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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The American Goliah, by  Anon.
+
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+Title: The American Goliah
+
+Author:  Anon.
+
+Release Date: November, 2004  [EBook #6869]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on February 2, 2003]
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+Edition: 10
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+Language: English
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+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, THE AMERICAN GOLIAH ***
+
+
+
+
+[Gutenberg Etext proofed by M.R.J.]
+
+THE AMERICAN GOLIAH
+A Wonderful Geological Discovery
+
+A PETRIFIED GIANT
+Ten And One-Half Feet High Discovered
+In Onondaga County, N.Y.
+
+[[Wood Cut Here]]
+
+History of the discovery on October 16, 1869, of an image of stone,
+the same being a perfectly formed and well developed man, descriptions
+of the petrification, with the opinions of scientific men thereon.
+
+(Entered according to Act of Congress, A.D., 1869, by Redington
+& Howe, in the Clerk's Office of the Northern District of N.Y.
+
+
+SPECIAL NOTICE
+
+This pamphlet is the only authorized account of the discovery of
+the great wonder and the latest facts regarding management;  and
+is the only publication furnished by the owners of the Giant with
+immediate and authentic information of any examinations, experiments
+or new developments regarding it.  Such new facts will be immediately
+added to this pamphlet, together with such scientific opinions as
+may be of interest or value to the public.
+
+The statements herein contained have been taken from the lips of
+living witnesses on the ground where the events transpired,
+(excepting where reports are credited to other sources,) and
+can be depended upon as reliable.
+
+This publication will be found valuable for preservation, as it
+records perhaps the most important scientific discovery of this
+century.  Certainly the wonder is something that in the whole
+history of this country has never been exceeded, even if ever equaled.
+
+This pamphlet combines all the important facts as narrated by the
+newspaper press, in addition to whatever others may occur, placing
+them in a convenient form for permanent preservation.  Cuts are
+being prepared, illustrating, the various points of interest.
+
+The Trade supplied by Redington & Howe, on liberal terms, to whom
+all orders (either wholesale or retail) should be addressed.
+
+
+
+
+WONDERFUL SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY.
+A GIANT OF STONE, 10 1-2 FEET HIGH, EXHUMED IN ONONDAGA COUNTY, N.Y.
+
+
+On Saturday forenoon, Oct. 16th, 1869, William C. Newell, a farmer
+residing near the village of Cardiff, in the town of Lafayette,
+County of Onondaga, commenced to dig a well near his barn.  Two
+workmen were employed, Gideon Emmons and Henry Nichols;  Mr. Newell
+being engaged meanwhile in drawing stone with which to line the well.
+At the depth of about three feet one of the workmen struck a stone,
+as he at first supposed.  A moment later he thought it a water lime
+pipe, and asked for an ax with which to break it.  Before the ax
+arrived the foot was partially uncovered, with the exclamation,
+"I declare, some old Indian has been buried here!"  Farther
+excavation disclosed the entire foot, and a part of the leg.  One
+of the workmen, seeing the direction in which the body lay, dug
+down just above where he thought the head might be, and his shovel
+struck the nose.  The face and head were soon uncovered, and in a
+short time the entire figure exposed to view.  There then appeared
+to the few assembled spectators the colossal, well-proportioned
+form of a human being of the following remarkable
+
+
+DIMENSIONS.
+
+From top of head to instep of sole, ten feet three inches.  If
+standing in a perfectly upright position, the height would be ten
+feet, seven or eight inches.
+
+Length of head from chin to top of head, twenty-one inches.
+
+Nose, from brow to tip, six inches--across base of nostrils, three
+and one-half inches.
+
+Mouth four inches.
+
+Shoulders from point to point, three feet.
+
+Circumference of neck thirty-seven inches.
+
+Length of right arm from point of shoulder to end of middle finger,
+four feet, nine and one-half inches.
+
+Across palm of hand, seven inches.
+
+Length of second finger from knuckle joint, eight inches.
+
+Across wrist, five inches.
+Distance around thighs, (about half way between knee and thigh
+joints,) five feet, seven and one-half inches.
+
+Leg, from hip joint to knee joint, three feet;  through thigh, one
+foot;  through calf, nine and one-half inches.
+
+Foot, nineteen and one-half inches.
+
+The discovery, as may be supposed, created an immense sensation.
+Mr. Newell was much perplexed and annoyed and determined at one
+time to fill up the excavation and keep the discovery from the
+knowledge of the public.  Some years ago a razor was found in a
+hollow stump near by and suspicions were then thrown out that a
+murder had been committed.  The family feared that the corpse of
+the murdered man would in some manner confront them through this
+discovery.
+
+A rush occurred of neighbors and others to see the exhumed wonder,
+for intelligence of the Giant spread on the wings of the wind.  The
+excitement and ceaseless questions still farther confused the mind
+of the quiet proprietor and he almost unconsciously consented to
+various suggestions.  One was that the body be raised that day
+(Saturday,)--consent for which Mr. Newell acknowledges to have
+given.  Ropes were procured and preparations made therefor, but
+the lateness of the afternoon hour caused its postponement.  This
+is a matter of rejoicing to scientific men, as well as the public
+generally;  for every one naturally wishes to see the Giant as he
+had slept in his bed for centuries, and for themselves examine
+the winding sheets he wrapped about him.
+
+
+POSITION OF THE FIGURE.
+
+The form is lying on its back, the head towards the east and the
+feet toward the west.  The reclining posture is a perfectly natural
+one, the limbs and feet being slightly drawn up.  The figure
+appears as if a person had fallen there and died. There  seem to
+be evidences of considerable physical anguish in the position
+of the limbs, of the body, and in the tension of the nerves as well
+as the contraction of the muscles (which are fully developed.)  The
+right hand rests upon the lower abdomen, and the left is pressed
+against the back directly opposite.  The left foot is thrown
+partially over the right one, the leg resting partly upon its fellow,
+but not crossing it.  The head is inclined to the right.
+
+The face is the only part seemingly free from traces of the agony
+of dissolution.  The expression is calm, thoughtful, almost sweet.
+The high, massive forehead sets off with grand, yet benevolent
+dignity, the well rounded and proportioned features.  The
+countenance is a study.  Beautiful despite its immensity, it
+displays a largeness of kindly feeling not commonly surmised from
+Fairy tales of Giants and Giant deeds.  The spectator gazes upon
+the grand old sleeper with feelings of admiration and awe.  "Nothing
+like it has ever been seen," say all who have gazed upon it.  "It
+is a great event in our lives to behold it," (is the universal
+verdict,)--" worth coming hundreds of miles for this alone."  "I
+would not for anything have missed seeing it, for I consider it
+the greatest natural curiosity of the age," say Geologists,
+Naturalists, Students and all who can intelligently examine the
+Onondaga County Wonder.
+
+The increasing interest of the public and the constantly enlarging
+attendance corroborate the previously expressed opinions of the
+inestimable value of the discovery, and sanction the verdict that
+the Cardiff Giant is the great wonder of the Nineteenth Century.
+
+
+WHAT IS IT?
+
+This question has been diligently asked and variously answered.  Dr.
+John F. Boynton, of Syracuse, a celebrated Geologist, went among
+the first to the scene and examined the figure with much care.  His
+opinion, (which was the first one expressed by any distinguished
+scientific authority) has been given decidedly that the body is a
+massive and beautiful statue.  His own language will best state
+his reasons for declining to think it a petrifaction.  A letter
+of his is subjoined, which was kindly furnished by him for
+publication.  The letter was written to one of the most scientific
+men of America.
+
+
+SYRACUSE, Oct. 18th, 1869.
+Henry Morton, Prof. in Pennsylvania University and Franklin Institute:
+
+DEAR SIR:--On Saturday last, some laborers engaged in digging a
+well on the farm of W.C. Newell, near the village of Cardiff,
+about 13 miles south of this city, discovered, lying at about three feet
+below the surface of the earth, what they supposed to be the
+"petrified body" of a human being, of colossal size.  Its length
+is ten feet and three inches, and the rest of the body is
+proportionately large.  The excitement in this locality over the
+discovery is immense and unprecedented.  Thousands have visited
+the locality within the last three days, and the general opinion
+seems to be that the discovery was the "petrified body" of a human
+being.
+
+I spent most of yesterday and to-day, at the location of the
+so-called "FOSSIL MAN," and made a survey of the surroundings of
+the place where this wonderful curiosity was found.  On a careful
+examination, I am convinced that it is not a fossil, but was cut
+from a piece of stratified sulphate of lime, (known as the Onondaga
+Gypsum.)  If it were pulverized or ground, a farmer would call it
+plaster.  It was quarried, probably, somewhere in this county,
+from our Gypsum beds.  The layers are of different colors--dark
+and light.  The statue was evidently designed to lie on its back,
+or partially so, and represents a dead person in a position he
+would naturally assume when dying.  The body lies nearly upon the
+back, the right side a little lower;  the head leaning a little
+to the right.  The legs lie nearly one above the other;  the feet
+partially crossed.  The toe of the right foot, a little lower,
+showing plainly, that the statue was never designed to stand erect
+upon its feet.  The left arm lies down by the left side of the body,
+the forearm and hand being partially covered by the body.  The
+right hand rests a short distance below the umbilicus, the little
+finger spreading from the others, reaching to the pubes.  The whole
+statue evidently represents the position that a body would
+naturally take at the departure of life.
+
+There is perfect harmony in the different proportions of the
+different parts of the statue.  The features are strictly Caucasian,
+having not the high bones of the Indian type, neither the outlines
+of the Negro race, and being entirely unlike any statuary yet
+discovered of Aztec or Indian origin.  The chin is magnificent
+and generous;  the eyebrow, or supercilliary ridge, is well arched;
+the mouth is pleasant;  the brow and forehead are noble, and the
+"Adam's apple" has a full development.  The external genital
+organs are large;  but that which represents the integuments,
+would lead us the conclusion that the artist did not wish to
+represent the erectal tissues injected.
+
+The statue, being colossal and massive, strikes the beholder with
+a feeling of awe.  Some portions of the features would remind one
+of the bust of De Witt Clinton, and others of the Napoleonic type.
+My opinion is that this piece of statuary was made to represent
+some person of Caucasian origin, and designed by the artist to
+perpetuate the memory of a great mind and noble deeds.  It would
+serve to impress inferior minds or races with the great and noble,
+and for this purpose only was sculptured of colossal dimensions.
+The block of gypsum is stratified, and a dark stratum passes just
+below the outer portion of the left eyebrow, appears again on the
+left breast, having been chiseled out between the eyebrow and chest,
+and makes its appearance again in a portion of the hip.  Some portions
+of the strata are dissolved more than others by the action of the water,
+leaving a bolder outcroping along the descent of the breast toward
+the neck.  The same may, less distinctly, be seen on the side of the
+face and head.  I think that this piece of reclining statuary is not 300
+years old, but is the work of the early Jesuit Fathers of this country,
+who are known to have frequented the Onondaga Valley from 220
+to 250 years ago;  that it would probably bear a date in history
+corresponding with the monumental stone which was found at
+Pompey Hill, in this county, and now deposited in the Academy at
+Albany.  There are no marks of violence upon the work;  had it been
+an image or idol of worship by the Indians, it could have been easily
+destroyed or mutilated with a slight blow by a small stone, and the
+toes and fingers could have been easily broken off.  It lay in
+quicksand, which, in turn, rested upon compact clay.
