“History of Our Own -Times,” chap. xiii).</p> - -<p class='c004'>And on the 12th December, -1892, the <em>Manchester -Guardian</em> reports:—</p> - -<p class='c004'>“The death is announced -of Mrs. Eliza E. Cutler, wife -of the doorkeeper of the -United States Senate. In -February, 1863, her husband’s -regiment was at Fort -Donelson and Mrs. Cutler -was visiting him there, stopping -at a house just outside -the fortification. The -colours of the regiment were -also in this house. In the -excitement which followed -the first attack on the day -of battle, the regiment went -into action without its flag, -but just as the fighting -became the hottest, with -odds terribly against them, -they were cheered by the -appearance of a woman with -a sword in one hand, and -bearing triumphantly aloft -the regiment’s colours. This -was Mrs. Cutler, who remained -on the battlefield -until her husband’s regiment -was ordered on board a -transport in the Cumberland -river. She immediately -went to the upper -<span class='pageno' id='Page_xiv'>xiv</span>deck, where, with assistance, -she planted the Stars and -Stripes in the face of a -galling fire. There she remained, -in spite of all -remonstrances, until they -passed out of the range of -fire.”</p> - -<ul class='index'> - <li class='c021'>Mind, influence on body, <em>see</em> Fictility, Psychical effort.</li> - <li class='c021'>Modesty, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Monkey, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Morality, double standard of, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>; - <ul> - <li>connubial, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Mormonism, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Mother-love, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Mutuality, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>, <em>see</em> Community of effort.</li> - <li class='c002'>Nascent organs, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Nature, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a>, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a>, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>; - <ul> - <li>violation of laws of, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>;</li> - <li>relation of man and woman to, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a>, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Neo-Malthusianism, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a>, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a> to 178, <em>see</em> also the following:—</li> -</ul> - -<p class='c004'>“A dogmatic conclusion -that human life is on the -whole more painful than -pleasurable is perhaps rare -in England; but it is a -widespread opinion that the -average of happiness attained -by the masses, even -in civilised communities, is -deplorably low, and that -the present aim of philanthropy -should be rather to -improve the quality of -human life than to increase -the quantity.”—Professor -Henry Sidgwick (“History -of Ethics,” p. 247).</p> - -<ul class='index'> - <li class='c021'>Nubility, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>, <em>see</em> England, Maturity, Puberty.</li> - <li class='c021'>Nurses, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>.</li> - <li class='c002'>Obedience, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a> 74.</li> - <li class='c021'>Observation, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a>; - <ul> - <li>lack of, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>;</li> - <li>power attendant on, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Ourali, <em>see</em> Curare.</li> - <li class='c021'>Over-population, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a> to 178.</li> - <li class='c002'>Pain, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Palæolithic art, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Parturition, painless future, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Paternity, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>, <em>see</em> Father.</li> - <li class='c021'><i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Patria potestas</span></i>, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Petit treason, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Philosophy, natural, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Physical strength, <em>see</em> Strength.</li> - <li class='c021'>“Pit-brow” women, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Poetry, spirit of, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>; - <ul> - <li>future of, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>“Police des mœurs,” <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Politeness, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xv'>xv</span>Political and legal Position, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>, <em>see</em> Franchise.</li> - <li class='c021'>Potencies, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Prehistoric times, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Prostitution, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>; - <ul> - <li>feminine repudiation of, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>;</li> - <li>religious, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>, <em>see</em> Courtesanship, Hetairai.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Prudence after marriage, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Psyche, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>; - <ul> - <li><em>see</em> Soul.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Psychical effort, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Psychology, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Puberty, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>; - <ul> - <li>not nubility, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Puritanism, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Purity, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>.</li> - <li class='c002'>Quickness of woman’s mind, <em>see</em> Intellect, Intuition.</li> - <li class='c002'>Reason, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Reasoning, woman’s generally deductive, man’s generally inductive, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Religion, dogmas concerning woman, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a> to 142, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>, <em>see</em> Brahminism, Buddhism, Catholicism, Christianity, Comtism, Confucianism, Ethics, Judaism, Mahomedanism, Mormonism, Puritanism.</li> - <li class='c021'>Reproach, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Research, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Reserve, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Restrictions on woman, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>, <em>see</em> Training.</li> - <li class='c021'>Reticence, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Revolt of woman, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Rhythmic action, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Rudimentary organs, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.</li> - <li class='c002'>Science, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a> to 189, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a>; - <ul> - <li>spirit of, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Scriptural terms, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Self-confidence, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Selfdom, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a>, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a>, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Self-help, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a>, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Selfishness, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>, <em>see</em> Ethics.</li> - <li class='c021'>Self-respect, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a>, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Self-sacrifice, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Serfdom, of man, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>; - <ul> - <li>of woman, <em>see</em> Slavery.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Sex-bias, masculine, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>; - <ul> - <li>rebuked, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>;</li> - <li><em>see</em> Ethics.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Sexual wrong, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>; - <ul> - <li>in India, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Silence, <em>see</em> Reticence.</li> - <li class='c021'>Slavery, of woman, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a>, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>; - <ul> - <li>effect on race, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a>, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>;</li> - <li>of man, <em>see</em> Serfdom.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xvi'>xvi</span>Soldiers, female, <em>see</em> Military service.</li> - <li class='c021'>Soul, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a>, <em>see</em> Psyche.</li> - <li class='c021'>“Sphere” of woman, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Steadfastness of woman, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Strength, physical, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a>, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a> to 170, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a>; - <ul> - <li>recent improvement in, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Students, in America, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>; - <ul> - <li>in Switzerland, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Subjection of woman, <em>see</em> Slavery, China, England, India, Japan, Religion, Wife.</li> - <li class='c021'>Suffrage, <em>see</em> Franchise.</li> - <li class='c021'>Superiority of spirit, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Sympathy, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>; - <ul> - <li><em>see</em> Community of effort, Equality.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c002'>Talent, relative, <em>see</em> Brain, Capability, Jealousy.</li> - <li class='c021'>Temperance, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Tendency, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Thought, language, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>; - <ul> - <li>love, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Training, mental, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a>, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a>, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>; - <ul> - <li>physical, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a>, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a>;</li> - <li><em>see</em> Capability, Strength.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Tutelage, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>; - <ul> - <li>feudal, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c002'>University teaching, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a>, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a>.</li> - <li class='c002'>Vassalage, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Vivisection, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a> to 193; - <ul> - <li>futility of, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a>, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c002'>Waste, of woman’s faculties, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a> to 53; - <ul> - <li>of vital force, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Wife, subjection of, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a> to 74; - <ul> - <li>ancient chastisement of, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>;</li> - <li>legal status of, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a> to 146, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>, <em>see</em> Baron, Marriage.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Wisdom 52, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a>; - <ul> - <li>correlative with love, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c021'>Woman suffrage, <em>see</em> Franchise.</li> - <li class='c021'>Women doctors, <em>see</em> Medical Women.</li> - <li class='c002'>Zenana, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>.</li> - <li class='c021'>Zulu wives, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>.</li> -</ul> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c016' /> -</div> -<div class='tnotes x-ebookmaker'> - -<div class='chapter ph2'> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c003'> - <div>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - - <ol class='ol_1 c002'> - <li>Silently corrected obvious typographical errors and variations in spelling. - - </li> - <li>Retained archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings as printed. - </li> - </ol> - -</div> - -<div style='display:block; 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