+
+My conclusion regarding the object of the deposit of the statue
+in this place, is as follows:--It was for the purpose of hiding
+and protecting it from an enemy who would have destroyed it, had
+it been discovered.  It must have been carefully laid down, and
+as carefully covered with boughs and twigs of trees which prevented
+it from being discovered.  Traces of this new decomposed vegetable
+covering can be seen on every side of the trench, and it is quite
+evident this vegetable matter originally extended across and above
+the statue.
+
+Above this stratum of decayed matter, there is a deposit of very
+recent date, from eighteen inches to two feet in thickness, which
+may have been washed in, and likewise turned on by plowing.  A
+farmer who had worked the land, told me that he had "back furrowed"
+around it, for the purpose of filling up the slough where the statue
+now lies.
+
+It is positively absurd to consider this a "fossil man."  It has
+none of the indications that would designate it as such, when
+examined by a practical chemist, geologist or naturalist.  The
+underside is somewhat dissolved, and presents a very rough surface,
+and it is probable that all the back or lower portion, was never
+chiseled into form, and may have been designed to rest as a tablet.
+However, as the statue has not been raised, the correct appearance
+of the under surface has not been determined, save by feeling as
+I pressed my hand as far as I could reach under different portions
+of the body, while its lower half lay beneath the water.
+
+This is one of the greatest curiosities of the early history of
+Onondaga county, and my great desire is that it should be preserved
+for the Onondaga Historical Society.  Efforts are being made by
+some of our citizens to secure this in the county where it belongs,
+and not suffer it to bear the fate of other archeological specimens
+found in this region.
+
+Hoping to be able to write you more in a few days, I remain
+yours truly,  JOHN F. BOYNTON."
+
+
+IS THE BODY A PETRIFACTION?
+
+"The majority of visitors disagree with the opinion of Dr. Boynton,
+that the figure is a statue, and pronounce it a petrified man.  It is
+claimed that no sculptor would have invented such an unheard of
+position and design for a statue.  No sculptor could have so perfectly
+imitated nature, especially in the minutiae which render the image
+such a wonder.  It is claimed by the stone cutters and quarrymen
+who are constantly engaged in cutting the Onondaga County stone,
+that no single block could have been found of sufficient size,
+without a seam, from which to have chiseled out such a monster,
+(they claiming that the seam would have caused any such statue to
+split and fall apart under the necessary concussions required for
+cutting it to anything like its perfection in form.)
+
+Other persons argue that no model of such a human being would have
+been likely to have been presented to any of the Indian or other
+inhabitants of America, within the past few centuries.
+
+Many also ask for what reason should such an immense and expensive
+statue be hewn out and placed in so unfrequented a part of the country?
+How could it have been transported from the region of rocks to its
+present location, in a swamp entirely free from stones) especially
+since it is completely without any base or support of stone on which
+it can rest." "No statue is known to have been constructed," say
+the petrified advocates, "in reclining posture, unless the artist
+left some portion of the block of stone upon which the figure should
+rest, and be supported and strengthened for a durability of ages."
+
+Other incidental suggestions are set forth as follows, by a writer
+in the Syracuse Daily Standard. "
+
+The probabilities of its being a petrifaction have a better
+foundation, independent of outward appearances.  First, is the
+fact that within a very short time, in the work of grading on
+section six of the Cazenovia & Canastota R.R., the skeletons of
+five mammoth human beings were exhumed, one of them eleven feet
+tall.  The point of exhumation is not twenty miles distant from
+Cardiff.  There are proofs of a giant race on this continent, and
+in this part of it;  how far back, no one can tell.  Second--There
+is now in the possession of the Onondaga Historical Association, a
+fish near one foot long, petrified to a perfect stone solidity,
+which was found near Cardiff, and the color of this petrified fish
+is very similar to the Cardiff giant stone.  Mr. W.B. Kirk, of this
+city, when living at Cardiff many years ago, found near there a
+good sized Perch, that was perfectly petrified.  Third--Five miles
+further down the valley, at what is known as the Onondaga Valley
+Cemetery, in taking up a human body for removal some years ago,
+it was found to be solid stone;  still further north, but in the same
+ range, the corpse of a child, on being taken up was found to be
+petrified--solid stone.--Still another case--the body of a man who
+had been buried a few years was taken up for removal, and being
+found a perfect petrifaction, the widow had it taken home, and it
+is yet retained in the house, and has never been reburied.  We
+might give names, but do not feel at liberty to do so without first
+consulting family friends or relatives.  These, and other samples
+that might be given, prove that petrification is not uncommon in
+the vicinity of Cardiff, where our ten feet two and a half inches,
+and well proportioned, giant was found."
+
+A different statement still is made by Mr. Wright, father-in-law
+of Mr. Newell, who formerly owned Mr. Newell's present farm.  Mr.
+Wright says that within a short distance of the present discovery,
+there is a spring of water which will within a few months turn
+into solid stone any small deposits of sand and gravel.  Neighbors
+corroborate the statement.  A wag has suggested that a factory be
+at once established there and petrified dogs, cats and small fry
+generally be furnished to order.
+
+The unsettled point of what it is, undoubtedly furnishes an additional
+attraction regarding the mysterious stranger, as every person wishes
+to see for himself and become judge in the trial of Statue versus
+Fossil.
+
+In this connection an interesting letter is subjoined from the Hon.
+George Geddes.
+
+To the Editor of the Syracuse Standard:--I find a notice in your
+paper of this morning of the "Stone Giant" at Cardiff, in which
+the fact that I visited it yesterday is stated, with the remark
+that you are told that I believe it to be a petrifaction.  Allow
+me room in your paper to say that this is stating my views a little
+stronger than I desire.  I have formed no opinion as to the origin
+of this wonderful thing.  I was not allowed to make an examination
+of it beyond the privilege of looking from over a railing into the
+pit where the giant lay, and this pit was shaded by a tent, and
+the railing surrounded by double and triple rows of people, all
+anxious to see.  I do not complain that I was not allowed a more
+perfect examination;  there were too many to see to allow the
+descent into the pit of any one.  All questions by me of the
+gentlemen in charge were politely answered.  My impressions were
+decided that I saw before and below me the figure of a giant in
+stone of some kind, but what kind I could not tell for in that
+light and position it did not resemble any rock that our system
+has in it.  I thought it was quite unlike our limestone or our
+gypsum formations;  and that if it was sulphate of lime, and the
+work of human hands, that it was more likely to have been built up,
+than hewn from a solid rock.  But as I have said, I had no means
+or liberty to make a close examination.  I wish to say in addition,
+that I have traveled far and spent much money to see things of
+not one-tenth the interest that this stone giant was to me,
+and thought I had made good use of time and money.
+
+        Respectfully yours,
+                GEORGE GEDDES.
+Oct. 20th, 1869.
+
+
+WHAT IS THE CHARACTER OF THE SURROUNDINGS
+OF THE IMAGE?
+
+The spot is perhaps twenty-five feet below the house. The soil on
+the surface is a loose one, half sand and half muck (dark.)  The
+spot has undoubtedly been filled in to a considerable extent from
+washings from the hills around.  Mr. Wright, the former owner, says
+that the spot used to be covered with water, and that he had at one
+time a bridge constructed over this very point, in order to reach
+the higher land beyond.  Even after the water failed to stand there
+constantly, he was obliged to use the bridge, as the soft muck was
+four or five feet deep, and was impassable for cattle and teams.
+The Onondaga Creek was within twenty rods of the spot, and at some
+seasons of the year overflows it.  Some suppose the channel of the
+Creek was once there.  The place had been a regular swamp for years.
+Mr. Newell has owned the farm for three years, and has occasionally
+ploughed around and thrown in dirt, to the depth of at least a foot.
+
+Under the three or more feet of muck is found a strata of gravel
+from two to six and eight inches in depth.  The body rests in and
+upon this gravel bed.  The gravel under the neck of the image was
+very solidly pressed down.  Underneath the gravel is found red clay,
+into which the gravel is pressed.
+
+The right limb is perfect all around with slight exceptions. The
+left arm is perfect nearly to the hand, excepting that the shoulder
+is worn off some by the water underneath.  The bottom of the right
+foot seems to be perfect.  Some slight portions of the left foot
+have been cleaved off.
+
+The family and the neighbors give, it might be remarked, an original
+hypothesis of their own, regarding the death of the man;  viz:  that
+in passing along over this spot he was either drowned or swallowed
+up in the mire and suffocated to death.
+
+
+HOW TO FIND THE GIANT
+
+Passengers by the Central or Oswego Railroads leave the cars at
+Syracuse, and will find an excellent road through the beautiful
+Onondaga Valley, to Mr. Newell's residence, twelve miles from
+Syracuse.  Strangers will find the principal hack stand of the
+city near the Wieting Block, on Salina street.  The entire force
+of drivers became within three days perfectly acquainted, not
+only with the road, but with the leading facts regarding the
+wonderful discovery.  The demand for carriages has been
+immense, and is constantly increasing.  If parties desire to spend
+the day at Cardiff, they can take the Syracuse & Binghamton
+Railroad to Lafayette Station, and (with considerable difficulty,)
+secure a team across to Mr. Newell's house, a distance of
+about three miles.  There is no village at Lafayette Station.
+
+
+WHO VISITS THE WONDER?
+
+Everybody.  Old and young, male and female, people of all classes
+of community, rush in a constant stream to view the immense curiosity.
+People from all parts of the United States are hastening to see the
+Giant before he shall be removed from his long resting place.  The
+average daily attendance for the first week was from three to five
+hundred persons.
+
+
+HOW LONG WILL HE BE KEPT WHERE HE WAS FOUND?
+
+Probably for some time, as that seems to be the public wish.
+Arrangements have been made for some of the chief scientific men
+of the country to examine critically the colossus.  Their opinion
+or opinions, (which will be published promptly in this work,) will
+have much weight in the minds of the managers in deciding when and
+what to do.
+
+
+WHO OWN THE IMAGE?
+
+Three capitalists have bought of Mr. Newell, (who has declined
+probably over one hundred offers,) a three-fourths interest in
+the enterprise.  The tour partners will determine what course to
+pursue.
+
+We subjoin several reports of the Press for a few days succeeding
+the discovery of his Giantship.
+
+From the Syracuse Daily Standard Oct. 18th, 1869.
+
+The valley of Onondaga has a romance of beauty in its wild scenery,
+and as the home of the famous tribe of the red men of the forest--
+the Onondagas--around whose council fires the chiefs and young
+warriors of the Six Nations assembled to consult on matters of
+great moment.  It commences at the head of Onondaga Lake, having
+a broad surface where the main part of our city stands, and moderate
+hill-side boundaries, until we pass two miles south of the city
+bounds, where the bed of the basin begins to narrow away and the
+hills on either side to be more abrupt and higher.  It continues
+to decrease in width, until it terminates against Tully Hill, a
+distance of fourteen miles from the lake.  Its beauty of wild
+scenery is perhaps in greatest perfection in that part known as  the
+Indian Reservation--still held by the Onondaga tribe--somewhat
+south of the centre of the valley.  Two main roads lead up the
+valley, one at the base of the hills on either side;  and riding
+along either of them in a pleasant day, an admirer of nature's
+wild grandeur has ample occasion of admiration.  The gentle slope,
+rising way back and up as if touching the clouds, and the more
+abrupt and ragged, shrub-covered, not less high hills, miniature
+mountains, with every now and then a ravine down which the water
+leaps playfully along till it reaches the plateau below and into
+the little creek on its way to the ocean--is a landscape of beauty
+not easily described.
+
+Just now this valley is the scene of an excitement, in the finding
+of a supposed petrifaction of a human being--a giant.  The point
+of interest is on the south side of the valley, opposite and just
+beyond the little village of Cardiff, in the town of Lafayette--
+twelve miles from this city, on a farm belonging to Mr. William
+C. Newell.
+
+On Saturday last Mr. Newell thought to dig a well some six or seven
+rods east of his house, and a trifle south-east of his barn.  The
+spot is probably thirty feet below the house, and the surface soil
+is a loose, half sand, half dark muck, the natural washing from
+the hills above.  It is not more than twenty rods from the creek,
+the channel of which is thought to have been at or very near this
+spot many years ago.  Mr. Newell and a hired man, in digging, had
+gone down but two and a half feet when something hard was struck,
+which was believed to be a stone.  They thought but little of it
+at first, expecting to have to break it loose and pry it out.  But
+throwing out a few more shovels of earth from its side, the feet
+of a man appeared.  A few minutes more of labor exposed the legs
+to the calf;  and now their interest being excited, they began to
+dig carefully around it, until the whole form of a man--petrified
+giant--was brought to view.  The neighbors began to hear of what
+was found, and of course went at once to see.
+
+Mr. Silas Forbes, who resides a mile and a-half distant, came to
+the city Saturday evening and apprised us of the new found wonder,
+and Sunday we went to see it.  The story was a big one, and not
+liking "Silver Lake Snaiks," we wanted to see before telling our
+readers.  And here is what we saw:--
+
+The form of a man lying on his back, head and shoulders naturally
+flat at hip a trifle over on right side;  the right hand spread
+on the lower part of the abdomen, with fingers apart;  the left
+arm half behind, and its hand against the back opposite the other;
+the left leg and foot thrown over the right, the feet and toes
+projecting at a natural angle.  The figure was of apparent lime
+stone, a mixture of the gray and blue, common in most parts of the
+county, and seemed perfect in every particular.  The muscles are
+well developed;  the ribs might be counted;  the nostrils are
+perforated so as to admit a large sized finger up near two inches;
+the lines of toe and finger nails are plainly marked;  the left
+ear is partially gone, but the right one is perfect and in proportion
+to the other parts;  the nose finely shaped;  the forehead high;
+and the "Adams' apple"' at the throat just projecting out, is as most
+common with men.  The appearance of the "countenance" marks the
+Giant of the Caucasian race, and not the Indian.  If a work of art,
+the artist has failed in any effort at hair on the head.
+
+We have said that the whole was perfect.  And so it appeared, except
+a few flakes dropped off while the work of exhumation was going on;
+and perhaps others yesterday.  If any well proportioned man will
+make measurement of himself as above, he will see a striking agreement
+of ratio.
+
+Though the figure has all the appearance of stone, nevertheless the
+outer surface shaves off with a knife without materially dulling
+the blade.  This was tried, but of course was not allowed to proceed
+to disfigure Mr. Giant.  A scale that fell from the bottom of one
+of the feet, looks much like gold quartz, but still is softish and
+crumbles readily, with a sort of soft sand stone result.  It rests
+on half sand, half clay bottom, the earth above being, as we have
+already said, of a lighter character.
+
+News of this remarkable discovery rapidly spread, and yesterday
+when we were there, people were coming and going, from a circuit
+of four or five miles around, in farm wagons, carriages and buggies,
+and on foot, to see it.
+
+John A. Clarke, Esq., being at Cardiff, Saturday evening to speak
+on temperance, took occasion for a lamp-light view.  Returning to
+the city near midnight, he told the story;  and was telling it all
+day yesterday.  Not one in fifty of his hearers would believe the
+counselor, generally esteemed reliable though he is.  Still,
+before the day was over a dozen or more went out to satisfy their
+curiosity, and returned with full confirmation--and more too, and
+the "petrified Giant" is now the absorbing topic.
+
+Mr. Newell has stumbled upon an "elephant" in this Giant.  His
+neighbors say it is a fortune to him.  It is averred that he was
+offered $5,000, $10,000 and even $20,000 for it;  that a clergyman
+offered his farm in exchange for the monster--but these offers
+were all declined.  We talked freely with Mr. N.  He was quiet and
+modest, and we doubt if he has received any such proposals, except
+perhaps jokingly.  He indicated no such thing.  Yet he seemed
+anxious to have the "thing" brought out all right if possible, be
+it what it may, and therefore guards it by day and by night.
+
+During Saturday night the surface water had settled in the pit so
+as to cover the image.  The wise men of Cardiff were consulted.  One
+said, bail out the water--exposure to the air will do no harm.  The
+other said, leave it thus until some scientific man comes to decide
+as to the prospects of destructability.  And the latter's advice
+was adopted.  Yet, when the water was undisturbed and clear, the
+whole could be seen perfectly plain.  Later in the day Dr. J.F.
+Boynton, the geologist, drove out with Mr. John Geenway, the water
+was bailed out, and Dr. B. made a thorough inspection of his Giantship,
+put his arms under the neck, and fairly hugged the monster.  The
+general impression is, that it is a petrifaction of one of those large
+human beings of which all of us have heard so much in our youthful days,
+and have read accounts of in maturer years--not here, but somewhere
+else.  A book lies before us, having account of several, varying from
+eight to eleven feet;  but we stop not to extract therefrom.  Prof.
+Boynton, from a hasty examination, is of opinion that it is a work
+of art--a sculpture from stone.  If this theory be correct, it would be
+scarcely less interesting than if a petrifaction.  In the one case
+arises the speculation as to a gigantic race of beings that may
+have inhabited portions of this "new world" hundreds of years before
+Columbus discovered it;  the other as to how long ago the artist
+did the work, and where came he, or his ancestors, from?  Men nigh
+on to a hundred years, and who have resided in the county seventy
+of them, have never heard allusion to such a thing;  the Indian
+traditions speak not of it.  The record of the first white man in
+this region--Catholic Jesuits--is of something over two hundred years.
+That record preserves matters of less interest than this would be,
+but not this.  Then again we say it would have scarcely less
+interest as a work of the chisel, than a petrifaction.
+
+Our city is talking about the Giant.  The story has passed from
+one to another till very many, probably ten thousand, of our
+citizens have already heard it.  The interest is great in it,
+insomuch that it has been almost impossible for us to thus
+disjointedly write about the great wonder, because of the constant
+interruption by visitors who are anxious to hear from one who has
+actually seen.
+
+From the Syracuse Courier, Oct 18th, 1869.
+
+On Saturday morning last the quiet little village of Cardiff, which
+lies in the valley about twelve miles south of Syracuse, was thrown
+into an excitement without precedent, by the report that a human
+body had been exhumed in a petrified state, the colossal dimensions
+of which had never been the fortune of the inhabitants of the little
+village to behold, and the magnitude of which was positively beyond
+the comprehension or the understanding of the wise men of the valley.
+We are told that there were giants on the earth once;  and, if the
+reports of those who have investigated this discovery are true, and
+that they are we have no doubt, this stony man--who for hundreds
+of years may have slept untouched and undisturbed, had it not been
+for the rude hand of a Cardiff farmer--must have been one of them.
+The excitement in and around Cardiff extended until it reached the
+City of Salt, and all day yesterday the discovery was the chief
+topic of conversation at the hotels and public places in the city.
+Of course, the most extravagant stories were told, and greedily
+devoured up by gaping listeners.  Some would have it that the body
+exhumed was twenty-five feet high, and proportionately large.  All
+day yesterday crowds visited the scene of the discovery, and returned
+to tell the tale of the wonderful discovery to their eager friends.
+
+From the Standard, October 23d.
+
+LETTER FROM REV. MR. CALTHROP.
+DEAR SIR--As everyone is deeply interested in the Onondaga Giant,
+perhaps it may be as well for each of us to add his mite towards
+guessing at the solution of the problem he has silently set us all.
+
+It is no wonder that so many are of opinion that he is a gigantic
+petrifaction.  His proportions are so perfect, and his appearance
+is so life like.  I will add, that every one wants to think so.
+If he proved to be a petrifaction, what a realm of awe and mysterious
+conjecture would he open to us.  But I, for one, feel convinced
+that he will prove to be statue, and for these reasons:--
+
+First, I think there are evident marks of stratification in the
+stone.  The left eyebrow and the top of the nose are the parts
+most elevated.  These correspond exactly, both being composed of
+a white layer.  On the chest is a squarish layer of a dark tinge;
+around, and slightly below this, is another layer corresponding
+exactly with the ins and outs of the first.  Beyond, and below this,
+another and another all alike, seeming to be simply lines of
+stratification.  The level seems exactly kept.  Follow with your eye
+any two adjacent lines, and you will see that where they are close
+to each other the surface has an abrupt change of level;  where
+they are further apart the surface is nearly horizontal.  Where
+the surface approaches the perpendicular, as on the sides, the dark
+line showing the separation of the strata is thin, because it has
+been cut through nearly at right angles.  Where the surface is more
+horizontal the dark line is broader, because it has been cut
+through obliquely, the breadth varying steadily with the angle of
+inclination.  The same can be plainly seen along the right leg.
+
+Another strong reason for its being a statue lies in the fact that
+not a single limb is detached.  The right arm is not merely glued
+to the body throughout, as well as the hand, but it has the
+appearance of only being cut into the stone to a depth sufficient
+to give due relief.  This is equally true of the left arm, and of
+the two legs, which are joined to each other throughout.  The
+sculptor has not wasted a stroke of the chisel.  I would add here,
+that between the third and fourth fingers of the right hand, the
+slit is carried too far toward the wrist, seemingly by a slip of
+the chisel.
+
+Who did it?  A trained sculptor;  one who had seen, studied and
+probably reproduced many a work of art;  one who was thoroughly
+acquainted with human anatomy.  One, too, who had noble original
+powers;  for none but such could have formed and wrought out the
+conception of that stately head, with its calm, grand smile, so
+full of mingled sweetness and strength.
+
+He appears, however, to have worked under certain disadvantages.
+He had not such command of materials as a civilized country could
+have afforded him.  He had to put up with the best stone he could
+find.  I think that the peculiar posture of the statue can be
+fairly explained by supposing that the original block tapered away
+toward the feet, and was only just about the breadth of the statue
+as we now see it.  This seems fairly to explain the curious position
+of the left arm.  The artist had to put it there because there was
+not breadth enough to put it in any other position.  So of the
+position of the feet--one over the other.  The stone may not have
+been wide enough to have admitted of any other position.  Who was he?
+Let us analyze a little.
+
+In the ancient world, only the Greek School of Art was capable of
+such a perfect reproduction of the human form.  I have seen no
+Egyptian or Assyrian sculpture which approached this in anatomical
+accuracy.
+
+Throughout the middle ages till the great Art Revival, no one in
+Europe had skill enough for the purpose.  It appears, therefore,
+that unless we adopt the somewhat strained hypothesis that a highly
+civilized society, now utterly extinct, once existed on this
+continent, we are forced to search for our sculptor among the
+European adventurers who have sought homes in North America during
+the last three centuries, as no one, I presume, is prepared to
+maintain a that the statue has a Greek or Roman origin, unless, indeed, it
+was brought over as an antique by some forgotten amateur of art.
+
+Was it not then as Dr. Boynton suggests, some one from that French
+colony, which occupied Salina and Pompey Hill, and Lafayette?  Some
+one with an artist's soul, sighing over the lost civilization of
+Europe, weary of swamp and forests, and fort, finding this block
+by the side of the stream solaced the weary days of exile with
+pouring out his thought upon the stone.  The only other hypothesis
+remaining is that of a gross fraud.  One need only say with regard
+to this that such a fraud would require the genius of a sculptor
+joined to the skill and audacity of a Jack Sheppard.
+
+But lastly, what did he intend it to represent?  Had he known of
+the discovery of America by the northmen, he might have had in his
+thoughts some gigantic Brown, or Erio, or Harold.  The old northman
+is shot through with an Indian's poisoned arrow;  his body is dying,
+as the tight pressed limbs express;  but the strong soul still
+rules the face, which smiles grandly in death.  If you had objected
+that there was too much mind shining through the features, the
+sculptor might have answered that the closed eyes saw in prophetic
+vision that men of his race would one day rule where he had lain
+down to die.  But this is rather too high flown, so I had better
+conclude.
+        Yours,
+                S.R. CALTHROP.
+
+
+LETTER FAVORING PETRIFACTION.
+
+MR. EDITOR:--It needs no apology to address you upon a subject
+that is now engaging the constant attention of all your readers
+and thousands besides, and if any person can throw any light upon
+the subject it would seem to be their duty to communicate it to
+the public.  While there has been much speculation and wonder as
+to the nature and origin of the marvelous curiosity found last
+Saturday in the town of Lafayette, in this county, there has been
+made public no argument from scientific men up to this time to
+settle the doubts and convictions of the unlearned.  In the
+suggestions which I shall make upon the subject, I regret that I
+have not the benefit of a more extended knowledge of the sciences
+which pertain to the subject, but having earnest convictions,
+supported apparently by plausible reasons, I submit them to the
+consideration of the public for whatever weight they may be
+entitled to.
+
+The advocates of the theory that the subject in question is a
+statue, have too many difficulties to overcome to establish their
+position.
+
+If the subject is a statue it must have been formed by some person,
+who once lived, and had an object or motive for making it.  Who
+can say what that object was?  It must have been formed by a
+person of wonderful genius and skill.  Where and when did such a
+person exist?  History gives no account of him.  Its formation and
+object must have been known to many persons who assisted in its
+manufacturing and transportation.  Where are those persons?
+
+The objections to the theory that the figure in question is a
+statue, may be briefly described as follows:
+
+1st.  This figure, if made by human hand, was intended to be
+exhibited;  otherwise there can be no motive for making it. If it
+was intended to be exhibited, it was also designed to assume some
+position, either an erect or recumbent one.  The reasons for
+keeping it in that position would have been provided by the sculptor,
+by either making a pedestal for it to stand upon, a tablet for it
+to lie on, or forming the body on the stone out of which it was cut,
+so that it would lie upon a flat surface.  Nothing of this kind is
+visible.  There is nothing about the figure remaining except what
+belongs to a man who has lain down alone in solitude and agony to
+die and has died, and the story of whose death has been preserved
+by the miraculous agencies of nature.
+
+Second, if designed by man as the representation of man, the head
+would have been covered with hair, the most beautiful ornament of
+the human body, yet no trace of hair is found on this subject.
+
+Third, it has been claimed that the material of this figure is
+gypsum taken from the hills of Onondaga county.  The evidence of
+our most experienced quarrymen is that a block of gypsum of
+sufficient size to make this figure was never found in this region.
+
+Fourth, if this figure was sculptured from marble or stone, its
+body, head and limbs would be solid.  Yet the orifices in its
+wasted rectum and other parts of its body, and the resounding
+noise occasioned by striking upon it proves that it is hollow
+internally.
+
+Fifth, No statue was ever sculptured in this or a similar position.
+The position is precisely that which a person would assume who was
+suffering an agony which was to result in death.  The hands
+pressing opposite sides of the lower part of the body and one leg
+drawn up and pressed against the other is the effort of expiring
+humanity to relieve itself from pain.  The sculptor's chisel and
+the painter's brush have often been called upon to represent
+scenes of death in all its various forms and manifestations.  Yet
+have they never attained the simplicity, the impressiveness, the
+vivid naturalness of the story told by the figure which lies in
+yonder clay.
+
+Sixth, It should also be observed that a sculptor who had the
+genius to form such a figure would naturally keep a proper and
+harmonious proportion in the different parts of the body, but it
+will be noticed in this subject that the feet are unusually broad,
+projecting far beyond the natural lines of the leg, and giving
+evidence of usage which has caused what is almost a deformity.
+
+Seventh, If a statue, why should one of the eyes differ so much
+from the other, one of them being open, and one nearly or quite
+shut?
+
+Eighth, If this figure is a statue, explain how it has been
+transported and handled to place it in its present position.  It
+is estimated by the best judges that the figure weighs from a ton
+and a half to two tons.  This immense weight could not have been
+transported by any known means of transportation in the neighborhood
+of the figure, and it could not have been handled without the aid
+of machinery.
+
+Ninth, Perhaps the greatest objection to the statue theory is the
+last on which I shall mention, and that is the majestic simplicity
+and grandeur of the figure itself.  It is not unsafe to affirm
+that ninety-nine out of every hundred persons who have seen this
+would have become immediately and instantly impressed with the
+idea that they were in the presence of an object not made by
+mortal hand, and that the figure before them once lived and had
+its being like those who stood around it.  This feeling arises
+from the awful naturalness of the figure and its position.  No
+piece of sculpture of which we have any account ever produced the
+awe inspired by this blackened form lying among the common and
+every-day surroundings of a country farm yard.
+
+We see objects of larger size every day, formed from materials
+which excite our wonder or admiration, and upon which have been
+bestowed the highest skill of the artist, the sculptor and the
+painter, but there is in that blackened mass, that worn and
+impaired as it is by the action of the elements, and repulsive
+from the nature and color of the material forming it, which
+inspires an awe and reverence such as the handiwork of a mortal,
+no matter how gifted, has ever accomplished.  I venture to affirm
+that no living sculptor can be produced who will say this figure
+was conceived and executed by any human hand.  But Mr. Editor I
+am afraid I have trespassed too far on your attention and space.
+There is much more to be said on the subject, which at a future
+time I will say.  R.
+
+
+The present owners of the Giant have engaged Col. J.W. Wood, known
+all over the country as a popular showman, as their manager.
+To-night Mr. W. will have a much larger tent (forty feet) over
+his giantship, so that hereafter many more can be accommodated
+at a time--whether they can see better we are not sure.
+
+From the Syracuse Journal, October 23d, 1869.
+
+SPEAKING OF THE CARDIFF GIANT.
+Reports of Committees.
+Three of us--Tom, Dick and Harry--interviewed the stone wonder
+on Thursday of this week, and here are our reports.  Tom sees
+everything from a ludicrous point of view, and is nothing if not
+funny.  Dick is a common-sense fellow, who makes up in positiveness
+what he lacks in education;  and I am--Yours, very respectfully, A.C.
+
+TOM'S REPORT.
+His Majestic Highness was in bed when we reached the royal residence
+although it was high noon by the dial.
+
+But the obliging janitor was convinced, by a single glance at
+the cards we presented, that it would not do to refuse us admission.
+We found the Noble Duke divested of wearing apparel and enjoying
+his morning ablution, which was administered by a valet de chambre,
+who stood on a platform above His Excellency, and held him down
+with a ten foot pole.  The countenance of the great man expressed
+composure and serenity.  His eyes were closed and his general
+appearance and attitude were limp and cadaverous, causing us to
+fear, for a moment, that His Mightiness might be dead instead of
+sleeping.
+
+Our apprehensions were allayed, however, when the irreverent
+attendant punched his Sublime Majesty in the head and chest, and
+elicited an impatient, cavernous, responsive "ugh!"
+
+Having feasted our eyes on the unveiled grandeur of the stupendous
+Knight, we begged permission of his keeper to get into the Imperial
+bed and embrace the gigantic feet.  We begged in vain.  Let us
+then grasp that autocratic right hand, which reminds us so
+touchingly of the dear, fat, fried-cake hands Bridget used to
+mould for us in our infancy.  Our request was declined with
+emphasis.  May we not breathe an affectionate word into that
+dexter ear, which seems placed far down towards his shoulder as
+if on purpose to receive our tender message?  "He's deaf," said
+the heartless man with the pole.  Let us at least give him one--
+just one--kiss for his mother.  "He never had no mother," responded
+the inexorable valet, and we turned sadly away from the Kingly
+presence of the sweet, sleeping orphan.
+
+As we wended our homeward way we gave ourself up to meditation,
+while our companions gave themselves up to sandwiches and boiled
+eggs.
+
+We called to mind the striking resemblance in form and features,
+which the vast monarch bears to the Stoneman family, and we
+rejoiced that a gallant General of our army could trace his
+ancestry to one who stood so high in the community.
+
+From appearances we should judge the seraphic Emperor to be a man
+of property--worth at least fifty thousand dollars.
+
+Whether he were so or not, we certainly were petrified--
+with astonishment.
+
+Yours for the right, THOMAS.
+
+DICK'S REPORT.
+
+There's no use talking;  that fellow was once a living and breathing
+human being.  In my opinion he walked these hills and valleys, just
+the same as we do, thousands and thousands of years ago.  We read
+of the sons of Anak, but this chap was the father of Anak.  It is
+beyond the art of man to carve so perfect a human being out of
+stone.  Anybody who could sculp like that could have made his
+fortune, without hiding his work away and letting it be discovered
+by accident in after ages.  And who ever saw a piece of statuary
+in such a position, and without hair on?
+
+The man that says that this petrified man is nothing but a graven
+image, proves that he is a little soft in the upper story.  There
+is no shadow of doubt that this is a genuine petrifaction.  I would
+take my oath of it.  Dr. Boynton writes a long rigmarole to show
+that he is a statue made by the Jesuits;  but in my opinion the
+Dr. is just laying low so that he can buy the curiosity and make
+his pile on him.  Why, you can see the very cords in his legs,
+where the flesh has decayed off;  and the matter running out of
+his right eye has turned to stone.  Would the Jesuits have been
+likely to carve cords and tears?  The idea is too absurd to be
+thought of.  This is my report, and I don't care what anybody
+else says.  RICHARD.
+
+HARRY'S REPORT.
+
+Whether the colossal figure be a petrifaction or a piece of
+statuary, it is a mystery and a success.  Who carved it?.  When
+was it made?  Whom does it represent?  What is its lesson?
+Why was it hidden?  How happens it that tradition is silent
+about it?  These are puzzling questions, which at present are
+solved only by conjecture.
+
+Let no one imagine that he has an adequate conception of this wonder
+till he has seen it, with his own eyes.  Description seems to be
+no aid whatever;  ocular inspection is positively necessary.
+
+He who fails to see the curiosity in its present locality and
+position, will have reason to regret this neglect or misfortune
+all his life time.
+
+I was not permitted to make a careful and thorough examination.
+
+"Hands off," was the imperative order of the proprietor, and I
+bowed to the decreer.  I craved permission to apply a drop of
+acid in order to determine certainly whether the material was
+gypsum or ordinary limestone, but my request was denied.  If on
+the application of acid there had been no effervescence, the
+inference would be that the specimen was not limestone, the
+material of which petrifactions are usually composed.  But although
+chemical tests and manipulations were prohibited, there seemed to
+be no disposition to forbid the use of our eyes--at a respectful
+distance.  And the proprietor very kindly refrained from exacting
+a promise that we would not express an opinion, if we should have
+temerity enough to form one.
+
+I take it that this specimen was carefully placed in its present
+locality.  Had it been washed from a distance, it would have been
+fractured and mutilated, and it would not in all likelihood, have
+lodged in its present easy and natural position.
+
+If this were once a living man, he must have died ages and ages ago.
+If buried, the accumulated deposits upon his grave, in this low
+piece of ground, during thousands of years would have been deeper
+than three feet.  If he were drowned, or if he lay down on the
+surface of the earth to die, the flesh would have decayed and
+dropped from his bones without petrification.  If he were petrified
+in his present locality, we ought to find other petrifications in
+its immediate neighborhood, whereas all the twigs and branches
+which covered and surrounded him are free from the slightest
+encrustation.
+
+Human bodies do not petrify in layers;  but the strata in the
+Cardiff giant, especially on the left side, are as manifest as
+they are in a ledge of rocks.  The eye brows, the tip of the nose,
+the breast and the thigh are of the same stratum, and the layers
+in the right arm are clearly of different degrees of density.
+
+The conclusion seems irresistible that the giant is a work of art
+rather than of nature.  The sculpture must have been done some
+years ago, or the lower parts of the figure would not have crumbled
+and been washed away by the sluggish oozing of the water through
+the soil.
+
+Its age cannot antedate the present race of men, for the shape of
+the head and the features are entirely modern.  The old-time people,
+as portrayed in the sculpture of Assyria and Egypt, had no such
+heads as this.  The artist evidently took a corpse for a model
+and proportioned his colossal figure by careful measurement.  He
+was thus enabled to secure the general anatomical accuracy for
+which his giant is remarkable.  He followed the model very closely,
+not attempting to represent a living being, not venturing even to
+supply the missing hair.  And these omissions, the result of
+inexperience, furnish, singularly enough, the principal arguments
+to the petrifactionists.  For the popular opinion that the body
+and head are hollow, that the nostrils and other orifices are open,
+and that the tendons in the decayed leg are visible, has not the
+slightest foundation.  Why was this image made?  Why hidden? and
+by whom? are questions which I must be excused from answering
+at present.  HENRY
+
+
+THE BELIEF OF THE ONONDAGA INDIANS--THE BODY
+OF AN INDIAN PROPHET.
+
+To the Editor of the Syracuse Journal:--
+In your columns devoted to "Letters from the People," I thought
+you would at this time publish the following, it being interesting
+as one of the current opinions of the Indians of "the Castle"
+regarding the wonderful "human petrified statue," which, in its
+colossal proportions and the sphynx-like silence of its history
+is so electrifying and exciting the people.
+
+By one of the old squaws I am told that a large number of Onondagas
+believe that the statue is the petrified body of a gigantic Indian
+prophet, who flourished many centuries ago, and who foretold the
+coming of the pale-faces, though long before the foot of our
+forefathers had touched the western continent.  He warned his
+people with prophetic fervor of the coming encroachments of the
+white man, and the necessity of their abstinence from a poison
+drink he would bring to craze and destroy them.  He told them
+that he should die and be buried out of their sight, but that THEIR
+DESCENDANT WOULD SEE HIM--AGAIN.  J.P. FOSTER, State Agent and
+Teacher for the Onondaga Indians.
+
+
+THE STONE GIANT.
+
+On Saturday the sale of the remaining one-half interest in the
+Great Giant Wonder was closed up.  Another partner, Mr. Wm. Spencer
+--an old-time schoolmate of Mr. Newell--was taken in, so that the
+present owners are Wm. C. Newell, of Cardiff, Alfred Higgins, Dr.
+Amos Westcott and Amos Gillett, of this city, David H. Hannurn,
+of Homer, and Wm. Spencer, of Utica.
+
+Saturday was a bad day, as to weather;  nevertheless several hundred
+visited the Giant.
+
+Sunday was a crusher.  The people began to go early, and kept going
+all day long.  From eleven to three o'clock it was a dense mass of
+people on the Newell farm.  Around the house and barns acres were
+covered with teams and wagons, and the road, for a long distance
+in either direction, was lined with them.  It seemed as if such
+another jam never went to a show before, and it was with great
+difficulty that the line could be kept so that all could have a
+fair sight.  All the proprietors were on hand, and did all they
+could to accommodate the crowd.  At three P.M. twenty-three hundred
+tickets had been sold, Mr. Higgins bringing in the $1,150 received
+therefor, for safety.  Not less than three hundred tickets were
+sold after three o'clock, so the total number of visitors for the
+day would be 2,600.
+
+The Tully story of fraud is exploded.  The mysterious man said to
+have visited that village, etc., turns out to be no other than a
+cousin of Mr. Newell's, a resident of Binghamton, and a tobacconist.
+He was on the grounds all day yesterday, and frankly told all
+there was of his visit at the time alleged, to the satisfaction
+of every one.
+
+
+LETTER FROM A PETRIFACTIONIST.
+
+EDITOR STANDARD:--Permit me to notice a few of the arguments upon
+the Cardiff discovery, appearing in your paper of Saturday last,
+and the Journal of the same day.
+
+It seems a committee of the editors and owners of the Journal,
+named respectively Tom, Dick and Harry, of widely various
+characteristics, visited the Giant last week, and treat the
+subject on their return by articles published in that highly
+original sheet, according to their respective peculiarities.  Tom,
+who is evidently admired in his family circle as a man of great
+humor, has so cultivated that faculty that it presents an abnormal
+development, and if petrification ever does overtake him, posterity
+may hope it will not operate upon his intellectual faculties.  Dick,
+on the other hand, is gloomily satirical, and by the aid of that
+useful faculty utterly annihilates his opponents without saying
+anything.  But last, Harry takes up the theme and treats it in a
+spirit becoming the gravity of the subject.
+
+He thinks that the artist formed the figure according to a pattern,
+having a cold "corpse" conveniently by as a model, from which he
+could take "careful measurement," and proceeded to make this
+figure, not attempting, he says, to make this corpse look like a
+"living figure," which certainly was modest in the artist.  He also
+says that he did not attempt to "supply the missing hair." The
+question very naturally arises here, "Why was the hair missing,
+and how long had the corpse been a corpse to lose its hair? and
+was it a pleasant occupation to do business with such a corpse?"
+This omission (i.e. to put on hair), Harry says, arose from
+"inexperience."
+
+Now, experience is certainly an excellent thing, and when properly
+acquired and wisely used is undoubtedly of considerable benefit
+to mankind.  But that it was necessary, in order to enable an
+artist to know that hair grows on the human head, we had not
+before supposed.  Into such absurdities, oh Harry, does he run
+who abandons his familiar scissors for the unaccustomed pen.
+
+I will briefly refer to the letter of Rev. S.R. Calthrop in favor
+of the statue theory.  While it shows the scholarship of its author,
+his thorough appreciation of artistic influences, and the wonderful
+imitation of nature produced by the one who formed this figure, it
+does not seem to me to go very far towards proving his position.
+Starting off with the idea that many reasons may be given against
+the theory of petrification, he commences with number one, and
+then he stops;  it is true he gives one other reason, but neglects
+to number it;  and the two reasons are--
+
+First, that evidences of stratification appear on the body, thereby
+assuming that they would not appear in a petrified body;  and,
+secondly, that the separate members of the body are not detached
+from each other as they were in life, assuming also that this does
+occur in cases of petrifaction.
+
+Are these assumptions correct as matters of fact?
+
+The evidence as to the existence of strata in this body is very
+conflicting.  A number of professional persons who visited this
+figure on Saturday, and subjected it to close scrutiny with a
+powerful magnifying glass, and who all, by the way, hold the
+"statue theory," say there were no evidences of stratification in
+the body;  that what appears to be such is simply the difference
+in shading, produced by the greater or less density of the material
+composing the figure.  The appearances indicating stratification
+are also explainable by the action of the water, charged with
+carbonate of lime, upon the body.  The line of contact between
+the body and the water would necessarily receive a deposit of lime,
+causing a straight line of lighter color to appeal oi the body.  It
+is also a fact, which I have learned from quite a number who first
+visited the body when it was submerged in water, that the present
+water level leaves exposed the nose, eyebrow and breast at the
+points where some persons now think they see stratification.  In fact,
+deposits of carbonate of lime of a whitish color, even now, adhere
+to the left ear and side of the face which show the presence of
+that substance in the water, and that it will adhere to and become
+a part of the subject with which it is brought in contact.
+
+Now, how is stratification produced in the formation of stone and
+rocks.  It is said by geologists to be formed only when the
+original material forming the rock or stone has been transported
+and deposited by the operation of a body of water holding the
+material in solution, and depositing it in alternate layers at
+its place of destination.
+
+How is a petrified body formed?  Science answers, that it is formed
+by the gradual infiltration of silicious earth, pyrites of iron,
+carbonate or sulphate of lime, into the pores of the body, taking
+the place of the decaying parts, and substituting a new and original
+substance to take the place and form of the body petrified.  These
+substances are always conveyed to their place of destination, and
+then applied to accomplish their purpose by the operation of water.
+The petrified substance may have none of the material composing
+the original figure, and the nature of the body formed either
+assimilates to the material around it, or is determined by that
+of which it is composed.  So also all of the substances forming
+petrifaction may be found together in the same subject, or they
+may accomplish their work separately.
+
+Silicious earth goes largely to form flint quartz and the various
+kinds of sandstone carbonate of lime, of limestone, and so of the
+other materials mentioned forming their peculiar kinds of stone.  I
+have heard one statue-theorist trying to prove that the decayed
+portion of one of the legs showed the presence of flint, and
+therefore he argued it could not be a petrifaction.  Not so.  It
+probably would prove, if true, that the figure was not a statue,
+for pieces of flint are not found in such material, unless it be
+a petrifaction, in which case silicious earth would account for it.
+Now it is safe to say that there is no substance that enters into
+the composition of stone that does not enter into the formation
+of a petrifaction.
+
+Now, these materials are, in cases of petrifaction, brought to
+the spot and deposited by action of the water--precisely such an
+operation as forms strata of rock;  should it not produce the same
+effect in the appearance of successive layers or strata in the
+subject of petrifaction?  With reference to the other objection
+to the theory of petrifaction, viz:--that the members of the body
+are conjoined and not detached--it is sufficient to say, from the
+very nature of the operation of petrifaction, portions of the body
+lying in contact would necessarily be conjoined and filled up.  The
+wasting portions of the body are silently but surely supplied by
+nature, and as the transformation progresses, nature causes her
+deposit to adhere to its proximate kindred matter, and forms thus
+a solid and adhering body.
+
+It is also somewhat worthy of observation that fossiliferous remains
+occur more frequently, than elsewhere, in marshy and swampy places
+in this country.  Thus the low marshes known as the "Blue Licks"
+in Kentucky, and other similar places abound in specimens of fossil
+remains.  These are often, indeed, quite commonly found near the
+surface of the ground, and it is a fact that the material and
+formation of marshy grounds change less through the operation of
+time than other places.  The Pantine Marshes and the Marshfield
+Fens have preserved forms and characteristics for centuries upon
+centuries.  Why is it then, that we are to be driven for a solution
+of the question as to the character of this curiosity to a hundred
+improbable and unnatural suppositions, when the thing may be explained
+by perfectly natural causes without violating any probabilities?
+
+It is somewhat amusing to talk with the various advocates of the
+"statue theory," as each successive one is sure to knock over his
+predecessor's structure before he begins to build his own.
+
+The endless suppositions which are produced to account for this
+marvelous work as a production of the sculptor are certainly a
+great credit to the imaginative faculties or inventive genius of
+our people, but people of ordinary intelligence find it hard to
+believe that men of wonderful genius and skill inhabited our
+original forests for the purpose of producing gems of art and
+then burying them in the marshes, or that men of culture and
+education go traveling in a wild and barbarous country
+encumbered by a piece of statuary weighing about two tons
+and being necessarily somewhat inconvenient to carry in
+our pockets.
+Yours,  Com.
+
+
+OPINION OF PROFESSOR HALL, STATE GEOLOGIST.
+
+Professor Hall, gives the following definite opinion, in the Albany
+Argus of Monday, the 20th of October:
+
+GENTLEMEN:--Your paragraph in this morning's issue, relative to
+the Onondagas Stone Giant, does injustice to the proprietor of
+that most remarkable object.
+
+Dr. Woolworth and Prof. Hall left here on Thursday afternoon, with
+the intent of visiting, as they had been solicited to do, the
+supposed fossil giant or statue--for there were conflicting opinions
+in regard to its nature.  On Friday morning they left Syracuse for
+Cardiff with Dr. Wieting and Judge Woolworth of the former place.
+As soon as practicable after their arrival, the tent was cleared of
+visitors, the party named were admitted and left to their undisturbed
+investigations for a full quarter of an hour;  and when it is
+understood that the crowd outside were enough to twice fill the tent,
+and all desirous of seeing, and that the receipts of the owner for
+tickets were $26 per hour, it seemed scarcely civil to occupy a
+longer time.
+
+The Giant, as has already been stated, is a statue of crystalline
+gypsum (not a cast) lying upon its back, or slightly inclining to
+the right side, and in an attitude of rest or sleep.  The head
+is directed to the east, southeast, and the body, without support
+or pedestal, lies upon a thin stratum of gravel, which has been
+covered by about three feet or more of fine silt, in the bottom
+of which are some partially decayed roots or branches of trees--
+doubtless floated there at the beginning of the silt deposit.
+The water, oozing from the southwest, along this gravel bed, has
+dissolved that side of the statue and gives it a pitted appearance,
+such as masses of gypsum or limestone acquire when long exposed
+to the action of the water.  The earth at the sides of the pit
+bear no evidence of having been disturbed since its original
+deposition, and, to all appearances, this statue lay upon the
+gravel when the deposition of the fine silt or soil began, and
+upon the surface of which the forests have grown for succeeding
+generations
+
+Altogether, it is the most remarkable object yet brought to light
+in this country, id altogether, perhaps, not dating back to the
+stone age, is, nevertheless, deserving of the attention of
+archaeologists.  H.  Albany, NY, October 23, 1869.
+
+From the Syracuse Journal Oct. 25, 1869.
+
+MORE THAN A NINE DAYS' WONDER.
+
+The Onondaga Giant proves to be much more than a nine days' wonder.
+--Sunday completed the nine days of excitement and marvelings over
+this remarkable discovery, and instead of an abatement of the
+popular interest, it would seem that it has but just begun to be
+awakened.  The attendance of visitors on Sunday was largely in
+excess of that of any previous day, and the number reached nearly
+three thousand.  A new and large tent had been (erected, with
+increased accommodations, but it was found wholly inadequate to
+accomodate the crowds that occupied it from early morning till
+late in the evening.  The agent for the proprietors raised a
+British flag over the tent, explaining that he thought some flag
+ought to be displayed, and that this was the only one he had there
+--a circumstance that was quite distasteful to very many of the
+visitors.  An American flag has now properly been substituted.
+The number of visitors to-day is quite large, and as the people
+of the surrounding country are just waking up to the interest of
+the exhibition, many thousands will yet go to see it in the spot
+where it was unearthed.
+
+The interest in the subject abroad is also now fairly developing.
+The discovery was at first looked upon as a humbug, but this view
+is giving way before the facts presented in the local papers.  The
+leading journals of the country have sent special correspondents
+to write up the subject.  The New York Tribune and Herald,
+Harper's Weekly, the Springfield Republican and other papers,
+have already had their representatives at the scene of the discovery.
+The new proprietors, --who are now stated to be Messrs. William
+C. Newell, of Cardiff, Alfred Higgins, Dr. Amos Westcott and
+Amos Gillett, of this city, David H. Hannum, of Homer, and
+William Spencer, of Utica, propose to continue the exhibition
+where it has thus far been held, till difficulty in reaching the
+locality occurs from bad weather, then to remove the giant to
+this city, where it will remain till the local curiosity is satisfied,
+and then convey it to New York and other leading cities for
+public exhibition.
+
+
+THE VALUE OF THE GIANT WONDER.
+
+We learn from a reliable source that $20,000 was offered on Saturday
+by a perfectly responsible party and in good faith, to two different
+persons holding interests in the stone giant, for one-quarter share
+of the stock in the wonderful statue, and the offer was promptly declined.
+
+
+AN ANCIENT COIN FOUND IN THE EARTH TAKEN FROM
+THE GIANT'S BED.
+
+On Saturday last, Mathew, a son of Dr. Alexander Henderson,
+veterinary surgeon, of this city, while visiting the Cardiff giant,
+picked up from the surrounding debris thrown out of the excavated
+resting place of this huge work of stone something that seemed
+like a blackened scale of brass or a rusty old button.  Thinking
+that it might have some affinity to the wonderful statue, the lad
+rubbed the dirt and rust from its surface between his finger and
+thumb, and burnishing it a little by rubbing it in the folds of
+his coat skirts, it showed evidence of being an old copper coin,
+and he accordingly placed it carefully in is pocket, and brought
+it home.  Dr. Henderson, the lad's father, applied some acids to it,
+when an ancient coin, of nearly the eleventh century, revealed
+itself.
+
+On the obverse side of the coin is the head of the Emperor Jestyn,
+with a full flowing beard from the chin, and the sacred heart
+strung from a rosary in the shape of a shield, or breast-plate,
+strung around the neck.  Beneath the Emperor is the date, "1091,"
+and around the edge of the coin is the following inscription--
+"JESTYN-AP-GURGAN, TYWYSOG-MORGANWG."  The
+interpretation of this, as rendered by a competent Welshman, means,
+"Jestyn, son of Gurgan, Prince of Glanmorgan."  On the reverse side
+is the figure of the Goddess of Commerce, seated on the wheel at
+her side, the pillar and ancient crown, wreathed with the national
+emblem, the oak, the shield and spear supported by the left hand,
+and the right hand pointing to a ship on the distant sea, with full sails
+set, which she seems intently gazing at.  The inscription around the circle
+is in the Welch language, and reads as follows:--"Y. BRENAIN-AR-
+GYFRAITH," the interpretation of which is "The King and the Laws."
+The coin is 778 years old--over seven and a half centuries--and
+on the edge of the rim can be distinctly seen "Glenmorgan Half
+Penny," with representations of leaves intertwining.  The
+denomination of the coin is imprinted in raised letters, and
+everything connected with it shows it to be a coin of the reign
+of the emperor whose name it bears.  Further, in connection with
+the unearthing of the stone giant, its discovery in the loose dirt
+thrown up from the bed of the excavation where the statue was found,
+and yet lies, is certainly quite interesting, and seems to add to
+the general interest that attaches to this great and unexplained
+mystery of the Nineteenth Century.
+
+
+PROBABILITIES THAT IT WAS TRANSPORTED ON THE
+WATER-COURSES FROM THE SEA-BOARD.
+
+Although there are still intelligent advocates of the petrifaction
+theory, the preponderating weight of opinion supports the view
+that the giant wonder is a work of art.  We understand all the
+scientific gentlemen, who have been permitted to make thorough
+examination, to be agreed in this decision.
+
+The next question is, How did it come to be where it was discovered?
+There is very little probability that it was carved on the spot
+where it was recently exhumed;  the stone for that purpose was not
+likely to have been found there or to have been taken there; and
+the situation where it was discovered, a morass or water-bed,
+favors the theory that it was deposited there.  Setting aside the
+belief, honestly entertained by many people in the immediate vicinity,
+that the statue was surreptitiously placed in the slough where it
+was dug up a few days since, there is tenable ground for the theory
+that it was taken there by some of the early white visitors to
+this section of country.  This might have been done by transportation
+over the water-courses communicating with the locality, either
+through the River St. Lawrence, Lake Ontario, the Oswego River,
+Onondaga Lake and Onondaga Creek, or through the Hudson and Mohawk
+Rivers, Oneida Lake and River, Onondaga Lake and Onondaga Creek.
+These waters were early navigated, and within the memory of persons
+still living the principal means of transportation was by batteaux,
+which with considerable loads were propelled along these water-courses.
+The Onondaga Creek was in those days navigable for light-draft craft
+capable of conveying a much greater weight than this statue, at
+least as far up its waters as the place of this discovery.
+
+The place of the discovery is not in the original channel of the
+creek, but in a detour from that channel.  It is not unreasonable
+to suppose that for some reason--from alarm, or from a desire to
+secret the object,--the craft was run out of the main channel into
+this then open water-way, where the statue was deposited.
+
+The early Jesuit visitors to this vicinity may have had this
+statue in their keeping.  It may have been fashioned by some of
+their number.  It is not impossible, that it may have been brought
+here, or even have been carved out at some place not far distant,
+by other of the early visitors to this region.  We expect that
+light will be thrown upon these speculations, by the scientific
+investigations, which will determine the exact nature of the
+material of which the statue is composed, by which alone some hint
+of its place of origin may be derived.  The intimations given us
+by Professor Hall, in our brief interview with him, impressed us
+that he looked upon the statue as of great antiquity, antedating
+the present geologic period, and equaling in interest and importance
+the discoveries made in Mexico of archaeological remains, indicating
+a high degree of civilization in the tenth, eleventh and twelfth
+centuries.
+
+
+WHEN WAS THE STATUE PUT WHERE IT WAS FOUND?
+
+To the Editor of the Syracuse Journal:--
+If it would not be asking too much, I would beg leave to say a
+few words through the columns of your paper.  In Saturday's issue
+of the Standard I notice a letter written by "Skeptic," which
+that paper calls "silly," and charges the writer with being
+"lacking in the upper story."  This is a misfortune, truly;  but
+I have taken some trouble to investigate these reports and find
+them vouched for by highly respectable parties.  There are, to my
+mind, several reasons for the belief that this wonder has not
+occupied its present position longer than is intimated in the
+above mentioned letter.
+
+The soil where it was found is soft, and an excavation large enough
+to admit the object could easily be made in an hour or two.  The
+location is favorable for such purpose, being behind the buildings,
+and hidden by the abrupt bank;  a little straw or other litter
+would cover all traces.  Then, if the stone man be moulded from cement,
+it would not weigh near what it would if cut from stone, and could
+be handled with ease by three or four men.  This idea that the
+curiosity was cast or moulded, is strengthened by the fact that it has
+no other support than the ground upon which it rests.  Had it been
+the work of a sculptor it would have had a tablet for support.  Now,
+you ask, perhaps, where was the pattern made, if moulded, and how
+could the parties making the cast escape detection?  I would ask,
+who carved it, if a stone, and where did the sculptor bring out
+such a work without the knowledge of the fact being discovered?
+
+It is said by those who ought to know something about our gypsum
+quarries, that there are no such slabs of stone found there out
+of which this object could be carved.  Further, it is allowed by
+all who have examined this wonder, that the head appears to have
+been hollow.  Now, if the head is hollow, it is either a moulding
+or else it must be what those interested claim for it:  a veritable
+petrifaction.  No sculptor would carve the head in that condition.
+
+But I have used too much of your valuable time, so I will close.
+TULLY, Oct. 23d, 1869.     CONE WILLIAMS
+
+
+OF WHAT SCHOOL OF ART IS THIS STATUE?
+
+To the Editor of the Syracuse Journal:--
+In the discussions relating to the "Giant," I find there are many
+who favor the Grecian and Roman school of sculpture.  The Greeks
+and Romans excelled the early Egyptians in one thing only, that
+is representing the human hair.  Their male statues have flowing
+and bushy locks and a beard. On the Egyptian statue, the hair
+looks more like a skull cap on the back of the head, than hair,
+with no indication of beard.  They had been so afflicted with
+plagues through the Israelites, that they would have nothing that
+was like them, or that reminded them of them.  The Cardiff giant
+has no beard and nothing on the forehead to indicate hair;  behind
+the ears running up to the crown, there seems to be something,
+that when he is raised, may show the Egyptian school of sculpture.
+As art goes from one country to another, the style changes somewhat
+to suit the taste of the people.  In America, at first, our sculptors
+and painters copied from the French and Italian schools, but put
+on a little more drapery, as our people were modest and would not
+bear a true copy.  Time, the destroyer of all things, has turned
+the drapery into dust, and we now have the original in all its
+glory and shame.  W.
+
+P.S.--A hard-shell brother at my elbow says he will go his bottom
+dollar that the Cardiff chap is the original "Poor Uncle Ned, who
+had no hair on the top of his head;"  he has lain down there and
+got Klu-Kluxed. (Klu-Kluxed is a Greek word, and means petrified
+or dried up.)  The only objection to his theory is, Uncle Ned's
+shin bone curved backward, this man's curves forward.
+
+
+CUT OF THE GIANT.
+
+We herewith present a wood cut of the Giant.  We have waited for
+an engraving from a photograph, in order to insure in every part
+of the pamphlet the utmost accuracy.  The taking the photographs
+having been delayed, we present a sketch until their completion.
+The owners of the Giant furnish this publication alone with
+photographic copies--which will appear promptly on completion.
+
+[[Wood cut here of giant and spectators]]
+
+
+A MITE IN THE SCALE.
+
+To the Editor of the Syracuse Journal:--
+Clark's "History of Onondaga," Vol. 1, page 43, near the bottom,
+says:--"The Quis-quis, or great hog, was another monster which
+gave the Onondagas great trouble, as did also the great bear, the
+horned water-serpent, the stone giants, and many other equally
+fabulous inventions, bordering so closely upon the truly marvelous,
+that the truth would suffer wrongfully if related in full;  but
+nevertheless are found among the wild and unseemly traditions of
+the race."  H.
+
+
+LETTER FROM PROF. WARD.
+
+The following letter from Prof. Henry A. Ward appears in the
+Rochester Democrat, and will be found to be well worthy of perusal.
+Prof. Ward takes high rank among the scientific men of the country,
+and an opinion from him is certainly entitled to respectful
+consideration:--
+
+EDITOR DEMOCRAT--I have just returned from a hasty visit to the
+colossal statue, or "Fossil Giant," as many have called it, which
+is now causing so great an excitement in our sister city, Syracuse,
+and in all the country for many score of miles around.
+
+This great archeological wonder is located in the Onondaga Valley,
+on the west side, about three-quarters of a mile from the village
+of Cardiff.  The valley itself is one of erosion, dating its birth
+to the time when the gradual rise of our continent from beneath
+the ocean's waves had subjected all this portion of our State to
+the fierce furrowing and deep denuding action of violent currents
+of water, aided in their work by floating masses of ice and by
+rock debris carried by and often frozen into these masses.  For
+about twelve miles south from Syracuse the valley is quite narrow,
+but here the hills recede on either side and sweep widely around
+in two high crescent-like ranges to meet again (or nearly so) at
+a point three or four miles higher up the stream.  Within the sort
+of amphitheater thus formed, and at the foot of the western hill,
+is the farm of Mr. Newell.  His house and outbuildings lie at the
+edge of the slope, and touching a low meadow which extends for a
+hundred yards or more to the bushy margin of a creek beyond.  A
+smaller stream or a branch of this same appears at one time to
+have run close to the hill, leaving faint traces of its contour
+on the meadow, and one small elliptical swale or soft, boggy spot,
+a few yards across, near the lower corner of Mr. Newell's barn.
+It was while digging a shallow pit in this swale that the relic
+was found.  It is a gigantic human figure lying on its back, with
+its head to the east and feet to the west.  The head is in the
+position commonly given to a corpse;  the right arm extends downwards,
+with the hand and fingers spread stiffly across the abdomen;  the
+left arm bends down along the left side, with the hand quite under
+the middle line of the body; the left hip is raised a trifle, the thigh
+and leg more so, so as to bring the lower part of the left leg and
+ foot obliquely across and over the same parts on the right.  The
+posture is in all one that a dying body left to itself might naturally
+assume.  The entire length of the figure is ten feet two and a half
+inches, and the other parts of the body are proportionately colossal.
+
+Its head is of a very elongated type, but well shaped, and with
+a countenance full of solemn, dignified composure.  The features
+are purely Caucasian, having neither the high cheek bones of the
+Indian, nor any other facial outlines which mark the type of other
+Aztec aborigines.
+
+To describe the appearance of this great figure as being strange
+and impressive is saying too little.
+
+Lying as it still does, in its original earthy bed, its grey massive
+form hardly yet still from the struggles by which it seems to have
+freed itself, and the face, body and limbs still damp with the
+ooze of its low sepulchre, it possesses the beholder with a feeling
+of extremest awe and profoundest wonder.  To interrupt these
+emotions by speculations as to its personality, to approach this
+majestic figure with the calm processes of scrutinizing investigation,
+seems a sacrilege.  All one's feelings persuade to accept it as a
+real human being, once instinct with life and activity, now a noble
+corpse.  The proprietors of the giant figure, or statue, as we
+shall now call it, use all due effort to strengthen this feeling,
+and enlarge the belief that their wonderful discovery is really a
+petrified human being--a genuine" Fossil Man" preserved entire,
+with flesh and bones changed to stone in the very place where he
+fell at death, or possibly was buried by his coevals of an olden
+time.  All opportunities of close examination are refused; indeed,
+the present throng of visitors would make such general permission
+impracticable.  The little, darkened tent, and the pit shaded by
+a triple row of spectators, whose heads almost touch across it in
+their earnest efforts to see the body below, made it quite impossible
+for me to obtain that thorough acquaintance with the huge object
+which I would have liked.  But I saw enough in the fifteen minutes
+(only) which are allowed to each set of visitors within the tent
+to fully satisfy myself of the true nature of the figure.
+
+The "Onondaga Giant" is the work of the sculptor, and out of a
+single large block of the gypseous limestone (an upper member of
+the "Onondaga Salt Group") which forms large beds in the immediate
+vicinity.  This stone is very strongly marked by lines of deposition,
+causing bands of different shades extending in horizontal layers,
+perfectly even and parallel through large quarry masses.  In the
+present in stance these layers are so disposed--in the way the
+sculptor chose his block--as to cut lengthwise through the whole
+body, and to mark off different leads over the entire figure.  Thus
+the left hip and left breast present (cameo-like) a layer different
+and higher than the one which forms the corresponding parts on
+the right side of the body.  The head, too, with its different
+elevation of chin, nose and forehead, is very strongly marked in
+the same way.  These linings are well-known peculiarities in the
+original deposition of a stratified rock, and are not features
+assumed in the petrifaction of any organic body.  Further
+peculiarities of the Onondaga gypsum are very noticeable in the
+block, and among them is the peculiar style of decomposition
+by which the whole lower part of the figure is affected, as also
+one side of its head.  Here the soluble earths, with any portions
+of carbonate of lime, have been dissolved away, and the pure
+granular sulphate (snowy gypsum) remains, standing up with ragged,
+uneven, cavernous surfaces, which is a feature very noticeable
+everywhere in weather-worn fragments of this rock.  This
+decomposition or rotting of the lower side of the left leg gives
+a very vivid semblance to the corruption of actual flesh, and has
+doubtless had much to do with the ready reception which the
+"petrifaction" theory has found among the mass of visitors--even
+including many men of intelligence and general education.  If such
+persons will refer to works which treat of petrifaction in all
+their various kinds of transformation and in all the thousand
+genera and species of fossil organisms, they will find that
+although bones, shells, and the hard parts of animals, changed to
+stone, yet preserving their original outlines, are of constant
+occurrence, yet there is not a single instance on record of fossil
+flesh;  of the fat, muscle or sinew of man or beast changed into
+stone or into any substance resembling stone.  To a person
+acquainted with the nature of petrifaction, the slow substitution
+of mineral for animal matter, particle by particle, the reason
+why humor of other flesh does not undergo the same change will be
+apparent.  This is truly not entirely in accordance with popular
+belief, nor with the ever-recurring stories in our public journals.
+"A fish nearly a foot long, petrified to solid stone" has lately
+been cited in your columns as another instance of the petrifactions
+of the Onondaga Valley.  I visited this yesterday at the Museum
+of the Onondaga Historical Society, at Syracuse, and found (what
+I had before surely surmised,) a simple, short, club-like fragment
+of limestone, worn by running water to a form like a little fish.
+"This it was and nothing more."
+
+It is proposed--and very properly--that this Onondaga relic should
+be submitted to the examination of Professor Hall, Agassiz, Leidz,
+or some other of our geologists known to fame and infallible experts
+in these matters.  This were well.  But there is another court which
+I think, would pass quite as prompt a decision.  I believe that a
+sculptor, in examining this most singular specimen, would at once
+recognize its artificial character.  The devices for saving time
+or for adding strength, partially cutting out the figure, are
+sufficiently apparent in the object before us.  The legs--with
+their heavy thigh, the swollen knee portion, the swollen calf and
+slender ankle, all touch on the outline length as they lie over
+each other, with no open space between, or no point where one
+folds down upon the other with a sharp line of contact of the two
+surfaces.  The same thing, too, is noticeable in the arms and in
+the fingers of the hand, where the flesh, instead of sloping away--
+one rounded surface finely leaving another--is cut down square,
+as if some unnatural out growth of flesh had formed a uniting
+portion beneath the member.  This is a too common device in
+the coarser grades of sculpture to escape notice here.  Our
+sculptor would certainly find fault with the very constrained
+position of the body, its feet awkwardly crossed and its left
+arm twisted rather than laid backward under its body, certainly
+this is not the attitude in which a sculptor--a man of taste--would
+place his handiwork.  Still, may it not be an admissable theory,
+that the oldtime artist was constrained in the form which he should
+give his statue, by the form and dimensions of his gypsum block.
+If there was not material sufficient to carve out both arms lying
+across the breast, he might find enough to make one of the arms
+below.  If the lower left hand corner of the block were broken off,
+he might still bring out both feet by lapping one over the other, and
+letting vertical space atone for lateral want of it.  If our sculptor,
+finally, will look sharply upon the legs and body in such parts as
+have escaped the considerable water-wearing which has smoothed
+most of the figure, I think that he will see plainly the marks of the
+graving tool of his ancient colleague.  But, as he now has the figure
+in charge--I positively rejecting it as being no fossil--I will leave to
+him and the Archeologist to study and puzzle upon it.  Dr. J.F.
+Boynton, of Syracuse, (to whom, by the way, belongs the credit
+of having first discerned and recorded in print that this is a statue),
+says, "I think that this piece of reclining statuary is not 300 years old,
+but is the work of the early Jesuit Fathers in this country, who
+are known to have frequented the Onondaga valley from 220 to 250
+years ago;  that it would probably bear a date in history
+corresponding with the monumental stone which was found at Pompey
+Hill in this county, and now deposited in the Academy at Albany.
+All these are points which Archaeologists and Ethnologists may yet
+determine.  Will not Hon. Lewis H. Morgan leave Rochester by an
+early Monday train and see this most wonderful statue while it is
+still undisturbed in its bed.   H. A. WARD.  ROCHESTER,
+October 23, 1869.
+
+
+LETTER PROM GEN. E. W. LEAVENWORTH.
+
+To the editor of the Syracuse Journal:--
+This subject does not seem, even yet, to be exhausted, much as
+has been written in regard to it.  Having spent an hour yesterday
+in the inspection of the great mystery, permit me hastily to give
+you the results of my observations.
+
+THE LOCALITY.
+
+For the benefit of the large number who will not be able to visit
+the locality, it may be well to define more fully and precisely
+the exact spot in which it was found.  It is near the west line
+of the town of Lafayette, in the upper section of the valley of
+the Onondaga Creek, called Christian Hollow--a short two miles
+above the south line of the Reservation of the Onondaga Indians.
+The valley at this point is about half a mile in width, and there
+are two north and south roads running through it, directly at the
+foot of the hills on each side.  The small village of Cardiff nestles
+under the eastern hills, about half a mile directly east of the
+locality in question, which is precisely at that point where the
+slope of the western hills meets the alluvial valley of the Onondaga
+Creek.  This point is about one hundred feet east of the west road,
+and about two hundred feet west from the bank of the creek.  On
+the west the ground rises moderately to the road, then more rapidly
+to the top of the western hills, some eight hundred feet above the
+valley below.  On the east it is nearly or quite a dead level to the
+creek, the ground being evidently all alluvial.  The valley is beautiful--
+thickly settled and under high cultivation.
+
+THE POSITION.
+
+The statue--for such I am sure it is--lies in a hole about twelve
+feet long, five feet wide at the top, and four at the bottom.  The
+soil of the first three feet, or a trifle more or less, is the
+common alluvial soil of the Onondaga valley.  The next foot is
+gravel, which rests on the solid clay.  The ends of many pieces
+of wood project through the gravel and some are found in the soil
+above.
+
+IS THERE ANY FRAUD OR DECEPTION.
+
+Those familiar with the frauds practised in other countries in
+the manufacture and sale of antiques, and perhaps others, would
+have a vague suspicion that this might furnish another instance,
+nearer home.  My own mind was not free from such dreams.  And
+notwithstanding the apparent impossibility of finding a place
+where such a stone might be obtained--of quarrying, working,
+transporting, and burying the same, and keeping it a profound
+secret, I still had my suspicions.  But the first look at the
+statue dispels from the mind every thought of that nature. It has
+the marks of the ages stamped upon every limb and feature, in a
+manner and with a distinctness which no art can imitate. I have
+not seen the first person who entertained any doubt of its great
+antiquity, after looking at that most wonderful and inexplicable
+figure.  The time spent in manufacturing and retailing the simple
+and absurd rumors which circulate through the community and find
+their way into the papers, is weakly and foolishly thrown away.  It
+is a serious and most remarkable reality, and one which as yet
+have received no satisfactory explanation, and probably never will.
+
+IS IT A STATUE OR A PETRIFACTION?
+
+Serious doubts are really entertained on this subject, and it is
+elaborately discussed.  I must confess that I have none whatever,
+and for the following reasons:
+
+First--There is no satisfactory evidence that any one person ever
+lived in any age or country of this world, of the statue of ten feet,
+unless it be Goliah of Gath.  I know very well what is claimed and
+said on this subject, but the evidence would not satisfy a jury
+of intelligent men.
+
+Second--There is nothing in the general aspect, which leads any
+one to think it anything but stone.  I venture to say, that were
+it in any other form, such a supposition would never have arisen.
+
+Third--The stratification of the stone is perfectly visible, even
+to the imperfect observation now allowed.  Mr. Calthrop's letter
+is full and satisfactory on this subject, but in addition to the
+places pointed out by him, the stratification may be seen on the
+left shoulder, and I think on the top of the head.  That upon the
+left breast is, however, most clear, distinct and satisfactory.
+
+Fourth--The whole statue, in all its parts, furnishes the most
+conclusive evidence, that it was all cut from one stone.  It is
+quite clear that the stone has been cut away just far enough and
+only just far enough to show the legs, the arms and the fingers.
+
+Fifth--The fracture of the stone along the left leg,, and especially
+on the heel of the left foot, which seems to be recent and fresh,
+is the fracture of our common gypsum, and leaves no doubt, so far
+as the eye can determine, that the material is stone.
+
+It is said that on striking the head or the chest, it gives forth
+a sound indicating that the statue is hollow.  Such evidence must
+in any event be very uncertain, and now no such experiments are
+permitted.
+
+No one is permitted to touch the statue, but I was allowed to look
+at it with a powerful glass at my leisure.
+
+I have carefully read the nine points made in the Standard of the
+23d, to its being a statue.  None of them are conclusive, nor, as
+it seems to be very strong, do they affect my belief on the subject.
+The marvelous has a great attraction for all of us, but we cannot
+afford to surrender our better judgment for the luxury of enjoying
+a belief in it.
+
+In the meantime, why will not Mr. Newell run a dozen or twenty
+trenches from the locality of the giant, in every direction, down
+through the alluvial soil to the clay, and see if other discoveries
+may not be made, which will throw light on this one?
+
+Very respectfully, E.W. LEAVENWORTH, SYRACUSE
+Oct. 20th, 1869.
+
+
+From the Syracuse Journal, Oct. 27th.
+
+LETTER FROM PROFESSOR HALL, THE STATE GEOLOGIST
+ALBANY, Oct. 26th, 1869.
+
+Messrs. Truair & Smith, Publishers of the Syracuse Journal:
+GENTLEMEN:--I have just received your favor of the 25th instant,
+in relation to the "Stone Wonder," visited by us.  There can be
+but one opinion about it, I think.
+
+It is a statue, cut in gypsum, and intended to represent a human
+form of colossal size in a recumbent posture.  As to its source
+or origin, I cannot conjecture.  It is worn and dissolved by water
+to a degree that indicates long inhumation, and it is covered by
+an alluvial deposit of three feet or more in depth.  The sculpture
+is of a high order and very different from those of Central America.
+I enclose you a few paragraphs* which I wrote in reference to a
+statement that I had not been permitted to examine the object in
+question.  I do not see that we can say more at present.
+I am respectfully, your ob't servant, JAMES HALL.
+
+*The same letter communicated to the Albany Argus of October 25th,
+under the signature "H." and printed on page--.
+
+
+
+TO THE GIANT OF ONONDAGA.
+
+Speak out, O Giant! stiff, and stark, and grim,
+Open thy lips of stone, thy story tell;
+And by the wondering crowd who pay thee court
+In thy cold bed, and gaze with curious eyes
+On thy prone form so huge, and still so human,
+Let now again be heard, that voice which once
+Through all old Onondaga's hills and vales
+Proclaimed thy lineage from a Giant race,
+And claimed as subjects, all who trembling hear
+Art thou a son of old Polyphemus,
+Or brother to the Sphinx, now turned to stone--
+The mystery and riddle of the world?
+Did human passions stir within thy breast
+And move thy heart with human sympathies?
+Was life to thee, made up of joy and hope,
+Of love and hate, of suffering and pain,
+In fair proportions to thy Giant form?
+Did ever wife, by whatsoever name
+Or tie of union, with her ministries
+Of love, caress and cheer thy way through life?
+Were children in thy home, to climb thy knee
+And pluck thy beard, secure, and dare thy power
+Or, was thy nature as its substance now,
+Like stone--as cold and unimpressible?
+Over these hills, with spear like weaver's beam,
+Dids't thou pursue the chase and track thy foe,
+Holding all fear and danger in contempt?
+And, did at last, some fair Delliah
+Of thy race, hold thee in gentle dalliance,
+And with thy head upon her lap at rest,
+Wer't shorn of strength, and told too late, alas,
+"Thine enemies be upon thee?"
+Tell us the story of thy life, and whether
+Of woman born--substance and spirit
+In mysterious unon wed--or fashioned
+By hand of man from stone, we bow in awe,
+And hail thee, GIANT OF ONONDAGA!
+
+SYRACUSE, Oct. 20, 1869.  D.P.P
+
+
+
+
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